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essay_id stringlengths 7 7	full_text stringlengths 720 20.5k	score int64 1 6	Automated Essay Scoring 2 sequencelengths 2 53	gpt-4o-2024-08-06 sequencelengths 2 53	gpt-4o-2024-08-06article-sentence2 sequencelengths 2 53 ⌀	gpt-4o-2024-08-06article-sentence3 sequencelengths 2 53	deepseek-chatarticle-sentence3 sequencelengths 2 53	gpt-3.5-turbo-0613article-sentence3 sequencelengths 2 53	gemini-exp-1206article-sentence3 sequencelengths 2 53	qwen-plus-2024-12-20article-sentence3 sequencelengths 2 53
000d118	Many people have car where they live. The thing they don't know is that when you use a car alot of thing can happen like you can get in accidet or the smoke that the car has is bad to breath on if someone is walk but in VAUBAN,Germany they dont have that proble because 70 percent of vauban's families do not own cars,an...	3	[ "Many people have car where they live.", "The thing they don't know is that when you use a car alot of thing can happen like you can get in accidet or the smoke that the car has is bad to breath on if someone is walk but in VAUBAN,Germany they dont have that proble because 70 percent of vauban's families do not o...	[ "Numerous individuals possess vehicles in their place of residence.", "What they might not realize is that extensive car usage can lead to various issues, such as potential accidents or harmful emissions, which can be detrimental to those walking nearby; however, in Vauban, Germany, this problem is minimized as 7...	[ "A significant number of people have vehicles where they reside.", "What is often overlooked is that car usage can lead to numerous occurrences, such as accidents or inhaling harmful emissions, but in Vauban, Germany, this is not a concern since 70 percent of families there don't possess a car, and 57 percent sol...	[ "Many people own cars in the places where they reside.", "What they don't realize is that using a car can lead to various issues, such as getting into an accident or inhaling harmful exhaust fumes while walking, but in Vauban, Germany, these problems are mitigated because 70 percent of families do not own cars, a...	[ "Many people own cars where they live.", "What they may not realize is that frequent car use can lead to various issues, such as accidents or the harmful effects of car emissions on pedestrians, but in Vauban, Germany, this is not a problem because 70 percent of families do not own cars, and 57 percent sold their...	[ "Many people have a car where they live.", "The thing they don't know is that when you use a car, a lot of things can happen, such as getting in an accident or the smoke from the car being bad to breathe in, especially if someone is walking. However, in VAUBAN, Germany, they don't have that problem because 70 per...	[ "Many people have cars where they live.", "What they don't realize is that using a car can lead to various consequences, such as accidents, or the harmful exhaust fumes that pedestrians might inhale; however, in Vauban, Germany, this problem is avoided because 70 percent of Vauban's families do not own cars, and ...	[ "Many people own cars where they live.", "What many residents may not realize is that car usage can lead to various issues, such as accidents or harmful emissions affecting pedestrians. However, in Vauban, Germany, this problem is mitigated as 70 percent of families do not own cars, and 57 percent sold their vehi...
001ab80	People always wish they had the same technology that they have seen in movies, or the best new piece of technology that is all over social media. However, nobody seems to think of the risks that these kinds of new technologies may have. Cars have been around for many decades, and now manufacturers are starting to get o...	4	[ "People always wish they had the same technology that they have seen in movies, or the best new piece of technology that is all over social media.", "However, nobody seems to think of the risks that these kinds of new technologies may have.", "Cars have been around for many decades, and now manufacturers are st...	[ "People often long for technologies they've seen in films or the latest trendsetting gadgets showcased on social media platforms.", "Nonetheless, few individuals consider the potential dangers associated with these emerging technologies.", "Automobiles have been a staple for decades, and now producers are hoppi...	[ "People often crave the advanced technology showcased in films or the hottest new gadget trending on social media.", "Nevertheless, few consider the potential dangers associated with such cutting-edge technologies.", "Cars have existed for many decades, and now automakers are hopping on the trend, developing in...	[ "People often desire the same technology they've seen in movies or the latest gadgets trending on social media.", "However, few consider the potential risks that such new technologies might pose.", "Cars have been around for many decades, and now manufacturers are jumping on the bandwagon, creating new and enha...	[ "People often wish for the same technology they see in movies or the latest innovations trending on social media.", "However, few consider the potential risks associated with these new technologies.", "Cars have existed for decades, and manufacturers are now jumping on the trend to create new and improved techn...	[ "People often desire the same technology they see in movies or the latest technology that is popular on social media.", "However, few consider the potential risks associated with these new technologies.", "Cars have been in existence for many decades, and now manufacturers are jumping on the bandwagon to come u...	[ "People often yearn for the futuristic technology depicted in movies or the latest tech trends dominating social media.", "However, the potential risks associated with these emerging technologies are rarely considered.", "Cars have existed for decades, and now manufacturers are jumping on the innovation bandwag...	[ "People often wish they could have the same advanced technology seen in movies or showcased all over social media.", "However, few people consider the potential risks associated with these new technologies.", "Cars have been around for many decades, and now manufacturers are beginning to introduce innovative fe...
