Datasets:

mjbommar
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opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia

lexeme_id stringlengths 2 15	headword stringlengths 2 15	tier stringclasses 3 values	kind stringclasses 7 values	reading_level stringclasses 5 values	register stringclasses 1 value	text stringlengths 163 4.55k	readability_grade float64 0.5 22.7 ⌀	n_words int32 32 828	is_canonical bool 2 classes
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	neutral	plain	The string AAA operates as a cross-domain acronym and symbol in contemporary discourse, illustrating how a simple three-letter sequence can encode multiple high-salience concepts. While the all-lowercase form aaa often appears as a neutral placeholder or in instructional examples, the capitalized variant AAA signals do...	null	343	true
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	grade_1	plain	AAA is a short name with many uses. The small form, aaa, can fill a blank spot. It can also appear in school work. The big form, AAA, has special uses in money, computers, shows, power cells, and sports. In money, AAA means a very safe pay score. It means a group can likely pay its bills. It does not mean no trouble wi...	3.24	281	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	AAA is a short name with many uses. The small form, aaa, can fill a blank or help in a lesson. The big form, AAA, has special uses in money, computer safety, shows, tools, and sports. In money, AAA means the best credit rank. It shows that a person or group can likely pay back what it owes. It cannot stop all money ris...	4.59	247	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	grade_10	plain	AAA is a three-letter acronym with several prominent meanings across modern public life. The lowercase form, aaa, often serves as a neutral placeholder in instructions or examples. The capitalized form points to specialized uses in finance, security, entertainment, hardware, and sport. Its range of meanings shows why c...	13.28	296	false
aaa	aaa	core	proper_noun	college	plain	AAA is a cross-domain acronym and symbol whose meanings vary substantially by context. In lowercase, aaa commonly functions as a neutral placeholder in instructional material and examples; in capitals, AAA carries established meanings in finance, information security, entertainment, hardware, and sport. Its polysemy de...	16.89	320	false
aachen	aachen	tier2	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aachen is a city in western Germany, situated in Nordrhein-Westfalen near the tri-border region with Belgium and the Netherlands. Its approximate coordinates are 50.7753° N, 6.0839° E. The city fuses a long-standing spa heritage with a contemporary emphasis on science and engineering. Historically, Aachen served as the...	null	401	true
aachen	aachen	tier2	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aachen is a city in western Germany. It is in North Rhine-Westphalia, near Belgium and the Netherlands. The city has old spa traditions and a strong focus on science and engineering. Charlemagne lived in Aachen and made it his capital. Aachen Cathedral shows the city's religious and royal history. Today, Aachen is an ...	8.29	339	false
aachen	aachen	tier2	proper_noun	college	plain	Aachen is a city in western Germany, in North Rhine-Westphalia near the borders of Belgium and the Netherlands. Located at approximately 50.7753° N, 6.0839° E, it combines a long spa tradition with a modern concentration on science and engineering. Historically, it was Charlemagne’s residence and capital, and it became...	15.16	375	false
aaliyah	aaliyah	tier3	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aaliyah is a feminine given name of cross-cultural resonance, most commonly encountered in English-language contexts. Its etymology is typically traced to the Arabic root associated with “exalted” or “noble” and, through cross-cultural contact, to the Hebrew aliyah meaning “ascension” or “immigration to Israel.” The re...	null	348	true
aaliyah	aaliyah	tier3	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aaliyah is a girl’s name used in many cultures, especially by English speakers. Its roots may come from Arabic words meaning “high” or “noble.” It may also connect with the Hebrew word aliyah, meaning “rising” or moving to Israel. The name can suggest honor, goodness, and success. Onomastics, the study of names, shows ...	7.93	247	false
aaliyah	aaliyah	tier3	proper_noun	college	plain	Aaliyah is a feminine given name with cross-cultural resonance, most frequently encountered in English-speaking settings. Its origin is commonly associated with an Arabic root conveying “exalted” or “noble,” while contact with Hebrew has linked it to aliyah, meaning “ascension” or “immigration to Israel.” The name cons...	16.16	355	false
aardvark	aardvark	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	The aardvark is a nocturnal, insectivorous mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the sole living representative of the order Tubulidentata and the genus Orycteropus, with the species Orycteropus afer. The etymology traces to Afrikaans for “earth pig,” reflecting its fossorial habits. Its ecological significance li...	null	319	true
aardvark	aardvark	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	The aardvark is a night mammal from Africa south of the Sahara. It eats ants and termites. It is the only living kind in its group, Tubulidentata, and its species is Orycteropus afer. Its name comes from Afrikaans and means “earth pig.” The name fits because aardvarks dig homes underground. Aardvarks control insect num...	6.05	291	false
aardvark	aardvark	tier2	simplex	college	plain	The aardvark is a nocturnal, insectivorous mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the sole living representative of the order Tubulidentata and the genus Orycteropus; its species is Orycteropus afer. The name derives from Afrikaans for “earth pig,” an allusion to its burrowing habits. Ecologically, the aardvark sup...	15.18	288	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Aaron Aaron is a name of enduring prominence in religious, literary, and secular contexts. Grounded in the Hebrew Aharon (transliterated as Aharon), the etymology is often associated with notions of elevation, exaltation, or a lofty place, though scholarly debates persist over the precise root meaning. In scriptural a...	null	364	true
