Datasets:

mjbommar
/

opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples

query stringlengths 2 371	positive stringlengths 10 4.14k	negative stringlengths 3 374	negative_kind stringclasses 5 values	query_id stringlengths 12 41	positive_id stringlengths 9 38	negative_id stringlengths 9 30	query_source stringclasses 2 values	sense_id stringlengths 9 30	lexeme_id stringlengths 2 15	live_senses int32 1 15	tier stringclasses 3 values
reflex cry from sudden pain	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q1	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
reflex cry from sudden pain	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q1	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
What sound might someone make immediately after being pricked by a needle?	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q2	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
What sound might someone make immediately after being pricked by a needle?	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q2	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
I need the little cry people make when an injury suddenly hurts	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q3	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
I need the little cry people make when an injury suddenly hurts	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q3	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
a reaction to pain, not surprise or shock	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q4	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
a reaction to pain, not surprise or shock	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q4	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
for a first-aid trainee, what brief vocal reaction signals sudden discomfort?	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q5	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
for a first-aid trainee, what brief vocal reaction signals sudden discomfort?	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q5	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
Give an example sentence where someone says aaa after getting hurt	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q6	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
Give an example sentence where someone says aaa after getting hurt	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q6	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
walk me through how a person might react vocally after a painful puncture	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q7	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
walk me through how a person might react vocally after a painful puncture	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q7	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
distinguish the pain reaction from a cry of surprise	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q8	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
distinguish the pain reaction from a cry of surprise	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q8	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
short exclamation after touching something painfully hot	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q9	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
short exclamation after touching something painfully hot	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q9	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
Would someone use this cry when a wound suddenly starts hurting?	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q10	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
Would someone use this cry when a wound suddenly starts hurting?	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q10	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
I’m trying to remember the interjection that slips out when pain catches you off guard	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q11	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
I’m trying to remember the interjection that slips out when pain catches you off guard	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q11	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
sentence using aaa for immediate physical discomfort	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:0#q12	aaa:interjection:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
sentence using aaa for immediate physical discomfort	The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.	The magnitude, scale, or extent of an object, event, or process; the degree to which it is large or significant.	easy	aaa:interjection:0#q12	aaa:interjection:0#example	greatness:noun:1	generated	aaa:interjection:0	aaa	6	core
sudden surprise exclamation	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q1	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
sudden surprise exclamation	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q1	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
What do people shout when something unexpected happens?	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q2	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
What do people shout when something unexpected happens?	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q2	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
The lights suddenly went out and I need the right startled reaction	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q3	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
The lights suddenly went out and I need the right startled reaction	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q3	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
an exclamation for surprise, not pain	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q4	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
an exclamation for surprise, not pain	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q4	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
for a teacher explaining startled reactions to children	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q5	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
for a teacher explaining startled reactions to children	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q5	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
Give a sentence using aaa for sudden alarm	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q6	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
Give a sentence using aaa for sudden alarm	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q6	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
walk me through what someone might exclaim when a door suddenly slams	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q7	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
walk me through what someone might exclaim when a door suddenly slams	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q7	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
explain the difference between a startled cry and a pain reaction	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q8	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
explain the difference between a startled cry and a pain reaction	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q8	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
unexpected event alarm exclamation	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q9	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
unexpected event alarm exclamation	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q9	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
Which short cry fits the moment you suddenly realize something is wrong?	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q10	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
Which short cry fits the moment you suddenly realize something is wrong?	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q10	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
I heard a crash upstairs and blurted something out—what kind of interjection is that?	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q11	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
I heard a crash upstairs and blurted something out—what kind of interjection is that?	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q11	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
find a brief reaction for shock or realization, with no injury involved	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:interjection:1#q12	aaa:interjection:1	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
find a brief reaction for shock or realization, with no injury involved	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	An interjection used to order soldiers to commence discharging weapons in a military or simulated engagement.	easy	aaa:interjection:1#q12	aaa:interjection:1	fire:interjection:0	generated	aaa:interjection:1	aaa	6	core
car breakdown roadside help membership	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q1	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
car breakdown roadside help membership	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q1	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
Who can help if my car breaks down on the road?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q2	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
Who can help if my car breaks down on the road?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q2	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
