🌟 Qwopus3.5-9B-Coder-MTP (Multi-Token Prediction)

💡 Multi-Token Prediction (MTP) Architecture Overview

What is MTP (Multi-Token Prediction)?

MTP is a revolutionary technology in the field of Large Language Model (LLM) training and inference in recent years. Unlike traditional autoregressive models that predict only a single token at each step (Single-Token Prediction), MTP models are designed during training to simultaneously predict multiple future tokens at each position.

This architecture brings two core dimensions of transformation:

  1. Deeper Representation and Planning: It forces the model to perform global planning (Long-Horizon Planning) at the representation level for longer-term contexts. This enhances cognitive coherence in logic-intensive tasks such as complex coding and multi-step mathematical reasoning, while effectively mitigating the "reasoning bubbles" and repetition loops common in traditional autoregressive models.
  2. Extreme Inference Speedup (Speculative Decoding): During inference, the model is equipped with additional lightweight auxiliary prediction heads (Draft Heads, configured as draft=2 in this model). While the backbone network generates the current token, the Draft Heads predict the subsequent 2 candidate tokens in parallel with negligible computational overhead, which are then verified by the main model in a single forward pass. Once verified, the model can output multiple tokens in a single inference step, yielding substantial throughput gains.

🚀 Performance Briefing: Base vs MTP (draft=2)

Based on actual testing across Logic / Coding / DevOps / Math / Edge (5 core domains, 30 complex evaluation questions), Qwopus3.5-9B-Coder-MTP (draft=2) demonstrates absolute advantages in both speed and correctness:

  • ⚡ Speed Leap: Overall throughput rate has jumped from 4.94 T/s to 6.71 T/s (+35.8% throughput improvement), saving 16.4 minutes in total latency (overall time reduced by 25%).
  • 🎯 Accuracy & Robustness: Overall accuracy improved from 80.0% to 88.3% (+8.3pp). The model achieved a perfect score in both Coding (100% accuracy) and Math (100% accuracy), two high-difficulty task scenarios, completely eliminating the code truncations and repetitive behaviors observed in the Base model (independent of model type).
  • 📊 Overall Efficiency Index: After weighting correctness against inference time, the overall reasoning efficiency of the MTP model improved by 38.4%.

The evaluation configuration and benchmark framework follow the official Qwen series testing by the Unsloth team, whose research demonstrates that setting draft=2 yields the optimal performance. For full details, see the official Unsloth MTP Benchmarks.


⚙️ Test Environment & Configuration

To guarantee the rigor, objectivity, and reproducibility of the evaluation, this benchmark was conducted under a unified hardware platform and sampling hyperparameters:

  • 🖥️ Compute Platform: GB10 Dedicated Server Platform (equipped with high-performance LLM compute acceleration chips, providing abundant parallel computing power).
  • ⚙️ Concurrency Configuration: Concurrency = 5 was used to perform multi-threaded concurrent pressure and stability testing, accurately simulating real-world multi-user concurrent invocation scenarios.
  • 🛠️ Script Version: Benchlocal Test Suite v1.3.0 inference evaluation script.
  • 🧪 Sampling Hyperparameters:
    • Temperature: 1.0 (recommended standard, balancing logical reasoning and creativity).
    • Top-p: 0.95 (retains high-probability candidates, filters tail noise, ensuring reasoning accuracy).