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	grade_1	plain	Aaron is an old name from the Bible. It is still used today. The name came from Aharon in Hebrew. Its old meaning may be high or lifted up. No one knows its first meaning for sure. Aaron can also be Aron or Aharon. Some languages write it as Aarón. Aaron was Moses' older brother. He was the first high priest of Israel....	2.66	129	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	Aaron is a long-standing name used in religion, literature, and everyday life. It comes from the Hebrew name Aharon. Its meaning may involve height or honor, but its exact root remains uncertain. Other forms include Aron, Aharon, and Aarón. Aaron was Moses' older brother and Israel's first High Priest. His family carri...	7.69	112	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	grade_10	plain	Aaron has remained an important name in religious, literary, and secular settings. It derives from the Hebrew Aharon, although scholars still debate the name's original root. Proposed meanings include elevation, exaltation, and a lofty place. In biblical and cultural traditions, Aaron often represents leadership, pries...	12.21	324	false
aaron	aaron	core	proper_noun	college	plain	Aaron is a name of sustained prominence across religious, literary, and secular domains. It derives from the Hebrew Aharon, although the precise etymological root remains disputed. Proposed interpretations associate the name with elevation, exaltation, or a high place. Within scriptural and cultural traditions, Aaron c...	15.08	339	false
aba	aba	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Aba is a term used in English primarily to denote a traditional outer garment of the Middle East and parts of North Africa. The garment, commonly rendered in Arabic as ʿabāʾ or ʿabāya, is typically a long, loose, and open-fronted cloak worn over other clothing. Historically, abas have been made from heavy woven materia...	null	206	true
aba	aba	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	An aba is a traditional outer coat from the Middle East and parts of North Africa. In Arabic, people call it an abaya. It is long, loose, and open in front. People wear it over other clothes. In the past, makers used camel hair, goat hair, or rough wool. These thick fabrics protected people from sun, wind, and cold nig...	6.8	158	false
aba	aba	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Aba is an English term chiefly referring to a traditional outer garment from the Middle East and parts of North Africa. In Arabic, related forms are commonly transliterated as ʿabāʾ or ʿabāya. The garment is generally a long, loose, open-fronted cloak worn over other clothing. Historically, it was woven from substantia...	14.37	188	false
aback	aback	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	aback is a term with a dual life in English, spanning literal nautical usage and extended metaphorical meaning. In its nautical sense, to be aback describes a vessel whose sails are backed against the wind, producing back pressure that slows or reverses forward motion. In general speech, the phrase taken aback signals ...	null	322	true
aback	aback	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Aback has two main uses in English: one on ships and one about surprise. At sea, aback means wind pushes a ship’s sails the wrong way. This pressure can slow the ship or make it move backward. In everyday talk, taken aback means suddenly surprised by news or events. This use carries the old sailing idea into thoughts a...	6.38	187	false
aback	aback	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Aback has two related lives in English: a literal nautical use and a figurative use associated with surprise. In nautical terminology, a vessel is aback when its sails are backed against the wind, so that the resulting pressure checks or reverses its forward motion. In general usage, however, the phrase taken aback des...	15.41	297	false
abacus	abacus	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abacus An abacus is a counting frame enabling arithmetic by sliding beads along rods. It stands among the oldest calculating tools and a foundational element in the history of numeracy, commerce, and education. Though not a programmable machine, it offers a concrete, manipulable model of numbers that supports place-va...	null	320	true
abacus	abacus	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	An abacus is a frame for counting and doing sums. People slide beads along rods to show numbers. It is one of the oldest tools for calculation. It has helped people learn numbers, trade, and schoolwork. It is not a machine that follows programs. Instead, it gives numbers a form people can touch and move. This helps lea...	5.98	259	false
abacus	abacus	tier2	simplex	college	plain	An abacus is a counting frame that performs arithmetic by moving beads along rods. It is among the oldest calculating devices and occupies an important place in the histories of numeracy, commerce, and education. Although it is not programmable, it provides a concrete, manipulable representation of numbers, supporting ...	14.43	314	false
abaft	abaft	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	abaft refers to a spatial relationship used primarily in nautical language to denote a position toward the rear of a vessel. As both a preposition and an adverb, it anchors descriptions of where objects, sails, or crew lie in relation to the ship’s stern. In common English, abaft carries a formal, sometimes archaic ton...	null	406	true
abaft	abaft	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abaft tells where something is toward the back of a ship. It can describe sails, people, or other things on board. It means behind the ship’s back end. Abaft can also describe something behind another ship part. For example, the engine may lie abaft the mast. Abaft is a nautical word, which means it belongs to ships an...	4.51	304	false
abaft	abaft	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abaft denotes a position toward the rear of a vessel and belongs primarily to nautical usage. As either a preposition or an adverb, it locates objects, sails, or crew in relation to the stern. In general English, the term has a formal, sometimes archaic register; in maritime contexts, however, it remains precise and cu...	14.69	379	false
abalone	abalone	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abalone Abalone refers to a group of large marine gastropod mollusks in the family Haliotidae. These species inhabit temperate coastal regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans and are prized for their edible meat and striking shells. The animal’s shell is ear-shaped and typically features a single row of re...	null	328	true
abalone	abalone	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abalone are large sea snails with shells. They live near temperate coasts in three oceans. People value their meat and beautiful shells. Their shells look like ears and have breathing holes along one edge. The inside has nacre, a shiny material also called mother-of-pearl. Nacre forms from many thin layers of minerals ...	5.78	228	false
