Datasets:

NyayaLabs98
/

nyaya-eval-v0

Modalities:

Text

Formats:

Size:

Libraries:

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions

xet

Community

Dataset Viewer

Auto-converted to Parquet Duplicate

Split (1)

test · 500 rows

id stringlengths 17 17	question stringlengths 15 147	language stringclasses 3 values	legal_domain stringclasses 13 values	task_type stringclasses 6 values	expected_answer stringlengths 15 463	required_facts listlengths 1 4	forbidden_facts listlengths 0 2	difficulty stringclasses 3 values	source stringlengths 18 66	split stringclasses 1 value
nyaya_eval_000001	What is the punishment for murder under current Indian law?	english	bns	legal_qa	Murder is punishable under Section 103(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 with death or imprisonment for life, plus fine.	[ "Section 103 BNS", "death or imprisonment for life" ]	[ "IPC Section 302 as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000002	Does Indian law now have a specific provision for mob lynching?	english	bns	legal_qa	Yes. Section 103(2) BNS specifically punishes murder by a group of five or more persons on grounds like race, caste, community, sex, language or personal belief, with death or life imprisonment and fine.	[ "Section 103(2) BNS", "five or more persons", "ground of race, caste or community" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000003	Is sedition still a crime in India after the new criminal laws?	english	bns	legal_qa	The IPC sedition offence (Section 124A) was not retained. BNS Section 152 instead punishes acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, with imprisonment for life or up to 7 years plus fine. Criticism of the government without inciting such acts is not covered.	[ "Section 124A not retained", "Section 152 BNS", "sovereignty, unity and integrity" ]	[ "sedition under 124A is still in force" ]	hard	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000004	Which section of the new criminal code covers cheating?	english	bns	legal_qa	Cheating is covered by Section 318 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. Where the victim is dishonestly induced to deliver property, Section 318(4) prescribes imprisonment up to 7 years plus fine.	[ "Section 318 BNS" ]	[ "IPC Section 420 as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000005	Someone posing as a bank officer tricked my father into transferring Rs 2 lakh. What offences does this involve?	english	bns	scenario	This is cheating by personation and dishonest inducement to deliver property under Section 318(4) BNS, and cheating by personation using a computer resource under Section 66D of the IT Act. Report immediately on the 1930 cyber fraud helpline and cybercrime.gov.in, and file an FIR.	[ "Section 318(4) BNS", "Section 66D IT Act", "1930 helpline" ]	[]	medium	BNS + IT Act; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000006	Is chain snatching treated differently from ordinary theft now?	english	bns	legal_qa	Yes. The BNS created a separate offence of snatching in Section 304 — sudden, quick or forcible seizure of movable property from a person — punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years and fine, distinct from ordinary theft under Section 303.	[ "Section 304 BNS", "snatching is a distinct offence" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000007	What punishment does a first-time offender face for stealing something worth less than Rs 5,000?	english	bns	legal_qa	For theft of property under Rs 5,000, a first-time offender who returns or restores the property can be punished with community service under the proviso to Section 303(2) BNS, instead of jail.	[ "Section 303 BNS", "community service", "value below Rs 5,000" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000008	What is community service as a punishment in Indian criminal law?	english	bns	terminology	Community service is a new form of punishment introduced by the BNS for petty offences — such as small first-time theft after returning the property, defamation, public misconduct by a drunk person, and attempt to commit suicide to restrain a public servant — where the court orders unpaid work of public utility instead...	[ "community service introduced by BNS", "petty offences" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000009	A speeding car hit and killed a pedestrian, and the driver stopped and reported it to police. What is the maximum punishment?	english	bns	scenario	Causing death by rash or negligent driving, where the driver reports the incident, is punishable under Section 106(1) BNS with imprisonment up to 5 years and fine. It is not murder because there was no intention to kill.	[ "Section 106(1) BNS", "up to 5 years" ]	[ "Section 302", "murder charge for negligent driving" ]	medium	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000010	Is the 10-year jail provision for hit-and-run drivers currently in force?	english	bns	legal_qa	No. Section 106(2) BNS — up to 10 years for fleeing an accident without reporting — was deferred after nationwide transporter protests and has not been brought into force. Section 106(1) (up to 5 years) is in force.	[ "Section 106(2) BNS", "deferred, not in force" ]	[ "106(2) currently enforced" ]	hard	News/legal reporting on 106(2) deferral; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000011	What is 'organised crime' under the new criminal law?	english	bns	terminology	Section 111 BNS, for the first time in the general criminal code, punishes organised crime — continuing unlawful activity like kidnapping, extortion, land grabbing, contract killing, cyber-crime or trafficking, carried out by groups or syndicates for material benefit. If it results in death, punishment can extend to de...	[ "Section 111 BNS", "continuing unlawful activity by a syndicate" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000012	What is 'petty organised crime'?	english	bns	terminology	Section 112 BNS punishes petty organised crime — organised vehicle theft, pickpocketing, snatching, theft in public transport and similar acts committed by groups — with imprisonment of one to seven years and fine.	[ "Section 112 BNS", "organised petty theft or snatching by groups" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000013	Are terrorist acts now covered by the general criminal code?	english	bns	legal_qa	Yes. Section 113 BNS brings terrorist acts into the general criminal code for the first time (previously they were mainly under the UAPA). It covers acts intended to threaten India's unity, integrity, sovereignty, security or economic security or to strike terror, with punishments up to death or life imprisonment.	[ "Section 113 BNS", "terrorist act" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000014	A man had a sexual relationship with a woman by promising marriage he never intended. Is this an offence?	english	bns	scenario	Yes. Section 69 BNS punishes sexual intercourse obtained by deceitful means — including a false promise of marriage made without intention to fulfil it, or false promise of employment or promotion — with imprisonment up to 10 years and fine. Courts require the promise to have been false from the beginning.	