Datasets:

mjbommar
/

opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia

lexeme_id stringlengths 1 40	headword stringlengths 1 40	tier stringclasses 4 values	kind stringclasses 8 values	reading_level stringclasses 5 values	register stringclasses 1 value	text stringlengths 163 5.82k	readability_grade float64 0.5 23.7 ⌀	n_words int32 32 828	is_canonical bool 2 classes
a	a	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	The word a functions primarily as an indefinite article in English, signaling non-specific reference. It is also the name of the first letter of the alphabet, written as both A (uppercase) and a (lowercase). The indefinite article helps learners mark a noun as one member of a class rather than a particular instance, en...	null	480	true
a	a	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	The word a usually works as an indefinite article, a grammar word for one non-special thing. It can introduce one thing from a group. For example, a cat means any one cat, not one special cat. The word a also names the alphabet’s first letter. We write it as A or a. Writers use a to make sentences and stories flow. Use...	5.13	415	false
a	a	tier4	function_word	college	plain	In English, a primarily functions as an indefinite article, marking a singular noun as an unspecified member of a class rather than a particular individual. The same form names the alphabet’s first letter, which appears as uppercase A and lowercase a. As an article, it introduces new or non-specific referents, supporti...	13.5	443	false
a_couple_of	a couple of	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	a couple of “A couple of” is an English quantificational phrase derived from the noun couple, historically meaning an exact pair. In contemporary usage it functions as a determiner-like expression preceding count nouns (e.g., a couple of days, a couple of students). In its most literal and historically prior sense, it...	null	219	true
a_couple_of	a couple of	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	The phrase “a couple of” comes from couple, which once meant exactly two. Today, it comes before plural things we can count, such as days or students. It usually means two. In casual speech, it can also mean a small number, such as two or three or a few. This makes the number less exact. In grammar, “a couple of” work...	6.1	140	false
a_couple_of	a couple of	tier4	function_word	college	plain	“A couple of” is an English quantificational phrase originating in the noun couple, which historically referred to an exact pair. In present-day usage, it precedes plural count nouns, as in “a couple of days” and “a couple of students.” Its literal sense denotes two items, but many speakers, particularly in informal co...	14.59	195	false
a_few	a few	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	a few is an English indefinite quantifier phrase denoting a small, imprecise number of countable entities, greater than one but contextually restricted and vague. Syntactically, it functions as a determiner within noun phrases (e.g., a few students, a few questions) and can also appear in partitive constructions (a few...	null	196	true
a_few	a few	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A few means a small number of things you can count. The number is more than one, but it is not exact. You can say “a few students” or “a few of the samples.” A few usually means that some people or things are there. Bare few often suggests that almost none are there. Both phrases describe a small group. The exact numbe...	5.31	112	false
a_few	a few	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A few is an English indefinite quantifier phrase for a small, imprecise number of countable entities, normally more than one but bounded by context. It functions as a determiner in noun phrases such as a few students and a few questions, and it also occurs in partitive phrases such as a few of the samples. Unlike bare ...	13.65	180	false
a_great_deal_of	a great deal of	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	a great deal of is an English multi-word quantifier phrase used to denote a large but indefinite quantity or degree, typically with uncountable nouns (e.g., a great deal of information, a great deal of effort). Semantically, it is broadly equivalent to much or a lot of, but it tends to occur in more formal or academic ...	null	207	true
a_great_deal_of	a great deal of	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A great deal of means a large, unknown amount or degree. It usually comes before things that cannot be counted, such as information or effort. It means much or a lot of, but sounds more formal, especially in writing. The phrase combines a, great, deal, meaning an amount, and of before the noun. In grammar, a great dea...	4.8	149	false
a_great_deal_of	a great deal of	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A great deal of is an English multiword quantifier that indicates a large but indefinite quantity or degree, normally with uncountable nouns such as information and effort. It is broadly synonymous with much and a lot of, but it has a more formal or academic profile, particularly in writing. The phrase comprises the in...	12.94	196	false
a_level	a-level	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	A-level (short for Advanced Level) denotes a set of subject-based qualifications constituting the principal school-leaving and university entrance standard in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Introduced in 1951 as part of the General Certificate of Education (GCE) reforms, A-levels were designed to provide advance...	null	217	true
a_level	a-level	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	A-level means Advanced Level. It is a group of school subjects and exams. A-levels are the main school-leaving and university entrance qualification in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. They began in 1951 during changes to the General Certificate of Education, or GCE. A-levels gave students deeper study than the wi...	8.31	214	false
a_level	a-level	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	A-level, abbreviated from Advanced Level, is a subject-specific qualification that serves as the main school-leaving and university-entry credential in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Established in 1951 through reforms to the General Certificate of Education, it was intended to offer advanced, specialized study ...	18.22	194	false
a_little	a little	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	A little is an English quantificational phrase used primarily to denote a small amount of an uncountable noun or a limited degree of some quality, state, or process. In standard usage, it functions as a degree modifier (e.g., “a little tired”), a quantifier of mass nouns (e.g., “a little water”), and, in some contexts,...	null	203	true
a_little	a little	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A little means a small amount of something that cannot be counted separately. It can also show a small amount of a feeling or action. We say “a little tired” or “a little water.” It can make a statement sound less strong, as in “I am a little worried.” It usually comes before describing words, action words, or things l...	5.34	147	false
a_little	a little	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A little is an English quantificational phrase that indicates a small amount of a mass noun or a limited degree of a quality, state, or process. It can modify adjectives and adverbs, as in “a little tired,” quantify mass nouns, as in “a little water,” and soften an assertion, as in “I am a little concerned.” It general...	12.41	200	false
