Datasets:

u2bench-anon
/

u2-bench-review

Tasks:

Question Answering

Languages:

English

Size:

1K<n<10K

License:

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The dataset generation failed

Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
@context: struct<@vocab: string, @language: string, sc: string, cr: string, dct: string, rai: string, prov: st (... 5 chars omitted)
  child 0, @vocab: string
  child 1, @language: string
  child 2, sc: string
  child 3, cr: string
  child 4, dct: string
  child 5, rai: string
  child 6, prov: string
@type: string
name: string
description: string
url: string
citation: string
datePublished: timestamp[s]
license: string
conformsTo: string
version: string
distribution: list<item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, contentUrl: string, encodingFormat: stri (... 20 chars omitted)
  child 0, item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, contentUrl: string, encodingFormat: string, sha256: (... 8 chars omitted)
      child 0, @type: string
      child 1, @id: string
      child 2, name: string
      child 3, contentUrl: string
      child 4, encodingFormat: string
      child 5, sha256: string
recordSet: list<item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, description: string, field: list<item: s (... 150 chars omitted)
  child 0, item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, description: string, field: list<item: struct<@type (... 138 chars omitted)
      child 0, @type: string
      child 1, @id: string
      child 2, name: string
      child 3, description: string
      child 4, field: list<item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, dataType: string, source: struct<fileObj (... 60 chars omitted)
          child 0, item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, dataType: string, source: struct<fileObject: struct (... 48 chars omitted)
              child 0, @type: string
              child 1, @id: string
              child 2, name: string
              child 3, dataType: string
              child 4, source: struct<fileObject: struct<@id: string>, extract: struct<column: string>>
                  child 0, fileObject: struct<@id: string>
                      child 0, @id: string
                  child 1, extract: struct<column: string>
                      child 0, column: string
rai:dataLimitations: string
rai:dataBiases: string
rai:personalSensitiveInformation: string
rai:dataUseCases: string
rai:dataSocialImpact: string
rai:hasSyntheticData: bool
prov:wasDerivedFrom: list<item: string>
  child 0, item: string
prov:wasGeneratedBy: string
gold_answer: string
qhash: string
question: string
to
{'qhash': Value('string'), 'question': Value('string'), 'gold_answer': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1779, in _prepare_split_single
                  for key, table in generator:
                                    ^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 299, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 128, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2321, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2249, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              @context: struct<@vocab: string, @language: string, sc: string, cr: string, dct: string, rai: string, prov: st (... 5 chars omitted)
                child 0, @vocab: string
                child 1, @language: string
                child 2, sc: string
                child 3, cr: string
                child 4, dct: string
                child 5, rai: string
                child 6, prov: string
              @type: string
              name: string
              description: string
              url: string
              citation: string
              datePublished: timestamp[s]
              license: string
              conformsTo: string
              version: string
              distribution: list<item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, contentUrl: string, encodingFormat: stri (... 20 chars omitted)
                child 0, item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, contentUrl: string, encodingFormat: string, sha256: (... 8 chars omitted)
                    child 0, @type: string
                    child 1, @id: string
                    child 2, name: string
                    child 3, contentUrl: string
                    child 4, encodingFormat: string
                    child 5, sha256: string
              recordSet: list<item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, description: string, field: list<item: s (... 150 chars omitted)
                child 0, item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, description: string, field: list<item: struct<@type (... 138 chars omitted)
                    child 0, @type: string
                    child 1, @id: string
                    child 2, name: string
                    child 3, description: string
                    child 4, field: list<item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, dataType: string, source: struct<fileObj (... 60 chars omitted)
                        child 0, item: struct<@type: string, @id: string, name: string, dataType: string, source: struct<fileObject: struct (... 48 chars omitted)
                            child 0, @type: string
                            child 1, @id: string
                            child 2, name: string
                            child 3, dataType: string
                            child 4, source: struct<fileObject: struct<@id: string>, extract: struct<column: string>>
                                child 0, fileObject: struct<@id: string>
