mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-lexicon

OpenGloss v2.4 — Lexicon

The entry-level view of OpenGloss v2.4: one row per lexeme, with everything that belongs to the entry rather than to one of its meanings — the kind discriminator, per-POS morphology, structured etymology, the lexical explanation, the encyclopedia article at every reading level it was written for, and the "X vs Y" contrast paragraphs written about the entry's symmetric relation edges. Sense-level content lives in opengloss-v2.4-senses, joined on lexeme_id.

Part of the OpenGloss v2.4 release family — 16 datasets built from one store of 160,724 lexemes and 300,787 live senses, all joinable on derived ids. See Related datasets for the rest.

What's new in v2.4 vs v1.3

1. Schema v3. Every lexeme carries a kind discriminator (simplex, compound, phrasal verb, idiom, proper noun, abbreviation, affix, function word); every sense carries a controlled domain leaf from a fixed ~160-leaf taxonomy instead of free text; every example carries the character span of the headword occurrence inside it.
2. Renditions, not one string. A definition is a set: the canonical one plus rewrites at four reading levels and in four registers, each produced in a single call from the canonical text so they say the same thing at different altitudes.
3. A sense graph, not a word graph. Typed relations resolve to sense ids wherever the target's entry exists in the release, so bank --hypernym--> financial institution points at a meaning rather than at a string.
4. Retrieval data is first-class. Synthetic per-sense queries in eight styles, grounded QA pairs, mined word-in-context pairs, MS MARCO-style triples with graph-derived hard negatives, and graded TREC qrels — all derivable from, and consistent with, the same entries.
5. Derivable identifiers everywhere. v1.3 published a positional id for lexemes and senses (3d_model_noun_0) and nothing below that. v2.4 gives every rendition, edge, query, QA pair and provenance record an id computable from the row alone, and never renumbers: a retired sense is tombstoned, so the ids after it keep their meaning.
6. Per-field provenance. Which model wrote a field, how many tokens it took, what it cost — published as its own dataset.

What changed since v2.3

v2.3 (2026-09-09) added tier 6, named entities. v2.4 adds no new headwords: it fills in the supervision the lower tiers never received and makes every reading level of the pretraining corpus carry text of its own.

• Retrieval supervision for every sense. Tiers 3-6 (about two thirds of all senses) had no search queries, QA pairs, register variants or contrast paragraphs in v2.3; those existed only for core and tier 2. Every live sense now has search queries in eight styles (twelve per sense; 85% of all queries never name the headword), 99.7% have grounded QA pairs, and every tier has register variants, register-crossed examples and contrasts.
• Verified word-in-context examples everywhere. The sense-disambiguated example stage (eight checked sentences per sense) ran only on tier 2 in v2.3; it now covers core and tiers 3-6 as well.
• Leveled register text. Every sense gains five definitions crossing reading level and register (grade 5 informal and formal; college informal, formal and technical); every contrast paragraph gains a grade-5 and a college version; every lexical explanation gains a grade-5 and a college version.
• A pretraining corpus with no copies. v2.3's thesaurus and usage-note documents at grade_5 and college were byte-identical to neutral (25% of all pretraining documents). A non-neutral document is now emitted only when it carries text written at its level and differs from the neutral one, and the export fails if any two documents share text. The thesaurus template gains a "Choosing between them" section of leveled contrast notes (moved from the usage note), and the usage note lists the register variants written at the document's level.
• Graph repair. Relations were regenerated for senses that had none (senses without a relation fell from 4,722 to about 1,600), re-resolved, re-judged, and hypernym cycles broken back to zero.
• Writer. New v2.4 text was written by gpt-6-luna (low reasoning); v2.3's by gpt-5.6-luna. The provenance repo records the model of every call.