a_lot_of	a lot of	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	a lot of is a highly frequent English quantifier used with both countable and uncountable nouns to indicate a large number or amount, as in a lot of students or a lot of information. Syntactically, it functions similarly to many and much, but unlike those forms it is largely register-neutral in contemporary spoken and ...	null	237	true
a_lot_of	a lot of	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A lot of is a common phrase for many things or much stuff. It works with things you can count, like students, and things you cannot, like information. It works much like many and much. In speaking and casual writing, it sounds normal. Lots of usually means the same thing, but sounds more casual. In school writing, peo...	4.92	204	false
a_lot_of	a lot of	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A lot of is a highly frequent English quantifier, used with both count and mass nouns to denote a large number or amount, as in a lot of students and a lot of information. It patterns syntactically with many and much, but in contemporary speech and informal writing it is comparatively neutral in register. In most conte...	13.66	240	false
a_pair_of	a pair of	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	a pair of is an English quantificational expression used to designate two items that are conceived as a single unit. Syntactically, it consists of the indefinite article a, the collective noun pair, and the preposition of, followed by a noun phrase. Semantically, it profiles a cardinality of two while foregrounding uni...	null	243	true
a_pair_of	a pair of	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A pair of means two things treated as one group. It has a, pair, and of before a noun. It shows two things that belong together, not just the number two. People use it in school, work, and daily speech. It can name scissors, trousers, gloves, shoes, variables, or hypotheses. With these nouns, speakers may use is or are...	3.89	102	false
a_pair_of	a pair of	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A pair of is an English quantificational expression for two items understood as a single unit. Its form combines the indefinite article a, the collective noun pair, and the preposition of, followed by a noun phrase. It presents two as a unified or functionally complementary grouping rather than as a bare count. The con...	13.41	236	false
a_project	a project	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	A project is a temporally bounded, goal-oriented undertaking composed of coordinated activities designed to produce a specific outcome, product, or change. In general academic discourse, the term typically denotes a structured endeavor such as a research project, design project, or development project, distinguished fr...	null	214	true
a_project	a project	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A project is a planned task with a clear goal and an end date. It uses several related activities to create a result, product, or change. Unlike regular work, a project is new, has stated goals, and ends after a set time. One person or a team can do it. A plan usually lists the work, methods, schedule, and resources ne...	7.33	165	false
a_project	a project	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A project is a time-limited undertaking organized around an explicit objective and carried out through coordinated activities. Its intended result may be a change, a product, or another defined outcome. In academic usage, the term commonly refers to structured work such as research, design, and development. A project d...	13.8	220	false
a_school	a school	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	A school is a formal institution or organized setting dedicated to systematic instruction, typically within a structured curriculum and under the guidance of trained educators. In its most common contemporary sense, a school denotes an establishment providing primary and secondary education, often within a regulated na...	null	193	true
a_school	a school	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A school is a place where teachers help students learn many subjects. Most schools teach children from their first years through their teenage years. Schools follow a planned course of lessons, which sets what students should learn. They often have grades, daily schedules, tests, and school leaders. A school can also m...	5.93	105	false
a_school	a school	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A school is a formal institution or organized setting devoted to systematic instruction, usually following a defined curriculum and led by trained educators. In its most common contemporary use, the term refers to an establishment offering primary and secondary education within a national or regional regulatory system....	16.49	178	false
a_single	a single	tier4	function_word	neutral	plain	A single is a common English noun phrase formed by the indefinite article "a" and the adjective-noun "single," denoting one item, unit, or instance as distinct from a larger set, aggregate, or potential plurality. While "single" primarily functions as an adjective meaning one in number or unmarried, the phrase "a singl...	null	234	true
a_single	a single	tier4	function_word	grade_5	plain	A single means one thing, person, unit, or event among many possible choices. It combines the article “a” with “single,” which means one. “Single” usually describes a noun, but it can stand alone when that noun is understood. For example, “a single” might mean one room or one ticket. People use “a single” in everyday s...	6.56	151	false
a_single	a single	tier4	function_word	college	plain	A single is a noun phrase built from the indefinite article “a” and the adjective “single,” used to identify one item, unit, or occurrence rather than an aggregate or possible plurality. Although “single” ordinarily modifies a noun to indicate numerical oneness or unmarried status, “a single” is substantivized in many ...	14.62	206	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	neutral	plain	The string AAA operates as a cross-domain acronym and symbol in contemporary discourse, illustrating how a simple three-letter sequence can encode multiple high-salience concepts. While the all-lowercase form aaa often appears as a neutral placeholder or in instructional examples, the capitalized variant AAA signals do...	null	343	true
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	grade_1	plain	AAA is a short name with many uses. The small form, aaa, can fill a blank spot. It can also appear in school work. The big form, AAA, has special uses in money, computers, shows, power cells, and sports. In money, AAA means a very safe pay score. It means a group can likely pay its bills. It does not mean no trouble wi...	3.24	281	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	AAA is a short name with many uses. The small form, aaa, can fill a blank or help in a lesson. The big form, AAA, has special uses in money, computer safety, shows, tools, and sports. In money, AAA means the best credit rank. It shows that a person or group can likely pay back what it owes. It cannot stop all money ris...	4.59	247	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	grade_10	plain	AAA is a three-letter acronym with several prominent meanings across modern public life. The lowercase form, aaa, often serves as a neutral placeholder in instructions or examples. The capitalized form points to specialized uses in finance, security, entertainment, hardware, and sport. Its range of meanings shows why c...	13.28	296	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	college	plain	AAA is a cross-domain acronym and symbol whose meanings vary substantially by context. In lowercase, aaa commonly functions as a neutral placeholder in instructional material and examples; in capitals, AAA carries established meanings in finance, information security, entertainment, hardware, and sport. Its polysemy de...	16.89	320	false
