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adaption-architecture-design-wikipedia-ccbysa

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Explain Dog-leg (stairs) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A dog-leg is a configuration of stairs between two floors of a building, often a domestic building, in which a flight of stairs ascends to a quarter-landing before turning at a right angle and continuing upwards. The flights do not have to be equal in length. A dog-leg contrasts with a straight stair, which has no chan...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Building-integrated photovoltaics: Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights, or façades. They are increasingly being incorp...	The advantage of integrated photovoltaics over more common non-integrated systems is that the initial cost can be offset by reducing the amount spent on building materials and labor that would normally be used to construct the part of the building that the BIPV modules replace. In addition, BIPV allows for more widespr...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Theories of urban planning: Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. Urban planning is the strategic process of designing and managing the growth and ...	Various planning theories guide urban development decisions and policies. Over time, different schools of thought have emerged, Evolving in response to shifts in society, economy, and technology. This article explores the key theories and movements that have shaped urban planning.There is no one unified planning theory...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Green roof: Green roofs are suitable for retrofit or redevelopment projects as well as new buildings and can be installed on small garages or larger industrial, commercial and municipal buildings. They effectively use the natural functions of plants to filter water and...	There are two types of green roof: intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of 12.8 cm (5+1⁄16 in), and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from 2 to 12.7 cm (13⁄16 to 5 in), lighter than intensive g...	null	null
Explain Guerrilla architecture as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Guerrilla architecture is the hacking of existing buildings, often old, disused or distressed, adapted to a new function. Guerrilla architecture is both a social and political movement. It challenges the established architectural hierarchy by creating interventions in a very non-conformist way.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Contemporary architecture: Some feature concrete structures wrapped in glass or aluminium screens, very asymmetric facades, and cantilevered sections which hang over the street. Skyscrapers twist, or break into crystal-like facets.	Facades are designed to shimmer or change color at different times of day. Whereas the major monuments of modern architecture in the 20th century were mostly concentrated in the Americas and Western Europe, contemporary architecture is global; important new buildings have been built in China, Russia, India and particul...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Concrete: When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that can be poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water through a process called hydration, which hardens it after several hours to form a solid ma...	This time allows concrete to not only be cast in forms, but also to have a variety of tooled processes performed. The hydration process is exothermic, which means that ambient temperature plays a significant role in how long it takes concrete to set. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are include...	null	null
Explain Eclecticism in art as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Eclecticism is a kind of mixed style in the fine arts: "the borrowing of a variety of styles from different sources and combining them" (Hume 1998, 5). Significantly, Eclecticism hardly ever constituted a specific style in art: it is characterized by the fact that it was not a particular style. In general, the term des...	null	null
Explain Lancet window as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A lancet window is a tall, narrow window with a sharp pointed arch at its top. This arch may or may not be a steep lancet arch (in which the compass centres for drawing the arch fall outside the opening). It acquired the "lancet" name from its resemblance to a lance.	null	null
Explain Traditional Chinese roofing as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Traditional Chinese roofing refers to the numerous types of roofing, and roofing elements, employed in historic Chinese architecture. Traditional Chinese architecture employed a number of different roofing styles, which utilized different shapes, slopes, and ridges. The types of roofs would vary by historical era, with...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Construction waste: Construction waste or debris is any kind of debris left from a construction process. Different government agencies have clearer definitions.	For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines construction and demolition materials as "debris generated during the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges." Additionally, the EPA has categorized construction and demolition (C&D) waste into three categorie...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Plaster: Plaster can be relatively easily worked and moulded while "wet" by hand or with the use of numerous tools. Cured pieces can be put placed and pieces together.	Plaster is preferable for aesthetic finishing rather than load-bearing, and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework. Forms of plaster have several other uses. In medicine, plaster orthopedic casts are still often used for supporting set broken bones.	null	null
Explain Las Catalinas, Costa Rica as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Las Catalinas is a private resort founded in 2006 along the shores of the Pacific Ocean in the Guanacaste Province of northwest Costa Rica. The objective was to create a compact, car-free, and fully walkable resort, based on the principles of New Urbanism. Las Catalinas was founded by Charles Brewer (businessman), who ...	null	null
