Datasets:

trillionlabs
/

SimScholar-RL

sample_id stringlengths 27 51	query stringlengths 14 480	gold_answer stringlengths 1 464	anchor stringclasses 5 values	answer_type stringclasses 3 values
single_hop_304353_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the study that tested a smartphone-based dichotic listening application in a Norwegian sample of 33 subjects (mean age 31.7) and an Australian sample of 43 subjects (mean age 21.6), what was the intraclass correlation coefficient for retest reliability of the mobile version in the laboratory?	0.78	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_406798_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study investigating disrupted mRNAs by parsing human transcripts at frame-disruption positions and requiring alignment to original protein homologs, what percentage of the 16,153 verified high-quality mRNAs were identified as harboring significant frame disruptions?	3%	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_429717_content_conjunction_abstract_0	Considering the approach that uses an ensemble of MIL classifiers and achieved improved recall of 42.2% on Corel5k, what is the specific task being automated?	image annotation	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_1120605_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a case study using experimental data from a cross of yeast strains BY4716 and RM11-1a, how many yeast genes did the method that integrates perturbation and expression data via a linear regression model and Bayesian inference use to reconstruct a regulatory network?	35 yeast genes.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_1933463_content_conjunction_abstract_2	A paper that introduces sparsity into GPU parsing via coarse-to-fine pruning and uses parent-based grammar clustering reports the unpruned baseline throughput for minimum Bayes risk inference. What was that unpruned throughput?	only 32 sentences per second	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_1982819_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In the paper that reports improved retrieval ranking over MS-PCA and SIFT for salamander recognition, what does the abstract conclude about the method's promise?	very promising	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_2423357_content_conjunction_abstract_0	What is the minimum illuminance (in lux) required for an ARKit-based application to place a virtual object, as determined in the experimental study on outdoor AR?	10.275 lx	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_2604979_content_conjunction_abstract_0	According to a paper offering guidelines for creating effective data management plans, which recommends storing at least three copies of data in at least two geographically distributed locations, how many simple rules does it present?	Ten	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_2706118_content_conjunction_abstract_0	Which cell cycle phase does an integrative multi-omic analysis of mRNA, translation, and protein levels identify as being particularly impacted by translation regulation?	S-phase	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_2726126_content_conjunction_abstract_2	In a paper that notes the EU Horizon 2020 program has more than $100 billion to explore IoT growth, what caution does it offer regarding the economic predictions?	potential socio-economic frictions and the necessity for a robust educational framework	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_2734877_content_conjunction_abstract_1	What overall finding regarding forecasting accuracy did the 20 kW photovoltaic system study report for all four proposed neural network models (MLPNN, RBFNN, RNN, and the ensemble), prior to comparing them against one another?	All the proposed networks achieved an acceptable forecasting accuracy.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_3528652_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a calibration method for binocular stereo vision sensors that uses a double parallel planar target with a distance of 60.27 mm between planes and projects elliptical stripes via a ring laser, what calibration accuracy is reported for a field of view of 400 mm × 300 mm?	0.03 mm	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_3677199_content_conjunction_abstract_1	According to an fMRI and diffusion tractography study that identified a connection between VTC and IPS via the vertical occipital fasciculus, what does the level of IPS engagement reflect?	the cognitive demands of the task	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_4595691_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study employing Statistical Region Merging (SRM) for initial segmentation within an object-based conditional random field framework for road extraction from remote sensing images, what three kinds of features are used to represent each object?	colour, the gradient of histogram and the texture	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_5021815_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study on user identification from network traffic metadata that used a feedforward multi-layer perceptron neural network with 40 neurons, what recognition rate was achieved on an individual application basis?	90%	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_5022173_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study developing an indoor localization algorithm using wearable accelerometer and Bluetooth beacon data to track movement behaviors, what was the reported overall goodness-of-fit (R²) between beacon-derived location and ground-truth tracking time?	0.9780	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_5225443_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that reports a recall improvement of more than five percent over robust ridge regression for LC/MS time-series alignment, what is the name of the proposed method?	multiple Canonical Correlation Analysis (mCCA)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_5535811_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In the comparative study that used morphological features including area under the curve computed from segments of <R-t, R+t> with t = 40, 60 or 100 ms, which type of features was found to be generally more suitable than spectral features for classification?	morphological features	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_5598631_content_conjunction_abstract_0	For the electrochemical assay that employed a gold working electrode of 1.6 mm diameter polished with 0.05 and 0.3 micron alumina, what receptor was used to capture plasma immunoglobulins?	polyclonal rabbit Anti-human immunoglobulin (against IgA, IgG, IgM)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_5629205_content_conjunction_abstract_2	Which model, when applied to visual rearing conditions, showed no significant difference from normal in the fraction of orientation‑selective neurons for stripe rearing (p = 0.8, Kolmogorov‑Smirnov)?	kmeans model	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6120397_content_conjunction_abstract_1	A paper corrects the fixation probability of a bilevel evolutionary graph to ρ = (m/(m+N))·(1−r⁻¹)/(1−r⁻ᵐ). What general conclusion does it draw about the stability of bilevel graphs relative to one-rooted graphs?	