Maqsudjonpolatov/uz-lexicon-skeleton

Uzbek frequency lexicon with skeleton index

English · Oʻzbekcha

Derived from tahrirchi/uz-books-v2 (MIT) and tahrirchi/uz-crawl (Apache-2.0). 1.75 billion word tokens counted: 1.43 B from books, 296 M from news, 25.5 M from Telegram channels. Licence: CC BY 4.0 — credit this dataset and both sources.

4,892,125 Uzbek word forms with their frequencies, 23,160,605 word pairs, and a skeleton index that groups the words a keyboard makes indistinguishable. Every word is written in the new Latin alphabet (2026: ş ç ö ğ, tutuq ʼ), lowercase, Unicode NFC.

Files

File	Bytes	Rows	Columns
unigrams.tsv	122,955,106	4,892,125	word, count, skeleton — sorted by count, descending
bigrams.tsv	463,187,708	23,160,605	w1, w2, count — pairs seen 6 or more times, sorted by count
skeleton-index.tsv	109,603,683	4,711,419	skeleton, then every word with that skeleton, most frequent first

All files are UTF-8, tab-separated, with a header row and \n line endings. Rows of skeleton-index.tsv have a variable number of columns (1 to 11 words), so read it line by line rather than as a fixed table:

index = {}
with open("skeleton-index.tsv", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    next(f)
    for line in f:
        skeleton, *words = line.rstrip("\n").split("\t")
        index[skeleton] = words

unigrams and bigrams load with datasets.load_dataset("Maqsudjonpolatov/uz-lexicon-skeleton", "unigrams").

Bigram cutoff. At a cutoff of 3 the file would be 990,561,851 bytes; at 4, 721,519,271; at 5, 563,061,817. The smallest cutoff that keeps it under about 500 MB is count ≥ 6.

The skeleton, and why the index is useful

Uzbek is written with marks that keyboards lose: ş ç ö ğ, the old oʻ gʻ sh ch, the tutuq ʼ, or the Cyrillic ш ч ў ғ. The skeleton of a word is what is left when every distinction a keyboard could have destroyed is folded away:

Class	Stands for
S	ş sh s w
C	ç ch c
O	ö oʻ o
G	ğ gʻ gh g
(dropped)	every apostrophe: ʼ ʻ ' ’

Every other letter stands for itself. Cyrillic input is transliterated before folding, so тўғри, toʻgʻri, togri and töğri all have the skeleton tOGri.

The index answers the question a keyboard, a spell checker or a transliteration model has to answer: the user typed something with this skeleton — which real words could they have meant, and which is most likely?

Worked example — sosib. Someone types sosib on a phone. Its skeleton is SOSib, and the index row is:

SOSib	şoşib	söşib	sösib	şöşib

with counts 34,212 · 6 · 2 · 2 in unigrams.tsv. The answer is şoşib ("hurrying"). sosib itself is not in the lexicon: it occurs 16 times in the books, under 1 % as often as şoşib, so it was treated as a misspelling and its count merged into şoşib.

A real ambiguity. Oz → öz (4,256,258) · oz (293,779) · öʼz (43). Both öz ("self") and oz ("few") are words; only context decides.

This project builds on the index: the Chertma engine (chertma.maqsudjon.com) corrects a typed word only to a word in its skeleton row, and returns it unchanged when the row is empty.

How it was built

1. All three sources were tokenized and every token normalized to canonical new Latin (old Latin: sh → ş, oʻ → ö, gʻ → ğ, other apostrophes → ʼ; Cyrillic by transliteration rules; NFC). The rules are in the Chertma docs/SPEC.md.
2. A document was dropped when more than 5 % of its tokens of two or more characters fell outside the Uzbek alphabet (Russian, English): 495 books, 17,135 news articles and 15,090 Telegram posts.
3. Words and adjacent word pairs within a sentence were counted.
4. Admission — a form is a word in this lexicon if:
   • it was seen at least twice (hapax legomena dropped);
   • it has no mark (ş ç ö ğ ʼ) and the books contain it at least twice — news and Telegram alone cannot make an unmarked form a word, because they are full of togri, ozbek;
   • it is a copy of a marked word with some marks removed and appears in the books less than 1 % as often as that word → merged into that word (17,382 forms, e.g. sosib → şoşib);
   • forms of fewer than two letters are dropped, except u o e a.
5. count is books + news + Telegram, after merging. Bigrams were remapped the same way and kept when both words are in the lexicon.

