Zarya-0.6B

Zarya is a family of hybrid language models that combine a classic auto-regressive (AR) objective with a masked-diffusion (MDM) objective in one model. The architecture can be built on top of any autoregressive model but in this repository it uses the Qwen3 backbone.

Naming explanation: Zarya (pronounced as [zɐˈrʲa] (IPA notation), literally "Dawn" in English) is a figure from Slavic folklore — a female personification of dawn who may be considered a goddess. In various traditions, she can manifest as a single being or as two or three sisters simultaneously.

This is a research prototype.

Model Details

Model Description

Zarya is a research prototype of a family of hybrid language models that jointly learn a classic auto-regressive (AR) objective and a masked-diffusion (MDM) objective within a single model.

Two generation modes are supported, both reachable through a single model.generate(...) call: masked-diffusion (MDM) sampling and slotted-level speculative parallel decoding.

Zarya-0.6B details

Zarya-0.6B has the following features:

Variant hidden_size num_hidden_layers num_attention_heads intermediate_size
Zarya-0.6B 1024 28 16 3072

Context Length: 2048

Uses

Zarya is intended for text generation. It supports conversational fine-tuning (SFT) and classic auto-regressive pretraining.

Direct Use

Direct use is text generation (continuation of a prompt) through the model.generate(...) interface, including chat-style prompts formatted with the provided chat template. Two inference modes are available through the same generate() call. Both modes fully use the KV cache with causal attention masks.

  • MDM sampling (slotted_generation=false): iterative masked-diffusion denoising with the first-hitting sampler.
  • Slotted speculative decoding (slotted_generation=true): parallel slot generation with inter-slot diffusion-based selection and intra-slot autoregressive generation for a decoding speedup.

Out-of-Scope Use

The model is a research prototype. It should not be used for production decisions, safety-critical applications, or any use case where accuracy and reliability are essential without additional evaluation and safeguards. Inference performance and stability also depend on the chosen decoding hyperparameters (like slotted_generation, slot_size, serial_num_blocks, slot_threshold, token_threshold, and others).

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

This is a research prototype. The code relies on Hugging Face Transformers APIs; when upgrading versions, compatibility must be checked (tested on Transformers 5.12.1 and PyTorch 2.9.0). Inference performance and stability depend on the choice of config parameters.

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model. Loading the model and tokenizer requires trust_remote_code=True.

import torch
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer

model_name = "ai-forever/Zarya-0.6B"

model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_name, trust_remote_code=True, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).cuda()
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, trust_remote_code=True)

prompt = "<|im_start|>user\nHello!<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant\n"
input_ids = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.cuda()

# Both modes go through model.generate(...).
# With generation_config.slotted_generation=true -> slotted speculative decoding:
out = model.generate(
    input_ids,
    max_new_tokens=256,
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=0.7,
    slot_size=16,
    serial_num_blocks=4,
    slot_threshold=0.9,
    token_threshold=0.3,
)
# Setting generation_config.slotted_generation=false -> MDM sampling instead:
# out = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=256)

print(tokenizer.decode(out[0]))

Evaluation

LM-eval benchmarking with the lm-eval package is supported. Example run:

lm_eval run \
--tasks=gsm8k,ifeval,arc_challenge,hendrycks_math500,humaneval_instruct,humaneval,mbpp,mbpp_plus,hellaswag \
--model=hf --confirm_run_unsafe_code \
--log_samples \
--apply_chat_template \
--output_path=./reports/lm-eval_results \
--model_args=pretrained=ai-forever/Zarya-0.6B,backend=causal,dtype=bfloat16,attn_implementation=sdpa,trust_remote_code=True \
--gen_kwargs slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Zarya-0.6B results

Measurements below were collected with varying inference parameters and on different GPUs; performance is sensitive to both, so results may differ across configurations and hardware setups.

