DKube-instruct-v2-1.5B

A LoRA adapter on Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct for Kubernetes troubleshooting. Given an error (ImagePullBackOff, CrashLoopBackOff, exit codes, scheduling, storage, networking, RBAC, certificates and more), it answers in four parts: Cause, Diagnose (commands), Fix (commands or YAML), Verify.

A fresh LoRA with v1's configuration (r=16 / α=32), trained on the same data as the 0.5B v2. v1's adapter only fits the 0.5B base, so this model does not continue it.

Prototype — verify before you run anything. This model reliably produces the right shape of answer, and it gets some common failures right. It also states wrong root causes and wrong fixes with full confidence (see Known failures below). Treat every command and YAML as a suggestion to review, never as something to apply to a cluster unchecked.

Training

• Data: 1270 train / 69 held-out chat examples. 2 epochs, learning rate 0.0001, LoRA r=16 / α=32 on all attention and MLP projections. Loss is on assistant tokens only; bf16 on an NVIDIA GB10 (DGX Spark).
• How the examples were made: Kubernetes troubleshooting sources covering 47 error classes were collected and chunked, and a local teacher model (mostly gpt-oss:20b, some Qwen3-8B) wrote 1–3 grounded examples per chunk. Every example was checked (real kubectl subcommands, parseable YAML, no near-duplicates) and each error class was capped at 5% of the set.

Source	License	Use
kubernetes.io debug and task docs (English)	CC BY 4.0	grounding for generated examples
Stack Overflow / Server Fault Q&A	CC BY-SA 4.0	grounding for generated examples
Scoutflo SRE Playbooks (K8s)	MIT	grounding for generated examples
kubernetes/* GitHub issue threads	GitHub ToS	grounding only, paraphrased
Vendor troubleshooting guides	proprietary	grounding only, paraphrased — no text copied
jalpan04/devops-sft-dataset (Kubernetes questions only)	Apache-2.0	direct rows
spacezenmasterr/k8s-sft-cmd-en	MIT	direct rows

v1's AnveshGummala/k8s-troubleshooting-customdsv3 is not used: its license is undeclared. Research-paper Q&A rows that v1's source mixed into its "Kubernetes" rows were removed.

Evaluation

Two measures, run on 2026-09-25 with the same code for every model:

• Rubric ↑: over 40 canonical scenarios, the share of required root-cause and fix keywords each answer contains. It is coarse. It rewards naming the right things, not being right, so read it next to Known failures.
• Loss ↓: loss on held-out assistant tokens, both on new-style examples and on v1-style rows.

model	rubric ↑	loss, new data ↓	loss, v1-style ↓
Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct (no adapter)	0.487	1.581	2.082
t4tarzan/DKube-instruct (v1, 0.5B)	0.367	1.689	1.664
DKube-instruct-v2-0.5B	0.562	1.173	1.593
Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct (no adapter)	0.608	1.332	2.072
DKube-instruct-v2-1.5B (this model)	0.642	0.944	1.610
Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct (no adapter)	0.825	1.435	3.069
DKube-instruct-v2-7B	0.821	0.757	1.393

Known failures

Read from this model's own answers to the canonical scenarios:

• Exit code 137: calls it "SIGBUS"; it is SIGKILL, almost always OOMKilled — raise resources.limits.memory.
• ImagePullBackOff with 401 Unauthorized: claims colons are not allowed in image names and suggests removing the tag. The fix is a docker-registry secret referenced in imagePullSecrets.
• It scores zero on ProgressDeadlineExceeded, DNS resolution, HPA <unknown> metrics, Job BackoffLimitExceeded, stuck Terminating pods and namespaces, localhost:8080 refused and etcd database space exceeded.
• Scored well: RBAC Forbidden (correct Role + RoleBinding), exit codes 126 and 139, exec format error, wrong image tag, Docker Hub rate limits, CreateContainerConfigError, taints and node affinity, PVC pending, FailedMount, liveness / readiness probes, a Service with no endpoints.

Usage

from peft import PeftModel
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

base = "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct"
tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(base)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(base, torch_dtype="auto")
model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(model, "dkubeio/DKube-instruct-v2-1.5B")

msgs = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "You are DKube-instruct, a Kubernetes troubleshooting assistant. Diagnose the root cause, give exact kubectl commands or YAML fixes, and say how to verify."},
    {"role": "user", "content": "Pod is CrashLoopBackOff with exit code 137. How do I fix it?"},
]
ids = tok.apply_chat_template(msgs, add_generation_prompt=True, return_tensors="pt")
print(tok.decode(model.generate(ids, max_new_tokens=400)[0][ids.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))

The system prompt above is the one the model was trained with; answers are best with it.

License

The adapter is released under Apache-2.0. Use of the base model follows its own license (Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct: Apache-2.0).