Datasets:

Archangel-system
/

medmcqa-openai-native

messages listlengths 2 2	question stringlengths 1 1.4k	choices list	answer_idx int8 0 3	answer_letter stringclasses 4 values	answer_text stringlengths 1 287	explanation stringlengths 0 22.5k	has_explanation bool 2 classes	subject stringclasses 21 values	topic stringlengths 0 135
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Chronic urethral obstruction due to benign prismatic hyperplasia can lead to the following change in kidney parenchyma\n\nA. Hyperplasia\nB. Hyperophy\nC. Atrophy\nD. Dyplasia" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Atrophy\n\nExplanation: Chronic urethral obstruc...	Chronic urethral obstruction due to benign prismatic hyperplasia can lead to the following change in kidney parenchyma	[ "Hyperplasia", "Hyperophy", "Atrophy", "Dyplasia" ]	2	C	Atrophy	Chronic urethral obstruction because of urinary calculi, prostatic hyperophy, tumors, normal pregnancy, tumors, uterine prolapse or functional disorders cause hydronephrosis which by definition is used to describe dilatation of renal pelvis and calculus associated with progressive atrophy of the kidney due to obstructi...	true	Anatomy	Urinary tract
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which vitamin is supplied from only animal source:\n\nA. Vitamin C\nB. Vitamin B7\nC. Vitamin B12\nD. Vitamin D" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Vitamin B12\n\nExplanation: Ans. (c) Vitamin B12 Ref: Harrison's 19th ed. P 640* Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is synt...	Which vitamin is supplied from only animal source:	[ "Vitamin C", "Vitamin B7", "Vitamin B12", "Vitamin D" ]	2	C	Vitamin B12	Ans. (c) Vitamin B12 Ref: Harrison's 19th ed. P 640* Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is synthesized solely by microorganisms.* In humans, the only source for humans is food of animal origin, e.g., meat, fish, and dairy products.* Vegetables, fruits, and other foods of nonanimal origin doesn't contain Vitamin B12 .* Daily requi...	true	Biochemistry	Vitamins and Minerals
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following are surgical options for morbid obesity except -\n\nA. Adjustable gastric banding\nB. Biliopancreatic diversion\nC. Duodenal Switch\nD. Roux en Y Duodenal By pass" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Roux en Y Duodenal By pass\n\nExplanatio...	All of the following are surgical options for morbid obesity except -	[ "Adjustable gastric banding", "Biliopancreatic diversion", "Duodenal Switch", "Roux en Y Duodenal By pass" ]	3	D	Roux en Y Duodenal By pass	Ans. is 'd' i.e., Roux en Y Duodenal Bypass Bariatric surgical procedures include:a. Vertical banded gastroplastyb. Adjustable gastric bandingc. Roux-en Y gastric bypass (Not - Roux-en Y Duodenal Bypass)d. Biliopancreatic diversione. Duodenal switcho The surgical treatment of morbid obesity is known as bariatric surger...	true	Surgery	Surgical Treatment Obesity
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Following endaerectomy on the right common carotid, a patient is found to be blind in the right eye. It is appears that a small thrombus embolized during surgery and lodged in the aery supplying the optic nerve. Which aery would be blocked?\n\nA. Central aery of the retina\nB. ...	Following endaerectomy on the right common carotid, a patient is found to be blind in the right eye. It is appears that a small thrombus embolized during surgery and lodged in the aery supplying the optic nerve. Which aery would be blocked?	[ "Central aery of the retina", "Infraorbital aery", "Lacrimal aery", "Nasociliary aretry" ]	0	A	Central aery of the retina	The central aery of the retina is a branch of the ophthalmic aery. It is the sole blood supply to the retina; it has no significant collateral circulation and blockage of this vessel leads to blindness. The branches of this aery are what you view during a fundoscopic exam. Note: The infraorbital aery is a branch of the...	true	Ophthalmology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Growth hormone has its effect on growth through?\n\nA. Directly\nB. IG1-1\nC. Thyroxine\nD. Intranuclear receptors" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. IG1-1\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., IGI-1GH has two major functions :-i) Growth of skeletal system :- The...	Growth hormone has its effect on growth through?	[ "Directly", "IG1-1", "Thyroxine", "Intranuclear receptors" ]	1	B	IG1-1	Ans. is 'b' i.e., IGI-1GH has two major functions :-i) Growth of skeletal system :- The growth is mediated by somatomedins (IGF). Increased deposition of cailage (including chondroitin sulfate) and bone with increased proliferation of chondrocytes and osteocytes.ii) Metabolic effects :- Most of the metabolic effects ar...	true	Physiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Scrub typhus is transmitted by: September 2004\n\nA. Louse\nB. Tick\nC. Mite\nD. Milk" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Mite\n\nExplanation: Ans. C i.e. Mite" } ]	Scrub typhus is transmitted by: September 2004	[ "Louse", "Tick", "Mite", "Milk" ]	2	C	Mite	Ans. C i.e. Mite	true	Social & Preventive Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Per rectum examination is not a useful test for diagnosis of\n\nA. Anal fissure\nB. Hemorrhoid\nC. Pilonidal sinus\nD. Rectal ulcer" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Pilonidal sinus\n\nExplanation: PILONIDAL SINUS/DISEASE (Jeep Bottom; Driver's Bottom) Pilus...	Per rectum examination is not a useful test for diagnosis of	[ "Anal fissure", "Hemorrhoid", "Pilonidal sinus", "Rectal ulcer" ]	2	C	Pilonidal sinus	PILONIDAL SINUS/DISEASE (Jeep Bottom; Driver's Bottom) Pilus--hair; Nidus--nest It is epithelium lined tract, situated sho distance behind the anus, containing hairs and unhealthy diseased granula- tion tissue. It is due to penetration of hairs through the skin into subcutaneous tissue. It forms granuloma/unhealthy gra...	true	Surgery	Urology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Characteristics of Remifentanyl – a) Metabolised by plasma esteraseb) Short half lifec) More potent than Alfentanyld) Dose reduced in hepatic and renal diseasee) Duration of action more than Alfentanyl\n\nA. ab\nB. bc\nC. abc\nD. bcd" }, { "role": "assistant", "cont...	Characteristics of Remifentanyl – a) Metabolised by plasma esteraseb) Short half lifec) More potent than Alfentanyld) Dose reduced in hepatic and renal diseasee) Duration of action more than Alfentanyl	[ "ab", "bc", "abc", "bcd" ]	2	C	abc	Remifentanil is the shortest acting opioid due to its metabolism by plasma esterase → dose adjustment is not needed in liver or kidney disease. It is more potent than alfentanil : Order of potency is Sufentanil > Fentanyl = Remifentanil > Alfentanil.	true	Anaesthesia
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Hypomimia is ?\n\nA. Decreased ability to copy\nB. Decreased execution\nC. Deficit of expression by gesture\nD. Deficit of fluent speech" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Deficit of expression by gesture\n\nExplanation: Ans. C. Deficit of expression by gestu...	Hypomimia is ?	[ "Decreased ability to copy", "Decreased execution", "Deficit of expression by gesture", "Deficit of fluent speech" ]	2	C	Deficit of expression by gesture	Ans. C. Deficit of expression by gestureHypomimiaHypomimia or amimia is a deficit or absence of expression by gesture or mimicry.This is usually most obvious as a lack of facial expressive mobility (mask - like facies).This is a feature of frontal subcoical disease.	true	Psychiatry
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Naglers reaction is shown by\n\nA. Clostridium tetani\nB. Clostridium botulinum\nC. Clostridium perfringens\nD. Clostridium septicum" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Clostridium perfringens\n\nExplanation: Nagler's reaction - when Clostridium perfringens is...	Naglers reaction is shown by	[ "Clostridium tetani", "Clostridium botulinum", "Clostridium perfringens", "Clostridium septicum" ]	2	C	Clostridium perfringens	Nagler's reaction - when Clostridium perfringens is grown in media containing 6 % agar, 5% Fildes peptic digest of sheep blood and 20% human serum, with antitoxin spread on one half of plate, colonies in the other half without antitoxin will be surrounded by a zone of opacity. No opacity around the colonies on the half...	true	Microbiology	Bacteriology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following statements are True/False? 1. Hirsutism, which is defined as androgen-dependent excessive male pattern hair growth, affects approximately 25% of women. 2. Virilization refers to a condition in which androgen levels are sufficiently high to cause additiona...	Which of the following statements are True/False? 1. Hirsutism, which is defined as androgen-dependent excessive male pattern hair growth, affects approximately 25% of women. 2. Virilization refers to a condition in which androgen levels are sufficiently high to cause additional signs and symptoms. 3. Frequently, patie...	[ "1, 2, 3 True & 4, 5 false", "1, 3, 5 True & 2, 4 false", "2, 4, 5 True & 1, 3 false", "1, 2, 3, 4 True & 5 false" ]	2	C	2, 4, 5 True & 1, 3 false	Here statement 1 & 3 are wrong. It is actually a direct pick from harrison, an impoant topic for entrance examinations hirsutism is seen in 10% of woman. Acromegaly rarely causes hirsutism. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Medicine, 18th Edition, Pages 380-382	true	Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The pharmakokinetic change occurring in geriatric patient is due to\n\nA. Gastric absorption\nB. Liver metabolism\nC. Renal clearance\nD. Hypersensitivity" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Renal clearance\n\nExplanation: One of the most impoant pharmacokinet...	The pharmakokinetic change occurring in geriatric patient is due to	[ "Gastric absorption", "Liver metabolism", "Renal clearance", "Hypersensitivity" ]	2	C	Renal clearance	One of the most impoant pharmacokinetic changes associated with aging is decreased renal elimination of drugs. After age 40, creatinine clearance decreases an average of 8 mL/min/1.73 m2/decade; however, the age-related decrease varies substantially from person to person. Serum creatinine levels often remain within nor...	true	Anatomy	General anatomy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "True regarding lag phase is?\n\nA. Time taken to adpt in the new environment\nB. Growth occurs exponentially\nC. The plateau in lag phase is due to cell death\nD. It is the 2nd phase in bacterial growth curve" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Time taken to a...	True regarding lag phase is?	[ "Time taken to adpt in the new environment", "Growth occurs exponentially", "The plateau in lag phase is due to cell death", "It is the 2nd phase in bacterial growth curve" ]	0	A	Time taken to adpt in the new environment	Lag phase: Immediately following the seeding of a culture medium, there is no appreciable number, though there may be an increase in the size of the cells. This initial period is the time required for the adaptation to the new environment, during which the necessary enzymes and metabolic intermediates are built up in a...	true	Microbiology	general microbiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "With which of the following receptors theophylline has an antagonistic interaction ?