[ "Section 69 BNS", "up to 10 years", "promise false from the beginning" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000015	My in-laws harass me daily for dowry. Which criminal provision protects me?	english	bns	scenario	Cruelty by a husband or his relatives is an offence under Section 85 BNS, punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years and fine. You can file an FIR, and also seek civil protection orders under the Domestic Violence Act, 2005. Demanding dowry is separately punishable under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.	[ "Section 85 BNS", "up to 3 years" ]	[ "Section 498A IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000016	What is a dowry death and its punishment under current law?	english	bns	legal_qa	Under Section 80 BNS, if a woman dies of burns or unnatural causes within 7 years of marriage and she faced dowry-related cruelty or harassment soon before death, it is dowry death, punishable with imprisonment of at least 7 years, extendable to life.	[ "Section 80 BNS", "within 7 years of marriage", "minimum 7 years imprisonment" ]	[ "Section 304B IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000017	What is the minimum punishment for rape under the BNS?	english	bns	legal_qa	Rape is punishable under Section 64 BNS with rigorous imprisonment of not less than 10 years, extendable to life imprisonment, plus fine.	[ "Section 64 BNS", "minimum 10 years" ]	[ "Section 376 IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000018	What punishment does gang rape attract under current law?	english	bns	legal_qa	Gang rape is punishable under Section 70 BNS with rigorous imprisonment of at least 20 years, extendable to life. Where the victim is a woman under 18, Section 70(2) provides life imprisonment for the remainder of natural life or death.	[ "Section 70 BNS", "minimum 20 years" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000019	A colleague keeps making sexually coloured remarks despite my objections. Is this a criminal offence?	english	bns	scenario	Yes. Sexually coloured remarks and unwelcome sexual advances are sexual harassment under Section 75 BNS, punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years or fine or both. At a workplace, you can also complain to the Internal Committee under the POSH Act, 2013.	[ "Section 75 BNS", "POSH Act complaint option" ]	[ "Section 354A IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000020	Someone secretly filmed a woman in a changing room. What offence is this?	english	bns	scenario	Watching or capturing images of a woman engaged in a private act is voyeurism under Section 77 BNS (first conviction 1-3 years). Sharing such images also attracts Section 66E of the IT Act and, for obscene content, Section 67.	[ "Section 77 BNS", "voyeurism" ]	[ "Section 354C IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000021	A man follows me home from work every day and messages me constantly despite my clear refusal. What can I do legally?	english	bns	scenario	This is stalking under Section 78 BNS — following a woman or monitoring her despite clear disinterest — punishable up to 3 years for the first conviction and 5 years for repeat offences. File an FIR at any police station; online stalking is equally covered.	[ "Section 78 BNS", "stalking" ]	[ "Section 354D IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000022	Which BNS section punishes assault on a woman with intent to outrage her modesty?	english	bns	legal_qa	Section 74 BNS punishes assault or criminal force against a woman with intent to outrage her modesty, with imprisonment of 1 to 5 years plus fine.	[ "Section 74 BNS" ]	[ "Section 354 IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000023	Is making obscene gestures or remarks at a woman on the street an offence?	english	bns	legal_qa	Yes. Any word, sound, gesture or object intended to insult the modesty of a woman is punishable under Section 79 BNS with simple imprisonment up to 3 years plus fine.	[ "Section 79 BNS" ]	[ "Section 509 IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000024	What is the punishment for attempt to murder?	english	bns	legal_qa	Attempt to murder is punishable under Section 109 BNS with imprisonment up to 10 years and fine; if hurt is caused in the attempt, punishment can extend to imprisonment for life.	[ "Section 109 BNS" ]	[ "Section 307 IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000025	My neighbour slapped me during an argument. What offence is this and what is the punishment?	english	bns	scenario	Voluntarily causing hurt is punishable under Section 115(2) BNS with imprisonment up to 1 year or fine up to Rs 10,000 or both. You can file a complaint or FIR; simple hurt cases are also compoundable (can be settled).	[ "Section 115(2) BNS" ]	[ "Section 323 IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000026	What is the difference between hurt and grievous hurt?	english	bns	terminology	Hurt is causing bodily pain, disease or infirmity. Grievous hurt covers specified serious injuries — emasculation, permanent loss of sight or hearing, fracture, permanent disfigurement, or injury causing severe pain or inability to follow ordinary pursuits for 20 days — and attracts higher punishment under the BNS.	[ "grievous hurt includes fracture and permanent damage", "20 days" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 (definitions carried from IPC); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000027	Which provision covers kidnapping under the new criminal code?	english	bns	legal_qa	Kidnapping is covered by Section 137 BNS — kidnapping from India or from lawful guardianship — punishable with imprisonment up to 7 years and fine.	[ "Section 137 BNS" ]	[ "Section 363 IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000028	Someone is threatening to kill me over a property dispute. What offence is this?	english	bns	scenario	Criminal intimidation is punishable under Section 351 BNS — up to 2 years for simple threats, and up to 7 years where the threat is of death or grievous hurt. File an FIR; preserve messages or recordings as evidence.	[ "Section 351 BNS", "higher punishment for death threats" ]	[ "Section 506 IPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000029	Can I be jailed for defaming someone on social media?	english	bns	legal_qa	Yes. Defamation is punishable under Section 356 BNS with simple imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both, or community service. Truth for public good, fair comment and other exceptions apply. The defamed person can also sue for civil damages.	[ "Section 356 BNS", "community service is a possible punishment" ]	[ "Section 500 IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000030	My business partner refuses to return money I entrusted to him for a specific purpose and has used it himself. What offence is this?	english	bns	scenario	Dishonest misappropriation of property entrusted to someone is criminal breach of trust under Section 316 BNS, punishable with imprisonment and fine. You can file an FIR and also pursue civil recovery. Note that a purely commercial non-payment without dishonesty is a civil dispute, not a crime.	