                                    child 0, @id: string
                                child 1, extract: struct<column: string>
                                    child 0, column: string
              rai:dataLimitations: string
              rai:dataBiases: string
              rai:personalSensitiveInformation: string
              rai:dataUseCases: string
              rai:dataSocialImpact: string
              rai:hasSyntheticData: bool
              prov:wasDerivedFrom: list<item: string>
                child 0, item: string
              prov:wasGeneratedBy: string
              gold_answer: string
              qhash: string
              question: string
              to
              {'qhash': Value('string'), 'question': Value('string'), 'gold_answer': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1347, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 882, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 943, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1646, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1832, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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qhash string	question string	gold_answer string
d9b88ecf743d3759	In the Cournot-entry literature, Frank, Okuguchi, and Ruffin established sufficient conditions under which aggregate output rises while firm-level output falls upon entry — conditions that underpin later analyses of whether free entry is socially excessive. Building on that Cournot foundation, one strand of the subsequ...	Spence's 'competitive' behavioral assumption
d86175ab086b5a31	Suppose that a 2000 study on racism in Australian newspapers cites a book titled “Language and Power” published in 1989, and that the book contains a chapter titled “Discourse, common sense and ideology.” Which author wrote that book?	Norman Fairclough
2d6798ee7b4089aa	Dede's account of "neomillennial" learning styles, grounded in what he termed "mediated immersion," emphasizes communal learning in which knowledge is distributed across a community and a context rather than residing solely within an individual — an environment that Saavedra and Opfer identify as central to one of thei...	forward-reaching
bb207a629299f915	In a mid-1970s cluster of person–environment research, one developmental program framed growth as “progressive accommodation” between a person and changing settings embedded in larger formal and informal social contexts, while a nearby ethological child-behaviour collection carried N. Tinbergen’s foreword and included ...	substantive complexity of the work
5bccc4240c37cf14	News-power debates often collide: under the heading “Myths of Media Power,” discussions of telemythology, Ronald Reagan’s popularity, and Watergate complicate simple claims about press influence, while a contingency model of political agenda setting treats issue type, media outlet, and coverage type as inputs, places p...	Three months
1a4d54fc7721e9a2	Suppose that a financial institution’s systemic expected shortfall (SES) rises with its leverage and its marginal expected shortfall (MES). Suppose further that in the U.S. insurance sector, core activities of life insurers such as separate accounts and group annuities may be associated with systemic risk. Which concep...	Systemic Expected Shortfall (SES)
95131bafbbe1bda9	Suppose that a 2011 study found that anger, more than anxiety or enthusiasm, mobilizes voters. Suppose that a 2006 study found that black‑and‑white video images in political ads are ten times more likely to signal an appeal to fear or anger than to enthusiasm or pride. Under these conditions, which emotion is both most...	Anger
864c220cd764b7a3	Consider a 1977 analysis of farm worker insurgencies that cites the work of a particular scholar as a key theoretical influence. Suppose also that a 1972 study on collective violence in France from 1830 to 1960 lists the same scholar as a co‑author. Which scholar is being referred to?	Charles Tilly
fe35d58ece2c7c39	English language learners in mathematics were framed as needing support for participating in mathematical discussions rather than merely acquiring English, while Haitian students in a bilingual science classroom were given a non-teacher-directed format centered on their own questions so they could bring everyday langua...	to populate with one s own intentions a new discourse
9734e4dc36fd6637	Suppose a semiparametric model for the subdistribution of a competing risk employs the partial likelihood principle to estimate its regression parameter. Suppose also that a proportional hazards regression model uses partial residuals to test the proportionality assumption. Which statistical model is identified by the ...	Fine-Gray model
f645a02768e47991	A 1974 analysis using a unique family time-use dataset reported that high-status mothers devote from two to three times as much time to preschool child care as low-status mothers, and used this class differential to argue that identical school programs across different systems carry a specific implication about educati...	equal educational programs across different school systems need not imply equal educational opportunity
45891c0a4e1a9ba1	Suppose that a 2008 article on adjective ordering cites Laenzlinger 2005, and a 2005 article on Mandarin Chinese adjectival modification cites Laenzlinger 2000. Under these conditions, which linguist is cited in both articles?	Laenzlinger
