MM-BRIGHT: A Multi-Task Multimodal Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval
Paper • 2601.09562 • Published
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chemistry/ec8620b5_32142.txt | This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 23 June 2008 ( 2008-06-23 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ( Audio help More spoken articles ) |
chemistry/86061_31d73f43092eec63_84.txt | Diabetic wounds are characterized by persistent inflammation and the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, thus resulting in impaired wound healing. Mepenzolate bromide, which was originally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in clinical settings, has recently been shown to display beneficial effects i... |
chemistry/594_c78d20b1cb0c088d_224.txt | and Ashcroft, N.W. (2007) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 3620–3642. Dognon, J.-P., Clavagu´era, C., and Pyykk¨o, P. (2009) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 238–243. Rupar, P., Staroverov, V.N., and Baines, K.M. (2008) Science, 322, 1360–1363. Gershoni-Porrane, R. and Stanger, A. (2012) Chem. Phys. Chem., 13, 2377–2381. (a) Goddard,... |
chemistry/d52057f1_35864.txt | Figure 9 , it can be observed that there is negligible difference in concentration from the catalyst particle surface to the bulk fluid. A steep difference in concentration would be the result of external mass transfer resistances. From this study, it can be concluded that there are negligible external mass transfer re... |
chemistry/7489_cab94d0cd92d2434_10.txt | substance, became an underground drug, now produced by biker gangs and outlaw chemists in small illegal labs. Eventually, meth became a chronic epidemic in the United States. Especially in the American Midwest, many economically depressed communities slowly disintegrated because of production and consumption of homemad... |
chemistry/704_f3ea82dc513000a4_267.txt | After fermentation, fractional distillation is used to separate the Ethanol from the fermentation mixture. In Experiment 26, you will produce and isolate ethanol from frozen corn kernels. The use of corn to produce ethanol as a biofuels has been strongly encouraged in the United States. Government subsidies have result... |
chemistry/d3821ba3_0280.txt | For products that have both outer and inner labels, specific requirements apply to each type of label. |
chemistry/31783_5834e808fb100f53_320.txt | Native American Societies before 1492 Western Europe on the Eve of Exploration. Contact, Competition for a Continent The French in North America Beginnings of English America. Creating Anglo-America. The American Revolution. The War for Independence Creating the Constitution. New Republic and the Rise of Parties Jeffer... |
chemistry/7e1f6b57_30986.txt | In haloalkanes and haloarenes (R X), Halogen functional groups are prefixed with the bonding position and take the form of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, or astato-, depending on the halogen. Multiple groups are dichloro-, trichloro-, etc., and dissimilar groups are ordered alphabetically as before. For example, CHCl... |
chemistry/b42f7a41_32238.txt | The existence of hypervalent compounds would appear to deal a severe blow to the validity of the octet rule and Lewis's approach to covalent bonding if the expansion of the octet could not be rationalized or its occurrence predicted. Fortunately, it can be rationalized, and the occurrence of hypervalence can be anticip... |
chemistry/16757_f4247a8f83be2011_509.txt | 26.8 Automated Peptide Synthesis: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Method As you might imagine, the synthesis of a large peptide chain by sequential addition of one amino acid at a time is a long and arduous process. An immense simplification is possible, however, using methods introduced by R. Bruce Merrifield, who received... |
chemistry/725a5c45_1564.txt | The tautomeric mixture of adenine contains 23 tautomers (Table 1), nine amine forms (A1-A9), and 14 imine forms (A10-A23) with the exo amine − NH2 and imine = NH group, respectively. When geometric isomerism of the imine forms is taken into account, 37 isomers are possible (Fig. S1, Supplementary material) . The number... |
chemistry/698eca75_35763.txt | 1. Huheey, James. Inorganic Chemistry:Principles of Structure and Reactivity 2. Friedrich Hund and Chemistry, Werner Kutzelnigg , on the occasion of Hund's 100th birthday, Angewandte Chemie , 35, 572-586, (1996), doi) : 10.1002 anie.199605721 3. Mulliken, Robert S. (1967-07-07). Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals,... |
chemistry/27532_1dfa2714a41bbb4f_324.txt | Currently, the majority of MLIP-based methods which have been integrated into workflows to guide FHI-aims simulations, function as standalone packages. The next step is to enable direct execution of MLIPs within the FHI-aims environment, creating a more streamlined process that integrates MLIPs into the simulation work... |
chemistry/597724a2_33704.txt | Note: These diagrams do not reflect the geometry of the carbocation. The overall charge on the carbocation remains unchanged, but some of the charge is now carried by the alkyl groups attached to the central carbon atom; that is, the charge has been dispersed. |