Explain Swiss chalet style as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Swiss chalet style (German: Schweizerstil, Norwegian: sveitserstil) is an architectural style of Late Historicism, originally inspired by rural chalets in Switzerland and the Alpine (mountainous) regions of Central Europe. The style refers to traditional building designs characterised by widely projecting roofs and fac...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Dome: Domes were built in ancient Mesopotamia, and they have been found in Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the ancient world, as well as among a number of indigenous building traditions throughout the world. Dome structures were common in both ...	The domes of European Renaissance architecture spread from Italy in the early modern period, while domes were frequently employed in Ottoman architecture at the same time. Baroque and Neoclassical architecture took inspiration from Roman domes. Advancements in mathematics, materials, and production techniques resulted ...	null	null
Explain Structural clay tile as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Structural clay tile describes a category of burned-clay building materials used to construct roofing, walls, and flooring for structural and non-structural purposes, especially in fireproofing applications. Also called building tile, structural terra cotta, hollow tile, saltillo tile, and clay block, the material is a...	null	null
Explain Door frame as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A door frame, window frame, door surround, window surround, or niche surround is the architectural frame around an aperture such as a door or window. This may consist of separate pieces including jambs (side pieces) and lintel (top piece). A doorway may include side lights and/or a transom beside or above the door; th...	null	null
Explain Yale Urban Design Workshop as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The Yale Urban Design Workshop (YUDW) is an American community design center and clinical practice based at the Yale School of Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut . Founded in 1992, the YUDW provides a formal structure for faculty and students at Yale to engage in collaborative urban design, planning, and community ...	null	null
Explain Jamb as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In architecture, a jamb (from French jambe 'leg'), is the side-post or lining of a doorway or other aperture. The jambs of a window outside the frame are called reveals. Small shafts to doors and windows with caps and bases are called jamb-shafts; when in the inside arris of the jamb of a window, they are sometimes ca...	null	null
Explain Akoustolith as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Akoustolith is a porous ceramic material resembling stone. Akoustolith was a patented product of a collaboration between Rafael Guastavino Jr. (the son of Rafael Guastavino) and Harvard professor Wallace Sabine over years starting in 1911.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on French drain: A French drain (also known by other names including trench drain, blind drain, rubble drain, and rock drain) is a trench filled with gravel or rock, or both, with or without a perforated pipe that redirects surface water and groundwater away from an area....	When the pipe is draining, it "weeps", or exudes liquids. It was named when drainpipes were made from terracotta tiles. French drains are primarily used to prevent ground and surface water from penetrating or damaging building foundations and as an alternative to open ditches or storm sewers for streets and highways.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Chinese architecture: Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type, ranging from pagodas to palaces. Due to the frequent use of wood, a relatively perishable material, as well as few monumental structures built of more durable materials, m...	Although unifying aspects exist, Chinese architecture varies widely based on status or affiliation, such as whether the structures were constructed for emperors, commoners, or for religious purposes. Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in vernacular styles associated with different geographic regions and...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Stile Littorio: Stile Littorio denotes an architectural language developed in Italy in the 1930s and featured in a large number of public buildings commissioned by the Fascist regime until its fall. The emergence of Stile Littorio is closely linked to the development o...	In the history of Italian architecture, the term Stile Littorio refers to those buildings and urban spaces from the fascist period which were built in "mostly rhetorical and monumental forms". It denotes a simplified architecture, decidedly classicistic in its perpetual use of the ancient Roman building heritage. This ...	null	null
Explain Opisthodomos as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	An opisthodomos (ὀπισθόδομος, 'back room') is either the rear room of an ancient Greek temple or to the inner shrine, also called the adyton ('not to be entered'). The confusion arises from the lack of agreement in ancient inscriptions. In modern scholarship, it usually refers to the rear porch of a temple.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Baluster: A group of balusters supporting a guard railing, coping, or ornamental detail is known as a balustrade. The term baluster shaft is used to describe forms such as a candlestick, upright furniture support, and the stem of a brass chandelier.	The term banister (also bannister) refers to a baluster or to the system of balusters and handrail of a stairway. It may be used to include its supporting structures, such as a supporting newel post. In the UK, there are different height requirements for domestic and commercial balustrades, as outlined in Approved Docu...	null	null
Explain Transit-oriented development as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In urban planning, transit-oriented development (TOD) is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. It promotes a symbiotic relationship between dense, compact urban form and public transport use. In doing so, TOD aims to...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Elizabethan architecture: New religious building had ended abruptly at the Dissolution of the Monasteries from c. English architecture was late in adopting Renaissance standards compared to the rest of Europe, and in the Elizabethan style northern Europe rather than It...	After Elizabeth a new court culture of pan-European artistic ambition under James I (1603–1625) saw the style morph into Jacobean architecture. Stylistically, Elizabethan architecture is notably pluralistic. It came at the end of insular late Gothic traditions in design and construction called the Perpendicular style i...	null	null