7acc29a786478894	Within a social-ecological model that organizes walking decision-making into five hierarchical levels of needs — ranging from feasibility conditions up through desirability — the physical-environment tier draws heavily on quasi-experimental evidence from matched neighborhood commercial centers. One such study, which pa...	3
789e0da885032edc	Suppose a Roman legal code was promulgated in 438, the year following the October 437 marriage of Valentinian III to Theodosius II’s daughter Eudoxia, and suppose historians who examined the continuity of Greek and Roman historiographical methods convened in Exeter in 1985 to discuss works spanning the fourth to ninth ...	The Code of Theodosius II (also known as the Theodosian Code)
30d34aad7a129a4b	Across Bantu word phonology, one generalization separates the root-plus-suffix unit from the whole word: suffixes join the root in the active phonological unit while prefixes are normally left outside it; a Shona account likewise needs two levels below and at the word, rejects the traditional orthographic word as a syn...	derived stem domain
e48f430030179178	A 2008 study of an online postgraduate course found that student messages contain intertextuality, metadiscourse, and epistemic modality. A 1998 book on writing and identity discusses intertextuality as a feature of academic writing that allows writers to negotiate ownership and authority. Which feature of academic wri...	Intertextuality
19fc17ba9174fae6	A wearable office-environment stress-detection experiment used electrodermal activity from 33 subjects to separate mild cognitive load from arithmetic under time pressure and social-evaluative threat, reaching a maximum classifier accuracy of 82.8%, while an anticipation experiment using films of three wood-mill accide...	Bo 554/2-1
51390e96ba55f555	Suppose that an aggressive technology policy and a concentration of technical specialists are reported to significantly promote the adoption of radical process and packaging innovations in the food processing industry, and that centralization of decision making is considered necessary for such radical process adoption....	Radical innovation
e43879c47f7c1dcd	A mid-1980s business-cycle model treated direct investment disturbances as important sources of fluctuations, but placed them inside a neo-classical framework in which capital utilization is chosen endogenously and the shocks move the economy through optimal utilization and labor demand rather than through the standard...	open loop-feedback control
3246901f74d69ac3	Suppose that in large organizations the process of differentiation expands the part of the organization that coordinates activities, and that empirical data show the ratio of supervisors to employees decreases logarithmically as unit size grows, thereby refuting an earlier claim that the number of chiefs rises dispropo...	Parkinson's Law
07568db8ec165215	In a 1985 study of fourth‑ and fifth‑grade children, low‑empathy/high‑affective‑perspective‑taking children scored significantly higher on Machiavellianism according to Braginsky’s 1970 measure. In a 2008 study of adult men, the dark triad—comprising narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism—was positively correlat...	Machiavellianism
a348986b738e14ca	In a mean-variance portfolio framework that treats owner-occupied housing as a constrained asset, the standard deviation of the return to housing at the level of the individual house is estimated at approximately 0.14 — a figure derived in part from repeat-sales transactions data covering Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, and ...	0.04
609f08b36263d9bd	Suppose that in a 2012 article the tension between professional control and open participation in journalism is discussed, with open participation defined as user‑generated content that challenges traditional gatekeeping. Suppose further that a 2009 study titled "Thinking About Citizen Journalism" interviewed 29 newspa...	citizen journalism
56cb8ef7ecfd0dd7	A large-scale British employee survey examining the relationship between age and job satisfaction — controlling for 80 individual and job characteristics and finding strongly significant coefficients on both the age and age-squared terms — relied on ordered probit techniques to handle the ordinality of satisfaction res...	1965 Medicare Bill
b103b4514786f021	A 1997 analysis of mortality in developed countries argued that relative, not absolute, living standards drive health inequalities, pointing to psychosocial pathways as particularly influential and noting that almost a quarter of Britain's population lived in relative poverty after income differences widened more rapid...	Regression dilution bias
fc59405817dec509	In a 2004 study of parliamentary speech, the first person plural pronoun “we” is examined as a marker of community inclusion. A 1983 textbook on discourse analysis explains that any linguistic form used in communication serves a purpose within a particular context. Which pronoun is central to both the 2004 study and th...	we
51e9d4fe95161d80	Among women, social connectedness was negatively related to trait anxiety, contributed more uniquely to trait anxiety than either social support or collective self-esteem, and differentiated social identification only when cohesion was high; meanwhile, in videotaped same- or mixed-sex dyads matched on adaptability, hig...	General persuasibility
5838eac73c3df38a	Suppose that a 2011 study discusses how sample‑based music artists in Montréal employ Benjamin’s practice of quotation to challenge the notion of aura, and that a 2008 Canadian research team, the Mobile Media Lab, launched a project called Urban Archaeology: Sampling the Park under the Mobile Digital Commons Network (M...	Urban Archaeology: Sampling the Park