0033037	The posibilty of a face reconizing computer would be very helpful for children or even adults. Its would be helpful in a ways of satifying our needs and why showing us thing that would make going on the internet better. I think that the face reconizing computer would be very reliable; because in the text its says " A ...	2	[ "The posibilty of a face reconizing computer would be very helpful for children or even adults.", "Its would be helpful in a ways of satifying our needs and why showing us thing that would make going on the internet better.", "I think that the face reconizing computer would be very reliable; because in the text...	[ "Having a computer with facial recognition capabilities could be incredibly beneficial for both children and adults.", "It would serve our needs by enhancing our online experience and making internet usage more effective.", "I believe the facial recognition computer would be highly dependable, as the text menti...	[ "The potential of a computer that recognizes faces could be extremely beneficial for both young and adult learners.", "It would assist us by fulfilling our needs and improving our online experience.", "In my opinion, a face-recognition computer would be dependable because the text mentions, \"A classroom comput...	[ "The potential for a face-recognizing computer could be very beneficial for both children and adults.", "It would be advantageous in satisfying our needs by enhancing our internet experience.", "I believe that the face-recognizing computer would be very dependable because the text states, \"A classroom computer...	[ "The possibility of a face-recognizing computer would be very helpful for both children and adults.", "It would be helpful in satisfying our needs and showing us things that could enhance our internet experience.", "I believe that the face-recognizing computer would be very reliable because, as stated in the te...	[ "The possibility of a face recognizing computer would be very helpful for children or even adults.", "It would be helpful in satisfying our needs and showing us things that would make going on the internet better.", "I think that the face recognizing computer would be very reliable because in the text, it says ...	[ "The possibility of a facial recognition computer would be very helpful for children or even adults.", "It would be helpful in ways of satisfying our needs and by showing us things that would make going on the internet better.", "I think that the facial recognition computer would be very reliable because in the...	[ "The possibility of a face-recognizing computer would be very beneficial for children and adults alike.", "It would be helpful in various ways, such as meeting our needs and showing us things that could enhance our internet experience.", "I believe that the face-recognizing computer would be highly reliable; as...