Explain Keystone (architecture) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A keystone (or capstone) is the wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear weight. In arches and vaults (such as quasi-do...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Casement stay: Another issue is the limited opening that can be achieved. They also rattle in the wind.	The mounting plate on the bar connects to the bottom rail of the sash window. The pegs will be connected to a small plate that can be called a pintle plate. The range of opening depends on the length of the bar and the position of the pins.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Batak architecture: Batak architecture refers to the related architectural traditions and designs of the various Batak peoples of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Six groups of Batak speak separate but related languages: the Angkola, the Mandailing to the south, the Toba, to ...	While the groups are now Muslim or Christian, elements of the ancient Batak religion remain, particularly amongst the Karo. The bale ("meeting hall"), rumah ("house"), and sopo ("rice barn") are the three main building types common to the different Batak groups. The rumah has traditionally been a large house in which a...	null	null
Explain Caprom as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Caprom (a portmanteau of capitalist romanticism) is an architectural style, that emerged in Russia and the former USSR after the fall of the Soviet Union, that was a widespread phenomenon until 2008. It is also described as "post-Soviet postmodernism". Buildings that belong to this style often receive a negative assess...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Inglenook: The hearth was used for cooking, and its enclosing alcove became a natural place for people seeking warmth to gather. With changes in building design, kitchens became separate rooms, while inglenooks were retained in the living space as intimate warming plac...	Inglenooks were prominent features of shingle-style architecture and characteristic of Arts and Crafts architecture, but began to disappear with the advent of central heating. Prominent American architects who employed the feature included Greene and Greene, Henry Hobson Richardson, and Frank Lloyd Wright. British arch...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Brasília: Among major Latin American cities, it has the highest GDP per capita. Brasília is a planned city developed by Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location, which was cho...	The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx. The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector, and the Embassy Sector. Brasília was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 due to its modernist architecture and unique...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Johnson bar: A Johnson bar (also Johnson corrugated bar) is a type of corrugated high-carbon steel rebar used to reinforce concrete. The Johnson bar was invented by A.L.	Louis Expanded Metal Company. Its specific efficacy comes from having "alternate elevations and depressions to grip the concrete," with the shoulders of the corrugations having "an inclination with the axis of the bar" to prevent slipping between the bar and the concrete. The pattern of elevations and depressions aids ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Millwork: Millwork is historically any wood-mill produced decorative material used in building construction. Stock profiled and patterned millwork building components fabricated by milling at a planing mill can usually be installed with minimal alteration.	Today, millwork may encompass items that are made using alternatives to wood, including synthetics, plastics, and wood-adhesive composites. Often specified by architects and designers, millwork products are considered a design element within a room or on a building to create a mood or design theme. Millwork products ar...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Ezrat nashim: However, variations exist, with some galleries positioned on the north or south sides of the building. In larger synagogues, it is common to find two galleries, one above the other.	In the mid-19th century, Reform synagogues in Germany and Austria introduced separate pews for men and women on the same floor. Later, Reform congregations in the United States introduced "family seating", whereby congregants sit together irrespective of gender. Many Orthodox synagogues built in the 20th and 21st centu...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Slate: The foliation in slate, called "slaty cleavage", is caused by strong compression in which fine-grained clay forms flakes to regrow in planes perpendicular to the compression. When expertly "cut" by striking parallel to the foliation with a specialized tool in th...	Slate is frequently grey in color, especially when seen en masse covering roofs. However, slate occurs in a variety of colors even from a single locality; for example, slate from North Wales can be found in many shades of grey, from pale to dark, and may also be purple, green, or cyan. Slate is not to be confused with ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Nymphaeum: A nymphaeum (Latin pl.: nymphaea) or nymphaion (Ancient Greek: νυμφαῖον, romanized: nymphaîon), in ancient Greece and Rome, was a monument consecrated to the nymphs, especially those of springs. These monuments were originally natural grottoes, which traditi...	They were sometimes so arranged as to furnish a supply of water, as at Pamphylian Side. A nymphaeum dedicated to a local water nymph, Coventina, was built along Hadrian's Wall, in the northernmost reach of the Roman Empire. Subsequently, artificial grottoes took the place of natural ones.	null	null