	v2.3 (2026-09-09)	v2.4
Lexemes	160,724	160,724
Live senses	300,787	300,787
Search queries	1,249,683	3,851,978
QA pairs	704,950	2,304,127
Definition renditions	1,919,007	4,209,494
Example renditions	2,421,809	4,939,887
Encyclopedia renditions	500,320	802,914
Lexical-explanation renditions	160,724	482,172
Contrast paragraphs (all levels)	81,046	812,184
Unique source-text tokens (16K student tokenizer)	697,553,973	1,461,832,309
Pretraining documents	1,560,030	1,910,373
Pretraining words	418,161,358	483,649,976
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	594,154,612	676,733,509
Exact-duplicate pretraining documents	25.0%	0 (the export fails on any duplicate)
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5), 73.0 (tier 6)	64.8 (core), 69.9 (tier 2), 65.8 (tier 3), 68.1 (tier 4), 79.6 (tier 5), 71.3 (tier 6)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. pretrain gains sections_at_level; level_used gains the value mixed (some leveled sections fell back to neutral text); non-neutral pretraining documents with no text of their own at their level are no longer emitted, and retired lexemes (no live sense) emit no pretraining document. contrasts now carries grade_5 and college rows beside neutral.

Known issues. Leveled informal definitions open with "It's a / It's the / It's when" about 18% of the time. About 1.1% of QA answers are exact duplicates of another QA answer (mostly short answers). Listwise qrels lists that contain all four grades fell as a share, because tier 3-6 senses joined with fewer grade-2 neighbours.

What changed since v2.2

v2.2 (2026-09-07) added tier 5, the WordNet 3.0 gap. v2.3 adds tier 6: named entities. Every tier before it was selected by word frequency or by WordNet membership, and neither signal ranks a name — a name's importance is a fact about the world, not about a corpus — so v2.2 knew Washington and Lincoln but not George Washington, New York City or World War II. Tier 6 is 15,000 candidates ranked by Wikipedia vital-article level, Wikidata sitelink count, WordNet instance membership and US salience, of which 12,078 became entries. Three schema changes come with it:

• Entity types are written rather than defaulted. Every proper noun in v2.2 carried entity_type = other, because the two migrations and the kind classifier all wrote that placeholder and nothing ever replaced it. 28,915 proper nouns now carry a real type — person, place, organization, work, event, product, species — taken from the candidate list where it knew one and bought as a single batched verdict where it did not. lexicon and senses gain an entity_type column, and lexicon gains wikidata_qid, the join key for reconciling an entry against Wikidata.
• Aliases. A name has variants — Lincoln for Abraham Lincoln, the Netherlands for Netherlands, FDR, NASA — and v2.2 had nowhere to put them. A variant that has an entry of its own is now an alias_of edge in opengloss-v2.4-relations (1,267 of them, written by a judged alias pass). The schema also reserves a lexicon.aliases column and alias rows in opengloss-v2.4-inflections for variants with no entry of their own, but no pass populates them yet: aliases is empty on every v2.4 row. An alias_of edge is never demoted, pruned, capped or re-judged by the hygiene passes, unlike every other relation type.
• Two new domain leaves. nature.settlements (cities, towns, villages, neighbourhoods) and law_government.polities (countries, states, provinces, empires, historical polities). A quarter of tier 6 is a settlement or a polity and the taxonomy had no leaf for either; adding a geography root would have been a breaking change to a fixed 15-root vocabulary, so both went under roots that already exist.

	v2.2 (2026-09-07)	v2.3
Lexemes	148,292	160,724
Live senses	288,304	300,787
Tier 6 lexemes (named entities)	0	12,078
Pretraining documents	1,458,684	1,560,030
Pretraining words	398,029,628	418,161,358
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	565,384,746	594,154,612
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5), 73.0 (tier 6)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. lexicon gains entity_type, wikidata_qid and aliases; senses gains entity_type; relations gains the alias_of type; inflections gains the alias relation; tier gains the value tier6; and the domain taxonomy gains two leaves (taxonomy version 3).

What changed since v2.1

v2.1 (2026-09-07) added tier 4 and the inflections repo. v2.2 adds tier 5: 43,652 WordNet 3.0 candidate lemmas the earlier tiers lacked — common compounds and technical nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs, instances/taxa/organisms excluded — 38,526 of them imported outright, the rest matched against v1.3's own files. The other three changes are about honesty rather than coverage:

• The lemma fold. lexeme-hygiene (D-79) folded 4,377 inflected-form headwords onto the lemma that already carried their meaning ("databases" onto "database", through the store's own recorded morphology) and retired 172 multiword fragments that began or ended on a function word ("is not", "on top of"). Together with D-76's phantom part-of-speech retirements, 4,549 lexemes store-wide now have every sense tombstoned. A lexeme like that is not counted as a lexeme anywhere in this card or in Stats any more — it has no live sense, so it is not a lexeme by this release's own count — but it is not gone: its surface form still resolves through opengloss-v2.2-inflections, and its lexicon row carries retired = true with a retired_reason explaining why.
• Provenance on inherited fields. Every field a migration or import wrote, not only what a model wrote from scratch, now carries a migrate-stage provenance record naming where it came from, so "where did this text come from" is answerable by grep rather than by trusting the pipeline that happened to run.
• A source column on lexicon and senses: opengloss-v1.3 for content this project generated or migrated from its own legacy releases, wordnet-3.0 for the tier-5 entries imported directly from Princeton WordNet 3.0.

	v2.1 (2026-09-07)	v2.2
Lexemes	109,633	160,724
Live senses	250,003	300,787
Tier 5 lexemes (WordNet gap)	0	43,227
Retired lexemes (every sense tombstoned)	0	4,567
Pretraining documents	1,111,044	1,458,684
Pretraining words	331,888,239	398,029,628
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	471,451,693	565,384,746
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. lexicon gains source, retired and retired_reason; senses gains source; tier gains the value tier5.

What changed since v2.0

v2.0 (2026-09-05) covered the frequency-ranked single words. v2.4 adds tier 4: the function words the core ranking had excluded on purpose, and every remaining v1.3 entry at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — mostly multiword compounds ("natural selection", "catalog number"), plus names and rarer single words. That doubles the lexeme count and changes the mix: v2.0 was 99.8% single words; a third of v2.4 is multiword.

	v2.0 (2026-09-05)	v2.1 (2026-09-07)
Lexemes	54,724	109,633
Live senses	137,314	250,003
Multiword entries (compounds, phrasal verbs, idioms)	86	36,366
Proper nouns	10,365	17,073
Function words	114	462
Gloss renditions	1,129,975	1,684,865
Example sentences	1,398,297	2,163,329
Live relations	735,318	1,574,438
Synthetic queries	1,330,311	1,304,650
QA pairs	750,348	736,010
Pretraining documents	617,175	1,111,044
Pretraining words	196,390,946	331,888,239
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	275,659,096	471,451,693
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)

Schema. No column was added, removed or retyped in any existing dataset. Three things did change:

• tier gains the value tier4 (it was core, tier2 or tier3).
• One new dataset, opengloss-v2.4-inflections: a flat surface-form → lemma lookup (plural, past tense, participles, comparative, superlative, derivations) built from the morphology that the lexicon already carried nested.
• New provenance note prefixes on tombstones and edges, all reversible and all counted in the store audit: phantom_pos: (a v1.3 part-of-speech block whose glosses defined a component word rather than the compound — 11,440 blocks retired), regen: (relations regenerated for senses that had lost every edge to judging), and retyped: contrast (synonym edges the contrast paragraphs showed to be hypernym or hyponym).

Not row-compatible with v2.0. Lexeme, sense, rendition, edge, query and QA ids are stable for every entry v2.0 had. The derived training sets (retrieval-pairs, retrieval-triples, qrels) re-sample negatives over the larger pool, so their rows differ; and the store-wide quality passes run for v2.4 retired ~3,000 senses of the v2.0 entries (phantom part-of-speech blocks and near-duplicate senses), so those senses are now tombstoned rather than live. Treat v2.4 as a new release, not a delta.

Scope: fewer headwords, far more per headword

v2.4 is not a superset of v1.3. It covers 160,724 of v1.3's 205,988 lexemes — every frequency-ranked single word, plus the compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — and spends the difference on depth. If you need breadth of vocabulary, use v1.3; if you need graded renditions, resolved relations, spans, or retrieval supervision, use v2.4.

	v1.3	v2.4
Lexemes	205,988	160,724
Senses	565,604	300,787
Definition renditions per sense	1 canonical	1 canonical + up to 8 graded
Relation targets	bare strings	resolved to sense ids
Retrieval training data	companion sets	queries, QA, triples, qrels
Per-field provenance	no	model, tokens and cost per call