\n\nA. Histamine receptors\nB. Bradykinin receptors\nC. Adenosine receptors\nD. Imidazoline receptors" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Adenosine receptors" } ]	With which of the following receptors theophylline has an antagonistic interaction ?	[ "Histamine receptors", "Bradykinin receptors", "Adenosine receptors", "Imidazoline receptors" ]	2	C	Adenosine receptors		false	Pharmacology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Hyper viscosity is seen in\n\nA. Cryoglobulinemia\nB. Multiple myeloma\nC. MGUS\nD. Lymphoma" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Cryoglobulinemia\n\nExplanation: Ref William hematology 6/e p1268 The term cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence in the serum of ...	Hyper viscosity is seen in	[ "Cryoglobulinemia", "Multiple myeloma", "MGUS", "Lymphoma" ]	0	A	Cryoglobulinemia	Ref William hematology 6/e p1268 The term cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence in the serum of proteins that precipitate at temperatures below 37 degrees C and redissolve on rewarming. ... The elective treatment for hyperviscosity syndrome, whether associated with monoclonal, mixed, or polyclonalcryoglobulinemia, is...	true	Anatomy	General anatomy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "For a positively skewed curve which measure of central tendency is largest\n\nA. Mean\nB. Mode\nC. Median\nD. All are equal" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Mean\n\nExplanation: A distribution is negatively skewed, or skewed to the left, if the scores fall ...	For a positively skewed curve which measure of central tendency is largest	[ "Mean", "Mode", "Median", "All are equal" ]	0	A	Mean	A distribution is negatively skewed, or skewed to the left, if the scores fall toward the higher side of the scale and there are very few low scores. In positively skewed distributions, the mean is usually greater than the median, which is always greater than the mode. Ref :	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Biostatistics
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The process of hardening a cement matrix through hydration with oral fluids to achieve greater mechanical strength is known as:\n\nA. Maturation\nB. Setting\nC. Hardening\nD. Mineralization" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Maturation\n\nExplanation: Matura...	The process of hardening a cement matrix through hydration with oral fluids to achieve greater mechanical strength is known as:	[ "Maturation", "Setting", "Hardening", "Mineralization" ]	0	A	Maturation	Maturation (cement)—The process of hardening a cement matrix through hydration with oral fluids to achieve greater mechanical strength. Ref: Phillip’s Science of Dental Materials ed 12 pg 309	true	Dental
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Superior vena cava is derived from:\n\nA. Aortic arch\nB. Pharyngeal arch\nC. Cardinal vein\nD. Vitelline vein" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Cardinal vein\n\nExplanation: Ans. C Cardinal veinRef; hangman's essesntial medical Embroyology pg. 57# During ea...	Superior vena cava is derived from:	[ "Aortic arch", "Pharyngeal arch", "Cardinal vein", "Vitelline vein" ]	2	C	Cardinal vein	Ans. C Cardinal veinRef; hangman's essesntial medical Embroyology pg. 57# During early embryonic development (through 4th week), paired cardinal veins drain the body. Anterior cardinal veins drain the head and upper limb buds, while posterior cardinal veins drain the body. Both the anterior and posterior veins on each ...	true	Anatomy	Embryology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Testicular artery usually arises from\n\nA. Abdominal aorta below renal artery\nB. Renal artery\nC. Internal iliac artery\nD. Ext iliac artery" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Abdominal aorta below renal artery\n\nExplanation: Ans) a (Abdominal aorta ....) ...	Testicular artery usually arises from	[ "Abdominal aorta below renal artery", "Renal artery", "Internal iliac artery", "Ext iliac artery" ]	0	A	Abdominal aorta below renal artery	Ans) a (Abdominal aorta ....) Ref Chaurasia vol 2 pg 186Testicular artery is a branch of abdominal aorta given off at the level of vertebrae L2.Venous drainageVeins emerging from the testis forms pampiniform plexus. Plexus condenses into 4 veins at the superficial inguinal ring & into 2 veins at the deep inguinal ring....	true	Surgery	Testis & Scrotum
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Position of vocal cord in cadaver is:\n\nA. Median\nB. Paramedian\nC. Intermediate\nD. Full Abduction" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Intermediate\n\nExplanation: The vocal fold of the excised larynx is known to be located at an intermediate position(the s...	Position of vocal cord in cadaver is:	[ "Median", "Paramedian", "Intermediate", "Full Abduction" ]	2	C	Intermediate	The vocal fold of the excised larynx is known to be located at an intermediate position(the so-called cadaver position).	true	ENT
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Organisms that has not been cultured successfully so far is-\n\nA. Leptospira\nB. Treponema pallidum\nC. Bordetella\nD. Staphylococcus" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Treponema pallidum" } ]	Organisms that has not been cultured successfully so far is-	[ "Leptospira", "Treponema pallidum", "Bordetella", "Staphylococcus" ]	1	B	Treponema pallidum		false	Microbiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Normal waist hip ratio of a female is below\n\nA. 0.7\nB. 0.8\nC. 0.9\nD. 1" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. 0.8\n\nExplanation: WHO CUT-OFF POINTS OF WHR Indicator CUT-OFF points Risk of metabolic complications Waist circumference >94 cm (M) >80 cm (W) Inc...	Normal waist hip ratio of a female is below	[ "0.7", "0.8", "0.9", "1" ]	1	B	0.8	WHO CUT-OFF POINTS OF WHR Indicator CUT-OFF points Risk of metabolic complications Waist circumference >94 cm (M) >80 cm (W) Increased Hip cirrcumference >102 cm (M) >88 cm (W) Substantially increased Waist-Hip ratio >= 0.95(M) >= 0.80(W) Substantially increased Ref: Park 23rd edition Pgno : 400 WC & WHR, WHO Consultat...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Non communicable diseases
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The most common cause of renal scaring in a 3 year old child is -\n\nA. Trauma\nB. Tuberculosis\nC. Vesicoureteral reflux induced pyelonephritis\nD. Interstitial nephritis" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Vesicoureteral reflux induced pyelonephritis\n\nExpl...	The most common cause of renal scaring in a 3 year old child is -	[ "Trauma", "Tuberculosis", "Vesicoureteral reflux induced pyelonephritis", "Interstitial nephritis" ]	2	C	Vesicoureteral reflux induced pyelonephritis	Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by renal inflammation and scarring induced by recurrent or persistent renal infection, vesicoureteral reflux, or other causes of urinary tract obstruction. VUR is a congenital condition that results from incompetence of the ureterovesical valve due to a sho intramural segment Ref...	true	Medicine	Kidney
[ { "role": "user", "content": "A 6hours old snake bite patient comes to emergency with mild local edema at the injury site. On examination no abnormalities detected and lab repos are normal. Most appropriate management is\n\nA. Incision and suction\nB. Wait and watch\nC. Local subcutaneous antisnake venom\nD...	A 6hours old snake bite patient comes to emergency with mild local edema at the injury site. On examination no abnormalities detected and lab repos are normal. Most appropriate management is	[ "Incision and suction", "Wait and watch", "Local subcutaneous antisnake venom", "Intravenous antisnake venom" ]	1	B	Wait and watch	All patients with a history of snake bite should be observed for 8-12 h after the bite, if the skin is broken and the offending snake cannot be positively identified as non-poisonous. Ref: Krishnan vij ; 5th ed; Page no: 484	true	Forensic Medicine	Poisoning
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following agents is most commonly associated with recurrent meningitis due to CSF leaks?\n\nA. Meningococci\nB. Pneumococci\nC. Hemophilus Influenza\nD. E. Coli" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Pneumococci\n\nExplanation: Intracranial CSF leaks...	Which of the following agents is most commonly associated with recurrent meningitis due to CSF leaks?	[ "Meningococci", "Pneumococci", "Hemophilus Influenza", "E. Coli" ]	1	B	Pneumococci	Intracranial CSF leaks cause bacterial meningitis, about 80% are caused by S. Pneumoniae. Other causative organisms are meningococcus, Hemophilus species and S.aurues. Ref: Clinical Pediatric Neurology By Ronald B. David, Page 217	true	Pediatrics
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Treatment of choice in traumatic facial nerve injury is:\n\nA. Facial sling\nB. Facial nerve repair\nC. Conservative management\nD. Systemic corticosteroids" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Facial nerve repair\n\nExplanation: (b) Facial nerve repair(Ref. Sc...	Treatment of choice in traumatic facial nerve injury is:	[ "Facial sling", "Facial nerve repair", "Conservative management", "Systemic corticosteroids" ]	1	B	Facial nerve repair	(b) Facial nerve repair(Ref. Scott Brown, 6th ed., 1404)Since generally following trauma the facial nerve injury occurs as sudden onset. Facial decompression should be the best option.	true	ENT	Facial Nerve And Its Disorders
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the best method of informing the rural population about Oral rehydration technique: March 2013 (d, f)\n\nA. Chalk and talk/Lecture\nB. Demonstrations\nC. Role play\nD. Flash cards" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Demonstrations\n\nExplanation: Ans. ...	What is the best method of informing the rural population about Oral rehydration technique: March 2013 (d, f)	[ "Chalk and talk/Lecture", "Demonstrations", "Role play", "Flash cards" ]	1	B	Demonstrations	Ans. B i.e. Demonstrations Demonstration involves showing by reason or proof explaining or making clear by use of examples or experiments. Put more simply, demonstration means to clearly show	true	Social & Preventive Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Lymph vessel which drain the posterior 1/3 rd of the tongue:\n\nA. Basal vessel.\nB. Marginal vessel.\nC. Central vessel.\nD. Lateral vessel." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Basal vessel." } ]	Lymph vessel which drain the posterior 1/3 rd of the tongue:	[ "Basal vessel.", "Marginal vessel.", "Central vessel.", "Lateral vessel." ]	0	A	Basal vessel.		false	Anatomy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Risk factors associated with post-operative nausea and vomiting following strabismus surgery are all except -\n\nA. Age < 3years\nB. Duration of anesthesia > 30 mins\nC. Personal or family history of post - op nausea and vomiting\nD. Personal or family history of motion sicknes...	Risk factors associated with post-operative nausea and vomiting following strabismus surgery are all except -	[ "Age < 3years", "Duration of anesthesia > 30 mins", "Personal or family history of post - op nausea and vomiting", "Personal or family history of motion sickness" ]	0	A	Age < 3years	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Age < 3 years Post operative nausea and vomiting (PONY) following strabismus surgery It can cause post - op wound dehiscence, hematoma, orbital hemorrhage and aspiration. 30 % of all procedures are associated with PONV. Major risk factors are: Age > 3years Duration of anesthesia > 30 mins Personal or ...	true	Anaesthesia