Explain Neoclassical architecture as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Neoclassical architecture, sometimes referred to as Classical Revival architecture, is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy, France and Germany. It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world. The prevailing styles of arc...	null	null
Explain Clay panel as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Clay panel or clay board (also known as loam panel, clay wallboard, clay building board, or clay building panel) is a panel made of clay with some additives. The clay is mixed with sand, water, and fiber, typically wood fiber, and sometimes other additives like starch. Most often this means employing the use of high-ce...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Windowpane oyster: Distribution extends from the shallows of the Gulf of Aden to around the Philippines (including the eponymous province of Capiz) north to Taiwan and south to Queensland, Australia. The mollusks are found in muddy or sandy shores, in bays, coves and l...	Populations have been in decline because of destructive methods of fishing and gathering such as trawling, dredging, blast fishing and surface-supplied diving. In the Philippines, fisheries are now regulated through permits, quotas, size limits and protected habitats. In spite of this, resources continue to be depleted...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Cornice: In architecture, a cornice (from Italian cornice 'ledge') is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element. Examples include the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a pedestal, or along the top of ...	A simple cornice may be formed with a crown, as in crown moulding atop an interior wall or above kitchen cabinets or a bookcase. A projecting cornice on a building has the function of diverting rainwater away from its walls. In residential building design, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves, ...	null	null
Explain Cosmatesque as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Cosmatesque, or Cosmati, is a style of geometric decorative inlay stonework typical of the architecture of Medieval Italy, and especially of Rome and its surroundings. It was used most extensively for the decoration of church floors, but was also used to decorate church walls, pulpits, and bishop's thrones. The name de...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on De Stijl: De Stijl (, Dutch: [də ˈstɛil]; 'The Style') was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 by a group of artists and architects based in Leiden (Theo van Doesburg, J. Oud), Voorburg (Vilmos Huszár, Jan Wils) and Laren (Piet Mondrian, Bart van der Leck).	De Stijl was also the name of a journal – published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, poet and critic Theo van Doesburg – that propagated the group's theories. Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, Bart van der Leck, the architects J.J.P. Oud, Jan W...	null	null
Explain Eave return as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	An eave return (also a cornice return) is an element in Neoclassical architecture where the line of roof eave on a gable end comes down to a point, then doubles back briefly. There is a classical version and simpler substitutes. An eve (or cornice) return is in contrast to a full pediment, which spans the full width of...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Lawrence D. Frank: He consults with government agencies, NGOs, and decision makers to predict travel, greenhouse gases, chronic disease, and economic impacts of land use and transportation policies. Frank has published over 200 peer-reviewed articles, led over $20 mill...	Frank's work has been cited 58,699 times, he was the top-cited scholar in transport policy, and was the fourth most-cited scholar in urban planning. He had the second-highest h-index among urban planning faculty globally, and was ranked by Clarivate as being in the top 1% of highly cited researchers in the social scien...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Magnesium oxide wallboard: Magnesia boards are used in place of traditional gypsum drywall as wall and ceiling covering material and sheathing. It is also used in other construction applications such as fascias, soffit, shaft-liner and area separation, wall sheathing, ...	Magnesia cement board for building construction is available is various sizes and thickness. It is not a paper-faced material. It generally comes in light gray, white or beige.	null	null
Explain Chinese Chippendale (architecture) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In architecture, Chinese Chippendale refers to a specific kind of railing or balustrade that was inspired by the "Chinese Chippendale" designs of cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale. The infill between the top and bottom rails and the vertical supports is a series of interlocking diagonals, although rectilinear designs ex...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on South Asian domes: Centering was made from timber and bamboo. The use of iron cramps to join together adjacent stones was known in Ancient India, and was used at the base of domes for hoop reinforcement.	The synthesis of styles created by this introduction of new forms to the Hindu tradition of trabeate construction created a distinctive architecture. Domes in pre-Mughal India have a standard squat circular shape with a lotus design and bulbous finial at the top, derived from Hindu architecture. Because the Hindu archi...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Architecture terrible: Architecture terrible ([aʁ.ʃi.tɛk.tyʁ tɛ.ʁibl], lit. 'architecture which evokes terror') was an architectural style advocated by French architect Jacques-François Blondel in his nine-volume treatise Cours d'architecture (1771–77).	Blondel promoted the style for the exterior design of prisons: the form of the building itself would proclaim its function and serve as a deterrent, and so achieve a "repulsive style" of heaviness that would "declare to the spectators outside the confused lives of those detained inside, along with the force required fo...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Firmness, commodity, and delight: Firmness, commodity, and delight (Latin: firmitas, utilitas et venustas) are the three aspects of good architecture declared by the Roman architect Vitruvius in his book "De architectura" ("On architecture", 1st century BC) and also kn...	An equivalent in modern English would be: Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three a...	null	null
