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[ "\n12 F.Supp. ", "1002 (1935)\nIn re PREBLE CORPORATION.", "\nDistrict Court, D. Maine, S. D.\nDecember 17, 1935.", "\n*1003 John D. Clifford, Jr., of Portland, Me., ", "Peter Isaacson, of Lewiston, Me., ", "Joseph B. Jacobs, of Boston, Mass., and R. O. Brewster, of Portland, Me., ", "for debtor corporation.", "\nW. B. Nulty, of Portland, Me., ", "and Carroll Perkins, of Waterville, Me., ", "for Bondholders' Committee, Creditors.", "\nPETERS, District Judge.", "\nIn this proceeding by a debtor corporation to effect a reorganization under 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended, 11 U. S.C.A. § 207, it appears that the property involved is a parcel of land near the business center of Portland improved by the erection of office and other buildings for business purposes thereon.", "\nThis real estate is covered by three mortgages securing bonds and notes. ", "According to the petition, these consist of a first mortgage securing $1,205,500 of bonds now outstanding, a second mortgage securing $46,000 of notes, and a third, or so-called general mortgage, for $354,000 in form of bonds. ", "Other debts, taxes, and overdue interest bring the total indebtedness to approximately $1,900,000.", "\nThe only assets, other than this improved real estate, were stated in the petition to be $7,000 in cash and some receivables and accrued items amounting to less than $50,000. ", "It appears that the corporation also has a claim being litigated against a closed bank amounting to some $600,000, but which, if found due in full, will yield less than one-half that sum on account of the fact that the bank would pay less than 50 per cent. ", "of its obligations if this claim should be allowed.", "\nInsolvency of the corporation is admitted. ", "I find that the value of the real estate covered by the mortgages is substantially less than the amount of the outstanding first mortgage bonds.", "\nPlans for reorganization have been submitted both by the debtor and by a committee representing the first mortgage bondholders, and amendments have been proposed; but the result has been nil, as each party rejects the plan of the other.", "\nThe last amendment proposed by the debtor involves a radical departure from the theory of previous plans, in that it eliminates the necessity of consent by any of the first mortgage bondholders, on the stated ground that the value of their interest as a class is to be paid in full.", "\nMotions filed by the debtor allege the impossibility of obtaining from the first mortgage bondholders the necessary consent to the debtor's plan, and propose to amend it \"by striking out all of the provisions of said plan relating to first mortgage bondholders and inserting in lieu thereof, in accordance with section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended (b) (5) (c), (e) (1) (c), 11 U.S.C.A. § 207 (b) (5) (c), (e) (1) (c), provisions for the appraisal of the value of the security held by said first mortgage bondholders, and upon such determination by the Court and the deposit of such securities as the Court may order and a discharge of the first mortgage, for the payment to said first mortgage bondholders of the value of their securities.\"", "\nThe proposed amended plan contains the provision that \"The value of the securities held by said bondholders shall be appraised and the value determined by the Court. ", "Upon the final determination of the value of the securities of such creditors, classified as Class One, the debtor will, within such time as may be fixed by the Court, deposit with the Trustees a sum equal to the value of the interest of the class of such creditors, classified as Class One, as determined by the Court. ", "Upon making such required deposit with the said Trustees, the Trustees will deliver to said debtor a discharge of said first mortgage which now secures said first mortgage bonds.\"", "\nThe final motion of the debtor recites that its proposed amended plan has been accepted by creditors holding two-thirds in amount of the claims of each class affected by the plan, \"other than those for whom adequate protection for the realization by them of the value of their interest have *1004 been made, and similar acceptances filed by or on behalf of stockholders of the debtor holding a majority of the stock of each class,\" and moves \"that an order be entered confirming said plan and that the value of the interests of the First Mortgage Bondholders, classified as Class One, be appraised by this Court that the debtor corporation may pay to them, under orders of Court, the value of their interests.