chemistry/af7d653d_2188.txt | During 1947–1949 Ron undertook research for the MSc degree at the University of Melbourne under the supervision of Dr. F. N. Lahey on the spectroscopy of acridone alkaloids. He graduated in 1949, again sharing the Exhibition and the Dixon MSc Scholarship. The title of his thesis was ‘A Study of Certain Alkaloids by Phy... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_533.txt | TWIST ON HI/RED P PROCEDURE FOUND IN COLORADO On March 9, 1994 authorities seized a small methamphetamine laboratory located in rural Douglas county, Colorado. The ephedrine, red phosphorus, and hydriodic acid (HI) reaction had cooked the previous night and had cooled to room temperature when seized. The cook had a lar... |
chemistry/15586_775d0be5cbb474c0_88.txt | Local anaesthetics are medications used for the purpose of temporary and reversible elimination of painful feelings in speciÞc areas of the body by blocking transmission of nerve Þbre impulses. These drugs, unlike general anaesthetics, cause a loss of feeling in speciÞc areas while keeping the patient conscious. Local ... |
chemistry/163086_b6ee60bf98cf0bc9_3.txt | (e) To calculate GHG quantities for comparison to the 25,000 metric ton CO2e per year threshold for importers and exporters of petroleum products under paragraph (a)(4)(4)) of this section, calculate the mass in metric tons per year of CO2 that would result from the complete combustion or oxidation of the combined volu... |
chemistry/8d537a8f_31045.txt | - Afrikaans - العربية - Aragonés - ব ল - Català - Čeština - Deutsch) - Eesti - Ελληνικά - Español - Euskara - Français - Gaeilge - Galego - 한국어 - ह न द - Hrvatski - Bahasa Indonesia - Italiano - Magyar - Nederlands - Português - Română - Русский - Shqip - Simple English - Slovenčina - Slovenščina - Српски srpski -... |
chemistry/ee5ec80c_31024.txt | For secondary amines (of the form R NH R ), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with location prefix given as an italic N : CH 3 NHCH 2 CH 3 is N -methylethanamine. Tertiary amines ( R NR R ) are treated similarly: C... |
chemistry/d971e459_34760.txt | In the diagram, the sigma bonds have been shown as simple lines to make the diagram less confusing. The two rings above and below the plane of the molecule represent one molecular orbital. The two delocalised electrons can be found anywhere within those rings. The other four delocalised electrons live in two similar (b... |
chemistry/6dde574e_2093.txt | Content: The interactions affecting organic reactivity and selectivity in ionic liquids / Cinzia Chiappe, Daniela Pierac 907 91 23MB Read more Author / Uploaded Michael B. Smith (Auth.) Table of contents : Content: Front Matter,Copyright,About the Author,Preface to the Fourth Edition,Preface to the Third Edition,Prefac... |
chemistry/86061_31d73f43092eec63_236.txt | Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical with ubiquitous environmental exposure. Animal studies have demonstrated that in utero BPA exposure leads to increased adult body weight. Our aim was to characterize human fetal BPA exposure by measuring BPA concentration in second trimester amniotic fluid (AF) samp... |
chemistry/7489_5d6645d5c69cbe6c_78.txt | Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is a β-ketoamphetamine stimulant drug of abuse with structural and mechanistic similarities to methamphetamine. One of the most powerful actions associated with mephedrone is the ability to stimulate dopamine (DA) release and block its re-uptake through its interaction with the dopa... |
chemistry/15586_51b50bf367a916f7_151.txt | At this point, we need to look a little more ly at how a proton spins in an applied magnetic field. You may recall playing with spinning tops as a child. When a top slows down a little and the spin axis is no longer completely vertical, it begins to exhibit precessional motion, as the spin axis rotates slowly around th... |
chemistry/32660_7f4ecb22a28da440_120.txt | DNA contains four bases: Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine. The complementary base pairs of guanine with cytosine and adenine with thymine connect to one another using hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides are what keeps the two strands of a DNA helix together. Each base can also ... |
chemistry/15586_775d0be5cbb474c0_194.txt | It is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type-II (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) in monotherapy, but usually in combination with sulphonyl urea, metformin, or insulin. Acarbose (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[[(1S, 4S,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3... |
chemistry/38749_974d9d5a3d9040f2_228.txt | This three-component reaction also proceeds with excellent yields under microwave irradiation with the use of solid-supported reagents. For example, alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl-substituted imidazoles have been obtained in yields from 80% to 99% with microwave irradiation . A solvent-free, microwave-assisted synthesis o... |