Key statistics

Lexemes	160,724
Retired lexemes (every sense tombstoned; not counted above)	4,567
Live senses	300,787
Rows in this dataset	165,291
Entries with an etymology	160,688
Encyclopedia renditions	802,914
Contrast paragraphs	812,184
Recorded generation cost	$1,468.71

By tier

• core — top 10K by composite frequency
• tier2 — ranks to ~42K
• tier3 — the rest of the frequency-ranked single words
• tier4 — stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10
• tier5 — the WordNet 3.0 lemmas the earlier tiers lacked: common compounds and technical nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (instances, taxa and organisms excluded); 5,126 from v1.3 files, the rest imported from WordNet
• tier6 — named entities — people, places, organizations, works and events ranked by Wikipedia vital-article level, Wikidata sitelinks, WordNet instance membership and US salience, which no frequency list ranks

Tier	Lexemes	Live senses
core	9,427	32,193
tier2	30,346	71,957
tier3	11,452	23,511
tier4	53,841	113,873
tier5	43,227	46,755
tier6	12,078	12,145
unknown	353	353

Coverage by tier

The release was built in 6 frequency-ranked passes (core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6) and they did not all receive the same stages. This table is per-field and per-tier so the gaps are visible rather than averaged away.

Field	Of	core	tier2	tier3	tier4	tier5	tier6	unknown
Canonical gloss	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Controlled domain tag	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Gloss at 4 reading levels	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.9%	100.0%	99.9%	100.0%	0.0%
Gloss in 4 registers	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
At least one example	sense	100.0%	99.9%	100.0%	99.6%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Examples at 4 reading levels	sense	99.6%	99.6%	99.9%	98.4%	99.9%	100.0%	60.6%
At least one relation	sense	99.4%	99.4%	99.4%	99.5%	99.3%	99.9%	100.0%
Synthetic retrieval queries	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Grounded QA pairs	sense	99.9%	99.7%	99.3%	99.6%	99.9%	100.0%	100.0%
Etymology	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Lexical explanation	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia (neutral)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia at grade 5 + college (core entries also carry grade 1 and grade 10)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Contrast paragraphs	lexeme	85.2%	68.7%	58.1%	61.9%	38.8%	7.4%	9.6%

Parts of speech

POS	Live senses
noun	201,500
adjective	56,880
verb	34,583
adverb	5,722
interjection	1,061
preposition	350
determiner	294
pronoun	260
conjunction	130
numeral	7

Domain roots

Root	Live senses
everyday_life	36,471
people_society	36,437
science	26,203
language	24,254
nature	23,004
health	22,823
business	20,947
technology	20,569
law_government	19,583
arts	18,838
humanities	14,436
education	13,115
history	9,519
mathematics	8,427
sports_recreation	6,153

Files

Files	Config	Rows	Shards	Size
data/train-*.parquet	default	165,291	3	678.9 MB

Fields

165,291 rows, one row per lexeme.