aac	aac	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	AAC is a three-letter abbreviation that most prominently denotes Advanced Audio Coding, a lossy digital audio compression standard defined in the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 specifications. In this technical sense, AAC is designed to achieve higher sound quality than earlier formats such as MP3 at comparable or lower bit rates. ...	null	214	true
aac	aac	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	AAC usually means Advanced Audio Coding, a lossy audio format used to shrink digital sound files. Lossy means some sound information is removed to make files smaller. AAC is part of the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 specifications, which are sets of rules for digital media. It can sound better than MP3 while using the same or less...	8.13	201	false
aac	aac	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	AAC most commonly denotes Advanced Audio Coding, a lossy digital audio compression standard specified in MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. The standard is intended to provide higher perceived sound quality than earlier formats such as MP3 at comparable or lower bit rates. It combines psychoacoustic modeling, transform coding, and adv...	15.89	193	false
aachen	aachen	tier2	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aachen is a city in western Germany, situated in Nordrhein-Westfalen near the tri-border region with Belgium and the Netherlands. Its approximate coordinates are 50.7753° N, 6.0839° E. The city fuses a long-standing spa heritage with a contemporary emphasis on science and engineering. Historically, Aachen served as the...	null	401	true
aachen	aachen	tier2	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aachen is a city in western Germany. It is in North Rhine-Westphalia, near Belgium and the Netherlands. The city has old spa traditions and a strong focus on science and engineering. Charlemagne lived in Aachen and made it his capital. Aachen Cathedral shows the city's religious and royal history. Today, Aachen is an ...	8.29	339	false
aachen	aachen	tier2	proper_noun	college	plain	Aachen is a city in western Germany, in North Rhine-Westphalia near the borders of Belgium and the Netherlands. Located at approximately 50.7753° N, 6.0839° E, it combines a long spa tradition with a modern concentration on science and engineering. Historically, it was Charlemagne’s residence and capital, and it became...	15.16	375	false
aalborg	aalborg	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aalborg (Danish: Aalborg or Ålborg) is a major industrial, commercial, and cultural city in northern Jutland, Denmark, situated along the narrow strait of the Limfjord. With a municipal population exceeding 200,000, it constitutes one of Denmark’s largest urban areas and functions as the principal center of the North J...	null	224	true
aalborg	aalborg	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aalborg is a large city in northern Jutland, Denmark. It lies beside the narrow Limfjord and has more than 200,000 people. It is an important center for North Jutland. Its crossing over the water helped trade, travel, and defense grow there. People lived near Aalborg during the Viking Age. In the Middle Ages, the town...	7.24	138	false
aalborg	aalborg	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	Aalborg, also written Ålborg in Danish, is a major city in northern Jutland, Denmark, on the narrow Limfjord. Its municipality has more than 200,000 residents, making it one of the country’s largest urban areas and the main center of the North Jutland Region. Because the city occupies a natural crossing of the fjord, i...	14.31	195	false
aalii	aalii	tier4	simplex	neutral	plain	Aalii is the Hawaiian common name for the evergreen shrub or small tree Dodonaea viscosa (family Sapindaceae). Native to Pacific littoral zones, it is valued for drought tolerance, wind resistance, and resilience in saline environments. In Hawaiian culture, aalii operates as more than a plant: it embodies ecological ut...	null	329	true
aalii	aalii	tier4	simplex	grade_5	plain	Aalii is a Hawaiian name for an evergreen shrub or small tree. Its scientific name is Dodonaea viscosa. It belongs to the soapberry family. It grows near the Pacific Ocean. It can live through dry weather, strong winds, and salty water. Hawaiian people value it as more than a plant. It shows how plants can help people ...	5.44	291	false
aalii	aalii	tier4	simplex	college	plain	Aalii is the Hawaiian vernacular name for Dodonaea viscosa, an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Sapindaceae. Native to Pacific coastal environments, it is notable for tolerating drought, strong winds, and saline conditions. Within Hawaiian culture, the plant signifies more than practical botanical value: it ...	15.01	363	false
aaliyah	aaliyah	tier3	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aaliyah is a feminine given name of cross-cultural resonance, most commonly encountered in English-language contexts. Its etymology is typically traced to the Arabic root associated with “exalted” or “noble” and, through cross-cultural contact, to the Hebrew aliyah meaning “ascension” or “immigration to Israel.” The re...	null	348	true
aaliyah	aaliyah	tier3	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aaliyah is a girl’s name used in many cultures, especially by English speakers. Its roots may come from Arabic words meaning “high” or “noble.” It may also connect with the Hebrew word aliyah, meaning “rising” or moving to Israel. The name can suggest honor, goodness, and success. Onomastics, the study of names, shows ...	7.93	247	false
aaliyah	aaliyah	tier3	proper_noun	college	plain	Aaliyah is a feminine given name with cross-cultural resonance, most frequently encountered in English-speaking settings. Its origin is commonly associated with an Arabic root conveying “exalted” or “noble,” while contact with Hebrew has linked it to aliyah, meaning “ascension” or “immigration to Israel.” The name cons...	16.16	355	false
aalst	aalst	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aalst Aalst is a historic city in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, perched along the river Dender. As a long-standing market town, it played a central role in regional trade and urban culture dating back to the High Middle Ages. The city’s physical fabric embodies Flemish urbanism: a compact historic core organ...	null	294	true
aalst	aalst	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aalst is an old city in East Flanders, Belgium. It stands beside the Dender River. For many years, people came there to buy and sell goods. Trade helped Aalst grow during the Middle Ages. The old center has a main square, grand buildings, churches, streets, and waterways. Roads and trains connect the city with nearby p...	7.34	215	false
aalst	aalst	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	Aalst is a historic city in East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Dender River. As an established market town, it became important to regional commerce and urban culture during the High Middle Ages. Its built environment reflects Flemish urbanism: a compact historic center arranged around a central square, with civic...	14.5	279	false
aalto	aalto	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	The Finnish noun aalto denotes a wave—a propagating disturbance that transfers energy through a medium or field without a net transport of matter. In everyday Finnish, aalto covers ocean swells, ripples, and the broader idea of undulatory propagation. In science, the term points to the universal concept of a wave acros...	null	350	true