[ "Section 316 BNS", "criminal breach of trust" ]	[ "Section 406 IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000031	What is the punishment for robbery?	english	bns	legal_qa	Robbery — theft or extortion with violence or fear of instant harm — is punishable under Section 309 BNS with rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years and fine.	[ "Section 309 BNS" ]	[ "Section 392 IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000032	What does 'common intention' mean in criminal law?	english	bns	terminology	When a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of a common intention, each person is liable as if he did the act alone. This principle, formerly IPC Section 34, is now Section 3(5) of the BNS.	[ "common intention", "each person equally liable" ]	[]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000033	Can a 6-year-old child be prosecuted for a crime?	english	bns	legal_qa	No. Nothing done by a child under 7 years of age is an offence (Section 20 BNS). For children between 7 and 12, liability depends on maturity of understanding. Older children are dealt with under the Juvenile Justice Act, not ordinary criminal courts.	[ "child under 7 cannot commit an offence", "Juvenile Justice Act for children" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 general exceptions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000034	If someone attacks me, how much force can I legally use to defend myself?	english	bns	legal_qa	Every person has a right of private defence of body and property under the BNS. The force must be proportionate to the threat, and can extend even to causing death where there is reasonable apprehension of death, grievous hurt, rape, kidnapping or similar grave offences. The right lasts only while the threat continues.	[ "right of private defence", "proportionate force", "can extend to causing death for grave threats" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 general exceptions (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000035	Is attempting suicide a crime in India now?	english	bns	legal_qa	The general offence of attempted suicide (old IPC 309) was not retained in the BNS, and the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 presumes a person attempting suicide is under severe stress and bars prosecution. Only attempting suicide to compel or restrain a public servant remains punishable (Section 226 BNS).	[ "IPC 309 not retained", "Mental Healthcare Act 2017", "Section 226 BNS exception" ]	[ "attempted suicide generally punishable" ]	hard	BNS 2023 + MHA 2017; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000036	Is adultery a criminal offence in India?	english	bns	legal_qa	No. The Supreme Court struck down the adultery offence in Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018), and the BNS does not criminalise adultery. It remains a ground for divorce in matrimonial law.	[ "adultery not a crime", "Joseph Shine 2018", "ground for divorce" ]	[ "Section 497 IPC still in force" ]	medium	Joseph Shine (2018) + BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000037	What is criminal conspiracy under the BNS?	english	bns	terminology	Criminal conspiracy — an agreement between two or more persons to do an illegal act or a legal act by illegal means — is punishable under Section 61 BNS (formerly IPC 120A/120B).	[ "Section 61 BNS", "agreement between two or more persons" ]	[]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000038	Which provision punishes promoting enmity between religious groups?	english	bns	legal_qa	Section 196 BNS punishes promoting enmity between groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence or language and acts prejudicial to harmony (formerly IPC 153A).	[ "Section 196 BNS" ]	[ "Section 153A IPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000039	What is extortion and how is it different from theft?	english	bns	terminology	Extortion (Section 308 BNS) is intentionally putting a person in fear of injury to dishonestly obtain property or valuables from them — the victim delivers the property under fear. In theft (Section 303 BNS), property is taken without consent, not delivered.	[ "Section 308 BNS extortion", "delivery under fear vs taking without consent" ]	[]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000040	When did the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita replace the Indian Penal Code?	english	bns	legal_qa	The BNS, 2023 came into force on 1 July 2024, replacing the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Offences committed before that date are still tried under the IPC.	[ "1 July 2024", "offences before that date under IPC" ]	[]	easy	BNS 2023 commencement; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000041	How many sections does the BNS have compared to the IPC?	english	bns	legal_qa	The BNS has 358 sections, down from 511 sections in the IPC, with completely reorganised numbering — no major IPC section keeps the same number in the BNS.	[ "358 sections in BNS", "511 sections in IPC" ]	[]	easy	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000042	What is culpable homicide and how is it different from murder?	english	bns	terminology	Culpable homicide is causing death by an act done with the intention or knowledge that it may cause death. Murder is the aggravated form — with intention to kill or knowledge of near-certain death — and carries death or life imprisonment. Culpable homicide not amounting to murder covers less aggravated cases (e.g. sudd...	[ "murder is aggravated culpable homicide", "intention or knowledge distinguishes them" ]	[]	hard	BNS 2023 (concept carried from IPC); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000043	During a sudden quarrel my brother hit a man who died. Is this necessarily murder?	english	bns	scenario	Not necessarily. Death caused without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat of passion may be culpable homicide not amounting to murder, which carries lesser punishment than murder. The exact charge depends on intention, weapon and circumstances — engage a criminal lawyer immediately.	[ "sudden fight exception", "culpable homicide not amounting to murder" ]	[]	hard	BNS 2023 (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000044	What does 'abetment' mean in criminal law?	english	bns	terminology	Abetment means instigating a person to commit an offence, engaging in a conspiracy for it, or intentionally aiding its commission. An abettor can be punished even if the main offence is committed by someone else.	[ "instigating, conspiring or aiding", "abettor punishable" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000045	A mob of six people beat a man to death over suspected cattle theft, targeting him because of his community. What charge applies?	english	bns	scenario	Murder by a group of 5 or more persons on the ground of community is specifically punishable under Section 103(2) BNS with death or life imprisonment and fine — the mob-lynching provision introduced in 2024. Each member of the group is liable.	