Explain Opus signinum as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Opus signinum ('cocciopesto' in modern Italian) is a building material used in ancient Rome. It is a form of Roman concrete (opus caementicium), the main difference being the addition of small pieces of broken pot, including amphorae, tiles or brick, instead of other aggregates. Its main advantage over opus caementiciu...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Gambrel: A gambrel, or gambrel roof, is a usually symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes on each side. The upper slope is positioned at a shallow angle, while the lower slope is steep.	This design provides the advantages of a sloped roof while maximizing headroom inside the building's upper level and shortening what would otherwise be a tall roof, as well as reducing the span of each set of rafters. The name comes from the Medieval Latin word gamba, meaning 'horse's hock or leg'. The term gambrel is ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Monocrete construction: Monocrete is a building construction method utilising modular bolt-together pre-cast concrete wall panels. Monocrete construction was widely used in the construction of government housing in the 1940s and 1950s in Canberra, Australia.	The expansion of the new capital was exceeding the ability of the Government to build houses, so alternative construction methods were investigated. The Canberra monocrete homes are built on brick piers and surrounding brick footing, and all of the walls are of monocrete construction including interior ones. They are p...	null	null
Explain Plantagenet style as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The Plantagenet style or Angevine Gothic is an architectural style of western France, mainly of the second half of 12th and the 13th century. By Eugène Viollet-le-Duc it was called "Style ogivale Plantagenêt", something like "Plantagenet Ribs Style". It is named by the House of Anjou-Plantagenet.	null	null
Explain Larssen sheet piling as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Larssen sheet piling is a kind of sheet piling retaining wall. Segments with indented profiles (troughs) interlock to form a wall with alternating indents and outdents. The troughs increase resistance to bending.	null	null
Explain Aerospace architecture as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Aerospace architecture is broadly defined to encompass architectural design of non-habitable and habitable structures and living and working environments in aerospace-related facilities, habitats, and vehicles. These environments include, but are not limited to: science platform aircraft and aircraft-deployable systems...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Ferrocement: Ferrocement is used to construct relatively thin, hard, strong surfaces and structures in many shapes such as hulls for boats, shell roofs, and water tanks. Ferrocement originated in the 1840s in France and the Netherlands and is the precursor to reinforce...	It has a wide range of other uses, including sculpture and prefabricated building components. The term "ferrocement" has been applied by extension to other composite materials, including some containing no cement and no ferrous material. The "Mulberry harbours" used in the D-Day landings were made of ferrocement, and t...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Mortgage button: According to tradition, the homeowner would arrange to have a button made of ivory set onto the newel post when the house was paid off. Another version is that a scrimshaw maker would engrave the date the loan was paid off onto a piece of ivory, which ...	One popular myth was that the decorative cap was concealing a deed to the house, or a mortgage document, which had been rolled up and hidden inside the newel post. According to writer Mary Miley Theobald, no such documents have ever been found, although house plans were found inside the newel post on one occasion. Othe...	null	null
Explain Sarooj as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Sarooj is a traditional water-resistant mortar used in Iranian architecture, used in the construction of bridges and yakhchāl, ancient Persian ice houses. It is made of clay and limestone mixed in a six-to-four ratio to make a stiff mix, and kneaded for three days. A portion of furnace slags from baths is combined with...	null	null
Explain Façade engineering as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Façade engineering is the art and science of resolving aesthetic, environmental and structural issues to achieve the effective enclosure of buildings. Building façades are one of the largest, most important elements in the overall aesthetic and technical performance of a building. Building façades are considered to be ...	null	null
Explain Orthostates as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In the context of classical Greek architecture, orthostates are squared stone blocks much greater in height than depth that are usually built into the lower portion of a wall. They are so called because they seem to "stand upright" rather than to lie on their sides. In other contexts the English term is usually orthost...	null	null
Explain Roughcast as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Roughcast and pebbledash are durable coarse plaster surfaces used on outside walls. They consist of lime and sometimes cement mixed with sand, small gravel and often pebbles or shells. The materials are mixed into a slurry and are then thrown at the working surface with a trowel or scoop.	null	null
Explain Drywall as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Drywall (also called plasterboard, dry lining, wallboard, sheet rock, gib board, gypsum board, buster board, turtles board, slap board, custard board, gypsum panel and gyprock) is a panel made of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum), with or without additives, typically extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer p...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Water reducer: Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders.	The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s. These inexpensive products were derived from wood and paper industry, but are now advantageously replaced by other synthetic sulfonate and polycarboxylate, also known as superplasticizers. Water reducers offer several advanta...	null	null