Known limitations

• OCR noise from books. The books were scanned; misrecognized forms are present, mostly with low counts. Of 4,892,125 words, 2,464,574 occur fewer than 5 times. Filter by count for your use: 379,885 words occur 100 times or more.
• Stray apostrophes. A misplaced apostrophe makes a marked form (vʼa, bilaʼn, töʼğri), and marked forms are admitted from any source. There are 84,547 words with ʼ; 62,982 of them occur fewer than 10 times. They crowd the index: 161,414 skeletons have two or more words, but only 42,204 have two or more words seen at least 10 times, and 6,974 at least 100 times.
• Russian-layout spellings are present. Some source texts were typed on a Russian keyboard, which has no ў қ ғ ҳ. So tugri (for töğri) is in the lexicon with count 57,367 (57,301 of them from books), and bulgan, kanday, xalkaro, uzbekiston are too. The admission rule only merges forms with marks removed, not u/ö, k/q, x/h.
• Coverage is an upper bound. Measured on the counting data itself, the 50,000 most frequent words cover 85.7 % of book tokens, 91.0 % of news and 87.9 % of Telegram; the 400,000 most frequent cover 95.2 %, 97.8 % and 97.1 %. There is no held-out set, so real coverage on new text is lower.
• Orthography of Cyrillic ъ. Cyrillic was transliterated with ъ dropped before е ё ю я, while the Latin books write meʼyor, obʼekt; both spellings can appear.
• Register. Mostly books and news. The Telegram part is curated channel posts, not private chat, so slang and dialect are thin.
• Surface forms only. No lemmas, no morphology; every inflected form is its own row.

Licence and attribution

This dataset is released under CC BY 4.0. It is a derived work — word and word-pair counts, not running text — of:

• UzBooks V2, tahrirchi/uz-books-v2 (revision aac9c105), by Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov and Abror Shopulatov, licensed MIT — https://huggingface.co/datasets/tahrirchi/uz-books-v2
• UzCrawl, tahrirchi/uz-crawl (revision 8fff2d17), by Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov and Abror Shopulatov, licensed Apache-2.0 — https://huggingface.co/datasets/tahrirchi/uz-crawl

When you use this dataset, credit it and both sources; their licence terms continue to apply to the material derived from them.

Citation

@misc{polatov2026uzlexiconskeleton,
  author = {Polatov, Maqsudjon},
  title  = {Uzbek frequency lexicon with skeleton index},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/Maqsudjonpolatov/uz-lexicon-skeleton},
  note   = {Derived from tahrirchi/uz-books-v2 (MIT) and tahrirchi/uz-crawl (Apache-2.0)}
}

@online{Mamasaidov2024UzBooksV2,
    author    = {Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov and Abror Shopulatov},
    title     = {UzBooks V2 dataset},
    year      = {2026},
    url       = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/tahrirchi/uz-books-v2}
}

@online{Mamasaidov2023UzCrawl,
    author    = {Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov and Abror Shopulatov},
    title     = {UzCrawl dataset},
    year      = {2023},
    url       = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/tahrirchi/uz-crawl},
    note      = {Accessed: 2026-09-14},
    urldate   = {2026-09-14}
}

---

Oʻzbekcha

Manba: tahrirchi/uz-books-v2 (MIT) va tahrirchi/uz-crawl (Apache-2.0). 1,75 milliard soʻz sanaldi: 1,43 mlrd kitoblardan, 296 mln yangiliklardan, 25,5 mln Telegram kanallaridan. Litsenziya: CC BY 4.0 — ushbu toʻplam va ikkala manba koʻrsatilishi shart.

4 892 125 ta oʻzbek soʻz shakli va ularning chastotasi, 23 160 605 ta soʻz juftligi hamda klaviatura farqlay olmaydigan soʻzlarni guruhlaydigan skelet indeksi. Barcha soʻzlar yangi lotin alifbosida (2026: ş ç ö ğ, tutuq ʼ), kichik harfda, Unicode NFC shaklida.

Fayllar

Fayl	Bayt	Qator	Ustunlar
unigrams.tsv	122 955 106	4 892 125	word, count, skeleton
bigrams.tsv	463 187 708	23 160 605	w1, w2, count — kamida 6 marta uchragan juftliklar
skeleton-index.tsv	109 603 683	4 711 419	skeleton, keyin shu skeletdagi barcha soʻzlar, eng koʻp uchraydigani birinchi

Bigramlar chegarasi: 3 boʻlganda fayl 990 561 851 bayt, 4 da 721 519 271, 5 da 563 061 817 boʻlardi; 500 MB atrofida qoladigan eng kichik chegara — count ≥ 6.