Field	Type	Description
lexeme_id	string	Entry id: slugify(headword). The family's join key.
headword	string	The entry's surface headword.
language	string	BCP-47-ish language tag; en throughout v2.4.
kind	string	Lexeme kind discriminator: simplex, compound, phrasal_verb, idiom, proper_noun, abbreviation, affix, function_word.
entity_type	string	What kind of thing a proper noun names: person (including fictional and mythological characters, following OntoNotes), place, organization, work, event, product, species or other (a language, a script, a calendar, an ethnic group — none of the seven fits). Null when kind is not proper_noun.
wikidata_qid	string	The Wikidata item id of the entity this proper noun names, e.g. Q91 for Abraham Lincoln, when a source supplied one. The join key for reconciling an entry against Wikidata; null for every entry whose type was decided without one, and for every common noun.
aliases	list<string>	Reserved: empty on every row in this release (no pass populates it yet). Surface forms that resolve to this entry and have no entry of their own — a leading-article form ("the Netherlands"), a diacritic or transliteration variant, an initialism nothing else holds. Each one is also an alias row in opengloss-v2.4-inflections, so resolving any surface string stays one lookup. A variant that does have an entry is an alias_of edge in opengloss-v2.4-relations instead.
status	string	complete, partial or retired — a schema value this pipeline has never yet set (no stage marks a whole entry retired). Whether the entry actually has zero live senses is the retired column below, computed by the exporter itself rather than read off this field.
tier	string	core (top 10K by composite frequency), tier2 (ranks to ~42K), tier3 (the rest of the frequency-ranked single words), tier4 (stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10), tier5 (the WordNet 3.0 gap the earlier tiers lacked), tier6 (named entities — people, places, organizations, works and events, ranked by importance rather than by frequency) or unknown (on none of the rank lists); an export may contain only some of these — see the coverage table.
source	string	opengloss-v1.3 for content this project generated or migrated from its own legacy releases; wordnet-3.0 for a tier-5 entry imported directly from Princeton WordNet 3.0. Derived from the entry's migrate-stage provenance record; see Sources and licences.
retired	bool	True when every sense this entry ever had is now tombstoned — it is not counted as a lexeme anywhere in this release's statistics, but the row is kept so a consumer can resolve why a headword they expected is missing (D-80). Its forms still resolve through opengloss-v2.4-inflections.
retired_reason	string	Why, when retired: the hygiene pass and its detail, e.g. inflection_fold: database, fragment: leading_determiner or phantom_pos: <reason>. Null for a live entry.
pos_list	list<string>	Parts of speech this entry has, in stored order.
sense_ids	list<string>	Ids of this entry's live senses.
n_live_senses	int32	How many live (non-tombstoned) senses.
n_retired_senses	int32	How many senses are tombstoned. Retired senses are kept in the store but never exported (D-1: deletion is a tombstone, not a removal).
is_stopword	bool	Whether the entry is a closed-class function word.
frequency	double	Raw Wikipedia occurrence count, when known.
zipf	double	Zipf-scaled frequency (van Heuven), when known.
morphology	list<struct<pos, plural, past_tense, past_participle, present_participle, third_person_singular, comparative, superlative, derivations, collocations>>	One struct per POS entry: inflected forms, derivations, collocations.
etymology	struct<summary, segments, cognates, references>	Prose summary plus the ordered language trail, cognates and references (null when the entry has none).
lexical_explanation	list<struct<reading_level, register, text, readability_grade>>	"Why this word" prose, one struct per (reading level, register).
encyclopedia	list<struct<reading_level, register, text, readability_grade>>	The entry-level encyclopedia article, one struct per (reading level, register). Entry-level, never a stand-in for one sense (D-71).
contrasts	list<struct<edge_id, target_sense_id, verdict, text>>	One "X vs Y" paragraph per symmetric relation edge, with the verdict on whether the edge is what it claims.
provenance_summary	struct<models, total_cost_usd, n_records>	Which models wrote this entry, what it cost, how many recorded calls.
created_at	string	ISO-8601 UTC timestamp of first generation.
updated_at	string	ISO-8601 UTC timestamp of the last write.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "0",
  "headword": "0",
  "language": "en",
  "kind": "simplex",
  "entity_type": null,
  "wikidata_qid": null,
  "aliases": [],
  "status": "partial",
  "tier": "tier5",
  "source": "wordnet-3.0",
  "retired": false,
  "retired_reason": null,
  "pos_list": [
    "noun",
    "adjective"
  ],
  "sense_ids": [
    "0:noun:0",
    "0:adjective:0"
  ],
  "n_live_senses": 2,
  "n_retired_senses": 0,
  "is_stopword": false,
  "frequency": null,
  "zipf": null,
  "morphology": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "plural": null,
      "past_tense": null,
      "past_participle": null,
      "present_participle": null,
      "third_person_singular": null,
      "comparative": null,
      "superlative": null,
      "derivations": [],
      "collocations": []
    },
    {
      "pos": "adjective",