[ "Section 103(2) BNS", "five or more persons" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000046	Gang members demand monthly 'protection money' from my shop, threatening damage if I refuse. What offences apply?	english	bns	scenario	Demanding money under threat is extortion (Section 308 BNS); done as continuing unlawful activity by a gang or syndicate, it can amount to organised crime under Section 111 BNS with much harsher punishment. File an FIR — police protection can be sought.	[ "Section 308 BNS extortion", "Section 111 BNS organised crime" ]	[]	hard	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000047	A fake astrologer took Rs 50,000 from my mother promising to cure my father's illness. Is this a crime?	english	bns	scenario	Yes. Dishonestly inducing a person to deliver money by deception is cheating under Section 318 BNS — inducement to deliver property attracts up to 7 years under Section 318(4). File an FIR with evidence of payment and the false promises.	[ "Section 318 BNS", "cheating" ]	[]	easy	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000048	What is the punishment for sexual harassment under the BNS?	english	bns	legal_qa	Sexual harassment — physical contact with unwelcome sexual overtures, demands for sexual favours, showing pornography against a woman's will, or sexually coloured remarks — is punishable under Section 75 BNS with imprisonment up to 3 years or fine or both.	[ "Section 75 BNS", "up to 3 years" ]	[]	easy	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000049	Someone morphed my sister's photo obscenely and is threatening to post it unless she pays. What offences are involved?	english	bns	scenario	This involves extortion (Section 308 BNS), and publishing obscene electronic material would attract Section 67 IT Act; violation-of-privacy imaging attracts Section 66E IT Act. Report on cybercrime.gov.in or the 1930 helpline immediately and preserve all messages — do not pay.	[ "Section 308 BNS extortion", "IT Act Section 67", "report to cybercrime.gov.in" ]	[]	medium	BNS + IT Act; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000050	Which BNS provision replaced IPC Section 302, and does the section number 302 mean anything in the BNS?	english	bns	legal_qa	Murder (old IPC 302) is now Section 103 BNS. The number 302 in the BNS belongs to a completely different offence — the renumbering means old section numbers must never be assumed to carry over.	[ "Section 103 BNS is murder", "numbering completely changed" ]	[]	medium	BPRD/MHA IPC-BNS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000051	What is 'rioting' in Indian criminal law?	english	bns	terminology	When force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly (five or more persons with a common illegal object), every member is guilty of rioting, punishable under the BNS with imprisonment and fine — more severely if armed with deadly weapons.	[ "unlawful assembly of five or more", "force or violence" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 (concept carried from IPC); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000052	My tenant refuses to vacate and has stopped paying rent. Can I file a criminal case for trespass?	english	bns	scenario	Generally no. A tenant who entered lawfully and overstays is a civil matter — eviction must go through the rent court/civil court under the state rent law. Criminal trespass requires entry with intent to commit an offence or intimidate. Forcibly evicting the tenant yourself is illegal.	[ "overstaying tenant is a civil matter", "eviction through court" ]	[ "landlord can forcibly evict" ]	hard	stable law (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000053	What happens if someone files a deliberately false FIR against me?	english	bns	legal_qa	Filing false information with police and fabricating false evidence are themselves offences under the BNS, and malicious prosecution can ground civil damages. You can seek quashing of the false FIR in the High Court and anticipatory bail if arrest is feared. Keep evidence disproving the allegation.	[ "false information to police is an offence", "quashing in High Court" ]	[]	medium	BNS + BNSS (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000054	Are men protected against sexual offences under the BNS?	english	bns	legal_qa	Partially. BNS rape provisions protect women only, and the old IPC 377 (which covered non-consensual acts against men) was not retained in the BNS — a gap widely noted. Non-consensual acts against men can still be prosecuted as hurt, wrongful restraint or other general offences; children of all genders are protected by...	[ "rape provisions protect women", "IPC 377 not retained", "POCSO protects all children" ]	[]	hard	BNS 2023 coverage analysis; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000055	What is 'wrongful restraint' versus 'wrongful confinement'?	english	bns	terminology	Wrongful restraint is obstructing a person from proceeding in a direction they have a right to go; wrongful confinement is the graver form — restraining a person within circumscribing limits so they cannot leave at all. Both are offences under the BNS.	[ "restraint obstructs movement", "confinement prevents leaving limits" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 (concept carried from IPC); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000056	An online seller took full payment and never shipped, and now ignores all messages. Criminal or civil?	english	bns	scenario	If there was dishonest intention from the start — fake listing, disappearing after payment — it is cheating under Section 318 BNS and can be reported at cybercrime.gov.in or via FIR. A genuine transaction gone wrong is a consumer dispute — file before the Consumer Commission instead.	[ "Section 318 BNS if dishonest intent", "consumer forum for genuine disputes" ]	[]	medium	BNS + CPA (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000057	What does 'cognizable offence' mean?	english	bns	terminology	A cognizable offence is one in which police can register an FIR and arrest without a warrant — generally the more serious offences like murder, rape, robbery and cheating. For non-cognizable offences, police need a Magistrate's order to investigate.	[ "police can arrest without warrant", "FIR registered for cognizable offences" ]	[]	easy	stable criminal procedure concept; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000058	What is a 'bailable' versus 'non-bailable' offence?	english	bns	terminology	In a bailable offence, bail is a right — police or court must release the accused on bail. In a non-bailable offence, bail is not automatic; it is granted at the court's discretion considering the gravity of the offence, flight risk and possibility of tampering with evidence.	[ "bailable: bail as of right", "non-bailable: court discretion" ]	[]	easy	stable criminal procedure concept; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000059	What is a 'compoundable' offence?	english	bns	terminology	A compoundable offence is one the victim can lawfully settle with the accused, ending the prosecution — typically minor offences like simple hurt or defamation. Serious offences are non-compoundable, though High Courts can quash some cases on genuine settlement.	