Model Details

The quantized MobileLLM models is introduced in: "ParetoQ: Scaling Laws in Extremely Low-bit LLM Quantization"

Model Developer: Meta

Model Architecture: ParetoQ is the first unified framework that facilitates rigorous comparisons across 1-bit, 1.58-bit, 2-bit, 3-bit, and 4-bit quantization settings. By optimizing training schemes and refining quantization functions, ParetoQ surpasses all previous methods tailored to specific bit widths. Specifically, the 1.58-bit ParetoQ LLaMA-3 8B model reduces the performance gap to full precision by relatively 37.8% compared to the 1-bit Era’s 1.58-bit LLaMA-3 8B model, while using only 30% of the training tokens.

With the SoTA points obtained through ParetoQ, we are able to improve the scaling law analysis. Figure (a) (b) demonstrates that sub-4-bit quantization, including binary, ternary, 2-bit, and 3-bit, often outperform 4-bit quantization. Notably, 2-bit and ternary models reside on the Pareto frontier. When considering hardware-friendliness and real-time speed, we generally recommend exploring 2-bit quantization for on-device applications.

How to use

We are providing 2 ways to run the model:

HuggingFace

ParetoQ codebase

HuggingFace

To load the pretrained model for further finetuning or evaluation:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-BF16", use_fast=False)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-BF16", trust_remote_code=True)

Note that the default tokenizer does not contain special tokens. For example you can use:

tokenizer.add_special_tokens(
    {
        "eos_token": "</s>",
        "bos_token": "<s>",
        "unk_token": "<unk>",
    }
)

ParetoQ codebase

We provide the pretraining code in https://github.com/facebookresearch/ParetoQ

> git clone https://github.com/facebookresearch/ParetoQ
> pip3 install torch
> pip install -r requirement.txt

# Specify the data path and the pre-trained full-precision model path in run_train.sh file
> Run `bash 1_run_train.sh $w_bit` E.g. `bash 1_run_train.sh 2` for 2-bit weight quantization.

Evaluation

We evaluate ParetoQ models using zero-shot commonsense reasoning task accuracy and WikiText-2 perplexity.

Method Arc-e Arc-c Boolq Piqa Siqa HellaSwag Obqa WinoGrande Avg. Wiki
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-BF16 56 34.5 56.3 65.5 42 40.1 42.2 51.3 48.5 15.1
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-1-bit 43.9 29.1 61.2 59.2 39.8 29.8 33.7 52.7 43.7 25.8
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-1.58-bit 49.3 30.9 61 62.1 41 34.3 40.4 52.9 46.5 20.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-2-bit 50.7 32.7 59.8 63.3 41 36.3 40.6 52.7 47.1 18.2
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-3-bit 53.5 33.7 56.1 65.6 41.7 40 41.2 51.3 47.9 15.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-125M-4-bit 55.4 35.2 54.1 66.2 41.7 40.8 44 52.1 48.7 14.1
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M-BF16 65.5 42.3 57.4 71 43.5 53.3 47.3 58.3 54.8 10.5
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M-1-bit 52.7 31.3 61.6 63.9 40.9 38.3 39.5 52.9 47.6 17.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M-1.58-bit 56.8 36.3 62.2 67.1 43.5 44 46.3 55.2 51.4 14.5
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M-2-bit 59 39.4 63.5 68.8 43.1 47.3 44.1 57.5 52.8 12.5
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M-3-bit 63.9 40.5 61.4 70.6 43.2 51.4 50 56.6 54.7 10.9
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-350M-4-bit 64.9 41.6 57.8 71.3 44.4 53.5 48.2 57.9 55.0 10.3
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M-BF16 68.5 47.6 60.5 72.5 44.4 59.5 51.4 61.4 58.2 9.1
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M-1-bit 58.9 36.0 60.5 65.2 43.1 44.2 40.7 53.9 50.3 14.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M-1.58-bit 65.5 43.8 62.3 70.6 44.7 51.3 47.1 58.8 55.5 11.5
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M-2-bit 67.7 43.3 63 72.1 44.8 53.9 49.8 58.4 56.6 10.5
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M-3-bit 68.2 47.4 64.2 73.1 44.2 58.1 50.2 62.4 58.5 9.4
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-600M-4-bit 69.3 48.9 64.8 73.2 44.2 59.5 51.2 62.1 59.2 8.9
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B-BF16 73.4 50.8 67.6 74.1 46.7 64.7 56.6 62.7 62.1 8.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B-1-bit 62.6 40.2 62.1 69.5 42.8 49.5 48.8 54.9 53.8 12.8
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B-1.58-bit 68.5 47.6 62.8 72.1 45.3 57.4 52.9 61.3 58.5 10.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B-2-bit 73.3 49.3 65.7 74.2 45.9 60.3 57.4 61.6 61.0 9.2
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B-3-bit 72.3 51.4 67 74.5 45.7 63.4 53.7 62.1 61.3 8.4
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1B-4-bit 74.7 52.1 67.9 74.8 46.9 64.8 56.2 62.1 62.5 7.9
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B-BF16 73.9 51.4 70 74.8 46.6 66.4 55.1 63.2 62.7 7.9
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B-1-bit 67.9 42.4 63.4 70.2 44.5 54.2 47.4 57.6 55.9 11.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B-1.58-bit 70.2 48 65.8 73.4 47.3 61.8 55.3 62.4 60.5 9.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B-2-bit 73.3 47.5 70.1 74.1 46.8 64.6 55.5 62.5 61.8 8.3
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B-3-bit 72.6 49.9 70.6 75.7 47.7 66 56.2 64.5 62.9 8.0
MobileLLM-ParetoQ-1.5B-4-bit 74.4 51.7 71.8 75.3 47.3 67.2 57.6 63 63.6 7.6

Acknowledgement

This code is partially based on HuggingFace Transformers repo under Apache License.

Citation

If you find our code useful for your research, please consider citing:

@article{liu2025paretoq,
  title={ParetoQ: Scaling Laws in Extremely Low-bit LLM Quantization},
  author={Liu, Zechun and Zhao, Changsheng and Huang, Hanxian and Chen, Sijia and Zhang, Jing and Zhao, Jiawei and Roy, Scott and Jin, Lisa and Xiong, Yunyang and Shi, Yangyang and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.02631},
  year={2025}
}

License

ParetoQ is FAIR NC licensed as of now

Downloads last month
29
Inference Providers NEW
This model isn't deployed by any Inference Provider. 🙋 Ask for provider support

Paper for PeytonT/mobilellm-paretoq-350m-modelstack-nf4-iphone