Datasets:

mjbommar
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opengloss-v2.4-contrasts

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0:noun:0-synonym->zero	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	zero:noun:0	zero	zero	The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	The symbol 0 and the word zero point to the same number, but they belong to different ways of presenting it. Use 0 in equations, tables, and compact numerical notation; write zero in prose when the number is being named or discussed, as in “zero is the additive identity.” Reading the symbol aloud normally gives “zero,”...	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->zero	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	zero:noun:0	zero	zero	The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	0 and zero name the same number, but look different on a page. Put 0 in a score table, but write zero in a sentence about the score. When you say 0 aloud, you usually say “zero.” They mean the same thing, but fit different kinds of writing.	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->zero	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	zero:noun:0	zero	zero	The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The symbol 0 and the word zero are related forms that denote the same number, but serve different presentational roles. Use 0 in equations, tables, and compact numerical notation; use zero in prose when naming or discussing the number, as in “zero is the additive identity.” The symbol is ordinarily read aloud as “zero,...	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->cipher	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	cipher:noun:1	cipher	cipher	The numeral 0 used to represent none or the absence of quantity.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	The words overlap because cipher can name the written numeral 0, but zero is the clear, standard term for the number in ordinary mathematical prose. Cipher in this sense is rare and can distract readers, who may instead understand cipher as a code or a person of no importance. Write “the value is zero” when you mean th...	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->cipher	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	cipher:noun:1	cipher	cipher	The numeral 0 used to represent none or the absence of quantity.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	Cipher and zero overlap: cipher can name the mark 0. For a math answer, write “the value is zero.” Cipher is rare, and people may think it means a code or an unimportant person. Use cipher only when talking about the written mark in old or special texts. The difference is how people use the words, not the value.	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->cipher	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	cipher:noun:1	cipher	cipher	The numeral 0 used to represent none or the absence of quantity.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	Zero and cipher overlap: cipher can denote the written numeral 0, while zero is the clear, standard term for the number in ordinary mathematical prose. In this sense, cipher is rare and potentially distracting, since readers may understand it as a code or as a person of no importance. Use “the value is zero” to refer t...	tier5
0:adjective:0-synonym->zero	0:adjective:0	0	0	indicating the absence of any or all units under consideration	zero:noun:0	zero	zero	The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	Here the main difference is grammatical: 0 is being used adjectivally to say that a score contains no points, while zero is supplied as a noun naming the number. In “a 0 score,” the symbol modifies score directly; in “the score was zero,” the word names the result. English also commonly puts the noun zero before anothe...	tier5
0:adjective:0-synonym->zero	0:adjective:0	0	0	indicating the absence of any or all units under consideration	zero:noun:0	zero	zero	The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	On a game sheet, write “0 points” to save space. In a sentence, say “the score was zero.” You can also say “a zero score,” so both forms can describe the same result. The score stays the same.	tier5
0:adjective:0-synonym->zero	0:adjective:0	0	0	indicating the absence of any or all units under consideration	zero:noun:0	zero	zero	The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The contrast between 0 and zero is primarily grammatical: 0 functions adjectivally in “a 0 score,” modifying score to indicate that it contains no points, whereas zero functions as a noun in “the score was zero,” naming the result. Zero can also precede a noun, as in “a zero score,” allowing the forms to converge in us...	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->nought	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	nought:noun:0	nought	nought	Zero as the numerical value representing the absence of quantity; the additive identity in most arithmetic and algebraic systems.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	In arithmetic, 0 and nought name the same number, so either works in a statement such as “the sum is 0” or “the sum is nought.” The choice is mainly a matter of setting and phrasing: 0 is the standard written symbol and is especially natural in equations, calculations, and general mathematical prose. Nought is a word, ...	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->nought	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	nought:noun:0	nought	nought	Zero as the numerical value representing the absence of quantity; the additive identity in most arithmetic and algebraic systems.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	In maths, 0 and nought mean the same number. On a worksheet, write 0 in sums; when saying it aloud, you can say nought. Nought may sound more formal or story-like, but neither name changes the number.	tier5
0:noun:0-synonym->nought	0:noun:0	0	0	a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number	nought:noun:0	nought	nought	Zero as the numerical value representing the absence of quantity; the additive identity in most arithmetic and algebraic systems.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	In arithmetic, 0 and nought are near-synonyms: both name the same number and can be used in statements such as “the sum is 0” or “the sum is nought.” The symbol 0 is standard in writing and especially suited to equations, calculations, and general mathematical prose. Nought is the spoken or written-out word; it can sou...	tier5
1:noun:0-synonym->i	1:noun:0	1	1	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	i:noun:1	i	I	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	Both 1 and I can represent the number one, but they belong to different numeral systems. Use 1 in ordinary modern arithmetic, counting, and measurements; use I when writing in Roman numerals, as on a clock face or in an outline. Substituting I for 1 in a calculation would usually look like a change of notation rather t...	tier5
1:noun:0-synonym->i	1:noun:0	1	1	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	i:noun:1	i	I	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	The mark 1 and Roman I both mean one, but they look different. On a clock, write I; in a sum, write 1. They have the same value, but I can confuse people in sums.	tier5
1:noun:0-synonym->i	1:noun:0	1	1	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	i:noun:1	i	I	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The digit 1 and the Roman numeral I denote the same value, but belong to distinct numeral systems. Use 1 for ordinary modern arithmetic, counting, and measurement; use I in Roman-numeral contexts such as clock faces and outlines. Replacing 1 with I in a calculation generally changes the notation, not the value, but can...	tier5
1:noun:0-synonym->unity	1:noun:0	1	1	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	unity:noun:2	unity	unity	The value one in counting and measurement; a unit.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	Both 1 and unity can name the value one, but they suit different kinds of reference. Write 1 when giving a count, measurement, or calculation; unity is more likely when discussing the value as a mathematical concept, as in “the unity element.” Calling a count of apples “unity” would sound unusually abstract, while writ...	tier5
1:noun:0-synonym->unity	1:noun:0	1	1	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	unity:noun:2	unity	unity	The value one in counting and measurement; a unit.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1 and unity can both mean one, but people use them differently. Write 1 to show a count, measure, or calculation. On an apple list, write 1, not unity. Use unity to talk about the idea of one in a math system. There, writing 1 can fit, but unity does not usually replace 1 in everyday writing.	tier5
1:noun:0-synonym->unity	1:noun:0	1	1	the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number	unity:noun:2	unity	unity	The value one in counting and measurement; a unit.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The related terms 1 and unity can both refer to the value one, but their usual contexts differ. The numeral 1 is appropriate for counts, measurements, and calculations; unity is more often used to discuss one as a mathematical concept, as in “the unity element.” Describing an apple count as unity would sound markedly a...	tier5
1:adjective:0-synonym->ane	1:adjective:0	1	1	used of a single unit or thing; not two or more	ane:noun:0	ane	ane	A historical spelling variant of one, especially in Scots, Middle English, and certain dialectal or poetic registers	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	The shared meaning is singleness, but 1 is a numeral used adjectivally in a phrase such as “1 apple,” while ane is an older or dialectal spelling of the word one and is listed here as a noun. Use 1 in modern counting and measurement; ane belongs in a historical, Scots, or deliberately dialectal context, and it cannot s...	tier5
1:adjective:0-synonym->ane	1:adjective:0	1	1	used of a single unit or thing; not two or more	ane:noun:0	ane	ane	A historical spelling variant of one, especially in Scots, Middle English, and certain dialectal or poetic registers	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	Both 1 and ane mean one. Use 1 to count apples or write a measure. Ane is an old or Scots spelling of one, listed as a noun. Write 1 on a modern shopping list, not ane. Ane fits old writing or speech meant to sound like a dialect. The two forms do not fit the same places in sentences.	tier5