1. Token Volume and Speed Statistics

Token & Speed Details per Question
Question Category Base T/s Base Time Base Tokens MTP T/s MTP Time MTP Tokens Speedup
Q1 Logic 4.20 86.80 365 6.10 86.45 527 1.00x
Q2 Logic 4.40 178.70 786 5.80 130.80 759 1.37x
Q3 Logic 4.30 172.66 743 6.80 90.24 614 1.91x
Q4 Logic 4.20 153.05 643 7.90 67.85 536 2.25x
Q5 Logic 4.20 172.33 724 6.70 40.88 274 4.22x
Q6 Coding 4.40 240.96 1060 6.70 160.32 1074 1.50x
Q7 Coding 4.30 244.07 1050 6.20 173.26 1074 1.41x
Q8 Coding 4.30 245.05 1054 6.80 158.92 1081 1.54x
Q9 Coding 4.30 245.46 1055 6.60 162.95 1075 1.51x
Q10 Coding 4.40 241.59 1063 6.20 173.44 1075 1.39x
Q11 Coding 4.20 249.55 1048 6.90 156.09 1077 1.60x
Q12 Coding 4.20 211.45 888 6.50 155.98 1014 1.36x
Q13 Coding 4.30 248.09 1067 6.50 164.91 1072 1.50x
Q14 Coding 4.10 156.12 640 6.30 119.72 754 1.30x
Q15 Coding 4.30 144.47 621 6.40 165.97 1062 0.87x
Logic Category (Q1-Q5) Answer Verification
Question ID Question Summary Correct Answer Base MTP
Q1 17 sheep except 9 died, how many left 9 sheep PASS PASS
Q2 30 dollar hotel riddle, where is the 1 dollar No loss, accounting error PASS PASS
Q3 Sequence: 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ? 42 (n * (n + 1)) PASS PASS
Q4 Bat + ball = $1.10, bat is $1 more expensive than ball $0.05 PASS PASS
Q5 Multiply by 3, add 6, divide by 3, subtract original number Always 2 PASS PASS

Logic: Base 5/5 = 100% | MTP 5/5 = 100%

Coding Category (Q6-Q15) Answer Verification
Question ID Question Summary Base MTP Explanation
Q6 Python Fibonacci generator PARTIAL PASS Base Repetition=True, code truncation has logical issues
Q7 Python thread-safe singleton PARTIAL PASS Base Repetition=True, incomplete implementation
Q8 Sort CSV by second column in descending order PARTIAL PASS Base code truncated
Q9 Python HTTP Server PASS PASS Both fully implemented
Q10 Python execution time decorator PASS PASS Both fully implemented
Q11 C++ Binary Search Tree PASS PASS Both fully implemented
Q12 Bash backup script (with date) PASS PASS Both fully implemented
Q13 Python topological sort PASS PASS Both fully implemented
Q14 Node.js Dockerfile PASS PASS Both fully implemented
Q15 SQL second highest salary PASS PASS Both implemented correctly

Coding: Base 7/10 = 70% | MTP 10/10 = 100%

DevOps Category (Q16-Q20) Answer Verification
Question ID Question Summary Base MTP Explanation
Q16 Nginx reverse proxy & load balancer PARTIAL PARTIAL Both have correct config framework but Response was truncated
Q17 Hard Link vs Soft Link PARTIAL PASS Base Repetition=True, has repetitive lines; MTP complete
Q18 crontab every Tuesday at 3:15 AM PASS PASS Both correct: 15 3 * * 2 script.sh
Q19 SSH server security configuration PARTIAL PARTIAL Both contents were truncated
Q20 systemd service restart on failure PASS PASS Both explained correctly

DevOps: Base 2.5/5 = 50% | MTP 3.5/5 = 70%

Math Category (Q21-Q25) Answer Verification
Question ID Question Summary Correct Answer Base MTP
Q21 Find derivative of f(x) = x^3 * ln(x) x^2 * (3ln(x) + 1) PASS PASS
Q22 System of equations: 2x+y=5, x-y=1 x = 2, y = 1 PASS PASS
Q23 Probability of rolling a sum of 7 with two dice 1/6 = 16.67% PASS PASS
Q24 Integral of e^(2x) (1/2)e^(2x)+C PASS PASS
Q25 Prove sum of first n odd numbers is n^2 Induction / Arithmetic progression PARTIAL PASS

Math: Base 4.5/5 = 90% | MTP 5/5 = 100%

Edge Category (Q26-Q30) Answer Verification
Question ID Question Summary Base MTP Explanation
Q26 Output 'Apple' 5 times PASS PASS Both correctly outputted 5 lines
Q27 Output a phrase 3 times PASS PASS Both correct
Q28 Explain infinity (with forbidden words constraint) PASS PARTIAL MTP Repetition=True, Response truncated
Q29 Generate 5-level nested JSON PASS PARTIAL MTP last item incomplete, Base generated 6 levels
Q30 30 'A's reply with 'B B B' PASS PASS Both correct

