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The depth maps are derived from ImageNet images. By requesting access you agree to the ImageNet terms of access (https://www.image-net.org/download.php): use only for non-commercial research and educational purposes, no redistribution. The disparities were predicted with Depth Anything V2 Large, which is licensed CC-BY-NC-4.0.

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DeFM benchmark: ImageNet-1k (ILSVRC 2012)

Relative disparity predicted by Depth Anything V2 (ViT-L, input size 518) for every ImageNet-1k train and validation image, truncated to uint16 and stored as lossless 16-bit PNG at the original image resolution (larger = closer). Used for kNN and linear-probe classification.

This is the version used in the benchmarks of DeFM: Learning Foundation Representations from Depth for Robotics (1,281,167 train, 50,000 validation). The original data is from ImageNet-1k (ILSVRC 2012); please cite it (below) together with DeFM.

Use

git clone https://github.com/leggedrobotics/defm && cd defm && pip install -e ".[benchmarks]"
python -m benchmarks.classification --encoder defm_vit_s14

The benchmark downloads this dataset automatically. Class names are in meta.json.

Format

data/<split>-XXXXX-of-XXXXX.parquet:

column type content
id string ImageNet file stem
label class label class index 0..999 (sorted WordNet ids, see meta.json)
depth image 16-bit PNG, uint16 relative disparity

Citation

@misc{patel2026defm,
  title={DeFM: Learning Foundation Representations from Depth for Robotics},
  author={Manthan Patel and Jonas Frey and Mayank Mittal and Fan Yang and Alexander Hansson and Amir Bar and Cesar Cadena and Marco Hutter},
  year={2026}, eprint={2601.18923}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.RO}, url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18923}
}

@inproceedings{deng2009imagenet, title={ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database}, author={Deng, Jia and Dong, Wei and Socher, Richard and Li, Li-Jia and Li, Kai and Fei-Fei, Li}, booktitle={CVPR}, year={2009}}

@inproceedings{yang2024depthv2, title={Depth Anything V2}, author={Yang, Lihe and Kang, Bingyi and Huang, Zilong and Zhao, Zhen and Xu, Xiaogang and Feng, Jiashi and Zhao, Hengshuang}, booktitle={NeurIPS}, year={2024}}
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