1:adjective:0-synonym->ane	1:adjective:0	1	1	used of a single unit or thing; not two or more	ane:noun:0	ane	ane	A historical spelling variant of one, especially in Scots, Middle English, and certain dialectal or poetic registers	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	Both 1 and ane express singleness, but they differ in grammatical role and spelling convention. The numeral 1 can modify a noun, as in “1 apple”; ane is an older or dialectal spelling of one, listed as a noun. Use 1 for modern counting and measurement. Ane belongs in historical, Scots, or deliberately dialectal context...	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->ten	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	ten:noun:0	ten	ten	The number 10, the natural number following nine and preceding eleven.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	10 and ten identify the same number, but they belong to different writing choices. Use 10 when a numeric figure suits the context, as in a calculation, a chart, or a numbered sequence; use ten when spelling out the number fits the surrounding prose. In “I wrote the number 10 on the board,” the digit is a compact way to...	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->ten	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	ten:noun:0	ten	ten	The number 10, the natural number following nine and preceding eleven.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	10 and ten name the same number, but look different when written. Use 10 in a math problem or chart; write ten in a sentence. On a chart, write 10; in “Ten is even,” spell it out.	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->ten	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	ten:noun:0	ten	ten	The number 10, the natural number following nine and preceding eleven.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	10 and ten denote the same number but represent different choices of written form. Use the digit in calculations, charts, and numbered sequences, where its compactness is useful; spell out the number when it fits the surrounding prose. For example, “I wrote 10 on the board” records the value with a digit, while “Ten is...	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->x	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	x:noun:0	x	X	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	10 and X can both represent the number ten, but they come from different systems of notation. 10 uses the Arabic numerals standard in ordinary modern arithmetic and everyday writing; X is the Roman numeral, used in settings such as chapter numbering, clock faces, or a monarch’s name. Choose 10 when you want an unambigu...	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->x	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	x:noun:0	x	X	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	Both 10 and X mean ten, but they come from different ways of writing numbers. Use 10 for sums or everyday writing because its meaning is clear. Use X on a clock or chapter page, where Roman numerals, old number signs, belong. Away from those places, X might look like a letter.	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->x	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	x:noun:0	x	X	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	Both 10 and X denote ten, but they belong to different numeral systems. The symbol 10 is the standard Arabic-numeral form used in modern arithmetic and ordinary writing; X is its Roman-numeral counterpart, found in contexts such as chapter numbers, clock faces, and monarchs’ names. Use 10 when an unmistakable decimal n...	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->diez	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	diez:determiner:0	diez	diez	Determinante numeral cardinal que designa una cantidad exacta equivalente a cinco más cinco unidades.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	10 and diez refer to the same quantity, but they serve different language contexts: 10 is a numeric symbol, while diez is the Spanish word used to express that number. Use 10 when figures are appropriate regardless of the surrounding language, such as in a calculation or a table. Use diez in Spanish prose, as in “Diez ...	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->diez	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	diez:determiner:0	diez	diez	Determinante numeral cardinal que designa una cantidad exacta equivalente a cinco más cinco unidades.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	10 and diez name the same amount, but they belong in different kinds of writing. On a math page, write 10; in a Spanish note, write diez. Changing diez to ten changes the language, not the amount. Writing 10 instead keeps the amount but uses a number mark instead of a Spanish word.	tier5
10:noun:0-synonym->diez	10:noun:0	10	10	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system	diez:determiner:0	diez	diez	Determinante numeral cardinal que designa una cantidad exacta equivalente a cinco más cinco unidades.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	10 and diez denote the same quantity but belong to different linguistic contexts: 10 is a numeral, while diez is the Spanish word for that number. Use 10 where figures are appropriate across languages, such as in calculations or tables; use diez in Spanish prose, as in “Diez estudiantes asistieron a la conferencia.” Re...	tier5
10:adjective:0-synonym->ten	10:adjective:0	10	10	being one more than nine	ten:noun:0	ten	ten	The number 10, the natural number following nine and preceding eleven.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	10 and ten share a numerical value, but the difference here is grammatical as well as visual. In “lesson 10,” the digit labels the lesson in a sequence and sits directly before the noun; spelled out, “lesson ten” can serve the same purpose. By contrast, in “Ten is an even number,” ten is itself the noun naming the numb...	tier5
10:adjective:0-synonym->ten	10:adjective:0	10	10	being one more than nine	ten:noun:0	ten	ten	The number 10, the natural number following nine and preceding eleven.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	10 and ten mean the same number, but they look and work differently in writing. On a school page, write “lesson 10” to mark its place in a list. You can also write “lesson ten” for that same label. In “Ten is even,” ten names the number itself. Use 10 for short labels or numbered lists, and ten when talking about numbe...	tier5
10:adjective:0-synonym->ten	10:adjective:0	10	10	being one more than nine	ten:noun:0	ten	ten	The number 10, the natural number following nine and preceding eleven.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	10 and ten denote the same numerical value, but differ in appearance and grammatical use. In “lesson 10,” the digit functions as a compact label in a sequence and directly precedes the noun; “lesson ten” can serve the same purpose. In “Ten is an even number,” ten functions as the noun naming the number itself. Use the ...	tier5
100:noun:0-synonym->hundred	100:noun:0	100	100	ten 10s	hundred:noun:0	hundred	hundred	The natural number ten times ten, represented by 100 and following 99.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	As nouns, 100 and hundred name the same number, so either can work when you are identifying the result or quantity: “The answer is 100” and “The answer is one hundred” convey the same value. The practical choice is how you write it. The numeral 100 is compact and suits calculations, tables, labels, and other settings w...	tier5
100:noun:0-synonym->hundred	100:noun:0	100	100	ten 10s	hundred:noun:0	hundred	hundred	The natural number ten times ten, represented by 100 and following 99.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	100 and hundred are related ways to name the same number. On a math worksheet, write 100 in a sum; in a story, write one hundred. The word hundred often goes with a word like a or another number.	tier5
100:noun:0-synonym->hundred	100:noun:0	100	100	ten 10s	hundred:noun:0	hundred	hundred	The natural number ten times ten, represented by 100 and following 99.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	As nouns, 100 and hundred are related forms that denote the same number, so either can state a result or quantity without changing its value. The distinction is chiefly written form: 100 is a compact numeral suited to calculations, tables, labels, and other contexts where figures are convenient, whereas hundred is the ...	tier5
100:adjective:0-synonym->hundred	100:adjective:0	100	100	being ten more than ninety	hundred:noun:0	hundred	hundred	The natural number ten times ten, represented by 100 and following 99.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	Both forms point to the value ten more than ninety, but they fit into a sentence differently. The numeral 100 can go directly before a countable noun, as in “100 pages,” where it functions as a quantity modifier. Hundred is a noun, so the usual equivalent is “a hundred pages” or “one hundred pages”; the article or one ...	tier5
100:adjective:0-synonym->hundred	100:adjective:0	100	100	being ten more than ninety	hundred:noun:0	hundred	hundred	The natural number ten times ten, represented by 100 and following 99.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	100 and hundred name the same amount, but they work differently in sentences. Write 100 pages on a form or in a table. In a sentence, write a hundred pages or one hundred pages. The number 100 can stand right before pages, but hundred needs a or one. The difference is in writing and grammar, not the amount.	tier5
100:adjective:0-synonym->hundred	100:adjective:0	100	100	being ten more than ninety	hundred:noun:0	hundred	hundred	The natural number ten times ten, represented by 100 and following 99.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The numeral 100 and the noun hundred both denote the value ten more than ninety, but they have different grammatical roles. The numeral can directly modify a countable noun, as in “100 pages.” The noun requires a determiner in this construction, usually “a” or “one,” as in “a hundred pages” or “one hundred pages.” Use ...	tier5
100:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred	100:adjective:0	100	100	being ten more than ninety	one_hundred:noun:0	one_hundred	one hundred	The number that comes after ninety-nine; the numeral 100 used to count objects and express quantities.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	The numeral 100 and the noun phrase one hundred express the same quantity, but they are not used in quite the same grammatical way. In “100 students,” the numeral sits directly before the noun; in “one hundred students,” the spelled-out number does the same job as a quantity expression. Use 100 when figures make a list...	tier5
100:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred	100:adjective:0	100	100	being ten more than ninety	one_hundred:noun:0	one_hundred	one hundred	The number that comes after ninety-nine; the numeral 100 used to count objects and express quantities.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	100 and one hundred name the same number, but they fit different places. On a class list, write 100 students so the count is quick to spot. In a story sentence, write one hundred students in words. Both say the same count, not a more exact one.	tier5
100:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred	100:adjective:0	100	100	being ten more than ninety	one_hundred:noun:0	one_hundred	one hundred	The number that comes after ninety-nine; the numeral 100 used to count objects and express quantities.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	100 and one hundred denote the same quantity, but differ in form and preferred context. In “100 students,” the numeral directly modifies the noun; in “one hundred students,” the spelled-out number serves as a quantity expression. Figures suit lists, tables, and labels where they are easier to scan, while one hundred su...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->thousand	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	thousand:noun:0	thousand	thousand	A numeral that represents the quantity of 1000 in base ten.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000 and thousand name the same number, but they fit different kinds of writing. 1000 is the numeral used in calculations, tables, and other places where figures are convenient; thousand is the word-form, useful in prose or when the number is being read aloud. In “The total was 1000,” the figure is compact; “The total ...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->thousand	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	thousand:noun:0	thousand	thousand	A numeral that represents the quantity of 1000 in base ten.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000 and thousand mean the same number, but suit different kinds of writing. For a math table, write 1000; in a story, you might write one thousand. That changes how the number looks, not how much it means. Thousand can also name a number or amount, while 1000 is written as figures.	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->thousand	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	thousand:noun:0	thousand	thousand	A numeral that represents the quantity of 1000 in base ten.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000 and thousand represent the same quantity but serve different writing conventions. The numeral 1000 is compact and suits calculations, tables, and other contexts where figures are convenient; thousand is the written word-form, often used in prose or when reading the number aloud. Thus, “The total was 1000” and “The...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->one_thousand	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	one_thousand:determiner:0	one_thousand	one thousand	A determiner expressing an exact quantity equal to 1000 when placed before a count noun.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000 is a numeral that can be used on its own, as in “The answer is 1000”; one thousand can go directly before a count noun to specify its quantity, as in “one thousand beads.” The difference is mainly grammatical and presentational, not mathematical: both express the same exact number. If the number stands alone in a ...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->one_thousand	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	one_thousand:determiner:0	one_thousand	one thousand	A determiner expressing an exact quantity equal to 1000 when placed before a count noun.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000 and one thousand name the same exact number. Use 1000 by itself in a sum. If you write about beads, one thousand beads makes the amount clear in words. You can also write 1000 beads. The choice changes how the number looks, not how much it means.	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->one_thousand	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	one_thousand:determiner:0	one_thousand	one thousand	A determiner expressing an exact quantity equal to 1000 when placed before a count noun.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000 and one thousand are related forms that express the same exact number, with a difference in grammar and presentation rather than value. The numeral 1000 can stand alone, as in “The answer is 1000,” and is a compact choice when the number appears by itself in a calculation. The words one thousand can precede a coun...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->m	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	m:noun:2	m	m	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000 is the ordinary Arabic numeral for the number; m can represent the same value when Roman numerals are written in lowercase, though the standard Roman-numeral form is uppercase M. In a calculation or everyday count, write 1000 rather than m: readers may take lowercase m for a unit prefix or another symbol, dependin...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->m	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	m:noun:2	m	m	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000 and lowercase m can both show the value one thousand, but they come from different number systems. On a count or sum, write 1000, not m, so people do not mistake it for a sign or unit mark. Use m for one thousand only in writing that uses lowercase Roman numerals; the usual Roman form is uppercase M.	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->m	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	m:noun:2	m	m	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000 and lowercase m can denote the same value, but they belong to distinct numeral systems rather than being freely interchangeable forms. Use 1000 for calculations and ordinary counts, where m may be read as a unit prefix or another symbol. Lowercase m is appropriate as a Roman numeral only in contexts that deliberat...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->k	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	k:noun:2	k	K	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000 is the unambiguous numeral; K is an informal shorthand for a thousand, often used after a number in prices, counts, and online writing, as in “5K.” The letter K does not function as a standard standalone numeral in ordinary mathematical notation, so writing “K” where a reader expects the number 1000 can confuse ra...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->k	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	k:noun:2	k	K	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000 clearly means one thousand, while K is a casual way to write it. People often put K after a number in prices, counts, and online posts, like 5K. On a price tag, 1000 is clearer; use K when readers know the shorthand. K alone is not a usual number sign in math, so it may confuse people. Both can mean the same amoun...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->k	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	k:noun:2	k	K	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000 is an unambiguous numeral for one thousand; K is an informal shorthand, commonly placed after a number in prices, counts, and online writing, as in 5K. Unlike 1000, K is not a standard standalone numeral in ordinary mathematical notation, so it can confuse readers who expect an exact number. Use 1000 in formal pro...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->g	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	g:noun:3	g	g	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	unrelated	neutral	plain	1000 is the numeral for one thousand; g is not a Roman numeral for that value. The standard Roman numeral is M, and lowercase m is sometimes used when Roman numerals are written in lowercase. The letter g usually names other things, such as the gram symbol in measurement, rather than a number. So a reader encountering ...	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->g	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	g:noun:3	g	g	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	unrelated	grade_5	plain	1000 writes one thousand. Roman numerals use letters to show numbers. M is the usual mark for one thousand; people sometimes write it as lowercase m. The letter g usually means something else, such as grams, not a number. On a page asking for one thousand, write 1000; use M only for Roman numerals, not g.	tier5
1000:noun:0-synonym->g	1000:noun:0	1000	1000	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	g:noun:3	g	g	the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100	synonym	unrelated	college	plain	1000 denotes one thousand, whereas g is not a Roman numeral for that value. M is the standard Roman numeral, with lowercase m sometimes used in lowercase Roman-numeral text. The letter g more often denotes something else, such as the gram symbol in measurement, and will not normally be read as “one thousand.” Use 1000 ...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->thousand	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	thousand:noun:0	thousand	thousand	A numeral that represents the quantity of 1000 in base ten.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	As a modifier, 1000 appears before a noun to give a compact quantity, as in “a 1000-page textbook.” Thousand is ordinarily a noun in phrases such as “a thousand pages,” rather than an adjective directly modifying the following noun. The difference is grammatical as well as typographic: use the figure with a hyphenated ...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->thousand	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	thousand:noun:0	thousand	thousand	A numeral that represents the quantity of 1000 in base ten.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	Use 1000 before a noun in a short phrase like “a 1000-page book.” Use thousand as a noun in “a thousand pages,” not usually before another noun. For a book with that many pages, write “a 1000-page book” or “a thousand-page book.” Both show the same amount, but thousand can also name the number by itself.	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->thousand	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	thousand:noun:0	thousand	thousand	A numeral that represents the quantity of 1000 in base ten.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The related term thousand and the figure 1000 can both express the same scale, but they function differently in these constructions. The figure 1000 can precede a noun as part of a hyphenated compound modifier, as in “a 1000-page textbook.” Thousand ordinarily functions as a noun, as in “a thousand pages,” rather than ...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->one_thousand	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	one_thousand:adjective:0	one_thousand	one thousand	Used as a numeral adjective before a noun to indicate an exact quantity of 1,000.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000 and one thousand can both modify a following noun to specify an exact count: “1000 students” and “one thousand students” report the same enrollment. The choice is chiefly between compact numerals and spelled-out prose. Figures are convenient in statistics, lists, and dense factual writing; words can feel more natu...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->one_thousand	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	one_thousand:adjective:0	one_thousand	one thousand	Used as a numeral adjective before a noun to indicate an exact quantity of 1,000.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000 and one thousand both give an exact count before a noun, such as students. A class list may use 1000 because it takes less space. A story may spell out one thousand, especially when nearby numbers are words. Both forms work the same way and mean exactly the same thing.	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->one_thousand	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	one_thousand:adjective:0	one_thousand	one thousand	Used as a numeral adjective before a noun to indicate an exact quantity of 1,000.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000 and one thousand are near-equivalent forms that can each modify a following noun to give an exact count: “1000 students” and “one thousand students” state the same enrollment. Their difference is chiefly visual and stylistic. Numerals are compact and useful in statistics, lists, and dense factual prose; spelling o...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->k	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	k:adjective:0	k	K	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000 is clear as a written numeral, while K can abbreviate a thousand in informal labels or expressions such as “5K.” Before a noun, however, K is not as transparent as 1000: “5 K paper clips” may look like a number followed by a separate symbol, rather than a count written in ordinary prose. Use “1000 paper clips” for...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->k	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	k:adjective:0	k	K	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000 is easy to read as a number. K can mean one thousand in short labels, like 5K. If you write “5 K paper clips,” someone may think K is a separate mark, not part of the count. For a box of clips, write “1000 paper clips” to make the amount clear. You can also spell it out as “one thousand paper clips.” K works when ...	tier5