[ "victim can settle compoundable offences", "serious offences non-compoundable" ]	[]	medium	stable criminal procedure concept; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000060	My domestic worker was caught stealing Rs 2,000, admitted it and returned the money. Will she go to jail?	english	bns	scenario	Not necessarily. Theft under Rs 5,000 by a first-time offender, where the property is returned, can be punished with community service under the proviso to Section 303(2) BNS. Theft is also compoundable in specified circumstances, so a settlement is possible.	[ "Section 303 BNS", "community service for petty first-time theft" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000061	A drunk man was creating a scene and abusing passers-by in the market. What does the law provide?	english	bns	scenario	Public misconduct by a drunk person is a petty offence under the BNS for which the court can now order community service instead of jail. Aggressive acts like assault or intimidation are charged separately.	[ "misconduct by drunk person", "community service" ]	[]	easy	BNS 2023 new punishments; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000062	Does the BNS apply to offences committed before 1 July 2024?	english	bns	legal_qa	No. Offences committed before 1 July 2024 continue to be investigated and tried under the IPC, and Article 20(1) of the Constitution bars retrospective criminal punishment. The BNS applies to offences committed on or after that date.	[ "IPC applies to pre-1 July 2024 offences", "Article 20(1) bars retrospective punishment" ]	[]	medium	BNS commencement + Art 20; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000063	What is 'organised crime' punishment if it results in someone's death?	english	bns	legal_qa	Under Section 111 BNS, if organised crime results in death, the punishment is death or imprisonment for life, plus a substantial fine; other cases attract imprisonment of at least 5 years extendable to life.	[ "Section 111 BNS", "death or life imprisonment if death results" ]	[]	hard	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000064	I received counterfeit currency from a shop. Who is liable?	english	bns	scenario	Knowingly using or trafficking counterfeit currency is a serious BNS offence; innocently receiving a fake note is not. Hand the note to police or your bank with details of where you got it — attempting to pass it on after knowing it is fake becomes an offence.	[ "knowing use is the offence", "innocent receipt is not punishable" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000065	The BNS punishes 'snatching' — what exactly must the prosecution show?	english	bns	terminology	Under Section 304 BNS, snatching is theft where the offender suddenly, quickly or forcibly seizes, grabs or takes away movable property from a person or their possession — e.g. chain or phone snatching. It carries imprisonment up to 3 years plus fine.	[ "Section 304 BNS", "sudden or forcible seizure from the person" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000066	Can a woman be prosecuted for cruelty under Section 85 BNS?	english	bns	legal_qa	Yes. Section 85 BNS punishes cruelty by the husband 'or his relatives', which includes female relatives such as the mother-in-law or sister-in-law. Courts have, however, cautioned against mechanically implicating all family members.	[ "relatives of husband covered", "includes female relatives" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000067	What is the offence when a public servant demands a bribe?	english	bns	legal_qa	Bribery by public servants is punished under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (as amended in 2018), not the BNS — taking undue advantage to perform a public duty improperly. Complaints go to the Lokayukta/CVC/Anti-Corruption Bureau; giving a bribe is also an offence, with protection if you report being coerced wi...	[ "Prevention of Corruption Act", "giving a bribe also an offence" ]	[]	hard	PC Act 1988/2018; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000068	Someone hacked my phone and is blackmailing me with private photos, demanding money. What should I do first?	english	bns	procedural_guidance	Do not pay. Preserve everything (messages, numbers, screenshots), report immediately on the 1930 cyber helpline and cybercrime.gov.in, and file an FIR — extortion under Section 308 BNS plus IT Act offences (66E, 67) apply. Courts can order urgent takedown of the content.	[ "do not pay", "Section 308 BNS", "cybercrime.gov.in or 1930" ]	[]	medium	BNS + IT Act; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000069	Is honour killing treated specially under the BNS?	english	bns	legal_qa	There is no separate 'honour killing' offence — it is murder under Section 103 BNS (death or life imprisonment), and group killings on caste or community grounds can attract the mob-lynching provision in Section 103(2). Couples facing threats can seek police protection and courts routinely grant it.	[ "prosecuted as murder Section 103", "police protection available" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000070	What are 'general exceptions' in criminal law?	english	bns	terminology	General exceptions are defences that negate criminal liability across all offences — accident, acts of a child under 7, unsoundness of mind, intoxication against one's will, consent in limited cases, acts done in good faith for a person's benefit, and private defence. The accused must establish the exception.	[ "defences applicable to all offences", "private defence and unsoundness of mind are examples" ]	[]	medium	BNS 2023 (concept carried from IPC); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000071	Which provision governs FIR registration under the new criminal procedure law?	english	bnss	legal_qa	FIR registration is governed by Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which replaced Section 154 CrPC. For cognizable offences, police must register the FIR; information can also be given electronically.	[ "Section 173 BNSS" ]	[ "Section 154 CrPC as current law" ]	easy	BPRD/MHA CrPC-BNSS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000072	What is a Zero FIR?	english	bnss	terminology	A Zero FIR is an FIR registered at any police station regardless of where the offence occurred, later transferred to the police station with jurisdiction. The BNSS (Section 173) made this statutory — no police station can refuse a cognizable complaint for lack of jurisdiction.	[ "any police station regardless of jurisdiction", "Section 173 BNSS made it statutory" ]	[]	easy	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000073	Can I file an FIR online without going to the police station?	english	bnss	procedural_guidance	Yes. Under Section 173 BNSS, information about a cognizable offence can be given by electronic communication (e-FIR), which must then be signed within three days to be taken on record. Many states also run online FIR/complaint portals for specified offences.	[ "electronic FIR permitted under Section 173 BNSS", "signature within three days" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000074	Am I entitled to a copy of the FIR I filed, and does it cost anything?