abalone	abalone	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abalone denotes a group of large marine gastropod mollusks in the family Haliotidae. The species occupy temperate coastal habitats in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, where their edible flesh and distinctive shells have made them valuable. The shell is ear-shaped and usually carries a single row of respiratory...	14.08	285	false
abandon	abandon	core	simplex	neutral	plain	Abandon Abandon is a versatile word in the English language with core meanings centered on leaving something behind, giving up a plan, or relinquishing control. As a verb, it is primarily transitive—used with an object as in “to abandon a project” or “to abandon a car.” Its past tense and past participle forms appear ...	null	333	true
abandon	abandon	core	simplex	grade_1	plain	Abandon means to leave something or someone behind. It can also mean giving up a plan. It can mean letting go of control. We say abandon a toy or abandon a car. Abandoned means left behind. Abandoning means leaving now. Abandonment means leaving or being left. People may abandon things, people, plans, or duties. They m...	3.34	181	false
abandon	abandon	core	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abandon means leaving someone or something behind, giving up a plan, or giving away control. As a verb, a word for an action, it usually takes an object. People can abandon a project, a car, or a person. Its forms include abandoned and abandoning. Abandonment means the act or state of being abandoned. Abandoned also de...	7.23	223	false
abandon	abandon	core	simplex	grade_10	plain	Abandon is a flexible word whose central meanings involve leaving something behind, giving up a plan, or surrendering control. As a verb, it is usually transitive, meaning that it normally takes an object: someone may abandon a project, a car, or another person. Its forms include abandoned, the past tense and past part...	12.66	287	false
abandon	abandon	core	simplex	college	plain	Abandon is a versatile English lexeme organized around three related ideas: leaving something or someone behind, discontinuing a plan or course of action, and relinquishing control or responsibility. As a predominantly transitive verb, it normally takes a direct object, as in abandon a project or abandon a car. Its inf...	14.61	327	false
abandoned	abandoned	core	simplex	neutral	plain	Abandoned Abandoned is an adjective describing something left behind with little or no expectation of care, return, or control. It also serves as the past participle form of the verb abandon, meaning to leave something or someone behind, often abruptly or without consent. In everyday use, abandoned signals neglect, da...	null	291	true
abandoned	abandoned	core	simplex	grade_1	plain	Abandoned means left alone. Nobody expects to care for it. Nobody expects to come back. Nobody expects to control it. Abandoned can describe a thing or person left behind. It can also mean someone left suddenly. An abandoned house may be unsafe. An abandoned plan has been dropped. The word can describe real things. It ...	3.76	204	false
abandoned	abandoned	core	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abandoned describes something left behind without much care, help, or control. It can also show that someone left a person or thing. This leaving may happen quickly or without permission. The word often suggests neglect, danger, or loss. Examples include an abandoned house and an abandoned plan. It can describe real th...	6.56	267	false
abandoned	abandoned	core	simplex	grade_10	plain	Abandoned is an adjective for something left behind with little expectation that anyone will care for it, return to it, or control it. It is also the past participle of abandon, a verb meaning to leave a person or thing behind, often suddenly or without that person’s agreement. In everyday use, abandoned can suggest ne...	12.3	300	false
abandoned	abandoned	core	simplex	college	plain	Abandoned is an adjective describing an entity left behind with little or no expectation of subsequent care, return, or control. It is also the past participle of the verb abandon, meaning to leave a person or thing behind, often abruptly or without consent. In ordinary usage, abandoned commonly evokes neglect, danger,...	14.72	296	false
abandoning	abandoning	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abandoning At its core, the verb form abandoning refers to the act of ceasing to support, retain, or remain with someone or something. Derived from the verb abandon, it is most commonly used to describe voluntary relinquishment or desertion—whether leaving a person, place, obligation, or project. In grammatical terms,...	null	326	true
abandoning	abandoning	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abandoning means stopping support for, keeping, or staying with someone or something. It comes from the verb abandon. People use it for leaving people, places, duties, or projects by choice. It can also mean giving something up. In grammar, abandoning can show an action happening now or name that action. The idea matte...	7.99	238	false
abandoning	abandoning	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abandoning denotes the cessation of support, retention, or continued presence in relation to a person or thing. As the present participle or gerund of abandon, it describes an ongoing act or functions as a noun naming that act. Its usual senses involve voluntarily relinquishing or deserting a person, place, obligation,...	16.71	291	false
abandonment	abandonment	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abandonment is the act or experience of being left by someone who is trusted or needed for support. In everyday use, it can refer to a physical leaving—such as a caregiver moving away—or to an emotional sense of being neglected or forsaken. For students and educators, understanding abandonment helps explain feelings in...	null	299	true
abandonment	abandonment	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abandonment happens when someone leaves a person who needs care or help. It may mean leaving a home or moving away. It may also mean not giving someone the love and help they need. A child may feel scared, lonely, or unsure after being abandoned. The child may have trouble trusting people or making friends. The child ...	6.08	170	false
abandonment	abandonment	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abandonment is the act or experience of being left by a person who is trusted or relied upon for support. In ordinary usage, it may describe physical departure, such as a caregiver moving away, or an emotional experience of neglect and forsakenness. For students and educators, the concept helps illuminate feelings in l...	15.71	303	false
