tomekkorbak/heuristic_snyder
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"---\nabstract: 'One of the challenges of collider physics is to unambiguously associate detector based objects with the corresponding elementary physics objects. ",
"A particular example is the association of calorimeter-based objects such as “jets”, identified with a standard (IR-safe) jet algorithm, with the underlying physics objects, which may be QCD-jets (arising from a scattered parton), electrons, photons and, as discussed here, photon-jets (a group of collinear photons). ",
"This separation is especially interesting in the context of Higgs searches, where the signal includes both di-photon (in the Standard Model) and di-photon-jet decays (in a variety of Beyond the Standard Model scenarios), while QCD provides an ever-present background. ",
"Here we describe the implementation of techniques from the rapidly evolving area of jet-substructure studies to not only enhance the more familiar photon-QCD separation, but also separately distinguish photon-jets, i.e., separate usual jets into three categories: single photons, photon-jets and QCD. ",
"The efficacy of these techniques for separation is illustrated through studies of simulated data.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Stephen D. Ellis'\n- 'Tuhin S. Roy'\n- Jakub Scholtz\ntitle: 'Phenomenology of Photon-Jets'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has clearly exhibited its ability to make discoveries with the observation of a new resonance [@:2012gk; @:2012gu] with even spin that decays to photons and Z bosons as expected of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs particle. ",
"Thus precise measurements of the decays of this resonance into various channels (whether standard or not), are of the utmost importance. ",
"At the same time, it is essential to verify our understanding of the existing channels, in particular, $h \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$. How well are these photons defined? ",
"Can physics objects other than single photons leave signatures in the detector similar to that of a photon? ",
"Not surprisingly, the answer is yes [@Dobrescu:2000jt; @Toro:2012sv; @Draper:2012xt]. ",
"Given the granularity of the calorimeters, an object consisting of (nearly) collinear photons, typically labeled a photon-jet, will generate a signature similar to that of a single photon. ",
"The possibility that the Higgs particle decays to multiple collinear photons is not new [@Dobrescu:2000jt; @Draper:2012xt]. ",
"Simple models where the Higgs decays to almost massless scalars that each in turn decay to a pair of photons, typically do not give rise to events with four separately identifiable photons, but rather to pairs of photon-jets, each with 2 photons. ",
"Slightly more complicated models can produce Higgs decays to photon-jets with $4, 6, \\cdots$ photons. ",
"We will discuss concrete models where the Higgs decays to photon-jets with $2$ and $4$ photons per photon-jet. ",
"Thus it is essential to develop tools to separate single photons from photon-jets from QCD-jets. ",
"Otherwise we are unlikely to understand either the signal or the background.",
"\n\nATLAS recently made attempts to identify photon-jets from Higgs decays [@ATLAS-CONF-2012-079]. ",
"These analyses rely on relaxing the isolation/shower shape criteria, which use the differing distributions of energy deposition within the calorimeter cells to quite successfully discriminate single photons from QCD-jets. ",
"Unfortunately, the parameters of the underlying model can be easily adjusted so that the resultant photon-jets pass the strictest isolation/shower shape criteria just like photons. ",
"More importantly, loosening isolation criteria results in a larger fake rate for QCD-jets. ",
"Discriminating photon-jets from QCD-jets is more challenging than separating single photons from QCD-jets.",
"\n\nFortunately jet substructure techniques [@Seymour:1993mx; @Brooijmans:1077731; @Butterworth:2007ke; @Butterworth:2008iy; @Thaler:2008ju; @Kaplan:2008ie] have recently been developed to distinguish QCD-jets from jets containing boosted heavy particle decays, and we can use this work for detection of photon-jets. ",
"More broadly, ‘jets’, as defined by an infrared safe jet clustering algorithm, are being proposed as a universal language to describe *all* calorimeter objects including single photons, photon-jets and QCD-jets. ",
"By using the tools developed in jet substructure physics, we do not need to rely on isolation cuts. ",
"We supplement the traditional/conventional variables currently used to discriminate photons from QCD-jets with substructure variables that probe in detail the energy distribution within the jet. ",
"Note that the photons-jets are composed of energetic photons distributed inside the jet, where the distribution is a result of the kinematic features of the model, e.g., the masses and spins of the intermediate particles. ",
"The existence of this structure within photon-jet suggests that substructure variables will be efficient at finding and discriminating photon-jets. ",
"We show that our analysis is capable of separating photon-jets from both single photons and QCD-jets *at least as* efficiently as the traditional discriminators separate photons from QCD-jets.",
"\n\nThere is another important advantage to applying jet substructure techniques to purely electro-magnetic calorimeter (ECal) objects. ",
"The introduction of ‘grooming’ algorithms (including filtering [@Butterworth:2008iy; @Butterworth:2008sd; @Butterworth:2008tr], pruning [@Ellis:2009su; @Ellis:2009me], and trimming [@Krohn:2009th]) promised to suppress the undesirable contributions to purely hadronic jets from the underlying event (the largely uncorrelated soft interactions surrounding the interesting hard scattering) and from pile-up (the truly uncorrelated proton-proton collisions that occur in the same time window). ",
"Indeed, the recent results from studies at ATLAS [@ATLAS-CONF-2012-065] and CMS [@CMS-PAS-EXO-11-095] indicate this grooming is effective. ",
"We expect that this substructure-based grooming will work as well for all ECal based objects.",
"\n\nIt should be noted that in the context of Higgs physics, the decay to photon-jets is not the only example where the collinearity of the decay products adds complexity to the analysis. ",
"Collinearity plays a role for traditional decays of the Higgs boson when it is boosted. ",
"In Ref.",
" [@Butterworth:2008iy], the authors exploited the collinearity of the $b$-quarks in boosted Higgs decays (both quarks in a single jet) to greatly enhance the chances of detecting the $h\\rightarrow b\\bar{b}$ channel, featuring jet substructure as a mainstream tool (see also Refs.",
" [@Seymour:1993mx; @Brooijmans:1077731; @Butterworth:2007ke]). ",
"The application of jet substructure in Higgs physics has now become a very active area of research, applied both to the SM Higgs [@Plehn:2009rk; @Gallicchio:2010dq; @Hackstein:2010wk] as well to beyond the SM Higgs scenarios [@Kribs:2009yh; @Kribs:2010hp; @Kribs:2010ii; @Katz:2010iq; @Englert:2011iz; @Son:2012mb]. ",
"For reviews, more detailed descriptions, and references see Refs.",
" [@Abdesselam:2010pt; @Altheimer:2012mn].",
"\n\nThe paper is organized as follows: in Sec.",
" \\[sec:simplified\\_models\\], we start with a simplified model for photon-jets. ",
"We propose a set of benchmark points, where we take different combinations of masses and parameters in the simplified model to produce photon-jets displaying a variety of distinct kinematics. ",
"In Sec.",
" \\[sec:simulations\\] we define the details of our simulation. ",
"We describe, in detail, how we generate samples of photon-jets, one for each of the benchmark points, QCD-jets, and single photons. ",
"We present our analysis in Sec.",
" \\[sec:analysis\\]. ",
"We describe all the variables that we use in this work to discriminate photon-jets from QCD-jets from single photons. ",
"Then we combine these variables in a multivariate analysis. ",
"We train boosted decision trees (BDTs) using the samples of jets and use these to optimize the discriminating power of our analyses. ",
"We also show how these BDTs can be used to simultaneously separate photon-jets, photons, and QCD-jets from each other. ",
"Our conclusions are presented in Sec.",
" \\[sec:conclusion\\].",
"\n\n\\[sec:simplified\\_models\\] Simple Model for Photon-Jets\n=======================================================\n\nBy definition, photons-jets refer to calorimeter objects consisting of more than one hard photon. ",
"However, such a broad definition presents a challenge since all photon-jets are not the same. ",
"They differ in terms of the number of hard constituent photons as well as in the distribution of those photons within the photon-jet. ",
"To provide a systematic phenomenological study of photon-jets we classify these objects in more detail in terms of the production mechanism and consider a broad range. ",
"We will refer to the various production scenarios as ‘benchmark’ scenarios. ",
"We find that a simple model in the spirit of Ref.",
" [@Alves:2011wf] with two new particles is sufficient to characterize these benchmarks. ",
"The model includes a small number of interactions and we can vary the strength of these interaction and the new particle masses in order to generate the benchmark scenarios. ",
"In particular, we introduce two scalar fields $n_1$ and $n_2$ of mass $m_1$ and $m_2$ respectively. ",
"Without loss of generality, we choose the naming convention such that $m_1 > m_2$. Neither $n_1$ nor $n_2$ carry any SM charges. ",
"We use the following interactions to generate photon-jets $$\\label{eq:simplified-model}\n \\frac{1}{2} \\mu_h \\: h n_1^2 + \\frac{1}{2} \\mu_{12} \\: n_1 n_2^2 + \\left( \\frac{\\eta_1}{m_1} \\: n_1 \n + \\frac{\\eta_2}{m_2} \\: n_2\\right) F^{\\mu\\nu}F_{\\mu\\nu} \\; ,$$ where $\\mu_h, \\mu_{12}$ are mass parameters, $\\eta_1, \\eta_2$ are dimensionless coupling constants, and $F_{\\mu\\nu}$ is the electromagnetic field strength operator.",
"\n\nThis simple model bears a resemblance to a Higgs portal scenario [@Schabinger:2005ei; @Patt:2006fw; @Strassler:2006im] because of the $\\mu_h$ coupling. ",
"In the Higgs portal language, $n_1$ and $n_2$ constitute a ‘hidden’ sector while the coupling $\\mu_h$ provides a tunnel to the corresponding ‘hidden valley’. ",
"The electromagnetic couplings (proportional to the $\\eta$ parameters) provide ways for the new particles to decay back to SM particles, photons in this case. ",
"With respect to Higgs physics, this simple model provides a realistic example where the SM Higgs field decays through the new particles to multiple photons. ",
"In the limit $m_1 \\ll m_h$, the resultant photons (the decay products of $n_1$) are essentially collinear.",
"\n\nIn Table \\[table:bench\\] we list the benchmark scenarios (labeled photon-jet study points or PJSPs) that we investigate in this work. ",
"All are generated by varying the parameters in Eq.. The symbol $\\text{X}$ in Table \\[table:bench\\] denotes that a non-zero value is selected for that parameter, which then determines the decay mode. ",
"We have chosen the benchmarks in such a way that the parameters denoted by $\\text{X}$ only change the *total* width of the decaying particles. ",
"As long as the decays are prompt, the exact values of these parameters are irrelevant to the phenomenological properties of the photon-jets.",
"\n\n ------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -- --\n $m_1$ $m_2$ $\\mu_{12}$ \n $\\left( {\\text{GeV}}\\right)$ $\\left( {\\text{GeV}}\\right)$ $\\left( {\\text{GeV}}\\right)$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{} $1.0$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} $10.0$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} $2.0$ $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{5}$]{} $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{6}$]{} $1.0$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{7}$]{} $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} $1.0$ \n ------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -- --\n\n : \\[table:bench\\] The study points used in our analysis. ",
"For [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1-3}$]{}, $n_2$ does not participate in the decay chain since $\\mu_{12} = 0$ and the $m_2$ and $\\eta_2$ columns are empty. ",
"By $\\text{X}$ we denote that a non-zero value is chosen for the parameter, which facilitates prompt decays, but the specific value plays no role.",
"\n\nIn all these study points we take the Higgs particle to decay to a pair of $n_1$ particles. ",
"The small $n_1$ mass ($m_1 \\ll m_h$) ensures that the decay products of the $n_1$ are highly collimated. ",
"In the Higgs particle rest frame, which is close to the laboratory frame on average, each $n_1$ has momentum $\\sim m_h/2$ and the typical angular separation between the $n_1$ decay products is of the order of $4 m_1/m_h $. ",
"Note that, given we always consider $m_1 \\leq 10~{\\text{GeV}}$, we expect the typical angular separation between the $n_1$ decay products to be $\\lesssim 1/3$ (we use $m_h = 120~{\\text{GeV}}$). ",
"As long as the angular size of photon-jets is larger than $1/3$, we expect to capture all the decay products of the $n_1$ in each photon-jet for all the benchmark points.",
"\n\nFor the study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1-3}$]{} the mass parameter $\\mu_{12}$ is set to zero and $n_1 \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$ is the only possible $n_1$ decay mode. ",
"Hence these scenarios are characterized by photons-jets with typically $2$ hard photons per jet, and $n_2$ plays no role in the phenomenology (so no $n_2$ mass or coupling values are included in the table). ",
"In these scenarios the Higgs particle cascade decays to four photons ($h \\rightarrow n_1 n_1 \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma\\gamma \\gamma$). ",
"The precise value of $m_1$ governs the angular separation of the two photons inside the photon-jets. ",
"For a very small $m_1$, each photon-jet looks much like a single photon. (",
"Of course, if the Higgs is highly boosted, the decay results in a single photon-jet containing all 4 photons.)",
"\n\nFor study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4-8}$]{} we set $\\eta_1$ to zero and $\\mu_{12}$ to a non-zero value. ",
"In these contrasting scenarios the only $n_1$ decay mode involves the chain $n_1 \\rightarrow n_2 n_2 \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma $. ",
"Hence the Higgs decays again to two photon-jets, but now each photon-jet typically contains four photons (the $n_1$ decay products). (",
"In this case, a highly boosted Higgs yields a single photon-jet containing 8 photons.)",
"\n\n\\[sec:simulations\\] Simulation Details\n======================================\n\nIn order to generate samples of photons-jets, we implement the simple model of Eq.",
" in MadGraph $5$ [@Alwall:2011uj]. ",
"For each benchmark point we generate matrix elements corresponding to the process $pp \\rightarrow h \\rightarrow n_1n_1$ (via gluon fusion) using MadGraph $5$ with $m_h = 120~{\\text{GeV}}$, which we employ as input to Pythia $8.1$ [@Sjostrand:2006za; @Sjostrand:2007gs] in order to generate the full events and for the subsequent $n_1$ decays. ",
"Since the Higgs production is evaluated at lowest order, the produced Higgs particles have zero transverse momentum. ",
"We use the QCD dijet events generated by standalone Pythia $8.1$ to provide a sample of QCD-jets. ",
"In order to define a sample of single photons, we also generate $pp \\rightarrow h \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$ events where the photons are well separated. ",
"Finally, we include initial state radiation (ISR), final state radiation (FSR) and multiple parton interactions (MI, i.e., the UE) as implemented in Pythia $8.1$ to simulate the relevant busy hadronic collider environment.",
"\n\nThe Pythia output final states are subjected to our minimal detector simulation. ",
"In the following we describe briefly how we treat the final state particles in each event:\n\n- We identify all charged particles with transverse momentum $p_T > 2~{\\text{GeV}}$ and pseudorapidity $|\\eta| < 2.5$ as charged tracks.",
"\n\n- In a real detector, tracks are also generated if photons convert within the pixel part of the tracker. ",
"In this work, we simulate this photon conversion process by associating with each photon a probability for it to convert in the tracker.",
" [^1]\n\n The probability is a function of the number of radiation lengths of material the photon has to traverse in order to escape the inner part of the tracker. ",
"We use the specifications of the ATLAS detector in order to model this pseudorapidity dependent probability distribution. ",
"The details of this procedure are outlined in the Appendix \\[sec:app-conversion\\].",
"\n\n- In our simulation, all particles (except charged particles with $E < 0.1~{\\text{GeV}}$) reach the calorimeters, and all of these (except muons with $p_T > 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$) deposit all of their energy in the calorimeters. ",
"The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) is modeled as cells of size $0.025\\times0.025$ in ($\\eta$-$\\phi$), whereas the hadronic calorimeter (HCal) is taken to have more coarse granularity with $0.1\\times0.1$ cells. ",
"Besides photons and electrons, soft muons and soft hadrons (soft means $E < 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$) are treated as depositing all of their energy in the ECal. ",
"More energetic hadrons are absorbed in the HCal, while more energetic muons escape the calorimeter. ",
"For a more detailed picture see Appendix \\[sec:Calorimeter\\].",
"\n\n- We attempt to simulate the showering that occurs within the ECal. ",
"We distribute the energy of each particle that is absorbed in the ECal into a $(3\\times 3)$ grid of cells (centered on the direction of the original particle) according to a precomputed Molière matrix corresponding to the Molière radius of lead. ",
"For details on this transverse smearing see Appendix \\[sec:app-Moliere\\]. ",
"The structure induced by this shower simulation is observable in our final results.",
"\n\n- We implement calorimeter energy smearing for both the ECal and the HCal. ",
"The calorimetric response is parametrized through a Gaussian smearing of the accumulated cell energy $E$ with a variance $\\sigma$: $$\\label{eq:cal-response}\n \\frac{\\sigma}{E} \\ = \\ \\frac{S}{\\sqrt{E}} + C \\; ,$$ where $S$ and $C$ are the stochastic and constant terms. ",
"For the ECal and the HCal, we use ($S, C$) to be $(0.1,0.01)$ and $(0.5,0.03)$, respectively, in order to approximately match the reported calorimeter response from ATLAS [@Smearing].",
"\n\n- Each calorimeter cell that passes an energy threshold becomes an input for our jet clustering algorithm. ",
"For the ECal cells we require $E_T > 0.1~{\\text{GeV}}$, while for the HCal cells we use the somewhat harder cut $E_T > 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$. [^2] We sum all the energy deposited in a given calorimeter cell and construct a massless 4-vector with the 3-vector direction corresponding to the location of that cell.",
"\n\n- As the final step we cluster the 4-vectors corresponding to the calorimeter cells into jets using Fastjet $3.0.3$ [@Cacciari:2005hq; @Cacciari:2011ma]. ",
"In particular, we use the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ jet clustering algorithm [@Cacciari:2008gp] with $R = 0.4$ and and require $p_T > 50~{\\text{GeV}}$ for every jet. ",
"Only the leading jet from each event is retained for further analysis in order to maintain independence among the jets in the sample.",
"\n\n\\[sec:analysis\\] Analysis\n=========================\n\nIn this section we describe the analysis of $10$ samples of jets generated according to the prescription of the previous sections. ",
"The first sample contains QCD jets derived from QCD dijet events. ",
"The second sample consists of jets from $h \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$ events where each jet typically contains one of the photons from the Higgs decays, plus contributions from the rest of the event (ISR, FSR, UE). ",
"We refer to the jets in this sample as single photon jets, or simply single photons. ",
"The remaining $8$ samples of jets are the photon-jet samples and correspond to the $8$ study points in Table \\[table:bench\\]. ",
"As noted above, in these events the Higgs particle decays into $4$ or $8$ photons and the corresponding photon-jets typically contain either 2 or 4 photons. ",
"The resulting $p_T$ distributions for QCD-jets (red), photon-jets (blue) ([$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}) and single photons (green) are indicated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:pT\\_dist\\].",
"\n\n![ ",
"\\[fig:pT\\_dist\\] The $p_T$ distribution of jets for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green), and for photon-jets (blue) from the study point [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. ",
"Jets are constructed as described in the text (the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ algorithm with $R = 0.4$).](pT_spectra.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nAs expected, the $p_T$ distribution for QCD-jets is a falling distribution, while both the single photon and photon-jet distributions exhibit a peak near $m_h/2 (= 60~{\\text{GeV}})$. We understand this last point as arising from the production of Higgs particles with zero transverse momentum followed by 2-body decays (either 2 photons or 2 $n_1$’s). ",
"It is the remnants of these two bodies that are typically captured in the jets yielding the indicated peaks near $p_T \\sim m_h/2$. For the photon-jet sample we only show the $p_T$ spectrum for the study point [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, but note that the $p_T$ distributions are almost identical for all other benchmark points. ",