39022ad4fcae45fe	In a multiinstitutional path-analytic study of college withdrawal drawing on 2,326 freshmen across 11 postsecondary institutions, social integration was found to exert a stronger influence on persistence at 4-year primarily residential campuses, whereas academic integration carried greater weight at commuter institutio...	Asymptotically Distribution-Free (ADF) estimation
d4d42a71b9903205	An underwater vision-based SLAM implementation for a recent ROV survey of the RMS Titanic had to work with low-overlap imagery while exploiting inertial sensing and maintaining consistent covariance bounds via sparse linear solves plus constant-time Kalman updates; meanwhile, feature tracking for 3D interpretation of i...	Thin Junction Tree Filters
026328524fc0c1e7	Survey-based willingness-to-pay valuation was becoming central to public decision-making, especially for natural-resource damages from oil spills and for proposals to widen applied benefit-cost analysis beyond conventional impacts; at the same time, environmental regulation appraisals under the Clean Air and Clean Wate...	34 cents per week (or $0.34 per week)
5eb7cba505414edd	A panel cointegration study covering 20 OECD countries on quarterly data from 1980 to 2004 concluded that the Fisher effect — requiring nominal interest rates and inflation to cointegrate with a unit slope — cannot be rejected once panel evidence is incorporated, standing in direct contrast to a G7-focused long-memory ...	No cointegration
030a2277aebd7b45	In a two-study program on self-image maintenance and health-message acceptance, Study 1 used a stimulus article — one whose authors had explicitly characterized the clinical literature on its central dietary exposure as yielding "inconsistent and inconclusive results" and had identified adenosine receptor antagonism as...	Condom purchase
d6fc6589d2b17304	In 2000, Claire Kramsch described applied linguistics as the overarching field that includes second language acquisition, stylistics, language socialization, and critical applied linguistics. In 1993, Susan M. Gass and Larry Selinker published a bestselling textbook that is now in its sixth edition, is considered the c...	Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course
54cd3978ff94ecbf	A three-year population-based adolescent cohort found that dieting was the most important predictor of new eating disorders, that the higher female incidence was largely accounted for by earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity, and that controlling weight through exercise appeared less risky than diet restriction; me...	The incorporation of specified diagnostic criteria.
b534a1d7355804fa	In social-media misinformation research, intentionally false low-quality news is treated as hard to detect from content alone, so auxiliary engagement traces become important; meanwhile, affective preference formation is linked to ideological values and political commitments, and anti-abuse work on MySpace and Twitter ...	external shock cycles
46b6bb779fdb975f	In a 1980 experiment on person perception, researchers found that perceivers gave extra weight and attention to attributes that were either extreme or negative. In a 2001 synthesis of psychological literature, scholars reported that negative events such as bad emotions, bad parents, or bad feedback exert a stronger inf...	Negative (or bad) attributes/events
3b507b849dbf94ef	In 1988, a paper titled "Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk" described expected utility theory as a normative model of rational choice. In 1995, a study titled "Ambiguity Aversion and Comparative Ignorance" proposed the comparative ignorance hypothesis, asserting that ambiguity aversion arises when a p...	Expected utility theory
f9996a299e09b83a	Suppose that a 2002 Dutch study of 122 survivors of an outbreak of Legionnaires disease reported that 15% of patients experienced PTSD 17 months after diagnosis. Suppose further that a 2007 study of SARS survivors found that survivors still had elevated stress levels one year after the outbreak, with health care worker...	Legionnaires disease outbreak survivors
e4ba3756e386e84f	In a randomized field experiment with unemployed adults, a job‑seeking training intervention included a problem‑solving process that emphasized inoculation against setbacks and positive social reinforcement. A meta‑analysis of the Five‑Factor Model of personality found that one trait had a true‑score correlation of .25...	Extraversion
c3f29cdf8bf6e8bd	Suppose that the d‑monotone Archimedean copula generators can be characterized using a little‑known integral transform introduced by a mathematician in 1956. Suppose further that an integral representation used in sampling algorithms for exchangeable Archimedean copulas is related by a form of convolution to the distri...	Williamson transform
416ef4ff674a7855	In the theoretical landscape of 1980s anthropology that Eric Wolf described as fragmenting into sub-fields without a shared discourse, two landmark ethnographic works occupied sharply contrasting theoretical poles: one grounded its analysis of supernatural figures in Marxist theory, linking soul-bartering devil-pact na...	'A'isha Qandisha
7813951e3cd5e30d	The final Sickness Impact Profile consists of 136 items distributed across 12 categories, and a large field trial reported its internal consistency with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Lee J. Cronbach, in 1951, defined coefficient alpha (α) as the mean of all split‑half coefficients and claimed it to be an appropria...	Coefficient alpha (α), also known as Cronbach's alpha
