Datasets:

SaneCite
/

retraction-census

pair_id stringlengths 17 20	retracted_pmid int64 1.31M 38.7M	retracted_doi stringlengths 11 67 ⌀	retraction_year int64 1.99k 2.02k	retraction_reason stringclasses 4 values	field stringclasses 5 values	citing_pmcid stringlengths 9 11	citing_year int64 2k 2.03k	citing_journal stringlengths 3 61	label stringclasses 4 values	label_strict stringclasses 4 values	label_lenient stringclasses 4 values	panel_route stringclasses 3 values	ref_list_says_retracted bool 2 classes	n_contexts int64 1 3	wrong_record bool 2 classes
33361940>PMC8883431	33,361,940	10.1364/ao.412267	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	other fields	PMC8883431	2,022	Front Chem	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
29267505>PMC8016124	29,267,505	10.1590/1414-431x20176812	2,018	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC8016124	2,021	FEBS Open Bio	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
29267505>PMC7598990	29,267,505	10.1590/1414-431x20176812	2,018	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC7598990	2,020	Drug Deliv	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
29267505>PMC6757036	29,267,505	10.1590/1414-431x20176812	2,018	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC6757036	2,019	Sci Rep	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
31933941>PMC13065844	31,933,941	unavailable	2,022	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC13065844	2,026	Sci Rep	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
31933941>PMC10565042	31,933,941	unavailable	2,022	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC10565042	2,023	Front Pharmacol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	3	false
31933941>PMC10521554	31,933,941	unavailable	2,022	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC10521554	2,023	Reprod Biol Endocrinol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
31933941>PMC10070735	31,933,941	unavailable	2,022	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC10070735	2,023	Front Oncol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC12295632	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC12295632	2,025	Int J Mol Sci	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC8327146	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC8327146	2,021	Acta Naturae	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	2	false
15365812>PMC7990461	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC7990461	2,021	Brain Plast	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC7197228	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC7197228	2,020	Med Sci Monit	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
15365812>PMC7070543	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC7070543	2,020	Antioxidants (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
15365812>PMC6627573	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC6627573	2,019	Int J Mol Sci	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC6213751	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC6213751	2,018	Int J Mol Sci	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC5655138	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC5655138	2,017	Elife	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC5378346	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC5378346	2,017	PLoS One	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
15365812>PMC4797317	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC4797317	2,016	J Transl Med	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC4121344	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC4121344	2,014	Int J Mol Med	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC4135227	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC4135227	2,014	Int J Med Sci	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	3	false
15365812>PMC3422290	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3422290	2,012	PLoS One	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	2	false
15365812>PMC3762274	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3762274	2,012	Biomol Ther (Seoul)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC3100305	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3100305	2,011	PLoS One	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
15365812>PMC3405326	15,365,812	10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y	2,005	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3405326	2,010	EPMA J	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
25499944>PMC11193219	25,499,944	10.1016/j.jacl.2014.08.001	2,021	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC11193219	2,024	Lipids Health Dis	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
16838032>PMC10622502	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC10622502	2,023	Signal Transduct Target Ther	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
16838032>PMC5431871	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC5431871	2,017	Sci Rep	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
16838032>PMC5036478	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC5036478	2,015	Sci Technol Adv Mater	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
16838032>PMC4141964	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC4141964	2,014	Nanoscale Res Lett	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
16838032>PMC4067374	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC4067374	2,014	J Transl Med	substantive	substantive	substantive	majority	false	2	false
16838032>PMC7127606	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC7127606	2,014	Sens Actuators B Chem	perfunctory	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
16838032>PMC3356177	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3356177	2,012	Int J Nanomedicine	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
16838032>PMC5448908	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC5448908	2,012	Materials (Basel)	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	3	false
16838032>PMC3210734	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3210734	2,011	Nanoscale Res Lett	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
16838032>PMC3130907	16,838,032	10.1038/sj.gt.3302808	2,007	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC3130907	2,011	Pharm Res	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	2	false
10095981>PMC10010063	10,095,981	10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00122-x	2,004	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC10010063	2,023	BMC Res Notes	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
10095981>PMC5878093	10,095,981	10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00122-x	2,004	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC5878093	2,018	Cureus	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	2	false
18838655>PMC6714429	18,838,655	10.1001/archpedi.162.10.994	2,018	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	other fields	PMC6714429	2,019	Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act	aware	aware	aware	unanimous	false	1	false
26062664>PMC9953943	26,062,664	10.3892/or.2015.4051	2,022	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC9953943	2,023	Cancers (Basel)	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	2	false
24059454>PMC10929608	24,059,454	10.1021/am402415g	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	other fields	PMC10929608	2,024	Nanoscale Adv	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	3	false
24059454>PMC8839953	24,059,454	10.1021/am402415g	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	other fields	PMC8839953	2,022	Polymers (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
33154675>PMC12421941	33,154,675	10.2147/cmar.s268222	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC12421941	2,025	Cureus	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
33154675>PMC11294653	33,154,675	10.2147/cmar.s268222	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC11294653	2,024	J Microbiol Biotechnol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
14689513>PMC9156798	14,689,513	10.1002/ajhb.10233	2,004	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC9156798	2,022	Front Psychol	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
14689513>PMC8150933	14,689,513	10.1002/ajhb.10233	2,004	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC8150933	2,021	Life (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
35669664>PMC11460637	35,669,664	10.1155/2022/7589493	2,023	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC11460637	2,024	Brain Behav	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
35845129>PMC11099427	35,845,129	10.1155/2022/6957580	2,023	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	health sciences only	PMC11099427	2,024	World J Gastrointest Oncol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
31415103>PMC12865028	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC12865028	2,026	Sci Rep	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