"As indicated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:pT\\_dist\\], the jets in all of these samples of events have crudely comparable transverse momentum distributions in the range $50-100~{\\text{GeV}}$, although the QCD sample is more strongly peaked at the low end. ",
"Thus studying the jets in these samples should provide a useful laboratory in which to study photon-jets, QCD jets and single photons.",
"\n\nThe remainder of this section describes a systematic analysis aimed at distinguishing photon-jets from QCD-jets as well as from single photons. ",
"We begin with brief descriptions of the variables that provide the discriminating power. ",
"The variables are organized into two groups: $(i)$ conventional variables and $(ii)$ substructure variables. ",
"We demonstrate how each of these variables individually discriminates photons-jets form the jet samples. ",
"Later in this section, we combine these variables in a multivariate analysis in order to maximize the separation of photon-jets from QCD-jets as well as from single photons.",
"\n\nConventional Variables\n----------------------\n\nThe conventional variables we describe below are well known, well understood, and play essential roles in the identification of single photons, i.e., the separation from QCD-jets. ",
"We expect these variables to play a similar role in separating photon-jets from QCD-jets, since the probability distributions as functions of these variables are similar for photon-jets and for single photons. ",
"On the other hand, they cannot be expected to efficiently discriminate photon-jets from single photons.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:theta\\] Hadronic Energy Fraction, $\\theta_J$\n\nWe define the hadronic energy fraction $\\theta_J$ for a jet to be the fraction of its energy deposited in the hadronic calorimeter: $$\\theta_J \\ = \\ \\frac{1} {E_J } \\sum_{i \\in \\text{HCal}\\, \\in \\, J} E_{i}$$ where $E_{J}$ is the total energy of the jet, and $E_{i}$ is the energy of the $i$-th HCal cell that is a constituent of the jet. ",
"This is the most powerful variable for discriminating a single photon or a photon-jet (objects that deposit most of their energy in the ECal) from QCD-jets. ",
"Since a QCD-jet typically contains 2/3 charged pions and 1/3 neutral pions, we expect to see a peak at $\\theta_J \\sim 2/3$ ($\\log \\theta_J \\sim -0.2$) for QCD-jets. ",
"Isolated single photons and photon-jets, on the other hand, should exhibit very small $\\theta_J$ values. ",
"However, we start with objects identified by a jet algorithm so there will be contributions from the rest of the event and pile-up, and from leakage from the ECal into the HCal. ",
"Thus the precise value of $\\theta_J$ for single photons and photon-jets will depend on detailed detector properties and on the contribution from the underlying event and pile-up. ",
"Nevertheless, we expect single photons/photon-jets to exhibit very small values of $\\theta_j$.\n\n![",
"\\[fig:hadfrac\\] The probability distributions for jets as functions of $\\log \\theta_J$ for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} (blue). ",
"The first bin of the plot (at $\\theta_J = 10^{-3}$) has an open lower boundary, i.e., it includes all jets with $\\log \\theta_J < -3.0$.](Comparison_Theta.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:hadfrac\\] shows the probability distribution versus $\\log \\theta_J$ for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green), and for photon-jets (blue) in our simulated data. ",
"For the photon-jets we only show the study point [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, since the distribution is essentially identical for the other benchmark points. ",
"As expected the QCD-jet distribution peaks near $\\log \\theta_J = -0.2$ ($\\theta_J = 2/3$), while the single photon and photon-jet distributions are very similar with a peak near $\\log \\theta_J = -1.9$ and an implied tail to very small $\\theta_J$ values. ",
"The clear separation of the single photon/photon-jet distributions from the QCD-jet distribution indicates why this variable plays such an important role in the separation of QCD-jets from photons.",
"\n\nAny reasonable cut on $\\theta_J$ ($\\theta_J \\sim 0.1$) will reduce the QCD-jet contribution by factors of $10^{-2}$–$10^{-3}$, while barely changing the photon/photon-jet contribution. ",
"We impose a preliminary cut by keeping only $\\theta_J \\leq 0.25$ ($\\log \\theta_J \\leq -0.6$). ",
"About $2\\%$ of the original QCD-jets survive this cut, while approximately $94\\%$ of the single photons/photon-jets survive. ",
"We use the modified jet samples that pass this preliminary $\\theta_J$ cut for the remainder of this paper.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:nu\\] Number of Charged Tracks, $\\nu_J$\n\nIn conventional collider phenomenology, the number of charged particles (tracks) associated with an object is often used to distinguish objects from each other. ",
"Although photons and electrons generate similar signatures in the ECal, the latter are typically associated with a track while the former are not. ",
"Tracks also play an important role in rejecting QCD-jets since, as mentioned before, a QCD-jet typically contains several charged pions.",
"\n\nIn our simulated data we keep all charged particles with $p_T > 2~{\\text{GeV}}$ and assume that all of these correspond to tracks in a real detector. ",
"In order to associate these tracks with the jets, which are constructed entirely from calorimeter cells, we perform the following analysis. ",
"First replace each track by an arbitrarily soft light-like four vector with the same ($\\eta$-$\\phi$) direction as the track, and then include these soft four-vectors in the jet clustering process along with the calorimeter cells. (",
"We explicitly check that the inclusion of these soft four-vectors does not affect the outcome of the clustering procedure.) ",
"A track is associated with a jet if the soft four vector corresponding to that track is clustered into that jet [^3]. ",
"The resulting total number of tracks associated with a jet yields the value of $\\nu_J$ for that jet.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:chtrk\\] The relative probability distribution for QCD jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets (blue) versus the number of charged tracks associated with a jet. ",
"The algorithm for associating tracks with jets is given in the text. ",
"For photon-jets we show the distribution for jets from the study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} (dotted) and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} (solid). ](",
"Comparison_Nu.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:chtrk\\] shows the relative probability distribution versus the number of tracks per jet ($\\nu_J$) for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets (blue). ",
"As expected, the number of tracks associated with QCD-jets varies over a broad range and only a tiny fraction of QCD-jets have no associated tracks. ",
"The single photon/photon-jet samples, on the other hand, are dominated by jets with no associated tracks. ",
"Photons that convert yield tracks associated with the corresponding jets. ",
"Since the probability of conversion increases with the number of photons per jet, the probability of obtaining one of more associated tracks increases from single photon jets (single photons) to jets with two photons (typical for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{}, the dotted blue curve) to jets with four photons (typical for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, the solid blue curve). ",
"As with the variable $\\theta_J$, $\\nu_J$ offers some separation between QCD-jets and single photons, but much less between single photons and photon-jets (and even less between the different types of photon-jets).",
"\n\n\\[sec:substructure \\] Jet Substructure\n--------------------------------------\n\nNext we want to focus on variables that explicitly characterize the internal structure of jets, i.e., characterize the energetic subjet components of the jet. ",
"Recall that in this analysis we have identified jets using the the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ jet algorithm with $R=0.4$, but we do not expect the general features of our analysis to depend on this specific choice. ",
"The next step is to determine a ‘recombination tree’ for the jets we want to study (here the leading jet in each event). ",
"To this end we apply the ${k_T}$ algorithm [@Catani:1993hr; @Ellis:1993tq] to the calorimeter cells identified as constituents of the jet in the first step. (",
"We could as well use the Cambridge/Aachen (${\\text{C/A}}$) algorithm [@Dokshitzer:1997in; @Wobisch:1998wt; @Wobisch:2000dk], but not the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ algorithm in this step as ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ does not tend to produce a physically relevant recombination tree.) ",
"This recombination tree specifies the subjets at each level of recombination $N$ from $N=1$ (the full jet) to $N=$ the number of constituent calorimeter cells in the jet (no recombination). ",
"At the next step the subjet variables we study fall into two classes. ",
"In the first class we attempt to count the effective number of relevant subjets without using any properties of the subjets in the tree except their directions in $\\eta$-$\\phi$. In this case the useful variable (defined in detail below) is called $N$-subjettiness. ",
"The $N$-subjettiness variable for a given jet becomes numerically small when the parameter $N$ is large enough to describe all of the relevant substructure, i.e., this value of $N$ provides a measure of the number of subjets without explicitly identifying the subjets. ",
"$N$-subjettiness involves *all* components of the original jet for all values of $N$.\n\nThe rest of the substructure variables we study more explicitly resolve a jet into a set of subjets. ",
"We define both the level in the recombination tree at which we choose to work, i.e., the number of subjets we have split the jet into and how many of these subjets to use in the subsequent analysis. ",
"We use $N_\\text{pre-filter}$ (this notation should become clear shortly) and $N_\\text{hard}$ to label these two parameters. ",
"Thus we start with the 4-vectors corresponding to the (calorimeter cell) constituents of a given jet, and then (re)cluster these constituents using the chosen subjet algorithm (which is not necessarily the algorithm used to originally identify the jet) in *exclusive* mode, i.e. we continue (re)clustering until there are precisely $N_\\text{pre-filter}$ 4-vectors left – the $N_\\text{pre-filter}$ exclusive subjets. ",
"Out of these $N_{\\text{pre-filter}}$ subjets we pick the $N_\\text{hard}$ largest $p_T$ subjets and discard the rest. ",
"All the substructure variables discussed below (except $N$-subjettiness) are constructed using these $N_\\text{hard}$ subjets. ",
"Note that by choosing $N_{\\text{pre-filter}} > N_\\text{hard}$, we have performed a version of jet ‘grooming’ typically labeled filtering [@Butterworth:2008iy; @Butterworth:2008sd; @Butterworth:2008tr]. ",
"This will ensure that our results are relatively insensitive to the effects of the underlying event and pile-up. ",
"Ideally, the integers $(N_\\text{hard}, N_{\\text{pre-filter}})$ should be chosen based on the topology of the object we are looking for. ",
"However, the naive topology will be influenced by the interaction with the detector and the details of the jet clustering algorithm. ",
"For example, a $4$ photon photon-jet will often appear in the detector to have fewer than $4$ distinct lobes of energy, i.e., one or more photons often merge inside a single lobe of energy. ",
"In our simulation, we find that the choice $N_\\text{hard} = 3$ and $N_\\text{pre-filter} = 5$ is an acceptable compromise, working reasonably well for single photons and photon-jets from all the study points. ",
"Further optimization will be possible in the context of real detectors and searches for specific photon-jet scenarios.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:tau\\] $N$-Subjettiness, $\\tau_N$\n\n“$N$-subjettiness\", introduced in Ref.",
" [@Thaler:2010tr; @Thaler:2011gf], is a modified version of “$N$-jettiness\" from Ref.",
" [@Stewart:2010tn]. ",
"It is adapted in a way such that it becomes a property of a jet rather than of an event. ",
"$N$-subjettiness provides a simple way to effectively count the number of subjets inside a given jet. ",
"It captures whether the energy flow inside a jet deviates from the one-lobe configuration expected to characterize a typical QCD-jet. ",
"We use the definition of $N$-subjettiness proposed in Ref.",
" [@Thaler:2010tr]. ",
"The starting point is a jet, the full set of 4-vectors corresponding to the (calorimeter cell) constituents of the jet (here found with the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ algorithm for $R=0.4$), and the recombination tree found with the ${k_T}$ algorithm as outlined above. ",
"From this tree we know the 4-vectors describing the exclusive subjets for any level $N$, i.e., the level where there are exactly $N$ subjets. ",
"With this information we can define $N$-subjettiness to be $$\\label{eq:tau}\n \\tau_N = \\frac{ \\sum_k p_{T_{k}} \\times \\text{min} \\bigl \\{ \\Delta R_{1,k}, \\Delta R_{1,k} , \n \\cdots, \\Delta R_{N,k} \\bigr \\} } { \\sum_k p_{T_{k}} \\times R} \\; ,$$ where $k$ runs over all the (calorimeter cell) constituents of the jet, $p_{T_{k}}$ is the transverse momentum for the $k$-th constituent, $\\Delta R_{l,k}=\\sqrt{(\\Delta \\eta_{l,k})^2+ (\\Delta \\phi_{l,k})^2} $ is the angular distance between the $l$-th subjet (at the level when there are $N$ subjets) and the $k$-th constituent of the jet, and $R$ is the characteristic jet radius used in the original jet clustering algorithm.",
"\n\nIn the context of single photons, photon-jets and QCD-jets, we use $N$-subjettiness in two different ways. ",
"The first application is to use the *ratios* $\\tau_{N+1}/ \\tau_{N}$ in the same way $N$-subjettiness is used to tag boosted massive particles such as a $W$ boson or a hadronic decaying top [@Thaler:2010tr; @Thaler:2011gf]. ",
"In particular, for a jet with $N_0$ distinct lobes of energy, $\\tau_{N_{0} } $ is expected to be much smaller than $\\tau_{N_{0} -1} $ (of course, we are assuming $N_0 > 1$), whereas for $N > N_0$, $\\tau_{N+1}$ is expected to be comparable to $\\tau_{N}$. Thus a two photon photon-jet is expected to be characterized by $\\tau_2/\\tau_1 \\ll 1$. On the other hand, one lobed QCD-jets and single photons should exhibit comparable values for $\\tau_2$ and $\\tau_1$, and consequently $\\tau_2/\\tau_1 \\sim 1$.\n\nThe second way in which we use $N$-subjettiness consists of using the magnitude of $\\tau_1$ itself. ",
"Even for a jet with one lobe of energy the exact magnitude of $\\tau_1$ represents a measure of how widely the energy is spread. ",
"A pencil-like energy profile, like that of a single photon or a narrow photon-jet, should yield a much smaller $\\tau_1$ compared to QCD-jets with a much broader profile. ",
"In fact, $\\tau_1$ is an indicator of jet mass, and, for jets with identical energy, $\\tau_1$ is proportional to the square of the jet mass.",
"\n\nFigure \\[fig:tau\\] shows the probability distributions versus $\\log \\tau_1$ and $\\tau_{N+1}/ \\tau_{N}$ for $N = 1,2,3$ corresponding to single photons, QCD-jets and photon-jets from different study points. ",
"Note that for photon-jets, the jet mass is almost always given by the mass parameter $m_1$ in Table \\[table:bench\\]. ",
"Thus for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}, where $m_1$ has the same value, the probability distributions versus $\\log \\tau_1$ are almost identical. ",
"For study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} the peak in $\\log \\tau_1$ shifts to the left as the value of $m_1$ decreases (from $10~{\\text{GeV}}$ to $2~{\\text{GeV}}$ to $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$). ",
"Note also that the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distributions exhibit a small $\\tau_1$ (small mass) enhancement at essentially the same $\\tau_1$ value as the primary peak in the single photon (green curve) distribution. ",
"This presumably corresponds to those kinematic configurations where only one of the (two) photons from the $n_1$ decay is included in the jet. ",
"Thus we expect that a (small) fraction of the time these scenarios will look very single photon-like.",
"\n\nClearly the ratio $\\tau_2/\\tau_1$ gives significant separation for the different photons-jet scenarios. ",
"The study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} are now separated, although both exhibit peaks at small values of the ratio. ",
"This suggests an intrinsic 2-lobe structure corresponding to 2 photons for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and 4 photons in two relatively tight pairs ($m_2 \\ll m_1$) for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. [",
"$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} with presumably a more distinctive 4 photon structure exhibits a broader peak at a larger value of $\\tau_2/\\tau_1$. Single photons and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} exhibit even broader distributions presumably corresponding to an intrinsically 1-lobe structure. ",
"The QCD-jet distribution is also broad but with an enhancement around $\\tau_2/\\tau_1 = 0.8$, presumably arising from a typical 1-lobe structure but some contribution from showers with more structure and from the underlying event. ",
"The ratios $\\tau_3/\\tau_2$ or $\\tau_4/\\tau_3$ seem to be less effective in discriminating photon-jets from single photons and QCD-jets. ",
"This can be understood by noting that quite often the hard photons inside a photon-jet become collinear at the scale of the size of the cell. ",
"So even for photon-jets with $4$ hard photons, we rarely find jets with $4$ distinct centers of energy. ",
"In general we expect the ratio $\\tau_{N+1}/ \\tau_{N}$ becomes less and less useful with increasing $N$.\n\nNote that the distributions for single photons and photon-like photon-jets tend to exhibit a double peak structure in $\\tau_3/\\tau_2$ or $\\tau_4/\\tau_3$. We believe that this feature arises from both the contributions due to the underlying event and due to our implementation of transverse smearing in the ECal (see Appendix \\[sec:app-Moliere\\]).",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:lambda\\] Transverse momentum of the Leading Subjet\n\nNow we proceed to discuss the second class of subjet variables constructed from the 3 hardest subjets out of the 5 exclusive subjets. ",
"As the first such variable consider the fraction of the jet transverse momentum carried by the leading subjet, which provides significant information about the jet itself. ",
"In particular, it indicates the fraction of the jet’s total $p_T$ carried by the leading subjet only. ",
"Since photon-jets result from the decay of massive particles into hard and often widely separated photons inside the jet, the subjets are usually of comparable hardness. ",
"The leading subjet for single photons and for QCD-jets, on the other hand, typically carry nearly the entire $p_{T}$ of the jet. ",
"So for the majority of these jets, the $p_{T}$ of the leading subjet (label it $p_{T_{L}}$) is of the order of the $p_{T}$ of the entire jet ($p_{T_{J}}$). ",
"Instead of using the ratio $p_{T_{L}} / p_{T_{J}}$ directly we find that it is more instructive to define the variable $$\\label{eq:lambda}\n \\lambda_J \\ = \\ \\log \\Bigl(1- \\frac{p_{T_{L}}} {p_{T_{J}}} \\Bigr) \\; .$$ The advantage of using the definition in Eq. ",
"is that it focuses on the behavior near $p_{T_{L}} \\sim p_{T_{J}}$.\n\nThe discussion above depends crucially on how the subjets are constructed, especially for QCD-jets. ",
"QCD partons typically shower into many soft partons/hadrons. ",
"After showering and hadronization, single hard partons yield many soft hadrons distributed throughout the jet. ",
"The way in which these jets are clustered into subjets dictates the $p_T$ distribution of subjets. ",
"For example, for ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ subjets, the hardest subjet will always have $p_{T_{L}} \\simeq p_{T_{J}}$. The ${k_T}$ algorithm, on the other hand, clusters the softer elements first and results in more evenly distributed subjets. ",
"The ${\\text{C/A}}$ jet algorithm clusters taking into consideration only the geometric separations of the elements, and produces qualitatively different results. ",
"Single photons, on the other hand, shower very little (no QCD Shower) and deposit energy in only a handful of cells (per hard photon). ",
"Therefore we expect that our results for single photons or photon-jets will be less sensitive to the details of the clustering algorithm. ",
"To versify this point we use both ${k_T}$ and ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets to evaluate $\\lambda_J$ from Eq.. The simultaneous use of different clustering algorithms to extract information from the same jet should not come as a surprise. ",
"As shown in Ref.",
" [@Ellis:2012sn], substantial further information can be extracted if one employs a broad sampling out of *all* of the physically sensible clustering histories (trees) for a given jet. ",
"In this sense the current analysis is modest in that we only use two specific clustering procedures.",
"\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:lambda\\] we plot the probability distribution of jets as a function of $\\lambda_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons, and photon-jets. ",
"The left (right) panel shows the distribution when we use the ${\\text{C/A}}$ (${k_T}$) algorithm to find the subjets. ",
"Note how the distribution for QCD-jets (the red curve) moves more to the right (i.e., the $p_{T}$ of the jet gets more evenly distributed among its subjets) as we go from ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets to ${k_T}$ subjets. ",
"The various photon-jet study points also look more similar when using the ${k_T}$ algorithm. ",