Edge: Base 5/5 = 100% | MTP 3/5 = 60%


Overall Accuracy Summary
Category Questions Base Correct Base Accuracy MTP Correct MTP Accuracy
Logic 5 5 100% 5 100%
Coding 10 7 70% 10 100%
DevOps 5 2.5 50% 3.5 70%
Math 5 4.5 90% 5 100%
Edge 5 5 100% 3 60%
Total 30 24 80.0% 26.5 88.3%

Reasoning Efficiency Comparison
Efficiency Metric Base Model MTP Model MTP Advantage
Overall Throughput (T/s) 4.94 6.71 +35.8%
Overall Accuracy 80.0% 88.3% +8.3pp
Total Latency 81.3 min 64.9 min Saved 16.4min
Reasoning Efficiency Index (Accuracy / Latency) 1.64e-4 2.27e-4 +38.4%
Correct Answers per 1k Tokens 0.995 Q/kT 1.014 Q/kT +1.9%

Quality Issues Statistics
Quality Issue Base Counts MTP Counts
Repetition (Repetitive output flags) 2 times (Q6, Q17) 2 times (Q6, Q28)
Timeout 0 times 0 times
Incomplete responses / Truncations ~8 occurrences ~4 occurrences
Excessively long reasoning chain Less More

8. Final Conclusion

Areas where MTP Model Excels

  • Speed: 35.8% faster overall, particularly outstanding in Math and Edge tasks.
  • Coding: 100% complete code outputs, whereas Base suffered 3 truncations due to repetition.
  • Math: 100% accuracy with more systematic reasoning chains.
  • Efficiency: Overall reasoning efficiency index is 38.4% higher.

Areas for MTP Model Improvement

  • Edge Task Stability: Truncations occurred in Q28/Q29 as excessively long reasoning chains hit token limits.
  • DevOps Long Texts: For long explanatory responses, draft matching rates are low, leading to limited speedups.
Recommended Scenarios
Scenario Recommended Model
Code Generation MTP
Mathematical Reasoning MTP
Logical Reasoning Both acceptable
Short-text instructions (Edge) Base is more stable
DevOps long documents Both require larger max_tokens

🌟 Qwopus3.5-9B-coder

🚀 Model Fine-Tuning and Logical Alignment (Qwopus3.5-9B-coder)

As the base model of this model, Qwopus3.5-9B-v3.5 is already a model with powerful capabilities. On this foundation, Qwopus3.5-9B-coder is specially optimized and fine-tuned for high-performance 🤖 Agentic Coding, complex Tool Calling, and logical reasoning.

💡 Why the 9B Dense Model? We believe that the 9B dense architecture represents the perfect "sweet spot" for large language models. It runs seamlessly at 8-bit precision on entry-level 16GB RAM devices—such as standard laptops and the Mac mini—making it exceptionally lightweight yet highly versatile. Without requiring expensive hardware, it allows you to achieve excellent performance paired with impressive inference speeds. Simply put, Qwen3.5-9B is currently the best open-source model in its class.

image

Vision & Tool Calling Support: This model supports visual capabilities and tool calling. To enable vision, please place the mmproj.gguf file from the GGUF repository into the same directory as the main .gguf file.


🛠 Training Strategy

The fine-tuning process of this model deeply integrates Trace Inversion data augmentation technology with high-quality Agent Traces. This systematic approach not only strengthens the model's ability to solve complex programming tasks, but also greatly improves its logical coherence and accuracy when using various tools.