\"", "\nThe language used is rather vague, but it is plain that the debtor asks and its proposed plan calls for an appraisal of the value of the property mortgaged to secure the first mortgage bonds, and, upon payment of that amount, an order of court directing the discharge of the mortgage.", "\nI find that the proposed plan of the debtor, as amended, was seasonably assented to by the necessary percentages of all classes in interest, except the first class, or first mortgage bondholders.", "\nThe matter came on for hearing on the motion of the debtor that its plan, with the proposed amendment, be confirmed and that an appraisal be ordered with a view of having the mortgage discharged upon payment of the appraised value.", "\nAt the same time I heard the motion of the bondholders' committee, that, upon a finding of insolvency, an order be entered either to liquidate the estate or dismiss the proceedings.", "\n1. ", "The plan of the debtor to obviate the necessity of consent by the first mortgage bondholders by having their security appraised and an order entered to discharge the mortgage, in my opinion is not authorized and cannot properly be approved.", "\nThe paragraph of section 77B relied upon by the debtor specifies that \"(b) A plan of reorganization * * * (5) shall provide in respect of each class of creditors of which less than two thirds in amount shall accept such plan * * * adequate protection for the realization by them of the value of their interests, claims, or liens,\" either by handling the property subject to the liens, or by a sale free of liens at a fair upset price and the transfer of the liens to the proceeds, \"or (c) by appraisal and payment either in cash of the value either of such interests, claims, or liens, or, at the objecting creditors' election, of the securities allotted to such interests, claims, or liens under the plan, if any shall be so allotted.\" (", "11 U.S.C.A. § 207 (b) (5) (c).", "\nIt is not clear that the language of the provisions relied upon was intended to be applicable to a situation where a whole class of mortgage bondholders, whose security is less in value than the debt, refuses to accept a plan. ", "In any event, a right to arbitrarily appraise a whole class of creditors out of the picture is not expressly granted. ", "If that had been the intention of Congress it could have been easily stated. ", "The right of appraisal and payment must be considered in connection with the other language of the sub-section, and from this one gets the clear impression that a paramount thought throughout is that objecting creditors must receive an undoubted equivalent for their liens and be fully protected in their rights.", "\nJudge L. Hand, for the Circuit Court of Appeals in the Second Circuit, in the Murel Case (In re Murel), 75 F.(2d) 941, 942, in considering part of this subsection in connection with the words \"adequate protection\", says:\n\"It merely gives power generally to the judge `equitably and fairly' to `provide such protection,' that is, `adequate protection,' when the other methods are not chosen. * * * ", "It is plain that `adequate protection' must be completely compensatory. * * * ", "A creditor * * * wishes to get his money or at least the property. ", "We see no reason to suppose that the statute was intended to deprive him of that in the interest of junior holders, unless by a substitute of the most indubitable equivalence.\"", "\nI cannot think that in the case of a mortgage on real estate worth less than the debt the mortgagee will be \"adequately protected\" in his rights by a plan which binds him to the result of an arbitrary appraisal and forces him to discharge his mortgage on receipt of a sum which one or more appraisers or a judge might think the property worth. ", "Certainly he would not be sure of receiving the \"indubitable equivalence\" of his lien to which he is entitled.", "\n2. ", "A plan may not be confirmed if it is not fair and equitable, or if it discriminates in favor of one class of creditors or stockholders or is not feasible.", "\nIn such a case as this, to take the property from the mortgagee upon an appraisal is an attempt to use a supposed or possible value, over and above the appraisal, for the benefit of other creditors and stockholders. ", "If there is any such surplus value, it belongs to the first mortgagee, up to the *1005 amount of his debt. ", "If there is none, there is nothing to build on, and there would seem to be no object in having an appraisal, in the absence of a disclosure of a method of raising the money, unless junior interests are prepared to advance the money on a chance of increased value in the future, and there is no information before the court to that effect.", "\nA plan cannot be called either fair or feasible which discloses no method or probability of being carried out unless, perchance, the appraisers make a mistake in valuation.", "\n3. ", "I also regard established constitutional limitations as decisive against the debtor's interpretation of the subsection of the statute in question.", "\nUnder their contract, the first