"In this case the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distributions exhibit enhancements suggesting the presence of both single photon-like behavior ($\\lambda_J \\sim -1.2$) and QCD-like behavior ($\\lambda_J \\sim -0.2$ to $-0.3$). ",
"The more complex structure of the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} jets exhibit a distribution closer to QCD alone. ",
"Finally note that the ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets display the jet substructure information differently from the ${k_T}$ case with the peak in the QCD-jet distribution at least somewhat separated from the peaks in the photon-jet distributions. ",
"Also for ${\\text{C/A}}$ all of the photon-jet scenarios exhibit at least a little single photon-like enhancement (for ${k_T}$ this is only true for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}). ",
"There is clearly some discrimination to be gained from using more than one definition of the subjets.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:epsilon\\] Energy-Energy Correlation, $\\epsilon_J$ \n\nAnother useful variable is the “energy-energy correlation\". ",
"We define it as: $$\\label{eq:epsilon}\n \\epsilon_J \\ = \\ \\frac{1}{E_J^2} \\sum_{(i > j) \\in N_\\text{hard} } E_{i} E_{j}\\,,$$ where $E_J$ is the total energy of a given jet, and the indices $i,j$ run over the (3 hardest) subjets of the jet. ",
"From the definition, it should be clear that $\\epsilon_J$ is sensitive to the energy of the subleading jets. ",
"In particular, the energy-energy correlation can be expressed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\epsilon_J & = \\frac{ E_{L}\\left(E_{NL}+ E_{NNL} \\right) + E_{NL} E_{NNL}}{E_J^2}\\nonumber\\\\\n & \\approx \\frac{ E_{L}\\left(E_{J}- E_{L} \\right) + E_{NL} E_{NNL}}{E_J^2} \\,, \\end{aligned}$$ where $E_{L},E_{NL}$, and $E_{NNL}$ are the energies of the leading subjet, the next-to-leading subjet, and the next-to-next-to-leading subjet.",
"\n\nWe show the probability distribution of jets as a function of $\\epsilon_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons and photon-jets in Fig.",
" \\[fig:epsilon\\]. ",
"Note that for single photons (the green curve), $E_{NL} \\text{ and } E_{NNL}$ are negligible and hence we expect $\\epsilon_J$ for single photons to be well approximated by $E_{L}\\left(E_J- E_{L} \\right) /E_J^2 $. ",
"In fact, the sharp peak for single photons in Fig.",
" \\[fig:lambda\\] at $-1.2$ (${k_T}$ algorithm) corresponds to the sharp peak at about $0.04$ in Fig.",
" \\[fig:epsilon\\]. ",
"More generally the qualitative features in Fig.",
" \\[fig:lambda\\] are repeated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:epsilon\\]. ",
"For ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets the distributions for all of the photon-jet study points exhibit two peaks, the large $\\epsilon_J$ value enhancement presumably corresponding to the energy being shared approximately equally among several final photons, while the small value enhancement arises from the case when one photon dominates (perhaps because some of the photons are not in the jet). ",
"For ${k_T}$ subjets only the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distributions exhibit the small $\\epsilon_J$ single photon-like enhancement. ",
"We also see that again the two algorithms yield distinctly different distributions for QCD-jets.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:rho\\] Subjet Spread, $\\rho_J$\n\nWe define “subjet spread\" as a measure of the geometric distribution of the subjets. ",
"$$\\label{eq:rho}\n \\rho_J = \\frac{1}{R} \\sum_{(i > j) \\in N_\\text{hard}} \\Delta R_{i,j} \\; ,$$ where $ \\Delta R_{i,j}$ is the angular distance between the $i$-th and $j$-th (hard) subjets, and $R$ is the size parameter of the jet algorithm.",
"\n\nThe left (right) panel of Fig.",
" \\[fig:rho\\] shows the probability distribution of jets as a function of $\\rho_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons and photon-jets when the ${\\text{C/A}}$ (${k_T}$) subjets are used to evaluate Eq.. For this variable only the QCD-jet distribution changes dramatically when changing the choice of subjet algorithm from ${\\text{C/A}}$ to ${k_T}$. By using both algorithms this feature will provide some ability to discriminate between QCD-jets and single photons or photon-jets. ",
"For the single photon case the the strong peak at small $\\rho_J$ confirms that all of the subjets are close to each other, forming a hard core. ",
"Subjet spread is quite sensitive to the mass $m_1$ as can be seen from the different photon-jet distributions. ",
"In particular, the position of the peaks for photon-jets with different $m_1$ simply follow the $m_1$ value. ",
"The [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} distributions are nearly the same (with the same $m_1$ value), while the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} distributions are just similar (with somewhat different $m_1$ values), but distinct from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. ",
"The $m_1$ dependence is not surprising since the opening angle between the decay products of the $n_1$ particle depends on $m_1$. Finally we note that the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} distributions do have an enhancement at small $\\rho_J$ values presumably corresponding to configurations where the extra photons are not captured in the jet.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:delta\\] Subjet Area of the Jet\n\nAs defined in Ref.",
" [@Cacciari:2008gn], the “area\" associated with a jet is an unambiguous concept that represents quantitatively the amount of surface in the ($\\eta$-$\\phi$) plane included in a jet. ",
"In this analysis, we use the “active area\" definition for the area of the jet. ",
"The active area of a jet is calculated by adding a *uniform* background of arbitrarily soft ‘ghost’ particles to the event (so that each ghost represents a fixed area) and then counting the number of ghosts clustered into the given jet. ",
"The area of a jet is often used to provide a quantitative understanding of the largely uncorrelated contributions to a jet from the underlying event and pile-up. ",
"However, it is rarely used in phenomenology for the purpose of discovering new particles or tagging jets. ",
"We use ‘subjet area’ as a measure of the ‘cleanliness’ of the jet. ",
"We show that it can be a useful tool for distinguishing a single photon or a photon-jet from noisier QCD-jets. ",
"We define the subjet area fraction as $$\\label{eq:delta}\n \\delta_J = \\frac{1}{A_J} \\sum_{i \\in N_\\text{hard}} A_i \\; ,$$ where $A_i$ is the area of the $i$-th subjet and $A_J$ is the area of the entire jet. ",
"Note that this definition of $\\delta_J$ is only useful when the subjets are constructed geometrically by merging the nearest neighbors first (i.e., using the ${\\text{C/A}}$ algorithm).",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:delta\\] Probability distribution versus fractional area $\\delta_J$ from Eq.. As in Fig.",
" \\[fig:tau\\] the solid red is for QCD-jets, the solid green for single photons, dotted blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{}, dash-dotted blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}, dashed blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and solid blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. ",
"We use ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets to calculate $\\delta_J$.](Comparison_Delta.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:delta\\], we show the probability distribution for jets as a function of $\\delta_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons, and photon-jets. ",
"As expected, the figure shows that single photons (the green curve) are significantly cleaner (exhibit smaller $\\delta_J$ values) than QCD-jets (the red curve) and that photon-jets (the blue curves) tend to lie in between. ",
"Fixing $m_1$ such that the first splitting is fairly wide, we can investigate the effects of $m_2$. If $m_2$ is small, then the two photons coming from the $n_2$ decays will be very close together, and the subjet that contains them will not collect many ghosts. ",
"On the other hand, a large $m_2$ will split the two photons further apart and, if still contained in the same subjet, that subjet will collect substantially more ghosts resulting in a subjet with a larger active area. ",
"QCD-jets contain many soft particles and so the subjets in QCD jets have larger areas. ",
"Thus we see that the QCD distribution peaks for $\\delta_j$ near $0.5$, while the single photon distribution exhibits both a large peak at small ($\\sim 10^{-2}$) $\\delta_J$ and a smaller peak at larger ($\\sim 0.4$) $\\delta_J$ values. ",
"The photon-jet cases interpolate between these two behaviors and this variable can clearly provide some discriminating power.",
"\n\n\\[sec:results\\] Multivariate Analysis\n-------------------------------------\n\nWe have, so far, introduced a set of well-understood variables. ",
"In this subsection, we will employ these variables in a multivariate discriminant, specifically in a Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) [@BDT]. ",
"A decision tree is a hierarchical set of one-sided cuts used to discriminate signal versus background. ",
"The ‘boosting’ of a decision tree extends this concept from one tree to several trees which form a forest. ",
"The trees are derived from the same training ensemble by reweighing events, and are finally combined into a single classifier.",
"\n\nIn the current discussion we are treating photon-jets as the signal and both single photons and QCD-jets as background. ",
"We construct multiple BDT analyses in order to estimate how well the photon-jets can be separated from single photons *and* from QCD-jets. ",
"This will allow us to demonstrate the power of the new jet substructure variables when these are combined with the conventional variables. ",
"In practice, we employ the Toolkit for Multivariate Analysis (TMVA) [@Hocker:2007ht] package and use the “BDTD\" option to book BDTs, where the input variables are decorrelated first.",
"\n\nFor every study point in Table \\[table:bench\\] we optimize two separate BDTs, one for discriminating photon-jets form QCD-jets and the other for separating photon-jets from single photons. ",
"We make use of all the variables discussed earlier in order to minimize the background fake rate ($\\mathcal{F} =$ the fraction of the background jets that pass the cuts) for a given signal acceptance rate ($\\mathcal{A} = $ the fraction of the signal jets that pass the cuts). ",
"For demonstration purposes we also consider BDTs made with a subset of the full set of variables. ",
"To be specific, we consider three different sets of variables: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:variable_sets}\n \\begin{split}\n D \\ \\equiv \\ & \\Bigl\\{\\log \\theta_J, \\nu_J, \\log \\tau_1, \\frac{\\tau_2}{\\tau_1}, \n \\frac{\\tau_3}{\\tau_2}, \\frac{\\tau_4}{\\tau_3}, \\\\ & \\quad\n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J, \\delta_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{\\text{C/A}}, \n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{k_T} \\Big\\} \n \\end{split} \\\\\n D_{\\text{C}} \\ \\equiv \\ & \\Big\\{\\log \\theta_J, \\nu_J \\Big\\} \\\\\n \\label{eq:variable_sets2}\n \\begin{split}\n D_{\\text{S}} \\ \\equiv \\ & \\Bigl\\{\\log \\tau_1, \\frac{\\tau_2}{\\tau_1}, \n \\frac{\\tau_3}{\\tau_2}, \\frac{\\tau_4}{\\tau_3}, \\\\ & \\quad\n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J, \\delta_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{\\text{C/A}}, \n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{k_T} \\Big\\} \\; , \n \\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ where the subscripts ${\\text{C/A}}$ or ${k_T}$ in Eqs.",
" and imply that the observables are calculated using ${\\text{C/A}}$ or ${k_T}$ subjets. ",
"The sets $D_{\\text{C}} $ and $D_{\\text{S}}$ consist of the conventional and the jet substructure variables respectively, whereas $D$ is the set of all variables.",
"\n\nIn a previous paper [@Ellis:Future] we described the more conventional separation of single photons from QCD-jets along with an initial introduction to the separation of single photons from photon-jets. ",
"In both cases the single photons were treated as the signal. ",
"Here we extend that discussion and focus on the photon-jets as the signal. ",
"We organize the results of our analysis into three subsections. ",
"First, we show the results of BDTs optimized to discriminate photon-jets from QCD-jets, the analogue of the seperation of single photons from QCD-jets. ",
"In the following subsection, we repeat the same study, but optimize it for treating single photons as the background to photon-jets. ",
"Finally, we demonstrate how the BDTs might be used for an effective three-way separation of single photons from photon-jets from QCD-jets.",
"\n\n\\[subsec:QCD-PJ\\] QCD-Jets as Background for Photon-jets\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe use all of the variables in the set of discriminants $D$ in the BDTs in order to maximize the extraction of signal jets (photon-jets) from background (QCD-jets). ",
"This is similar to the separation of single photons from QCD-jets perfromed in Ref.",
" [@Ellis:Future]. ",
"The BDTs are trained individually for each study point. ",
"The results for fake rate versus acceptance are shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] for all of the study points. ",
"In this plot the lower right is desirable and the upper left is undesirable. ",
"Note that the acceptance rate for photon-jets is bounded above by about $0.94$ due to our preselection cut $\\theta_J \\geq 0.25$ (see Section \\[subsec:rho\\]). ",
"The same cut eliminates approximately $98\\%$ of the QCD-jets yielding a fake rate below $10^{-2}$ except at the largest acceptance.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] The background fake rate versus signal acceptance where photon-jets from the different study points are the signal and QCD-jets are the background. ",
"All variables in the set of discriminant $D$ are used in the analysis. ](",
"AF_PJvsQCD.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nFor 2 photon photon-jets (study points 1 to 3) the separation becomes easier as $m_1$ increases yielding increasing separation between the photons inside the jet. ",
"The other physics scenarios tend to have even more structure within the photon-jets that the jet substructure variables allow us to use to suppress the QCD background. ",
"The more structure a jet possesses, the easier it becomes to discriminate it from (largely feature-less) QCD-jets. ",
"The conclusion from Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] is that, for photon-jets of varied kinematic features, we can achieve a very small QCD fake rate for a reasonably large acceptance rate. ",
"In more detail, for all of our study points a tagging efficiency (acceptance) of $\\sim 70\\%$ for photon-jets is accompanied by a fake rate for QCD-jets of only 1 in $10^4$ to 1 in $10^5$.\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsQCD\\] The improvement brought in because of the use of substructure variables are shown in the figure. ",
"For a quantitative definition of improvement see the text.](Imp_PJvsQCD.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nIt is instructive to quantify the improvements made possible by including the jet substructure variables as discriminants. ",
"To achieve this comparison we consider BDTs using only the conventional variables (i.e., we use the set $D_{\\text{C}}$ of discriminants to train the BDTs). ",
"For a given acceptance of signal we thus obtain two different fake rates – one when we use only the conventional variables (labeled $\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C}$), and another when we use conventional+jet substructure variables (labeled $\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C+S}$). ",
"For a given acceptance, the ratio $\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C}/\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C+S}$ quantifies the improvement due to using jet substructure variables in this analysis. ",
"The improvement rates for conventional plus jet substructure variables over only conventional variables versus acceptance for discriminating photon-jets from QCD-jets is shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsQCD\\] for the different study points. ",
"While Figs.",
" \\[fig:hadfrac\\] and \\[fig:chtrk\\] indicate that the conventional variables provide some discrimination between photon-jets and QCD-jets, Figs.",
" \\[fig:tau\\] to \\[fig:delta\\] indicate that the jet substructure variables provide a substantial number of new distinguishing features. ",
"Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsQCD\\] shows that these new features in the jet substructure variables can provide substantial improvement. ",
"Factors of 4 to 50 improvement in the discrimination of photon-jets from QCD-jets are possible at an acceptance of about $70\\%$. As expected more improvement is possible in those physics scenarios where the photon-jets have more structure. ",
"Further, our results demonstrate that the use of jet substructure variables provides a tool to distinguish the different physics scenarios, i.e., the different study points, which is not possible with conventional variables alone.",
"\n\n\\[subsec:PvsPJ\\] Single Photons as Background to Photon-Jets\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNow consider the same analysis as in the previous section but with single photons treated as the background. ",
"This new sort of separation is essential if we want to consider physics scenarios with photon-jets. ",
"Again we use all of the variables in the set of discriminants $D$ in the BDTs in order to maximize the extraction of signal jets (photon-jets) from background (single photons). ",
"The BDTs are trained individually for each study point. ",
"The results for fake rate versus acceptance are shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\]. ",
"As in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] the lower right is desirable and the upper left is undesirable. ",
"Again the acceptance rate for photon-jets is bounded above by about $0.94$ due to our preselection cut $\\theta_J > 0.25$ (see Section \\[subsec:rho\\]). ",
"For the same reason a similar limit (0.94) holds also for the fake rate from single photons (although this is difficult to see on the logarithmic scale).",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\] The background fake rate versus signal acceptance curves are shown for all study points. ",
"Here the photon-jets from the different study points are treated as the signal and single photons are the background. ",
"These curves employ all variables in the set of discriminants $D$.](AF_PJvsP.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nThe results in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\] teach us several lessons. ",
"A photon-jet from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} consists of a pair of highly collinear photons. ",
"Such a jet is quite photon-like and thus difficult to separate from single photons. ",
"Hence the corresponding (solid black) curve is most towards the upper left. ",
"One needs to cut away almost half of the signal sample ($\\mathcal{A} \\sim 0.55$) in order to reduce the fake rate to 1 in $10^3$. We also see that it is a challenge to separate the photon-jets for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} from single photons (the solid red curve). ",
"In this scenario $m_1 = 10~{\\text{GeV}}$ and the $n_1$ decays directly to two photons. ",
"Because of the large $m_1$ value, almost $30\\%$ of these ($R=0,4$) jets do not contain both of the photons from the $n_1$ decay, i.e., about $30\\%$ of this jet sample are actually single photons (in the jet), and not photon-jets. ",
"We saw this point earlier in essentially all of the individual jet substructure variable plots, Figs.",
" \\[fig:tau\\] to \\[fig:delta\\], where the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distribution exhibited an enhancement that overlapped with the corresponding peak in the single photon distribution. ",
"A larger separation of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} from single photons can be obtained at an acceptance just below $0.7$, where these single photons configurations are cut away and the fake rate drops below 1 in $10^3$. The photon-jets of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{} represent a ‘sweet’ spot between [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} where the 2 photons are typically well enough separated to be resolved but close enough to be in the same jet. ",
"Thus the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{} (solid purple) curve is well below and to the right compared to the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} (solid black) and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} (solid red) curves. ",
"Similarly the photon-jets at the other study points can be well separated at even larger acceptance rates using the combination of jet substructure and conventional discriminants. ",
"For example, for the study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{6}$]{}, even at $85\\%$ acceptance, one obtains a fake rate *smaller* than $1$ in $10^3$.\n\nAgain it is instructive to determine the impact of the jet substructure variables for this analysis. ",
"As in the previous subsection we consider BDTs using only the conventional variables (i.e., we use the set $D_{\\text{C}}$ of discriminants to train the BDTs) to compare to the results from the full set $D$ of variables. ",
"We plot the ratio of fake rates at fixed acceptance for these two analyses\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsP\\] The improvement brought in because of the use of substructure variables are shown in the figure. ",