      "plural": null,
      "past_tense": null,
      "past_participle": null,
      "present_participle": null,
      "third_person_singular": null,
      "comparative": null,
      "superlative": null,
      "derivations": [],
      "collocations": []
    }
  ],
  "etymology": {
    "summary": "The numeral 0 and the word zero come from the Hindu-Arabic numeral tradition. The name ultimately traces to Sanskrit śūnya ‘empty, void’, translated into Arabic as ṣifr ‘empty, zero’. Medieval Latin and Italian forms carried the term into English, while the familiar glyph developed from the same numeral tradition.",
    "segments": [
      {
        "language": "Sanskrit",
        "language_code": null,
        "form": "śūnya",
        "meaning": "empty; void",
        "era": "classical Sanskrit"
      },
      {
        "language": "Arabic",
        "language_code": null,
        "form": "ṣifr",
        "meaning": "empty; zero",
        "era": "medieval Arabic"
      },
      {
        "language": "Medieval Latin",
        "language_code": null,
        "form": "zephirum",
        "meaning": "zero",
        "era": "12th–13th century"
      },
      "… 2 more of 5"
    ],
    "cognates": [
      "cipher",
      "cypher"
    ],
    "references": []
  },
  "lexical_explanation": [
    {
      "reading_level": "neutral",
      "register": "plain",
      "text": "Use 0 when referring to the number that leaves another number unchanged when added to it. It is more specific than nothing, which can mean an absence or lack rather than a mathematical number.",
      "readability_grade": null
    },
    {
      "reading_level": "grade_5",
      "register": "plain",
      "text": "Use zero for the number that does not change another number when added. “Nothing” can mean there is none, not the number zero.",
      "readability_grade": 5.31
    },
    {
      "reading_level": "college",
      "register": "plain",
      "text": "Use 0 to denote the additive identity, the number whose addition leaves another number unchanged. “Nothing” is less specific: it may mean an absence or lack, rather than a mathematical number.",
      "readability_grade": 11.01
    }
  ],
  "encyclopedia": [
    {
      "reading_level": "neutral",
      "register": "plain",
      "text": "0, called zero, is the number that leaves another number unchanged when it is added to it. For any number x, x + 0 = x, so zero is the additive identity of the number systems used in ordinary arithmetic. It is neither positive nor negative. On a number line it lies between the positive and negative numbers, and its dis … [truncated for this card]",
      "readability_grade": null
    },
    {
      "reading_level": "grade_5",
      "register": "plain",
      "text": "Zero is a number that changes nothing when added to another number. It sits between numbers greater than zero and numbers less than zero. On a number line, its distance helps show absolute value, or how far a number is from zero.\n\nZero can show an empty place in a number. In 205, it shows that no tens are present. The  … [truncated for this card]",
      "readability_grade": 6.48
    },
    {
      "reading_level": "college",
      "register": "plain",
      "text": "Zero, also called 0, is the additive identity: adding it to any number leaves that number unchanged. It is neither positive nor negative. On the number line, zero separates positive from negative values, and the distance of a value from zero defines its absolute value.\n\nAs a numeral, zero marks an unoccupied position i … [truncated for this card]",
      "readability_grade": 12.93
    },
    "… 2 more of 5"
  ],
  "contrasts": [
    {
      "edge_id": "0:noun:0-synonym->zero",
      "target_sense_id": "zero:noun:0",
      "verdict": "related_as_typed",
      "text": "The symbol 0 and the word zero point to the same number, but they belong to different ways of presenting it. Use 0 in equations, tables, and compact numerical notation; write zero in prose when the number is being named or discussed, as in “zero is the additive identity.” Reading the symbol aloud normally gives “zero,” … [truncated for this card]"
    },
    {
      "edge_id": "0:noun:0-synonym->cipher",
      "target_sense_id": "cipher:noun:1",
      "verdict": "related_as_typed",
      "text": "The words overlap because cipher can name the written numeral 0, but zero is the clear, standard term for the number in ordinary mathematical prose. Cipher in this sense is rare and can distract readers, who may instead understand cipher as a code or a person of no importance. Write “the value is zero” when you mean th … [truncated for this card]"
    },
    {
      "edge_id": "0:adjective:0-synonym->zero",
      "target_sense_id": "zero:noun:0",
      "verdict": "related_as_typed",
      "text": "Here the main difference is grammatical: 0 is being used adjectivally to say that a score contains no points, while zero is supplied as a noun naming the number. In “a 0 score,” the symbol modifies score directly; in “the score was zero,” the word names the result. English also commonly puts the noun zero before anothe … [truncated for this card]"
    },
    "… 1 more of 4"
  ],
  "provenance_summary": {
    "models": [
      "gpt-5.4-nano",
      "gpt-5.6-luna",
      "gpt-6-luna",
      "… 5 more of 8"
    ],
    "total_cost_usd": 0.00769117,
    "n_records": 54
  },
  "created_at": "2026-09-07T15:03:59.325069+00:00",
  "updated_at": "2026-09-24T14:29:17.796111+00:00"
}