This model is designed specifically for the following goals:

  • 🧩 More structured and stronger logical reasoning capabilities, reducing repetitive thinking
  • 💻 More powerful capabilities in code writing, debugging, and repository-level task processing
  • 🛠 More stable and accurate Tool Calling capabilities for terminal commands, file operations, and browsers
  • 🔁 Better cross-data source distillation alignment

  • Community Release Notice: Qwopus3.5-9B-coder is released purely as an experimental community version, aiming to explore the combination of Agent capabilities and deep reasoning, and is only for research and exploration use.
  • Warning: Because this model is vertically fine-tuned for programming agents and deep reasoning, and has not undergone comprehensive general performance evaluation, its capabilities in general domains or specific non-programming tasks may suffer from Capability Decay. Users are advised to be aware of its limitations in other scenarios while exploring its core capabilities.

📊 Baseline Performance Comparison

To verify the execution efficiency and logical robustness of Qwopus3.5-9B-coder in actual agent scenarios, we adopted the open-source testing framework benchlocal.

Test Configuration

  • Hardware Environment: Apple Silicon (Mac)
  • Inference Backend: LM Studio / MLX / GGUF
  • Testing Platform: benchlocal - An evaluation suite focusing on local model agent capabilities.
  • 🍎 You can see the actual inference speeds of different model formats on the same device.

🧪 Benchmark Results

1. Complex Agent Performance - HermesAgent-20
The following is the comparative performance under the HermesAgent-20 task set:
HermesAgent-20 Performance Metrics
Model Test Set Comprehensive Score Core Dimensions (M/O/S/S/B)
Qwopus3.5-9B-coder HermesAgent-20 85 84 / 93 / 88 / 75 / 84
Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B HermesAgent-20 71 75 / 58 / 100 / 53 / 69
armand0e/Qwen3.5-9B-Agent HermesAgent-20 68 71 / 83 / 43 / 61 / 80
DJLougen/Harmonic-Hermes-9B HermesAgent-20 47 60 / 45 / 23 / 69 / 38
2. Tool Call Stability - ToolCall-15
This is a ToolCall-15 test set targeting the stability of tool calls, aiming to test the stability of the model in tool calling:
ToolCall-15 Stability Metrics
Model Test Set Comprehensive Score Dimension Scores (A/B/C/D/E)
Qwopus3.5-9B-coder ToolCall-15 100 100 / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100
Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B ToolCall-15 100 100 / 100 / 100 / 100 / 100
armand0e/Qwen3.5-9B-Agent ToolCall-15 93 100 / 100 / 100 / 67 / 100
3. Code Debugging & Bug Fixing - BugFind-15
BugFind-15 is a test set containing 15 scenarios from shallow to deep, aiming to evaluate the real debugging capabilities of the model in discovering and fixing syntax, logical errors, and "trap" code in multiple programming languages through deterministic environment runtime verification.
BugFind-15 Performance Metrics
Model Test Set Comprehensive Score Dimension Scores (A/B/C/D/E)
Qwopus3.5-9B-coder BugFind-15 79 67 / 87 / 100 / 77 / 43
Jackrong/MLX-Qwen3.5-9B-DeepSeek-V4-Flash BugFind-15 75 67 / 100 / 67 / 57 / 80
armand0e/Qwen3.5-9B-Agent BugFind-15 58 29 / 87 / 73 / 20 / 67

🪐 SWE-bench Verified Performance (Repository-level Coding Capability)

The following shows the comparative performance on SWE-bench Verified, which evaluates language models on resolving software engineering issues in real-world open-source repositories:

SWE-bench Verified Performance Metrics
Model Test Set Comprehensive Score (%)
Claude 4.5 Opus SWE-bench Verified 80.9
Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B SWE-bench Verified 75.0
Qwen/Qwen3.6-35B-A3B SWE-bench Verified 73.4
Qwopus3.5-9B-coder SWE-bench Verified 53.33
google/gemma-4-31B-it SWE-bench Verified 52.0
google/gemma-4-26B-A4B SWE-bench Verified 45.0 - 48.0

  • ⚙️ All tests were conducted with a temperature of 1 as officially recommended by qwen3.5. All errors and model issues were attempted to be regenerated twice after a test failure. If both attempts fail, it is considered a failure.
  • 🍎 All screenshots of the test interfaces have been uploaded to the image folder in the repository. Click the link below to view and verify:
  • 🔗 View Test Screenshots
  • ❤️ Kyle Hessling for his generous hardware and equipment support. You can follow him for more updates on X / Twitter: @KyleHessling1.