abase	abase	tier3	simplex	neutral	plain	abase denotes the act of lowering someone’s dignity or standing through contempt, insult, or coercion. In general usage, the term captures intentional demeaning behavior that aims to suppress autonomy or social agency. Its significance lies not only in the emotional harm it communicates but also in its role within powe...	null	336	true
abase	abase	tier3	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abase means to make someone feel small, unimportant, or ashamed. It can happen through mean words, insults, or threats. People may use it to control others and take away their choices. Abasement means this kind of treatment. Abased means someone received it, while abasing means someone is doing it. The word can describ...	7.36	239	false
abase	abase	tier3	simplex	college	plain	Abase refers to the deliberate reduction of another person’s dignity or social standing through contempt, insult, or coercion. In ordinary use, it describes conduct intended to demean someone and restrict that person’s autonomy or ability to act socially. The term therefore concerns both emotional injury and the wider ...	13.34	347	false
abased	abased	tier3	simplex	neutral	plain	Abased The adjective and past participle abased denote a state of being lowered in status, dignity, or esteem, or the act of causing such a lowering. Stemming from the verb abase, meaning to debase or degrade, the term frames social interactions and moral judgments around power asymmetries. In scholarly writing, abase...	null	331	true
abased	abased	tier3	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abased means lowered in rank, respect, or worth. It can describe someone treated this way or someone made to feel this way. The word comes from abase, which means to lower or degrade. Writers use abased for people, groups, or organizations that lose standing. They also use it for actions that put others down. Abased c...	7.37	269	false
abased	abased	tier3	simplex	college	plain	Abased functions both as an adjective and as the past participle of abase. It describes a condition in which a person, group, or institution has been lowered in status, dignity, or esteem, as well as an act that produces such a reduction. Because abase means to debase or degrade, abased commonly frames social relations...	14.81	314	false
abasement	abasement	tier3	simplex	neutral	plain	Abasement is the act or process of lowering someone's dignity, status, or self-regard, often through public or coercive means. In general usage it denotes a decrease in social standing or self-worth, and can arise in interpersonal interactions, institutional punishment, or ritual practice. The concept has interdiscipli...	null	353	true
abasement	abasement	tier3	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abasement means making someone lose dignity, status, or pride. It often happens in public or through force. It can happen between people, in punishment, or during rituals. The idea matters in many fields, including social studies, psychology, law, stories, and religion. Abasement is close to humiliation and degradation...	7.11	270	false
abasement	abasement	tier3	simplex	college	plain	Abasement is the process of diminishing a person’s dignity, social standing, or sense of self, often through public exposure or coercion. In ordinary use, it refers to reduced status or self-worth and may arise in personal relationships, institutional punishment, or ritual activity. The concept matters across sociology...	15.73	347	false
abases	abases	tier3	simplex	neutral	plain	ABASES abases is the third-person singular present tense of the transitive verb abase, meaning to lower someone in rank, dignity, or esteem; or to humble or degrade. The concept sits at the intersection of linguistics, ethics, and social power, because to abase another is to enact social subordination or moral sanctio...	null	391	true
abases	abases	tier3	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abases is a form of abase used for one person doing this now. It means lowering someone’s rank, worth, or respect. It can also mean making someone feel humble or low. The action puts one person below another. It often happens when one person has more power. Examples include bosses and workers, rulers and conquered peop...	7.36	304	false
abases	abases	tier3	simplex	college	plain	Abases is the third-person singular present form of the transitive verb abase: to lower someone in rank, dignity, or esteem, or to humble and degrade them. The term links linguistic form with ethics and social power, since abasing another person enacts subordination or expresses moral condemnation. It usually describes...	15.17	367	false
abash	abash	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	abash is a transitive verb in English meaning to cause someone to feel embarrassed, disconcerted, or ashamed. In everyday speech it is comparatively formal or literary, yet it remains productive in prose, poetry, and academic writing when a precise nuance is required. The related adjective abashed denotes the feeling o...	null	338	true
abash	abash	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abash is a transitive verb, which means it acts on a person or thing. It means to make someone feel embarrassed, confused, or ashamed. People use it more in books, poems, and school writing than in daily talk. Abashed describes someone who feels or looks embarrassed. For example, a child may stand abashed after droppin...	6.26	292	false
abash	abash	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abash is an English transitive verb meaning to cause someone to feel embarrassed, disconcerted, or ashamed. In ordinary conversation it is relatively formal or literary, but it remains productive in prose, poetry, and academic writing when a precise distinction is useful. Its related adjective, abashed, describes a per...	12.97	343	false
abasing	abasing	tier3	simplex	neutral	plain	Abasing Abasing refers to the act or process of lowering someone's dignity, status, or self-respect, often through language, behavior, or social penalties. The verb abase signals a transfer of standing within social hierarchies and moral judgments, and the noun form abasing denotes the ongoing process rather than a si...	null	385	true
abasing	abasing	tier3	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abasing means lowering someone's dignity, place, or pride. It can happen through words, actions, or punishments. The verb abase means taking away someone's social standing. The noun abasing describes this as a continuing process. Scholars study abasing in social life, the mind, language, and right and wrong. They ask w...	7.07	351	false
abasing	abasing	tier3	simplex	college	plain	Abasing is the act or process of diminishing another person’s dignity, status, or self-respect through speech, conduct, or social sanctions. The verb abase implies a transfer of standing within social hierarchies and systems of moral judgment, while the noun abasing denotes an ongoing process rather than a single incid...	16.07	377	false