mortgagees here are entitled either to their money or to the property. ", "The obligation of this contract cannot be directly impaired by legislation, although its enforcement may be delayed and remedies affected. ", "Continental Illinois Nat. ", "Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, Rock Island & P. Ry. ", "Co., 294 U.S. 648, at page 680, 55 S.Ct. ", "595, 79 L. Ed. ", "1110; Louisville Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555, 55 S.Ct. ", "854, 858, 79 L.Ed. ", "1593, 97 A.L.R. 1106.", "\nMr. Justice Brandeis, in the case last mentioned, says:\n\"No instance has been found, except under the Frazier-Lemke Act [held unconstitutional] * * * of either a statute or decision compelling a mortgagee to relinquish the property to the mortgagor free of the lien unless the debt was paid in full. ", "This right of the mortgagee to insist upon full payment before giving up his security has been deemed of the essence of a mortgage. ", "His position in this respect was not changed when foreclosure by public sale superseded strict foreclosure or when the Legislatures of many states created a right of redemption at the sale price. ", "To protect his right to full payment or the mortgaged property, the mortgagee was allowed to bid at the judicial sale on foreclosure.\" (", "Italics are mine.)", "\nIt is apparent that what the debtor asks the court to do here, and what it claims the statute authorizes the court to do, is equivalent to ordering a sale of the mortgaged property without giving the mortgagee a chance to bid and thus protect his right of full payment. ", "For that reason the usual sale free of liens, when ordered, in no way impairs the substantive right of a mortgagee because he has an opportunity to bid; but even a sale free of liens will never be ordered if it appears that the amount of encumbrance exceeds the value of the property.", "\nAgain quoting from the opinion in the Radford Case:\n\"Bankruptcy acts had, either expressly, or by implication * * * authorized the court to direct, in the interest of other creditors, that all liens upon property forming a part of the bankrupt's estate be marshaled; that the property be sold free of encumbrances; and that the rights of all lienholders be transferred to the proceeds of the sale — a power which had long been exercised by federal courts sitting in equity when ordering sales by receivers or on foreclosure.' * * * ", "But there had been no suggestion that such a sale could be made to the prejudice of the lienor, in the interest of either the debtor or of other creditors. ", "By the settled practice, a sale free of liens will not be ordered by the bankruptcy court if it appears that the amount of the encumbrance exceeds the value of the property. ", "And the sale is always made so as to obtain for the property the highest possible price. ", "No court appears ever to have authorized a sale at a price less than that which the lien creditor offered to pay for the property in cash. ", "Thus, a sale free of liens in no way impairs any substantive right of the mortgagor; and such a sale is not analogous to the sale to the bankrupt provided for by paragraph 7 of the Frazier-Lemke Act, 11 U.S.C.A. § 203 (s) (7).\"", "\nThe substantive right under the contract, which would be directly impaired by the interpretation asked for by the debtor, is the right to protect his security at a sale.", "\nAn attempt to take the property from the mortgagee upon an arbitrary appraisal with no provision whereby the mortgagee may protect himself by a bid, where the property is worth less than the debt, is certainly an unauthorized exercise of legislative power, according to the most recent pronouncements of the Supreme Court.", "\n4. ", "As I do not consider that I should approve the plan, the next question is the disposition of the motion of the Committee of Bondholders that the petition be dismissed or liquidation be ordered.", "\nInsolvency is apparent and admitted. ", "To dismiss the petition, in all probability, would *1006 result in bringing the case back to the court on a bankruptcy petition. ", "Consequently, an order will be entered for the liquidation of the estate.", "\n" ]

