multilingual-e5-small-en-pruned

This model is a token-embedding pruned version of intfloat/multilingual-e5-small.

Token-embedding pruning clusters semantically similar tokens in the embedding space (using DBSCAN) and merges each cluster into a single shared embedding, shrinking the vocabulary and reducing memory without retraining the transformer layers.

How to use

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

model = SentenceTransformer("jangedoo/multilingual-e5-small-en-pruned", 
                            trust_remote_code=True)
embeddings = model.encode(["Hello world", "How are you?"])

Note: trust_remote_code=True is required because the model ships a small custom tokenizer class (pruned_tokenizer.py) that applies the id remapping after tokenization. No additional package installation is needed.

Pruning statistics

Base Pruned Reduction
Vocab size 250,037 71,547 71.39%
Total parameters 117,653,760 49,113,600 58.26%
Embedding parameters 96,014,208 27,474,048 71.39%
Embedding size (MB) 366.3 104.8 261.5 MB saved

Evaluation

Dataset / Metric Base Pruned Relative (base = 1.0)
stsb / stsb_pearson_cosine 0.8092 0.8091 1.0000
stsb / stsb_spearman_cosine 0.8359 0.8359 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_accuracy@1 0.3000 0.3000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_accuracy@3 0.4200 0.4200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_accuracy@5 0.5000 0.5000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_accuracy@10 0.6600 0.6600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_precision@1 0.3000 0.3000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_precision@3 0.1533 0.1533 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_precision@5 0.1160 0.1160 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_precision@10 0.0880 0.0880 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_recall@1 0.1500 0.1500 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_recall@3 0.2000 0.2000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_recall@5 0.2433 0.2433 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_recall@10 0.3530 0.3530 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_ndcg@10 0.2927 0.2927 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_mrr@10 0.3906 0.3906 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoClimateFEVER_cosine_map@100 0.2358 0.2358 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_accuracy@1 0.5800 0.5600 0.9655
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_accuracy@3 0.8400 0.8400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_accuracy@5 0.8800 0.8800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_accuracy@10 0.9600 0.9600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_precision@1 0.5800 0.5600 0.9655
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_precision@3 0.5400 0.5400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_precision@5 0.5200 0.5200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_precision@10 0.4300 0.4320 1.0047
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_recall@1 0.0755 0.0730 0.9669
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_recall@3 0.1534 0.1534 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_recall@5 0.2049 0.2049 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_recall@10 0.3126 0.3135 1.0028
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_ndcg@10 0.5371 0.5368 0.9994
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_mrr@10 0.7175 0.7075 0.9861
nanobeir / NanoDBPedia_cosine_map@100 0.3988 0.3975 0.9967
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_accuracy@1 0.6200 0.6200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_accuracy@3 0.8800 0.8800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_accuracy@5 0.9400 0.9400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_accuracy@10 0.9800 0.9800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_precision@1 0.6200 0.6200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_precision@3 0.3000 0.3000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_precision@5 0.1960 0.1960 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_precision@10 0.1020 0.1020 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_recall@1 0.5867 0.5867 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_recall@3 0.8433 0.8433 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_recall@5 0.9033 0.9033 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_recall@10 0.9333 0.9333 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_ndcg@10 0.7897 0.7897 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_mrr@10 0.7592 0.7592 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFEVER_cosine_map@100 0.7338 0.7338 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_accuracy@1 0.3600 0.3600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_accuracy@3 0.5600 0.5600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_accuracy@5 0.6200 0.6200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_accuracy@10 0.6600 0.6600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_precision@1 0.3600 0.3600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_precision@3 0.2400 0.2400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_precision@5 0.1800 0.1800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_precision@10 0.1060 0.1060 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_recall@1 0.1801 0.1801 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_recall@3 0.3545 0.3545 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_recall@5 0.4403 0.4403 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_recall@10 0.4878 0.4878 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_ndcg@10 0.3956 0.3956 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_mrr@10 0.4630 0.4630 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoFiQA2018_cosine_map@100 0.3380 0.3380 1.0002