a1d6ddc967c0a7d5	Suppose that in 1830 Charles Babbage published a critique of the Royal Society, arguing that it was run by amateurs, that science in England was not a distinct profession, and that his remarks spurred reforms leading to the founding of a new national scientific association in 1831. At the same time, the mid‑nineteenth‑...	British Association for the Advancement of Science
09e2fe46c3752512	Climate change poses an unusual perceptual problem because a slow shift in average conditions is hard to detect from personal experience alone, while expectations are filtered through worldview and political ideology; risk communication can also fail unless those promoting and regulating health and safety understand ho...	Rule-based decisions
09974deaf5e09a57	Whereas the Whitehall Study's analysis of socioeconomic mortality differentials found that known risk factors could not account for the observed gradients and that using social class as an index led to systematic underestimation of the true association between social factors and mortality, and whereas a parallel argume...	Marketing pressure from the pharmaceutical industry
5bfceaf70fc77b7e	In evidence-based survey-design debates over whether Likert-type items should offer a neutral midpoint, one strand emphasizes circumstance-specific benefits and problems of including that option, while a playful statistical critique of professional surgical writing warns that treating ordinal responses with parametric ...	0.049
d83c52598b3e12d6	In debates over mortgage booms and financial instability, one line of evidence found denial rates relatively lower where credit demand grew faster and lenders gave less weight to applicants’ loan-to-income ratios, while a securitized-loan comparison built around an ad hoc lending threshold found the easier-to-securitiz...	15 percent
43d59fcff8659a96	In a political-economy account where uncoordinated “roving bandits” under anarchy destroy incentives to invest, a monopolizing “stationary bandit” may provide order because of an encompassing interest in the domain, yet short expected tenure encourages asset confiscation and succession uncertainty makes durable autocra...	-100,000 people per century
64786c01f06540eb	Suppose that a country has experienced deindustrialization beginning in the 1960s, which economists argue has been the main engine of its welfare state expansion; suppose further that an aggregate coordination index applied to that country shows strong complementarities between labor relations and corporate governance;...	Coordinated Market Economy (CME)
8af5795d1eb4234b	By the late 1990s, one econometric route to persistent conditional variance embedded an ARFIMA process inside a stochastic-volatility scheme and estimated its parameters by maximizing a spectral approximation to a Gaussian likelihood; the standard time-series toolkit behind that route also organized stationary processe...	1.0
30a0745851f24dbc	When Congress passed the legislation in 1982 that directed the FDIC to consider a risk-based premium structure, earlier option-based valuations of deposit insurance — which applied the Black-Scholes framework to the put-option analogy for deposit guarantees that Merton had proposed — had already found that FDIC rates g...	The specific policy whose market perception Ronn and Verma explicitly modeled is FDIC bailout policies, which refers to the market's belief that the FDIC would provide guarantees beyond the legally mandated deposit insurance limit, especially for large banks, to prevent systemic failure (i.e., the "too-big-to-fail" doc...
8a8fcbd993a2ab40	Physics expertise was characterized as knowledge indexed by large numbers of recognized patterns that guide access to relevant knowledge “in a fraction of a second” and form much of what is called physical intuition; meanwhile, algebra-manipulation learning showed that worked examples took less time than conventional p...	literal features
49aecfdb6711f6af	In comparative debates on youth transitions, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are grouped to contrast institutions regulating youth education, training, and employment, including apprenticeship; Germany is framed through the problem of fit between vocational edu...	The degree of relationship intensity between training and employment.
eb2bd652ccadcf82	In debates over why learners choose target languages other than global English, English-based motivation models are said to have shaped the field for roughly 25 years while leaving several divergences under-described; at the same time, social-psychological work stemming from Jack Brehm’s account of threatened freedom h...	ought-to self
17a6f1487f3d343d	Canada-focused social psychology from the early 1970s reversed the usual majority-to-minority orientation by asking what it is like to be a victim or target of discrimination, while national polling there moved from one in five respondents feeling discriminated against to one in four a decade later and nearly half stro...	phenomenology of prejudice
3bc5a215b73481a9	Suppose that European Americans value self-expression more than East Asian Americans, and that among American adults, participation in mutual support groups is highest for diseases perceived as stigmatizing such as AIDS and alcoholism, but lowest for heart disease. Additionally, a review of social support patterns indi...	Stigmatizing diseases such as AIDS or alcoholism.
643b2b734b63c53b	In a 1999 study that examined age and gender differences in life stress among preadolescents and adolescents, the Children's Depression Inventory was administered to assess depressive symptoms. In a 1993 study that examined control‑related beliefs in children, the Child Depression Inventory was also used to measure dep...	Children's Depression Inventory (also called Child Depression Inventory; abbreviated CDI)