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[ "[Antibody titers against Borrelia in horses in serum and in eyes and occurrence of equine recurrent uveitis].", "\nIn Germany very little is known about antibody titers against Borrelia burgdorferi in the horse. ", "In the USA there exist some studies on the titer levels and symptoms due to borrelia infections. ", "Beside lameness, fever, polyarthritis, pneumonia and dullness there is a study showing a connection between panuveitis and Borrelia infection in the horse. ", "In human medicine the infection with Borrelia burgdorferi becomes more and more important. ", "Uveitis and other eye diseases due to Borrelia burgdorferi are proved and documented. ", "The goal of this study was to find a connection between antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and cases of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). ", "The antibody titer against Borrelia burgdorferi was determined by IFT in 153 horses with no sign of disease of the eye and in 79 horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). ", "48% of all horses were found to be positive (titer 1:64 or higher). ", "In addition 22 sera were tested in western-blot for antibody titers. ", "There was no significant correlation between signs of ERU and increased antibody titers against Borrelia burgdorferi (p > 0.05). ", "No clinical signs were seen in horses with elevated titers. ", "No correlation between the age of the horses and the antibody level could be found. ", "There was a connection between the antibody titer and the month of examination (p < 0.05). ", "Highest titer levels were seen in May and November. ", "This is both one month later than the activity of the transmitting ticks (I. ricinus)." ]

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[ "Painful intercourse during menopause\n\nGuest Author - Tammy Elizabeth Southin\n\nA woman’s sensuality often reaches a new level of satisfaction during and after menopause. ", "Without the worries of pregnancy and birth control sensuality can be more spontaneous than in the past. ", "Plus many women begin to make peace with their bodies and see their sensuality in terms of a complete package and not just in terms of looks. ", "But just when things should be heating up, intercourse can be uncomfortable and even painful for some women.", "\n\nPainful intercourse (the medical experts call it ‘dyspareunia’) is pain that can occur before, during or after having intercourse. ", "While in some cases painful intercourse can be a symptom of more serious health issues, for this article we will concentrate on the connection to menopause.", "\n\nThe pain itself can be mild or severe interfering not only with intercourse but with day to day life to the point where using tampons is uncomfortable. ", "Intercourse and sensuality should be pleasurable parts of life and based on personal choice; they should not be things that are ‘taken away’ from you without your having a say in the matter.", "\n\nThe constantly fluctuating hormones during menopause affect the natural lubrication in the genital area. ", "Lower estrogen levels can occur after childbirth or if you are breastfeeding, causing vulvar or feminine dryness. ", "This leaves the inner walls of the vulvar area prone to increased friction and small tears. ", "Along with the physical pain during sex, many women develop anxiety due to feelings of inadequacy or losing their sensual abilities.", "\n\nSome medications can contribute to vulvar dryness. ", "If you are currently taking antihistamines, high blood pressure pills, birth control pills, or antidepressants you may be more vulnerable to additional discomfort.", "\n\nThe most important thing is to discuss your symptoms with your doctor. ", "Unfortunately this is not the easiest topic for many women to discuss with their partners, let alone their physicians. ", "But the sooner you can understand what is causing painful intercourse, the sooner you can find a suitable treatment to help combat the discomfort. ", "Your doctor will discuss your personal health history and your sensual life to discover why you are having pain. ", "This discussion may involve details of your sensual history which can be difficult to reveal. ", "Do not let embarrassment stop you from getting the treatment you need.", "\n\nYour doctor will also perform a pelvic exam to look for any irritation, swelling or signs that something unusual is happening. ", "In the past painful intercourse was simply dismissed as being ‘all in your head’ and ‘the change’ and women’s concerns were not taken seriously. ", "Today doctors are becoming more understanding, realizing that painful intercourse is real and can be treated – it cannot be ignored in the hopes it will just go away.", "\n\nTo deal with painful intercourse, your doctor may recommend any number of the following treatments for intercourse and day to day life:\n\n*Trying sensual positions that put less pressure on your body, such as the woman on top position can help ease discomfort. ", "This gives women woman more control and greater freedom to find a more comfortable way to accommodate penetration.", "\n\n*Engaging in longer foreplay, perhaps using those lubricants can help you by giving you and your body time to get ready. ", "Feeling rushed can lead to greater frustration with intercourse and sensuality.", "\n\n*Speak up and let your partner know what is happening to your body and discuss what might help your relationship. ", "Some women find this difficult and resort to ‘showing not telling’ to communicate their preferences with their partners.", "\n\n*Estrogen therapy may be prescribed to help alleviate vulvar dryness and other menopausal symptoms. ", "Alternative therapies may be suggested for women who do not want to take traditional hormone replacement therapy.", "\n\nWomen hit their sensual peak during their late 30s and into their 40s, only to have menopause make things difficult. ", "Painful intercourse does not have to be another of those menopause symptoms that we have to endure. ", "We can take the embarrassment out of sensuality and bring our self-esteem and our mojo back.", "\n\nLooking for more advice about painful intercourse? ", "Log onto www.mayclinic.com/health or www.menopauseexpert.co.uk for addition information that you can print off and bring to your next doctor’s appointment." ]

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[ "In het gesprek met de NOS ter gelegenheid van zijn boek Theory of design, enkele maanden voor zijn dood, legde hij de beperkingen van vroeger uit. \"", "Bij het drukken met loden letters wordt de inkt een beetje tussen papier en de letters uitgeperst, er kwam een randje omheen. ", "Als het dunne inkt was, verdronk een letter daarin.\"", "\n\n\"Je kon een slechte drukker nooit letters geven die er toch goed uitkomen, maar bijvoorbeeld bij kranten had men het redelijk onder controle. ", "De drukker wist hoeveel inktspreiding er was en daar kon je op ontwerpen: de letter lichter maken. ", "Ik heb wel eens een noodkreet gehad toen een krant overging op een betere pers en mijn letter ineens te licht was. ", "Toen heb ik een zwaardere versie moeten maken.\"", "\n\nBeter papier en betere drukmethoden (eerst fotozetten en nu offset) gaven beter resultaat. \"", "Alles wordt nu op een scherm opgemaakt en met één druk op de knop gaat het naar de drukker. ", "Daardoor wordt je ontwerp bijna exact gereproduceerd\", legde Unger uit. \"", "Je weet niet wat je ziet als je een hedendaagse krant vergelijkt met een uit 1989.\"" ]

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[ "Manikins with human-like chest properties--a new tool for chest compression research.", "\nCommercially available training manikins for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) do not accurately mimic the mechanical properties of human chests. ", "This may limit the usefulness of CPR research performed on such manikins. ", "This paper presents the construction of manikins with chest properties matching those measured in patients during an ongoing CPR. ", "The chest stiffness and damping of 59 cardiac arrest patients was measured during out-of-hospital CPR, using a defibrillator with a compression sensor with built-in force sensor and accelerometer. ", "A manikin with eight interchangeable chest force-depth profiles, representing the measured range of chest stiffness and the average damping of these patients, was then specified and constructed. ", "The stiffness and damping of the manikins were verified using the same equipment and method as was used during data collection. ", "Between 30 and 50 mm compression depth, the force-depth relationship of all eight manikins were found to be within +/-30 N of force or +/-2 mm of depth from the reference specifications derived from measurements on patients' chests. ", "The average damping was also found to closely match the specified value." ]

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[ "Politehnica University of Bucharest\n\nPolitehnica University of Bucharest () is a technical university in Bucharest, Romania. ", "It was founded in 1818 as \"Academic School for Philosophy, Mathematical Sciences and Surveying Engineers\". ", "Later the technical superior school was renamed few times, in 1864 as School of Bridges and Roads, Mines and Architecture (based on the older technical school of Gheorghe Lazăr, from 1818), and the name \"Politehnica\" was introduced in 1920 when the university was renamed Polytechnic School of Bucharest. ", "Politehnica University is classified by the Ministry of Education as an advanced research and education university. ", "\nTeaching is conducted in Romanian and at the Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages teaching is conducted in one of the languages: English, French and German.", "\n\nThe University is a member of European Association for International Education (EAIE), European University Association (EUA), EUA Council for Doctoral Education, CESAER (council of universities of science and technology in Europe), and the Romanian Alliance of Technical Universities (ARUT).", "\n\nHistory\nPolitehnica University of Bucharest is the largest technical university in Romania. ", "Its traditions are connected to the founding of the first higher technical school in Wallachia, in 1818, by Gheorghe Lazăr. ", "Born in Avrig, Transylvania, Gheorghe Lazăr studied in Sibiu, Cluj and