abate	abate	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abate abate is a versatile verb that means to become less intense, to lessen in amount or force, or to cause something to decrease. In everyday speech we might say the storm began to abate, the noise finally abated, or a pain slowly abated. In more formal or academic writing, the term often appears with nouns such as ...	null	337	true
abate	abate	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abate means to become less strong, large, or harmful, or to make something decrease. A storm, loud noise, or pain can abate slowly. The word often describes a change that happens over time. Abate can describe weather, noise, worry, or other problems becoming weaker or less common. It can also mean reducing a burden, n...	7.44	188	false
abate	abate	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abate is a versatile verb meaning to become less intense, extensive, or burdensome, or to cause something to decrease. In ordinary usage, a storm, noise, or pain may abate. The verb generally presents reduction as a process rather than an abrupt change. In formal and academic contexts, it commonly occurs with nouns suc...	12.89	272	false
abatement	abatement	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Core concept and significance Abatement refers to the act or process of reducing, preventing, or eliminating something undesirable. In general usage, it denotes a deliberate diminution of severity, presence, or intensity. The concept is central to environmental policy, public health, and law, where institutions design...	null	380	true
abatement	abatement	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abatement means making something bad smaller, weaker, or gone. People use it to lower harm in nature, health, and law. Groups plan actions and measure their results to help people. The word came from old French and once meant to beat down or make smaller. Environmental abatement lowers dirty air, water, or gases that ...	6.79	305	false
abatement	abatement	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abatement is the deliberate reduction, prevention, or elimination of an undesirable condition. In ordinary usage, it denotes a decrease in severity, extent, or intensity. The concept is important in environmental policy, public health, and law, where institutions design interventions intended to produce measurable redu...	15.65	376	false
abattoir	abattoir	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abattoir Abattoir denotes a facility where animals are slaughtered for food production within a regulated supply chain. In many contexts it is synonymous with a slaughterhouse, though terminology and regulatory distinctions vary by country. The abattoir functions as the operational hinge between farming and meat proce...	null	332	true
abattoir	abattoir	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	An abattoir is a place where animals are killed for food. It works in a controlled food system and is also called a slaughterhouse in many places. The name and rules can differ between countries. An abattoir connects farms with meat plants. Workers kill animals humanely, prepare the carcasses, and keep them clean. Thes...	7.84	348	false
abattoir	abattoir	tier2	simplex	college	plain	An abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered for food within a regulated supply chain. In many contexts, the term is synonymous with slaughterhouse, although terminology and regulatory distinctions vary by country. The abattoir forms the operational link between farming and meat processing: it carries out hu...	15.92	341	false
abba	abba	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	abba is a Semitic term of address meaning “father”, best known from its appearance in the Aramaic sections of the New Testament, where it is used as a vocative for God. In its original Aramaic context (ʾabbā), the word functions as an intimate yet respectful way of saying “father,” comparable to “dear father” rather th...	null	213	true
abba	abba	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	Abba is a Semitic word, a word from languages like Aramaic, meaning “father.” It appears in the New Testament when people speak to God. In Aramaic, abba shows love and respect, like saying “dear father.” It does not mean a little child’s “daddy.” New Testament writers kept abba in Greek letters. They often added ho pat...	6.19	161	false
abba	abba	tier2	simplex	college	plain	Abba is a Semitic term of address meaning “father,” best known from its use in the Aramaic passages of the New Testament as a vocative addressed to God. In its original Aramaic form, ʾabbā, it expresses both intimacy and respect, closer to “dear father” than to the childish “daddy.” New Testament writers preserve ἀββᾶ ...	12.96	200	false
abbasid	abbasid	tier2	proper_noun	neutral	plain	Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate refers to the dynasty that ruled a vast Islamic empire from about 750 to 1258 CE, with a later ceremonial revival in Cairo into the early modern period. Descended from al-‘Abbās, the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad regime and redirected political power t...	null	443	true
abbasid	abbasid	tier2	proper_noun	grade_5	plain	The Abbasid Caliphate was a ruling family that led a large Muslim state. It ruled from about 750 to 1258. A caliphate is a Muslim state led by a caliph. A later Abbasid line held a formal role in Cairo until 1517. The Abbasids came from al-Abbas, Muhammad’s uncle. They defeated the Umayyads and moved power toward the e...	7.44	357	false
abbasid	abbasid	tier2	proper_noun	college	plain	The Abbasid Caliphate was the dynasty that ruled a vast Islamic empire from approximately 750 to 1258 CE, followed by a ceremonial Abbasid line in Cairo that lasted until 1517. Claiming descent from al-‘Abbas, the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad regime and shifted the center of political po...	15.66	427	false
abbess	abbess	tier2	simplex	neutral	plain	Abbess An abbess is the female superior of a community of nuns in many Christian traditions, serving a role analogous to the male abbot. The office combines spiritual authority with practical governance, extending over the life of the monastery, its members, and often its allies in the surrounding locality. In monasti...	null	395	true
abbess	abbess	tier2	simplex	grade_5	plain	An abbess leads a community of nuns in many Christian churches. She has a role like an abbot, who leads monks. She guides prayer, daily work, and life in the monastery, a religious home for nuns. She trains new nuns and manages the community’s land, money, and messages. She also cares for sick and elderly members. The...	8.33	235	false