aalto	aalto	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	In Finnish, aalto means wave. A wave carries energy through water, air, or empty space. It does not carry matter along with it. Finnish speakers use aalto for ocean waves, small ripples, and wave-like movement. Scientists use it for waves in sound, light, and electricity. With a capital letter, Aalto becomes a family n...	7.65	296	false
aalto	aalto	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	The Finnish noun aalto means “wave”: a propagating disturbance that conveys energy through a medium or field without producing a net movement of matter. In ordinary Finnish, it may refer to ocean swells, surface ripples, or undulatory motion more generally. In scientific contexts, it denotes the cross-disciplinary conc...	15.95	328	false
aar	aar	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	aar is not a canonical English lexical item; in general academic usage its significance rests primarily in the acronymic form AAR and, less commonly, as a string encountered in multilingual vocabulary. The sequence also appears at the outset of Afrikaans/Dutch-origin terms such as aard- (earth), which helps illustrate ...	null	362	true
aar	aar	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aar is not usually an English word. AAR is mostly used as an abbreviation. The letters can also appear in words from Afrikaans or Dutch. For example, aard means earth in those languages. This shows that short letter groups can have different jobs. They can begin words in one language. They can also shorten names in spe...	6.75	303	false
aar	aar	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	Aar is not generally recognized as a canonical English lexical item. In academic usage, its main relevance lies in the acronym AAR and, less often, in multilingual vocabulary. The sequence also begins Afrikaans- and Dutch-derived forms such as aard-, meaning “earth.” It therefore illustrates how a short letter sequence...	15.17	346	false
aardvark	aardvark	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	The aardvark is a nocturnal, insectivorous mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the sole living representative of the order Tubulidentata and the genus Orycteropus, with the species Orycteropus afer. The etymology traces to Afrikaans for “earth pig,” reflecting its fossorial habits. Its ecological significance li...	null	319	true
aardvark	aardvark	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	The aardvark is a night mammal from Africa south of the Sahara. It eats ants and termites. It is the only living kind in its group, Tubulidentata, and its species is Orycteropus afer. Its name comes from Afrikaans and means “earth pig.” The name fits because aardvarks dig homes underground. Aardvarks control insect num...	6.05	291	false
aardvark	aardvark	tier2	simplex	college	plain	The aardvark is a nocturnal, insectivorous mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the sole living representative of the order Tubulidentata and the genus Orycteropus; its species is Orycteropus afer. The name derives from Afrikaans for “earth pig,” an allusion to its burrowing habits. Ecologically, the aardvark sup...	15.18	288	false
aardwolf	aardwolf	tier4	simplex	neutral	plain	Overview The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is a small- to medium-sized African carnivore that occupies a distinctive niche within the family Hyaenidae. Unlike its larger, bone-crushing hyena relatives, the aardwolf is almost exclusively an insectivore, feeding primarily on termites. This specialization has driven a sui...	null	399	true
aardwolf	aardwolf	tier4	simplex	grade_5	plain	The aardwolf is a small or medium-sized meat-eating animal from Africa. It belongs to the hyena family but is not a bone-crushing hyena. It mainly eats termites, using a long, sticky tongue to collect them. This helps control termite numbers in grasslands and dry places. Aardwolves live in scattered areas across southe...	5.38	265	false
aardwolf	aardwolf	tier4	simplex	college	plain	The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is a small to medium-sized African carnivore and a distinctive member of the hyena family, Hyaenidae. Unlike its larger relatives, which can crush and digest bones, it feeds almost entirely on termites. This specialization has produced anatomical and behavioral adaptations that make th...	13.49	335	false
aare	aare	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	aare In the study of language and culture, the word aare operates as a compact exemplar of how a single term can carry literal and figurative weight across communities. In Estonian, where the form is used as a common noun, aare translates as treasure — a tangible object of value and a focal point of material culture. ...	null	394	true
aare	aare	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aare is an Estonian word that means treasure. It names something valuable that people can own. The word can also mean a special person, object, or useful thing. This shows polysemy, which means one word has several related meanings. Aare belongs to a family of old Finnic words. Finnish has a similar word, aarre. These ...	6.19	248	false
aare	aare	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	In the study of language and culture, aare provides a concise example of how one term can carry both literal and figurative significance across communities. In Estonian, it is a common noun meaning “treasure”: a materially valuable object and a significant element of material culture. Beyond this denotation, the term e...	15.6	337	false
aargau	aargau	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aargau is a canton in northern Switzerland, named after the River Aare (Aare-Gau, “Aare district”). Situated between the Swiss Plateau and the Jura Mountains, it borders the cantons of Zurich, Zug, Lucerne, Bern, Solothurn, Basel-Landschaft and Basel-Stadt, as well as Germany to the north across the Rhine. Its capital ...	null	218	true
aargau	aargau	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aargau is a canton, or a region with its own government, in northern Switzerland. Its name comes from the Aare River and means “Aare district.” It lies between the Swiss Plateau and the Jura Mountains. It touches Zurich, Zug, Lucerne, Bern, Solothurn, Basel-Landschaft, and Basel-Stadt. Germany lies north of it, across ...	7.59	186	false
aargau	aargau	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	Aargau is a canton in northern Switzerland, named for the Aare River; Aare-Gau means “Aare district.” It occupies the ground between the Swiss Plateau and the Jura Mountains, bordering Zurich, Zug, Lucerne, Bern, Solothurn, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, and Germany across the Rhine. Aarau, the capital, serves as a sig...	13.52	204	false
aarhus	aarhus	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aarhus Aarhus is a major Danish city situated on the east coast of the Jutland Peninsula. As Denmark’s second-largest urban center, it functions as a cultural, educational, and economic hub that blends centuries of heritage with contemporary innovation. The city lies at roughly 56.1569° N, 10.2107° E, anchoring a dyna...	null	385	true
aarhus	aarhus	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aarhus is a large Danish city on Jutland’s east coast. It is Denmark’s second-largest city. It is a center for culture, learning, and business. Old buildings stand beside new ideas and technology. Aarhus lies near 56.1569 degrees north and 10.2107 degrees east. The city has a modern world-facing image and a strong Nord...	7.14	343	false