chemistry/73103_9c10b944a9b761c0_381.txt | 19. Cochineal contains C-glycosides which are in the form of colouring matter: A. Acetic acid B. Benzoic acid C. Cinnamic acid D. Carminic acid 20. Which drug is under the chemical class of cyanogenic glycoside? A. Bitter almond B. Black mustard C. Digitalis D. Rhubarb 21. Prunasin is biosynthesised from: A. Ornithine ... |
chemistry/37088_7f4ecb22a28da440_171.txt | If there are multiple –OH groups present, the nomenclature is modified only slightly. The suffix used in the name is the number of alcohol groups followed by –ol. For example, a compound containing two –OH groups has a suffix of “diol”; for a compound with three –OH groups, the suffix is a “triol.” The numbers of the c... |
chemistry/22290_c6448378a9b21893_198.txt | Irradiation of solids with ultrashort pulses and laser processing in the mid-Infrared (mid-IR) spectral region is a yet predominantly unexplored field with a large potential for a wide range of applications. In this work, laser driven physical phenomena associated with processes following irradiation of fused silica (S... |
chemistry/77249_5bcbb18865831933_114.txt | Wendt M, Peters S, Loffhagen D, Kloss A, Kettlitz M (2009) Breakdown characteristics of high pressure xenon lamps. J Phys D Appl Phys 42(18) Wharmby DO (2008) Estimates of molecular absorption cross-sections in mercury plasmas at very high pressures using self-reversed line diagnostics. J Phys D Appl Phys 41(14):144017... |
chemistry/0dfea91d_1460.txt | Protonation of the alkoxide oxygen in the tetrahedral intermediate Proton source can be the solvent, a Brønsted acid, or the nucleophile itself Proton transfer stabilizes the intermediate and can drive the equilibrium In some cases, proton transfer leads to elimination of a leaving group |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_1011.txt | Allen, A. C., “PCP: A Review of Synthetic Methods for Forensic Clandestine Investigation”, For. Sci. Int., 61, 85-100, 1993. Kalchik, M., “A Review of the Syntheses and Analyses of Phencyclidine and its Analogs; Origin of Reactions, Productions Estimates, Byproducts and Analogs”, presented at the 5th Annual CLIC Techni... |
chemistry/15586_9567d55860432c13_396.txt | MCT1 and Oral Drug Delivery The antiepileptic agent, gabapentin, has unfavorable oral pharmacokinetics, with low, dosedependent bioavailability and poor rates of clinical response. In an effort to improve the oral delivery of gabapentin, a prodrug, gabapentin enacarbil, was designed to target absorption by MCT1. In a pi... |
chemistry/423_7e5f816998d8a0a8_149.txt | Two new red luminescent asymmetric squarylium dyes (designated "Red-1c and Red-3") have been shown to exhibit absorbance shifts to longer wavelengths upon the addition of protein, along with a concomitant increase in fluorescence emission. Specifically, the absorbance maxima for Red-1c and Red-3 dyes are 607 and 622 nm... |
chemistry/37088_b22f5ebb8dfe5582_1.txt | Global warming refers to the anthropogenic warming of the planet. This warming comes from intensifying the greenhouse effect, an effect that exists on many other planets and has existed on Earth for almost as long as the planet has.[14] When used in conversation, climate change and global warming are sometimes used int... |
chemistry/f29da393_29775.txt | Of the other discovered allotropes, carbon nanofoam is a ferromagnetic allotrope discovered in 1997. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web, in which the atoms are bonded trigonally in six- and seven-membered rings. It is among the lightest known s... |
chemistry/32660_7f4ecb22a28da440_418.txt | The primordial soup that made up Earth had compounds including nucleotides. These nucleotides sequenced spontaneously and randomly, eventually forming an RNA molecule (or a similar molecule) with catalytic characteristics. RNA has properties of autocatalytic self-replication and assembly, contributing to its exponentia... |
chemistry/594_c78d20b1cb0c088d_326.txt | lim(c → ∞)HS . There are many such transformations one can perform to obtain (regular) two-component relativistic Hamiltonians to a certain order in the expansion (in 1/c2 ), and there are a number of different relativistic approximations in use in standard quantum chemical program packages (Breit-Pauli, Douglas-Kroll,... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_1819.txt | JOURNAL OF THE CLANDESTINE LABORATORY INVESTIGATING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION GHB”, Microgram, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 10-5, (2002). 10. Rees, D.K., Wasem, S.E and Patierno, E.R., “Identification and Quantitation of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate in Illicit Drug Samples”, Microgram, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 329-39, (2001). 11. McCusker, R.R... |
chemistry/73103_98c8d816899c2304_130.txt | Fig. 8.5 Structure of an antibody molecule. (a) Schematic diagram of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule showing two heavy (H) and two light (L) chains linked together. The top parts of the H and L chains have amino acid sequences that vary to create a unique binding site for target antigens (V regions). The rest of the m... |