Explain Monel as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Monel is a group of alloys of nickel (from 52 to 68%) and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Monel is not a cupronickel alloy because it has less than 60% copper. Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are resistant to corrosion by many aggressive agents, including rapidly flowing seaw...	null	null
Explain Cross ventilation as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Cross ventilation is a natural phenomenon where wind enters an opening, such as a window, flows directly through the space, and exits through an opening on the opposite side of the building (where the air pressure is lower). This produces a cool stream of air and a current across the room from the exposed area to the s...	null	null
Explain Anders Gullberg as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Karl Anders Torbjörn Gullberg (born 1947) is a Swedish social scientist, urban historian, technology historian, and former adjunct professor at the Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. Gullberg was the head of Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning (...	null	null
Explain Indian rock-cut architecture as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Indian rock-cut architecture is more various and found in greater abundance in that country than any other form of rock-cut architecture around the world. Rock-cut architecture is the practice of creating a structure by carving it out of solid natural rock. Rock that is not part of the structure is removed until the on...	null	null
Explain Piazza telematica as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In the fields of urban planning, urban regeneration and e-government, the term piazza telematica has been used in Italy since the early 1990s by a number of community network and local institutions for promoting the insertion, inside the urban upgrading processes, of the principles of sustainable development and of acc...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Awning: An awning or overhang is an architectural projection attached to and supported by a building, consisting of a lightweight frame with a covering. It is used to provide shade and protection from the weather, and may also serve decorative or signage functions.	It is typically composed of canvas woven of acrylic, cotton or polyester yarn, or vinyl laminated to polyester fabric that is stretched tightly over a light structure of aluminium, iron or steel, possibly wood or transparent material (used to cover solar thermal panels in the summer, but that must allow as much light a...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Structural element: They are incorporated into the overall building structural system by a building designer. Examples are wood or steel roof trusses, floor trusses, floor panels, I-joists, or engineered beams and headers.	A structural building component manufacturer or truss manufacturer is an individual or company regularly engaged in the manufacturing of components. Structural elements can be lines, surfaces or volumes. Line elements: Rod - axial loads Beam - axial and bending loads Pillar Post (structural) Struts or Compression memb...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Palazzo style architecture: Palazzo style refers to an architectural style of the 19th and 20th centuries based upon the palazzi (palaces) built by wealthy families of the Italian Renaissance. The term refers to the general shape, proportion and a cluster of characteri...	"Palazzo style" buildings of the 19th century are sometimes referred to as being of Italianate architecture, but this term is also applied to a much more ornate style, particularly of residences and public buildings. While early Palazzo style buildings followed the forms and scale of the Italian originals closely, by t...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Jamb: A doorjamb, door jamb, or sometimes doorpost is the vertical portion of the door frame onto which a door is secured. The jamb bears the weight of the door through its hinges, and most types of door latches and deadbolts extend into a recess in the doorjamb when e...	true vertical) and strength of the doorjambs vitally important to the overall operational durability and security of the door. The word jamb is also used to describe a wing of a building, perhaps just in Scottish architecture. John Adam added a 'jamb' to the old Leith Customs house in the Citadel of Leith in 1754–1755.	null	null
Explain Box gutter as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A box gutter, internal gutter, parallel gutter, or trough gutter is a rain gutter on a roof usually rectangular in shape; it may be lined with EPDM rubber, metal, asphalt, or roofing felt, and may be concealed behind a parapet or the eaves, or in a roof valley. Box gutters are essentially placed between parallel surfac...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Katsuogi: Katsuogi (鰹木, 堅魚木, 勝男木, 葛緒木) or Kasoegi (斗木) are short, decorative logs used in Japanese and Shinto architecture. They are placed at right angles to the ridgeline of roofs, and are usually featured in religious or imperial architecture.	Katsuogi predate Buddhist influence and are an architectural element endemic to Japan. They are often placed on the roof with chigi, a forked ornamentation used on Shinto shrines. Today, katsuogi and chigi are used exclusively on Shinto buildings and can be used to distinguish them from other religious structures, such...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Phallic architecture: Phallic architecture consciously or unconsciously creates a symbolic representation of the human penis. Buildings intentionally or unintentionally resembling the human penis are a source of amusement to locals and tourists in various places around...	Deliberate phallic imagery is found in ancient cultures and in the links to ancient cultures found in traditional artifacts. The ancient Greeks and Romans celebrated phallic festivals and built a shrine with an erect phallus to honor Hermes, messenger of the gods. Those figures may be related to the ancient Egyptian de...