MGPT-2 (124M, multilingual mC4)

A GPT-2 (124M) model pretrained from scratch on the same eight-language mC4 mix as the MIXAR pixel-based language models. It is the tokenizer-based control in the MIXAR paper: identical pretraining corpus and comparable size, differing only in the input and output interface (subword tokens instead of rendered pixels).

Code · Paper: arXiv link to follow

Results

Benchmark Score
bAbI task 1, English, free generation 24.3
SIB-200, 22 languages seen 77.8 / unseen 26.2 / unseen low-resource 19.3
XNLI, 10 languages seen 72.5 / unseen 63.9
GLUE 74.0

SIB-200 (macro-F1) and XNLI (accuracy, translate-train) are finetuned per language. See the paper for the full tables and protocols.

Details

Architecture GPT-2, 12 layers, 12 heads, hidden 768
Parameters 124M
Tokenizer the original GPT-2 BPE vocabulary (50,257 tokens)
Pretraining data mC4 in de, en, es, fr, it, ja, ko, zh, with the same language mix as MIXAR
Steps 1M

The tokenizer is the English GPT-2 BPE vocabulary, so non-Latin scripts are split into byte-level fragments: a Chinese bAbI prompt takes roughly 2.7 times as many tokens as its English counterpart.

Usage

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("TYTTYTTYT/mgpt2-124m-mc4")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("TYTTYTTYT/mgpt2-124m-mc4")

Note that the tokenizer is the original English GPT-2 BPE vocabulary, so non-Latin scripts are segmented into byte-level fragments (a Chinese bAbI prompt takes roughly 3x more tokens than its English counterpart).

All released models

Model Stage 1 Stage 2 (GRPO)
113M, 8x8 patches llama-pixar-116m-p8 llama-pixar-116m-p8-stage2
116M, 32x32 patches llama-pixar-116m-p32 llama-pixar-116m-p32-stage2
477M, 32x32 patches llama-pixar-477m-p32 llama-pixar-477m-p32-stage2

Also released: the adversarial stage-2 ablation llama-pixar-116m-p8-stage2-gan and the tokenizer-based baseline mgpt2-124m-mc4, pretrained on the same corpus.

License

Released under the Apache License 2.0.

Citation

@article{mixar,
  title  = {{MIXAR}: Scaling Autoregressive Pixel-based Language Models to Multiple Languages and Scripts},
  author = {Hu, Chen and Tai, Yintao and Vergari, Antonio and Keller, Frank and Suglia, Alessandro},
  year   = {2026}
}
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