aarhus	aarhus	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	Aarhus is a major Danish city on the eastern coast of the Jutland Peninsula. Denmark’s second-largest urban center, it serves as a cultural, educational, and economic hub where historical continuity meets contemporary innovation. The city lies at approximately 56.1569° N, 10.2107° E, and anchors a region that presents ...	15.82	357	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aaron Aaron is a name of enduring prominence in religious, literary, and secular contexts. Grounded in the Hebrew Aharon (transliterated as Aharon), the etymology is often associated with notions of elevation, exaltation, or a lofty place, though scholarly debates persist over the precise root meaning. In scriptural a...	null	364	true
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	grade_1	plain	Aaron is an old name from the Bible. It is still used today. The name came from Aharon in Hebrew. Its old meaning may be high or lifted up. No one knows its first meaning for sure. Aaron can also be Aron or Aharon. Some languages write it as Aarón. Aaron was Moses' older brother. He was the first high priest of Israel....	2.66	129	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aaron is a long-standing name used in religion, literature, and everyday life. It comes from the Hebrew name Aharon. Its meaning may involve height or honor, but its exact root remains uncertain. Other forms include Aron, Aharon, and Aarón. Aaron was Moses' older brother and Israel's first High Priest. His family carri...	7.69	112	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	grade_10	plain	Aaron has remained an important name in religious, literary, and secular settings. It derives from the Hebrew Aharon, although scholars still debate the name's original root. Proposed meanings include elevation, exaltation, and a lofty place. In biblical and cultural traditions, Aaron often represents leadership, pries...	12.21	324	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	college	plain	Aaron is a name of sustained prominence across religious, literary, and secular domains. It derives from the Hebrew Aharon, although the precise etymological root remains disputed. Proposed interpretations associate the name with elevation, exaltation, or a high place. Within scriptural and cultural traditions, Aaron c...	15.08	339	false
aas	aas	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	aas The string "aas" serves as a compact symbol that embodies polysemy across academic domains. In isolation it does not denote a single concept; rather, it signals a set of distinct meanings that vary with disciplinary context. This ambiguity highlights a central challenge in scholarly communication: how to manage ac...	null	375	true
aas	aas	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	AAS can mean several things in school and research. Its meaning depends on the subject. This can confuse readers. Writers should explain short forms when they first use them. This example shows why clear words and signs matter across subjects and cultures. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a test that measures light ab...	7.46	325	false
aas	aas	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	The string “aas” is a compact form with several established meanings across academic fields. On its own, it does not identify one subject or concept. Its interpretation depends on disciplinary context, making it a useful example of ambiguity in scholarly communication. Studying AAS draws attention to the wider problems...	15.63	359	false
aave	aave	tier4	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aave is a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol designed for lending and borrowing of digital assets in a trustless, permissionless environment. Originating on Ethereum and subsequently deployed across multiple networks, Aave pools user deposits to provide liquidity and enable borrowers to access capital without tradit...	null	397	true
aave	aave	tier4	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aave is a DeFi system for lending and borrowing digital money. It works without a bank or a person giving permission. It began on Ethereum and later moved to other networks. People put assets into shared pools, which let other people borrow them. The AAVE token helps users make decisions about the system. It also helps...	8.32	425	false
aave	aave	tier4	proper_noun	college	plain	Aave is a decentralized-finance protocol for lending and borrowing digital assets without relying on a traditional intermediary or requiring permission from a central authority. It originated on Ethereum and was later deployed across multiple networks. Users deposit assets into shared liquidity pools, allowing borrower...	14.21	435	false
aba	aba	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Aba is a term used in English primarily to denote a traditional outer garment of the Middle East and parts of North Africa. The garment, commonly rendered in Arabic as ʿabāʾ or ʿabāya, is typically a long, loose, and open-fronted cloak worn over other clothing. Historically, abas have been made from heavy woven materia...	null	206	true
aba	aba	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	An aba is a traditional outer coat from the Middle East and parts of North Africa. In Arabic, people call it an abaya. It is long, loose, and open in front. People wear it over other clothes. In the past, makers used camel hair, goat hair, or rough wool. These thick fabrics protected people from sun, wind, and cold nig...	6.8	158	false
aba	aba	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Aba is an English term chiefly referring to a traditional outer garment from the Middle East and parts of North Africa. In Arabic, related forms are commonly transliterated as ʿabāʾ or ʿabāya. The garment is generally a long, loose, open-fronted cloak worn over other clothing. Historically, it was woven from substantia...	14.37	188	false
aback	aback	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	aback is a term with a dual life in English, spanning literal nautical usage and extended metaphorical meaning. In its nautical sense, to be aback describes a vessel whose sails are backed against the wind, producing back pressure that slows or reverses forward motion. In general speech, the phrase taken aback signals ...	null	322	true
aback	aback	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Aback has two main uses in English: one on ships and one about surprise. At sea, aback means wind pushes a ship’s sails the wrong way. This pressure can slow the ship or make it move backward. In everyday talk, taken aback means suddenly surprised by news or events. This use carries the old sailing idea into thoughts a...	6.38	187	false
aback	aback	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Aback has two related lives in English: a literal nautical use and a figurative use associated with surprise. In nautical terminology, a vessel is aback when its sails are backed against the wind, so that the resulting pressure checks or reverses its forward motion. In general usage, however, the phrase taken aback des...	15.41	297	false
abactinal	abactinal	tier4	simplex	neutral	plain	abactinal is an anatomical descriptor used in echinoderm biology to denote the surface opposite the mouth-bearing side. In most echinoderms—especially starfishes (Asteroidea) and sea urchins (Echinoidea)—the body presents two principal surfaces: the actinal (oral) surface and the abactinal (aboral) surface. The term co...	null	326	true
abactinal	abactinal	tier4	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abactinal describes the body side away from an animal’s mouth. Echinoderms, which include starfish and sea urchins, have two main sides. The actinal side has the mouth, while the abactinal side does not. This difference helps scientists study how these animals eat, move, protect themselves, and sense their surroundings...	8.37	224	false