Vienna. ", "In 1817–1818 he endeavored to convince the local noblemen of the need for supporting a modern technical school in Romania.", "\nThus, on 24 March 1818, by a princely edict of Ioan Caragea, the premises of Saint Sava Abbey were converted into the new school, Școala Tehnică Superioară pentru Ingineri Hotarnici (\"Technical Superior School for Surveying Engineers\").", "\n\nIn 1832 the school was reorganized, including four cycles, in accordance with the provisions of Organic Regulation. ", "Among other faculties, the one dealing with exact sciences included courses such as applied trigonometry, geodesy, mineralogy, engineering graphics, descriptive geometry, mechanical elements applied to ordinary machines, principles of building roads and bridges, elements of architecture, etc. ", "The graduates were obliged either to work for three years for the state, or to return the grant received. ", "In 1862, the ruler of the United Principalities, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, had established by another Princely Decree a set of rules for the organisation of civil engineers, the hierarchy of engineers or conductors, their salaries, the conditions for admission and promotion, were clearly defined.", "\n\n \n\nAn important figure in the \"School of Bridges, Roads and Mines\" was Gheorghe Duca. ", "As early as 1887, he analysed the content of courses, finding the weaknesses of the school, as well as the best solutions to improve its academic level. ", "In those times, a substantial condition was the severity imposed on the conduct of students, in addition to evaluation. ", "Students obtaining insufficient results, or having an erratic course attendance, were quickly removed from the school. ", "Indeed, at the beginning, the preparatory year had no admission tests.", "\n\nStarting with 1881, an admission test was introduced; the top priority was the quality of candidates, the number of the selected ones being less important. ", "Gheorghe Duca tried and succeeded to bring the best professors to the “National School of Bridges and Roads”; among these were David Emmanuel (Elementary Mathematics), Spiru Haret (Higher Algebra and Analytical Geometry), C. M. Mironescu (Statistics and Engineering Graphics), Constantin Istrati (Physics), or Anghel Saligny (Bridges and Roads). ", "Moreover, Gheorghe Duca himself was considered the greatest authority in railways at the end of the 19th century. ", "This was perhaps a turning moment, when it was clearly demonstrated that Romania was capable of achieving on its own what had been deemed likely to be obtained only abroad, namely the training of highly qualified science and engineering specialists.", "\n\nThe year 1890 also represented a momentous point, when at the National School of Bridges and Roads a new commission was set up. ", "Its main role was to issue equivalency certificates for the engineering diplomas obtained abroad, thus transforming this national school into a model for evaluating higher technical studies.", "\n\nNicolae Vasilescu-Karpen was appointed director of the School in February 1920. ", "As a direct result of his endeavors, the government approved the establishment of Polytechnic Schools in Romania, conceived as higher education institutions, similar to universities, having as their final aim engineering training under the Ministry of Public Works.", "\n \nThe Polytechnic School was set up by transforming the \"National School of Bridges and Roads\" into the \"Polytechnic School of Bucharest\". ", "In its initial stage it consisted of four sections:\n\n Civil Engineering;\n Mechanics and Electricity;\n Mines and Metallurgy;\n The Industrial Section.", "\n\nIn this period, in addition to the Polytechnic School, there were Institutes for Engineers within Universities. ", "For instance, the University of Bucharest hosted an institute for electrical engineering, an institute for industrial chemistry and another one for agricultural and food chemistry.", "\n \nAnother important cornerstone was the decree 3799 of 1938 stating that higher education could be provided only by universities, Polytechnic Schools, or Academies for Commercial Studies. ", "As a direct result, the Academy of Higher Agricultural Studies, The Academy of Architecture, The Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Agricultural and Food Chemistry, respectively, were introduced in the framework of \"Bucharest Politehnica\". ", "The change of name from \"Polytechnic School of Bucharest\" into \"Politehnica Carol II of Bucharest\" was accompanied by other changes as well. ", "Thus, Politehnica depended on the Ministry of National Education (instead of the Ministry for Public Works), the former director became Rector of Politehnica, the different sections became Faculties, their presidents in turn, became Deans etc.", "\n \nBetween 1938 and 1948 Politehnica of Bucharest