31415103>PMC12476620	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC12476620	2,025	World J Cardiol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
31415103>PMC12184675	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC12184675	2,025	PeerJ	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
31415103>PMC9714559	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC9714559	2,022	Front Genet	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
31415103>PMC9649308	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC9649308	2,022	Cardiovasc Ther	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	true	1	false
31415103>PMC9356669	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC9356669	2,022	Clin Immunol	perfunctory	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
31415103>PMC8703918	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC8703918	2,021	Microorganisms	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
31415103>PMC7822705	31,415,103	10.1002/clc.23246	2,020	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC7822705	2,021	Mediators Inflamm	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
32009795>PMC10260504	32,009,795	10.2147/ott.s215674	2,020	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC10260504	2,023	Thorac Cancer	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
32009795>PMC7871354	32,009,795	10.2147/ott.s215674	2,020	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC7871354	2,021	Technol Cancer Res Treat	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
36275965>PMC12484691	36,275,965	10.1155/2022/5489084	2,023	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC12484691	2,025	Sci Rep	aware	aware	aware	majority	false	2	false
36275965>PMC10823080	36,275,965	10.1155/2022/5489084	2,023	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC10823080	2,024	Heliyon	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	2	false
29687860>PMC10073244	29,687,860	10.26355/eurrev_201804_14733	2,022	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC10073244	2,023	Mol Aspects Med	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
33828823>PMC11239690	33,828,823	10.1155/2021/5511299	2,023	error or unreliable results	health sciences only	PMC11239690	2,024	Heliyon	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
35437447>PMC11753036	35,437,447	10.1155/2022/1940188	2,023	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	health sciences only	PMC11753036	2,025	BMC Public Health	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
35437447>PMC12304645	35,437,447	10.1155/2022/1940188	2,023	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	health sciences only	PMC12304645	2,025	Inquiry	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
34007529>PMC10218695	34,007,529	10.24926/iip.v10i1.1639	2,019	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	health sciences only	PMC10218695	2,023	Healthcare (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	2	false
33400954>PMC9936872	33,400,954	10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.020	2,022	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC9936872	2,023	Int J Gen Med	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
31384694>PMC11658168	31,384,694	10.1016/j.chempr.2019.05.013	2,023	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	other fields	PMC11658168	2,024	J Nanobiotechnology	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC12858375	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC12858375	2,026	Aquac Nutr	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC12401402	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC12401402	2,025	Ann Med Surg (Lond)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC11369029	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC11369029	2,024	Animal Model Exp Med	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC10004795	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC10004795	2,023	Molecules	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	2	false
25807561>PMC9311541	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC9311541	2,022	Antioxidants (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC8125565	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC8125565	2,021	Molecules	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC7570803	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC7570803	2,020	Molecules	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC6801406	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC6801406	2,019	Int J Mol Sci	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC6517918	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC6517918	2,019	Int J Environ Res Public Health	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	2	false
25807561>PMC6415407	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC6415407	2,018	Polymers (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
25807561>PMC6695064	25,807,561	10.1371/journal.pone.0121549	2,017	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life and health sciences	PMC6695064	2,018	J Taibah Univ Med Sci	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
28535539>PMC10217809	28,535,539	10.1159/000477314	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC10217809	2,023	Genes (Basel)	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
28535539>PMC9038766	28,535,539	10.1159/000477314	2,021	misconduct, fabrication or duplication	basic life sciences only	PMC9038766	2,022	ISME J	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
21489987>PMC10138296	21,489,987	10.1074/jbc.m111.231878	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC10138296	2,023	Genes (Basel)	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	3	false
21489987>PMC10063883	21,489,987	10.1074/jbc.m111.231878	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC10063883	2,023	Front Immunol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC13021845	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC13021845	2,026	Front Public Health	perfunctory	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	1	false
38348426>PMC12975873	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC12975873	2,026	Front Public Health	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC11745242	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC11745242	2,024	Ann Indian Acad Neurol	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC10603506	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC10603506	2,023	BMJ Open Qual	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC9838838	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC9838838	2,023	PLoS One	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC10435400	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC10435400	2,023	Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC10685727	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC10685727	2,023	Arch Iran Med	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	2	false
38348426>PMC9406978	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC9406978	2,022	Curr Oncol	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	2	false
38348426>PMC9277930	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC9277930	2,022	World J Surg Oncol	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC8793115	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC8793115	2,022	Ther Adv Chronic Dis	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC9095515	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC9095515	2,022	Patient	substantive	perfunctory	substantive	majority	false	2	false
38348426>PMC6849239	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC6849239	2,019	BMC Health Serv Res	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC6112388	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC6112388	2,018	BMJ Open	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
38348426>PMC6137624	38,348,426	10.7759/cureus.1047	2,017	administrative (no fault found in the science)	health sciences only	PMC6137624	2,018	Int J Integr Care	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false
32035086>PMC12397320	32,035,086	10.1016/j.exer.2020.107960	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC12397320	2,025	Commun Biol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
32035086>PMC11292528	32,035,086	10.1016/j.exer.2020.107960	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC11292528	2,024	Heliyon	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
32035086>PMC9816416	32,035,086	10.1016/j.exer.2020.107960	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC9816416	2,022	Front Cell Dev Biol	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
32035086>PMC9606684	32,035,086	10.1016/j.exer.2020.107960	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC9606684	2,022	Front Genet	substantive	substantive	substantive	unanimous	false	1	false
32035086>PMC8974164	32,035,086	10.1016/j.exer.2020.107960	2,020	error or unreliable results	basic life and health sciences	PMC8974164	2,022	Bioengineered	perfunctory	perfunctory	perfunctory	unanimous	false	1	false