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Gründerzeit: The Gründerzeit (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁʏndɐˌtsaɪt] ; lit. 'founders' period') was a period of European economic history in mid- and late-19th century Germany and Austria-Hungary between industrialization and the great stock market crash of 1873.	Its name is derived from the many incorporations of companies that occurred in the years between the Franco-Prussian War and the panic of 1873. The term also refers to a cultural and architectural era which began in the mid-19th century and lasted until 1914. Gründerzeit architecture is closely associated with historic...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Fluting (architecture): Fluting promotes a play of light on a column which helps the column appear more perfectly round than a smooth column. As a strong vertical element it also has the visual effect of minimizing any horizontal joints.	Greek architects viewed rhythm as an important design element. As such, fluting was often used on buildings and temples to increase the sense of rhythm. It may also be incorporated in columns to make them look thinner, lighter, and more elegant.	null	null
Explain Flashing (weatherproofing) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Flashing is thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier system. In modern buildings, flashing is intended to decrease water penetration at objects such as chimneys, vent pipes, walls, windows and door openings to ma...	null	null
Explain 18th-century Western domes as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Domes built in the 18th century by the Western world, broadly defined, benefited from the newly developed mathematics of calculus and the study of statics. There were numerous studies on the catenary curve as the most stable form for arches and vaults and the ideal shape for a dome was debated in the late 18th century....	null	null
Explain Cantilever as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A cantilever is a structural element that is firmly attached to a fixed structure at one end and is unsupported at the other end. Sometimes it projects from a vertical surface such as a wall. A cantilever can be in the form of a beam, plate, truss, or slab.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Mashrabiya: A mashrabiya or mashrabiyya (Arabic: مشربية) is an architectural element which is characteristic of traditional architecture in the Islamic world and beyond. It is a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework located on the upper ...	It was traditionally used to catch wind and for passive cooling. Jars and basins of water could be placed in it to cause evaporative cooling. It is most commonly used on the street side of the building; however, it may also be used internally on the sahn (courtyard) side.	null	null
Explain Downspout as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A downspout, waterspout, downpipe, drain spout, drainpipe, roof drain pipe, rone or leader is a pipe for carrying rainwater from a rain gutter. The purpose of a downspout is to allow water from a gutter to reach the ground without dripping or splashing down the building structure. Downspouts are usually vertical and us...	null	null
Explain Architectural analytics as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Architectural analytics is a field of study focused on discovering and identifying meaningful patterns within architecture. Architectural analytics can include the systematic study of the elements and principles that constitute a building or structure, such as form, function, space planning, materials, technology, and ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Monocrete construction: The Canberra monocrete homes are built on brick piers and surrounding brick footing, and all of the walls are of monocrete construction including interior ones. They are precast with steel windows and door frames set directly into the concrete.	Steel plates in the ceiling space bolt the individual wall panels together. The floor and roof are of normal construction - wood and tile respectively. The gaps between the wall panels are filled with a flexible gap-filling compound and covered with tape on the interior.	null	null
Explain Fleur-de-lis as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys), is a common heraldic charge in the (stylized) shape of a lily (French fleur 'flower' and lis 'lily'). Most notably, the fleur-de-lis is depicted on multiple flags of Quebec and on the traditional coat of arms of France that was used fr...	null	null
Explain Proportion (architecture) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Proportion is a central principle of architectural theory and an important connection between mathematics and art. It is the visual effect of the relationship of the various objects and spaces that make up a structure to one another and to the whole. These relationships are often governed by multiples of a standard uni...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Urban consolidation: Urban consolidation describes the policy of constraining further development and population growth to within the boundaries of preexisting urban areas rather than expanding outward into suburban areas. Urban consolidation seeks to increase the popu...	It is theorized that discouraging urban sprawl and encouraging further development of housing units in preexisting urban areas will lead to a net gain in social and economic prosperity (e.g. more accessible public transportation, more efficient use of public utilities, and increased affordability of housing). A major f...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Accessibility: Accessibility is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments to be usable by disabled people. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible developments ensures both "direct access" (i.e.	unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's assistive technology (for example, computer screen readers). Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit from some system or entity. The concept focuses on enabling access for people with disabilities, or enabling access thro...	null	null