1000:adjective:0-synonym->k	1000:adjective:0	1000	1000	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	k:adjective:0	k	K	denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000 is an unambiguous written numeral, whereas K serves as an informal abbreviation for a thousand in labels and expressions such as “5K.” In a phrase before a noun, K is less transparent: “5 K paper clips” may be read as a numeral followed by a separate symbol rather than as an ordinary count. “1000 paper clips” is c...	tier5
10000:noun:0-synonym->ten_thousand	10000:noun:0	10000	10000	the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	ten_thousand:noun:0	ten_thousand	ten thousand	the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	10000 and ten thousand name exactly the same cardinal number; the difference is how it is written, not what quantity it denotes. Use 10000 when a compact numeric form is useful, such as in a calculation, data field, or list of figures. Ten thousand fits ordinary prose, where spelling out a number can make the sentence ...	tier5
10000:noun:0-synonym->ten_thousand	10000:noun:0	10000	10000	the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	ten_thousand:noun:0	ten_thousand	ten thousand	the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	10000 and ten thousand mean the same amount. Only the way they are written differs. On a math page, you might write 10000. In a story, ten thousand can be easier to read, especially at the start of a sentence. In standard English, the number is usually written 10,000 with a comma. Some lists leave out the comma and use...	tier5
10000:noun:0-synonym->ten_thousand	10000:noun:0	10000	10000	the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	ten_thousand:noun:0	ten_thousand	ten thousand	the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	10000 and ten thousand denote the same cardinal number; they differ only in written form, not in quantity. The compact numeral 10000 suits calculations, data fields, and lists of figures, while spelling out ten thousand can improve readability in ordinary prose, particularly at the beginning of a sentence. Standard Eng...	tier5
100000:noun:0-synonym->lakh	100000:noun:0	100000	100000	the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten	lakh:noun:0	lakh	lakh	In Indian numbering, a unit equal to 100,000, used to express large counts.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	100000 and lakh name the same quantity, so the difference is how the number is written and the setting in which it is expressed. Write 100000 when using ordinary digit notation, as in a calculation or a number written without regional grouping. Use lakh in Indian numbering, where it is a familiar unit for large counts:...	tier5
100000:noun:0-synonym->lakh	100000:noun:0	100000	100000	the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten	lakh:noun:0	lakh	lakh	In Indian numbering, a unit equal to 100,000, used to express large counts.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	100000 and lakh mean the same amount, but people write and use them differently. In a sum, write 100000; in Indian number writing, use one lakh. One lakh means 100,000. Both name the same amount, but lakh gives a short way to state a large count in Indian numbering.	tier5
100000:noun:0-synonym->lakh	100000:noun:0	100000	100000	the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten	lakh:noun:0	lakh	lakh	In Indian numbering, a unit equal to 100,000, used to express large counts.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	100000 and lakh denote the same quantity, but belong to different forms of expression. Use 100000 in ordinary digit notation, such as a calculation or a number written without regional grouping; use lakh for large counts in Indian numbering, where one lakh means 100,000. The terms are interchangeable as quantities, but...	tier5
1000000:noun:0-synonym->million	1000000:noun:0	1000000	1000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros	million:noun:0	million	million	The cardinal number that equals 1,000,000 and is used in counting and describing large quantities.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000000 and million name the same quantity, but they belong to different forms of writing. Use 1000000 when digits are required, such as in a calculation, data field, or numeral-only list; use million in ordinary prose when the number is being read as part of a sentence. Commas may make the numeral easier to scan—1,000...	tier5
1000000:noun:0-synonym->million	1000000:noun:0	1000000	1000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros	million:noun:0	million	million	The cardinal number that equals 1,000,000 and is used in counting and describing large quantities.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000000 and million name the same amount, but you write them differently. On a math sheet, write 1000000; in a note, write million. Commas can help you read it: 1,000,000 still means the same. In “a million people,” the word looks more natural than the digits, which can look technical or hard to read.	tier5
1000000:noun:0-synonym->million	1000000:noun:0	1000000	1000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros	million:noun:0	million	million	The cardinal number that equals 1,000,000 and is used in counting and describing large quantities.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000000 and million denote the same quantity but serve different writing conventions. Use 1000000 when a context requires digits, as in a calculation, data field, or numeral-only list; use million in ordinary prose when the number forms part of a sentence. Commas can improve the numeral’s readability, as in 1,000,000, ...	tier5
1000000000:noun:0-synonym->billion	1000000000:noun:0	1000000000	1000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros	billion:noun:0	billion	billion	The cardinal number equal to 1,000,000,000, that is, one thousand million (10^9), in the short scale used in most contemporary English‑speaking countries.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	For ordinary counting and prose, billion is the natural choice: write “one billion people,” not “1,000,000,000 people.” The numeral 1000000000 is useful when exact digits matter, as in calculations, data, or a form that asks for a number; it is read as “one billion.” In contemporary English, billion means 1,000,000,000...	tier5
1000000000:noun:0-synonym->billion	1000000000:noun:0	1000000000	1000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros	billion:noun:0	billion	billion	The cardinal number equal to 1,000,000,000, that is, one thousand million (10^9), in the short scale used in most contemporary English‑speaking countries.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000000000 and billion name the same amount, but they fit different jobs. On a school form asking for digits, write 1000000000; in a story, write one billion. Read the numeral as “one billion.” Commas can make its digits easier to read.	tier5
1000000000:noun:0-synonym->billion	1000000000:noun:0	1000000000	1000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros	billion:noun:0	billion	billion	The cardinal number equal to 1,000,000,000, that is, one thousand million (10^9), in the short scale used in most contemporary English‑speaking countries.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	The numeral 1000000000 and the term billion denote the same quantity in contemporary English; they differ in notation and suitability to context, not in value. In ordinary counting and prose, billion is the natural choice, as in “one billion people.” Use 1000000000 when exact digits are required for calculations, data,...	tier5
1000000000000:noun:0-synonym->trillion	1000000000000:noun:0	1000000000000	1000000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	trillion:noun:0	trillion	trillion	The cardinal number equal to 1,000,000,000,000; in the short scale used in modern English, it is the value following billion and preceding quadrillion.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000000000000 and trillion name the same value, so replacing one with the other does not change the quantity. The difference is how the number is presented: 1000000000000 is a string of digits, useful in calculations, data, or contexts where exact notation matters; trillion is the ordinary number word, which reads more...	tier5
1000000000000:noun:0-synonym->trillion	1000000000000:noun:0	1000000000000	1000000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	trillion:noun:0	trillion	trillion	The cardinal number equal to 1,000,000,000,000; in the short scale used in modern English, it is the value following billion and preceding quadrillion.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000000000000 and trillion mean the same amount. For a price in a spreadsheet, the digits are handy for math. In a sentence, trillion is easier to read. The long row of digits can be hard to scan or say aloud. The word is less handy for calculations.	tier5
1000000000000:noun:0-synonym->trillion	1000000000000:noun:0	1000000000000	1000000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	trillion:noun:0	trillion	trillion	The cardinal number equal to 1,000,000,000,000; in the short scale used in modern English, it is the value following billion and preceding quadrillion.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000000000000 and trillion are alternative names for the same value, so substituting one for the other leaves the quantity unchanged. Their difference is representational: 1000000000000 is a digit string suited to calculations, data, and contexts requiring exact numeric notation, whereas trillion is the conventional nu...	tier5