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Yes. The informant is entitled to a copy of the FIR free of cost, immediately upon registration, under Section 173 BNSS. Victims are also entitled to a free copy of the police report/chargesheet.	[ "free copy of FIR", "immediately on registration" ]	[]	easy	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000075	The police station is refusing to register my FIR for a cognizable offence. What are my remedies?	english	bnss	procedural_guidance	First, send your complaint in writing to the Superintendent of Police, who can direct registration or investigate personally. If that fails, apply to the Magistrate to order an investigation. You can also file at any other police station as a Zero FIR under Section 173 BNSS. Refusal to register a cognizable FIR is itse...	[ "complaint to Superintendent of Police", "application to Magistrate", "Zero FIR option" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023 (Lalita Kumari principle continued); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000076	For minor offences, can police just send me a notice instead of arresting me?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Yes. For offences punishable up to 7 years, arrest is the exception: police issue a notice of appearance under Section 35(3) BNSS (the old Section 41A CrPC). If you comply with the notice, you should not be arrested unless police record reasons why arrest is necessary.	[ "Section 35(3) BNSS", "offences up to 7 years", "arrest is exception if notice complied with" ]	[ "Section 41A CrPC as current law" ]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000077	I received a police notice under Section 35(3) BNSS. What should I do?	english	bnss	procedural_guidance	Appear before the officer as directed (or seek a reasonable rescheduling in writing), cooperate with the investigation, and keep proof of compliance. Complying protects you from arrest in most cases; ignoring the notice can justify arrest. Consult a criminal lawyer before attending if the allegation is serious.	[ "appear and cooperate", "compliance protects against arrest" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000078	What rights do I have if I am arrested?	english	bnss	legal_qa	You must be told the grounds of arrest, can inform a relative or friend, must be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours, have the right to consult a lawyer of your choice, and to free legal aid if you cannot afford one. Medical examination after arrest is mandated, and police must display arrest information.	[ "grounds of arrest", "Magistrate within 24 hours", "right to lawyer and legal aid" ]	[]	easy	BNSS + Article 22; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000079	What is anticipatory bail and which provision governs it now?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Anticipatory bail is a direction that a person apprehending arrest for a non-bailable offence be released on bail in the event of arrest. It is governed by Section 482 BNSS (formerly Section 438 CrPC), sought from the Sessions Court or High Court.	[ "Section 482 BNSS", "apprehension of arrest", "Sessions Court or High Court" ]	[ "Section 438 CrPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA CrPC-BNSS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000080	How long can an undertrial prisoner be kept in jail before they must be released on bail?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Under Section 479 BNSS, an undertrial (in offences not punishable with death or life imprisonment) must be released on bail after detention of half the maximum sentence for the offence. A first-time offender must be released on bond after one-third. The jail superintendent has a duty to apply for eligible prisoners.	[ "Section 479 BNSS", "half of maximum sentence", "one-third for first-time offender" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000081	My brother, never convicted before, has spent 14 months in jail as an undertrial for an offence with a maximum sentence of 3 years. Can he get out?	english	bnss	scenario	Yes. As a first-time offender he became entitled to release on bond after serving one-third of the maximum (12 months) under Section 479 BNSS. The jail superintendent is duty-bound to move the court; a bail application citing Section 479 should succeed. Contact the DLSA for free legal aid.	[ "Section 479 BNSS", "one-third of maximum for first-time offender" ]	[]	hard	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000082	Within how many days must charges be framed after the first hearing?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Under Section 251 BNSS, the charge must be framed within 60 days from the date of first hearing on the charge. Charges can also be framed through audio-video means.	[ "Section 251 BNSS", "60 days" ]	[]	hard	BNSS 2023 timelines; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000083	How soon must a court deliver judgment after a criminal trial ends?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Under Section 258 BNSS, judgment must be delivered within 30 days of completion of arguments, extendable to 45 days for recorded reasons.	[ "Section 258 BNSS", "30 days extendable to 45" ]	[]	hard	BNSS 2023 timelines; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000084	As a victim, am I entitled to know what is happening in the police investigation?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Yes. Under Section 193(3) BNSS, police must inform the informant/victim of the progress of the investigation within 90 days, including by electronic means. Victims also get a free copy of the chargesheet.	[ "Section 193 BNSS", "progress within 90 days" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000085	Are police required to video-record searches of my house?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Yes. Section 105 BNSS makes audio-video recording of search and seizure mandatory, preferably by mobile phone, and the recording must be forwarded to the Magistrate. This is a key safeguard against planted evidence.	[ "Section 105 BNSS", "videography of search and seizure mandatory" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000086	Who can claim maintenance under Section 144 BNSS?	english	bnss	legal_qa	A wife unable to maintain herself, minor children (legitimate or illegitimate), adult children unable to maintain themselves due to abnormality or injury, and parents unable to maintain themselves can claim monthly maintenance from a person with sufficient means under Section 144 BNSS (formerly Section 125 CrPC).	[ "Section 144 BNSS", "wife, children and parents" ]	[ "Section 125 CrPC as current law" ]	medium	BPRD/MHA CrPC-BNSS comparison; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000087	My elderly parents' son refuses to support them. Do they have a quick legal remedy?	english	bnss	scenario	Yes. Parents unable to maintain themselves can seek monthly maintenance from a child with sufficient means under Section 144 BNSS before the Magistrate — a summary, low-cost remedy. The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 provides an even faster Tribunal route with monthly maintenance and p...	