Explain Marmorino as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Marmorino Veneziano is a type of plaster or stucco. It is based on calcium oxide and used for interior and exterior wall decorations. Marmorino plaster can be finished via multiple techniques for a variety of matte, satin, and glossy final effects.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Roof knocking: Roof knocking (Hebrew: הקש בגג) or "knock on the roof" is a term used by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to describe its practice of dropping low-yield devices on the roofs of targeted civilian homes in the occupied Palestinian territories as a prior war...	The application of roof knocking is often argued to only have legal reasons rather than the intention to reduce civilian casualties. The impact of the smaller device often puts the civilian population in a state of shock, making them unable to flee the larger attack which often follows only 45 to 180 seconds later. Acc...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Fleur-de-lis: The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys), is a common heraldic charge in the (stylized) shape of a lily (French fleur 'flower' and lis 'lily'). Most notably, the fleur-de-lis is depicted on multiple flags of Queb...	This design still represents France and its royal dynasty in the form of marshalling on the arms of other countries and jurisdictions, including Spain, Quebec and Canada. Other European nations have also employed the symbol. The fleur-de-lis became "at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, em...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Jali: A jali or jaali (jālī, meaning "net") is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy, geometry or natural patterns. This form of architectural decoration is common in Indo-Islam...	It is closely related to mashrabiya in Islamic architecture. According to Yatin Pandya, the jali allows light and air in while minimizing the sun and the rain, as well as providing cooling through passive ventilation. The holes are nearly the same width or smaller than the thickness of the stone, thus providing structu...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Blue roof: A blue roof is a roof of a building that is designed explicitly to provide initial temporary water storage and then gradual release of stored water, typically rainfall. Blue roofs are constructed on flat or low sloped roofs in urban communities where floodin...	Water is stored in blue roof systems until it either evaporates or is released downstream after the storm event has passed. Blue roofs that are used for temporary rooftop storage can be classified as "active" or "passive" depending on the types of control devices used to regulate drainage of water from the roof. Blue r...	null	null
Explain Masonry veneer as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Masonry veneer walls consist of a single non-structural external layer of masonry, typically made of stone or artificial stone (a stone veneer) or of brick (a brick veneer). Masonry veneer can have an air space behind it and is technically called "anchored veneer". A masonry veneer attached directly to the backing is c...	null	null
Explain Flat roof as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°. Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Opisthodomos: An opisthodomos (ὀπισθόδομος, 'back room') is either the rear room of an ancient Greek temple or to the inner shrine, also called the adyton ('not to be entered'). The confusion arises from the lack of agreement in ancient inscriptions.	In modern scholarship, it usually refers to the rear porch of a temple. On the Athenian Acropolis especially, the opisthodomos came to be a treasury, where the revenues and precious dedications of the temple were kept. Its use in antiquity was not standardised.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Egyptian Revival architecture: Egyptian Revival is an architectural style that uses the motifs and imagery of ancient Egypt. It is attributed generally to the public awareness of ancient Egyptian monuments generated by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, and Admiral ...	Napoleon took a scientific expedition with him to Egypt. Publication of the expedition's work, the Description de l'Égypte, began in 1809 and was published as a series through 1826. The size and monumentality of the façades discovered during his adventure cemented the hold of Egyptian aesthetics on the Parisian elite.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Sulfur concrete: 140 °C (284 °F) in a ratio of between 12% and 25% sulfur, the rest being aggregate. Low-volatility (i.e., with a high boiling point) organic admixtures (sulfur modifiers), such as dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), styrene, turpentine, or furfural, are also add...	In the absence of modifying agents, elemental sulfur crystallizes in its most stable allotropic (polymorphic) crystal phase at room temperature. With the addition of some modifying agents, elemental sulfur forms a copolymer (linear chains with styrene, cross-linking structure with DCPD) and remains plastic. Sulfur conc...	null	null

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Architecture and Design Reference Text (Wikipedia)

Reference-style explanations and passage continuations taken verbatim from English Wikipedia articles.


Rows	1,952
Domain	architecture and design
Format	`data.parquet`, one row per example
Licence	cc-by-sa-4.0
Built for	supervised fine-tuning (SFT) experiments on Adaption AutoScientist

Columns

Column	Description
`original_prompt`	The prompt (user turn) as uploaded.
`original_completion`	The target response as uploaded.
`enhanced_prompt`	Empty in this dataset.
`enhanced_completion`	Empty in this dataset.

How it was built

Fetched per topic category through the Wikipedia API; every completion is a verbatim span of its source article (checked against the article text).

Sources and licence

English Wikipedia (CC-BY-SA-4.0)

Notes

Columns enhanced_prompt, enhanced_completion are empty in this dataset (the Adaption export reserves them for rewritten text).
Share-alike: derivatives must carry the same licence.

Loading

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("rodriguescarson/adaption-architecture-design-wikipedia-ccbysa", split="train")

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_parquet("hf://datasets/rodriguescarson/adaption-architecture-design-wikipedia-ccbysa/data.parquet")

Published by Carson Rodrigues (Hugging Face, Kaggle).

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