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All are True about Acute Osteomyelitis except\n\nA. Common in children\nB. Severe pain\nC. Involves Epiphyseal plate\nD. Treatment involves 6 weeks of Antibiotics" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Involves Epiphyseal plate" } ]	All are True about Acute Osteomyelitis except	[ "Common in children", "Severe pain", "Involves Epiphyseal plate", "Treatment involves 6 weeks of Antibiotics" ]	2	C	Involves Epiphyseal plate		false	Orthopaedics
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Anterolateral ahroscopy of knee is for:\n\nA. To see patellofemoral aiculation\nB. To see the posterior cruciate ligament\nC. To see the anterior poion of lateral meniscus\nD. To see the periphery of the posterior horn of medial meniscus" }, { "role": "assistant", "...	Anterolateral ahroscopy of knee is for:	[ "To see patellofemoral aiculation", "To see the posterior cruciate ligament", "To see the anterior poion of lateral meniscus", "To see the periphery of the posterior horn of medial meniscus" ]	0	A	To see patellofemoral aiculation	Standard poals in knee ahroscopy Anterolateral poal Almost all the structures within the knee joint can be seen except- posterior cruciate ligament anterior poion of the lateral meniscus periphery of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus in tight knees. Anteromedial poal Additional viewing of lateral compament Post...	true	Orthopaedics	Spos Injury
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Regarding vaginal candidiasis which one of the following is false:\n\nA. Cottage cheese like secretions are seen\nB. Intense pruritus\nC. Most common in non-pregnant women\nD. Buds and hyphae seen in KOH preparation" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Most com...	Regarding vaginal candidiasis which one of the following is false:	[ "Cottage cheese like secretions are seen", "Intense pruritus", "Most common in non-pregnant women", "Buds and hyphae seen in KOH preparation" ]	2	C	Most common in non-pregnant women	Ans. C. Most common in non-pregnant womenCandidiasis is caused by Candida albinism which thrives in an acidic medium with an abundant supply of carbohydrates. It is found commonly in pregnancy, and in patients on oral contraceptives, antibiotics and. corticosteroids. It is also seen in patients with diabetes. It causes...	true	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	Miscellaneous (Obs)
[ { "role": "user", "content": "25 year old patient Suspected to have a pneumoperitoneum. Patient is unable to stand. Best x-ray view is\n\nA. Left lateral decubitus view\nB. Right lateral decubitus view\nC. Supine\nD. Prone" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Left lateral decubitus view\n\n...	25 year old patient Suspected to have a pneumoperitoneum. Patient is unable to stand. Best x-ray view is	[ "Left lateral decubitus view", "Right lateral decubitus view", "Supine", "Prone" ]	0	A	Left lateral decubitus view	Left lateral decubitus view demonstrates the air between dense shadow of liver and the abdominal wall.	true	Radiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the most probable poal of entry of Aspergillus?\n\nA. Puncture wound\nB. Blood\nC. Lungs\nD. Gastrointestinal tract" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Lungs\n\nExplanation: Aspergillus species are widely distributed on decaying plants, producing chain...	What is the most probable poal of entry of Aspergillus?	[ "Puncture wound", "Blood", "Lungs", "Gastrointestinal tract" ]	2	C	Lungs	Aspergillus species are widely distributed on decaying plants, producing chains of conidia. Aspergillus species unlike Candida species do not form the pa of normal flora of humans. They are ubiquitous in the environment; hence transmission of infection is mostly exogenous. Aspergillus transmission occurs by inhalation ...	true	Microbiology	Mycology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "For TOF management in antenatal period includes ?\n\nA. Balloon valvotomy\nB. Open hea surgery\nC. Karyotyping\nD. Aspirin" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Karyotyping\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., KaryotypingTOF has been associated with untreated mater...	For TOF management in antenatal period includes ?	[ "Balloon valvotomy", "Open hea surgery", "Karyotyping", "Aspirin" ]	2	C	Karyotyping	Ans. is 'c' i.e., KaryotypingTOF has been associated with untreated maternal diabetes, phenylketonuria, and intake of retinoic acid.Associated chromosomal anomalies occur in 30% cases and include trisomies 21, 18, 13 and 22q11 microdeletion, especially in pulmonary atresia and absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS).The...	true	Pediatrics
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What change will be seen in vertebral column in ochronosis-\n\nA. Calcification of disc\nB. Bamboo spine\nC. Increased disc space\nD. None" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Calcification of disc\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Calcification of discAlkapton...	What change will be seen in vertebral column in ochronosis-	[ "Calcification of disc", "Bamboo spine", "Increased disc space", "None" ]	0	A	Calcification of disc	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Calcification of discAlkaptonuria# It is due to deficiency of homogentisate oxidase. As a result homogentisic acid (homogentisate) is excreted execessively in urine, There are three important characteristic features in alkaptonuria-Urine becomes dark after being exposed to air. It is due spontaneous o...	true	Orthopaedics	Anatomy of Bone & Fracture Healing
[ { "role": "user", "content": "If solid line represent the rigid height, then the following diagram with excessive inter arch space is classified in?\n\nA. Class - 1\nB. Class - 2\nC. Class - 3\nD. Class - 4" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Class - 2" } ]	If solid line represent the rigid height, then the following diagram with excessive inter arch space is classified in?	[ "Class - 1", "Class - 2", "Class - 3", "Class - 4" ]	1	B	Class - 2		false	Dental
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Pearsonian measure of skewness -\n\nA. Mode - Mean/ SD\nB. Mean - Mode/ SD\nC. SD/Mode - mean\nD. Mean - Mode/ SD" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Mean - Mode/ SD\n\nExplanation: Ans. is b' i.e., Mean-Mode Measures of Skewness o There are following measures...	Pearsonian measure of skewness -	[ "Mode - Mean/ SD", "Mean - Mode/ SD", "SD/Mode - mean", "Mean - Mode/ SD" ]	1	B	Mean - Mode/ SD	Ans. is b' i.e., Mean-Mode Measures of Skewness o There are following measures of skewness 1. Karl pearson's measure The formula for measuring skewness is divided into a) absolute measure Skewness = Mean - Mode b) relative measure The relative measure is known as the Coefficient of Skewness and is more frequently used ...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Following are the causes of sudden loss of vision except ?\n\nA. Angle closure glaucoma\nB. Endophthalmitis\nC. Central serous retinopathy\nD. Corneal ulceration" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Corneal ulceration\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Corneal u...	Following are the causes of sudden loss of vision except ?	[ "Angle closure glaucoma", "Endophthalmitis", "Central serous retinopathy", "Corneal ulceration" ]	3	D	Corneal ulceration	Ans. is 'd' i.e., Corneal ulceration	true	Ophthalmology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following are features of Lymph node histology except\n\nA. Subcapsular sinus present\nB. Both Efferent and Afferent are present\nC. Coex and Medulla are present\nD. Red pulp and White pulp are present" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Red pulp an...	All of the following are features of Lymph node histology except	[ "Subcapsular sinus present", "Both Efferent and Afferent are present", "Coex and Medulla are present", "Red pulp and White pulp are present" ]	3	D	Red pulp and White pulp are present	Red pulp and White pulp are present in spleenHistologically, a lymph node is subdivided into three regions: coex, paracoex, and medulla. All three regions have a rich supply of sinusoids, enlarged endothelially lined spaces through which lymph percolates.The afferent lymph vessels pierce the capsule on the convex surfa...	true	Anatomy	General anatomy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "During Sx for meningioma, the left paracentral lobule was injured. It would lead to paresis of\n\nA. Rt. Leg and perineus\nB. Left face\nC. Right face\nD. Right shoulder & trunk" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Rt. Leg and perineus\n\nExplanation: Ans. is '...	During Sx for meningioma, the left paracentral lobule was injured. It would lead to paresis of	[ "Rt. Leg and perineus", "Left face", "Right face", "Right shoulder & trunk" ]	0	A	Rt. Leg and perineus	Ans. is 'a' i.e Rt. Leg and perineum Paracentral lobule:On the medial surface of cerebral hemisphere, the U shaped gyrus around the end of the central sulcus is the paracentral lobule.Motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus on the superolateral surface of the hemisphere and in the anterior part of the paracentr...	true	Anatomy	Cerebrum
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following bacterial meningitis is associated with sudural effusion?\n\nA. H. influenza\nB. Neisseria meningitits\nC. Streptococcus pneumonia\nD. Enterococcus" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. H. influenza\n\nExplanation: Chronic Subdural Empyema...	Which of the following bacterial meningitis is associated with sudural effusion?	[ "H. influenza", "Neisseria meningitits", "Streptococcus pneumonia", "Enterococcus" ]	0	A	H. influenza	Chronic Subdural Empyema It may be primary infection of subdural space from sinusitis focus causing suppuration and pus formation. It can be complication of the chronic subdural haematoma. It is due to secondary bacterial infection of collected clot/fluid. Infection is from sinusitis scalp (common)/through earlier trau...	true	Surgery	Trauma
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following statements are true regarding hyperophy, except:\n\nA. Occurs due to synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular components.\nB. There is an increase in the size of the cells.\nC. Cells capable of division respond to stress by hyperophy and hyperplas...	All of the following statements are true regarding hyperophy, except:	[ "Occurs due to synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular components.", "There is an increase in the size of the cells.", "Cells capable of division respond to stress by hyperophy and hyperplasia.", "There is an increase in the number of cells." ]	3	D	There is an increase in the number of cells.	The increased size of the cells is due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components. Hyperophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, which results in an increase in the size of the affected organ. Cells capable of division may respond to stress by undergoing both hyperplasia and...	true	Pathology	Reversible Cell Injury