"For a quantitative definition of improvement see the text.](Imp_PJvsP.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nin Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsP\\] versus the acceptance. ",
"A comparison of Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsP\\] and Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\] indicates that the bulk of the separation of photon-jets from single photons is provided by the jet substructure variables, i.e., the improvement factor typically differs by less than a factor of 10 from one over the fake rate. ",
"Further, the improvement factor ranges from 10 to more that $10^3$ even at acceptances as large as $90\\%$ for all physics scenarios except [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}. ",
"Even in these challenging cases substantial improvement is possible at lower acceptance rates. ",
"This is not a surprise since the conventional variables are ineffective at distinguishing between photon-jets and single photons. ",
"Recall from Fig.",
" \\[fig:hadfrac\\] that the hadronic energy fraction distributions are nearly identical for photon-jets and single photons. ",
"The distribution of the number of charge tracks associated with a jet, shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:chtrk\\], also indicates only slight differences, arising from the somewhat different conversion rates for photon-jets versus single photons. ",
"So it is clear that, if we want to be able to discriminate between photon-jets and single photons (and we do), the jet substructure variables provide the necessary tool.",
"\n\n\\[subsec:QCDvsPJvsP\\] Three-way Separation\n------------------------------------------\n\nFinally we come to the really interesting challenge: the *simultaneous* separation all three samples: single photons, photon-jets, and QCD-jets. ",
"In principle, one could perform three BDT training exercises, separating photon-jets from single photons, separating photon-jets from QCD-jets and separating single photons from QCD-jets, using one of the variable sets of Eqs.",
" \\[eq:variable\\_sets\\] - \\[eq:variable\\_sets2\\] in each case. ",
"Then the responses from each of these BDTs for each jet could be used to separate the experimentally identified jets in the corresponding 3-dimensional ‘physics object’ space. ",
"In order to illustrate these ideas in a fairly simple analysis here we will focus on a two-dimensional analysis employing the two BDTs we have been discussing, separating photon-jets from single photons and separating photon-jets from QCD-jets. ",
"There are still the related questions of which set of variables to use for each BDT and, in fact, how to characterize the ‘best separation’.[^4] Qualitatively at least, we find good 2-dimensional separation for the following definitions of the BDTs. ",
"One is trained to separate QCD-jets and photon-jets based only on the conventional discriminants ($D_\\text{C}$) and is plotted on the vertical axis in the following plots, while the other BDT is trained to separate photon-jets from single photons with the substructure discriminants ($D_\\text{S}$) alone and is plotted along the horizontal axis. ",
"We present the results in terms of two-dimensional contour plots where the numerical values associated with a given contour corresponds to the relative probability to find a calorimeter object of the given kind (indicated by the color) in a cell of size $0.1 \\times 0.1$ in BDT response units. (",
"Note that, by construction, the BDT responses have values in the range $-1$ to $+1$, where $+1$ means ‘signal-like’ and $-1$ means ‘background-like’.) ",
"The color coding in these figures matches the previous choices. ",
"Red is for QCD-jets, blue for photon-jets and green is for single photons.",
"\n\nAs a first example, Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_2JPJ\\] indicates the 2-dimensional distributions resulting from the BDTs for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{}, a scenario with typically two photons in the photon-jet with small angular separation due to the small value of $m_1$. When interpreting the following figures it is important to recall that the jet samples indicated in these figures are constrained to satisfy $\\theta_J \\leq 0.25$, which means that we are only keeping the approximately $2\\%$ of QCD-jets that are most ‘photon-like’.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_2JPJ\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{}. ",
"The $D_S$ variables are used on the horizontal axis and the $D_C$ variables on the vertical axis.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP2.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nHowever, Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_2JPJ\\] indicates a pretty clear separation between the QCD-jets and the true photon objects (little red above $0.0$ in the vertical direction). ",
"On the other hand, as we expect from our previous one-dimensional discussions in Subsection \\[subsec:PvsPJ\\], the blue (photon-jet) contours in the upper-left green (single photon) region indicate that it is a challenge to completely separate ([$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{}) photon-jets from single photons.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP3.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIn the case of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} photon-jets, as indicated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\], the photon-jet versus single photon separation challenge is even larger, as we have already discussed. ",
"Again we have photon-jets with potentially two photons but, due to the relatively large $m_1$ value, one of those photons is sometimes outside of the identified jet. ",
"This explains the small region with a solid blue (probability $~0.1$) contour inside the green (single photon) region.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_4JPJ\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{}.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP4.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_8JPJ\\] The separation of QCD-jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP8.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nThe corresponding results for the more complex (and more easily separated) photon-jets of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, typically with 4 photons in a photon-jet, are displayed in Figs.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_4JPJ\\] and \\[fig:Density\\_8JPJ\\]. ",
"In these scenarios the three-way photon-jet versus single photon versus QCD-jet separation is fairly cleanly achieved using just the $D_S$ (horizontal) and $D_C$ (vertical) variable sets. ",
"At the $0.005$ level there is only a tiny overlap of photon-jets with QCD-jets for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} (near the location ($0.5$,$0.0$) in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_4JPJ\\]) and no overlap for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} (Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_8JPJ\\]).",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_ex\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} including a contour at $0.001$.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP3_DCDS.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nBefore ending this section we should discuss one other point. ",
"From our previous discussion, one would expect to improve the photon-jet versus single photon separation by using the full $D$ set of variables (instead of the $D_S$ variables alone), and this expectation raises one of the interesting, and challenging, features of *simultaneous* separations. ",
"Since we are currently training the BDTs so that each BDT separates one type of signal from one type of background, while, at the same time, trying to perform a three-way separation, it can happen that an improvement in one separation corresponds to a degradation in another of the separations. ",
"To illustrate this point we first reproduce the results in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\], but now include a contour at relative probability $0.001$, which we did not include earlier to avoid plots that are too busy. ",
"The resulting plot is shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_ex\\]. ",
"Now we perform the same analysis but using the full variable set $D$ in both BDTs. ",
"The resulting contour plot is displayed in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_D\\], which illustrates the relevant points. ",
"The $0.001$ level boundaries for single photons (green) and photon-jets (blue) are now somewhat better separated, although the effectively one-photon-jets from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} (when one of the photons is very soft or is outside of the jet) still lie within the single photon boundary. ",
"At the same time, however, the separation between single photons (green) and the (typically more numerous) QCD-jets (red) is somewhat degraded (the green and red regions have moved towards each other). ",
"Due to the coupling between the different pairwise separations, optimizing such a three-way separation takes careful work and likely depends on the details of the actual analysis and detector.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_D\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} using the full set $D$ of variables on the horizontal axis.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP3_DD.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nThese results clearly suggest that a three-way separation is possible, including the ability to distinguish different photon-jet scenarios. ",
"Further enhancement will arise from using the full 3-dimensional structure and from using a realistic detector simulation in the training. ",
"A thorough optimization in the context of a real detector and actual data may select different, more effective choices of the discriminating variables.",
"\n\n\\[sec:conclusion\\] Conclusion\n=============================\n\nIn this paper we have attempted to link several concepts, some conventional and some less so, with the goal of enhancing the searches for and the analyses of both Standard Model and Beyond the Standard Model physics. ",
"We advocate employing general techniques for analyzing and interpreting the detector objects identified by applying standard jet algorithms to the calorimeter cells of typical hadron collider detectors, allowing a universal language for such objects. ",
"We have demonstrated the efficacy of employing the recent developments in jet substructure techniques to separate and identify these detector objects in terms of physics objects. ",
"Continuing the efforts begun in Ref.",
" [@Ellis:Future], we have focused on identifying three specific physics objects, the familiar single photons, QCD-jets and the Beyond the Standard Model (and LHC) relevant photon-jets. ",
"In particular, we have demonstrated that it is possible to achieve significant separation between photon-jets and their dominant backgrounds, i.e., single photons and QCD-jets. ",
"We expect that both the ATLAS and CMS groups could enhance their searches for signatures of new physics by adopting the methods described. ",
"These methods should allow the separation of photon-jets from single photons from QCD-jets, and also provide some identification of the specific dynamics yielding the photon-jets.",
"\n\nWe note that our simulation does not take into account the impact of magnetic fields inside the detectors. ",
"On the other hand, one might interpret this absence of a magnetic field as making our results more conservative. ",
"When the magnetic field bends the electrons and positrons from converted photons, this serves to generate more structure inside the jet. ",
"The substructure variables, as we have described, tend to become more powerful with more structure. ",
"A more detailed analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this paper.",
"\n\nFinally, it is worth mentioning that the formalism and techniques developed in this paper for photon-jets should work in a similar way for the case of collinear electrons, often labeled ‘electron-jets’ [@Ruderman:2009tj; @Cheung:2009su; @Falkowski:2010cm; @Falkowski:2010gv]. ",
"An electron-jet is characterized by a large number of charged tracks along with a small hadronic energy fraction. ",
"Also, we expect the electrons inside these jets to bend in a magnetic field, creating more substructure. ",
"Therefore we anticipate that multivariate analyses similar to those described here will be correspondingly effective at separating electron-jets from QCD-jets (and photon-jets).",
"\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThe authors would like to acknowledge stimulating conversations with Henry Lubatti and Gordon Watts regarding the project. ",
"We especially thank Henry Lubatti for his careful reading of the manuscript. ",
"TSR would like to thank the hospitality of CERN, where part of the work was completed. ",
"The work of SDE, TSR and JS was supported, in part, by the US Department of Energy under contract numbers DE-FGO2-96ER40956. ",
"JS would also like to acknowledge partial support from a DOE High Energy Physics Graduate Theory Fellowship. ",
"Computing resources were provided by the University of Washington supported by the US National Science Foundation contract ARRA-NSF-0959141.",
"\n\nTechnical Details\n=================\n\n\\[sec:app-conversion\\] Conversions\n----------------------------------\n\nIn the material of the detector photons convert into electron-positron pairs. ",
"Our implementation of photon conversion is based on the properties of the ATLAS detector[@Aad:2008zzm]. ",
"We associate an $\\eta$ dependent probability of conversion with every photon. ",
"This probability is a function of the number of radiation lengths a photon passes through (labeled $n(\\eta)$) in order to escape the first layer of the pixels. ",
"We model the probability to convert using the expression: $$P(\\eta) = 1 - \\exp \\left(-\\frac{7}{9}n(\\eta)\\right) \\, ,$$ where the factor of $7/9$ comes from conversion between radiation length and mean free path. ",
"A plot of the extracted radiation length profile of the inner pixel detector in the ATLAS detector that we use to determine $n(\\eta)$ is displayed in Fig.",
" \\[fig:conversion\\].",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:conversion\\] Number of radiation length up to and through the layer of pixel detectors in the ATLAS detector. ](",
"conversions_fit.pdf)\n\nThe yellow-black dashed line shows the extracted $\\eta$-dependent number-of-radiation-lengths a photon needs to travel before it exits the pixel layer. ",
"If the photon converts before the dashed line, it is treated as a charged track, otherwise no charged track is included in our simulation.",
"\n\n\\[sec:Calorimeter\\] Details of the Calorimeters\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nOur simulation of calorimeters closely resembles the calorimeters implemented in the widely used simulation tool PGS [@PGS4]. ",
"The electromagnetic calorimeter ECal covers $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 2.5$ in the pseudorapidity direction, whereas the hadronic calorimeter HCal covers the range $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 5.0$. Both of the calorimeters provide a full $2\\pi$ coverage in $\\phi$, the azimuthal direction. ",
"The ECal has granularity of $0.025\\times 0.025$ in the $\\eta$-$\\phi$ plane. ",
"The HCal, on the other hand, has a coarser granularity with cells of size $0.1\\times 0.1$.\n\nWe assume that all particles generated at the interaction point (i.e., the Pythia output), except charged particles with energy less than $0.1~{\\text{GeV}}$, reach the ECal. ",
"Photon/electrons within $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 2.5$ deposit $99\\%$ of their energy in the ECal and the rest in the HCal. ",
"The ECal also fully absorbs hadrons with energy less than $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$. For more energetic hadrons, $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ is deposited in the ECal and the rest in the HCal. ",
"Photon/electron/hadrons that lie outside the pseudorapidity range of the ECal but within the range of the HCal (i.e., $5.0 \\geq \\left| \\eta \\right| > 2.5$) are completely absorbed in the HCal.",
"\n\nIn our simulation, muons also deposit energy in the calorimeters. ",
"Within the range $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 2.5$, muons with $E < 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit all of their energy in the ECal; muons with $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}< E < 2.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the ECal and the rest in the HCal; muons with $E > 2.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the ECal and $2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the HCal. ",
"For muons within the rapidity range $5.0 \\geq \\left| \\eta \\right| > 2.5$, those with $E < 2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ are fully absorbed in the HCal, while muons with $E > 2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit $2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the HCal.",
"\n\n\\[sec:app-Moliere\\] Moliere Matrix\n----------------------------------\n\nIn order to simulate the transverse smearing in the ECal, we deposit the energy of each particle not just into the specific cell through which it passes, but also into the surrounding cells. ",
"The ($\\eta$-$\\phi$) coordinates of a particle determine the cell in which it deposits most of its energy (call it the ($i,j$)-th cell in the grid). ",
"We distribute its energy in the neighboring cells according to the following table:\n\n i-1 i i+1\n ----- --------- --------- ---------\n j-1 0.00(4) 0.01(4) 0.00(4)\n j 0.01(4) 0.92(4) 0.01(4)\n j+1 0.00(4) 0.01(4) 0.00(4)\n\nWe estimate these numbers by integrating the energy deposited in an electromagnetic shower in a cell of size ($0.025\\times 0.025$) and situated $1.5~\\text{m}$ from the origin of the shower. ",
"We assume that the cell is made of lead ($R_M(\\text{Pb}) = 1.6~\\text{cm}$) .",
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"\n\n[^1]: We do not simulate the magnetic field in the detector. ",
"Consequently the $e^+ e^-$ pairs from photon conversion continue in the direction of the photon. ",
"So for every converted photon we obtain effectively a single track, if the photon passes the $p_{T}$ threshold.",
"\n\n[^2]: The specific values are chosen to mimic the choices for real detectors and the difference between the two accounts for the differing noise levels in calorimeter cells of different sizes.",
"\n\n[^3]: As a check we also consider the more traditional construction where a track is associated with a jet if it is within an angular distance $R$ or less from the given jet’s direction, where $R$ is the size-parameter used in the clustering algorithm. ",
"For ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ jets both methods yield identical associations of tracks and jets. ",
"For the ${k_T}$ or ${\\text{C/A}}$ algorithms, where jets are not exactly circular, the method described in the text is a more natural definition of whether a track is associated with a jet or not.",
"\n\n[^4]: With three BDTs and the three BDT response numbers for each jet, the ‘best separation’ presumably corresponds to the three distinct physics objects being sent to three diagonally opposite vertices of the BDT response cube (on a equilateral triangle with side of length $\\sqrt{2}$ times the length of the edge of the cube).",
"\n"
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[
"This invention considers the problem of enabling a Mobile Terminal to function as an IP router on a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) wireless network. ",
"Currently, a Mobile Terminal is standardized to connect to a 3GPP network as purely a terminal, which means on the Internet Protocol (IP) level the Mobile Terminal is assumed to support only IP/IPv6 host functionalities. ",
"This means that router functionalities, such as those defined in RFC 1812 for IPv4, or scattered into the RFCs 2460 to 2473 for IPv6, typically cannot be supported on or behind current 3GPP Mobile Terminals.",
"\nMobile Terminal functionalities, as specified in 3GPP TS 27.060 V4.0.0 (2001-03) document, indicate that a Mobile Terminal is designed to function on a high level in a similar manner as a modem, which establishes a connection with a network access server (NAS). ",
"This design in the current specification enables IP host operation only rather than operation over a point-to-point link connected to an IP router. ",
"One issue is that the Gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (GGSN) assigns individual addresses for the Mobile Terminal in an activated Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context, and does not forward traffic for other IP addresses via those addresses. ",
"Thus, a Mobile Terminal may not configure addresses into itself if there are other addresses in it or behind it, e.g. in a personal area network (PAN) connected to other networks via a Mobile Terminal. ",
"Also, there is a requirement for legal interception of traffic by the Mobile Terminal, in addition to the IPv6 routing requirements."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
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] | 0.013771 | 5 |
[
"\n32 S.W.3d 470 (2000)\n343 Ark. 49\nARKANSAS PUBLIC DEFENDER COMMISSION\nv.\nGREENE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, The Honorable John N. Fogleman, Circuit Judge, Presiding.",
"\nNo. ",
"CR 00-452.",
"\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.",
"\nDecember 7, 2000.",
"\n*471 Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by: Dennis R. Hansen, Ass't Att'y Gen., Little Rock, for petitioner.",
"\n*472 Gill, Elrod, Ragon, Owen, Skinner, & Sherman, P.A., by: Drake Mann, Little Rock, for respondent.",
"\nTOM GLAZE, Justice.",