1000000000000:noun:0-synonym->one_million_million	1000000000000:noun:0	1000000000000	1000000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	one_million_million:noun:0	one_million_million	one million million	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000000000000 and one million million refer to exactly the same number, but they package it differently. The digit string is compact and suited to calculations or tables; the phrase spells out a multiplication—one million multiplied by one million—and can make the scale easier to inspect. In ordinary prose, one million...	tier5
1000000000000:noun:0-synonym->one_million_million	1000000000000:noun:0	1000000000000	1000000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	one_million_million:noun:0	one_million_million	one million million	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000000000000 and one million million mean the same number. In a table, the digits take less room. The words show one million times one million, so you can inspect its size. In a sentence, one million million is clear but longer than the number word trillion. Writing the number in words keeps its value but takes more s...	tier5
1000000000000:noun:0-synonym->one_million_million	1000000000000:noun:0	1000000000000	1000000000000	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	one_million_million:noun:0	one_million_million	one million million	the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000000000000 and one million million denote exactly the same number, but present it in different forms. The numeral is compact and useful in calculations and tables; the phrase makes explicit the multiplication of one million by one million, which can make the scale easier to inspect. In prose, one million million is ...	tier5
1000th:adjective:0-synonym->thousandth	1000th:adjective:0	1000th	1000th	the ordinal number of one thousand in counting order	thousandth:adjective:0	thousandth	thousandth	Relating to the ordinal position corresponding to one thousand; denoting the item occupying that position in a sequence.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	1000th and thousandth denote the same ordinal position, so neither changes the meaning of a sentence: “the 1000th customer” and “the thousandth customer” both identify the customer at position one thousand. The choice is chiefly about presentation. The numeral form is compact and makes the number easy to scan, especial...	tier5
1000th:adjective:0-synonym->thousandth	1000th:adjective:0	1000th	1000th	the ordinal number of one thousand in counting order	thousandth:adjective:0	thousandth	thousandth	Relating to the ordinal position corresponding to one thousand; denoting the item occupying that position in a sequence.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	1000th and thousandth mean the same place in a count. On a customer list, 1000th is quick to scan; thousandth reads more smoothly in a sentence. Use one style throughout a document and follow its number rules.	tier5
1000th:adjective:0-synonym->thousandth	1000th:adjective:0	1000th	1000th	the ordinal number of one thousand in counting order	thousandth:adjective:0	thousandth	thousandth	Relating to the ordinal position corresponding to one thousand; denoting the item occupying that position in a sequence.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	1000th and thousandth are equivalent ordinal forms: each identifies the item at position one thousand, with no change to sentence meaning. Their distinction is presentational. The digit form is compact and readily scanned in dates, lists, tables, and counts; the spelled-out form flows more naturally in prose and avoids...	tier5
100th:adjective:0-synonym->hundredth	100th:adjective:0	100th	100th	the ordinal number of one hundred in counting order	hundredth:noun:1	hundredth	hundredth	The ordinal position immediately following ninety-nine items.	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	100th and hundredth name the same ordinal position, but the examples show a difference in form and grammatical use. The numeral form 100th is used before a noun in “the 100th day,” while the spelled-out hundredth can function as a noun in “the hundredth item.” This is not a difference in rank or meaning: hundredth can ...	tier5
100th:adjective:0-synonym->hundredth	100th:adjective:0	100th	100th	the ordinal number of one hundred in counting order	hundredth:noun:1	hundredth	hundredth	The ordinal position immediately following ninety-nine items.	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	100th and hundredth mean the same place in a count, but they look and work differently. You write 100th before a noun, as in “the 100th day.” Hundredth can stand for a thing, as in “the hundredth item,” and can also come before a noun: “the hundredth day.” On a short school label, choose 100th; when spelling the number...	tier5
100th:adjective:0-synonym->hundredth	100th:adjective:0	100th	100th	the ordinal number of one hundred in counting order	hundredth:noun:1	hundredth	hundredth	The ordinal position immediately following ninety-nine items.	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	100th and hundredth denote the same ordinal position, so their difference is not one of rank or meaning. They differ in written form and grammatical use: the numeral 100th appears before a noun, as in “the 100th day,” whereas spelled-out hundredth can also serve as a noun, as in “the hundredth item.” Hundredth may modi...	tier5
101:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred_one	101:adjective:0	101	101	being one more than one hundred	one_hundred_one:adjective:0	one_hundred_one	one hundred one	being one more than one hundred	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	101 and one hundred one express the same number, so either can identify an age, a count, or a measurement: “I’m turning 101” and “I’m turning one hundred one” name the same age. The practical difference is chiefly presentation. 101 is the compact numeral, usually preferred in ordinary writing when figures make a number...	tier5
101:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred_one	101:adjective:0	101	101	being one more than one hundred	one_hundred_one:adjective:0	one_hundred_one	one hundred one	being one more than one hundred	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	101 and one hundred one name the same number. On a birthday card, use 101 if figures are used, or spell it out in words. A style guide may say which form fits best.	tier5
101:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred_one	101:adjective:0	101	101	being one more than one hundred	one_hundred_one:adjective:0	one_hundred_one	one hundred one	being one more than one hundred	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	101 and one hundred one are alternative written forms of the same number, usable for an age, count, or measurement. The distinction is presentational: 101 is a compact numeral that is usually easier to scan in ordinary writing, while one hundred one spells out the number and may suit prose that uses words for numbers o...	tier5
101st:adjective:0-synonym->hundred_and_first	101st:adjective:0	101st	101st	the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order	hundred_and_first:adjective:0	hundred_and_first	hundred-and-first	the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	101st and hundred-and-first are interchangeable ways to write the same ordinal, with the choice mainly a matter of typography and context. The numeral form, 101st, is compact and especially natural in dates, labels, rankings, and measurements: “the 101st floor.” The spelled-out form, hundred-and-first, is useful when a...	tier5
101st:adjective:0-synonym->hundred_and_first	101st:adjective:0	101st	101st	the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order	hundred_and_first:adjective:0	hundred_and_first	hundred-and-first	the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	101st and hundred-and-first both name the same place in order. On a building sign, 101st is short and easy to read. Use hundred-and-first when you must write the number in words or say it aloud. In a sentence with many numbers, words can make the sentence easier to follow. Neither form means a different place, but a pu...	tier5
101st:adjective:0-synonym->hundred_and_first	101st:adjective:0	101st	101st	the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order	hundred_and_first:adjective:0	hundred_and_first	hundred-and-first	the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	101st and hundred-and-first are equivalent written forms of the same ordinal; their difference is typographic and contextual, not semantic. The compact numeral is especially suited to dates, labels, rankings, and measurements, as in “the 101st floor.” The spelled-out form fits contexts that require words or oral readin...	tier5
105:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred_five	105:adjective:0	105	105	being five more than one hundred	one_hundred_five:adjective:0	one_hundred_five	one hundred five	being five more than one hundred	synonym	related_as_typed	neutral	plain	105 and one hundred five express the same number, so the choice is chiefly about how it is written. Use 105 when figures suit the context, as in a measurement, score, table, or compact label; spell it out when house style or the surrounding prose calls for words. In “the 105-page report,” 105 functions as a numeral mod...	tier5
105:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred_five	105:adjective:0	105	105	being five more than one hundred	one_hundred_five:adjective:0	one_hundred_five	one hundred five	being five more than one hundred	synonym	related_as_typed	grade_5	plain	105 and one hundred five name the same number. The difference is how you write them. Use 105 on a score sheet. In prose, spell it out when your style asks. In “105-page report,” the number comes before page and is usually joined by a hyphen. “One-hundred-five-page report” is possible, but it feels long. Neither way cha...	tier5
105:adjective:0-synonym->one_hundred_five	105:adjective:0	105	105	being five more than one hundred	one_hundred_five:adjective:0	one_hundred_five	one hundred five	being five more than one hundred	synonym	related_as_typed	college	plain	105 and one hundred five denote the same number; their distinction is orthographic rather than semantic. Figures are suitable for measurements, scores, tables, and compact labels, while spelling the number out may better fit house style or the surrounding prose. In “the 105-page report,” 105 is a numeral modifying page...	tier5
105:adjective:0-synonym->cardinal	105:adjective:0	105	105	being five more than one hundred	cardinal:noun:1	cardinal	cardinal	the size of a set; the number of elements in a set.	synonym	related_differently	neutral	plain	105 names a particular number, while cardinal is a mathematical term for the size of a set; the connection is that a cardinal can be 105. The terms are not interchangeable in a sentence: “The cardinal of S is 105” says how many elements S contains, whereas “a 105-page report” uses 105 to modify a noun and says nothing ...	tier5