Loading it

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-lexicon", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0])

The shards are plain parquet, so nothing forces you through datasets — read them straight, locally or over hf://:

import polars as pl

df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-lexicon/data/train-*.parquet")
print(df.head())

import duckdb

duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-lexicon/data/train-*.parquet'").show()

Entries whose encyclopedia article was written for grade 5

import polars as pl

lex = pl.read_parquet("data/train-*.parquet")
grade5 = (
    lex.explode("encyclopedia")
    .filter(pl.col("encyclopedia").struct.field("reading_level") == "grade_5")
    .select("headword", pl.col("encyclopedia").struct.field("text"))
)
print(grade5.head())

Identifiers, and how they compose

Every id is derived from structure, never randomly minted, so a consumer can recompute one from a row and join across the whole family without a lookup table. Sense positions are stable across regenerations: a retired sense is tombstoned, not removed, so the indices after it never shift.

Id	Shape	Example
Lexeme	slugify(headword)	abseil
Sense	{lexeme_id}:{pos}:{index} (zero-based)	abseil:verb:0
Rendition	{owner_id}#{reading_level}/{register}	abseil:verb:0#grade_5/plain
Entry-level owner	{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia / :explanation	abseil:encyclopedia
Edge	{source_sense_id}-{type}->{target_lexeme_id}	abseil:verb:0-synonym->rappel
Query	{sense_id}#q{n} (zero-based)	abseil:verb:0#q3
QA pair	{sense_id}#qa{n} (zero-based)	abseil:verb:0#qa3
Provenance record	p{n} within its entry (one-based)	p12

An edge id keys on the target's slug, not on the target's sense, so resolving a target never changes the id of the edge that found it.

Reading levels and registers

A rendition is keyed on a (reading_level, register) pair. The canonical rendition of every field is (neutral, plain); everything else is a rewrite of it.

reading_level	Who it is written for	Rough CCSS band
neutral	The canonical text: an adult general reader, no level targeted	—
grade_1	Beginning readers; short sentences, common words	K–1
grade_5	Upper elementary	4–5
grade_10	Secondary	9–10
college	Undergraduate and above; technical vocabulary allowed	11–CCR

register	What changes	Reading it
plain	Nothing — the neutral register	The default
informal	Conversational, contractions, everyday words	How you'd say it to a friend
formal	Full forms, precise hedging, no contractions	How you'd write it in a report
technical	Domain vocabulary, exact conditions	How a specialist would state it
marketing	Benefit-first, persuasive framing	A genre, not a formality level

marketing sits on the register axis for convenience but is a genre value rather than a point on the formality scale — worth remembering if you train a formality classifier on this column.

Related datasets

Everything below is built from the same store and joins on lexeme_id / sense_id.

Dataset	Grain	What it holds
opengloss-v2.4-lexicon (this one)	one row per lexeme	One row per lexeme: kind, morphology, etymology, encyclopedia, contrasts, sense ids, provenance summary.
opengloss-v2.4-senses	one row per live sense	One row per live sense: canonical gloss, 8 gloss renditions, examples, resolved relations, synthetic queries, grounded QA pairs.
opengloss-v2.4-definitions	one row per gloss rendition	One row per gloss rendition (canonical included): reading level, register, text, readability grade.
opengloss-v2.4-examples	one row per example rendition	One row per example sentence with the headword's character span, its reading level and register.
opengloss-v2.4-encyclopedia	one row per encyclopedia rendition · one row per lexical-explanation rendition	One row per encyclopedia article rendition, plus an explanation config for the "why this word" prose.
opengloss-v2.4-etymology	one row per entry with an etymology	One row per entry with an etymology: prose summary, ordered language trail, cognates, references.
opengloss-v2.4-inflections	one row per inflected, derived or lemma form	One row per inflected or derived form, plus the lemma itself: a flat form→lemma lookup.
opengloss-v2.4-relations	one row per live relation edge · one row per removed relation edge	One row per semantic edge, resolved to target sense ids; a tombstoned config recovers the edges the reconcile pass removed.
opengloss-v2.4-queries	one row per synthetic query	One row per synthetic retrieval query, across eight query styles, tagged to the sense it should retrieve.
opengloss-v2.4-qa-pairs	one row per question/answer pair	One row per grounded question/answer pair, with the rendition ids the answer cites.
opengloss-v2.4-contrasts	one row per contrast paragraph	One row per "X vs Y" paragraph on a synonym/antonym/confusable edge, with a verdict on the edge.
opengloss-v2.4-provenance	one row per provenance record	One row per recorded generation call: stage, model, tokens, cost, run id — the audit trail.
opengloss-v2.4-retrieval-pairs	one row per mined pair	Word-in-context and doc2query-shaped (text_a, text_b, label) pairs mined from the store for free.
opengloss-v2.4-retrieval-triples	one row per (query, positive, negative) triple	MS MARCO-style (query, positive, negative) triples whose hard negatives come from the graph.
opengloss-v2.4-qrels	one row per query, with its whole graded candidate list · one row per document in the retrieval corpus	Graded TREC relevance judgements (0–3) plus the document corpus and listwise candidate lists.
opengloss-v2.4-pretrain	one row per rendered document	Entries serialised into plain-prose dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and usage-note documents.