🧪 Core Dataset Usage: Trace Inversion and High-Quality Agent Traces

In order to break through the "reasoning bubble" limitation of the model in actual programming and tool usage, and to endow it with real Agent behavioral capabilities, this model introduced core augmented datasets during training:

1. Reasoning Synthetic Data Combining Trace Inversion

Currently, based on public information, commercial models such as OpenAI's GPT series and Anthropic's Claude series have very clearly hidden the true internal reasoning chains of their models. For these models, what we can ultimately see in the API or front-end interface can often only be considered a highly compressed "Reasoning Bubble".

To break through this limitation, we adopted the Trace Inversion technology. This technology utilizes an external "surrogate model" to reconstruct a complete and logically coherent deep reasoning chain based on the "question + final answer + compressed reasoning summary" published by commercial models. The "reasoning bubble", which originally consisted of only a few sentences and logical leaps, is expanded into a high-quality deep learning trace with complete derivation, calculation, and logical verification, providing step-by-step logical learning signals for the model.

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2. GLM-5.1 Agent Real Trace Data: lambda/hermes-agent-reasoning-traces

To significantly enhance the model's execution and coding capabilities in real environments, this model additionally introduced the lambda/hermes-agent-reasoning-traces dataset.

Screenshot 2026-05-16 at 5.34.59 PM

  • Data Source and Scale: This data subset contains approximately 10,000 high-quality multi-turn Tool Calling Trajectories generated based on the ZhipuAI GLM-5.1 and kimi-4.6 models.
  • Real Agent Behavior: Unlike traditional synthetic data, these samples represent real Agent conversations. Each sample not only contains the step-by-step reasoning process in the <think> tags, but also includes actual tool execution results (rather than fabricated outputs out of thin air).
  • Extensive Domain Coverage:
    • Terminal & Coding: Script writing, code debugging, environment configuration, and data processing.
    • Repository Tasks: Involving real code repository work, such as bug fixes, refactoring, and code review.
    • Browser Automation: Web navigation, scraping, and form filling.
    • Agent Tools: Memory persistence, task delegation, skill management, etc.

By learning these Agent trajectories that contain real feedback and thoughtful processes, Qwopus3.5-9B-coder can exhibit thinking and operational modes closer to human experts when facing complex programming and system operations tasks.


🗺️ Training Pipeline Overview

The training of this model integrates a phased learning pipeline of Trace Inversion data augmentation technology and high-quality Agent Trajectories data. Its core logic lies in restoring the highly compressed "reasoning bubble" of commercial models into a deep path for learning, and combining it with real agent operational traces to comprehensively improve the model's logical reasoning and code execution capabilities.

       [ 🗺️ Trace Inversion: Full Process of Data Inversion and "Attack" Distillation ]

  A. Surrogate Model Training
     Open Source Model (GLM-5.1 / DS-V4) ──► Complete Reasoning Chain ──► [ Qwen3-235B Compression ] ──► Reasoning Bubbles
                                       │                                   │
                                       └──────────► [ Training ] ◄─────────┘
                                            (Base: Qwen3-4B-Instruct)
                                            (Result: Trace-Inverter-4B)

  B. Inversion Phase: "Attacking" Claude-4.7-Max
     _______________________________________________________
    |                                                       |
    |  Claude-4.7-Max API ──► Compressed Bubbles + Final Answer |
    |_______________________________________________________|
                      │
                      ▼
    [ 🧠 Trace-Inverter-4B (Logical Reconstructor) ] ────► Synthetic CoT
                      │
                      ▼
    [ 🧩 Data Splicing ] ◄────────── (Original Prompt + Response)
    (Embed the inverted chain of thought into <think> tags, and splice with the original Q&A pair for restoration)
                      │
                      ▼
            (Result: claude-opus-4.6/4.7 Inversion Set)