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

OpenGloss v2.0 — Encyclopedia

The long-form entry-level prose of OpenGloss v2.0, one row per rendition. The encyclopedia config holds the 300–500-word article about each headword, written at up to five reading levels; the explanation config holds the shorter "why this word" lexical explanation. Both are entry-level: they are about the headword as a whole and are never a stand-in for one sense of a polysemous entry (D-71). Etymology has its own repo, opengloss-v2.0-etymology.

Part of the OpenGloss v2.0 release family — 15 datasets built from one store of 54,724 lexemes and 137,314 live senses, all joinable on derived ids. See Related datasets for the rest.

What's new in v2.0 vs v1.3

Schema v3. Every lexeme carries a kind discriminator (simplex, compound, phrasal verb, idiom, proper noun, abbreviation, affix, function word); every sense carries a controlled domain leaf from a fixed ~160-leaf taxonomy instead of free text; every example carries the character span of the headword occurrence inside it.
Renditions, not one string. A definition is a set: the canonical one plus rewrites at four reading levels and in four registers, each produced in a single call from the canonical text so they say the same thing at different altitudes.
A sense graph, not a word graph. Typed relations resolve to sense ids wherever the target's entry exists in the release, so bank --hypernym--> financial institution points at a meaning rather than at a string.
Retrieval data is first-class. Synthetic per-sense queries in eight styles, grounded QA pairs, mined word-in-context pairs, MS MARCO-style triples with graph-derived hard negatives, and graded TREC qrels — all derivable from, and consistent with, the same entries.
Derivable identifiers everywhere. v1.3 published a positional id for lexemes and senses (3d_model_noun_0) and nothing below that. v2.0 gives every rendition, edge, query, QA pair and provenance record an id computable from the row alone, and never renumbers: a retired sense is tombstoned, so the ids after it keep their meaning.
Per-field provenance. Which model wrote a field, how many tokens it took, what it cost — published as its own dataset.

Scope: fewer headwords, far more per headword

v2.0 is not a superset of v1.3. It covers 54,724 lexemes — a frequency-ranked subset of v1.3's 205,983 — and spends the difference on depth. If you need breadth of vocabulary, use v1.3; if you need graded renditions, resolved relations, spans, or retrieval supervision, use v2.0.

	v1.3	v2.0
Lexemes	205,983	54,724
Senses	565,604	137,314
Definition renditions per sense	1 canonical	1 canonical + up to 8 graded
Relation targets	bare strings	resolved to sense ids
Retrieval training data	companion sets	queries, QA, triples, qrels
Per-field provenance	no	model, tokens and cost per call

Key statistics


Lexemes	54,724
Live senses	137,314
Rows in this dataset	238,896
Encyclopedia renditions	184,172
Lexical explanations	54,724
Mean article length	305 words

By tier

Tier	Lexemes	Live senses
`core`	10,000	34,015
`tier2`	31,886	76,855
`tier3`	12,838	26,444

Coverage by tier

The release was built in three frequency-ranked passes and they did not all receive the same stages. This table is per-field and per-tier so the gaps are visible rather than averaged away.