My car won't start and I need someone to come out, who should I call?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q3	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
My car won't start and I need someone to come out, who should I call?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q3	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
roadside assistance without buying a full travel package	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q4	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
roadside assistance without buying a full travel package	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q4	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
for a new driver needing emergency vehicle help	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q5	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
for a new driver needing emergency vehicle help	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q5	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
give me a real example of using AAA after a breakdown	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q6	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
give me a real example of using AAA after a breakdown	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q6	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
How do I request roadside assistance step by step?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q7	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
How do I request roadside assistance step by step?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q7	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
compare roadside assistance with towing insurance	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q8	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
compare roadside assistance with towing insurance	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q8	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
organization that helps stranded motorists	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q9	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
organization that helps stranded motorists	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q9	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
Is there a membership service that can tow my disabled car?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q10	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
Is there a membership service that can tow my disabled car?	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q10	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
I need travel planning and roadside help from the same automobile club	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q11	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
I need travel planning and roadside help from the same automobile club	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q11	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
explain what AAA membership covers when a car won't start	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.	other_sense	aaa:noun:0#q12	aaa:noun:0#example	aaa:noun:3	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
explain what AAA membership covers when a car won't start	I called AAA when my car wouldn’t start in the grocery store parking lot.	Of or relating to Qom, a city in Iran; a toponymic adjective used to denote origin, location, or cultural attributes associated with Qom.	easy	aaa:noun:0#q12	aaa:noun:0#example	qom:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:0	aaa	6	core
highest credit rating for bonds	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q1	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
highest credit rating for bonds	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q1	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
What rating shows that an issuer is considered exceptionally unlikely to default?	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q2	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
What rating shows that an issuer is considered exceptionally unlikely to default?	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q2	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
I'm looking at a company's bonds and need to know what the top possible credit grade means	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q3	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
I'm looking at a company's bonds and need to know what the top possible credit grade means	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q3	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
creditworthiness rating for debt with minimal default risk	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q4	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
creditworthiness rating for debt with minimal default risk	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q4	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
explain this to a first-time bond investor	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q5	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
explain this to a first-time bond investor	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q5	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
Give me a sentence using AAA for a bond issuer	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q6	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
Give me a sentence using AAA for a bond issuer	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q6	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
How do rating agencies assess whether a bond deserves the top grade?	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q7	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
How do rating agencies assess whether a bond deserves the top grade?	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q7	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
compare the highest debt rating with investment-grade ratings below it	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q8	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
compare the highest debt rating with investment-grade ratings below it	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q8	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
top agency grade for corporate debt	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q9	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
top agency grade for corporate debt	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q9	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
Would a sovereign bond with the strongest possible repayment outlook receive this rating?	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q10	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
Would a sovereign bond with the strongest possible repayment outlook receive this rating?	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q10	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
Show me a real example of an issuer whose bonds earned the highest credit grade	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q11	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
Show me a real example of an issuer whose bonds earned the highest credit grade	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q11	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
AAA rating after financial reforms, not the roadside assistance organization	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	An interjection used to indicate sudden physical or emotional discomfort, typically produced as a reflexive reaction to pain or injury.	other_sense	aaa:noun:1#q12	aaa:noun:1#example	aaa:interjection:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
AAA rating after financial reforms, not the roadside assistance organization	The issuer’s bonds achieved AAA rating after sustained fiscal reforms.	Fields of study concerned with human culture and expression, including languages, history, literature, philosophy, and the arts, are typically approached through analysis and interpretation rather than experiment.	easy	aaa:noun:1#q12	aaa:noun:1#example	humanities:noun:0	generated	aaa:noun:1	aaa	6	core
small cylinder battery for remote controls	A battery is a standard small cylindrical dry-cell used to power portable devices such as remote controls and toys.	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	other_sense	aaa:noun:2#q1	aaa:noun:2	aaa:interjection:1	generated	aaa:noun:2	aaa	6	core
small cylinder battery for remote controls	A battery is a standard small cylindrical dry-cell used to power portable devices such as remote controls and toys.	Having or showing a tendency to be physically awkward or uncoordinated; prone to clumsy movements.	easy	aaa:noun:2#q1	aaa:noun:2	klutzy:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:2	aaa	6	core
Which battery size do most TV remotes use?	A battery is a standard small cylindrical dry-cell used to power portable devices such as remote controls and toys.	An interjection used to express sudden surprise, alarm, or realization in response to an unexpected event.	other_sense	aaa:noun:2#q2	aaa:noun:2	aaa:interjection:1	generated	aaa:noun:2	aaa	6	core
Which battery size do most TV remotes use?	A battery is a standard small cylindrical dry-cell used to power portable devices such as remote controls and toys.	Having or showing a tendency to be physically awkward or uncoordinated; prone to clumsy movements.	easy	aaa:noun:2#q2	aaa:noun:2	klutzy:adjective:0	generated	aaa:noun:2	aaa	6	core