the bilevel EG is more stable than the corresponding one-rooted EG	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6319660_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the named entity tagging system that trains its gazetteer module on 230,000 tokens, what does the Maximum Entropy Model incorporate?	External gazetteers	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6401458_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a database focusing on human protein-protein interactions mediated by phosphoprotein-binding domains (PPBDs), the initial release (July 2007) contains interactions classified into categories A, B, and C based on available evidence. How many substrate proteins are documented in this release?	1123	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6496071_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that introduces a SAS macro for joint models of longitudinal and survival data, and illustrates it using data from 425 patients in the EMPHACIS lung cancer trial, what is the name of that macro?	JMFit	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6559235_content_conjunction_abstract_1	When evaluating a direct speech translation system that generated 22,846 rules from 32 train station utterances, what claim is made about the method's language dependence?	The approach is language-independent	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6666622_content_conjunction_abstract_0	What types of vibrational sources were used to evaluate the energy harvesting performance of the piecewise linear system?	Both purely harmonic excitation and a noisy vibrational source.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6753215_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the 2010 update, the AmiGO browser added a term enrichment tool and support for the Reference Genome Project. According to the abstract, what general improvements did GO tools like AmiGO and OBO-Edit undergo?	major improvements in functionality, speed and ease of use	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_6835891_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a model where firms submit supply functions of the form S(p,w) = D − w/p and a uniform price clears the market, what is the upper bound on the ratio of Nash equilibrium aggregate production cost to the socially optimal cost when more than two firms compete?	1 + 1/(N − 2)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_7392721_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study comparing Canadian ambulatory care encounters, what was the most common type of patient information missing for both specialists with rich health information exchange and those with less electronic access?	Lab results	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_7473413_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In a GIS-based MCDM study that used a rank sum weighting method to combine habitat factors for white-tailed deer and compared the resulting suitability map with deer harvest data in eastern Ontario, what type of correlation was found between the habitat suitability model and the deer harvest data?	positive	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_8261644_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In the paper that studied transparent QoS negotiation with a three-component service system (a, b, c) and reported utility degradation as CPU speed decreased (as depicted in Figure 10), what was the name of the demo deployment used to validate the overall solution?	SSO	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_8714741_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper describing a system for advanced data analysis and visualization in biological networks, what type of file is used as the template for uploading experimental data?	a Microsoft Excel-based form	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_8821718_content_conjunction_abstract_0	A study on surface electromyography-based silent speech interfaces used a corpus of nonsense words with nasal vowels flanked by bilabial stops or labiodental fricatives. What was the best frame‑based classification error rate for nasal vowel detection reported across all three speakers in that study?	32.5% for all speakers	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_10016549_content_conjunction_abstract_1	What is the reported detection ratio of the new low-cost fall detector for smart homes that uses artificial vision algorithms instead of wearable devices?	Greater than 96%	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_10372794_content_conjunction_abstract_2	Given the finding that suprathreshold disparities are abundant, what conclusion does the study draw about the conventional view that stereopsis operates only within a few meters?	that we should rethink the role of stereopsis at far viewing distances	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_10795542_content_conjunction_abstract_0	A network meta-analysis comparing bedaquiline, delamanid, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and moxifloxacin for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis reported a mean study duration of 21.1 weeks. Which three drugs were found to be significantly more effective than placebo?	bedaquiline, delamanid, and moxifloxacin	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_11034870_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that evaluates variable selection methods on corn, diesel, and sweet orange leaves datasets, what limitation of the physarum network (PN) does the proposed method address?	The whole spectrum has to be equally divided into sub-spectral bands in PN.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_11711412_content_conjunction_abstract_2	In the comprehensive web performance optimization work where a Load Impact‑test showed that after optimization the site served 100 concurrent users without problems and the minimum front‑page load time became 0.7 seconds, what improvement in concurrent user capacity did the server achieve?	more than three times as much concurrent users as earlier	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_11918417_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a 3T fMRI study that used a serial number subtraction localizer to identify pre-SMA regions involved in non-motor sequence processing, what was the main conclusion drawn from the overlapping activation patterns observed during both the mental rotation and grid navigation visuo-spatial tasks?	Visuo-spatial processing is supported by non-motor sequence operations that involve pre-SMA.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_12169025_content_conjunction_abstract_0	A paper on mixed-signal processing architectures for microrobotics notes that state-of-the-art ADCs have a figure of merit of roughly 1 pJ per conversion. According to the abstract of that paper, what expansion method is used in the proposed generalized sampling architecture?	a parallel analog basis expansion of the input signal	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_12535141_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the open-source biological image analysis utility that was tested on the IICBU‑2008 benchmark and achieved 96% classification accuracy on the Pollen dataset, what is the first step of its analysis method as stated in the abstract?	