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Glucose sympo occurs with:\n\nA. Na+\nB. Ca++\nC. K+\nD. Cl-" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Na+\n\nExplanation: A i.e. Na+" } ]	Glucose sympo occurs with:	[ "Na+", "Ca++", "K+", "Cl-" ]	0	A	Na+	A i.e. Na+	true	Physiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All are true about temporal arteritis except -\n\nA. Can leads to sudden bilateral blindness\nB. More corrunon in females\nC. Worsen on exposure to heat\nD. Mostly affects elderly" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Worsen on exposure to heat" } ]	All are true about temporal arteritis except -	[ "Can leads to sudden bilateral blindness", "More corrunon in females", "Worsen on exposure to heat", "Mostly affects elderly" ]	2	C	Worsen on exposure to heat		false	Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Of the various modalities used in the treatment of re-threatening effects of hyperkalemia which one of the following as the most rapid onset of action ?\n\nA. Hemodialysis\nB. Sodium bicarbonate infusion\nC. Insulin and glucose infusion\nD. Intravenous calcium gluconate" }, ...	Of the various modalities used in the treatment of re-threatening effects of hyperkalemia which one of the following as the most rapid onset of action ?	[ "Hemodialysis", "Sodium bicarbonate infusion", "Insulin and glucose infusion", "Intravenous calcium gluconate" ]	0	A	Hemodialysis		false	Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "In chronic alcoholism the rate limiting component for alcohol metabolism excluding enzymes is/are : (PGI Dec 2008)\n\nA. NADP\nB. NAD+\nC. NADPH\nD. FADH" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. NAD+\n\nExplanation: Ans : B (NAD+) & C (NADPH) In chronic alcoholism ...	In chronic alcoholism the rate limiting component for alcohol metabolism excluding enzymes is/are : (PGI Dec 2008)	[ "NADP", "NAD+", "NADPH", "FADH" ]	1	B	NAD+	Ans : B (NAD+) & C (NADPH) In chronic alcoholism rate limiting component for alcohol metabolism is NAD* & NADPHOxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenaseQ & NADQ leads to excess production of NADHSome metabolism of ethanol takes place via a cytochrome P450 dependent microsomal ethanol oxidising systme (MEOS) Q invol...	true	Biochemistry	Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Minimum level of iodine iodized salt reaching the consumer level according to iodine programme should be:-\n\nA. 5 ppm\nB. 30 ppm\nC. 15 ppm\nD. 20 ppm" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. 15 ppm\n\nExplanation: National Iodine deficiency disorder programme , 1...	Minimum level of iodine iodized salt reaching the consumer level according to iodine programme should be:-	[ "5 ppm", "30 ppm", "15 ppm", "20 ppm" ]	2	C	15 ppm	National Iodine deficiency disorder programme , 1992: - National goitre control programme, 1962 is conveed to NIDDCP, 1992 - Impact indicators: Major indicator - Urinary iodine excretion levels ( generally measured in pregnant women over 24hrs) Others - Neonatal hypothyroidism , Goitre - Level of salt iodinisation: 30 ...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Other NHPs
[ { "role": "user", "content": "True statement regarding specific death rates\n\nA. Specific for age and sex\nB. Identify particular group or groups \"at risk\" for preventive action\nC. Find out cause or disease specific\nD. All of the above" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. All of the ab...	True statement regarding specific death rates	[ "Specific for age and sex", "Identify particular group or groups \"at risk\" for preventive action", "Find out cause or disease specific", "All of the above" ]	3	D	All of the above	(A1I of the above) (54- Park 20th)Specific death rates - may be (a) cause or disease specific e.g. TB, cancer, accidents (b) Related to specific groups e.g. age specific, sex specific, age and sex specific etc.* Rates can also be made specific for many others variables such as income, religion, race, housing etc.* Spec...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Concept of Health and Disease
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies is given on days\n\nA. 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 90\nB. 0, 3, 7, 28, 90\nC. 0, 3\nD. 0, 7, 28" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. 0, 7, 28\n\nExplanation: New recommended regimen/Schedule (New guidelines( Type of prophylaxis Regimen ...	Pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies is given on days	[ "0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 90", "0, 3, 7, 28, 90", "0, 3", "0, 7, 28" ]	3	D	0, 7, 28	New recommended regimen/Schedule (New guidelines( Type of prophylaxis Regimen Post exposure Intramuscular Essen Regimen (1-1-1-1-1) Day 0,3,7,14,28 Post exposure intradermal Updated Thai Red Cross Regimen (2-2-2-0-2) Day 0,3,7,28 Post exposure in vaccinated individuals Day 0,3 Pre-exposure prophylaxis Day 0,7,21/28 Min...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Communicable diseases
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Regarding Sjogren's syndrome, all are true except: September 2010\n\nA. Keratoconjuctivitis sicca\nB. Rheumatoid ahritis\nC. Epiphora\nD. Autoimmune in nature" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Epiphora\n\nExplanation: Ans. C: Epiphora SjOgren's syndrome (als...	Regarding Sjogren's syndrome, all are true except: September 2010	[ "Keratoconjuctivitis sicca", "Rheumatoid ahritis", "Epiphora", "Autoimmune in nature" ]	2	C	Epiphora	Ans. C: Epiphora SjOgren's syndrome (also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva SjOgren's syndrome can exist as a disorder in its own right (Primary Sjogren's syndrome) or it may devel...	true	Ophthalmology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Best indicator of antemoum drowning is :\n\nA. Froth in mouth and nostrils\nB. Cutis anserina\nC. Washerman's hand\nD. Water in nose" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Froth in mouth and nostrils\n\nExplanation: A i.e. Fine froth in mouth & nostril" } ]	Best indicator of antemoum drowning is :	[ "Froth in mouth and nostrils", "Cutis anserina", "Washerman's hand", "Water in nose" ]	0	A	Froth in mouth and nostrils	A i.e. Fine froth in mouth & nostril	true	Forensic Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Splenomegaly may be a feature of: March 2013\n\nA. Megaloblastic anemia\nB. Sickle cell anemia\nC. Thalassemia\nD. G6PD deficiency" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Sickle cell anemia\n\nExplanation: Ans. B i.e. Sickle cell anemia Splenomegaly Splenomegaly r...	Splenomegaly may be a feature of: March 2013	[ "Megaloblastic anemia", "Sickle cell anemia", "Thalassemia", "G6PD deficiency" ]	1	B	Sickle cell anemia	Ans. B i.e. Sickle cell anemia Splenomegaly Splenomegaly refers strictly to spleen enlargement, and is distinct from hyperspineism , which connotes overactive function by a spleen of any size. Splenomegaly and hypersplenism should not be confused. Each may be found separately, or they may coexist. Clinically if a splee...	true	Pathology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Gp2b3A inhibitors are all except -\n\nA. Abciximab\nB. Eptifibatide\nC. Tirofiban\nD. Prasugrel" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Prasugrel\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Prasugrel Glycoproteins lIb / IIIa inhibitorso The platelet glycoprotein mediates pl...	Gp2b3A inhibitors are all except -	[ "Abciximab", "Eptifibatide", "Tirofiban", "Prasugrel" ]	3	D	Prasugrel	Ans. is 'd' i.e., Prasugrel Glycoproteins lIb / IIIa inhibitorso The platelet glycoprotein mediates platelet aggregation via binding of adhesive proteins such as fibrinogen and Von Willebrand factor.o GP lib / Ilia inhibitors, inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking GPIIb / IlIa.o They are more complete inhibitors tha...	true	Pharmacology	Antiplatelets and Fibrinolytics
[ { "role": "user", "content": "True of case control studies -\n\nA. It proceeds from cause to effect\nB. Odds ratio can be calculated\nC. Incidence can be calculated\nD. Needs many patients" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Odds ratio can be calculated" } ]	True of case control studies -	[ "It proceeds from cause to effect", "Odds ratio can be calculated", "Incidence can be calculated", "Needs many patients" ]	1	B	Odds ratio can be calculated		false	Social & Preventive Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following could include the mechanism or function of oxigenases, EXCEPT:\n\nA. Incorporate 2 atoms of oxygen\nB. Incorporate 1 atom of oxygen\nC. Required for hydroxylation of steroids\nD. Required for carboxylation of drugs" }, { "role": "assistant", "co...	All of the following could include the mechanism or function of oxigenases, EXCEPT:	[ "Incorporate 2 atoms of oxygen", "Incorporate 1 atom of oxygen", "Required for hydroxylation of steroids", "Required for carboxylation of drugs" ]	3	D	Required for carboxylation of drugs	Carboxylation is a function of carboxylase enzymes which belong to the class of 'Ligases'. It is not a function of oxygenase enzymes. Monoxygenases incorporate one atom of oxygen and play an impoant role in hydroxylation of steroids. Dioxygenases incorporate 2 atoms of oxygen into the substrate. Ref: Harper's Illustrat...	true	Biochemistry
[ { "role": "user", "content": "According to recent SC judgment, doctor can be charged for medical negligence under 304-A, only if: AIIMS 12\n\nA. He is from corporate hospital\nB. Negligence is from inadveent error\nC. Simple negligence\nD. Gross negligence" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "...	According to recent SC judgment, doctor can be charged for medical negligence under 304-A, only if: AIIMS 12	[ "He is from corporate hospital", "Negligence is from inadveent error", "Simple negligence", "Gross negligence" ]	3	D	Gross negligence	Ans. Gross negligence	true	Forensic Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is very difficult to induce antibody -\n\nA. Polysaccharide\nB. Protein\nC. Antigen\nD. Effector" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Polysaccharide\n\nExplanation: An antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antib...	Which of the following is very difficult to induce antibody -	[ "Polysaccharide", "Protein", "Antigen", "Effector" ]	0	A	Polysaccharide	An antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it. Antigens are usually peptides, polysaccharides or lipids. In general, molecules other than peptides (saccharides and lipids) qualify as antigens but not as immunogens since they cannot elicit an immune response on their own. Ref:...	true	Microbiology	Immunology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Prevalence is a:\n\nA. Rate\nB. Ratio\nC. Propoion\nD. None of the above" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Propoion\n\nExplanation: Tools of measurement in epidemics: - Rate = x 1000/ 10000/ 100000 ; a is pa of b - Ratio = a/b ; a is not a pa of b - Propoion...	Prevalence is a:	[ "Rate", "Ratio", "Propoion", "None of the above" ]	2	C	Propoion	Tools of measurement in epidemics: - Rate = x 1000/ 10000/ 100000 ; a is pa of b - Ratio = a/b ; a is not a pa of b - Propoion = x 100 = % ; a is pa of b Prevalence = No. of all current cases of a disease at a time /Estimated total population at that time X 100 Hence, Prevalence is a propoion (Prevalence is NOT a Ratio...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Epidemiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "S2 is best appreciated in -\n\nA. 3rd left intercostal space\nB. 2nd right intercostal space\nC. 4th left intercostal space\nD. 5th left intercostal space" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. 3rd left intercostal space\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., 3rd left...	S2 is best appreciated in -	[ "3rd left intercostal space", "2nd right intercostal space", "4th left intercostal space", "5th left intercostal space" ]	0	A	3rd left intercostal space	Ans. is 'a' i.e., 3rd left intercostal space o Best areas to auscultate for both components of the second heart sound (A2 and P2) are either the left sternal border at the level of second intercostal space (Pulmonic area) or the left sternal border at the level of third intercostal space (Erb s point).	true	Medicine	General