A100, dtype=bfloat16, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.2646 ± 0.0122
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.2646 ± 0.0122
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3526 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4270 ± 0.0049
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.5372 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.5108 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.4177 ± 0.0212
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.3993 ± 0.0211
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.1500 ± 0.0160
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.2249 ± 0.0215

H100, dtype=bfloat16, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.105.08;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3063 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3464 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0379 ± 0.0053
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0243 ± 0.0042
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4266 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0280 ± 0.0074
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0671 ± 0.0196
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.4365 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.4161 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.2884 ± 0.0195
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.2662 ± 0.0190
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=bfloat16, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=false,T=0,temperature=0.5,top_p=0.8,do_sample=true,noise_schedule=linear

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.105.08;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3063 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3464 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0091 ± 0.0026
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4266 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.2230 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.1906 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.1257 ± 0.0143
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.1035 ± 0.0131
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=bfloat16, slotted_generation=false,T=0,temperature=0.5,top_p=0.8,do_sample=true,noise_schedule=linear

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.126.20;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.2850 ± 0.0132
none 0 acc_norm 0.3046 ± 0.0134
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0114 ± 0.0029
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0015 ± 0.0011
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3295 ± 0.0047
none 0 acc_norm 0.4018 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.1942 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.1894 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.0980 ± 0.0128
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.0943 ± 0.0126
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=bfloat16, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.105.08;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.2850 ± 0.0132
none 0 acc_norm 0.3046 ± 0.0134
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0129 ± 0.0031
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0250 ± 0.0043
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3295 ± 0.0047
none 0 acc_norm 0.4018 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0305 ± 0.0135
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0122 ± 0.0086
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.3921 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.3489 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.2625 ± 0.0189
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.2274 ± 0.0180
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=float32, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.126.20;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3055 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3456 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0250 ± 0.0043
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0136 ± 0.0032
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4281 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0200 ± 0.0063
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0671 ± 0.0196
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.3993 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.3849 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.2754 ± 0.0192
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.2643 ± 0.0190
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=float32, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=false,T=0,temperature=0.5,top_p=0.8,do_sample=true,noise_schedule=linear

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.126.20;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3055 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3456 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0121 ± 0.0030
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0008 ± 0.0008
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4281 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.2362 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.1966 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.1423 ± 0.0150
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.1091 ± 0.0134
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=float16, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.126.20;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3055 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3447 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0235 ± 0.0042
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0159 ± 0.0034
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4277 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0180 ± 0.0060
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0732 ± 0.0204
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.4077 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.3981 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.2754 ± 0.0192
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.2606 ± 0.0189
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=float16, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=false,T=0,temperature=0.5,top_p=0.8,do_sample=true,noise_schedule=linear

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.126.20;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3055 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3447 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0114 ± 0.0029
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4277 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.2410 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.2014 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.1460 ± 0.0152
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.1128 ± 0.0136
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

H100, dtype=bfloat16, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4,max_gen_toks=2048

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.105.08;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.12.1; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.12

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1 none 0 acc 0.3063 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm 0.3464 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3 flexible-extract 5 exact_match 0.0182 ± 0.0037
strict-match 5 exact_match 0.0023 ± 0.0013
hellaswag 1 none 0 acc 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm 0.4266 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1 none 0 exact_match 0.0240 ± 0.0069
humaneval 1 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0000 ± 0
humaneval_instruct 4 create_test 0 pass@1 0.0671 ± 0.0196
ifeval 4 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc 0.3933 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc 0.3789 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc 0.2680 ± 0.0191
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc 0.2606 ± 0.0189
mbpp 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0020 ± 0.0020
mbpp_plus 1 none 3 pass_at_1 0.0000 ± 0

Citation

If you find our work helpful, please consider citing (citation will be updated after peer-reviewed publication):

@misc{sinev-etal-2026-Zarya,
  author        = {Sinev, Leonid and Koziev, Ilya and Leshchuk, Vladislav},
  title         = {Zarya: A Hybrid Autoregressive--Masked Diffusion Language Model with Flexible Training and Dual-Mode Inference},
  year          = {2026},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  eprint        = {2609.19868},
  primaryclass  = {cs.CL},
  url           = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19868},
}
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