308f99624961cdb1	Suppose that a statistical procedure is described as a flexible program suitable for fitting multilevel models, including school effects models and individual growth models, and that the same procedure is also used to estimate the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model in dyadic psychological research. Which named statist...	SAS PROC MIXED (or PROC MIXED)
3fa2e91881c8ba04	A certain model predicts that trading costs are low when volume and return volatility are high. The same model was found by Brennan and Subrahmanyam to be consistent with the observation that greater analyst following reduces adverse selection costs. An empirical study of NYSE 1988 intraday data found that in the first...	Admati and Pfleiderer (1988) model
471af0b15451c093	Suppose that in the 13th century an Italian city produced the poet Dante and was the birthplace of the artistic styles of Giotto and Arnolfo da Cambio. Suppose further that in the same era the city’s intellectual tradition was dominated by teachers of rhetoric and officials of the chancery, a role comparable to medieva...	Florence
f349fb76520741df	Suppose that in a 1987 study of option pricing it was found that the price derived from the Black–Scholes formula frequently overprices options and that this overpricing grows with the time to maturity. Suppose further that a 2005 extension of rational option pricing theory uses the same baseline model and then expands...	The Black–Scholes formula
0200f892fcb43a05	Suppose that a group‑performance study observed that participants lowered their effort when they believed their individual contribution had little effect on the overall result—a phenomenon called the free‑rider effect. Another research model proposes that people decide how much effort to put forth by evaluating three f...	Instrumentality
dd384d170f40855d	In a 2012 randomized double‑blind study of science faculty who rated identical applications that differed only by a male or female name, the researchers measured each faculty member’s preexisting subtle bias against women with a standard instrument that distinguishes hostile and benevolent sexism. What is the name of t...	Modern Sexism Scale
f4a89005d62f1a97	Within a psychology cluster that moves from social-contextual variation to organismic integration, college students showed different Big-Five profiles across roles, with role-to-role changes predicted by felt psychological authenticity and with both low self-concept differentiation and high mean authenticity independen...	0.67
baf072098fb1d697	Comparative quantity judgments in English show that a flexible noun such as string patterns by number under count syntax but by volume under mass syntax, matching a broader functional-head view in which roots like rock, apple, water, and string are not inherently mass or count, count syntax yields individual-denoting n...	50%
0a2e2bde9fba8918	In task-based second-language research, a broad pedagogical synthesis linked task research to course design, methodology, and assessment, while a morpheme-acquisition meta-analysis pooled oral-production data from 12 investigations over almost 25 years and 924 learners to model acquisition order through five determinan...	The group that viewed photos but did not receive recasts.
6c7271c9be08a5da	Suppose that a 1988 study compared two interviewing styles and listed Richard Harrington among its authors. Suppose further that a 1990 study on adult outcomes of childhood depression listed R.W. Harrington among its authors. Which person appears as an author in both studies?	Richard Harrington (also known as R.W. Harrington) is the author of both studies.
ed044fbad1a48893	By the early 2000s, one simulation-based approximate-dynamic-programming approach to complex American-style options separated two ways of choosing the finite set at which value functions are evaluated: an arbitrary finite set could make approximation error grow exponentially with time to expiration, while a distributio...	risk-neutral probability distribution
9b3b06a0f608907a	Consider a large prospective study of 71,617 U.S. female health professionals aged 45–65, in which participants reported their average daily sleep duration in 1986 and were followed for coronary heart disease events through 1996. The study found that those reporting 9 or more hours of sleep had a relative risk of 1.38 ...	Pooled logistic regression
a0ee4f4ef31dff7f	Researchers conducting the Project Family intervention, an experimental program aimed at improving parenting skills among rural families, applied a latent variable structural equation modeling approach to their data. The analysis required evaluating the distributional characteristics of the measured variables to assess...	Mardia's measure of multivariate skewness (also known as Mardia's coefficient of multivariate skewness)
7933e75b9c35732e	Suppose that a decision-theoretic model of consumer self-control, introduced in 1991, explains that consumers experience sudden increases in desire for a product due to reference points that can temporarily override long-term preferences. Suppose further that a 1978 study found that lottery winners were not happier tha...	Adaptation level theory
900f1033b53a9ef0	In a foreign-language pedagogy debate where SLA is treated not as the whole enterprise but as nested within Applied Linguistics alongside Stylistics, Language Socialization, and Critical Applied Linguistics, introductory SLA is simultaneously packaged as a ten-chapter core course with a new history-of-the-field opening...	Audio-Motor Unit