"\nThe Arkansas Public Defender Commission petitions this court for a writ of certiorari to Greene County Circuit Judge John Fogleman, directing him to set aside an order entered March 15, 2000, requiring the Commission to pay the attorney's fees for appointed counsel representing a prisoner in his postconviction proceedings under Ark. R.Crim. ",
"P. 37. ",
"For the reasons set out below, we grant the Commission's petition.",
"\nThe facts leading up to this situation are as follows. ",
"William Wesley Skiver was convicted of aggravated robbery on September 29, 1995, and sentenced to life in prison as a habitual offender. ",
"The conviction and sentence were affirmed by this court in Skiver v. State, 336 Ark. 86, 983 S.W.2d 931 (1999). ",
"Skiver then filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief; subsequently, on April 10, 1999, Judge Fogleman appointed Paragould attorney Daniel Stidham to represent Skiver in his Rule 37 proceedings. ",
"Stidham filed an amended petition for postconviction relief and appeared at a hearing on Skiver's behalf, but the trial court rejected the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on September 20, 1999. ",
"Stidham filed a notice of appeal from this decision on November 16, 1999.",
"\nOn December 2, Stidham filed with the circuit court a petition for an award of attorney's fees, asking that the court award him $4,715.00 for his representation of Skiver. ",
"On December 7, 1999, the court entered an order directing the Arkansas Public Defender Commission to pay Stidham the requested $4,715; however, the Commission was never served with a copy of the petition for attorney's fees. ",
"On December 30, Stidham filed a petition for citation of contempt, alleging that the Commission had violated the court's order by not paying his fee. ",
"He asked Judge Fogleman to issue an order for the Commission and its Executive Director, Didi Sallings, to show cause why they should not be held in contempt.",
"\nThe Commission filed a response to the court's order on January 11, 2000, in which it asserted that there was no statutory authority supporting the Commission's payment of attorney's fees in a Rule 37 petition. ",
"The Commission further rejoined that sovereign immunity barred the court from ordering it to bear the financial burden inherent in the payment of attorney's fees. ",
"On January 14, 2000, the Commission filed a motion to set aside the circuit court's December 7 order, which the court set aside on January 21, 2000.",
"\nStidham filed another request for fees on January 31, 2000, specifically alleging that the Commission was responsible for the payment of his fees. ",
"He premised his second request on Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-210(a) (Supp.1999) which provides that when private attorneys are appointed to represent an indigent person and authorized by the Commission, the attorneys \"shall\" be paid by the Commission. ",
"The Commission responded once again that it was not liable for Stidham's fees. ",
"It cited Arkansas Public Defender Commission v. Burnett, 340 Ark. 233, 12 S.W.3d 191 (2000), for the proposition that the Commission is not authorized by statute or constitution to make payment for attorney's fees in civil cases (emphasis added). ",
"The circuit court nevertheless entered an order on March 15, 2000, finding that, despite the holding of Burnett, the Commission should be responsible for Stidham's fees.",
"\nThe Commission filed a petition for writ of certiorari with this court on April 14, 2000, contending that the circuit court acted wholly without jurisdiction in entering the March 15 order because sovereign immunity, which neither the Commission nor the General Assembly had waived, precluded the imposition of such an order. ",
"This court directed both parties to file *473 briefs on the issue, which was done on August 4, 2000.",
"\nA writ of certiorari lies to correct proceedings erroneous on the face of the record where there is no other adequate remedy and is available to this court in exercise of superintending control over a tribunal which is proceeding illegally where no other mode of review has been provided. ",
"Lupo v. Lineberger, 313 Ark. 315, 855 S.W.2d 293 (1993). ",
"A demonstration of plain, manifest, clear, and gross abuse of discretion is essential before this court will grant a petition for writ of certiorari. ",
"Meeks v. State, 341 Ark. 620, 19 S.W.3d 25 (2000) (citing Foreman v. State, 317 Ark. 146, 875 S.W.2d 853 (1994)). ",
"These principles apply when a petitioner claims that the lower court did not have jurisdiction to hear a claim or to issue a particular type of remedy. ",
"Arkansas Public Defender Commission v. Burnett, 340 Ark. 233, 12 S.W.3d 191 (2000); Hanley v. Arkansas State Claims Comm'n, 333 Ark. 159, 970 S.W.2d 198 (1998).[1]\nThe circuit court's alleged lack of jurisdiction to order attorney's fees is precisely what the Commission is arguing in this case. ",
"The Commission raises the defense of sovereign immunity, which is jurisdictional immunity from suit.[2]Brown v. Arkansas State HVACR Licensing Board, 336 Ark. 34, 984 S.W.2d 402 (1999). ",
"Where the pleadings show that the action is one against the State, and sovereign immunity is not waived, the trial court acquires no jurisdiction. ",
"See State v. Staton, 325 Ark. 341, 942 S.W.2d 804 (1996). ",
"Where a suit is brought against an agency of the State with relation to some matter in which the agency represents the state in action and liability, and the State, though not a party of record, is the real party in interest so that a judgment for the plaintiff would operate to control the action of the State or subject the State to liability, the action is, in effect, one against the State and is prohibited by the constitutional bar. ",
"Burnett, 340 Ark. at 237, 12 S.W.3d at 193.",
"\nWe have also held that tapping the State's treasury for payment of damages will render the State a defendant and violate the principles of sovereign immunity. ",
"Id. Unless sovereign immunity is waived, the doctrine prohibits imposing liability upon the State. ",
"Id. We have recognized two exceptions to the doctrine of sovereign immunity: 1) where the State is the moving party seeking specific relief; and 2) where an act of the legislature has created a specific waiver of immunity. ",
"Id. Clearly, the order that Stidham's attorney's fees be paid by the Commission is an act that will tap the State's treasury. ",
"Thus, the question presented by this case relates to the second of the exceptions just mentioned: Has the General Assembly created a specific waiver of immunity for the Public Defender Commission that would enable the circuit court to order the Commission to pay attorney's fees for appointed *474 counsel in a civil matter? ",
"The answer is no.",
"\nWe explicitly held in the Burnett case that the Commission is not responsible for attorney's fees in civil matters. ",
"There, we made the following statements:\nThe duties of the Commission in Ark. Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-306 (Supp.1999) are stated as follows:\nThe public defender in each judicial district shall have the following duties:\n(1) Defend indigents within the district as determined by the circuit, municipal, city, police, juvenile, probate, or chancery courts in the district in all felony, misdemeanor, juvenile, guardianship, and mental health cases, all traffic cases punishable by incarceration, and all contempt proceedings punishable by incarceration[.]",
"\nThere is no declaration of legislative intent to waive the Commission's sovereign immunity, nor is there any requirement that the Commission have responsibility for attorney's fees in civil cases.",
"\nBurnett, 340 Ark. at 238, 12 S.W.3d at 194 (emphasis added).",
"\nDespite the holding in Burnett, the circuit court in the instant case determined that the Commission should be responsible for attorney's fees in this Rule 37 proceeding. ",
"The court's reasons for doing so were because \"the Rule 37 petition is, without a doubt, a proceeding related to the underlying felony charge.... Rule 37 is a part of the Rules of Criminal Procedure, [and] this Rule 37 petition was not filed in a separate civil case but is filed as a part of the criminal case as is evident by its case number of CR-95-108.\" ",
"In addition, the trial court concluded that, because the statutes delineating the duties of the Commission provide that public defenders shall represent indigent persons \"in felony case,\" Rule 37 proceedings should be considered criminal, and the Commission should therefore be required to pay the fees of an attorney appointed to represent a Rule 37 petitioner. ",
"On appeal, the circuit court continues this argument, and contends that this court has merely \"parroted the phrase\" that Rule 37 proceedings are civil in nature without adequately explaining why that is the case. ",
"The circuit judge's analysis simply ignores our case law and that of the United States Supreme Court on this subject.",
"\nFirst, we point out the recognized principle that a postconviction proceeding under Rule 37 amounts to a collateral attack on the judgment rendered at trial. ",
"Dodson v. State, 326 Ark. 637, 934 S.W.2d 198 (1996). ",
"As a postconviction remedy, Rule 37 does not provide a method for the review of mere error in the conduct of the trial, nor does it serve as a substitute for appeal. ",
"Sasser v. State, 338 Ark. 375, 993 S.W.2d 901 (1999). ",
"We have repeatedly held that such proceedings are civil in nature. ",
"This holding has been announced most often in the context of a convicted defendant's request for appointed counsel for his or her Rule 37 proceedings; we have rejected such requests by noting that, because such proceedings \"are civil rather than criminal in nature, there is clearly no constitutional right to appointment of counsel to prepare a petition under Rule 37.\" ",
"Fretwell v. State, 290 Ark. 221, 222, 718 S.W.2d 109 (1986). ",
"See also Martin v. State, 340 Ark. 719, 13 S.W.3d 576 (2000); O'Brien v. State, 339 Ark. 138, 3 S.W.3d 332 (1999); State v. Dillard, 338 Ark. 571, 998 S.W.2d 750 (1999) (allowing State to appeal from Rule 37 petition pursuant to Ark. R.App. ",
"P.Civ. ",
"2(a)(3) specifically because Rule 37 proceedings are civil in nature); McCuen v. State, 328 Ark. 46, 941 S.W.2d 397 (1997) (right to counsel in Arkansas ends after the direct appeal of the original criminal trial is completed, and the State is not obligated to provide counsel in postconviction proceedings); Cravey v. State, 306 Ark. 487, 815 S.W.2d 933 (1991); Mullins v. State, 303 Ark. 695, 799 S.W.2d 550 (1990); Brooks v. State, 303 Ark. 188, 792 S.W.2d 617 (1990); Vick v. State, 301 Ark. 296, 783 S.W.2d 365 (1990);\n*475 Robinson v. State, 295 Ark. 693, 751 S.W.2d 335 (1988); Dyer v. State, 258 Ark. 494, 527 S.W.2d 622 (1975).",
"\nThe basis for our holding that postconviction proceedings are civil in nature can be found in the decisions of the United States Supreme Court. ",
"In Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 107 S.Ct. ",
"1990, 95 L.Ed.2d 539 (1987), the Court considered whether an inmate was entitled, under state law, to appointed counsel in postconviction proceedings. ",
"The Court, stating the following, ultimately held that no such entitlement existed:\nWe have never held that prisoners have a constitutional right to counsel when mounting collateral attacks upon their convictions.... Our cases establish that the right to appointed counsel extends to the first appeal of right, and no further.... We think that since a defendant has no federal constitutional right to counsel when pursuing a discretionary appeal on direct review of his conviction, a fortiori, he has no such right when attacking a conviction that has long since become final upon exhaustion of the appellate process.... Postconviction relief is even further removed from the criminal trial than is discretionary direct review. ",
"It is not part of the criminal proceeding itself, and it is in fact considered to be civil in nature. ... ",
"It is a collateral attack that normally occurs only after the defendant has failed to secure relief through direct review of his conviction. ",
"States have no obligation to provide this avenue of relief, and when they do, the fundamental fairness mandated by the Due Process Clause does not require that the States supply a lawyer as well.",
"\nFinley, 481 U.S. at 555-57, 107 S.Ct. ",
"1990 (emphasis added; internal citations omitted).",
"\nLikewise, the Court held in Murray v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2765, 106 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989), that \"[s]tate collateral proceedings are not constitutionally required as an adjunct to the state criminal proceedings and serve a different and more limited purpose than either the trial or appeal.\" ",
"Murray, 492 U.S. at 10, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2765. ",
"The concurring opinion in Murray stated that \"there is nothing in the Constitution or the precedents of this Court that requires that a State provide counsel in postconviction proceedings. ",
"A postconviction proceeding is not part of the criminal process itself, but is instead a civil action designed to overturn a presumptively valid criminal judgment.\" ",
"Murray, 492 U.S. at 13, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2765 (O'Connor, J., concurring) (emphasis added).",
"\nIn addition to our longstanding pronouncements that Rule 37 proceedings are civil in nature, there is the fact that it is the petitionerthe former defendantwho bears the burden of proof in Rule 37 matters. ",
"See Seek v. State, 330 Ark. 833, 957 S.W.2d 709 (1997); Helton v. State, 325 Ark. 140, 924 S.W.2d 239 (1996). ",
"Were Rule 37 proceedings truly criminal matters, the due process clause of the United States Constitution would require that the state bear the burden of proof. ",
"See, e. g., Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. ",
"1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975) (holding that the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged); see also In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. ",
"1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970).",
"\nThus, it is abundantly clear that postconviction proceedings are civil matters, distinct and apart from the underlying criminal conviction. ",
"As civil matters, these proceedings are not among the functions of the Public Defender Commission, enumerated by Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-306, for which the Commission is obligated to pay. ",
"As noted above, this court explicitly held in Burnett that there is no requirement that the Commission have responsibility for attorney's fees in civil cases. ",
"Because there is no statute authorizing the Commission to pay attorney's fees in a civil matter, the trial judge was *476 without authority to enter an order commanding it to do so.",
"\nAs a final matter, we note that Stidham urges that his appointment without compensation violates his due process and equal protection rights. ",
"However, he raises this point without discussing it, providing only a bare citation to authority. ",
"This court has repeatedly held that we do not consider assignments of error that are unsupported by convincing authority. ",
"See, e.g., Federal Fin. ",
"Co. v. Noe, 335 Ark. 78, 983 S.W.2d 107 (1998); McGhee v. State 334 Ark. 543, 975 S.W.2d 834 (1998).",
"\nWe also point out that Stidham is not completely bereft of remedies; he may present his claim for payment to the Arkansas State Claims Commission, which was created to provide a method by which claims against the State may be addressed while preserving the State's sovereign immunity. ",
"See Fireman's Ins. ",
"Co. v. Arkansas State Claims Comm'n, 301 Ark. 451, 784 S.W.2d 771 (1990).",
"\nWe therefore conclude that the circuit court acted in excess of its jurisdiction in entering its order requiring the Commission to pay attorney's fees to Stidham, and as such, the Commission's petition for writ of certiorari is granted.",
"\nIMBER, J., concurs.",
"\nCORBIN, J., not participating.",
"\nANNABELLE CLINTON IMBER, Justice, concurring.",
"\nI join the majority opinion in concluding that the circuit court acted in excess of its jurisdiction in entering its order requiring the Commission to pay attorney's fees to Mr. Stidham. ",
"It is abundantly clear from statutory provisions governing the Arkansas Public Defender Commission that the Arkansas General Assembly has created a specific waiver of immunity solely for the payment of attorney's fees for appointed counsel who defend indigents in cases punishable by incarceration. ",
"See Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-212(a)(1) (\"The Commission is authorized to pay for certain expenses regarding the defense of indigents.\"); ",
"Ark. Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-213(a)(1)(A) (\"Any person charged with an offense punishable by imprisonment who desires to be represented by an appointed attorney ...\"); Ark. Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-306 (\"The public defender... shall ... [d]efend indigents ... in all felony, misdemeanor, juvenile, guardianship, and mental health cases, all traffic cases punishable by incarceration, and all contempt proceedings punishable by incarceration.\").",
"\nIn postconviction proceedings under Ark. R.Crim. ",
"P. 37, the petitioner's appointed attorney is no longer representing an indigent person \"charged with an offense punishable by imprisonment.\" ",
"The petitionerthe former defendanthas already been convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment. ",
"Furthermore, by filing a petition for postconviction relief, which amounts to a collateral attack upon the judgment of conviction, the petitioner has assumed the burden of proving any claims asserted under Rule 37. ",
"Helton v. State, 325 Ark. 140, 924 S.W.2d 239 (1996); Flaherty v. State, 297 Ark. 198, 761 S.W.2d 167 (1988). ",
"Thus, petitioner's appointed attorney in a Rule 37 proceeding is no longer defending an indigent in a case \"punishable by incarceration,\" but is instead representing an indigent petitioner who bears the burden of proving the claims under Rule 37.",
"\nFor these reasons, I conclude that the General Assembly has not created a specific waiver of immunity for the Public Defender Commission that would enable a circuit court to order the Commission to pay attorney's fees for appointed counsel who represent indigents in the pursuit of postconviction relief.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] We note also that the Commission, although not a party to the underlying Rule 37 proceeding, could have appealed from the circuit court's order. ",
"Arkansas case law provides that a person with a pecuniary interest affected by a trial court's judgment has standing to pursue appellate review of that judgment or order, even though the person was never made a party to the case. ",
"McCoy v. Moore, 338 Ark. 740, 1 S.W.3d 11 (1999); see also In re $3,166,199, 337 Ark. 74, 987 S.W.2d 663 (1999); In re Allen, 304 Ark. 222, 800 S.W.2d 715 (1990). ",
"In this case, our court has jurisdiction by way of certiorari, as the court did in the Burnett decision, or by treating this matter as an appeal.",
"\n[2] Sovereign immunity for the State of Arkansas arises from express constitutional declaration. ",
"Article 5, § 20, of the Constitution provides that \"[t]he State of Arkansas shall never be made a defendant in any of her courts.\" ",
"Suits against the State are expressly forbidden by this provision. ",
"Grine v. Board of Trustees, 338 Ark. 791, 2 S.W.3d 54 (1999). ",
"Grine cites Pitcock v. State, 91 Ark. 527, 121 S.W. 742 (1909), for the statement that \"a sovereign State cannot be sued except by its own consent; and such consent is expressly withheld by the Constitution of this State.\" ",
"Grine, 338 Ark. at 796, 2 S.W.3d 54 (citing Pitcock, 91 Ark. at 535, 121 S.W. 742).",
"\n"
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[
"Unappreciated HLA antibodies in adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura.",
"\nImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease. ",
"Platelet refractoriness is frequently seen in patients with ITP. ",
"Platelets express platelet-specific antigens and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). ",
"Platelet antibodies to platelet-specific antigens and HLA may be present, but HLA antibodies in patients with ITP have rarely been reported. ",
"Sera from 44 adult patients with ITP were screened for platelet antibodies by two flow cytometric assays. ",
"In method I, platelets from normal donor platelets were used as target cells to screen both platelet-specific antibodies and HLA class I antibodies. ",
"In method II, the FlowPRA Class I Screening Test kit was used to screen HLA class I antibodies. ",
"Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated sheep anti-human IgG Fc was used as the staining reagent in both methods. ",
"The negative serum control was from one of the normal males with AB blood group who had never received a transfusion. ",
"Sera from a pool of five highly sensitized patients were used as the positive control. ",
"Of the 44 sera from patients with ITP, 31 (70.5%) were method I positive, and 28 (63.6%) were method II positive. ",
"There was no significant difference between the results of method I and method II (p = 0.439). ",
"The distribution of the results of these two tests was: both tests positive in 22 sera, method I positive and method II negative in nine sera, method I negative and method II positive in six sera, and both tests negative in seven sera. ",
"The mean platelet counts of patients with positive (41.0 +/- 40.0 x 10(9)/L) and negative (40.4 +/- 26.8 x 10(9)/L) tests by method I did not differ significantly (p = 0.643). ",
"The mean platelet counts of patients with (36.7 +/- 31.5 x 10(9)/L) and without (48.1 +/- 43.6 x 10(9)/L) HLA class I antibodies did not differ significantly (p = 0.59). ",
"HLA class I antibodies are frequently found in ITP. ",
"The screening of platelet antibodies including platelet-specific antibodies and unappreciated HLA class I antibodies is warranted in patients with ITP."