chemistry/65ad3e7d_29712.txt | . . . W hile books may not necessarily make for a better reading experience, they are superior as subject matter for a photo project. (I defy you, dear reader, to find a loving portrait of a Nook.) |
chemistry/73103_9c10b944a9b761c0_909.txt | Preparation of Standard Solution and Calculation of Equal Weight of Oxalic Acid 1 molecule of oxalic acid means the weight of 1 gm of acid (90 gm = 1 mol). If you dissolve 90 gm of acid in 1 L of H2O it will be 1 normal (N). To make 0.1 N you need to dissolve 9 gm of oxalic acid in 1 L. If you want to make 1 molar acid... |
chemistry/15586_9567d55860432c13_1253.txt | response. Additionally, angiotensin II causes a slow pressor response, resulting in long-term stabilization of arterial blood pressure. This longterm effect is accomplished by the regulation of renal function. Angiotensin II directly increases sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule. It also alters renal hemodynamics... |
chemistry/5e928a7a_34595.txt | Proof of the JT theorem follows from the theory of molecular symmetry ( point group theory). A less rigorous but more intuitive explanation is given in section Coordination chemistry . |
chemistry/73103_9c10b944a9b761c0_1402.txt | Davies, PJ (n.d.). plant hormones plant hormones biosynthesis, signal transduction, action! epdf. De, R (2021). Mobile Genetic Elements of Vibrio cholerae and the Evolution of Its Antimicrobial Resistance. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, 7. Debnath, Subhashis, Yadav, C Navya, Nowjiya, N, Prabhavathi, M, SaiKumar, A, Kr... |
chemistry/22290_b57ad2f9f3f161df_112.txt | “It was originally proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification of his original theory of general relativity” – Yes Alain thanks very much. But what troubles me is the fact that the whole world had adopted his GTR, – he wanted to modify it and the world denied such modification! I know he continued this course – he an... |
chemistry/7489_5d6645d5c69cbe6c_127.txt | Under current Department of Defense (DOD) directive, the laboratories certified to conduct urinalyis testing in support of the DOD Drug Deterrence Program are required to conduct dl-isomer analysis on all specimens that confirm at a concentration greater than 500 ng/mL methamphetamine (METH). Although the same cutoff c... |
chemistry/73737_5e4a5ec113c2176f_98.txt | **!ANSWER:** *"We know that two spheres of the same volume with differing mass will fall at a nearly identical speed**…"* Sorry, that statement is wrong. It is true, as you state, that, since they have the same size and shape, the drag forces will be the same on both. But, that force will have a much bigger effect on t... |
chemistry/60860_6f547457479f8468_8.txt | Sadi Carnot was born in 1796, and was largely educated by his father until he went to college in 1812. It’s notable that during the years when Sadi Carnot was a kid, one of his father’s activities was to give opinions on a whole range of inventions—including many steam engines and their generalizations. Lazare Carnot d... |
chemistry/15586_9567d55860432c13_167.txt | P-Glycoprotein-Drug Interactions P-gp–mediated transport has an important role in pharmacokineticmediated drug-drug interactions. The effect of P-gp inhibition is to increase the oral bioavailability of CYP3A4 substrates so that the later actions of CYP3A4 inhibition will be increased. One of the best examples is the in... |
chemistry/d9c7e581_0481.txt | 5.0 g of neon is at 256 mm Hg and at a temperature of 35º C. What is the volume? |
chemistry/423_7e5f816998d8a0a8_129.txt | Novel hydrophobic silica based particles have been developed to visualise latent fingerprints. The composition of the particles has been designed to maximise both hydrophobic and ionic interactions between a variety of coloured and fluorescent reporter molecules and the silicate backbone within the particles. The resul... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_2053.txt | JOURNAL OF THE CLANDESTINE LABORATORY INVESTIGATING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION list controlled substance analogues does not necessarily render the statute unconstitutionally vague. See, e.g., Fisher, 239 F.3d at 1337 n.11, [5] Hoffstatter, 8 F.3d at 322. The very purpose of the statute, which is to prevent development of new... |
chemistry/73737_5e4a5ec113c2176f_99.txt | **!ANSWER:** The best current of interactions among elementary particles is quantum field theory. The mathematics of the theory are difficult but the basic ideas can be understood qualitatively. Each quantized field has particles which respond to that field. The three fundamental fields in the standard model are the e... |
chemistry/9d75c872_32298.txt | Both the term and concept of hypervalency still fall under criticism. In 1984, in response to this general controversy, Paul von Ragué Schleyer proposed the replacement of 'hypervalency' with use of the term hypercoordination because this term does not imply any mode of chemical bonding and the question could thus be a... |
chemistry/5597_670d0bc9f8327bf9_53.txt | * "Marvin Services" has been introduced: Web/local services client, which provides seamless integration of third-party calculations into Marvin Sketch, cxcalc, and via Chemical Terms into Instant JChem or JChem for Excel.Industrial standard solutions like SOAP with WSDL are supported, along with the more lightweight XM... |