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

OpenGloss v2.1 — Encyclopedia

The long-form entry-level prose of OpenGloss v2.1, one row per rendition. The encyclopedia config holds the 300–500-word article about each headword, written at up to five reading levels; the explanation config holds the shorter "why this word" lexical explanation. Both are entry-level: they are about the headword as a whole and are never a stand-in for one sense of a polysemous entry (D-71). Etymology has its own repo, opengloss-v2.1-etymology.

Part of the OpenGloss v2.1 release family — 16 datasets built from one store of 109,633 lexemes and 250,003 live senses, all joinable on derived ids. See Related datasets for the rest.

What's new in v2.1 vs v1.3

Schema v3. Every lexeme carries a kind discriminator (simplex, compound, phrasal verb, idiom, proper noun, abbreviation, affix, function word); every sense carries a controlled domain leaf from a fixed ~160-leaf taxonomy instead of free text; every example carries the character span of the headword occurrence inside it.
Renditions, not one string. A definition is a set: the canonical one plus rewrites at four reading levels and in four registers, each produced in a single call from the canonical text so they say the same thing at different altitudes.
A sense graph, not a word graph. Typed relations resolve to sense ids wherever the target's entry exists in the release, so bank --hypernym--> financial institution points at a meaning rather than at a string.
Retrieval data is first-class. Synthetic per-sense queries in eight styles, grounded QA pairs, mined word-in-context pairs, MS MARCO-style triples with graph-derived hard negatives, and graded TREC qrels — all derivable from, and consistent with, the same entries.
Derivable identifiers everywhere. v1.3 published a positional id for lexemes and senses (3d_model_noun_0) and nothing below that. v2.1 gives every rendition, edge, query, QA pair and provenance record an id computable from the row alone, and never renumbers: a retired sense is tombstoned, so the ids after it keep their meaning.
Per-field provenance. Which model wrote a field, how many tokens it took, what it cost — published as its own dataset.

What changed since v2.0

v2.0 (2026-09-05) covered the frequency-ranked single words. v2.1 adds tier 4: the function words the core ranking had excluded on purpose, and every remaining v1.3 entry at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — mostly multiword compounds ("natural selection", "catalog number"), plus names and rarer single words. That doubles the lexeme count and changes the mix: v2.0 was 99.8% single words; a third of v2.1 is multiword.

	v2.0 (2026-09-05)	v2.1 (2026-09-07)
Lexemes	54,724	109,633
Live senses	137,314	250,003
Multiword entries (compounds, phrasal verbs, idioms)	86	36,366
Proper nouns	10,365	17,073
Function words	114	462
Gloss renditions	1,129,975	1,684,865
Example sentences	1,398,297	2,163,329
Live relations	735,318	1,574,438
Synthetic queries	1,330,311	1,304,650
QA pairs	750,348	736,010
Pretraining documents	617,175	1,111,044
Pretraining words	196,390,946	331,888,239
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	275,659,096	471,451,693
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)

Schema. No column was added, removed or retyped in any existing dataset. Three things did change:

tier gains the value tier4 (it was core, tier2 or tier3).
One new dataset, opengloss-v2.1-inflections: a flat surface-form → lemma lookup (plural, past tense, participles, comparative, superlative, derivations) built from the morphology that the lexicon already carried nested.
New provenance note prefixes on tombstones and edges, all reversible and all counted in the store audit: phantom_pos: (a v1.3 part-of-speech block whose glosses defined a component word rather than the compound — 11,440 blocks retired), regen: (relations regenerated for senses that had lost every edge to judging), and retyped: contrast (synonym edges the contrast paragraphs showed to be hypernym or hyponym).

Not row-compatible with v2.0. Lexeme, sense, rendition, edge, query and QA ids are stable for every entry v2.0 had. The derived training sets (retrieval-pairs, retrieval-triples, qrels) re-sample negatives over the larger pool, so their rows differ; and the store-wide quality passes run for v2.1 retired ~3,000 senses of the v2.0 entries (phantom part-of-speech blocks and near-duplicate senses), so those senses are now tombstoned rather than live. Treat v2.1 as a new release, not a delta.