5f03e32846bfcca7	Within a cluster of asset-allocation findings, survivor-bias-free mutual-fund evidence attributes Hendricks, Patel, and Zeckhauser’s “hot hands” largely to the one-year momentum effect of Jegadeesh and Titman while leaving only worst-fund underperformance as unexplained persistence; recursive-utility bond choice retain...	3000 months
938830f9fc47cc66	Suppose that a political theorist argues that a ruler who expects a brief tenure will confiscate assets whose tax yield over that tenure is less than their total value, and suppose that an economic study finds that regions ruled by an absolutist prince experienced a decline of one hundred thousand people per century in...	Autocracy / Dictatorship
61ec2058f0efe120	Management-school IT theorizing warned that early classroom technology often merely automated information delivery rather than transformed learning, while a 64-subject procedural CBT trial found small groups moving through courseware faster, with less difficulty and more resistance to forgetting, and a separate recall ...	CAIT
0ed98db8273506d3	Suppose a model introduced in 1993 offers a closed‑form solution for European call options on assets with stochastic volatility, permits arbitrary correlation between volatility and the spot asset’s price, and incorporates stochastic interest rates. Suppose also that a 1991 study on foreign currency options found that ...	The Heston model
d3c8aaf49d9f9343	Mid-2000s U.S. immigration evidence characterized harm to less-educated natives as scant and treated the schooling of U.S.-born children of post-1965 immigrants as a key yardstick for assimilation, while a cohort account of wage inequality said the college–high school gap had doubled for younger U.S. men but not older ...	about 10 percent
71169822f6509478	Modern growth reasoning treats innovation as a competitive process in which entrepreneurs seek ideas that make rivals’ ideas obsolete; international-business models meanwhile describe corporate taxation as a wedge between pre- and post-tax returns for multinational investment, with the relevant wedge changing when inve...	Short-term tax concessions
3cf9a565789df58b	Inner-city Boston data from a tight 1989 labor market linked youth crime, drug and alcohol use, church attendance, and idleness to family behavior and neighborhood peers under the maxim “like begets like,” while household-finance evidence for 1998–2001 reported that direct or indirect corporate-equity ownership rose to...	Lagged average ownership of the states in which one's nonnative neighbors were born
6ea74ce16813cb9e	By the late 1980s, a loneliness-measurement effort had used exploratory factor analysis of the ULS-20 to form an eight-item ULS-8 and reported that ULS-20, ULS-8, and ULS-4 scores were strongly related to socially undesirable personality characteristics but uncorrelated with exercise, meal regularity, alcohol use, hard...	50 pages
a2ae6f98bd1b2d8f	Suppose that in a 1991 study of young children, girls were more successful than boys at understanding feelings and at offering explanations of actions in terms of false belief. In a separate 1984 observational study, older children, especially girls, were more likely to maintain positive expressive behavior when receiv...	Girls
09fdc24ac9db64cc	CES-D measurement work in older populations included a multisite survey of people 65 and older that field-tested two shorter forms and used factor analyses to show they tapped the same symptom dimensions as the original index, while a nationwide adult analysis of the first Health and Nutrition Examination Survey applie...	The absence of a confidant in both 1982 and 1985.
a0927ec4e18237fc	In a critique of contingency theory that tested hypotheses derived from five identified problems with the framework — beginning from Galbraith's organizing-for-effectiveness formulation and drawing empirical data from acute care hospital operating room suites — the traditional contingency notions failed to receive supp...	Nonmonotonic
03c9469da865999b	Sydney-based coverage of a Vietnamese gang in The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Telegraph was read through critical discourse analysis as systematically othering recent Vietnamese migrants and staging an asymmetrical power discourse between ethnic law-breakers and white law-enforcers; British coverage of Africa, ...	Agent-oriented
3e571221f5fb91a0	In Sinitic nominal syntax, Cantonese and Mandarin are treated as languages without articles or number morphology, where apparent bare nouns are nevertheless argued to contain hidden nominal structure and [classifier+noun] expressions can project more than a mere classifier phrase; meanwhile, a mass/count analysis separ...	mass groups
b35d7119ad930440	By the late 1990s, declining political trust was being cast not merely as dissatisfaction with leaders but as a cause of that dissatisfaction, with its effect on feelings about the incumbent president reported as stronger than the reverse; an older decline-response vocabulary separated exit from voice, treated loyalty ...	University Of Michigan. Institute For Social Research
a11474a095c85bf2	By the early 1990s, socially desirable responding had been parsed so that favorable but honestly held self-descriptions split from favorable self-descriptions offered to others, and self-deceptive enhancement—not denial or impression-management items—was the component that best predicted adjustment; by the mid-1990s, a...	consensual validation pill