chemistry/ab398b6e_34649.txt | 1. Cotton, F. Albert (17 September 2009). Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 2 . John Wiley amp; Sons . p. 67. ISBN) 978-0-470-16653-6 . Retrieved 11 May 2023 . 2. Ephraim, Fritz; Ward, Allan Miles (1939). INORGANIC CHEMISTRY . Gurney and Jackson. p. 381 . Retrieved 11 May 2023 . 3. a b Chambers, C.; Hollid... |
chemistry/76076_128e68682807f724_1.txt | The origin of the term ‘antibiotic’ can be traced back to the word *antibiose* first used as an antonym to symbiosis by Paul Vuillemin1.") in his 1890 publication to describe the antagonistic action between different microorganisms (for example, fungi vs bacteria; bacteria vs protozoa).2."), 3.") Later, the word antibi... |
chemistry/704_f3ea82dc513000a4_887.txt | 19. Remove the wooden blocks or other support under the receiving flask, release the clamp, and replace the flask with a clean, preweighed receiver. Use a small amount of grease, if necessary, to reestablish a good seal. 20. Re the clamp at C and allow several minutes for the system to reestablish the reduced pressure. I... |
chemistry/31783_5834e808fb100f53_898.txt | Unit 1-2: Introduction to Communication Reserach and Communication Studies. (This unit provides a clear definition of communication studies and the signficant roles of reserach in producing scinetific/humansitic/critical knowledge in the field) Unit 3-4: Three Paradigmatic Orientations toward Communication Reserach: So... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_972.txt | JOURNAL OF THE CLANDESTINE LABORATORY INVESTIGATING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION can also be generated during the manufacturing of methamphetamine, using ephedrine, hydriodic acid and red phosphorus. Although some information about phosphine chemistry is available, there are no direct references to the generation of phosphine ... |
chemistry/15586_9567d55860432c13_1208.txt | resting state in that a channel in a resting state can respond to a suitable electric potential. Voltage-gated ion channels are classified based on ionic permeability: for example, voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are exclusively permeable to Na+ ions. Because they respond quickly to membrane potentials, voltage-gate... |
chemistry/7489_5d6645d5c69cbe6c_10.txt | Legitimate use of legal intranasal decongestants containing l-methamphetamine may complicate interpretation of urine drug tests positive for amphetamines. Our study hypotheses were that commonly used immunoassays would produce no false-positive results and a recently developed enantiomer-specific gas chromatography-mas... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_509.txt | JOURNAL OF THE CLANDESTINE LABORATORY INVESTIGATING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION produced, using the formulas seized from the defendants lab, based upon the seized quantities of PAA, AA, and methylamine. The court sentenced based upon the small quantity of drugs seized, plus the amount of meth which the DEA chemist said could... |
chemistry/1af43284_32288.txt | In addition Dieters and coworkers show an inverse correlation between bond length and bond overlap for all series. Pentacoordinated species are concluded to be more reactive because of their looser bonds as trigonal-bipyramidal structures. |
chemistry/594_c78d20b1cb0c088d_20.txt | For the hydrogen atom, where m = 1 au and Z = 1 au, Eq. (1.7) yields the ionization potential 0.5 hartree. The physical origin of the magnitude of this fundamental quantum chemical quantity is thus the variational compromise between T and V in hydrogen. Atomic energy units will be used in this chapter. The relation to ... |
chemistry/76076_128e68682807f724_27.txt | Isolated from *Strep. antibioticus* NRRL 8167,241."), 242.") antibiotic X-14547A (**28**, Figure 5a) belongs to the ionophore class of antibiotics and forms, interestingly, a 2:1 (acid:base) salt with (*R*)-(+)-1-amino-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethane. The latter yielded suitable crystals for X-ray crystallographic analysis tha... |
chemistry/128488_dba1b9830df134e5_1.txt | *Overview of Non-Bonding Interactions*. Molecular interactions occur *between* molecules and non-bonded atoms. These interactions can be cohesive (attraction between like substances), adhesive (attraction between different substances), or repulsive. Molecular interactions change while bonds remain intact during process... |
chemistry/55951_e26caa74eb27f4da_314.txt | Understanding cellular responses to external stimuli is critical for parsing biological mechanisms and advancing therapeutic development. High-content image-based assays provide a cost-effective approach to examine cellular phenotypes induced by diverse interventions, which offers valuable insights into biological proc... |
chemistry/4390_64bfe0e3f890be33_0.txt | { "00:\_Front\_Matter" : "property get Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+c\_\_DisplayClass230\_0.b\_\_1", "01:\_Structure\_and\_Bonding" : "property get Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+c\_\_DisplayClass230\_0.b\_\_1", "02:\_Polar\_Covalent\_Bonds\_Acids\_and\_Bases" : "pr... |