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OpenGloss v2.4 — Contrasts

For every synonym, antonym or confusable_with edge whose far end resolves to a sense that is actually in the release, one 60–120 word paragraph saying how the two terms actually differ — the register that separates them, the axis they oppose on, the collocation that picks one over the other — plus a verdict on whether the edge is the relation it claims to be. Both headwords and both canonical glosses are on the row, so it reads standalone. A pair is written once, on the end whose sense id sorts smaller.

Part of the OpenGloss v2.4 release family — 16 datasets built from one store of 160,724 lexemes and 300,787 live senses, all joinable on derived ids. See Related datasets for the rest.

What's new in v2.4 vs v1.3

Schema v3. Every lexeme carries a kind discriminator (simplex, compound, phrasal verb, idiom, proper noun, abbreviation, affix, function word); every sense carries a controlled domain leaf from a fixed ~160-leaf taxonomy instead of free text; every example carries the character span of the headword occurrence inside it.
Renditions, not one string. A definition is a set: the canonical one plus rewrites at four reading levels and in four registers, each produced in a single call from the canonical text so they say the same thing at different altitudes.
A sense graph, not a word graph. Typed relations resolve to sense ids wherever the target's entry exists in the release, so bank --hypernym--> financial institution points at a meaning rather than at a string.
Retrieval data is first-class. Synthetic per-sense queries in eight styles, grounded QA pairs, mined word-in-context pairs, MS MARCO-style triples with graph-derived hard negatives, and graded TREC qrels — all derivable from, and consistent with, the same entries.
Derivable identifiers everywhere. v1.3 published a positional id for lexemes and senses (3d_model_noun_0) and nothing below that. v2.4 gives every rendition, edge, query, QA pair and provenance record an id computable from the row alone, and never renumbers: a retired sense is tombstoned, so the ids after it keep their meaning.
Per-field provenance. Which model wrote a field, how many tokens it took, what it cost — published as its own dataset.

What changed since v2.3

v2.3 (2026-09-09) added tier 6, named entities. v2.4 adds no new headwords: it fills in the supervision the lower tiers never received and makes every reading level of the pretraining corpus carry text of its own.

Retrieval supervision for every sense. Tiers 3-6 (about two thirds of all senses) had no search queries, QA pairs, register variants or contrast paragraphs in v2.3; those existed only for core and tier 2. Every live sense now has search queries in eight styles (twelve per sense; 85% of all queries never name the headword), 99.7% have grounded QA pairs, and every tier has register variants, register-crossed examples and contrasts.
Verified word-in-context examples everywhere. The sense-disambiguated example stage (eight checked sentences per sense) ran only on tier 2 in v2.3; it now covers core and tiers 3-6 as well.
Leveled register text. Every sense gains five definitions crossing reading level and register (grade 5 informal and formal; college informal, formal and technical); every contrast paragraph gains a grade-5 and a college version; every lexical explanation gains a grade-5 and a college version.
A pretraining corpus with no copies. v2.3's thesaurus and usage-note documents at grade_5 and college were byte-identical to neutral (25% of all pretraining documents). A non-neutral document is now emitted only when it carries text written at its level and differs from the neutral one, and the export fails if any two documents share text. The thesaurus template gains a "Choosing between them" section of leveled contrast notes (moved from the usage note), and the usage note lists the register variants written at the document's level.
Graph repair. Relations were regenerated for senses that had none (senses without a relation fell from 4,722 to about 1,600), re-resolved, re-judged, and hypernym cycles broken back to zero.
Writer. New v2.4 text was written by gpt-6-luna (low reasoning); v2.3's by gpt-5.6-luna. The provenance repo records the model of every call.

	v2.3 (2026-09-09)	v2.4
Lexemes	160,724	160,724
Live senses	300,787	300,787
Search queries	1,249,683	3,851,978
QA pairs	704,950	2,304,127
Definition renditions	1,919,007	4,209,494
Example renditions	2,421,809	4,939,887
Encyclopedia renditions	500,320	802,914
Lexical-explanation renditions	160,724	482,172
Contrast paragraphs (all levels)	81,046	812,184
Unique source-text tokens (16K student tokenizer)	697,553,973	1,461,832,309
Pretraining documents	1,560,030	1,910,373
Pretraining words	418,161,358	483,649,976
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	594,154,612	676,733,509
Exact-duplicate pretraining documents	25.0%	0 (the export fails on any duplicate)
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5), 73.0 (tier 6)	64.8 (core), 69.9 (tier 2), 65.8 (tier 3), 68.1 (tier 4), 79.6 (tier 5), 71.3 (tier 6)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. pretrain gains sections_at_level; level_used gains the value mixed (some leveled sections fell back to neutral text); non-neutral pretraining documents with no text of their own at their level are no longer emitted, and retired lexemes (no live sense) emit no pretraining document. contrasts now carries grade_5 and college rows beside neutral.

Known issues. Leveled informal definitions open with "It's a / It's the / It's when" about 18% of the time. About 1.1% of QA answers are exact duplicates of another QA answer (mostly short answers). Listwise qrels lists that contain all four grades fell as a share, because tier 3-6 senses joined with fewer grade-2 neighbours.

What changed since v2.2

v2.2 (2026-09-07) added tier 5, the WordNet 3.0 gap. v2.3 adds tier 6: named entities. Every tier before it was selected by word frequency or by WordNet membership, and neither signal ranks a name — a name's importance is a fact about the world, not about a corpus — so v2.2 knew Washington and Lincoln but not George Washington, New York City or World War II. Tier 6 is 15,000 candidates ranked by Wikipedia vital-article level, Wikidata sitelink count, WordNet instance membership and US salience, of which 12,078 became entries. Three schema changes come with it:

Entity types are written rather than defaulted. Every proper noun in v2.2 carried entity_type = other, because the two migrations and the kind classifier all wrote that placeholder and nothing ever replaced it. 28,915 proper nouns now carry a real type — person, place, organization, work, event, product, species — taken from the candidate list where it knew one and bought as a single batched verdict where it did not. lexicon and senses gain an entity_type column, and lexicon gains wikidata_qid, the join key for reconciling an entry against Wikidata.
Aliases. A name has variants — Lincoln for Abraham Lincoln, the Netherlands for Netherlands, FDR, NASA — and v2.2 had nowhere to put them. A variant that has an entry of its own is now an alias_of edge in opengloss-v2.4-relations (1,267 of them, written by a judged alias pass). The schema also reserves a lexicon.aliases column and alias rows in opengloss-v2.4-inflections for variants with no entry of their own, but no pass populates them yet: aliases is empty on every v2.4 row. An alias_of edge is never demoted, pruned, capped or re-judged by the hygiene passes, unlike every other relation type.
Two new domain leaves. nature.settlements (cities, towns, villages, neighbourhoods) and law_government.polities (countries, states, provinces, empires, historical polities). A quarter of tier 6 is a settlement or a polity and the taxonomy had no leaf for either; adding a geography root would have been a breaking change to a fixed 15-root vocabulary, so both went under roots that already exist.

	v2.2 (2026-09-07)	v2.3
Lexemes	148,292	160,724
Live senses	288,304	300,787
Tier 6 lexemes (named entities)	0	12,078
Pretraining documents	1,458,684	1,560,030
Pretraining words	398,029,628	418,161,358
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	565,384,746	594,154,612
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5), 73.0 (tier 6)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. lexicon gains entity_type, wikidata_qid and aliases; senses gains entity_type; relations gains the alias_of type; inflections gains the alias relation; tier gains the value tier6; and the domain taxonomy gains two leaves (taxonomy version 3).