0036253	The challenge of exploring Venus This storie is about the challeng of exploring Venus. The auhor talked how venus is closest planet in earth. The author support the idea by showing us how studying venus is a worthy pursuit despite the dangers. in the story the author talked about how studying venus is worthy. In the ...	2	[ "The challenge of exploring Venus", "This storie is about the challeng of exploring Venus.", "The auhor talked how venus is closest planet in earth.", "The author support the idea by showing us how studying venus is a worthy pursuit despite the dangers.", "in the story the author talked about how studying v...	[ "The challenge of exploring Venus", "This narrative delves into the difficulties of exploring Venus.", "The writer discussed Venus's proximity to Earth as the closest planet.", "The writer illustrates the importance of studying Venus, regardless of the risks.", "Within the narrative, the author emphasizes t...	[ "The difficulty of venturing to Venus", "This narrative discusses the obstacles of investigating Venus.", "The author discussed Venus being the planet nearest to Earth.", "The writer bolsters the argument by illustrating how analyzing Venus remains a valuable endeavor despite the risks.", "Within the narrat...	[ "The challenge of exploring Venus", "This story is about the challenge of exploring Venus.", "The author discussed how Venus is the planet closest to Earth.", "The author supports the idea by illustrating that studying Venus is a worthwhile endeavor despite the risks.", "In the story, the author talked abou...	[ "The challenge of exploring Venus.", "This story is about the challenge of exploring Venus.", "The author discussed how Venus is the closest planet to Earth.", "The author supports the idea by demonstrating how studying Venus is a worthwhile pursuit despite its dangers.", "In the story, the author explained...	[ "The challenge of exploring Venus is discussed in this article.", "This story is about the challenge of exploring Venus.", "The author discusses how Venus is the closest planet to Earth.", "The author supports the idea by showing us that studying Venus is a worthy pursuit despite the dangers.", "In the stor...	[ "The Challenge of Exploring Venus.", "This story is about the challenge of exploring Venus.", "The author discussed how Venus is the closest planet to Earth.", "The author supports the idea by demonstrating how studying Venus is a worthwhile pursuit, despite the dangers.", "In the story, the author discusse...	[ "The challenge of exploring Venus is significant.", "This story discusses the challenges of exploring Venus.", "The author explained how Venus is the closest planet to Earth.", "The author supports the idea by showing that studying Venus is a valuable pursuit despite its dangers.", "In the story, the author...
004229b	I do not think that driverless cars are a good idea, i believe this because there could be a lot of hazard and danger behind this action. First how would these computers like programs know when to go or turn at a stop light? This could create many dangers and conflicts on the road. Next how could these computers detect...	2	[ "I do not think that driverless cars are a good idea, i believe this because there could be a lot of hazard and danger behind this action.", "First how would these computers like programs know when to go or turn at a stop light?", "This could create many dangers and conflicts on the road.", "Next how could th...	[ "I'm skeptical of driverless cars, as I believe they pose significant risks and potential dangers.", "Firstly, how would these computer-based systems recognize the right time to move or turn at a traffic signal?", "This situation could introduce numerous hazards and disputes on the highways.", "Furthermore, h...	[ "I don't believe that self-driving cars are a wise idea because I think there are many risks and dangers associated with their use.", "Firstly, how would these computer-like systems determine when to proceed or make turns at traffic lights?", "This situation could result in a plethora of road dangers and confli...	[ "I don't think driverless cars are a good idea because they may pose significant hazards and dangers.", "Firstly, how would these computer-like programs know when to move or turn at a traffic light?", "This could lead to numerous dangers and conflicts on the road.", "Additionally, how could these computers de...	[ "I do not believe that driverless cars are a good idea because they could pose significant hazards and dangers.", "First, how would these computer-like programs determine when to proceed or turn at a stoplight?", "This could lead to numerous dangers and conflicts on the road.", "Next, how could these computer...	[ "I don't believe that driverless cars are a good idea, mainly because there could be a lot of hazards and dangers associated with this concept.", "Firstly, how would these computerized programs know when to go or turn at a stop light?", "This could potentially create numerous dangers and conflicts on the road."...	[ "I am opposed to the idea of driverless cars, as I believe they pose significant hazards and dangers.", "Firstly, how would these computer-like programs determine when to proceed or turn at a traffic signal?", "This uncertainty could lead to numerous dangers and conflicts on the road.", "Secondly, how would t...	[ "I do not believe that driverless cars are a wise idea, as they could pose significant hazards and risks.", "For instance, how would these programmed systems determine when to proceed or turn at traffic lights?", "This could lead to numerous dangers and conflicts on the roads.", "Additionally, how could these...