Extracting image content descriptors from the raw image, image transforms, and compound image transforms.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_12676813_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a BICM-ID system that uses a rate-1 recursive systematic convolutional doping code with rate 1/60 and a packet size N_packet = 600, which modulation and code type are the focus of the proposed irregular mapping scheme?	8-phase shift keying (8PSK) modulated variable length codes (VLCs)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_13163996_content_conjunction_abstract_1	A database covering three phases of biotransformation mentions in its body that 769 drugs were attributed to phase II enzymes. According to the abstract, how many drugs does this database cover?	3000 drugs	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_13430930_content_conjunction_abstract_0	A study employing an iterative censored fuzzy C‑means algorithm for motif finding in lymphoma methylation data found that chromosome 19 had an over‑representation of methylated loci in follicular lymphoma (p=0.0078). What novel attribute did the algorithmic implementation produce for each lymphoma subtype examined?	Data that appear to be distinct for each lymphoma subtype examined.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_14284318_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study that simulated nonlinear S0 mode Lamb waves in a 2 mm thick aluminum plate using finite element analysis, with micro-cracks modeled as ellipses of length 200–1400 µm and width 4–40 nm, what kind of indicator was proposed in the abstract for early detection of buried micro-cracks?	An amplitude ratio indicator	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_14309537_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a paper describing an in-fiber optical neural network with 24 input neurons and 6 output neurons, what type of network architecture was simulated?	three-layered feed-forward neural networks	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_14425141_content_conjunction_abstract_1	When evaluating a remote sensing evapotranspiration method that accounts for horizontal advection in the energy balance, what percentage of validation locations had a percent error within 20%?	over 80%	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_14432990_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a paper that uses ANOVA and Tukey HSD to analyze experimental results on the Vanzyl and Richmond water distribution networks, which two traditional pump scheduling representations are compared with the newly proposed time-controlled triggers?	Binary representation and level-controlled triggers.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_14676128_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study that used GWAS data from 8,842 Korean individuals to predict smoking behaviors, which prediction algorithm performed best when fewer than 100 SNPs were used?	Elastic-net (EN)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_14864104_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In a study that reports finding five feasible solutions with objective value 1449 for a generalized assignment problem and discusses achieving a value of 1451 by adding 3 units each of resource 7 and resource 10, what kind of analysis does the system support?	postsolution deliberation for constrained optimization models	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_15374799_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that proposes a C_d closeness measure to identify differentially expressed genes in a PCA space and evaluates it on a tomato microarray experiment with 8 replicates per condition at 60 hours post-inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, what is the primary multivariate technique employed?	Principal Component Analysis (PCA) space	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_15713339_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a Bayesian predictive model for Major League Baseball that truncates the starting pitchers' ERA ratio at 5 and uses an exponential prior with mean 10 for the parameter m, what season's data is analyzed?	The 2001 MLB regular season.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_16113984_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study that proposed modifications to PCA for designed experiments, including the use of training data and scaling, the authors tested classification of unknown samples by omitting one group (group 3) from the training data of a rat liver toxicology dataset (GSE5509). What was the result regarding the classificatio...	Unknown samples were appropriately classified using pre-arranged axes.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_16719560_content_conjunction_abstract_2	In a paper on laboratory automation that states the laboratory manager must assume six roles, what is stressed as key to leveraging the full benefits of robotics in laboratory settings?	effective management and proper planning	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_16740615_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a 2010–2011 field survey of barrier islands in the northern Gulf of Mexico that used a sampling density of approximately one point per 6 hectares, how many sampling locations were recorded?	375	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_16845784_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study that applied PCA for dimensionality reduction and SVM to fMRI data from a hand-motor task, what type of maps did the method produce to visualize discriminative activation dynamically?	dynamic spatial discrimination maps (DSDMs)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_16927812_content_conjunction_abstract_0	A paper that models user debates as a directed graph of opinions where each link represents sentiment, and tests on CNN, Independent, and The Telegraph datasets, proposes a scoring model that ranks opinions based on two criteria. What are those two criteria?	relevance and prominence	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_16951938_content_conjunction_abstract_1	A study on a random spread spectrum approach that eliminates traditional PN code generators compares its cooperative diversity performance against which combining technique, finding significant improvement?	Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_17424106_content_conjunction_abstract_0	What is the number of Spanish hospitals that contributed to the liver transplant dataset used in the study that reported a best generalization accuracy of 84.46%?	eleven	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_18007229_content_conjunction_abstract_0	The paper that reports reducing a 150 ps zero-flow offset to less than 5 ps by switching the excitation frequency from 4 MHz to 4.19 MHz also claims what final TTD offset at no-flow conditions?	