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

SaneCite retraction census: citation labels

One row per pair of a retracted biomedical paper and an open-access paper that cited it after the retraction, with the label AI models gave the citing text. This is a mirror of the census data for easy loading. The citable record is the Zenodo archive, and the method is in the preprint:

Preprint: Joseph S. "Retracted, still cited as support: a census of post-retraction citations to 22,483 retracted biomedical papers." MetaArXiv, 2026. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/uwqxa_v1
Protocol, code and full data (citable): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23358099 and https://github.com/MrSaneApps/sanecite-retraction-census
Project: https://sanecite.com (the named Lists built on this census: https://sanecite.com/lists)

Please cite the Zenodo record and the preprint, not this mirror.

Files

File	What it is
`citations.csv`	The census rows (one per retracted paper and citing paper), as served on sanecite.com, plus `wrong_record`
`census.json`	The published census counts and rates
`codebook.md`	The questions the models answered and the fixed rule that turns the answers into a label

Labels

`label` in the file	Name on sanecite.com and in the paper
`substantive`	cited as support
`perfunctory`	mentioned in passing
`aware`	flagged as retracted or unreliable
`unclear`	could not be judged

label_strict and label_lenient are the bands for passages where the models disagreed: strict counts a passage as cited as support only if no model said mentioned in passing; lenient counts it if any model said cited as support. panel_route says whether the models agreed (unanimous), two of three did (majority), or no two did (split, where a fixed model breaks the tie; see scripts/panel.py in the census repository). ref_list_says_retracted is true when the citing paper's published reference list marks the work as retracted. Such marks are often added automatically during publication, so they do not show that the authors knew.

The labels are AI readings and provisional: the paper reports how they compare with a separate model's blind labels and with published hand-confirmed labels. They describe how a citation is used in the text, not why. A label is not a finding of misconduct by anyone.

The 20 October 2026 correction

Twelve rows were matched to the wrong Retraction Watch record (the record's PubMed ID points to a different paper). They are kept, as in the census, and marked wrong_record = True; leave them out to get the corrected counts the preprint reports. Details: errata/ in the census repository.

License and sources

The labels and other data SaneCite made are under CC BY 4.0 (credit SaneCite and cite the Zenodo record). Not covered: Retraction Watch fields (retraction_year, retraction_reason), which come from the Retraction Watch database as released by Crossref, under the terms Crossref and Retraction Watch set; and metadata from Europe PMC, PubMed and Crossref, under each service's terms. This file holds no passages from the citing papers; those are in the census repository under each article's own license.

Corrections: letters@sanecite.com.

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