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Position of limb in posterior dislocation of hip -\n\nA. Flexion, abduction & external rotation\nB. Flexion, adduction & internal rotation\nC. Flexion, adduction & external rotation\nD. Flexion, abduction & internal rotation" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B....	Position of limb in posterior dislocation of hip -	[ "Flexion, abduction & external rotation", "Flexion, adduction & internal rotation", "Flexion, adduction & external rotation", "Flexion, abduction & internal rotation" ]	1	B	Flexion, adduction & internal rotation	Ans. is 'b' i.e., Flexion, adduction & internal rotation Hip conditionDeformitySynovitisArthritisPosterior dislocationAnterior dislocationFemoral neck fractureIntertrochantric fractureFlexion, abduction, external rotation, apparent lengtheningFlexion, adduction, internal rotation, true shorteningFlexion, adduction, int...	true	Orthopaedics	Congenital Dislocation of Hip (C.D.H.)
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Drug causing malignant hyperthermia:(Asked twice in the exam)\n\nA. Cisatracurium\nB. Suxamethonium\nC. Propofol\nD. Thiopentone" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Suxamethonium\n\nExplanation: Ans. b. SuxamethoniumSuxamethonium is the drug most commonly resp...	Drug causing malignant hyperthermia:(Asked twice in the exam)	[ "Cisatracurium", "Suxamethonium", "Propofol", "Thiopentone" ]	1	B	Suxamethonium	Ans. b. SuxamethoniumSuxamethonium is the drug most commonly responsible for causing malignant hyperthermia.'Drugs causing malignant hyperthermia are- succinylcholine (most common cause), halothane (MC inhalational agent), iso/des/sevo/methoxy- fluranes, lignocaine, TCA, MAO inhibitors and phenothiazines.''Thiopentone ...	true	Anaesthesia	Complications Of Anaesthesia
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Household insectiside used for malaria-\n\nA. Malathion\nB. Pyrethrum\nC. Paris green\nD. Permethrin" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Malathion\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Malathion* Insectisides used for control of malaria are-i) Residual sprapy-# In...	Household insectiside used for malaria-	[ "Malathion", "Pyrethrum", "Paris green", "Permethrin" ]	0	A	Malathion	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Malathion* Insectisides used for control of malaria are-i) Residual sprapy-# In residual spray, spraying of houses with residual insectisides is done. Residual insectisides remains active over extended periods i.e., they have residual action even after the time of spray.# Commonly used residual insect...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Environment and Health
[ { "role": "user", "content": "False about obstructive jaundice\n\nA. Unconjugated bilirubin\nB. Pruritus\nC. Pale stools\nD. Icterus" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Unconjugated bilirubin\n\nExplanation: Obstructive jaundice Most common surgical cause of obstructive jaundice is CBD sto...	False about obstructive jaundice	[ "Unconjugated bilirubin", "Pruritus", "Pale stools", "Icterus" ]	0	A	Unconjugated bilirubin	Obstructive jaundice Most common surgical cause of obstructive jaundice is CBD stones Characterized by dark urine, pale coloured stools, icterus and Pruritus Presence of urobilinogen in urine rules out obstructive jaundice USG is the best test to differentiate medical from surgical jaundice Unconjugated bilirubin is no...	true	Anatomy	G.I.T
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following structure lies outside the cavernous sinus except\n\nA. Sphenoidal air sinus\nB. Internal carotid aery\nC. Foramen lacerum\nD. Maxillary nerve" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Maxillary nerve\n\nExplanation: structures outside the sinus...	All of the following structure lies outside the cavernous sinus except	[ "Sphenoidal air sinus", "Internal carotid aery", "Foramen lacerum", "Maxillary nerve" ]	3	D	Maxillary nerve	structures outside the sinus: 1. Superiorly: optic tract, optic chiasma, olfactory tract, internal carotid aery and anterior perforated substance. 2.inferiorly: foramen lacerum and the junction of the body and greater wing of the sphenoid bone 3.medically: hypophysis cerebri and sphenoidal air sinus 4.laterally: tempor...	true	Anatomy	Head and neck
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is the best procedure done for intrapaum fetal monitoring:\n\nA. Fetal echocardiography\nB. Fetal scalp pH\nC. Continuous electrical fetal hea monitoring\nD. Physical examination" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Continuous electrical ...	Which of the following is the best procedure done for intrapaum fetal monitoring:	[ "Fetal echocardiography", "Fetal scalp pH", "Continuous electrical fetal hea monitoring", "Physical examination" ]	2	C	Continuous electrical fetal hea monitoring	Electrical Fetal hea monitoring is useful as: (1) Provides accurate information, (2) Helpful in diagnosing fetal distress, (3) Directs about intervention to prevent fetal death or morbidity, (4) It is superior to intermittent monitoring methods.	true	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	Intra Uterine Growth Restriction, Intrapaum and Antepaum Fetal Surviellance
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is measured by the device, Bellow's spirometer?\n\nA. TLC\nB. RV\nC. Closing volume\nD. ERV" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. ERV\n\nExplanation: The spirometer is a simple device for measuring gas volumes. The frequently used water sp...	Which of the following is measured by the device, Bellow's spirometer?	[ "TLC", "RV", "Closing volume", "ERV" ]	3	D	ERV	The spirometer is a simple device for measuring gas volumes. The frequently used water spirometer, rolling seal spirometer and bellows spirometer. The last two are not water-filled and are more poable. The VT, IRV, ERV, IC, and VC can all be measured with a spirometer (as can the forced expiratory volume in 1 second , ...	true	Physiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is a newly emerging food poisoning organism\n\nA. Salmonella typhimurium\nB. Enterococcus\nC. Diphtheria\nD. Pseudomonas" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Salmonella typhimurium\n\nExplanation: Ans: a (Salmonella typhimurium) Ref: Anan...	Which of the following is a newly emerging food poisoning organism	[ "Salmonella typhimurium", "Enterococcus", "Diphtheria", "Pseudomonas" ]	0	A	Salmonella typhimurium	Ans: a (Salmonella typhimurium) Ref: Ananathanarayan,7th ed, p. 303Of the above given, S. typhimurium causes food poisoningSalmonella gastroenteritisS. typhimurium is the most common cause of food poisoning due to salmonella species.Incubation period--6-24 hrsFood poisoning is never caused by S. typhi. Source of transm...	true	Microbiology	Enterobecteriaceae
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Atherosclerosis initiation by fibroblast plaque is mediated by injury to ?\n\nA. Smooth muscle\nB. Media\nC. Adventitia\nD. Endothelium" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Endothelium\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Endothelium The most acceptable hypothesis...	Atherosclerosis initiation by fibroblast plaque is mediated by injury to ?	[ "Smooth muscle", "Media", "Adventitia", "Endothelium" ]	3	D	Endothelium	Ans. is 'd' i.e., Endothelium The most acceptable hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is "the response to injury hypothesis". According to this hypothesis, atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response of the aerial wall initiated by injury to endothelium. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Following s...	true	Pathology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The WBC that is considered “second line of defence” is:\n\nA. Neutrophil\nB. Eosinophil\nC. Basophil\nD. Monocyte" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Monocyte\n\nExplanation: Monocyte is considered as the second line of defence.\n \nPhagocytosis by Macrophages...	The WBC that is considered “second line of defence” is:	[ "Neutrophil", "Eosinophil", "Basophil", "Monocyte" ]	3	D	Monocyte	Monocyte is considered as the second line of defence. Phagocytosis by Macrophages. Macrophages are the end-stage product of monocytes that enter the tissues from the blood. When activated by the immune system, they are much more powerful phagocytes than neutrophils, often capable of phagocytizing as many as 100 bacte...	true	Physiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Mark the true statement regarding use of Lithium in maniac-depressive psychosis?\n\nA. Monotherapy for acute episodes\nB. Monitoring of serum concentration is not useful for guiding dose adjustment\nC. Can result in leucocytosis\nD. Can result in hypehyroidism on long term use"...	Mark the true statement regarding use of Lithium in maniac-depressive psychosis?	[ "Monotherapy for acute episodes", "Monitoring of serum concentration is not useful for guiding dose adjustment", "Can result in leucocytosis", "Can result in hypehyroidism on long term use" ]	2	C	Can result in leucocytosis	Lithium Use : Prophylaxis of mania alone, with sedatives in acute mania. Monitoring of S. concentration is significant to know the toxicity of drug S/E of Lithium Lithium use for a long time causes benign and reversible T-wave flattening Seizures Polyuria and compensatory polydipsia Dermatitis, folliculitis, vasculitis...	true	Pharmacology	Psychiatric Illness