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

OpenGloss v2.0 — Retrieval Triples

Training triples for an embedding model or reranker. Each row is a query, a positive passage from the sense the query was written for, and one negative. The hard negative is drawn from the graph by a priority-ordered fallback — another sense of the same headword, a confusable_with target, a co-hyponym, or a synonym-of-a-synonym — which is what makes it hard and, unusually, auditable: the contrast paragraph in opengloss-v2.0-contrasts often states in words why the negative is a negative. A direct synonym is never offered as a negative.

Part of the OpenGloss v2.0 release family — 15 datasets built from one store of 54,724 lexemes and 137,314 live senses, all joinable on derived ids. See Related datasets for the rest.

What's new in v2.0 vs v1.3

Schema v3. Every lexeme carries a kind discriminator (simplex, compound, phrasal verb, idiom, proper noun, abbreviation, affix, function word); every sense carries a controlled domain leaf from a fixed ~160-leaf taxonomy instead of free text; every example carries the character span of the headword occurrence inside it.
Renditions, not one string. A definition is a set: the canonical one plus rewrites at four reading levels and in four registers, each produced in a single call from the canonical text so they say the same thing at different altitudes.
A sense graph, not a word graph. Typed relations resolve to sense ids wherever the target's entry exists in the release, so bank --hypernym--> financial institution points at a meaning rather than at a string.
Retrieval data is first-class. Synthetic per-sense queries in eight styles, grounded QA pairs, mined word-in-context pairs, MS MARCO-style triples with graph-derived hard negatives, and graded TREC qrels — all derivable from, and consistent with, the same entries.
Derivable identifiers everywhere. v1.3 published a positional id for lexemes and senses (3d_model_noun_0) and nothing below that. v2.0 gives every rendition, edge, query, QA pair and provenance record an id computable from the row alone, and never renumbers: a retired sense is tombstoned, so the ids after it keep their meaning.
Per-field provenance. Which model wrote a field, how many tokens it took, what it cost — published as its own dataset.

Scope: fewer headwords, far more per headword

v2.0 is not a superset of v1.3. It covers 54,724 lexemes — a frequency-ranked subset of v1.3's 205,983 — and spends the difference on depth. If you need breadth of vocabulary, use v1.3; if you need graded renditions, resolved relations, spans, or retrieval supervision, use v2.0.

	v1.3	v2.0
Lexemes	205,983	54,724
Senses	565,604	137,314
Definition renditions per sense	1 canonical	1 canonical + up to 8 graded
Relation targets	bare strings	resolved to sense ids
Retrieval training data	companion sets	queries, QA, triples, qrels
Per-field provenance	no	model, tokens and cost per call

Key statistics


Lexemes	54,724
Live senses	137,314
Rows in this dataset	2,693,616
`entries_scanned`	54,724
`queries_considered`	1,356,755
`senses_considered`	137,314
`triples_written`	2,693,616

By tier

Tier	Lexemes	Live senses
`core`	10,000	34,015
`tier2`	31,886	76,855
`tier3`	12,838	26,444

Coverage by tier

The release was built in three frequency-ranked passes and they did not all receive the same stages. This table is per-field and per-tier so the gaps are visible rather than averaged away.

Field	Of	`core`	`tier2`	`tier3`
Canonical gloss	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Controlled domain tag	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Gloss at 4 reading levels	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.9%
Gloss in 4 registers	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
At least one example	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.8%
Examples at 4 reading levels	sense	99.0%	99.6%	99.8%
At least one relation	sense	96.8%	97.3%	98.0%
Synthetic retrieval queries	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Grounded QA pairs	sense	99.8%	99.6%	0.0%
Etymology	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%
Lexical explanation	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia (neutral)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia at grade 5 + college (core entries also carry grade 1 and grade 10)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Contrast paragraphs	lexeme	72.8%	55.1%	0.0%

Files

Files	Config	Rows	Shards	Size
`data/train-*.parquet`	default	2,693,616	6	82.4 MB

Fields

2,693,616 rows, one row per (query, positive, negative) triple.