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"Q:\n\nПроблема с массивом $_FILES\n\nВсем добрый вечер столкнулся с проблемой загрузки файлов на сервер средствами PHP\nПишу код формы:\n<form action=\"/finishadgalery/\" method=\"post\" enctype='mutipart/form-data' >\n <table width=\"700\" cellpadding=\"8\" cellspacing=\"6\">\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td width=\"20%\" nowrap=\"nowrap\">\n <div class=\"key\">\n Название галереи:</div>\n <input name=\"field_text_1\" value=\"\" id=\"\" class=\"text\" type=\"text\">\n <input type=\"file\" name=\"FILE\" accept=\"image/jpeg,image/png\">\n <input name=\"idpolzov\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"<? ",
"echo $myrow2['id']; ?",
">\" />\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td width=\"20%\" nowrap=\"nowrap\">\n <input name=\"\" class=\"otprav\" type=\"submit\" value=\"\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n</form>\n\nПишу код обработчика:\nprint_r($_FILES);\n\n if (isset($_FILES['FILE']['name'])) \n{ \n //проверка расширения файла \n $file_name = $_FILES['FILE']['name']; \n $filetype = substr($file_name, strlen($file_name) - 3); \n if ($filetype == \"jpg\" && \n $filetype == \"jpeg\" && \n $filetype == \"gif\" && \n $filetype == \"bmp\" && \n $filetype == \"png\") \n { \n // файл не должен быть пустым, \n // или его размер должен быть <= 800000000 Кбайт \n if($_FILES['FILE']['size'] !",
"= 0 \n AND $_FILES['FILE']['size']<=819200000) \n { \n //проверяем функцией is_uploaded_file \n if(is_uploaded_file($_FILES['FILE']['tmp_name'])) \n { \n // проверяется перемещение файла \n // в файловую систему хостинга \n if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES['FILE']['tmp_name'], \n $url.",
"\"/\".basename($_FILES['FILE']['name']))) \n { \n // подсказываем \n echo 'Файл '.basename($_FILES['FILE']['name']). ",
"\n ' был успешно загружен в '.$url; \n } \n } \n } \n } \n}\n\nВся проблема в том что почему то после выбора файла и отправки формы массив $_FILES пустой. ",
"Права на весь сайт стоят на 777 в чем проблема представить не могу подскажите\n\nA:\n\nПочему я вижу, а вы нет?",
"\nТут все правильно написано?:",
"\n\nenctype='mutipart/form-data'\n\n"
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[
"Ralph Waldsmith\n\nRalph George \"Fat\" Waldsmith (August 7, 1892 – June 7, 1925) was a professional football player during the early years of the National Football League. ",
"Waldsmith won an NFL championship with the Canton Bulldogs in 1922. ",
"before that season, he played for the Cleveland Indians in the American Professional Football Association, which was the run-up to the NFL.",
"\n\nPre-NFL era\nPrior to playing the NFL, Waldsmith played in the Ohio League with the Akron Indians in 1914, alongside Knute Rockne. ",
"He played in every game that season. ",
"In 1916 and 1917, Ralph won the Ohio League championship with the Canton Bulldogs. ",
"In 1919 Waldsmith was the coach and co-owner of the Akron Indians. ",
"That year, he signed Fritz Pollard to play for Akron ao that the team could compete against the Massillon Tigers and Canton.",
"\n\nAkron Zips Hall of Fame\nIn 1978, Waldsmith was inducted into the University of Akron's Varsity “A” Sports Hall of Fame.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n McClellan, Keith (1998). ",
"The Sunday Game: At the Dawn of Professional Football. ",
"Akron, OH: Akron University Press. .",
"\n Carroll, John M. (1999). ",
"Fritz Pollard: Pioneer in Racial Advancement. ",
"University of Illinois Press. .",
"\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:1892 births\nCategory:1925 deaths\nCategory:American football centers\nCategory:American football guards\nCategory:Akron Zips football players\nCategory:Akron Indians (Ohio League) players\nCategory:Akron Indians coaches\nCategory:Canton Bulldogs players\nCategory:Canton Bulldogs (Ohio League) players\nCategory:Cleveland Indians (NFL) players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio\nCategory:Players of American football from Ohio"
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[
"78 F.3d 494\nMary GEORGE; Charles L. Stovall; Martha Ray Bethel; W.O.Wells, Reverend; Joann Stovall; Barbara Jenkins;Sylvester Weaver, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.CITY OF COCOA, FLORIDA: Cocoa City Council; LesterCampbell, Mayor-Councilmember of the City of Cocoa; RayDebord, John Lee Blubach, Dave Salisbury, members of theCocoa City Council, et al., ",
"Defendants-Appellees,Ray Griffin, Member of the Cocoa City Council; Fred Galey,Brevard County Supervisor of Elections, Defendants.",
"\nNo. ",
"94-3453.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.",
"\nFeb. 29, 1996.",
"\n\nCristina Correia, Florida Rural Legal Services, Inc., Tallahassee, FL and Jacqueline A. Berrien, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., New York City, for appellants.",
"\nBradly Roger Bettin, Amari, Theriac & Eisenmenger, P.A., Cocoa, FL, for appellees.",
"\nGeorge N. Meros, Jr. and Mary W. Chaisson, Rumberger, Kirk & Caldwell, P.A., Tallahassee, FL, for all amicus.",
"\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.",
"\nBefore ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.",
"\nPER CURIAM:\n\n\n1\nThis case comes to us on appeal from the district court's order denying the parties' joint motion to approve a consent decree and enter judgment. ",
" We have jurisdiction and for the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reverse and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.",
"\n\nFactual and Procedural Background\n\n2\nOn April 12, 1993, appellants filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida; they alleged that the at-large method of electing city council members in Cocoa dilutes minority voting strength in violation of section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.1 In July 1993, the Cocoa City Council appointed Rudolph Stone, one of the African-American plaintiffs in the voting rights litigation, to fill a vacant council seat. ",
" Immediately upon his appointment, Stone withdrew as a plaintiff and was named a defendant. ",
" In November 1993, Stone was elected under the at-large system to keep his council seat for another three-year term.",
"\n\n\n3\nSettlement negotiations in the voting rights litigation ultimately led to an agreement. ",
"The Cocoa City Council voted to replace the system of at-large elections for all five of its members with a system under which four members would be elected from single member districts and the fifth council member, who also serves as the mayor, would continue to be elected at-large. ",
" African-American voters would constitute a majority of the voters in one of the proposed single member districts. ",
" Three members of the city council, including Stone, voted in favor of the proposed consent decree; the remaining two members voted against it.",
"\n\n\n4\nOn July 28, 1994, the parties to the voting rights litigation filed a joint motion in the district court to enter the consent decree. ",
" Four Cocoa voters, appearing as amici curiae in opposition to the proposed consent decree, suggested to the district court that Stone should have abstained from the city council's decision whether to adopt the redistricting plan. ",
" The district court ordered a hearing on the consent decree, and instructed the parties and amici to limit their arguments to the issue of Stone's participation in the city council's consideration of the redistricting plan. ",
" Following this hearing, the district court concluded that Stone's participation in the vote constituted a conflict of interest under Florida's ethics statutes, and that Stone's vote could not be counted. ",
" In its October 25, 1994, order, the court explained:\n\n\n5\nIn this case, Mr. Stone was in a unique position to gain from the redistricting decision made by the Cocoa City Council. ",
" Mr. Stone had originally filed this suit as a plaintiff seeking to increase the voting power of Cocoa's black community. ",
" Though Mr. Stone had been dropped as a plaintiff and had been elected along with the other council members through the at-large process, as an African-American candidate he stood to gain inordinately from the vote. ",
" The consent decree's solution to the problem of increasing black voting power would create a district where the black majority was expected to elect a black representative, and Mr. Stone would be a resident of that district. ",
" In short, by voting on this decree, Mr. Stone facilitated his own chances for reelection and involved himself in a situation fraught with the potential for conflicting interests.",
"\n\n\n6\nR2-40-6-7. ",
" With the disqualification of Stone's tie-breaking vote, the remaining city council members were deadlocked (two-two) on the redistricting plan. ",
" The district court thus held that the consent decree was void and refused to enter judgment.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n\n7\nThe issue is whether the district court misapplied Florida law in disqualifying Stone's vote on the redistricting plan.2 Neither party argues in support of the district court's decision; both parties agree that Stone's vote should not have been disqualified. ",
" We also conclude that the district court erred.",
"\n\n\n8\nFlorida law imposes on elected officials an affirmative duty to vote on all matters before them; abstaining from a vote is prohibited unless \"there is, or appears to be, a possible conflict of interest under § 112.311, § 112.313, or § 112.3143.\" ",
" Fla.Stat.",
"Ann. § ",
"286.012 (West 1995). ",
" Section 286.012 speaks only of when a public official may abstain from voting; it does not describe the circumstances under which a public official must abstain from voting. ",
" The statutory provision dealing with mandatory abstention from city council voting is Fla.Stat.",
"Ann. § ",
"112.3143(3)(a) (West 1995); it provides that \"[n]o county, municipal, or other local public officer shall vote in his official capacity upon any measure which would inure to his special private gain or loss....\" Under § 112.3143(3)(a), the identification of a \"special private gain or loss\" to the city council member as a result of his or her vote is a necessary condition for disqualification.",
"\n\n\n9\nA \"special private gain\" described by the voting conflicts statute almost always (if not always) refers to a financial interest of the public official that is directly enhanced by the vote in question. ",
" See Izaak Walton League of America v. Monroe County, 448 So.2d 1170, 1173 n. 8 (Fla.App. ",
"3 Dist.1984) (explaining that § 112.3143 does not apply \"to bias or prejudice on the part of a public officer based on other than private economic interests or relationships\" (quoting Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 79-14 (1979))); see also Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 90-20 (1990) (holding that a city council member, whose property would be affected by proposed special assessment, must abstain from voting, \"[g]iven the direct, personal financial effect striking the assessment would have on [his] interests) (emphasis added); Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 79-14 (1979) (holding that a city council member may not abstain from voting on matters involving his personal foe and stating that \"it is clear that, when adopting the Code of Ethics, the Legislature was concerned primarily with the effect of a public official's economic interests and relationships upon the performance of his public duties, rather than the effect of his personal preferences or animosities.\").",
"\n\n\n10\nStone's vote on the redistricting plan did not result in any direct financial benefit to him. ",
" If a \"special private gain\" under § 112.3143(3)(a) is limited to a financial gain, then Stone's vote should not have been disqualified. ",
" The district court, however, stated that it would be \"inappropriate\" to limit the application of § 112.3143 to conflicts surrounding finances,3 and held that Stone's status as a potential African-American candidate in a district in which the majority of voters were also African-American was a \"special case\" that presented a \"heightened potential for conflict.\" ",
" R2-40-8.",
"\n\n\n11\nAssuming arguendo that § 112.3143(3)(a) is not limited to financial matters, we address potential non-economic \"interests\" of Stone. ",
" We can imagine only two such putative \"interests\" that may have been affected by his vote: his ideological interests as an African-American voter and former plaintiff in the voting rights litigation; and his political interests as an incumbent city council member planning to run for reelection. ",
" Neither of these interests would have required Stone to abstain from voting.",
"\n\n\n12\nBecause Stone is a former plaintiff in the voting rights litigation, it may be reasonable to infer that Stone has an ideological interest in changing the way that city council members in Cocoa are elected. ",
" The plaintiffs in the voting rights litigation contended that the at-large electoral system unlawfully diluted minority voting strength, and sought to have it replaced with a system of single-member districts. ",
" Because the city's redistricting plan adopts some of the relief requested in the voting rights litigation, Stone's putative ideological interest was no doubt furthered by his vote as a city council member. ",
" Nevertheless, an ideological victory is not the kind of \"special private gain\" that disqualifies an elected official's vote. ",
" The Izaak Walton case clearly establishes that a person who holds a preconceived and publicly expressed opinion on a particular matter is not barred from voting on that matter as a public official. ",
" See id., 448 So.2d at 1171 (holding that \"political officeholders may not be prevented from performing the duties they have been elected to discharge [i.e., voting] merely because ... they have previously expressed, publicly or otherwise, an opinion on the subject of their vote\"); see also Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 88-18 (1988) (same). ",
" If ideology presented a conflict of interest situation, no public official could vote on any of his or her campaign promises. ",
" More specifically relevant to this case, there is precisely the same inference of an ideological interest on the part of the other council members arising from their status as defendants in the litigation and the positions they apparently took in the case.",
"\n\n\n13\nThe district court recognized that Stone's ideological interests as a former plaintiff in the voting rights litigation could not serve as a valid basis for disqualification,4 and focused instead upon Stone's political interests as an incumbent city council member planning to run for reelection in one of the new single member districts. ",
" The district court reasoned that Stone's vote on the redistricting plan inured to his \"special private gain\" because it \"facilitated his chances for reelection.\" ",
" R2-40-7. ",
" To constitute a prohibited voting conflict, however, the possibility of gain must be direct and immediate, not remote and speculative. ",
" In Op.",
"Comm. ",
"Ethics 93-4 (1993), for example, a city council member asked the ethics commission whether he could vote on rent increases at the city's mobile home park, where he proposed to build a similar park across the street. ",
" The ethics commission found that the assumption that the city commissioner could charge higher rents at his \"still to be built\" park was too remote and speculative to create a voting conflict. ",
" See also Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 94-018 (1994) (\"[W]here the official's ... gain (or loss) would require many steps and be subject to many contingencies, with the outcome by no means certain, any gain or loss would be remote and speculative.\"). ",
" In this case, the district court speculated that Stone planned to run for reelection in 19965 and that Stone's chances for reelection were improved by the redistricting plan. ",
" As an incumbent who won an election under the at-large system, however, the transformation to single-member districts actually may have impaired Stone's interests as a candidate by increasing the competitiveness of elections. ",
" See, e.g., McMillan v. Escambia County, 748 F.2d 1037, 1045 (5th Cir.1984) (noting that at-large electoral systems may deter candidacies, particularly by African-American candidates, for elected office). ",
" In short, Stone's interests as a potential candidate were too \"speculative and remote\" to warrant disqualification of his vote.",
"\n\n\n14\nFurthermore, every one of the incumbent city council members, not just Stone, had an interest in shaping districts favorable to his or her reelection. ",
" For example, district boundaries may have been drawn to avoid future contests between incumbent city council members. ",
" Cf. ",
"Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U.S. 725, 740, 103 S.Ct. ",
"2653, 2663, 77 L.Ed.2d 133 (1983) (describing the avoidance of contests between incumbents as a \"legitimate objective\" in legislative redistricting); Gaffney v. Cummings, 412 U.S. 735, 752-54, 93 S.Ct. ",
"2321, 2331-32, 37 L.Ed.2d 298 (1973) (recognizing that legislators involved in redistricting decisions inevitably take into account various \"political considerations\" in drawing district lines). ",
" In this regard, there is no difference in principle between Stone and the other city council members: each member's chances for reelection was directly affected by the drawing of district lines. ",
" It would be absurd to interpret Florida's voting conflicts statute in such a way that would disqualify all members of legislative bodies from participating in legislative redistricting decisions. ",
" Cf. ",
"United States v. Will, 449 U.S. 200, 101 S.Ct. ",
"471, 66 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980) (construing the judicial disqualification statute as implicitly incorporating a common-law \"rule of necessity\" exception, which applies when all federal judges have an interest in the outcome of a case); Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 86-57 (1986) (advising that the threat of a lawsuit arising from a vote does not require disqualification; \"otherwise, any person might be able to disqualify an entire board\").",
"\n\n\n15\nIn its order disqualifying Stone's vote, the district court appears to understand that its interpretation of Florida's voting conflicts statute could undermine the ability of all legislators to participate in the redistricting process.6 To distinguish Stone from the other city council members, the district court reasoned that Stone was somehow in a \"unique position to gain from the redistricting decision.\" ",
" R2-40-6. ",
" However, the district court was vague in its identification of Stone's supposed unique position. ",
" As demonstrated above, there is no legitimate basis to distinguish Stone from the other council members.",
"\n\n\n16\nIf the district court relied on Stone's race to distinguish Stone and disqualify his vote,7 that reliance was inappropriate. ",
" Any benefit enjoyed by hundreds of African-American residents of Cocoa is not a \"special private gain\" within the meaning of Florida's voting conflicts statute, § 112.3143(3)(a). ",
" See Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 93-012 (pension board trustee, who is also a participant in a class action against the city regarding the pension plan, is not disqualified from voting on measures concerning the lawsuit, because the number of persons who stand to benefit from such measures (297) is sufficiently large that any gain to the trustee would not be \"special\"). ",
" Moreover, any interpretation of § 112.3143(3)(a) that disqualifies an elected official's vote on a matter of public concern because of race obviously could not withstand scrutiny. ",
" Cf. ",
"Brown v. Moore, 583 F.Supp. ",
"391, 395-96 (M.D.Ala.1984) (African-American school commissioner is not disqualified from voting on a school desegregation consent decree on the basis that the plaintiff class is composed of members of his race). ",
" We therefore hold that race could not be a valid basis for disqualifying an elected official's vote under § 112.3143(3)(a).",
"\n\nConclusion\n\n17\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.",
"\n\n\n\n1\n Pub.",
"L. No. ",
"89-110, § 2(b), 79 Stat. ",
"437, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1973(b) (1988)\n\n\n2\n We do not address the merits of the proposed consent decree\n\n\n3\n The only authority cited by the district court for this proposition is Garner v. State Com'n on Ethics, 439 So.2d 894 (Fla.App. ",
"2 Dist.1983)--a case that has nothing to do with voting. ",
" In Garner, the ethics commission considered a complaint alleging that a college president abused his official position by seeking sexual favors from female subordinate personnel. ",
" The ethics commission found that this behavior violated Fla.Stat.",
"Ann. § ",
"112.313(6) (West 1994), which provides that \"No public officer or employee of an agency ... shall corruptly use or attempt to use his official position ... to secure a special privilege, benefit, or exemption for himself or others.\" ",
" The Florida appeals court held that sexual favors constitute a \"special benefit\" within the meaning of the statute. ",
" Garner, 439 So.2d at 895\n\n\n4\n See R2-40-5 (\"Respect for a citizen's right to express opinions on matters of public importance requires courts to permit officials to vote on issues even when they have previously filed suits to protest the burdening of their rights.\")",
"\n\n\n5\n The record indicates that Stone was elected under the at-large system in November 1993, and that city council members in Cocoa serve three-year terms. ",
" Stone would therefore be up for reelection in November 1996--more than two years after the district court entered its order in this case\n\n\n6\n The court cautioned that \"[t]his holding should not be construed to disqualify all legislators from participating in all issues related [to] voting and elections.\" ",
" R2-40-7\n\n\n7\n In the hearing on the proposed consent decree, counsel for amici (Mr. Meros) repeatedly emphasized Stone's race as a basis for distinguishing him from the other city council members. ",
" When asked by the court what \"stake\" Stone had that would create a \"special private gain,\" Mr. Meros responded as follows:\nHis stake was, number one, as a voter of the council, which is more general. ",
" Number two, as an African-American. ",
" He was asserting that he, that his rights as an African-American were not sufficiently protected and as a result of that he wanted the opportunity to have his vote enhanced by virtue of the creation of single member districts. ",
" That is a personal stake by Councilman Stone.",
"\n....\nWhat personal stake did he have in this? ",
" His personal stake as an African-American.",
"\nR3-6-7.",
"\nIn closing his argument, Mr. Meros repeated:\nI would suggest that when you talk about a \"special private gain,\" special means as opposed to communal, individual as opposed to group, and Councilman Stone in this litigation asserted that he had a private direct interest in this litigation, clearly special and individual due to his race as an African-American.",
"\nR3-13.",
"\nAlthough some of the district court's language could be construed to indicate that the district court accepted the foregoing invitation to consider race, we decline to believe that. ",
" Rather, we surmise that the district court simply failed to think the matter through thoroughly.",
"\n\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nHow to delete text after a specified symbol in Vim\n\nMy data is of the form:\nid|name|things that I don't care\n\nSo for each line I want to delete text after the second | symbol.",
"\nHow do I do this in Vim with one command?",
"\nEdit:\nThere ARE actually extra pipes after the second |, since the | is used as the delimiter for columns.",
"\n\nA:\n\nOne solution:\n:%s!^\\([^|]*|\\)\\{2\\}\\zs.*!!",
"\n\nExplanation:\n\n%: on every line\ns: subtitute\n!: ",
"start of pattern\n^: start of line\n\\(: start of group\n[^|]*: any number of non-pipe characters\n|: followed by a pipe\n\\): end of group\n\\{2\\}: match two counts of that group\n\\zs: start the pattern matching here\n.*: ",
"any characters\n!: ",
"end of pattern and start of replacement\n!: ",
"end of replacement\n\nThis will leave lines with fewer than two pipes untouched and will also deal with lines that have more than the two pipes...\nBefore\nid name things that I don't care no pipes\nid|name things that I don't care one pipe\nid|name|things that I don't care two pipes\nid|name|things that I don't care extra pipe at line end|\nid|name|things that I don't care | extra pipe mid-line\nid|name|things that I don't| care| two extra pipes\nname|things that I don't care missing first column and pipe\n|name|things that I don't care missing first column\n\nAfter:\nid name things that I don't care no pipes\nid|name things that I don't care one pipe\nid|name| \nid|name| \nid|name| \nid|name| \nname|things that I don't care missing first column and pipe\n|name| \n\nA:\n\nOne can simply repeat the Normal-mode command that jumps to the\ncharacter next to the second | symbol and deletes the rest of the\ntext on the line, for each line in the buffer, via the :normal\ncommand:\n:%norm!2f|lD\n\n"
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"Edgar Zapata\n\nEdgar Alonso Zapata Pérez (born September 1, 1979 in Medellín) is a Colombian football defender.",
"\n\nZapata has had spells in Mexico and has been capped by the Colombia national football team once.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Colombian footballers\nCategory:Footballers from Medellín\nCategory:Alianza Petrolera footballers\nCategory:Atlético Junior footballers\nCategory:Club Necaxa footballers\nCategory:C.D. Veracruz footballers\nCategory:Deportivo Cali footballers\nCategory:Atlético Nacional footballers\nCategory:Uniautónoma F.C. footballers\nCategory:Colombia international footballers\nCategory:Colombian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Mexico\nCategory:Categoría Primera A players\nCategory:Liga MX players\nCategory:Association football defenders"
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"A Palestinian artist was kicked off the premises of a new “bemusement park” exhibit in Britain for protesting the presence of Israeli artists, the London-based, English-language edition of Al-Araby al-Jadeed reported on Tuesday.",
"\n\nAccording to the report, Shadi Alzaqzouq was escorted off the grounds of “Dismaland,” and told his paintings would be removed, after he placed a bed sheet over his work — with “R.I.P Gaza: Boycott Israel” written on it in coal – and laid it down “like a corpse” in front of his display.",
"\n\nHe did this, he said, because he had not been informed by the event’s organizers that Israeli artists would be present.",
"\n\nDismaland, a dark parody of Disneyland, set up Friday at the seaside resort of Weston-super-Mare, is the brainchild of British graffiti artist Banksy, whose real name remains a secret, but whose left-wing political activism, including open advocacy for Palestinians, is well-known.",
"\n\nRelated coverage ‘The Eyes of the Country’: IDF’s Maritime Command Center Protects Israel From Seaborne Threats JNS.org - The Israeli Navy’s maritime control centers play a crucial role in securing the country’s coastline from a range...\n\nIn August 2005, Banksy painted nine pieces of graffiti on the security barrier erected between Israel and the Palestinian territories to keep Palestinian suicide bombers and other terrorists from easy access to Israeli civilians. ",
"Among these was a picture of Palestinian children trying to dig through the wall.",
"\n\nAlzaqzouq, thus, was surprised at the lack of sympathy his outrage at participating in a show along with Israeli counterparts elicited – particularly from Banksy, whom he described as “my hero for a long time.”",
"\n\nHe told Al-Araby al-Jadeed that when he inquired about why his actions elicited such a harsh response, he was informed by Holly Cushing, believed to be Banksy’s manager, that his form of protest was too “ugly.”",
"\n\nAccording to Alzaqzouq — born to Palestinian parents in Benghazi, who lived in Libya, Gaza and Egypt before settling in France in 2007 — Cushing also said that an American art collector was interested in purchasing his pieces, “And that America and Israel were one and the same.”",
"\n\nThe story does not end here, however. ",
"After the incident, Dismaland organizers did not take down Alzaqzouq’s pieces. ",
"Instead, they posted a sign on the display that reads: “The artist has decided to cover his work to protest being exhibited alongside artists from Israel. ",
"We are hoping to resolve the situation as soon as possible and apologise for any disappointment.”"