[ "Section 144 BNSS", "Senior Citizens Act 2007 Tribunal" ]	[]	medium	BNSS + Senior Citizens Act; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000088	What is the difference between bail, anticipatory bail and interim bail?	english	bnss	terminology	Regular bail is release from custody after arrest, granted by the court trying the case. Anticipatory bail (Section 482 BNSS) is protection sought before arrest from the Sessions Court or High Court. Interim bail is short-term release pending decision of the main bail application.	[ "regular bail after arrest", "anticipatory bail before arrest", "interim bail is temporary" ]	[]	medium	BNSS (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000089	Police want to question me but I fear arrest in a false case. What can I do in advance?	english	bnss	procedural_guidance	Apply for anticipatory bail under Section 482 BNSS in the Sessions Court (or High Court) with facts showing the case is false and you will cooperate. If granted, police must release you on bail upon any arrest. Separately, for offences up to 7 years you should normally get a Section 35(3) notice rather than be arrested...	[ "Section 482 BNSS anticipatory bail", "Sessions Court or High Court" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000090	Within what time must police complete investigation and file the chargesheet?	english	bnss	legal_qa	There is no absolute limit for filing the chargesheet, but if it is not filed within 60 days (offences punishable under 10 years) or 90 days (graver offences) of first remand, the accused becomes entitled to default bail. Investigations into offences against women and children have special timelines — rape investigatio...	[ "default bail after 60 or 90 days without chargesheet" ]	[]	hard	BNSS (concept carried from CrPC 167); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000091	What is 'default bail'?	english	bnss	terminology	Default bail is the indefeasible right of an arrested person to be released on bail when police fail to complete investigation and file the chargesheet within the statutory period after remand (typically 60 or 90 days depending on the offence).	[ "right arises from failure to file chargesheet in time", "60 or 90 days" ]	[]	medium	BNSS (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000092	How long can police keep me in custody before producing me in court?	english	bnss	legal_qa	An arrested person must be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, excluding journey time — a constitutional guarantee under Article 22(2) as well. Detention beyond that without a Magistrate's order is illegal.	[ "24 hours", "production before Magistrate" ]	[]	easy	BNSS + Article 22; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000093	What is a chargesheet?	english	bnss	terminology	A chargesheet (police report under Section 193 BNSS) is the final report police file in court after investigation, listing the accused, the evidence collected, witnesses and the offences made out. The court takes cognizance on its basis; if evidence is insufficient, police file a closure report instead.	[ "final police report after investigation", "court takes cognizance on it" ]	[]	easy	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000094	What is the difference between a summons case and a warrant case?	english	bnss	terminology	A warrant case relates to offences punishable with death, life imprisonment or more than 2 years; a summons case covers lighter offences. Warrant cases follow a fuller trial procedure with formal charge framing; summons cases follow a simpler, faster procedure.	[ "warrant case for offences above 2 years", "simpler procedure in summons case" ]	[]	medium	BNSS (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000095	Can a court try an absconding accused in his absence?	english	bnss	legal_qa	Yes — a significant BNSS innovation. A proclaimed offender who absconds to evade trial can now be tried and even convicted in absentia, after the court follows the prescribed safeguards. Earlier, trials simply stalled until the accused was traced.	[ "trial in absentia of proclaimed offenders permitted under BNSS" ]	[]	hard	BNSS 2023 new provisions; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000096	Do all criminal cases require me to hire a lawyer, or will the state provide one?	english	bnss	legal_qa	If you cannot afford a lawyer, you are entitled to free legal aid — a right under Article 39A, the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and criminal procedure. Ask the court or the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA); legal aid counsel is provided at state expense, including at the remand stage.	[ "free legal aid", "DLSA", "Article 39A" ]	[]	easy	LSA Act 1987; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000097	The police took my phone during a search. Do they have to give me any record of it?	english	bnss	procedural_guidance	Yes. Seizure requires a seizure memo listing the items, signed by witnesses, with a copy to you. Under Section 105 BNSS the search and seizure must also be video-recorded and the recording sent to the Magistrate. You can apply to the court for release of seized items needed for daily use.	[ "seizure memo with copy", "Section 105 BNSS videography", "application for release of items" ]	[]	medium	BNSS 2023; verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000098	What is remand — police custody versus judicial custody?	english	bnss	terminology	After arrest, the Magistrate decides custody: police custody means detention with police for interrogation (strictly capped in the initial period); judicial custody means jail under court authority. Police custody is the exception and total detention without chargesheet beyond 60/90 days triggers default bail.	[ "police custody for interrogation, capped", "judicial custody in jail" ]	[]	medium	BNSS (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000099	Can a woman be called to the police station for questioning at night?	english	bnss	legal_qa	A woman cannot be required to attend the police station for questioning — she is to be questioned at her residence in the presence of family/witnesses. Arrest of a woman after sunset and before sunrise is barred except in exceptional circumstances with prior permission of a Magistrate, and only by a woman officer.	[ "questioning of women at residence", "no arrest of woman after sunset without Magistrate permission" ]	[]	medium	BNSS women safeguards (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test
nyaya_eval_000100	Who records the statement of a rape survivor and where?	english	bnss	legal_qa	The statement is to be recorded by a woman police officer, at the survivor's residence or a place of her choice, preferably in the presence of family or a social worker, and can be audio-video recorded. The Magistrate also records her statement promptly; identity disclosure is prohibited.	[ "woman police officer", "residence or place of her choice", "identity protected" ]	[]	medium	BNSS women safeguards (concept); verified 2026-07-12	test