  C. Final SFT Pipeline
     ___________________________________________
    |                                           |
    |      Base Model (Qwopus3.5-9B-v3.5)       |
    |___________________________________________|
                      │
                      ▼
    [ 📦 Stage 1: Format Establishment and Logic Injection ] ───────► [ 🛠️ Stage 2: Agent Trajectories and Programming Reinforcement ]
     (Integrate inverted reasoning data, stabilize thinking format)        (Introduce GLM-5.1 Agent Trajectories, reinforce interaction and execution)
                      │                                 │
                      │                                 ▼
                      │           __________________________________________________
                      │          |  🔍 Hermes Agent Trace Sample Structure Breakdown (GLM-5.1) |
                      │          |  1. [🛠️ System] -> JSON Tool Definition          |
                      │          |  2. [👤 Human]  -> Initial Task Instruction        |
                      │          |  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐ |
                      │          |  │ 🔁 Multi-turn Loop:                           │ |
                      │          |  │ 3. [🧠 GPT]  -> <think> Logical Reasoning/Reflection │ |
                      │          |  │ 4. [🤖 GPT]  -> Tool Call Execution Action    │ |
                      │          |  │ 5. [⚙️ Tool] -> Real Feedback                 │ |
                      │          |  └──────────────────────────────────────────────┘ |
                      │          |__________________________________________________|
                      │                                 │
                      └────────────────┬────────────────┘
                                       ▼
                      ___________________________________
                     |                                   |
                     |   🌟 Final Model: Qwopus3.5-9B-coder  |
                     |___________________________________|

Because agent trajectory datasets are complex and diverse. The datasets have undergone rigorous cleaning and formatting.

🎯 Three-Stage Curriculum Learning

Qwopus3.5-9B-coder adopts a phased reasoning data mixture strategy similar to Curriculum Learning, gradually increasing the difficulty and complexity of training signals:

  1. Early Stage (Format Establishment): Focuses on short-to-medium length reasoning samples with stable formats. The primary goal of this stage is to establish a reliable, structured new reasoning format while avoiding overwhelming the model with extreme complexity.

  2. Middle Stage (Complexity Scaling & Multi-Teacher Distillation): Gradually increases the proportion of complex reasoning samples from multiple teacher models.

    • The distillation data is sourced from more powerful models whose style distribution closely matches the base model, ensuring that the capability gap is not too wide, thereby achieving efficient learning.
  3. Late Stage (Long-Context Reinforcement & Drift Prevention): Reinforces reasoning capabilities in long contexts. Crucially, this stage retains short-sample replay to ensure the model maintains its short-context instruction-following capability and minimizes capability drift.


🤝 Collaboration & Training Details

This model is the result of continuous exploration in Agentic AI and reasoning capabilities.

Training Infrastructure & Configuration:

  • 🖥️ Hardware: Local compute devices / Cloud GPUs (e.g. GB10 / H100 / RTX 5090 / A100)
  • ⚙️ Framework: Unsloth for efficient fine-tuning

⚠️ IMPORTANT

Compatibility and Deployment Notice

  • Tool Calling Format: When using this model for tool calling, please ensure that you use a Prompt format and System Prompt that match the training data to activate its Agent capabilities.
  • Reasoning Output Extraction: The model's thinking process is typically wrapped in <think> and </think> tags. When deploying to front-end applications, these tags may need to be parsed and hidden.

📚 Resources & Guides

👉 GitHub Repository: Jackrong-llm-finetuning-guide Visit the repository to dive into our fine-tuning codebase and guides.


🙏 Acknowledgements

Special thanks to:

  • The Qwen team for the strong Qwen3.6 MoE base model.
  • Unsloth for efficient fine-tuning frameworks.
  • Open-source datasets and community contributors.
  • Kyle Hessling for his generous hardware and equipment support. You can follow him for more updates on X / Twitter: @KyleHessling1.

📖 Citation

@misc{jackrong_qwopus35_9b_coder,
  title        = {Qwopus3.5-9B-coder},
  author       = {Jackrong},
  year         = {2026},
  publisher    = {Hugging Face}
}

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