zero	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_18034537_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the study that models kinomic time series from 36 PamGene PTK chip experiments and proposes a rational hyperbolic model (equation 3) with peak residual density 0.165, what two parameter values does the resulting web application decompose each signal into, as described in the abstract?	phosphorylation rate and capacity	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_18762821_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study that reports more than 560,000 injury deaths annually in the Americas, with men accounting for 76% and the top causes being homicides, unintentional transport land incidents, and suicides, what is the public health surveillance community encouraged to do?	identify opportunities to develop and expand its use in injury prevention and control	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_18836189_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper proposing a signal waveform detection method based on Aho-Corasick automata that reports an error rate of 2% for its advanced AC-histogram approach, what two versions of automata does the abstract mention were developed?	We developed two versions, that is, basic AC and advanced AC-histogram waveform automata	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_18984792_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that describes a heuristic program for geometric analogy problems and reports that the program selected figure 4 as the answer for the problem in Fig. 1, what is the name of the program?	ANALOGY	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_19123660_content_conjunction_abstract_2	In a study that accompanied field measurements with DInSAR on TerraSAR-X data to detect thaw subsidence in a Siberian yedoma landscape, what was the seasonal subsidence measured in the warm summer of 2014?	4.8 ± 2 cm	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_19325829_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In a study where aggregating a lexical parser and a relative clause boundary detector for nonrestrictive relative clause boundary detection achieved 97% accuracy on 100 paragraphs, what is the correct answer in the generated reference questions described in the abstract?	an antecedent of the target pronoun	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_19792470_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In a study on robust target tracking where the target actively tries to escape detection, the authors use a database of wavelengths from 0.1 to 0.3 in steps of 0.05 for waveform selection. According to the abstract, what target model is assumed to degrade tracking performance?	a one-dimension target model	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_20410326_content_conjunction_abstract_1	According to the abstract, how many wing images per sex were needed in the I 3 S Classic database to retrieve high levels of accurate results for the majority of species tested?	Only one wing image of each sex	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_20590089_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the same study where university liaison e-supervisors observed graduate students during pull-out therapy via videoconferencing, thus eliminating travel to remote school sites, what groups, besides the graduate students themselves, were reported to benefit from e-supervision?	Supervisors, children on the caseload, and universities.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_21127458_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In the paper that derives analytical symbol error rate and bit error rate for a digital pre-coding technique that rotates and interleaves I/Q components across two polarizations, how does the computational complexity of this technique compare to Golden and Silver Codes?	computationally much simpler to decode	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_26134659_content_conjunction_abstract_1	The paper reports that the digital laryngoscope prototype was 12 mm longer and 1.7 mm thicker than a standard one. What wireless communication module was included to allow real-time force acquisition?	Bluetooth® communication module	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_28478802_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a multi-cloud replication study that varied relative storage capacity from 75% to 13% across 156 data centers, what are the stated goals of placing replicas in optimal data center locations?	To minimize replication cost and to meet specific user and system requirements.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_28856596_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a paper on double sequence summability, a proof bounds an error term by 7/2^(s+t) to establish convergence of a constructed λ-rearrangement. The abstract claims that the four-dimensional matrix A ensures that every double sequence x with a finite P-limit point yields a λ-rearrangement z with which characteristic?	Each finite P-limit point of x is a P-limit point of Az.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_29340831_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a hybrid LoD2 building reconstruction method tested on Indianapolis downtown with 0.91 m LiDAR nDSM and 6‑inch orthophotos, what completeness and correctness were achieved for seven tested buildings with mixed roof structures?	90.6% completeness and 96% correctness	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_29695751_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a paper on high-performance smart cards integrating HF and UHF dual-band RFID with expanded memory, the UHF tag's recognition range reached 5.5 meters for antenna pattern 5. What was the range of extended memory capacity the prototype could accommodate?	from one gigabyte up to four gigabytes	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_30918197_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that describes a paradigm for practical general shape grammar interpreters, using a rectangular subframework with a graph-like data structure and algorithms for finding the north neighbors of a room, what three components does each framework in the paradigm comprise?	an underlying data structure, manipulation algorithms, and a metalanguage	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_31150806_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study on how people perceive a curved travel path from retinal flow, an experiment used a ground texture with 20 planar posts (1.6 m × 0.2 m) placed between 6 m and 20 m depth. What was the reported effect of these salient reference objects on path perception?	Reference objects did not help path perception.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_32543523_content_conjunction_abstract_1	What is the highest mean average precision (MAP) reported for the proposed community‑centric tree of concepts model when evaluated on the BibSonomy dataset?	0.53	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_37337878_content_conjunction_abstract_2	A paper on mixed volumes of cube slices derives log-concavity for sequences A_{d+1,k,i}. Which classical inequality from convex geometry is used to obtain these log-concavity results?	The Aleksandrov-Fenchel inequalities.