0047cb3	"It's a good oppurtunity to take away stress and lower air pollution," stated in Car-free day is spinning into a big hit in Bogota. Using means of transportation other than cars, such as walking or biking can release stress and help lower air pollution. In German Suburb, Life Goes On Without Cars states ""When i had...	2	[ "\"It's a good oppurtunity to take away stress and lower air pollution,\" stated in", "Car-free day is spinning into a big hit in Bogota.", "Using means of transportation other than cars, such as walking or biking can release stress and help lower air pollution.", "In German Suburb, Life Goes On Without Cars ...	[ "\"Eliminating stress and reducing air pollution can be achieved through this valuable opportunity,\" was mentioned in", "Car-free day has become immensely popular in Bogota.", "Opting for alternative transportation methods like walking or cycling can alleviate stress and contribute to reducing air pollution.",...	[ "\"Reducing stress and decreasing air pollution can be achieved,\" it was mentioned.", "The concept of a car-free day is gaining popularity in Bogota.", "Alternatives to car travel, like walking or cycling, can alleviate stress and contribute to reduced air pollution.", "In the book \"In German Suburb, Life G...	[ "\"It's a great opportunity to reduce stress and decrease air pollution,\" it was stated.", "Car-free day is becoming a significant success in Bogota.", "Using transportation methods other than cars, like walking or biking, can alleviate stress and help reduce air pollution.", "In the German suburb, Life With...	[ "\"It's a great opportunity to reduce stress and decrease air pollution,\" as stated.", "Car-Free Day is becoming a major success in Bogota.", "Choosing alternative modes of transportation, such as walking or biking, can alleviate stress and contribute to reducing air pollution.", "In a German suburb, life co...	[ "\"Taking away stress and reducing air pollution, this is a great opportunity,\" stated in", "Car-free day is becoming increasingly popular in Bogota.", "By using alternative means of transportation like walking or biking, people can alleviate stress and contribute to reducing air pollution.", "In a suburb in...	[ "\"It's a good opportunity to alleviate stress and reduce air pollution,\" it was stated.", "Car-Free Day is becoming a major success in Bogota.", "Utilizing modes of transportation other than cars, like walking or biking, can relieve stress and contribute to lower air pollution.", "In the article \"In German...	[ "\"It's a great opportunity to reduce stress and decrease air pollution,\" stated in", "Car-free day is becoming increasingly popular in Bogota.", "Opting for transportation methods like walking or biking can alleviate stress and contribute to reducing air pollution.", "In a German suburb, life thrives withou...
005a72e	I agree that driverless cars are a developing idea. I do like the fact that these cars should be used by the public. They could lead us to a whole other revolutionary idea with the way the human race lives our lives. It could help us all out with our neccessaties. Also it could help us with other sciences in our lives ...	4	[ "I agree that driverless cars are a developing idea.", "I do like the fact that these cars should be used by the public.", "They could lead us to a whole other revolutionary idea with the way the human race lives our lives.", "It could help us all out with our neccessaties.", "Also it could help us with oth...	[ "I concur that autonomous vehicles are an emerging concept.", "I particularly appreciate the notion that these vehicles should be made available to the public.", "They might usher in a completely new innovative concept regarding how humanity conducts our lives.", "It would potentially assist us all with our d...	[ "I acknowledge that autonomous vehicles are an emerging concept.", "I appreciate the notion that the general public should have access to these vehicles.", "They have the potential to usher in a transformative shift in how we, as humans, conduct our daily lives.", "They could assist us in meeting our essentia...	[ "I agree that driverless cars are an evolving concept.", "I appreciate that these cars should be accessible to the public.", "They could introduce us to an entirely new revolutionary concept regarding how humanity lives its life.", "It could assist us all with our necessities.", "Moreover, it could aid us i...	[ "I agree that driverless cars are an evolving concept.", "I appreciate the idea that these cars should be accessible to the public.", "They could introduce us to a revolutionary change in how humanity lives.", "They could assist us in meeting our daily necessities.", "Additionally, they could contribute to ...	[ "I agree that driverless cars are an emerging concept.", "I appreciate the fact that these cars should be accessible to the public.", "They have the potential to lead us to a completely revolutionary idea in the way the human race lives.", "It could assist us all with our necessities.", "Additionally, it co...	[ "I concur that autonomous vehicles represent a burgeoning concept.", "I am fond of the notion that these vehicles should be accessible to the general public.", "They could usher in a revolutionary shift in the way humanity conducts its affairs.", "They could assist us with our necessities.", "Moreover, they...	[ "I concur that driverless cars represent an evolving concept.", "I appreciate that these vehicles should be made available to the general public.", "They could lead to revolutionary changes in how humanity lives our daily lives.", "It could assist us with fulfilling our essential needs.", "Additionally, it ...