Field	Type	Description
`query`	`string`	The query text.
`positive`	`string`	A passage the query should retrieve.
`negative`	`string`	A passage it should not.
`negative_kind`	`string`	`other_sense`, `confusable`, `co_hyponym`, `synonym_of_synonym` or `easy`.
`query_id`	`string`	`{sense_id}#q{n}` for a written query, or the id of the gloss rendition standing in for one.
`positive_id`	`string`	A sense id, a `{sense_id}#example` id, or a `{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia` id.
`negative_id`	`string`	Same id space as `positive_id`.
`query_source`	`string`	`generated` for a written query, `gloss_pseudo` when a gloss rendition stood in — so pseudo-queries can be filtered or reweighted.
`sense_id`	`string`	The sense the query belongs to.
`lexeme_id`	`string`	That sense's entry id. Join key.
`live_senses`	`int32`	Live sense count of the query's own entry.
`tier`	`string`	Tier of the query's entry.

One real row:

{
  "query": "reflex cry from sudden pain",
  "positive": "The subject exclaimed aaa after the needle puncture.",
  "negative": "In information technology AAA denotes authentication, authorization, and accounting a security framework governing identity verification access control and usage accounting.",
  "negative_kind": "other_sense",
  "query_id": "aaa:interjection:0#q1",
  "positive_id": "aaa:interjection:0#example",
  "negative_id": "aaa:noun:3",
  "query_source": "generated",
  "sense_id": "aaa:interjection:0",
  "lexeme_id": "aaa",
  "live_senses": 6,
  "tier": "core"
}

Loading it

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0])

The shards are plain parquet, so nothing forces you through datasets — read them straight, locally or over hf://:

import polars as pl

df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples/data/train-*.parquet")
print(df.head())

import duckdb

duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples/data/train-*.parquet'").show()

Train a bi-encoder with MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

from datasets import load_dataset
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer, SentenceTransformerTrainer, losses

triples = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples", split="train")
# MultipleNegativesRankingLoss expects exactly (anchor, positive, negative) columns.
triples = triples.select_columns(["query", "positive", "negative"]).rename_column(
    "query", "anchor"
)

model = SentenceTransformer("sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
trainer = SentenceTransformerTrainer(
    model=model,
    train_dataset=triples,
    loss=losses.MultipleNegativesRankingLoss(model),
)
trainer.train()

Identifiers, and how they compose

Every id is derived from structure, never randomly minted, so a consumer can recompute one from a row and join across the whole family without a lookup table. Sense positions are stable across regenerations: a retired sense is tombstoned, not removed, so the indices after it never shift.

Id	Shape	Example
Lexeme	`slugify(headword)`	`abseil`
Sense	`{lexeme_id}:{pos}:{index}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0`
Rendition	`{owner_id}#{reading_level}/{register}`	`abseil:verb:0#grade_5/plain`
Entry-level owner	`{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia` / `:explanation`	`abseil:encyclopedia`
Edge	`{source_sense_id}-{type}->{target_lexeme_id}`	`abseil:verb:0-synonym->rappel`
Query	`{sense_id}#q{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#q3`
QA pair	`{sense_id}#qa{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#qa3`
Provenance record	`p{n}` within its entry (one-based)	`p12`

An edge id keys on the target's slug, not on the target's sense, so resolving a target never changes the id of the edge that found it.

Reading levels and registers

A rendition is keyed on a (reading_level, register) pair. The canonical rendition of every field is (neutral, plain); everything else is a rewrite of it.

`reading_level`	Who it is written for	Rough CCSS band
`neutral`	The canonical text: an adult general reader, no level targeted	—
`grade_1`	Beginning readers; short sentences, common words	K–1
`grade_5`	Upper elementary	4–5
`grade_10`	Secondary	9–10
`college`	Undergraduate and above; technical vocabulary allowed	11–CCR

`register`	What changes	Reading it
`plain`	Nothing — the neutral register	The default
`informal`	Conversational, contractions, everyday words	How you'd say it to a friend
`formal`	Full forms, precise hedging, no contractions	How you'd write it in a report
`technical`	Domain vocabulary, exact conditions	How a specialist would state it
`marketing`	Benefit-first, persuasive framing	A genre, not a formality level

marketing sits on the register axis for convenience but is a genre value rather than a point on the formality scale — worth remembering if you train a formality classifier on this column.