chemistry/73737_5e4a5ec113c2176f_197.txt | Your question is a little ambiguous since you do not clearly specify which axis you are talking about after the first sentence of your question; if you just say axis, I do not know if you mean the symmetry axis or the rotation axis. In the laboratory frame, though, the angular momentum points along the rotation axis an... |
chemistry/77fef81a_29568.txt | This close approximation to the modern value of 273.15 C for the zero of the air thermometer was further improved upon in 1779 by Johann Heinrich Lambert, who observed that 270 C ( 454.00 F; 3.15 K) might be regarded as absolute cold. |
chemistry/228_7f4ecb22a28da440_230.txt | Cis and trans prefixes are essentially absent when naming alkenes with an E,Z system being used instead. The E,Z system sets priorities for carbon substituents the same way as the R,S system with the difference being that the double-bond having no bearing on the priority, only the two substituents that are single-bonde... |
chemistry/31783_5834e808fb100f53_1145.txt | 10 Assessment Communication Packets: Brief communication prompts 200-400 words. 12 pt, Times New Roman Small Group Project: Students will be required to complete a small group project to fulfill the small group communication module. Interview Packet: resume, cover letter to fulfill the business communication module. Ou... |
chemistry/704_512107129607cbb0_88.txt | Gas-Liquid Chromatography Basics Gas-liquid chromatography (GC) was invented in the early 1940s, but was not widely used until the late 1950s. It is now used universally in organic and analytical laboratories because most separations are rated at hundreds or thousands of theoretical plates–much superior to fractional d... |
chemistry/64418_2f25a97d741fdf85_135.txt | 1. X. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Huang, C. Xia and L. Wu, ACS Catal., 2021, 11, 1–18 CrossRef CAS. 2. M. Wang and Z. Shi, Chem. Rev., 2020, 120, 7348–7398 CrossRef CAS PubMed. 3. G. J. P. Perry, T. Jia and D. J. Procter, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 1485–1499 CrossRef CAS. 4. L. Mao and S. K. Bose, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2020, 362, 4174–... |
chemistry/73103_9c10b944a9b761c0_716.txt | Risk factors: The enormous risk factor for advance leprosy is contact with another case of leprosy. Contacts of people with leprosy are 5–8 times more expected to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Other risk factors are failing to understood. However, conditions that reduce immune function, such a... |
chemistry/77249_5bcbb18865831933_36.txt | where Bbb is the spectral radiance (in J s1m3sr1), h is Planck’s constant, kb is Boltzmann’s constant, and c is the velocity of light in vacuum. The variables λ and T are the wavelength (in [m]) and the body temperature (in [K]), respectively. Planck’s distributions plotted in Fig. 2 for different body temperatures ... |
chemistry/704_f3ea82dc513000a4_236.txt | Properties and Reactions of Organic Compounds Distillation. Transfer as much of the dried liquid as possible to the clean, dry 50-mL round-bottom flask, being careful to leave as much of the solid drying agent behind as possible. Add a boiling stone to the flask and assemble the distillation apparatus as before, using ... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_595.txt | What kind of freon will you use? Prefer R-11 or R-13. Is freon hard to find? No. Do you ever use anything to try to remove discoloration of the methamphetamine? No. What kind of hydrochloric acid do you use? Compressed gas only? Does it matter if this compressed gas is dry? Will you ever use liquid hydrochloric acid fo... |
chemistry/5921f260_34809.txt | Some of the principles here follow what we learned about the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules in for determining the R and S absolute configuration. More specifically, you will still need to prioritize the atoms groups and determine the configuration based on the direction of the arrow. |
chemistry/15586_9567d55860432c13_375.txt | Transporters have fundamental roles in cell homeostasis and physiologic function by facilitating the movement of molecules across biological membranes. Transporters are responsible for maintaining ionic and osmotic gradients necessary for normal cell activity. Transporters facilitate the oxygen binding and release in r... |
chemistry/141_3fc4c296cc68989d_216.txt | GFETs must satisfy two additional requirements in order to be considered as building blocks of future logic gates: Av > 10 and ION/IOFF > 104. The short-term goal is thus to achieve Av sufficient for realistic applications where high-speed operation is desired, but power dissipation is not a concern, similar to the SiG... |
chemistry/4c9bd8e1_31753.txt | - Meet the (Most Important) Functional Groups - Condensed Formulas: Deciphering What the Brackets Mean - Hidden Hydrogens, Hidden Lone Pairs, Hidden Counterions - Don't Be Futyl, Learn The Butyls - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary In Organic Chemistry - Branching, and Its Affect On Melting and Boiling Points - ... |