0072128	Imagine a world without garages, gastations, or parkinglots. The problem with today's world is our lives revovle around cars to get us where we want to be and they have become a status symbol for many. The thought of being without a car scares most people, but limiting car usage is becoming more popular in cities, and...	4	[ "Imagine a world without garages, gastations, or parkinglots.", "The problem with today's world is our lives revovle around cars to get us where we want to be and they have become a status symbol for many.", "The thought of being without a car scares most people, but limiting car usage is becoming more popular ...	[ "Envision a world devoid of garages, gas stations, or parking lots.", "In today's society, our dependence on automobiles for mobility and their emergence as status symbols is problematic.", "Although the notion of life without a vehicle is daunting for most, increasingly, urban areas are adopting reduced car us...	[ "Imagine a society without garages, gas stations, or parking lots.", "The issue with the world today is that our daily lives heavily depend on cars to transport us, and for many, they have become a status symbol.", "Although the idea of being without a car frightens most, reducing car use is gaining popularity ...	[ "Imagine a world without garages, gas stations, or parking lots.", "The issue with today's world is that our lives revolve around cars to take us where we want to go, and they've become a status symbol for many.", "The thought of being without a car frightens most people, but reducing car usage is gaining popul...	[ "Imagine a world without garages, gas stations, or parking lots.", "The problem with today's world is that our lives revolve around cars to get us where we want to be, and they have become a status symbol for many.", "The thought of being without a car scares most people, but limiting car usage is becoming more...	[ "Imagine a world where there were no garages, gas stations, or parking lots.", "The problem with the modern world is that our lives revolve around cars to transport us to our desired destinations, and for many people, cars have become a status symbol.", "The idea of being without a car is a scary thought for mo...	[ "Envision a world devoid of garages, gas stations, and parking lots.", "The issue with the contemporary world is that our lives revolve around automobiles to transport us to our desired destinations, and they have evolved into a status symbol for many.", "While the idea of being without a car is daunting to mos...	[ "Imagine a world devoid of garages, gas stations, or parking lots.", "The issue with today's society is that our lives revolve around cars to reach our destinations, and they have become a status symbol for many.", "The prospect of being without a car frightens most people, but reducing car usage is becoming in...
0079938	I don't like the idea of driveless cars. I feel like if a human can do it we should. Especially when it comes to things like that. like the idea of robots, would you really want something cleaning for you and taking care of older folks and children. I do think they are a good idea for the blind and people not going to ...	3	[ "I don't like the idea of driveless cars.", "I feel like if a human can do it we should.", "Especially when it comes to things like that. like the idea of robots, would you really want something cleaning for you and taking care of older folks and children.", "I do think they are a good idea for the blind and ...	[ "I'm not a fan of the concept of driverless cars.", "If humans are capable of doing it, we ought to.", "Especially with tasks like that, such as the notion of robots; would you really want a machine cleaning for you or looking after the elderly and children?", "I do believe they are beneficial for the visuall...	[ "I'm not fond of the concept of autonomous vehicles.", "I believe that if a human being is capable of doing it, we should let them.", "This is particularly true for tasks like those, such as trusting robots for cleaning, or caring for the elderly and children.", "However, I do acknowledge their usefulness for...	[ "I don't like the concept of driverless cars.", "I believe that if a human can perform a task, we should let them.", "Especially regarding things like that; for example, with robots, would you really want something to clean for you and care for the elderly and children?", "I do think they are beneficial for t...	[ "I am not fond of the concept of driverless cars.", "I believe that if a human is capable of doing something, we should do it ourselves.", "This is especially true for tasks like those involving robots-would you really want machines cleaning for you or taking care of the elderly and children?", "However, I do...	[ "I don't like the concept of driveless cars.", "If a human is capable of doing it, we should.", "Especially when it comes to things like that, for example, the idea of robots. Would you really want something cleaning for you and taking care of older folks and children?", "I do believe they are a good idea for...	[ "I'm not fond of the concept of driverless cars.", "I believe that if a task can be performed by a human, it should be.", "This is particularly true when it comes to situations like this; for instance, regarding the concept of robots, would you genuinely want a machine cleaning for you and caring for elderly in...	[ "I am not fond of the concept of driverless cars.", "If a human can accomplish a task, I believe we should do it ourselves.", "Especially when it comes to tasks like those performed by robots. Would you really want something to clean for you and take care of older adults and children?", "I do think they are b...