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Determination of Pulp vitality by pulse oximeter based on:\n\nA. Beer's law.\nB. Pascal's law.\nC. Doppler law.\nD. Poisslues law." }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Beer's law.\n\nExplanation: Pulse oxymetry-\n\nBased on Beer Lambert law\nUtilization of a pr...	Determination of Pulp vitality by pulse oximeter based on:	[ "Beer's law.", "Pascal's law.", "Doppler law.", "Poisslues law." ]	0	A	Beer's law.	Pulse oxymetry- Based on Beer Lambert law Utilization of a probe that transmits red (640 mm) and infrared light Photo detector as a receptor site Different absorption ability of light by oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin leads to changes in the amount of light differently absorbed by the vascular bed before reac...	true	Dental
[ { "role": "user", "content": "An Isograft indicates transfer of tissues between -\n\nA. Unrelated donors\nB. Related donors\nC. Monozygotic twins\nD. From the same individual" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Monozygotic twins" } ]	An Isograft indicates transfer of tissues between -	[ "Unrelated donors", "Related donors", "Monozygotic twins", "From the same individual" ]	2	C	Monozygotic twins		false	Surgery
[ { "role": "user", "content": "All of the following are causes of congenital blindness Except\n\nA. Toxoplasmosis\nB. Congenital rubella\nC. Vitamin A deficiency\nD. Cataract" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. Vitamin A deficiency\n\nExplanation: Causes of congenital blindness:Toxoplasmosi...	All of the following are causes of congenital blindness Except	[ "Toxoplasmosis", "Congenital rubella", "Vitamin A deficiency", "Cataract" ]	2	C	Vitamin A deficiency	Causes of congenital blindness:ToxoplasmosisCongenital cataractsGenetic diseaseCongenital rubellaCongenital glaucomaUsher syndrome(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 318 - 319)	true	Pediatrics	All India exam
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Hypersecretory glaucoma is seen in –\n\nA. Epidemic dropsy\nB. Marfan's syndrome\nC. Hypertension\nD. Diabetes" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Epidemic dropsy\n\nExplanation: \"In epidemic dropsy, glaucoma is wide angle glaucoma, with normal chamber and an...	Hypersecretory glaucoma is seen in –	[ "Epidemic dropsy", "Marfan's syndrome", "Hypertension", "Diabetes" ]	0	A	Epidemic dropsy	"In epidemic dropsy, glaucoma is wide angle glaucoma, with normal chamber and angle. Outflow is within normal limits. The queous shows raised level of histamin, prostaglandin and protein suggesting that glaucoma is hypersecretory". _ Mukherjee	true	Ophthalmology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "A 14-year-old girl presents with quadriparesis, facial palsy, winging of scapula and ptosis. There is h/o similar illness in father and brother but less severe. Her CPK level is also raised (500IU/L). She is probably suffering from?\n\nA. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy\nB. B...	A 14-year-old girl presents with quadriparesis, facial palsy, winging of scapula and ptosis. There is h/o similar illness in father and brother but less severe. Her CPK level is also raised (500IU/L). She is probably suffering from?	[ "Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy", "Becker muscular dystrophy", "Limb-girdle dystrophy", "Scapulofaciohumeral dystrophy" ]	3	D	Scapulofaciohumeral dystrophy	Facial muscle involvement is not seen with Becker and Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy Emery Dreifuss and Becker are XLR disease so can't be present in a girl child. Hence by exclusion the diagnosis is Dx: Scapulo-Faciohumeraldystrophy. Facio-Scapulo-humeral dystrophy Autosomal dominant inheritance and has an onset in ch...	true	Medicine	Myasthenia Gravis and Muscular dystrophy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is true statement regarding human eye\n\nA. Cornea cut off wavelength upto 400 nm\nB. Normal eye medium will permit wavelength of 400- 700 nm\nC. Even after cataract surgery UV rays are not penetrated\nD. Lens will not reflect light" }, { "role": ...	Which of the following is true statement regarding human eye	[ "Cornea cut off wavelength upto 400 nm", "Normal eye medium will permit wavelength of 400- 700 nm", "Even after cataract surgery UV rays are not penetrated", "Lens will not reflect light" ]	1	B	Normal eye medium will permit wavelength of 400- 700 nm	Ans. b (normal rye medium will permit wavelength of 400- 700 ntn) Ref: yanoff 3rd ed p 383, internet sitesCornea and lens act as special filters absorbing the more energetic wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum that can damage the retina. Cornea absorbs wavelength below 295nm where as lens absorbs strongly in the...	true	Ophthalmology	Anatomy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following muscle is not a hybrid muscle\n\nA. Pectoralis major\nB. Extensor digitorum\nC. Flexor digitorum profundus\nD. Brachialis" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Extensor digitorum\n\nExplanation: Extensor digitorum Hybrid muscles are the mu...	Which of the following muscle is not a hybrid muscle	[ "Pectoralis major", "Extensor digitorum", "Flexor digitorum profundus", "Brachialis" ]	1	B	Extensor digitorum	Extensor digitorum Hybrid muscles are the muscles having more than one nerve supply Pctoralis major: lateral & medial pectoral nerves Brachialis: additional proprioceptive fibres from radial nerve, in addition to its muscular nerve, musculocutaneous nerve. Extensor digitorum is supplied by the posterior interosseous ne...	true	Surgery
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Delayed union of fracture of a bone follo-wing a surgical treatment may be due to\n\nA. Infection\nB. Inadequate circulation\nC. Inadequate mobilization\nD. All of the above" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. All of the above\n\nExplanation: D i.e. All" } ]	Delayed union of fracture of a bone follo-wing a surgical treatment may be due to	[ "Infection", "Inadequate circulation", "Inadequate mobilization", "All of the above" ]	3	D	All of the above	D i.e. All	true	Surgery
[ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the pressure of inspiration?\n\nA. Intrapleuarl\nB. Transpulmonary\nC. Trans chest wall\nD. Alveolar pressure" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Intrapleuarl\n\nExplanation: Ans: a (Intrapleural) Ref: Ganong,22nd ed,p. 6651The main pressure in lung re...	What is the pressure of inspiration?	[ "Intrapleuarl", "Transpulmonary", "Trans chest wall", "Alveolar pressure" ]	0	A	Intrapleuarl	Ans: a (Intrapleural) Ref: Ganong,22nd ed,p. 6651The main pressure in lung related to inspiration is intrapleural pressure.Intrapleural pressure.The pressure in the intrapleural space between the lungs and chest wall is intrapleural pressure.Intrapleural pressure changes from -2.5 to -6 mmHg during inspiration. During ...	true	Physiology	Respiratory System
[ { "role": "user", "content": "One standard detion in normal standard curev includes value-\n\nA. 50%\nB. 68%\nC. 95%\nD. 100%" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. 68%\n\nExplanation: Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 849. 1SD : confidence limit = 68% 2SD : confidence limit = 95% 3SD : confidence li...	One standard detion in normal standard curev includes value-	[ "50%", "68%", "95%", "100%" ]	1	B	68%	Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 849. 1SD : confidence limit = 68% 2SD : confidence limit = 95% 3SD : confidence limit = 99.7%	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Biostatistics
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Foam cells are seen in infection with which virus ?\n\nA. Measles\nB. EBV\nC. Molluscum contagiosum\nD. RSV" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. EBV\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., EBV EBV encephalomyelitis shows :Abnormal white matter with perivascular infil...	Foam cells are seen in infection with which virus ?	[ "Measles", "EBV", "Molluscum contagiosum", "RSV" ]	1	B	EBV	Ans. is 'b' i.e., EBV EBV encephalomyelitis shows :Abnormal white matter with perivascular infiltrates of inflammatory cells and foam cells.Some myelin is replaced by lipid-filled macrophages and hyperplastic astrocytes.	true	Microbiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "During extraction of the upper first molar, the mesio buccal root is missing and is suspected to have been pushed into the maxillary sinus.\nThe best position for the patient immediately after the incident is\n\nA. To position the patient upright\nB. To position the patients in...	During extraction of the upper first molar, the mesio buccal root is missing and is suspected to have been pushed into the maxillary sinus. The best position for the patient immediately after the incident is	[ "To position the patient upright", "To position the patients in a semi inclined posture to visualize the perforation", "Trendelenberg position", "Reverse trendelenberg position" ]	0	A	To position the patient upright		false	Surgery
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Rescue P.C.I is done for which of the following?\n\nA. Persistent chest pain with ST elevation > 60 min after thrombolysis\nB. Persistent chest pain with ST elevation > 30 min after thrombolysis\nC. Persistent Chest pain with ST elevation >90 min after thrombolysis\nD. Pain wit...	Rescue P.C.I is done for which of the following?	[ "Persistent chest pain with ST elevation > 60 min after thrombolysis", "Persistent chest pain with ST elevation > 30 min after thrombolysis", "Persistent Chest pain with ST elevation >90 min after thrombolysis", "Pain with ST elevation for >120minutes after thrombolysis" ]	2	C	Persistent Chest pain with ST elevation >90 min after thrombolysis	Option C = Rescue P.C.I. After thrombolysis ST Elevation begin to reduce If ST Elevation persisting in spite of thrombolysis. So it's failure of thrombolysis \| within 90 minutes Rescue PCI Types of PCI Primary PCI done for STEMI (Door to device time < 90 minutes). Delayed PCI done for Unstable Angina NSTEMI Rescue PCI ...	true	Medicine	Acute coronary syndrome
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Fever associated with infection\n\nA. Accelerates bacterial and viral replication\nB. Left shifts the oxygen dissociation curve\nC. Is due to interleukin-1 released from CD4 T-helper cells\nD. Increase oxygen release to tissue" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "...	Fever associated with infection	[ "Accelerates bacterial and viral replication", "Left shifts the oxygen dissociation curve", "Is due to interleukin-1 released from CD4 T-helper cells", "Increase oxygen release to tissue" ]	3	D	Increase oxygen release to tissue	Fever right shifts the oxygen dissociation curve, which allows for a greater release of oxygen to the tissue, making oxygen easily available to neutrophils and monocytes for use in the oxygen-dependent myeloperoxidase system of bactericidal killing. Having more oxygen available to tissue also enhances wound healing. In...	true	Physiology	General physiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Last organ to putrefy in females is?\n\nA. Liver\nB. Uterus\nC. Brain\nD. Breast" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Uterus\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Uterus Order of putrefactiono Order of appearance of putrefaction from earliest to last is : larynx, t...	Last organ to putrefy in females is?	[ "Liver", "Uterus", "Brain", "Breast" ]	1	B	Uterus	Ans. is 'b' i.e., Uterus Order of putrefactiono Order of appearance of putrefaction from earliest to last is : larynx, trachea > stomach, intestine > spleen, liver > brain, lungs > heart > kidney, bladder > uterus/prostate > bone.o Amongst the soft tissues uterus in female and prostate in malesm are last to undergo put...	true	Forensic Medicine	Injuries