12fac6ce3510eca5	Health-service reformers trying to make care person-centered grounded the demand in treating patients as persons, not merely improving health, by recognizing and cultivating person-associated capabilities; palliative medicine sharpened the point through the contrast between a dying stomach-cancer patient who denied suf...	'open-ended' relationships
638960f4f263940e	Suppose that a systematic review guideline released in 2021 was updated to include a 27‑item checklist and revised flow diagrams, and that a separate guideline released in 2015 expanded the same framework to a 32‑item checklist to address network meta‑analyses. Which reporting guideline framework is being described in ...	PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)
f66ee1bac634d3eb	In a seven-economy comparative analysis of school-to-work transitions covering France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States — one that concluded with evidence of extensive policy failure and called for nationally appropriate institutions — apprenticeship in France was exami...	Factor analysis
8bf0489c1b1e6eaa	Suppose that a 1997 study of Latina immigrant domestic workers in Los Angeles examined transnational motherhood, and a 1989 study of Mexican American women in Santa Clara Valley examined women’s work in fruit and vegetable canneries. Under these conditions, which U.S. state is common to both studies?	California
c2b45db70fca5644	In an input-process-output model of instructional games developed to explain how game features harness engagement through a cycle of user judgments, behavior, and feedback, the authors organized desired learning results around a three-category taxonomy — cognitive, skill-based, and affective — that had been derived fro...	divergence
a617ce0d9c7fe8b9	In late-1970s-to-mid-1980s Canadian evidence, CAPM and APT comparisons indicate segmentation in 1977–81 but integration in 1982–86, with U.S.-exchange- and NASDAQ-interlisted Canadian stocks priced in an integrated market while non-interlisted stocks remained predominantly segmented; meanwhile, domestic firms that move...	1.20 percent
72ec9405e46bc071	Suppose that in a 2005 qualitative investigation of women in two West African countries, saturation—defined as the point at which no new information or themes emerge—was observed within the first 12 interviews out of a total of 60. Suppose further that a 1995 discussion of qualitative research defines saturation as the...	saturation
cc2400f3c1e1d00d	A socio-cultural account of educational computing held that computers could strengthen rather than erode the social experience of instruction by creating conditions for effective collaboration, while an interaction-focused account of second-language acquisition treated conversational-structure modifications as more imp...	One week
386cc4397ab1a8f5	Suppose a European call option is written on an asset whose volatility follows a stochastic process that is independent of the asset price, and that the underlying economy is modeled by a continuous‑time general equilibrium framework that endogenously determines asset price dynamics. In such a setting, the Black–Schole...	The option-pricing framework is the Hull-White model (or Hull-White stochastic volatility model), and the continuous-time general equilibrium model is the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model.
a3b939d392a57e45	Lee S. Shulman, in a 1987 article, introduced a concept that blends subject matter expertise with pedagogical knowledge, emphasizing that teachers must understand both what to teach and how to teach it. Simon Borg, in a 2005 study, identified that foreign language teachers are distinctive in the content of teaching. Wh...	Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK)
b31f3415586132fe	Peter Blau's formal theory of organizational differentiation, derived from research on employment security agencies, holds that increasing organizational size reduces the administrative component through economies of scale in supervision while simultaneously enlarging it indirectly through structural differentiation — ...	logarithmic
1b6d50a4aa0b4b25	Suppose that in a large international survey of body image conducted in 2010, researchers reported that the body mass index (BMI) of participants was a predictor of body dissatisfaction among women, along with Western media exposure. Suppose further that in a 2005 study of adolescents in six Latin American cities, the ...	BMI (Body Mass Index)

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U2-Bench (Anonymous Review Dataset)

This is an anonymized, reviewer-accessible dataset artifact for the NeurIPS 2026 Evaluations and Datasets submission titled:

Can Models Ask the Unseen and the Unsolvable?

Current contents

Croissant file with core and minimal Responsible AI (RAI) fields
500 evaluated non-STEM QA rows in data/u2_bench_non_stem_qa.jsonl

Dataset format

data/u2_bench_non_stem_qa.jsonl rows contain:

qhash: stable hash id
question: single-deliverable question text
gold_answer: adjudicated short answer

Repository layout

This review dataset includes:

data/u2_bench_non_stem_qa.jsonl (500 QA rows)
u2-bench.croissant.json (Croissant metadata with core + minimal RAI fields)

If the Hugging Face viewer reports schema parsing errors, keep the data split files strictly as line-delimited JSON rows with only qhash, question, and gold_answer.

Anonymity note

This artifact intentionally omits author identities and institution-specific links during review.

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Total file size:

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