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_38234923_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the study that compares stationary and non-stationary models for annual precipitation over the contiguous United States and finds that the main improvement from a non-stationary model can be achieved by simply using different nugget effects for west and east, what key conclusion about the necessity of non-stationary...	Sometimes nonstationary Gaussian random fields are not necessary to model non-stationary spatial data.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_44081000_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a paper that presents a nonlinear calibration algorithm for two-axis fluxgate sensors using harmonic decomposition, where the highest order of harmonic terms J was set to 5 in the performance comparison, what is the maximum deviation of magnetic field magnitude after the proposed calibration?	30 nT	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_44755748_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study that detected 10 out of 17 characterized microProteins in Arabidopsis using default parameters, what programming language was the prediction program written in?	Python.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_48356577_content_conjunction_abstract_0	The paper that notes that 422 slivers had to be removed from the triangulated glazing in a case study aims to improve energy performance models by ensuring what?	Compliance with EnergyPlus geometric constraints.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_51974928_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the deep learning-based literature triage study that reported an AUROC of 0.995 on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot publications from January to July 2017, what type of machine learning model was trained?	convolutional neural networks	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_52130285_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In the paper that introduces a learning-based kinematic calibration approach using the product-of-exponentials formula and Adjoint error model, which specific 7-DOF robot manipulator was used for experimental evaluation?	KUKA LBR iiwa 7 R800	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53090276_content_conjunction_abstract_1	Which simulation tool is used in a research work that proposes a weight-based node deployment method for noise monitoring and tests it with region importance weights of 0.6, 0.3, and 0.1 across three urban zones?	OMNET++	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53124692_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study where 72% of respondents agreed that inventory control policy at retail level propagates customer demand variability upstream, how many respondents were surveyed?	460 respondents	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53209700_content_conjunction_abstract_2	In that case study, which specific DSM-IV criterion within the restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests domain (A3) was found with much greater frequency in ASD records than in non-ASD records?	A3b	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53210500_content_conjunction_abstract_0	For a paper that evaluates a delay-tolerant routing protocol in airborne search and rescue networks using simulations with 5 scanning UAVs, 5–20 delivery UAVs, and a message time-to-live of 30 minutes, what is the name of the newly proposed protocol?	GeoSaW	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53245410_content_conjunction_abstract_2	A corpus enrichment project that manually delexicalized 20,370 texts and extracted 86,345 referring expressions targeted which original corpus for NLG evaluation?	WebNLG corpus	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53356898_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a study of wireless sensor networks that proposes a multi-sink routing technique, what metric was found to be enhanced along with reductions in energy consumption and delay?	Packet delivery ratio	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53366283_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a paper that uses the Ardalan heuristic algorithm for shared bicycle parking location, filters alternative addresses by capacity constraints, and takes a university in Chongqing with gates A, B, C and a fixed cost of 1000¥ per parking place as its example, what objective function is minimized according to the abstra...	Cost minimization	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53569215_content_conjunction_abstract_0	What hard problem assumption is used to prove the security against forgery of the ID-based public auditing protocol that was evaluated on a Mac OS High Sierra system with an Intel Core i7 at 2.9 GHz and 16 GB RAM, using the PBC library?	The Diffie-Hellman problem is hard.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53577227_content_conjunction_abstract_0	A paper that introduces the concepts of 'significant information' and 'fictional information' as part of its framework for analyzing game fiction states that its goal is to do what?	kick-start an informed approach to constructing and understanding consistent fictions in games	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_53875573_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In an analysis where D-citations made up only 7% of all citation categories, examiner trust was found to be more likely in which type of patent?	Granted patents.	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_54202972_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a verification study of EXFOR and ENDF databases that examined 26,634 EXFOR subentries, what type of induced reactions were investigated?	neutron reactions	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_54515108_content_conjunction_abstract_1	In a paper that analyzes social media data from Sejong city to predict future societal issues, what is the stated purpose of the sentiment analysis approach?	to predict future events of society	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_54564360_content_conjunction_abstract_0	In a variable-rate herbicide spraying system that used a lateral histogram-based algorithm for weed distribution extraction and a DSP controller (TMS320F2812), what was the system's weed detection to chemical actuation response time reported from field experiments?	1.562 s	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_54869428_content_conjunction_abstract_1	What specific gait parameters were evaluated for intra- and inter-rater reliability in a study involving 12 healthy adults and 4 stroke patients using a commercially available ProTrainer system and a video camera?	Kinematic and temporo-spatial gait parameters	content_conjunction	abstract
single_hop_55037589_content_conjunction_abstract_2	In a paper presenting a genetic algorithm with a parameter self-adaptive adjustment policy for a swap trailer transportation routing problem, what is the main conclusion about the improved algorithm compared to elementary GA, as stated in the abstract?	the improved algorithm performs better than elementary GA	content_conjunction	abstract