Scope: fewer headwords, far more per headword

v2.1 is not a superset of v1.3. It covers 109,633 of v1.3's 205,988 lexemes — every frequency-ranked single word, plus the compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — and spends the difference on depth. If you need breadth of vocabulary, use v1.3; if you need graded renditions, resolved relations, spans, or retrieval supervision, use v2.1.

	v1.3	v2.1
Lexemes	205,988	109,633
Senses	565,604	250,003
Definition renditions per sense	1 canonical	1 canonical + up to 8 graded
Relation targets	bare strings	resolved to sense ids
Retrieval training data	companion sets	queries, QA, triples, qrels
Per-field provenance	no	model, tokens and cost per call

Key statistics


Lexemes	109,633
Live senses	250,003
Rows in this dataset	458,532
Encyclopedia renditions	348,899
Lexical explanations	109,633
Mean article length	295 words

By tier

core — top 10K by composite frequency
tier2 — ranks to ~42K
tier3 — the rest of the frequency-ranked single words
tier4 — stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10

Tier	Lexemes	Live senses
`core`	10,000	33,405
`tier2`	31,886	75,326
`tier3`	12,838	25,593
`tier4`	54,909	115,679

Coverage by tier

The release was built in 4 frequency-ranked passes (core, tier2, tier3 and tier4) and they did not all receive the same stages. This table is per-field and per-tier so the gaps are visible rather than averaged away.

Field	Of	`core`	`tier2`	`tier3`	`tier4`
Canonical gloss	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Controlled domain tag	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Gloss at 4 reading levels	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.9%	100.0%
Gloss in 4 registers	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%
At least one example	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.8%	99.5%
Examples at 4 reading levels	sense	99.0%	99.6%	99.7%	99.5%
At least one relation	sense	99.4%	99.2%	99.3%	99.2%
Synthetic retrieval queries	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Grounded QA pairs	sense	99.8%	99.6%	0.0%	0.0%
Etymology	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%	100.0%
Lexical explanation	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia (neutral)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia at grade 5 + college (core entries also carry grade 1 and grade 10)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Contrast paragraphs	lexeme	72.8%	55.1%	0.0%	0.0%

Files

Files	Config	Rows	Shards	Size
`data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet`	encyclopedia	348,899	1	232.1 MB
`data/explanation/train-*.parquet`	explanation	109,633	1	39.4 MB

Fields

Config `encyclopedia`

348,899 rows, one row per encyclopedia rendition.

Field	Type	Description
`lexeme_id`	`string`	Entry id: `slugify(headword)`. Join key across the family.
`headword`	`string`	The entry's surface headword.
`tier`	`string`	`core` (top 10K by composite frequency), `tier2` (ranks to ~42K), `tier3` (the rest of the frequency-ranked single words), `tier4` (stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10) or `unknown` (on none of the rank lists); an export may contain only some of these — see the coverage table.
`kind`	`string`	The entry's lexeme kind.
`reading_level`	`string`	The rendition's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The rendition's register.
`text`	`string`	The article or explanation at this (reading level, register).
`readability_grade`	`double`	Measured Flesch-Kincaid grade, when recorded.
`n_words`	`int32`	Whitespace-delimited word count of `text`.
`is_canonical`	`bool`	True for the `(neutral, plain)` rendition.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "a",
  "headword": "a",
  "tier": "tier4",
  "kind": "function_word",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "The word a functions primarily as an indefinite article in English, signaling non-specific reference. It is also the name of the first letter of the alphabet, written as both A (uppercase) and a (lowercase). The indefinite article helps learners mark a noun as one member of a class rather than a particular instance, en … [truncated for this card]",
  "readability_grade": null,
  "n_words": 480,
  "is_canonical": true
}

Config `explanation`

109,633 rows, one row per lexical-explanation rendition.

Field	Type	Description
`lexeme_id`	`string`	Entry id: `slugify(headword)`. Join key across the family.
`headword`	`string`	The entry's surface headword.
`tier`	`string`	`core` (top 10K by composite frequency), `tier2` (ranks to ~42K), `tier3` (the rest of the frequency-ranked single words), `tier4` (stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10) or `unknown` (on none of the rank lists); an export may contain only some of these — see the coverage table.
`kind`	`string`	The entry's lexeme kind.
`reading_level`	`string`	The rendition's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The rendition's register.
`text`	`string`	The article or explanation at this (reading level, register).
`readability_grade`	`double`	Measured Flesch-Kincaid grade, when recorded.
`n_words`	`int32`	Whitespace-delimited word count of `text`.
`is_canonical`	`bool`	True for the `(neutral, plain)` rendition.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "a",
  "headword": "a",
  "tier": "tier4",
  "kind": "function_word",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "A is the indefinite article used before a singular count noun to indicate a non-specific member of a group, as in “a book” or “a teacher.” It signals that the noun refers to one example of a class rather than a particular, previously identified item. In this function, it contrasts with the definite article “the,” which … [truncated for this card]",
  "readability_grade": null,
  "n_words": 161,
  "is_canonical": true
}

Loading it

from datasets import load_dataset

# configs: "encyclopedia", "explanation"
ds = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia", "encyclopedia", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0])

The shards are plain parquet, so nothing forces you through datasets — read them straight, locally or over hf://:

import polars as pl

df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia/data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet")
print(df.head())

import duckdb

duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia/data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet'").show()

The same article at five reading levels

from datasets import load_dataset

enc = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia", "encyclopedia", split="train")
one = enc.filter(lambda row: row["lexeme_id"] == "abseil")
for row in sorted(one, key=lambda r: r["reading_level"]):
    print(row["reading_level"], "-", row["n_words"], "words")
    print(row["text"][:200], "...\n")

Identifiers, and how they compose

Every id is derived from structure, never randomly minted, so a consumer can recompute one from a row and join across the whole family without a lookup table. Sense positions are stable across regenerations: a retired sense is tombstoned, not removed, so the indices after it never shift.