Skelet nima va indeks nega kerak

Oʻzbek yozuvida klaviatura yoʻqotadigan belgilar bor: ş ç ö ğ, eski oʻ gʻ sh ch, tutuq ʼ, kirilldagi ш ч ў ғ. Soʻzning skeleti — klaviatura yoʻqotishi mumkin boʻlgan barcha farqlar olib tashlangandagi shakli: S = ş sh s w, C = ç ch c, O = ö oʻ o, G = ğ gʻ gh g, apostroflar tashlab yuboriladi. Shuning uchun тўғри, toʻgʻri, togri va töğri soʻzlarining skeleti bir xil: tOGri.

Indeks klaviatura, imlo tekshiruvchi yoki transliteratsiya modeli javob berishi kerak boʻlgan savolga javob beradi: foydalanuvchi shu skeletli narsa yozdi — u qaysi haqiqiy soʻzni nazarda tutgan boʻlishi mumkin va qaysi biri ehtimolroq?

Misol — sosib. Telefonda sosib deb yozildi. Skeleti SOSib, indeks qatori: şoşib (34 212) · söşib (6) · sösib (2) · şöşib (2). Javob — şoşib. sosib ning oʻzi lugʻatda yoʻq: kitoblarda 16 marta uchraydi, bu şoşib ning 1 % idan kam, shuning uchun imlo xatosi deb hisoblanib, soni şoşib ga qoʻshilgan.

Haqiqiy ikki maʼnolilik: Oz → öz (4 256 258) · oz (293 779) · öʼz (43). oʻz ham, oz ham soʻz — qaysi biri toʻgʻriligini faqat gap hal qiladi.

Qanday tuzilgan

Uch manbadagi har bir soʻz yangi lotin shakliga keltirildi va sanaldi. 5 % dan ortigʻi oʻzbek alifbosidan tashqarida boʻlgan hujjatlar chiqarib tashlandi. Lugʻatga kirish qoidalari: kamida 2 marta uchragan; belgisiz (ş ç ö ğ ʼ siz) shakl faqat kitoblarda kamida 2 marta boʻlsa kiradi; belgili soʻzning belgisi tushib qolgan nusxasi kitoblarda uning 1 % idan kam uchrasa, oʻsha soʻzga qoʻshiladi (17 382 ta shakl).

Cheklovlar

• Kitoblardagi OCR xatolari bor, asosan kam sonli. 379 885 ta soʻz kamida 100 marta uchraydi — ishingizga qarab count boʻyicha saralang.
• Notoʻgʻri qoʻyilgan apostroflar (vʼa, bilaʼn, töʼğri) belgili shakl hosil qiladi va lugʻatga kirib qolgan: ʼ li 84 547 ta soʻzdan 62 982 tasi 10 martadan kam uchraydi.
• Rus klaviaturasida yozilgan shakllar bor: tugri (töğri oʻrniga) 57 367 marta (shundan 57 301 tasi kitoblarda), shuningdek bulgan, kanday, xalkaro, uzbekiston.
• Qamrov yuqori chegara: u sanash uchun ishlatilgan matnning oʻzida oʻlchangan; eng koʻp uchraydigan 50 000 soʻz kitob matnining 85,7 % ini, yangiliklarning 91,0 % ini, Telegramning 87,9 % ini qamraydi. Yangi matnda bu raqam pastroq boʻladi.
• Kirilldagi ъ unlidan keyin qanday yozilishi hali aniq emas (meʼyor / meyor).
• Asosan kitob va yangiliklar; Telegram qismi — kanal postlari, shaxsiy yozishmalar emas.
• Faqat soʻz shakllari: lemma va morfologiya yoʻq.

Litsenziya

CC BY 4.0. Bu toʻplam tahrirchi/uz-books-v2 (MIT; Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov, Abror Shopulatov) va tahrirchi/uz-crawl (Apache-2.0; Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov, Abror Shopulatov) asosida olingan soʻz va soʻz juftligi sanoqlaridir. Foydalanganda ushbu toʻplamni va ikkala manbani koʻrsating; manbalarning litsenziya shartlari ulardan olingan maʼlumotlarga ham tegishli.