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S3 RL Dataset

Synthetic literature-search questions for agentic reinforcement learning.

Code · S3 collection · Source corpus

The S3 RL dataset contains 13,000 synthetic, single-hop questions for training and analyzing scientific-literature search agents. Each question is grounded in one paper from a fixed corpus of approximately 1.12 million computer-science papers.

At a glance

Property	Value
Rows	13,000
Language	English
Task	Tool-assisted scientific-literature QA
Scope	Single-hop; one source paper per question
Format	JSON Lines

Composition

Answer type	Rows
Abstract	5,000
Value	5,000
Identity	3,000

Query style	Rows
Content conjunction	3,000
Context conjunction	3,000
Detail cue	3,000
Named	2,000
Paraphrastic	2,000

Schema

Field	Type	Description
`sample_id`	string	Stable generated-item identifier
`query`	string	Question presented to the agent
`gold_answer`	string	Reference answer used for grading
`anchor`	string	Query framing used during synthesis
`answer_type`	string	`abstract`, `value`, or `identity`

Load the dataset

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("trillionlabs/SimScholar-RL", split="train")
print(dataset[0])

Research use

The dataset is intended for research on literature-search agents, retrieval-grounded QA, tool-use policies, curriculum design, and agentic reinforcement learning.

Limitations

Questions and reference answers are synthetic and may contain generation or grading errors.
The source corpus covers computer science rather than the full scientific literature.
A fixed local retrieval environment differs from live scholarly search.
Some questions may be answerable from model memory without tool use.
Verbatim overlap with source-paper text has not been exhaustively audited.

License

This dataset is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. Third-party paper text, excerpts, and metadata retain their original rights and terms; the Apache license does not supersede them.

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