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[
"La vocation du Stade olympique, bien que nébuleuse pour de nombreux Montréalais, est établie et ne changera pas, dit Michel Labrecque. ",
"La métropole a besoin d’un stade couvert de 50 000 places, répète le président-directeur général du Parc olympique.",
"\n\nLe Stade olympique sera-t-il toujours mal-aimé?",
"\n\nCeux qui ne l’aiment pas vont finir par mourir… Mon travail n’est pas de le faire aimer, mais de le faire connaître. ",
"C’est plus facile d’aimer quand on connaît. ",
"Que les gens ne l’aiment pas ou l’utilisent comme tête de Turc, ça m’indiffère. ",
"Quand j’ai accepté ce travail, je connaissais l’état d’esprit général des Montréalais par rapport au stade. ",
"Je savais aussi que c’était une œuvre architecturale unique et complexe. ",
"On ne peut pas ne pas l’entretenir. ",
"Le stade est occupé 180 jours par année. ",
"C’est l’équipement olympique postmoderne qui a été le plus utilisé. ",
"Nous avons accueilli 61 000 personnes pour la finale de la CONCACAF. ",
"Le stade est beaucoup plus fort que nous. ",
"On va constater sa pertinence sur beaucoup plus que 40 ans.",
"\n\nSi un stade de baseball est construit au centre-ville, à quel point cela fera-t-il du tort au Stade olympique?",
"\n\nOn ne nous enlèvera pas les clients du baseball, car ils ne sont déjà plus ici! ",
"Puis, ce stade ne serait pas couvert, ce qui veut dire qu’on ne pourrait pas y tenir de spectacles ou de salons d’octobre à avril. ",
"Cela dit, le retour du baseball à Montréal passera par le Stade olympique et, une fois le projet concrétisé, on risque d’avoir besoin du Stade olympique au printemps et à l’automne neigeux. ",
"Je réitère également que le Stade olympique peut être remis en grande santé événementielle avec des investissements bien moins importants que ceux que demande la construction d’un nouveau stade.",
"\n\nFaut-il lancer un concours international d’idées pour la requalification du stade?",
"\n\nDes études sur le stade, il y en a haut comme la tour! ",
"Conclusion: c’est un stade polyvalent. ",
"Tous les plans qui viseraient à en faire un plus gros Biodôme ou un parc de glissoirs d’eau ne tiennent pas la route. ",
"On a le droit de penser qu’on peut se passer du stade. ",
"Moi, je considère que Montréal, comme ville nordique, a besoin d’un stade couvert de 50 000 places. ",
"Afin de réunir la population tantôt pour un concert, tantôt pour la visite du pape, tantôt pour un congrès de milliers de personnes. ",
"Ensuite, est-ce qu’il est modulable? ",
"Oui. ",
"De préférence avec une toiture qui fait sa job. ",
"On ne sortira pas de lapin d’un chapeau.",
"\n\nSi cette vocation est si bien établie, pourquoi la ministre du Tourisme, Dominique Vien, dit en chercher une pour le stade?",
"\n\nJe pense qu’elle dit qu’il faut insister sur les forces du stade en matière de capacité et de polyvalence. ",
"Dans le dossier d’opportunités que nous allons lui remettre à l’automne, nous indiquerons quelles sont les avenues à emprunter. ",
"Quels sont les événements que nous pouvons attirer? ",
"Quels sont les revenus que nous pouvons en tirer? ",
"Tout le monde reste attaché à l’idée d’avoir une équipe résidente au stade. ",
"Mais il y a un stade de soccer, un stade de football, un aréna de hockey et un stade de tennis en ville, donc il n’y aura pas d’équipe résidente au Stade olympique. ",
"De toute façon, au soccer et au football, on parle de 15 ou 20 parties par année…\n\n«Le stade, c’est un amphithéâtre de 50 000 places modulable et polyvalent sous-estimé des gens.» – ",
"Michel Labrecque\n\nLa question de la toiture qui arrive à sa fin de vie sera au cœur du dossier d’intentions remis à Québec. ",
"Où en sommes-nous dans la réflexion?",
"\n\nNous devons présenter les différents scénarios à la ministre: toiture fixe ou rétractable, souple ou rigide. ",
"L’idée, c’est de montrer aux décideurs les risques et les avantages des différentes options. ",
"Nous ferons une recommandation à Québec.",
"\n\nLa toiture fixe et souple semble être la voie à privilégier…\n\nSi la décision avait été facile et peu coûteuse, elle aurait déjà été prise. ",
"Tous les scénarios ont des avantages et des désavantages, des risques, des durées de vie, des coûts différents. ",
"Le rapport de Mme Bissonnette suggérait de rester ouvert au concept original du stade [donc une toiture rétractable]. ",
"Il y a peu d’événements dans le monde qui demandent une toiture ouverte.",
"\n\nDonc, on ne risque pas de voir un stade à ciel ouvert…\n\nÇa voudrait dire une dégradation de l’infrastructure qui n’a pas été conçue pour ça. ",
"Les stades Saputo, Uniprix et Percival-Molson ne sont pas couverts et ils ne sont pas ouverts l’hiver. ",
"Est-ce qu’une métropole a besoin d’un amphithéâtre couvert de 50 000 places? ",
"Oui. ",
"L’hivernage est obligatoire au cas où un pépin surviendrait au cours de l’installation et où la pose du nouveau toit prend du retard."
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"Ok, all is well until [tex]\\bigtriangleup[/tex]. ",
"I know this represents the laplacian. ",
"What is the formulation of the Laplacian for this since it is a vector? ",
"Is it just simply the second partials dot product with the respective terms of the vector? ",
"Or is it something else?",
"\n\nedit: changed text where I say problem is [tex] \\bigtriangledown[/tex] to the appropriate [tex]\\bigtriangleup[/tex]\n\nWell, that is an identity for the operators. ",
"But why don't you like the idea of the usual Laplacian acting on a vector? ",
"It's just a derivative operator, which is allowable on vectors as long as you remember that the basis vectors also have to be differentiated."
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"The present invention relates to compounds which have been found to be useful for prevention or treatment of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases.",
"\nOne of the major needs in cancer prevention is the development of effective and safe new agents for chemoprevention. ",
"In particular, there is a need for chemopreventative agents targeted at mechanisms known to be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. ",
"In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the study of mechanisms of inflammation that relate to carcinogenesis and in the use of such mechanisms as the basis for development of new chemopreventative agents.",
"\nThe concept that inflammation and carcinogenesis are related phenomena has been the subject of many studies that have attempted to link these two processes in a mechanistic fashion (Sporn and Roberts, 1986; Ohshima and Bartsch, 1994). ",
"The enzymes that mediate the constitutive synthesis of NO and prostaglandins from arginine and arachidonate, respectively, have relative little significance for either inflammation or carcinogenesis. ",
"In contrast, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cycloxygenase (COX-2) both have critical roles in the response of tissues to injury or infectious agents (Moncada et al., ",
"1991; Nathan and Xie, 1994; Siebert and Masferrer, 1994; Tamir and Tannebaum, 1996). ",
"These inducible enzymes are essential components of the inflammatory process, the ultimate repair of injury, and carcinogenesis. ",
"While physiological activity of iNOS and COX-2 may provide a definite benefit to the organism, aberrant or excessive expression of either iNOS or COX-2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disease processes, particularly in chronic degeneration of the central nervous system, carcinogenesis, septic shock, cardiomyopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.",
"\nTriterpenoids, biosynthesized in plants by the cyclization of squalene, are used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries; and some, like ursolic and oleanolic acids, are known to be anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic (Huang et al., ",
"1994; Nishino et al., ",
"1988). ",
"However, the biological activity of these naturally occurring molecules is relatively weak, and therefore the synthesis of new analogs to enhance their potency was undertaken (Honda et al., ",
"1997; Honda et al., ",
"1998). ",
"It was previously reported that several such synthetic analogs can suppress the de novo formation of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages that have been stimulated by IFN-γ or LPS (Suh et al., ",
"1998). ",
"The role of both iNOS and COX-2 as enhancers of carcinogenesis in many organs is receiving increasing attention (Ohshima et al., ",
"1994; Tamir et al., ",
"1996; Takahashi et al., ",
"1997; Ambs et al., ",
"1998; Tsujii et al., ",
"1998; Oshima et al., ",
"1996; Hida et al., ",
"1998; Huang et al., ",
"1998); suppression of either the synthesis or the activity of these enzymes is therefore a target for chemoprevention (Oshima et al., ",
"1998; Kawamori et al., ",
"1998). ",
"Agents which induce differentiation or suppress proliferation of premalignant or malignant cells represent yet another mechanistic approach to chemoprevention, as well as to chemotherapy, of cancer."