0079f2a	In the text the author uses facts that people should know. Like how close Venus is to us and what could be possibly on it. Also whats possibly on Also whats possibly on Mars, how each planet orbits at different speeds. NASA has sent many people into space to see what its like. Too see if we could have life on Venus an...	2	[ "In the text the author uses facts that people should know.", "Like how close Venus is to us and what could be possibly on it.", "Also whats possibly on Also whats possibly on Mars, how each planet orbits at different speeds.", "NASA has sent many people into space to see what its like.", "Too see if we cou...	[ "In the article, the writer presents essential information that readers should be aware of.", "For instance, details about Venus's proximity to Earth and potential characteristics are discussed.", "Additional topics include possible features on Mars and how each planet has unique orbiting speeds.", "NASA has ...	[ "Within the passage, the writer presents essential information that individuals ought to be aware of.", "For instance, the proximity of Venus to Earth and the potential features it may possess are highlighted.", "Furthermore, the text discusses the possible characteristics of Mars and the varying speeds at whic...	[ "In the text, the author presents facts that people should be aware of.", "For instance, how close Venus is to us and what might be found there.", "Additionally, the possible conditions on Mars and how each planet orbits at varying speeds.", "NASA has sent numerous astronauts into space to experience what it'...	[ "In the text, the author presents facts that people should be aware of.", "For instance, the proximity of Venus to Earth and the potential conditions on its surface.", "Additionally, the text explores what might exist on Mars and how each planet orbits at varying speeds.", "NASA has sent numerous individuals ...	[ "The author uses facts that people should know in the text.", "The author discusses how close Venus is to us and what could possibly be on it.", "The author also explores what could possibly be on Mars and how each planet orbits at different speeds.", "NASA has sent numerous people into space to experience wh...	[ "The author incorporates widely known facts in the text.", "For instance, the proximity of Venus to Earth and its potential composition are discussed.", "Additionally, the potential characteristics of Mars and the varying orbital speeds of each planet are explored.", "NASA has launched numerous manned mission...	[ "In the text, the author presents facts that people should be aware of.", "For example, how close Venus is to Earth and what might exist on its surface.", "Additionally, it discusses what might exist on Mars and how each planet orbits at different speeds.", "NASA has sent numerous missions into space to explo...

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In recent years, generative large language models (LLMs) have undergone rapid development, producing content that is nearly indistinguishable from human-written text. While this advancement has found widespread application across various fields, it has also raised significant concerns among educators regarding the authenticity of student submissions. Consequently, addressing the misuse of AI-generated text (AIGT) in the educational sector has become an urgent priority. Current detection strategies primarily focus on whole documents, which do not fully satisfy practical requirements. Due to the likelihood that students may modify AI-generated content to some extent before incorporating it into their essays, fine-grained detection, particularly at the sentence level, is of paramount importance. Consequently, the task of tracing text provenance has increasingly garnered attention. In light of this, this study innovatively proposes the task of text provenance tracing within the educational domain and constructs a corresponding dataset named TOSWT (Tracing the Origins of Students' Writing Texts). This dataset, which comprises texts generated by five outstanding large language models, is based on argumentative essays written by students and contains a total of 53,328 document-level and 147,976 sentencelevel data samples. The study evaluates multiple deep learning detection models through experimental assessments on both document-level and sentence-level data. The results indicate that the task of text provenance tracing is highly challenging, with the sentence-level task proving particularly difficult.

@INPROCEEDINGS{TOSWT,
  author={Lu, Pinren and Lin, Zhifeng and Zhang, Lin and Liu, Jiawen and Qu, Shaojie and Li, Kan},
  booktitle={2025 13th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET)}, 
  title={TOSWT: A Dataset for Tracing the Origins of Students' Writing Texts Polished by Large Language Models}, 
  year={2025},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={456-461},
  keywords={Deep learning;Adaptation models;Large language models;Education;Transfer learning;Text detection;Writing;Benchmark testing;Graph neural networks;Data models;large language model;text provenance;detect;education;tracing origin},
  doi={10.1109/ICIET66371.2025.11046280}
}

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