What changed since v2.1

v2.1 (2026-09-07) added tier 4 and the inflections repo. v2.2 adds tier 5: 43,652 WordNet 3.0 candidate lemmas the earlier tiers lacked — common compounds and technical nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs, instances/taxa/organisms excluded — 38,526 of them imported outright, the rest matched against v1.3's own files. The other three changes are about honesty rather than coverage:

The lemma fold. lexeme-hygiene (D-79) folded 4,377 inflected-form headwords onto the lemma that already carried their meaning ("databases" onto "database", through the store's own recorded morphology) and retired 172 multiword fragments that began or ended on a function word ("is not", "on top of"). Together with D-76's phantom part-of-speech retirements, 4,549 lexemes store-wide now have every sense tombstoned. A lexeme like that is not counted as a lexeme anywhere in this card or in Stats any more — it has no live sense, so it is not a lexeme by this release's own count — but it is not gone: its surface form still resolves through opengloss-v2.2-inflections, and its lexicon row carries retired = true with a retired_reason explaining why.
Provenance on inherited fields. Every field a migration or import wrote, not only what a model wrote from scratch, now carries a migrate-stage provenance record naming where it came from, so "where did this text come from" is answerable by grep rather than by trusting the pipeline that happened to run.
A source column on lexicon and senses: opengloss-v1.3 for content this project generated or migrated from its own legacy releases, wordnet-3.0 for the tier-5 entries imported directly from Princeton WordNet 3.0.

	v2.1 (2026-09-07)	v2.2
Lexemes	109,633	160,724
Live senses	250,003	300,787
Tier 5 lexemes (WordNet gap)	0	43,227
Retired lexemes (every sense tombstoned)	0	4,567
Pretraining documents	1,111,044	1,458,684
Pretraining words	331,888,239	398,029,628
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	471,451,693	565,384,746
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. lexicon gains source, retired and retired_reason; senses gains source; tier gains the value tier5.

What changed since v2.0

v2.0 (2026-09-05) covered the frequency-ranked single words. v2.4 adds tier 4: the function words the core ranking had excluded on purpose, and every remaining v1.3 entry at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — mostly multiword compounds ("natural selection", "catalog number"), plus names and rarer single words. That doubles the lexeme count and changes the mix: v2.0 was 99.8% single words; a third of v2.4 is multiword.

	v2.0 (2026-09-05)	v2.1 (2026-09-07)
Lexemes	54,724	109,633
Live senses	137,314	250,003
Multiword entries (compounds, phrasal verbs, idioms)	86	36,366
Proper nouns	10,365	17,073
Function words	114	462
Gloss renditions	1,129,975	1,684,865
Example sentences	1,398,297	2,163,329
Live relations	735,318	1,574,438
Synthetic queries	1,330,311	1,304,650
QA pairs	750,348	736,010
Pretraining documents	617,175	1,111,044
Pretraining words	196,390,946	331,888,239
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	275,659,096	471,451,693
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)

Schema. No column was added, removed or retyped in any existing dataset. Three things did change:

tier gains the value tier4 (it was core, tier2 or tier3).
One new dataset, opengloss-v2.4-inflections: a flat surface-form → lemma lookup (plural, past tense, participles, comparative, superlative, derivations) built from the morphology that the lexicon already carried nested.
New provenance note prefixes on tombstones and edges, all reversible and all counted in the store audit: phantom_pos: (a v1.3 part-of-speech block whose glosses defined a component word rather than the compound — 11,440 blocks retired), regen: (relations regenerated for senses that had lost every edge to judging), and retyped: contrast (synonym edges the contrast paragraphs showed to be hypernym or hyponym).

Not row-compatible with v2.0. Lexeme, sense, rendition, edge, query and QA ids are stable for every entry v2.0 had. The derived training sets (retrieval-pairs, retrieval-triples, qrels) re-sample negatives over the larger pool, so their rows differ; and the store-wide quality passes run for v2.4 retired ~3,000 senses of the v2.0 entries (phantom part-of-speech blocks and near-duplicate senses), so those senses are now tombstoned rather than live. Treat v2.4 as a new release, not a delta.

Scope: fewer headwords, far more per headword

v2.4 is not a superset of v1.3. It covers 160,724 of v1.3's 205,988 lexemes — every frequency-ranked single word, plus the compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — and spends the difference on depth. If you need breadth of vocabulary, use v1.3; if you need graded renditions, resolved relations, spans, or retrieval supervision, use v2.4.

	v1.3	v2.4
Lexemes	205,988	160,724
Senses	565,604	300,787
Definition renditions per sense	1 canonical	1 canonical + up to 8 graded
Relation targets	bare strings	resolved to sense ids
Retrieval training data	companion sets	queries, QA, triples, qrels
Per-field provenance	no	model, tokens and cost per call

Key statistics


Lexemes	160,724
Retired lexemes (every sense tombstoned; not counted above)	4,567
Live senses	300,787
Rows in this dataset	812,184
Contrast paragraphs	812,184

By tier

core — top 10K by composite frequency
tier2 — ranks to ~42K
tier3 — the rest of the frequency-ranked single words
tier4 — stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10
tier5 — the WordNet 3.0 lemmas the earlier tiers lacked: common compounds and technical nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (instances, taxa and organisms excluded); 5,126 from v1.3 files, the rest imported from WordNet
tier6 — named entities — people, places, organizations, works and events ranked by Wikipedia vital-article level, Wikidata sitelinks, WordNet instance membership and US salience, which no frequency list ranks

Tier	Lexemes	Live senses
`core`	9,427	32,193
`tier2`	30,346	71,957
`tier3`	11,452	23,511
`tier4`	53,841	113,873
`tier5`	43,227	46,755
`tier6`	12,078	12,145
`unknown`	353	353

Coverage by tier

The release was built in 6 frequency-ranked passes (core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6) and they did not all receive the same stages. This table is per-field and per-tier so the gaps are visible rather than averaged away.

Field	Of	`core`	`tier2`	`tier3`	`tier4`	`tier5`	`tier6`	`unknown`
Canonical gloss	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Controlled domain tag	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Gloss at 4 reading levels	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.9%	100.0%	99.9%	100.0%	0.0%
Gloss in 4 registers	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
At least one example	sense	100.0%	99.9%	100.0%	99.6%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Examples at 4 reading levels	sense	99.6%	99.6%	99.9%	98.4%	99.9%	100.0%	60.6%
At least one relation	sense	99.4%	99.4%	99.4%	99.5%	99.3%	99.9%	100.0%
Synthetic retrieval queries	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Grounded QA pairs	sense	99.9%	99.7%	99.3%	99.6%	99.9%	100.0%	100.0%
Etymology	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Lexical explanation	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia (neutral)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia at grade 5 + college (core entries also carry grade 1 and grade 10)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Contrast paragraphs	lexeme	85.2%	68.7%	58.1%	61.9%	38.8%	7.4%	9.6%

Verdicts

Verdict	Paragraphs
`related_as_typed`	499,119
`related_differently`	306,048
`unrelated`	7,017

Files

Files	Config	Rows	Shards	Size
`data/train-*.parquet`	default	812,184	2	153.7 MB

Fields

812,184 rows, one row per contrast paragraph.

Field	Type	Description
`edge_id`	`string`	The edge this paragraph is about: `{source_sense_id}-{relation_type}->{target_lexeme_id}`.
`source_sense_id`	`string`	The near end of the edge.
`source_lexeme_id`	`string`	The near end's entry id.
`source_headword`	`string`	The near end's headword.
`source_gloss`	`string`	The near sense's canonical gloss.
`target_sense_id`	`string`	The far end, when resolved.
`target_lexeme_id`	`string`	The far end's entry id.
`target_headword`	`string`	The far end's headword.
`target_gloss`	`string`	The far sense's canonical gloss, looked up across the whole release (null when the far end is not in it).
`relation_type`	`string`	`synonym`, `antonym` or `confusable_with` — parsed from `edge_id`.
`verdict`	`string`	`related_as_typed`, `related_differently` or `unrelated`. Recorded and counted; the relation edits it implies were applied by a separate free pass, so a verdict here is evidence, not an unapplied edit.
`reading_level`	`string`	The paragraph's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The paragraph's register.
`text`	`string`	The contrast paragraph.
`tier`	`string`	Tier of the source entry.