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

YAML Metadata Warning:empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card

Check out the documentation for more information.

Nyaya-Eval-v0 — 500 manually curated questions (BUILD THIS FIRST)

This is roadmap Step 4, and it comes before creating any training data. The file nyaya_eval_v0.jsonl is frozen once created: never train on it, never edit it mid-experiment (make a v1 instead).

FROZEN — 2026-07-14

Frozen as-is on the maintainer's instruction (built 2026-07-12; every section number in expected answers was verified against official sources at build time; validated by tests/test_eval_set.py). Any correction from later review goes into Eval-v1, never into this file.

Time-sensitive facts baked into some answers — re-verify when building v1: BNS 106(2) deferral status, labour-code rules rollout, marital-rape and Section 69 BNS litigation, women's-reservation (106th Amdt) implementation, IT Rules traceability challenge, political-parties-under-RTI matter.

Target category split (can evolve)

Category	Questions
BNS	70
BNSS	70
BSA	40
Constitution	50
Consumer law	40
Cybercrime / IT Act	40
RTI	30
Domestic violence / women's protections	30
NI Act / cheque bounce	30
Motor Vehicles law	25
Labour / workplace / POSH	25
IPC→BNS / CrPC→BNSS mappings	25
Hindi	10
Hinglish	10
Safety / refusal / insufficient information	5

Record format (see `src/nyaya/schemas.py::EvalRecord`)

{
  "id": "nyaya_eval_000001",
  "question": "IPC Section 420 ko BNS mein kis section se replace kiya gaya hai?",
  "language": "hinglish",
  "legal_domain": "criminal_law",
  "task_type": "old_new_law_mapping",
  "expected_answer": "Section 318 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.",
  "required_facts": ["IPC Section 420", "BNS Section 318"],
  "forbidden_facts": [],
  "difficulty": "easy",
  "source": "official_source_reference",
  "split": "test"
}

Downloads last month: 46

Nyaya-Eval-v0 — 500 manually curated questions (BUILD THIS FIRST)

FROZEN — 2026-07-14

Target category split (can evolve)

Record format (see src/nyaya/schemas.py::EvalRecord)

Record format (see `src/nyaya/schemas.py::EvalRecord`)