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_accuracy@1 0.7800 0.7800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_accuracy@3 0.9200 0.9200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_accuracy@5 0.9600 0.9600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_accuracy@10 0.9800 0.9800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_precision@1 0.7800 0.7800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_precision@3 0.5000 0.5000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_precision@5 0.3240 0.3240 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_precision@10 0.1720 0.1720 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_recall@1 0.3900 0.3900 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_recall@3 0.7500 0.7500 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_recall@5 0.8100 0.8100 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_recall@10 0.8600 0.8600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_ndcg@10 0.7997 0.7997 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_mrr@10 0.8600 0.8600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoHotpotQA_cosine_map@100 0.7435 0.7435 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_accuracy@1 0.4200 0.4200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_accuracy@3 0.5800 0.6000 1.0345
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_accuracy@5 0.7600 0.7600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_accuracy@10 0.8600 0.8600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_precision@1 0.4200 0.4200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_precision@3 0.1933 0.2000 1.0345
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_precision@5 0.1520 0.1520 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_precision@10 0.0860 0.0860 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_recall@1 0.4200 0.4200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_recall@3 0.5800 0.6000 1.0345
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_recall@5 0.7600 0.7600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_recall@10 0.8600 0.8600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_ndcg@10 0.6187 0.6210 1.0037
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_mrr@10 0.5436 0.5463 1.0049
nanobeir / NanoMSMARCO_cosine_map@100 0.5517 0.5543 1.0048
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_accuracy@1 0.4200 0.4200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_accuracy@3 0.5000 0.5000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_accuracy@5 0.5600 0.5600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_accuracy@10 0.6400 0.6400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_precision@1 0.4200 0.4200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_precision@3 0.3267 0.3267 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_precision@5 0.3280 0.3280 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_precision@10 0.2520 0.2520 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_recall@1 0.0148 0.0148 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_recall@3 0.0442 0.0442 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_recall@5 0.0772 0.0772 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_recall@10 0.0999 0.0999 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_ndcg@10 0.2937 0.2937 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_mrr@10 0.4829 0.4829 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoNFCorpus_cosine_map@100 0.1046 0.1047 1.0009
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_accuracy@1 0.5400 0.4600 0.8519
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_accuracy@3 0.6400 0.6000 0.9375
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_accuracy@5 0.7000 0.6800 0.9714
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_accuracy@10 0.8200 0.8000 0.9756
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_precision@1 0.5400 0.4600 0.8519
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_precision@3 0.2133 0.2067 0.9688
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_precision@5 0.1480 0.1440 0.9730
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_precision@10 0.0900 0.0880 0.9778
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_recall@1 0.4900 0.4200 0.8571
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_recall@3 0.5900 0.5700 0.9661
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_recall@5 0.6700 0.6500 0.9701
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_recall@10 0.8000 0.7800 0.9750
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_ndcg@10 0.6371 0.6000 0.9417
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_mrr@10 0.6107 0.5613 0.9191
nanobeir / NanoNQ_cosine_map@100 0.5816 0.5433 0.9341
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_accuracy@1 0.8800 0.8800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_accuracy@3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_accuracy@5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_accuracy@10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_precision@1 0.8800 0.8800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_precision@3 0.4067 0.4067 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_precision@5 0.2520 0.2520 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_precision@10 0.1320 0.1320 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_recall@1 0.7807 0.7807 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_recall@3 0.9587 0.9587 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_recall@5 0.9693 0.9693 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_recall@10 0.9833 0.9833 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_ndcg@10 0.9359 0.9359 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_mrr@10 0.9333 0.9333 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoQuoraRetrieval_cosine_map@100 0.9123 0.9123 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_accuracy@1 0.4000 0.4000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_accuracy@3 0.6400 0.6400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_accuracy@5 0.7400 0.7400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_accuracy@10 0.8200 0.8200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_precision@1 0.4000 0.4000 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_precision@3 0.3067 0.3067 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_precision@5 0.2600 0.2600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_precision@10 0.1560 0.1580 1.0128