One real row:

{
  "edge_id": "0:noun:0-synonym->zero",
  "source_sense_id": "0:noun:0",
  "source_lexeme_id": "0",
  "source_headword": "0",
  "source_gloss": "a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number",
  "target_sense_id": "zero:noun:0",
  "target_lexeme_id": "zero",
  "target_headword": "zero",
  "target_gloss": "The integer that denotes no quantity, positioned between positive and negative numbers on the number line and serving as the additive identity in arithmetic.",
  "relation_type": "synonym",
  "verdict": "related_as_typed",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "The symbol 0 and the word zero point to the same number, but they belong to different ways of presenting it. Use 0 in equations, tables, and compact numerical notation; write zero in prose when the number is being named or discussed, as in “zero is the additive identity.” Reading the symbol aloud normally gives “zero,” … [truncated for this card]",
  "tier": "tier5"
}

Loading it

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-contrasts", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0])

The shards are plain parquet, so nothing forces you through datasets — read them straight, locally or over hf://:

import polars as pl

df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-contrasts/data/train-*.parquet")
print(df.head())

import duckdb

duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-contrasts/data/train-*.parquet'").show()

Contrastive pairs, and the edges the writer disagreed with

import duckdb

duckdb.sql('''
    SELECT verdict, count(*) AS n
    FROM 'data/train-*.parquet'
    GROUP BY verdict ORDER BY n DESC
''').show()

duckdb.sql('''
    SELECT source_headword, target_headword, text
    FROM 'data/train-*.parquet'
    WHERE relation_type = 'antonym' LIMIT 3
''').show()

Identifiers, and how they compose

Every id is derived from structure, never randomly minted, so a consumer can recompute one from a row and join across the whole family without a lookup table. Sense positions are stable across regenerations: a retired sense is tombstoned, not removed, so the indices after it never shift.

Id	Shape	Example
Lexeme	`slugify(headword)`	`abseil`
Sense	`{lexeme_id}:{pos}:{index}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0`
Rendition	`{owner_id}#{reading_level}/{register}`	`abseil:verb:0#grade_5/plain`
Entry-level owner	`{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia` / `:explanation`	`abseil:encyclopedia`
Edge	`{source_sense_id}-{type}->{target_lexeme_id}`	`abseil:verb:0-synonym->rappel`
Query	`{sense_id}#q{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#q3`
QA pair	`{sense_id}#qa{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#qa3`
Provenance record	`p{n}` within its entry (one-based)	`p12`

An edge id keys on the target's slug, not on the target's sense, so resolving a target never changes the id of the edge that found it.

Reading levels and registers

A rendition is keyed on a (reading_level, register) pair. The canonical rendition of every field is (neutral, plain); everything else is a rewrite of it.

`reading_level`	Who it is written for	Rough CCSS band
`neutral`	The canonical text: an adult general reader, no level targeted	—
`grade_1`	Beginning readers; short sentences, common words	K–1
`grade_5`	Upper elementary	4–5
`grade_10`	Secondary	9–10
`college`	Undergraduate and above; technical vocabulary allowed	11–CCR

`register`	What changes	Reading it
`plain`	Nothing — the neutral register	The default
`informal`	Conversational, contractions, everyday words	How you'd say it to a friend
`formal`	Full forms, precise hedging, no contractions	How you'd write it in a report
`technical`	Domain vocabulary, exact conditions	How a specialist would state it
`marketing`	Benefit-first, persuasive framing	A genre, not a formality level

marketing sits on the register axis for convenience but is a genre value rather than a point on the formality scale — worth remembering if you train a formality classifier on this column.

Related datasets

Everything below is built from the same store and joins on lexeme_id / sense_id.

Dataset	Grain	What it holds
`opengloss-v2.4-lexicon`	one row per lexeme	One row per lexeme: kind, morphology, etymology, encyclopedia, contrasts, sense ids, provenance summary.
`opengloss-v2.4-senses`	one row per live sense	One row per live sense: canonical gloss, 8 gloss renditions, examples, resolved relations, synthetic queries, grounded QA pairs.
`opengloss-v2.4-definitions`	one row per gloss rendition	One row per gloss rendition (canonical included): reading level, register, text, readability grade.
`opengloss-v2.4-examples`	one row per example rendition	One row per example sentence with the headword's character span, its reading level and register.
`opengloss-v2.4-encyclopedia`	one row per encyclopedia rendition · one row per lexical-explanation rendition	One row per encyclopedia article rendition, plus an `explanation` config for the "why this word" prose.
`opengloss-v2.4-etymology`	one row per entry with an etymology	One row per entry with an etymology: prose summary, ordered language trail, cognates, references.
`opengloss-v2.4-inflections`	one row per inflected, derived or lemma form	One row per inflected or derived form, plus the lemma itself: a flat form→lemma lookup.
`opengloss-v2.4-relations`	one row per live relation edge · one row per removed relation edge	One row per semantic edge, resolved to target sense ids; a `tombstoned` config recovers the edges the reconcile pass removed.
`opengloss-v2.4-queries`	one row per synthetic query	One row per synthetic retrieval query, across eight query styles, tagged to the sense it should retrieve.
`opengloss-v2.4-qa-pairs`	one row per question/answer pair	One row per grounded question/answer pair, with the rendition ids the answer cites.
`opengloss-v2.4-contrasts` (this one)	one row per contrast paragraph	One row per "X vs Y" paragraph on a synonym/antonym/confusable edge, with a verdict on the edge.
`opengloss-v2.4-provenance`	one row per provenance record	One row per recorded generation call: stage, model, tokens, cost, run id — the audit trail.
`opengloss-v2.4-retrieval-pairs`	one row per mined pair	Word-in-context and doc2query-shaped (text_a, text_b, label) pairs mined from the store for free.
`opengloss-v2.4-retrieval-triples`	one row per (query, positive, negative) triple	MS MARCO-style (query, positive, negative) triples whose hard negatives come from the graph.
`opengloss-v2.4-qrels`	one row per query, with its whole graded candidate list · one row per document in the retrieval corpus	Graded TREC relevance judgements (0–3) plus the document corpus and listwise candidate lists.
`opengloss-v2.4-pretrain`	one row per rendered document	Entries serialised into plain-prose dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and usage-note documents.

Known limitations

It is synthetic. Every string here was written by a language model against a schema, not transcribed from a corpus or checked by a lexicographer. It is well-formed and internally consistent; it is not attested usage, and it will contain confident errors. Do not use it as ground truth about what a word means.
Judge scores 70.2/100 (core + tier 2) and 66.7/100 (tier 3). A different model family (Claude Opus) scored fixed 40-entry stratified samples at the close of each build. Sample statistics, not per-entry guarantees, and the judge is itself a model.
Relation precision is the weakest axis. Relations were judged for validity and the ones that failed were demoted rather than asserted; symmetric reciprocity finished at 94.2% for synonyms and 94.3% for antonyms, and 4,722 senses were left with no relation at all. Treat a single edge as a hypothesis, not a fact; treat the aggregate graph as usable.
core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6 are deliberately partial. 160,371 lexemes across core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6 received the text stages (glosses, examples, encyclopedia) but not the queries, QA pairs, contrasts or register renditions. The coverage table above gives the exact per-field share; nothing is hidden behind an average.
The encyclopedia is entry-level. One article per headword, about the headword as a whole. On a polysemous entry it is not a description of any one sense, and it is never used as a positive for one (D-71). It is entry-level reference prose, not a specialist article.
This repo excludes core, tier2, tier3, tier4, tier5 and tier6. Those tiers never ran this stage, so its senses are absent here entirely rather than present-and-empty. Join against opengloss-v2.4-senses if you need to know which senses have nothing.

Sources and licences

This release is Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Of 160,724 lexemes in this release, 40,643 (the tier-5 entries whose source column reads wordnet-3.0) are derived from Princeton WordNet 3.0: their glosses, examples, relations and derivationally related forms, plus WordNet's own capitalisation of the headword (D-78).

The WordNet License permits use, copying, modification and distribution without fee, provided its notice is preserved:

The WordNet License notice is quoted in full on the opengloss-v2.4-lexicon and opengloss-v2.4-senses cards; this repo's WordNet-derived rows are governed by the same terms.

Citation

@misc{bommarito2025opengloss,
  title  = {OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph},
  author = {Bommarito, Michael J., II},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.18622},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18622}
}

Tier-5 entries additionally derive from Princeton WordNet 3.0 (D-78):

@article{miller1995wordnet,
  title   = {WordNet: A Lexical Database for English},
  author  = {Miller, George A.},
  journal = {Communications of the ACM},
  volume  = {38},
  number  = {11},
  pages   = {39--41},
  year    = {1995}
}

@book{fellbaum1998wordnet,
  title     = {WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database},
  editor    = {Fellbaum, Christiane},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  year      = {1998}
}

License

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Attribution to the OpenGloss project is required; commercial use is permitted. See Sources and licences above for the Princeton WordNet License that additionally covers this release's tier-5 entries.

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Paper for mjbommar/opengloss-v2.4-contrasts

OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph

Paper • 2511.18622 • Published Nov 23, 2025