Known limitations

• It is synthetic. Every string here was written by a language model against a schema, not transcribed from a corpus or checked by a lexicographer. It is well-formed and internally consistent; it is not attested usage, and it will contain confident errors. Do not use it as ground truth about what a word means.
• Judge scores 70.2/100 (core + tier 2) and 66.7/100 (tier 3). A different model family (Claude Opus) scored fixed 40-entry stratified samples at the close of each build. Sample statistics, not per-entry guarantees, and the judge is itself a model.
• Relation precision is the weakest axis. Relations were judged for validity and the ones that failed were demoted rather than asserted; symmetric reciprocity finished at 94.2% for synonyms and 94.3% for antonyms, and 4,722 senses were left with no relation at all. Treat a single edge as a hypothesis, not a fact; treat the aggregate graph as usable.
• core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6 are deliberately partial. 160,371 lexemes across core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6 received the text stages (glosses, examples, encyclopedia) but not the queries, QA pairs, contrasts or register renditions. The coverage table above gives the exact per-field share; nothing is hidden behind an average.
• The encyclopedia is entry-level. One article per headword, about the headword as a whole. On a polysemous entry it is not a description of any one sense, and it is never used as a positive for one (D-71). It is entry-level reference prose, not a specialist article.

Sources and licences

This release is Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Of 160,724 lexemes in this release, 40,643 (the tier-5 entries whose source column reads wordnet-3.0) are derived from Princeton WordNet 3.0: their glosses, examples, relations and derivationally related forms, plus WordNet's own capitalisation of the headword (D-78).

The WordNet License permits use, copying, modification and distribution without fee, provided its notice is preserved:

This software and database is being provided to you, the LICENSEE, by Princeton University under the following license. By obtaining, using and/or copying this software and database, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with these terms and conditions. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and database and its documentation for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that you agree to comply with the following copyright notice and statements, including the disclaimer, and that the same appear on ALL copies of the software, database and documentation, including modifications that you make for internal use or for distribution. "WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved."

The full text is also reproduced in LICENSES/WordNet.txt in the source repository. Everything else in this dataset is original to OpenGloss and licensed CC-BY 4.0 like the rest of the release.

Citation

@misc{bommarito2025opengloss,
  title  = {OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph},
  author = {Bommarito, Michael J., II},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.18622},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18622}
}

Tier-5 entries additionally derive from Princeton WordNet 3.0 (D-78):

@article{miller1995wordnet,
  title   = {WordNet: A Lexical Database for English},
  author  = {Miller, George A.},
  journal = {Communications of the ACM},
  volume  = {38},
  number  = {11},
  pages   = {39--41},
  year    = {1995}
}

@book{fellbaum1998wordnet,
  title     = {WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database},
  editor    = {Fellbaum, Christiane},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  year      = {1998}
}

License

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Attribution to the OpenGloss project is required; commercial use is permitted. See Sources and licences above for the Princeton WordNet License that additionally covers this release's tier-5 entries.