chemistry/38749_974d9d5a3d9040f2_546.txt | In the C NMR spectra of most 1,3-selenazole derivatives, the chemical shifts of C-2, C-4, and C-5 are generally observed at lower field in the order C-2, C-4, and C-5. The C-2 signals of 1,3-selenazoles are observed at the lowest field in the range 157–189 (Table 3). 13 C NMR chemical shifts of alkene carbons in 2-ac... |
chemistry/594_c78d20b1cb0c088d_192.txt | the Lewis ideas was on the understanding of reaction mechanisms as established by the English School of Lapworth, Robinson, Lowry, and Ingold [12]. This has eventually led to the development of the science of physical organic chemistry [13], which rules mechanistic thinking to this day. The overwhelming chemical eviden... |
chemistry/233ae63a_35627.txt | ReferencesImage retrieved from Figure 1 N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry, Lu L., et al., used under CC BY 4.0 (https: creativecommons.org licenses by 4.0 ). The original image was not modified.Lu L, Duong V T, Shalash A O, et al. Chemical conjugation strategies for the development of protein-based subunit nanovaccin... |
chemistry/704_512107129607cbb0_320.txt | Saccharides may contain more than one sugar component. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose are all monosaccharides. A disaccharide is formed by linking two monosaccharides. Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose; lactose is a disaccharide of galactose and gluco... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_506.txt | is not essential to conviction. The nature of the controlled substance may be proved by circumstantial evidence, such as lay experience based on familiarity through prior use, trading, or law enforcement; a high sales price; on-the-scene remarks by a conspirator identifying the substance as a drug; behavior characteris... |
chemistry/14165_0f53600b2173bf67_541.txt | Piperoxan, 708 π Bonds, 64–66, 64f in alkenes, 246, 246f, 270 in alkynes, 333, 333f in benzene, 430–431, 430f π Complex, 305 π Electrons, 64 in H chemical shift, 541–542, 541f, 543f in alkenes, 246, 246f in α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, 874–875 in annulenes, 456–457 in aromatic ions, 457–460, 458f, 459f in ben... |
chemistry/25062bac_30101.txt | Yes, tungsten has an exceptionally high melting point. It is the highest melting point of all elements, reaching approximately 3422 C (6192 F) . This remarkable property makes tungsten highly valuable for applications that involve extreme temperatures. |
chemistry/77249_fff2950bba58cb40_104.txt | The effect of a chemical treatment such as alkali and silane was investigated on the mechanical and bond strength between fiber-matrix of kenaf and pineapple leaf fibers [19]. It was shown that chemical treatments enhanced the tensile properties of fibers by removing lignin and hemicelluloses. It was identified that si... |
chemistry/163086_b6ee60bf98cf0bc9_290.txt | (vii) Sales or stabilized hydrocarbon liquids API gravity, and well, separator, or non-separator equipment hydrocarbon liquids or produced water composition and Reid vapor pressure (must be measured if required as an input for the model). Use an appropriate standard method published by a consensus-based standards organ... |
chemistry/7bf2e740_0140.txt | Chemistry Fundamentals Copyright © by Dr. Julie Donnelly, Dr. Nicole Lapeyrouse, and Dr. Matthew Rex is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. |
chemistry/77249_5bcbb18865831933_704.txt | History of Passive Infrared Sensing Keller (2000) provides a brief history of the development of passive infrared (PIR) motion. The very first PIR detectors were designed for intrusion detection. The original concept was developed by Herbert Berman (1972) in which he used a segmented spherical mirror to create discrete ... |
chemistry/7489_601c818a14689021_1874.txt | THAI DRUG HITTING CALIFORNIA CLUB SCENE LOUISE CHU Associated Press Writer Saturday, October 26, 2002; 4:36 AM SACRAMENTO, Calif. –– The newest drug to hit California’s underground club scene is sweet, colorful – and deadly. The drug, a form of methamphetamine called ya ba, a Thai name meaning “crazy drug,” has made it... |
chemistry/31783_5834e808fb100f53_467.txt | 1.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Introduces the concept of solving multiple linear equations simultaneously to find common solutions. 1.2 Row Reduction and Echelon Forms: Discusses matrix manipulation techniques to simplify systems into solvable forms. 1.3 Vector Equations: Explores how systems can be represented using... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
MM-BRIGHT text-and-image queries retrieving reasoning-intensive technical passages in the Chemistry domain.
| Task category | Any2AnyRetrieval (image+text-to-text) |
| Domains | Academic, Web, Medical, Legal, Religious |
| Reference | {MM-BRIGHT |
Source datasets:
How to evaluate on this task
You can evaluate an embedding model on this dataset using the following code:
import mteb
task = mteb.get_task("MMBrightChemistryIT2TRetrieval")
model = mteb.get_model(YOUR_MODEL)
mteb.evaluate(model, task)
To learn more about how to run models on mteb task check out the GitHub repository.