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[
"Q:\n\nhow to execute php code within javascript\n\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"okButton\" onclick=\"funk()\" value=\"okButton\">Order now </button>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n function funk(){\n alert(\"asdasd\");\n <?",
"php echo \"asdasda\";?",
">\n }\n</script>\n\nWhen the button is pressed i want to execute php code (at this point to echo asadasda) \n\nA:\n\nYou could use http://phpjs.org/ http://locutus.io/php/ it ports a bunch of PHP functionality to javascript, but if it's just echos, and the script is in a php file, you could do something like this:\nalert(\"<?php echo \"asdasda\";?",
">\");\n\ndon't worry about the shifty-looking use of double-quotes, PHP will render that before the browser sees it.",
"\nas for using ajax, the easiest way is to use a library, like jQuery. ",
"With that you can do:\n$.ajax({\n url: 'test.php',\n success: function(data) {\n $('.result').html(data);\n }\n});\n\nand test.php would be:\n<?",
"php \n echo 'asdasda';\n?",
">\n\nit would write the contents of test.php to whatever element has the result class.",
"\n\nA:\n\nInteraction of Javascript and PHP\nWe all grew up knowing that Javascript ran on the Client Side (ie the browser)\nand PHP was a server side tool (ie the Server side). ",
" CLEARLY the two just cant interact.",
"\nBut -- good news; it can be made to work and here's how.",
"\nThe objective is to get some dynamic info (say server configuration items) from the server into the Javascript environment so it can be used when needed - - typically this implies DHTML modification to the presentation.",
"\nFirst, to clarify the DHTML usage I'll cite this DHTML example:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\nfunction updateContent() {\n var frameObj = document.getElementById(\"frameContent\");\n var y = (frameObj.contentWindow || frameObj.contentDocument);\n\n if (y.document) y = y.document;\n y.body.style.backgroundColor=\"red\"; // demonstration of failure to alter the display\n\n // create a default, simplistic alteration usinga fixed string.",
"\n var textMsg = 'Say good night Gracy';\n\n y.write(textMsg);\n\n y.body.style.backgroundColor=\"#00ee00\"; // visual confirmation that the updateContent() was effective\n\n}\n</script>\n\nAssuming we have an html file with the ID=\"frameContent\" somewhere,\nthen we can alter the display with a simple < body onload=\"updateContent()\" >\nGolly gee; we don't need PHP to do that now do we! ",
" But that creates a structure for\napplying PHP provided content.",
"\nWe change the webpage in question into a PHTML type to allow the server side PHP access\nto the content:\n**foo.html becomes foo.phtml**\n\nand we add to the top of that page. ",
" We also cause the php data to be loaded\ninto globals for later access - - like this:\n<?",
"php\n global $msg1, $msg2, $textMsgPHP;\n\nfunction getContent($filename) {\n if ($theData = file_get_contents($filename, FALSE)) {\n return \"$theData\";\n } else {\n echo \"FAILED!\";",
"\n }\n}\nfunction returnContent($filename) {\n\n if ( $theData = getContent($filename) ) {\n // this works ONLY if $theData is one linear line (ie remove all \\n)\n $textPHP = trim(preg_replace('/\\r\\n|\\r|\\n/', '', $theData));\n return \"$textPHP\";\n } else {\n echo '<span class=\"ERR\">Error opening source file :(\\n</span>'; # $filename!\\n\";\n } \n}\n\n// preload the dynamic contents now for use later in the javascript (somewhere)\n$msg1 = returnContent('dummy_frame_data.txt');\n$msg2 = returnContent('dummy_frame_data_0.txt');\n$textMsgPHP = returnContent('dummy_frame_data_1.txt');\n\n?",
">\n\nNow our javascripts can get to the PHP globals like this:\n\n// by accessig the globals \n var textMsg = '< ? ",
"php global $textMsgPHP; echo \"$textMsgPHP\"; ? ",
">';\n\nIn the javascript, replace\n\nvar textMsg = 'Say good night Gracy';\n\nwith:\n// using php returnContent() \n\nvar textMsg = '< ? ",
"php $msgX = returnContent('dummy_div_data_3.txt'); echo \"$msgX\" ? ",
">';\n\nSummary:\n\nthe webpage to be modified MUST be a phtml or some php file \nthe first thing in that file MUST be the < ? ",
"php to get the dynamic data ?",
">\nthe php data MUST contain its own css styling (if content is in a frame) \nthe javascript to use the dynamic data must be in this same file \nand we drop in/outof PHP as necessary to access the dynamic data \nNotice:- use single quotes in the outer javascript and ONLY double quotes in the dynamic php data\n\nTo be resolved: calling updateContent() with a filename and \n using it via onClick() instead of onLoad()\nAn example could be provided in the Sample_Dynamic_Frame.zip for your inspection, but didn't find a means to attach it\n\nA:\n\nYou can't run PHP with javascript. ",
"JavaScript is a client side technology (runs in the users browser) and PHP is a server side technology (run on the server).",
"\nIf you want to do this you have to make an ajax request to a PHP script and have that return the results you are looking for.",
"\nWhy do you want to do this?",
"\n\n"
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[
"# debug\n\n tiny node.js debugging utility modelled after node core's debugging technique.",
"\n\n## Installation\n\n```\n$ npm install debug\n```\n\n## Usage\n\n With `debug` you simply invoke the exported function to generate your debug function, passing it a name which will determine if a noop function is returned, or a decorated `console.error`, so all of the `console` format string goodies you're used to work fine. ",
"A unique color is selected per-function for visibility.",
"\n \nExample _app.js_:\n\n```js\nvar debug = require('debug')('http')\n , http = require('http')\n , name = 'My App';\n\n// fake app\n\ndebug('booting %s', name);\n\nhttp.createServer(function(req, res){\n debug(req.method + ' ' + req.url);\n res.end('hello\\n');\n}).listen(3000, function(){\n debug('listening');\n});\n\n// fake worker of some kind\n\nrequire('./worker');\n```\n\nExample _worker.js_:\n\n```js\nvar debug = require('debug')('worker');\n\nsetInterval(function(){\n debug('doing some work');\n}, 1000);\n```\n\n The __DEBUG__ environment variable is then used to enable these based on space or comma-delimited names. ",
"Here are some examples:\n\n \n\n \n\n## Millisecond diff\n\n When actively developing an application it can be useful to see when the time spent between one `debug()` call and the next. ",
"Suppose for example you invoke `debug()` before requesting a resource, and after as well, the \"+NNNms\" will show you how much time was spent between calls.",
"\n\n ![](",
"http://f.cl.ly/items/2i3h1d3t121M2Z1A3Q0N/Screenshot.png)\n\n When stderr is not a TTY, `Date#toUTCString()` is used, making it more useful for logging the debug information as shown below:\n _(NOTE: Debug now uses stderr instead of stdout, so the correct shell command for this example is actually `DEBUG=* node example/worker 2> out &`)_\n \n ![](",
"http://f.cl.ly/items/112H3i0e0o0P0a2Q2r11/Screenshot.png)\n \n## Conventions\n\n If you're using this in one or more of your libraries, you _should_ use the name of your library so that developers may toggle debugging as desired without guessing names. ",
"If you have more than one debuggers you _should_ prefix them with your library name and use \":\" to separate features. ",
"For example \"bodyParser\" from Connect would then be \"connect:bodyParser\". ",
"\n\n## Wildcards\n\n The \"*\" character may be used as a wildcard. ",
"Suppose for example your library has debuggers named \"connect:bodyParser\", \"connect:compress\", \"connect:session\", instead of listing all three with `DEBUG=connect:bodyParser,connect.compress,connect:session`, you may simply do `DEBUG=connect:*`, or to run everything using this module simply use `DEBUG=*`.",
"\n\n You can also exclude specific debuggers by prefixing them with a \"-\" character. ",
" For example, `DEBUG=* -connect:*` would include all debuggers except those starting with \"connect:\".",
"\n\n## Browser support\n\n Debug works in the browser as well, currently persisted by `localStorage`. ",
"For example if you have `worker:a` and `worker:b` as shown below, and wish to debug both type `debug.enable('worker:*')` in the console and refresh the page, this will remain until you disable with `debug.disable()`. ",
"\n\n```js\na = debug('worker:a');\nb = debug('worker:b');\n\nsetInterval(function(){\n a('doing some work');\n}, 1000);\n\nsetInterval(function(){\n a('doing some work');\n}, 1200);\n```\n\n## License \n\n(The MIT License)\n\nCopyright (c) 2011 TJ Holowaychuk <tj@vision-media.ca>\n\nPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining\na copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\n'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including\nwithout limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,\ndistribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to\npermit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to\nthe following conditions:\n\nThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be\nincluded in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.",
"\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,\nEXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF\nMERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.",
"\nIN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY\nCLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,\nTORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE\nSOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.",
"\n"
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[
"Wheel Clamping Ban\n\nWe in the industry are proud of its history and are pleased to give its story and the background of vehicle control in the United Kingdom. ",
"The prospective clamping ban in England and Wales has given an impetus and an urgency to this topic.",
"\n\nWe offer alternatives to wheel clamping. ",
"Please click the banner below, or give us a call, for more information about how we can help you when the ban kicks in.",
"\n\nThe banning of wheel clamping on private land\n\nThe process to bring in the wheel clamping ban on private land has taken more than a year, since the Government first announced plans for it in August 2010. ",
"It was introduced into the House of Commons in February 2011, as part of The Protection of Freedoms Bill, and will come into force when it is given Royal Assent, subject to parliamentary approval.",
"\n\nThe wheel clamping ban – which will apply in England and Wales, but not Northern Ireland or Scotland – will apply to parking offences on private land only. ",
"Clamping and other means of traffic enforcement carried out on highways and public land by local authorities or the police – or other statutory bodies, such as the DVLA – will remain in place.",
"\n\nEven if the clamper has no intention of charging a release fee for the clamp, it will still be against the law. ",
"People will still be able to clamp their own vehicles, however, if they are using it as a means of preventing theft, and bailiffs will still have the right to clamp cars and vehicles in lieu of outstanding debts.",
"\n\nUntil the ban comes into force, the existing laws remain in place, allowing licensable vehicle clamping to take place on private land, providing the person carrying out the clamping has a valid SIA licence.",
"\n\nCar wheel clamping update (2 May 2012)\n\nNote: We are pleased to state that The Protection of Freedoms Act received the Royal Assent on 1 May 2012 and that the Royal Automobile Club has confirmed that the Act provides that, barring certain situations involving the national authorities in a narrow category, the wheel clamping ban becomes actionable as from October 2012.",
"\n\nWe regard this as a step forward in the parking control world and an achievement by Lynne Featherstone MP who personally piloted the then Bill through the Parliamentary stages until it became an Act.",
"\n\nThe legal foundation\nIt was the year 1998 when wheel clamping of vehicles on private land started. ",
"The legal foundation is deep and rooted in the doctrine of distress damage feasant which was all about dealing with straying animals. ",
"If cattle went over to a neighbouring farmer’s land the irate latter was entitled in law to compensation for damage and/or other loss such as grazed grass. ",
"Importantly, he was entitled to hang onto the wicked bull or whatever until the other party coughed up.",
"The history of clamping\nIn the early motoring days there were but few motor vehicles on the roads and many of the drivers of private cars belonged to socially privileged classes as a result of which the law treated their parking activities with kid gloves. ",
"Then there was no question of clamping and consequently no clamping ban.",
"\nAs time proceeded, however, motoring became the province of the common man and the proliferation of motorised vehicles necessitated local authority control of parking on public spaces.",
"\nThe unhappy motorist, in his eternal quest for parking, sought refuge on other people’s private grounds. ",
"This brought the local authority off his back but raised the ire of angry property owners who, some of them, would have wanted their own grounds for parking their own pride and joys – their own motor cars. ",
"They wanted no clamping ban on their power to deal with persons wrongly parking on their property.",
"\nThe hated advent of wheel clamping led to latter-day distress damage feasant procedures being at the service of the local authority and the private landowner too.",
"\nMoney conscious property owners naturally wanted the most cost effective answer to third parties parking their vehicles on their sacred land with no clamping ban or other restrictions constraining them.",
"The justification for clamping\nIt is a fact that equipment for physically controlling motor vehicles by other means is prohibitively expensive. ",
"Electric gates cost a fortune. ",
"Barriers built to entry routes are costly too and the sharing of the burden of maintenance costs between leaseholders and other owners leads to disputes.",
"\nThat is part of the reason why we say: ‘We in this country, a property owning nation, will tolerate no clamping ban!’",
"\nClamping is:\n\nRelatively inexpensive to set up\n\nSelf-financing\n\nGenerally unobtrusive\n\nThe jealous landlord suffers no significant outlay and gets paid from the fine levied. ",
"Does he want a clamping ban?",
"\nIn Central London parking spaces command prices up to £15,000. ",
"This asset has to be protected from the unauthorised user. ",
"Flats with parking spaces have higher sales prices than the ones without.",
"\nBe that as it may, the number of wheel clamping operators rose in the years that followed 1998 and in narrower terms before then.",
"The fly in the ointment\nUnfortunately, most wheel clamping companies run on fast and loose lines. ",
"The legality of the clamp is founded on basic contract law where a warning notice prominently displayed constitutes an ‘offer to treat,’ the parking of the vehicle amounts to acceptance of the aforesaid offer and the hated fine for declamping amounts to the legal consideration, in this case for the release of the prized motor car, or whatever.",
"\nIt is our contention that the prospective clamping ban is the direct consequence of some individuals and even firms damaging the industry’s name.",
"\nAs can be expected, the visibility and obviousness of the warning notice is a top bone of contention between the property owner and the motorist.",
"\nThe right of the property owner to levy a reasonable fine for unauthorised parking got court attention in Arthur vs Anchor (30 November, 1995) in which the property owner triumphed.",
"\nRegarding the fines (the considerations in contract law) there has been considerable angst because:\n\nSome operatives have taken payment in kind, such as jewellery\n\nInformal receipts such as on odd scraps of paper and cigarette packets\n\nSome persons wheel clamped motorists without warning notices\n\nArguably over-high clamping release fees, more than local authorities\n\nWe maintain that a blanket clamping ban because of this kind of way of operating is over the top and unreasonable.",
"\nCertain motorists have used angle-grinders to remove wheel clamps. ",
"The unhappy operator loses his clamp and the release fee too. ",
"The police service has tended to support the vehicle owner. ",
"The law enforcement people act only when the parking has been illegal on public land; the Road Traffic Act 1984 upholds this.",
"The types of clamp\nThere are many different types of wheel clamp, about 20 in all. ",
"The Denver Boot is best known but slides off easily.",
"\nOne recent wheel clamp gets the motorist to declamp his own vehicle provided he has paid by card via the ‘phone to the company in return for a release code. ",
"He has to then secure it to a nearby lamppost on pain of paying more on his card.",
"The views of the authorities\nClamping led to confrontations in which the police service has mediated between explosive parties, both aggrieved. ",
"The police regard wheel clamping as a civil matter and not a criminal one.",
"\nIn Scotland there are no trespass laws and consequently it became possible to ban clamping throughout Scotland.",
"\nThe media gave wheel clamping a bad press and some called for industrial unity among the operatives. ",
"The probable alternative was the clamping ban.",
"What we did\nIn 1992 The Association of Wheel Clamping Companies, with fewer than seven members, started.",
"\nThe first task was to agree a voluntary code of conduct. ",
"The founder of Flashpark attended the inaugural meeting and could recognise the clampers because of marks of having recently been in fights and their rough clothing and tattoos.",
"\nThe name has now changed to The Association of Parking Enforcement Companies. ",
"Unfortunately, it did not deliver on public recognition and acceptance.",
"\nDifferent codes of practice turned up with varying results.",
"The politicians intervene\nThe Government brought in The Security Industry Authority that required all clampers to:\n\nAttend a £350 course\n\nBuy a £200 licence\n\nAct by May, 2005\n\nThe procedure was difficult and was compounded by some who failed to work in the industry after the course and those who left after traumatic confrontations.",
"\nThere were about 1,900 registered wheel clampers in the United Kingdom of whom about 1,200 were active.",
"\nOn average, there is one licensed operator for every 600 square miles in the country.",
"Our goal\nThe task was to:\nDeliver a fine notice directly to the motorist without the physicality and scope for confrontation of the wheel clamp. ",
"The wheel clamp and the wheel clamp ban would both be consigned to the industry’s rough and turbulent history.",
"The history of our company\nVehicle Control Solutions set up in 2002 and sports it own separate brand name. ",
"Up to the year 2005 everything was to do with wheel clamping and towing. ",
"After that time new cyber-technology stepped in to change the methodology.",
"\nThe background from which we come is that a poorly regulated industry had been garnering bad press.",
"\n\nSome London borough councils followed the Department of Transport and banned wheel clamping on the highways\n\nThe Royal Automobile Club in 2008 commissioned a report by Dr Criss Eliot. ",
"The outcome was made that clamping on private land was a breach of human rights, where the motorist was overcharged.",
"\n\nSomething had to be done.",
"\nThe first alternative to the clamp was for the customer to:\n\nPut up warning signs\n\nSell parking permits\n\nKeep books of parking tickets\n\nThe company then administers the fine procedure\n\nThis worked but there were high administrative costs.",
"\n\nThe Invention of our way of doing things\n\nThe salient feature of the vehicle control solution in this scheme of things is the dramatic entry of the Internet.",
"\nThe services of a web designer came on-stream and the basic operation is:\n\nThe landowner takes a snapshot with a digital camera\n\nHe selects the offence category\n\nHe connects to the DVLA database in cyberspace\n\nHe contacts the motorist with the bad news about the fine\n\nThe wins here are:\n\nOnline payments are instantaneous (at near the speed of light)\n\nThe only evidence required is the digital snapshot of the wrongly parked vehicle\n\nThe landowner pays no fee and gets a £10 payback each time\n\nThe landowner can sign up online\n\nThe fines are ‘on the spot’ with no travelling\n\nImportant: No confrontation!",
"\n\nThe landowner can revoke the ticket when he finds it inappropriate (such as when he finds it’s his brother-in-law’s car)\n\nThe motorist can see an authorised ticket and can appeal online\n\nWe are linked to the Police Stolen Vehicle Register\n\nThe alternatives to the above are:\n\nSolo and company clampers\n\nThe ticketing method\n\nANPR\n\nWe have already addressed the first two. ",
"With regard to ANPR, it is suited to the retail car park including shopping centre uses. ",
"One of its drawbacks is that the property owner and system administrators often cannot know who the vehicle belongs to. ",
"High setup costs are another.",
"\nAn amusing point to note is that as soon as our company began competitors who had been copying the original way of operating stopped advertising.",
"\nA more serious point to note is that only approved persons and corporate bodies are allowed access to the confidential DVLA register. ",
"Flashpark is one such entity.",
"\n\nWho the customers can and should be\n\nBecause of low setup costs, literally anybody based in the United Kingdom who jealously guards one or more parking spaces including the ubiquitous private property owner can and should be our customer. ",
"What about you?",
"\nThe value of parking spaces in money wise terms makes this a sensible precaution against the ‘nosey parker’ looking for a safe place to put his vehicle where the landowner has no recourse to anything.",
"A glance at the future\nThe management is always researching improvements and keeping up with and using developing technology.",
"\nThe media possesses the oxygen of publicity. ",
"The head of the company has been involved in preparations for television publicity and the press takes an interest.",
"\n\nA word about the website\nThe website is a godsend for the customer insofar that it makes easy the procedure for reporting an incident. ",
"Furthermore, it is cheap – no postage costs as in snail mail.",
"Final comments\nThe appropriate government department, the DVLA, has a software developer called Entity. ",
"The latter works with us to update and improve the procedure when using the website so that literally anybody’s dotty maiden aunt can do it.",
"\nWe are useful to law enforcement because stolen vehicles get identified this way.",
"\nThe company protects and upholds the civil rights of the motorist."
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"/**\n * Provides the basic building blocks for a custom permission system.",
"\n */\npackage com.velocitypowered.api.permission;"
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[
"SHADE International Lighting Design Competition\n\nContest Status\n\nContest Disciplines\n\nSTUFF (Studio for Transformative Urban Forms and Fields) invites industrials designers around the world to enter a new international lighting design competition called SHADE.",
"\n\nSHADE is a competition open to all ages and backgrounds and the challenge is to design and make a light shade prototype for a pendant light that is creative and innovative in its articulation of light, material, and space.",
"\n\nThe objective of the competition is to:\n\nencourage design through making — all entries must be constructed;\n\nto celebrate and acknowledge innovative ideas and talents — no background or experience is needed and\n\nto disseminate design into the everyday environment — public consumption/acknowledgement is an integral part of the competition.",
"\n\nThe competition will involve three stages: selection by jury, public exhibition, and sale.",
"\n\nA team of international jurors will select a set of winning entries (up to 30) based on their merits. ",
"The selected entries will then be invited for an exhibition during the month of September/October at MAKE / Coffee and Stuff (751 Corydon Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada) for public viewing and experience.",
"\n\nWhat is Contest Watchers?",
"\n\nLaunched in 2009, Contest Watchers is a website dedicated to creative challenges and competitions worldwide. ",
"With a huge database of international contests in various disciplines, it comes handy to anyone who wants to compete for great prizes and recognition.",
"\n\nIn a parallel universe, Contest Watchers is a super serious gang of five fictional characters.",
"\n\nSign up for the daily Contest Watchers Newsletter\n\nGet all new contests delivered directly to your inbox, every day in the afternoon*."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow do I trigger a struts action from within javascript?",
"\n\nI have searched the web for this but so far got nowhere.",
"\nI have the following javascript code:\nfunction trigger(){\n var fdate = document.getElementById(\"d_date\").value;\n var m = fdate.substring(fdate.indexOf('/')+1, fdate.lastIndexOf('/'));\n var y = fdate.slice(fdate.lastIndexOf('/')+1);\n\n form.action=\"/toEditDate.do?month=\"+m+\"&year=\"+y+\"&navigate\";\n form.submit();\n\n }\n\nan the following jsp element:\n<html:text property=\"strCreationDate\" size=\"10\" maxlength=\"10\" title=\"Date\" \nstyleId=\"d_date\" onclick=\"displayCalendar(document.forms[0].strCreationDate,'dd/mm/yyyy',this)\"\nonchange=\"trigger();\"/>\n\nThe code is adapted from what I've managed to dig up searching online. ",
"Only problem is when I change the text in the textbox nothing happens.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI seems you need to pass in the form instance\nfunction trigger(form){\n var fdate = document.getElementById(\"d_date\").value;\n var m = fdate.substring(fdate.indexOf('/')+1, fdate.lastIndexOf('/'));\n var y = fdate.slice(fdate.lastIndexOf('/')+1);\n\n form.action=\"/toEditDate.do?month=\"+m+\"&year=\"+y+\"&navigate\";\n form.submit();\n\n }\n\nAnd the jsp change\n<html:text property=\"strCreationDate\" size=\"10\" maxlength=\"10\" title=\"Date\" \nstyleId=\"d_date\" onclick=\"displayCalendar(document.forms[0].strCreationDate,'dd/mm/yyyy',this)\"\nonchange=\"trigger(document.getElementById('formId'));\"/>\n\nor if only one form on the page\n<html:text property=\"strCreationDate\" size=\"10\" maxlength=\"10\" title=\"Date\" \nstyleId=\"d_date\" onclick=\"displayCalendar(document.forms[0].strCreationDate,'dd/mm/yyyy',this)\"\nonchange=\"trigger(document.forms[0]);\"/>\n\n"
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