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Hamartomatous lung tissue is?\n\nA. Hypoplasia of lung\nB. Congenital cyst\nC. Lobar sequestration\nD. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation\n\nExplanation: Ans. (d) Congenital...	Hamartomatous lung tissue is?	[ "Hypoplasia of lung", "Congenital cyst", "Lobar sequestration", "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation" ]	3	D	Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation	Ans. (d) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 670; 8th/pg 679)Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM): Hamartomatous Q or dysplastic lung tissue, usually confined to one lobe.	true	Pathology	Respiration
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Test for diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis is?\n\nA. Widal\nB. CSF PCR\nC. CSF examination\nD. PET scan" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. CSF examination\n\nExplanation: ANSWER: (C) CSF examinationREF: Harrison 17th ed chapter 376The diagnosis of bacterial me...	Test for diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis is?	[ "Widal", "CSF PCR", "CSF examination", "PET scan" ]	2	C	CSF examination	ANSWER: (C) CSF examinationREF: Harrison 17th ed chapter 376The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is made by examination of the CSF. The need to obtain neuroimaging studies (CT or MRI) prior to LP requires clinical judgment.A broad-range PCR can detect small numbers of viable and nonviable organisms in CSF and is expec...	true	Microbiology	Bacteria
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Causes of thickened gallbladder wall on ultrasound examination are all except:\n\nA. Postprandial state\nB. Cholecystitis\nC. Congestive cardiac failure\nD. Kawasaki disease" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "D. Kawasaki disease\n\nExplanation: Ans: D (Kawasaki ...	Causes of thickened gallbladder wall on ultrasound examination are all except:	[ "Postprandial state", "Cholecystitis", "Congestive cardiac failure", "Kawasaki disease" ]	3	D	Kawasaki disease	Ans: D (Kawasaki disease) Ref: Manual of Emergency Critical Care Ultrasound Vicke E Noble. 2nd ed. Pg 156Explanation:Kawasaki disease is associated with hydrops of gallbladder.Gallbladder Wall Thickening A gallbladder wall that is thickened is a sign of inflammation. This is a non-specific finding, and many other patho...	true	Radiology	Abdominal Radiography
[ { "role": "user", "content": "In caloric test, cold water stimulation causes movement of eye -\n\nA. Some side\nB. Opposite side\nC. Up\nD. Do\\vn" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Opposite side\n\nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Opposite side [Ref: Dhingra 5th/e p. 48}o Each ear is irrig...	In caloric test, cold water stimulation causes movement of eye -	[ "Some side", "Opposite side", "Up", "Do\\vn" ]	1	B	Opposite side	Ans. is 'b' i.e., Opposite side [Ref: Dhingra 5th/e p. 48}o Each ear is irrigated twice : once with cold water (70C below the body temperature, i. e. 300C) and then with warm water (70C above the body temperature, i.e. 440C).o Cold water provokes nystagmus towards the opposite ear, while warm water provokes nystagmus t...	true	ENT	Assessment of Vestibular Function
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following is not false about annual risk of TB\n\nA. ARI of 1% = 75 new cases\nB. Current ARI in India is 1.7%\nC. It is represents new cases of TB\nD. It is assessed by tuberculin conversion in previously non-vaccinated children" }, { "role": "assistant", ...	Which of the following is not false about annual risk of TB	[ "ARI of 1% = 75 new cases", "Current ARI in India is 1.7%", "It is represents new cases of TB", "It is assessed by tuberculin conversion in previously non-vaccinated children" ]	3	D	It is assessed by tuberculin conversion in previously non-vaccinated children	Incidence of TB infection (Annual infection rate, Annual risk of Infection ARI) : Percentage of population under study who will be newly infected (not diseased or cases) with TB among Non-infected in 1 year. Expresses attacking force of TB in community In developing countries 1% ARI corresponds to: 50 SS +ve cases per ...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Communicable diseases
[ { "role": "user", "content": "A 12-year-old girl presents to the casualty with symptoms of fever, shoness of breath, and cough. A chest X-ray reveals complete consolidation of the lower lobe of the left lung. Cultures of the lower lobe of the left lung would most likely reveal which organism?\n\nA. Streptoc...	A 12-year-old girl presents to the casualty with symptoms of fever, shoness of breath, and cough. A chest X-ray reveals complete consolidation of the lower lobe of the left lung. Cultures of the lower lobe of the left lung would most likely reveal which organism?	[ "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" ]	0	A	Streptococcus pneumoniae	The history and findings are consistent with a lobar pneumonia. The most common etiologic agent of lobar pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Productive cough, fever, rigors, dyspnea, early pleuritic chest pain Consolidating lobar pneumonia on chest radiograph Lancet-shaped gram-positive diplo...	true	Microbiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "IgA deposits on skin biopsy\n\nA. Henoch Schouleiln puspura\nB. Giant cell aeritis\nC. Microscopic polyangitis\nD. Wegener's granulomatosis" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. Henoch Schouleiln puspura\n\nExplanation: A.i.e. Henosch Schonlein purpura" } ]	IgA deposits on skin biopsy	[ "Henoch Schouleiln puspura", "Giant cell aeritis", "Microscopic polyangitis", "Wegener's granulomatosis" ]	0	A	Henoch Schouleiln puspura	A.i.e. Henosch Schonlein purpura	true	Skin
[ { "role": "user", "content": "A Dentin 'Primer'?\n\nA. Etches the dentin\nB. It increases the surface energy & wets the dentin surface\nC. Removes the smear layer\nD. Conditions the dentin" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. It increases the surface energy & wets the dentin surface" } ]	A Dentin 'Primer'?	[ "Etches the dentin", "It increases the surface energy & wets the dentin surface", "Removes the smear layer", "Conditions the dentin" ]	1	B	It increases the surface energy & wets the dentin surface		false	Dental
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following hormonal activity is expected immediately prior to Ovulation?\n\nA. LH surge\nB. FSH surge\nC. Progestrone surge\nD. Estrogen surge" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "A. LH surge\n\nExplanation: Ovulation occurs due to the effect of increa...	Which of the following hormonal activity is expected immediately prior to Ovulation?	[ "LH surge", "FSH surge", "Progestrone surge", "Estrogen surge" ]	0	A	LH surge	Ovulation occurs due to the effect of increased concentration of LH. In the pre-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. This is followed by LH surge.	true	Physiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Following are fibrous joints :\n\nA. Pubic symphysis\nB. Fronto parietal suture\nC. Manubrio sternal joint\nD. Inf. radio ulnar joint" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Fronto parietal suture\n\nExplanation: B. i.e. Frontoparietal sutureSkull sutures (except ...	Following are fibrous joints :	[ "Pubic symphysis", "Fronto parietal suture", "Manubrio sternal joint", "Inf. radio ulnar joint" ]	1	B	Fronto parietal suture	B. i.e. Frontoparietal sutureSkull sutures (except sphen-occipital), vomer- sphenoid rostrum schindylesisQ, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis and dentoalveolar gomphosis (tooth socket) joints are fibrous joints. A Schindylesis is a specialized suture where a rigid bone fits into a groove on a neighbouring element eg a ...	true	Anatomy
[ { "role": "user", "content": "For exhumation the order should be passed by -\n\nA. Chief judicial magistrate\nB. Executive magistrate\nC. Police officer\nD. Session judge" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Executive magistrate\n\nExplanation: The body is exhumed only when, there is writte...	For exhumation the order should be passed by -	[ "Chief judicial magistrate", "Executive magistrate", "Police officer", "Session judge" ]	1	B	Executive magistrate	The body is exhumed only when, there is written order from the executive magistrate.	true	Forensic Medicine
[ { "role": "user", "content": "The radiograph of a 32 year old patient is shown below. The patient is asymptomatic and the lesion revealed in the radiograph is an accidental finding. The most likely diagnosis is:\n\nA. Stafne’s bone cavity\nB. Radicular Cyst\nC. Dentigerous cyst\nD. Lateral periodontal cyst"...	The radiograph of a 32 year old patient is shown below. The patient is asymptomatic and the lesion revealed in the radiograph is an accidental finding. The most likely diagnosis is:	[ "Stafne’s bone cavity", "Radicular Cyst", "Dentigerous cyst", "Lateral periodontal cyst" ]	0	A	Stafne’s bone cavity	Radiological signs: The lesion presents as a chance radiographic finding. It is a round or an ovoid (<3 cm) uniform radiolucency with a well-defined, usually corticated, margin. Stafne’s bone cavity is non-expansile and is found below the mandibular canal just anterior to the angle of the mandible. The location of Staf...	true	Radiology
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Which of the following disease with bird, ahropod and human chain\n\nA. Malaria\nB. Japanese encephalitis\nC. Paragonimus\nD. Plague" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "B. Japanese encephalitis\n\nExplanation: Agent factors :- * Caused by group B arbovirus (flavi...	Which of the following disease with bird, ahropod and human chain	[ "Malaria", "Japanese encephalitis", "Paragonimus", "Plague" ]	1	B	Japanese encephalitis	Agent factors :- * Caused by group B arbovirus (flavivirus) * The main reservoirs are Ardeid birds and pigs * Pigs are amplifiers of the virus and they do not manifest ove symptoms but circulates the virus Host factors :- * Most common in the age group of <15 years of age * Man - incidental dead end host * Affects othe...	true	Social & Preventive Medicine	Communicable diseases
[ { "role": "user", "content": "Increase in pauwel's angle indicate\n\nA. Good prognosis\nB. Impaction\nC. More chances of displacement\nD. Trabecular alignment displacement" }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "C. More chances of displacement\n\nExplanation: Pauwel's classification - depending o...	Increase in pauwel's angle indicate	[ "Good prognosis", "Impaction", "More chances of displacement", "Trabecular alignment displacement" ]	2	C	More chances of displacement	Pauwel's classification - depending on angle (Pauwel's angle) formed by the line with the horizontal. More the Pauwell's angle, more unstable is the fracture with poorer prognosis Type I : <30deg Type II : 30-50deg Type III: >50deg(worst prognosis)	true	Orthopaedics	Lower Limb Traumatology