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the dataset as well as mteb, as this dataset likely includes additional processing as a part of the MMTEB Contribution.
@article{abdallah2026mmbright,
archiveprefix = {arXiv},
author = {Abdelrahman Abdallah and Mohamed Darwish Mounis and Mahmoud Abdalla and Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem and Mostafa Farouk Senussi and Mohamed Mahmoud and Mohammed Ali and Adam Jatowt and Hyun-Soo Kang},
eprint = {2601.09562},
primaryclass = {cs.IR},
title = {{MM-BRIGHT}: A Multi-Task Multimodal Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09562},
year = {2026},
}
@article{enevoldsen2025mmtebmassivemultilingualtext,
title={MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark},
author={Kenneth Enevoldsen and Isaac Chung and Imene Kerboua and Márton Kardos and Ashwin Mathur and David Stap and Jay Gala and Wissam Siblini and Dominik Krzemiński and Genta Indra Winata and Saba Sturua and Saiteja Utpala and Mathieu Ciancone and Marion Schaeffer and Gabriel Sequeira and Diganta Misra and Shreeya Dhakal and Jonathan Rystrøm and Roman Solomatin and Ömer Çağatan and Akash Kundu and Martin Bernstorff and Shitao Xiao and Akshita Sukhlecha and Bhavish Pahwa and Rafał Poświata and Kranthi Kiran GV and Shawon Ashraf and Daniel Auras and Björn Plüster and Jan Philipp Harries and Loïc Magne and Isabelle Mohr and Mariya Hendriksen and Dawei Zhu and Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Tom Aarsen and Jan Kostkan and Konrad Wojtasik and Taemin Lee and Marek Šuppa and Crystina Zhang and Roberta Rocca and Mohammed Hamdy and Andrianos Michail and John Yang and Manuel Faysse and Aleksei Vatolin and Nandan Thakur and Manan Dey and Dipam Vasani and Pranjal Chitale and Simone Tedeschi and Nguyen Tai and Artem Snegirev and Michael Günther and Mengzhou Xia and Weijia Shi and Xing Han Lù and Jordan Clive and Gayatri Krishnakumar and Anna Maksimova and Silvan Wehrli and Maria Tikhonova and Henil Panchal and Aleksandr Abramov and Malte Ostendorff and Zheng Liu and Simon Clematide and Lester James Miranda and Alena Fenogenova and Guangyu Song and Ruqiya Bin Safi and Wen-Ding Li and Alessia Borghini and Federico Cassano and Hongjin Su and Jimmy Lin and Howard Yen and Lasse Hansen and Sara Hooker and Chenghao Xiao and Vaibhav Adlakha and Orion Weller and Siva Reddy and Niklas Muennighoff},
publisher = {arXiv},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13595},
year={2025},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13595},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.13595},
}
@article{muennighoff2022mteb,
author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Loïc and Reimers, Nils},
title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
publisher = {arXiv},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316},
year = {2022}
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.07316},
}
Dataset Statistics
Dataset Statistics
The following code contains the descriptive statistics from the task. These can also be obtained using:
import mteb
task = mteb.get_task("MMBrightChemistryIT2TRetrieval")
desc_stats = task.metadata.descriptive_stats
{
"test": {
"num_samples": 36094,
"num_queries": 51,
"num_documents": 36043,
"number_of_characters": 78187008,
"documents_text_statistics": {
"total_text_length": 78118238,
"min_text_length": 24,
"average_text_length": 2167.3622617429182,
"max_text_length": 2554995,
"unique_texts": 32214
},
"documents_image_statistics": null,
"documents_audio_statistics": null,
"documents_video_statistics": null,
"queries_text_statistics": {
"total_text_length": 68770,
"min_text_length": 256,
"average_text_length": 1348.4313725490197,
"max_text_length": 7023,
"unique_texts": 51
},
"queries_image_statistics": {
"min_image_width": 136,
"average_image_width": 633.7254901960785,
"max_image_width": 1700,
"min_image_height": 84,
"average_image_height": 784.8039215686274,
"max_image_height": 4081,
"unique_images": 51
},
"queries_audio_statistics": null,
"queries_video_statistics": null,
"relevant_docs_statistics": {
"num_relevant_docs": 131,
"min_relevant_docs_per_query": 1,
"average_relevant_docs_per_query": 2.5686274509803924,
"max_relevant_docs_per_query": 5,
"unique_relevant_docs": 131,
"num_missing_query_ids": 0,
"num_missing_corpus_ids": 0
},
"top_ranked_statistics": {
"num_top_ranked": 1836778,
"min_top_ranked_per_query": 35941,
"average_top_ranked_per_query": 36015.25490196078,
"max_top_ranked_per_query": 36043
}
}
}
This dataset card was automatically generated using MTEB
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