Field	Of	`core`	`tier2`	`tier3`
Canonical gloss	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Controlled domain tag	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Gloss at 4 reading levels	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.9%
Gloss in 4 registers	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
At least one example	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.8%
Examples at 4 reading levels	sense	99.0%	99.6%	99.8%
At least one relation	sense	96.8%	97.3%	98.0%
Synthetic retrieval queries	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Grounded QA pairs	sense	99.8%	99.6%	0.0%
Etymology	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%
Lexical explanation	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia (neutral)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia at grade 5 + college (core entries also carry grade 1 and grade 10)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Contrast paragraphs	lexeme	72.8%	55.1%	0.0%

Files

Files	Config	Rows	Shards	Size
`data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet`	encyclopedia	184,172	1	125.1 MB
`data/explanation/train-*.parquet`	explanation	54,724	1	19.6 MB

Fields

Config `encyclopedia`

184,172 rows, one row per encyclopedia rendition.

Field	Type	Description
`lexeme_id`	`string`	Entry id: `slugify(headword)`. Join key across the family.
`headword`	`string`	The entry's surface headword.
`tier`	`string`	`core` (frequency ranks 1–10K), `tier2` (10K–50K) or `tier3` (the folded remainder); see the coverage table.
`kind`	`string`	The entry's lexeme kind.
`reading_level`	`string`	The rendition's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The rendition's register.
`text`	`string`	The article or explanation at this (reading level, register).
`readability_grade`	`double`	Measured Flesch-Kincaid grade, when recorded.
`n_words`	`int32`	Whitespace-delimited word count of `text`.
`is_canonical`	`bool`	True for the `(neutral, plain)` rendition.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "aaa",
  "headword": "aaa",
  "tier": "core",
  "kind": "proper_noun",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "The string AAA operates as a cross-domain acronym and symbol in contemporary discourse, illustrating how a simple three-letter sequence can encode multiple high-salience concepts. While the all-lowercase form aaa often appears as a neutral placeholder or in instructional examples, the capitalized variant AAA signals do … [truncated for this card]",
  "readability_grade": null,
  "n_words": 343,
  "is_canonical": true
}

Config `explanation`

54,724 rows, one row per lexical-explanation rendition.

Field	Type	Description
`lexeme_id`	`string`	Entry id: `slugify(headword)`. Join key across the family.
`headword`	`string`	The entry's surface headword.
`tier`	`string`	`core` (frequency ranks 1–10K), `tier2` (10K–50K) or `tier3` (the folded remainder); see the coverage table.
`kind`	`string`	The entry's lexeme kind.
`reading_level`	`string`	The rendition's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The rendition's register.
`text`	`string`	The article or explanation at this (reading level, register).
`readability_grade`	`double`	Measured Flesch-Kincaid grade, when recorded.
`n_words`	`int32`	Whitespace-delimited word count of `text`.
`is_canonical`	`bool`	True for the `(neutral, plain)` rendition.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "aaa",
  "headword": "aaa",
  "tier": "core",
  "kind": "proper_noun",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "AAA is a noun used chiefly as an abbreviation for the American Automobile Association, a nonprofit federation of motor clubs in the United States and Canada that offers roadside assistance, travel services, insurance, and related consumer support. In financial and rating contexts, AAA also denotes the highest possible  … [truncated for this card]",
  "readability_grade": null,
  "n_words": 148,
  "is_canonical": true
}

Loading it

from datasets import load_dataset

# configs: "encyclopedia", "explanation"
ds = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia", "encyclopedia", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0])

The shards are plain parquet, so nothing forces you through datasets — read them straight, locally or over hf://:

import polars as pl

df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia/data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet")
print(df.head())

import duckdb

duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia/data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet'").show()

The same article at five reading levels

from datasets import load_dataset

enc = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia", "encyclopedia", split="train")
one = enc.filter(lambda row: row["lexeme_id"] == "abseil")
for row in sorted(one, key=lambda r: r["reading_level"]):
    print(row["reading_level"], "-", row["n_words"], "words")
    print(row["text"][:200], "...\n")

Identifiers, and how they compose

Every id is derived from structure, never randomly minted, so a consumer can recompute one from a row and join across the whole family without a lookup table. Sense positions are stable across regenerations: a retired sense is tombstoned, not removed, so the indices after it never shift.

Id	Shape	Example
Lexeme	`slugify(headword)`	`abseil`
Sense	`{lexeme_id}:{pos}:{index}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0`
Rendition	`{owner_id}#{reading_level}/{register}`	`abseil:verb:0#grade_5/plain`
Entry-level owner	`{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia` / `:explanation`	`abseil:encyclopedia`
Edge	`{source_sense_id}-{type}->{target_lexeme_id}`	`abseil:verb:0-synonym->rappel`
Query	`{sense_id}#q{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#q3`
QA pair	`{sense_id}#qa{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#qa3`
Provenance record	`p{n}` within its entry (one-based)	`p12`

An edge id keys on the target's slug, not on the target's sense, so resolving a target never changes the id of the edge that found it.