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_recall@1 0.0847 0.0847 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_recall@3 0.1897 0.1897 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_recall@5 0.2667 0.2667 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_recall@10 0.3187 0.3227 1.0126
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_ndcg@10 0.3225 0.3247 1.0068
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_mrr@10 0.5353 0.5353 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSCIDOCS_cosine_map@100 0.2448 0.2454 1.0023
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_accuracy@1 0.1000 0.0800 0.8000
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_accuracy@3 0.4800 0.4600 0.9583
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_accuracy@5 0.6200 0.6400 1.0323
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_accuracy@10 0.7200 0.7200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_precision@1 0.1000 0.0800 0.8000
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_precision@3 0.1600 0.1533 0.9583
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_precision@5 0.1240 0.1280 1.0323
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_precision@10 0.0720 0.0720 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_recall@1 0.1000 0.0800 0.8000
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_recall@3 0.4800 0.4600 0.9583
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_recall@5 0.6200 0.6400 1.0323
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_recall@10 0.7200 0.7200 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_ndcg@10 0.4121 0.4062 0.9855
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_mrr@10 0.3128 0.3046 0.9738
nanobeir / NanoArguAna_cosine_map@100 0.3267 0.3176 0.9720
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_accuracy@1 0.6800 0.6800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_accuracy@3 0.7400 0.7400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_accuracy@5 0.7400 0.7400 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_accuracy@10 0.7800 0.7800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_precision@1 0.6800 0.6800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_precision@3 0.2533 0.2533 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_precision@5 0.1600 0.1600 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_precision@10 0.0880 0.0880 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_recall@1 0.6450 0.6450 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_recall@3 0.7150 0.7150 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_recall@5 0.7250 0.7250 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_recall@10 0.7800 0.7800 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_ndcg@10 0.7209 0.7209 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_mrr@10 0.7117 0.7117 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoSciFact_cosine_map@100 0.7011 0.7010 0.9999
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_accuracy@1 0.4898 0.4898 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_accuracy@3 0.8980 0.8980 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_accuracy@5 0.9388 0.9388 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_accuracy@10 0.9796 0.9796 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_precision@1 0.4898 0.4898 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_precision@3 0.5442 0.5374 0.9875
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_precision@5 0.4816 0.4939 1.0254
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_precision@10 0.4000 0.4020 1.0051
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_recall@1 0.0309 0.0309 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_recall@3 0.1093 0.1081 0.9890
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_recall@5 0.1638 0.1693 1.0337
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_recall@10 0.2602 0.2616 1.0052
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_ndcg@10 0.4483 0.4509 1.0059
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_mrr@10 0.6885 0.6885 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoTouche2020_cosine_map@100 0.3263 0.3282 1.0060
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_accuracy@1 0.5054 0.4961 0.9817
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_accuracy@3 0.6998 0.6968 0.9956
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_accuracy@5 0.7661 0.7661 1.0000
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_accuracy@10 0.8354 0.8338 0.9982
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_precision@1 0.5054 0.4961 0.9817
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_precision@3 0.3183 0.3172 0.9967
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_precision@5 0.2494 0.2503 1.0038
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_precision@10 0.1672 0.1675 1.0019
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_recall@1 0.3037 0.2966 0.9766
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_recall@3 0.4591 0.4575 0.9964
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_recall@5 0.5272 0.5277 1.0008
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_recall@10 0.5976 0.5965 0.9982
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_ndcg@10 0.5542 0.5514 0.9950
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_mrr@10 0.6161 0.6111 0.9919
nanobeir / NanoBEIR_mean_cosine_map@100 0.4769 0.4735 0.9930

Citation

If you use this model or the pruning approach, please cite:

@misc{subedi2025tokenpruning,
  author = {Sanjaya Subedi},
  title  = {Token Embedding Pruning for Sentence Transformers},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {Available at: https://sanjayasubedi.com.np/deeplearning/shrinking-embedding-models-by-pruning-vocabulary/}
}
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