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MedMCQA — OpenAI-native, with a usable test split

MedMCQA is one of the most downloaded medical QA datasets on the Hub. Its test split has been unusable since release: all 6,150 rows carry cop=-1 (no label) and an empty explanation. You cannot score a model on it.

This release rebuilds a labelled, leak-free test split and converts everything to the native messages format, so it loads straight into TRL with no custom parsing.

What was actually wrong

Measured on the full source corpus, not on a sample:

Defect	Measurement
Test rows with no label (`cop=-1`)	6,150 / 6,150 = 100%
Test rows with empty explanation	6,150 / 6,150 = 100%
Validation rows with empty explanation	1,977 / 4,183 = 47.26%
Train rows with empty explanation	21,953 / 182,822 = 12.01%
Train rows tagged `choice_type="multi"`	62,057 / 182,822 = 33.94%
Train↔validation overlap (normalised)	13 questions

What was done

The broken test split was dropped, not patched. No label was inferred, guessed, or generated by an LLM. A benchmark with invented answers is worse than no benchmark.
A new test split was carved out of the labelled train data (seed 42), so every test row has a real, human-sourced answer.
Deterministic deduplication and leak removal, purged from train. Questions are matched under aggressive normalisation (every non-alphanumeric character stripped, case-folded), which catches pairs that exact matching misses — e.g. "Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) -" vs "...neoplasi" with a mangled "A. - a)" option block: same item, different source corruption. 104 such rows were removed from the train split, leaving the evaluation split whole: the eval set is small and precious, the train set absorbs the loss (0.07% of it).
Converted to messages. Typed List[{role, content}] — not JSON inside a string.

Result

Split	Rows
train	147,973
validation	4,163
test	3,999 (labelled, leak-free, internally deduplicated)

Seed: 42
Train/test overlap under normalisation: 0
Duplicate questions within test: 0
Train/validation overlap: 0
Test rows with answer_idx outside 0–3: 0
LLM anywhere in the pipeline: no
Source rows not published: 37,019 / 193,155 = 19.17%

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("Archangel-system/medmcqa-openai-native")

Feeds SFTTrainer directly on the messages column — no formatting_func, no parsing.

Schema

{
  "messages":   [{"role": "user", "content": "..."},
                 {"role": "assistant", "content": "..."}],
  "question":   "...",
  "choices":    ["...", "...", "...", "..."],   # always 4
  "answer_idx": 0,                              # always 0-3
  "subject_name": "...",
  "topic_name": "...",
}

Honest limitations

Medical correctness was not verified. This dataset is repaired on structure, labels and leakage — not on clinical accuracy. Source errors remain.
choice_type="multi" is unreliable upstream. ~34% of rows are tagged multi-answer while only one label exists. The tag was preserved, not trusted.
No external benchmark decontamination was measured (e.g. against MedQA or PubMedQA).
Item-level provenance of the original exam questions cannot be verified from the source documentation.

Source and license

Source: openlifescienceai/medmcqa, revision 91c6572c454088bf71b679ad90aa8dffcd0d5868
License: Apache-2.0, inherited and unchanged. Attribution to the original authors is required.

@inproceedings{pmlr-v174-pal22a,
  title     = {MedMCQA: A Large-scale Multi-Subject Multi-Choice Dataset for Medical domain Question Answering},
  author    = {Pal, Ankit and Umapathi, Logesh Kumar and Sankarasubbu, Malaikannan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning},
  volume    = {174},
  pages     = {248--260},
  year      = {2022}
}

Reproducibility

build.py, stats.json and the validation logs are in this repo. The build is deterministic: two full runs produced identical Parquet hashes.

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