Reading levels and registers

A rendition is keyed on a (reading_level, register) pair. The canonical rendition of every field is (neutral, plain); everything else is a rewrite of it.

`reading_level`	Who it is written for	Rough CCSS band
`neutral`	The canonical text: an adult general reader, no level targeted	—
`grade_1`	Beginning readers; short sentences, common words	K–1
`grade_5`	Upper elementary	4–5
`grade_10`	Secondary	9–10
`college`	Undergraduate and above; technical vocabulary allowed	11–CCR

`register`	What changes	Reading it
`plain`	Nothing — the neutral register	The default
`informal`	Conversational, contractions, everyday words	How you'd say it to a friend
`formal`	Full forms, precise hedging, no contractions	How you'd write it in a report
`technical`	Domain vocabulary, exact conditions	How a specialist would state it
`marketing`	Benefit-first, persuasive framing	A genre, not a formality level

marketing sits on the register axis for convenience but is a genre value rather than a point on the formality scale — worth remembering if you train a formality classifier on this column.

Related datasets

Everything below is built from the same store and joins on lexeme_id / sense_id.

Dataset	Grain	What it holds
`opengloss-v2.0-lexicon`	one row per lexeme	One row per lexeme: kind, morphology, etymology, encyclopedia, contrasts, sense ids, provenance summary.
`opengloss-v2.0-senses`	one row per live sense	One row per live sense: canonical gloss, 8 gloss renditions, examples, resolved relations, synthetic queries, grounded QA pairs.
`opengloss-v2.0-definitions`	one row per gloss rendition	One row per gloss rendition (canonical included): reading level, register, text, readability grade.
`opengloss-v2.0-examples`	one row per example rendition	One row per example sentence with the headword's character span, its reading level and register.
`opengloss-v2.0-encyclopedia` (this one)	one row per encyclopedia rendition · one row per lexical-explanation rendition	One row per encyclopedia article rendition, plus an `explanation` config for the "why this word" prose.
`opengloss-v2.0-etymology`	one row per entry with an etymology	One row per entry with an etymology: prose summary, ordered language trail, cognates, references.
`opengloss-v2.0-relations`	one row per live relation edge · one row per removed relation edge	One row per semantic edge, resolved to target sense ids; a `tombstoned` config recovers the edges the reconcile pass removed.
`opengloss-v2.0-queries`	one row per synthetic query	One row per synthetic retrieval query, across eight query styles, tagged to the sense it should retrieve.
`opengloss-v2.0-qa-pairs`	one row per question/answer pair	One row per grounded question/answer pair, with the rendition ids the answer cites.
`opengloss-v2.0-contrasts`	one row per contrast paragraph	One row per "X vs Y" paragraph on a synonym/antonym/confusable edge, with a verdict on the edge.
`opengloss-v2.0-provenance`	one row per provenance record	One row per recorded generation call: stage, model, tokens, cost, run id — the audit trail.
`opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-pairs`	one row per mined pair	Word-in-context and doc2query-shaped (text_a, text_b, label) pairs mined from the store for free.
`opengloss-v2.0-retrieval-triples`	one row per (query, positive, negative) triple	MS MARCO-style (query, positive, negative) triples whose hard negatives come from the graph.
`opengloss-v2.0-qrels`	one row per query, with its whole graded candidate list · one row per document in the retrieval corpus	Graded TREC relevance judgements (0–3) plus the document corpus and listwise candidate lists.
`opengloss-v2.0-pretrain`	one row per rendered document	Entries serialised into plain-prose dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and usage-note documents.

Known limitations

It is synthetic. Every string here was written by a language model against a schema, not transcribed from a corpus or checked by a lexicographer. It is well-formed and internally consistent; it is not attested usage, and it will contain confident errors. Do not use it as ground truth about what a word means.
Judge scores 70.2/100 (core + tier 2) and 66.7/100 (tier 3). A different model family (Claude Opus) scored fixed 40-entry stratified samples at the close of each build. Sample statistics, not per-entry guarantees, and the judge is itself a model.
Relation precision is the weakest axis. Relations were judged for validity and the ones that failed were demoted rather than asserted; symmetric reciprocity finished at 98.0% for synonyms and 99.1% for antonyms, and 3,709 senses were left with no relation at all. Treat a single edge as a hypothesis, not a fact; treat the aggregate graph as usable.
Tier 3 is deliberately partial. 12,838 lexemes received the text stages (glosses, examples, encyclopedia) but not the queries, QA pairs, contrasts or register renditions. The coverage table above gives the exact per-field share; nothing is hidden behind an average.
The encyclopedia is entry-level. One article per headword, about the headword as a whole. On a polysemous entry it is not a description of any one sense, and it is never used as a positive for one (D-71). It is entry-level reference prose, not a specialist article.

Citation

@misc{bommarito2025opengloss,
  title  = {OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph},
  author = {Bommarito, Michael J., II},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.18622},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18622}
}

License

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Attribution to the OpenGloss project is required; commercial use is permitted.