Related datasets

Everything below is built from the same store and joins on lexeme_id / sense_id.

Dataset	Grain	What it holds
`opengloss-v2.0-lexicon`	one row per lexeme	One row per lexeme: kind, morphology, etymology, encyclopedia, contrasts, sense ids, provenance summary.
`opengloss-v2.0-senses`	one row per live sense	One row per live sense: canonical gloss, 8 gloss renditions, examples, resolved relations, synthetic queries, grounded QA pairs.
`opengloss-v2.0-definitions`	one row per gloss rendition	One row per gloss rendition (canonical included): reading level, register, text, readability grade.
`opengloss-v2.0-examples`	one row per example rendition	One row per example sentence with the headword's character span, its reading level and register.
`opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia`	one row per encyclopedia rendition · one row per lexical-explanation rendition	One row per encyclopedia article rendition, plus an `explanation` config for the "why this word" prose.
`opengloss-v2.0-etymology`	one row per entry with an etymology	One row per entry with an etymology: prose summary, ordered language trail, cognates, references.
`opengloss-v2.0-relations`	one row per live relation edge · one row per removed relation edge	One row per semantic edge, resolved to target sense ids; a `tombstoned` config recovers the edges the reconcile pass removed.
`opengloss-v2.0-queries`	one row per synthetic query	One row per synthetic retrieval query, across eight query styles, tagged to the sense it should retrieve.
`opengloss-v2.0-qa-pairs`	one row per question/answer pair	One row per grounded question/answer pair, with the rendition ids the answer cites.
`opengloss-v2.0-contrasts`	one row per contrast paragraph	One row per "X vs Y" paragraph on a synonym/antonym/confusable edge, with a verdict on the edge.
`opengloss-v2.0-provenance`	one row per provenance record	One row per recorded generation call: stage, model, tokens, cost, run id — the audit trail.
`opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-pairs`	one row per mined pair	Word-in-context and doc2query-shaped (text_a, text_b, label) pairs mined from the store for free.
`opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples` (this one)	one row per (query, positive, negative) triple	MS MARCO-style (query, positive, negative) triples whose hard negatives come from the graph.
`opengloss-v2.0-qrels`	one row per query, with its whole graded candidate list · one row per document in the retrieval corpus	Graded TREC relevance judgements (0–3) plus the document corpus and listwise candidate lists.
`opengloss-v2.0-pretrain`	one row per rendered document	Entries serialised into plain-prose dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and usage-note documents.

Known limitations

It is synthetic. Every string here was written by a language model against a schema, not transcribed from a corpus or checked by a lexicographer. It is well-formed and internally consistent; it is not attested usage, and it will contain confident errors. Do not use it as ground truth about what a word means.
Judge scores 70.2/100 (core + tier 2) and 66.7/100 (tier 3). A different model family (Claude Opus) scored fixed 40-entry stratified samples at the close of each build. Sample statistics, not per-entry guarantees, and the judge is itself a model.
Relation precision is the weakest axis. Relations were judged for validity and the ones that failed were demoted rather than asserted; symmetric reciprocity finished at 98.0% for synonyms and 99.1% for antonyms, and 3,709 senses were left with no relation at all. Treat a single edge as a hypothesis, not a fact; treat the aggregate graph as usable.
Tier 3 is deliberately partial. 12,838 lexemes received the text stages (glosses, examples, encyclopedia) but not the queries, QA pairs, contrasts or register renditions. The coverage table above gives the exact per-field share; nothing is hidden behind an average.
The encyclopedia is entry-level. One article per headword, about the headword as a whole. On a polysemous entry it is not a description of any one sense, and it is never used as a positive for one (D-71). It is entry-level reference prose, not a specialist article.
Pseudo-queries. A sense with no written query falls back to its grade_5/plain gloss standing in as one; query_source says which happened, and a pseudo-query is a paraphrase of the document it is supposed to retrieve, which makes it easier than a real query. Filter on query_source == 'generated' for the harder set.

Citation

@misc{bommarito2025opengloss,
  title  = {OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph},
  author = {Bommarito, Michael J., II},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.18622},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18622}
}

License

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Attribution to the OpenGloss project is required; commercial use is permitted.

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Paper for mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples

OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph

Paper • 2511.18622 • Published Nov 23, 2025