Id	Shape	Example
Lexeme	`slugify(headword)`	`abseil`
Sense	`{lexeme_id}:{pos}:{index}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0`
Rendition	`{owner_id}#{reading_level}/{register}`	`abseil:verb:0#grade_5/plain`
Entry-level owner	`{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia` / `:explanation`	`abseil:encyclopedia`
Edge	`{source_sense_id}-{type}->{target_lexeme_id}`	`abseil:verb:0-synonym->rappel`
Query	`{sense_id}#q{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#q3`
QA pair	`{sense_id}#qa{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#qa3`
Provenance record	`p{n}` within its entry (one-based)	`p12`

An edge id keys on the target's slug, not on the target's sense, so resolving a target never changes the id of the edge that found it.

Reading levels and registers

A rendition is keyed on a (reading_level, register) pair. The canonical rendition of every field is (neutral, plain); everything else is a rewrite of it.

`reading_level`	Who it is written for	Rough CCSS band
`neutral`	The canonical text: an adult general reader, no level targeted	—
`grade_1`	Beginning readers; short sentences, common words	K–1
`grade_5`	Upper elementary	4–5
`grade_10`	Secondary	9–10
`college`	Undergraduate and above; technical vocabulary allowed	11–CCR

`register`	What changes	Reading it
`plain`	Nothing — the neutral register	The default
`informal`	Conversational, contractions, everyday words	How you'd say it to a friend
`formal`	Full forms, precise hedging, no contractions	How you'd write it in a report
`technical`	Domain vocabulary, exact conditions	How a specialist would state it
`marketing`	Benefit-first, persuasive framing	A genre, not a formality level

marketing sits on the register axis for convenience but is a genre value rather than a point on the formality scale — worth remembering if you train a formality classifier on this column.

Related datasets

Everything below is built from the same store and joins on lexeme_id / sense_id.

Dataset	Grain	What it holds
`opengloss-v2.1-lexicon`	one row per lexeme	One row per lexeme: kind, morphology, etymology, encyclopedia, contrasts, sense ids, provenance summary.
`opengloss-v2.1-senses`	one row per live sense	One row per live sense: canonical gloss, 8 gloss renditions, examples, resolved relations, synthetic queries, grounded QA pairs.
`opengloss-v2.1-definitions`	one row per gloss rendition	One row per gloss rendition (canonical included): reading level, register, text, readability grade.
`opengloss-v2.1-examples`	one row per example rendition	One row per example sentence with the headword's character span, its reading level and register.
`opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia` (this one)	one row per encyclopedia rendition · one row per lexical-explanation rendition	One row per encyclopedia article rendition, plus an `explanation` config for the "why this word" prose.
`opengloss-v2.1-etymology`	one row per entry with an etymology	One row per entry with an etymology: prose summary, ordered language trail, cognates, references.
`opengloss-v2.1-inflections`	one row per inflected, derived or lemma form	One row per inflected or derived form, plus the lemma itself: a flat form→lemma lookup.
`opengloss-v2.1-relations`	one row per live relation edge · one row per removed relation edge	One row per semantic edge, resolved to target sense ids; a `tombstoned` config recovers the edges the reconcile pass removed.
`opengloss-v2.1-queries`	one row per synthetic query	One row per synthetic retrieval query, across eight query styles, tagged to the sense it should retrieve.
`opengloss-v2.1-qa-pairs`	one row per question/answer pair	One row per grounded question/answer pair, with the rendition ids the answer cites.
`opengloss-v2.1-contrasts`	one row per contrast paragraph	One row per "X vs Y" paragraph on a synonym/antonym/confusable edge, with a verdict on the edge.
`opengloss-v2.1-provenance`	one row per provenance record	One row per recorded generation call: stage, model, tokens, cost, run id — the audit trail.
`opengloss-v2.1-retrieval-pairs`	one row per mined pair	Word-in-context and doc2query-shaped (text_a, text_b, label) pairs mined from the store for free.
`opengloss-v2.1-retrieval-triples`	one row per (query, positive, negative) triple	MS MARCO-style (query, positive, negative) triples whose hard negatives come from the graph.
`opengloss-v2.1-qrels`	one row per query, with its whole graded candidate list · one row per document in the retrieval corpus	Graded TREC relevance judgements (0–3) plus the document corpus and listwise candidate lists.
`opengloss-v2.1-pretrain`	one row per rendered document	Entries serialised into plain-prose dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and usage-note documents.

Known limitations

It is synthetic. Every string here was written by a language model against a schema, not transcribed from a corpus or checked by a lexicographer. It is well-formed and internally consistent; it is not attested usage, and it will contain confident errors. Do not use it as ground truth about what a word means.
Judge scores 70.2/100 (core + tier 2) and 66.7/100 (tier 3). A different model family (Claude Opus) scored fixed 40-entry stratified samples at the close of each build. Sample statistics, not per-entry guarantees, and the judge is itself a model.
Relation precision is the weakest axis. Relations were judged for validity and the ones that failed were demoted rather than asserted; symmetric reciprocity finished at 94.3% for synonyms and 95.3% for antonyms, and 1,890 senses were left with no relation at all. Treat a single edge as a hypothesis, not a fact; treat the aggregate graph as usable.
core, tier2, tier3 and tier4 are deliberately partial. 109,633 lexemes across core, tier2, tier3 and tier4 received the text stages (glosses, examples, encyclopedia) but not the queries, QA pairs, contrasts or register renditions. The coverage table above gives the exact per-field share; nothing is hidden behind an average.
The encyclopedia is entry-level. One article per headword, about the headword as a whole. On a polysemous entry it is not a description of any one sense, and it is never used as a positive for one (D-71). It is entry-level reference prose, not a specialist article.

Citation

@misc{bommarito2025opengloss,
  title  = {OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph},
  author = {Bommarito, Michael J., II},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.18622},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18622}
}

License

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Attribution to the OpenGloss project is required; commercial use is permitted.

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Paper for mjbommar/opengloss-v2.1-encyclopedia

OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph

Paper • 2511.18622 • Published Nov 23, 2025