had seven faculties: Civil Engineering, Electro-mechanics, Metallurgy, Industrial Chemistry, Silviculture, Agronomy, and Architecture.", "\n \nAnother important transformation took place in 1948, when several Politehnica or even specialities became independent, or even moved to other cities. ", "Some of the new universities, institutes or faculties had their roots in the old \"Politehnica of Bucharest\". ", "Thus, the following establishments, were initially faculties or departments at \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest: Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest; Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism; University of Agronomic Sciences; Faculty of Forestry - Transilvania University of Brașov; School of Mines - Petroșani; Oil & Gas University of Ploieşti; Faculty for Food Chemistry - University of Galați; Faculty for Textile Industry - Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași.", "\n \nIn 1948-1992, the name of the school was \"The Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest\". ", "For some years it was called \"Institutul Politehnic 'Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej' București\". ", "Based on a resolution of the Senate (November 1992), the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest turned into University Politehnica of Bucharest.", "\n\nRanking\nAccording to the Scimago Lab, based on data collected between 2007 and 2011, Politehnica University of Bucharest ranked 546 in the World, 15 regionally and number one in the country by number of publications.", "\n\nAt the 29th annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest, held at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, on April 6, 2005, Politehnica student team ranked 10th.", "\n\nFaculties \nThe university is structured into faculties. ", "The faculties are distinct academic entities, each having its own admission criteria, largely distinct staff and limited interaction. ", "However, there are a number of commonalities: all the faculties provide only engineering degrees, there is a largely common curricula that is observed in the first year of studies, there are shared teaching facilities and shared student facilities. ", "Currently there are fifteen faculties. :", "\n\nFaculty of Electrical Engineering \nFaculty of Power Engineering \nFaculty of Automatic Control and Computer Science\nFaculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology \nFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics \nFaculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems \nFaculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering \nFaculty of Transports \nFaculty of Aerospace Engineering \nFaculty of Material Science and Engineering \nFaculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science \nFaculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages \nFaculty of Applied Sciences \nFaculty of Medical Engineering \nFaculty of Entrepreneurship, Engineering and Business Management\n\nNotable faculty and alumni \nElie Carafoli aeronautics engineer\nHenri Coandă\nMihai Drăgănescu President of the Romanian Academy between 1990 – 1994\nTraian Lalescu\nMihail Manoilescu\nNadia Comăneci\nCostin Nenițescu\nAurel Persu\nPeter Stoica\nSimion Stoilow\nGabriel Sudan\nNicolae Vasilescu-Karpen\nRadu Voinea President of the Romanian Academy between 1984 – 19\nAndrei Alexandrescu widely regarded as one of the foremost experts on C++ programming, head research scientist at Facebook, developer on D 2.0\nRodica Baranescu past president of SAE international, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering of USA.", "\nRadu Georgescu software engineer, entrepreneur and founder of GeCAD Software (technology bought by Microsoft that became Windows Security Essentials)\nMircea Gradu automotive engineer and inventor, 2008 SAE International Ed Cole Innovation Award recipient, President of SAE International\nMihail Roco chair of the US National Science and Technology Council subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET), Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology at the National Science Foundation, founder of National Nanotechnology Initiative\nDinu Brătianu politician, led the National Liberal Party (PNL) starting with 1934\nSilvia Ciornei politician, member in the European Parliament\nSergiu Cunescu politician\nIon Iliescu former president of Romania \nLiviu Librescu aeronautics engineer and scientist, hero of the Virginia Tech massacre\nRadu Manicatide engineer and aircraft constructor, inventor of the M.R. microcar\nMihai Nadin computer scientist, Human Computer Interaction pioneer, director of the Institute for Research in Anticipatory Systems\nSergiu Nicolaescu film director\nIon Mihai Pacepa chemist, general and the highest-ranking intelligence official ever to have defected from the former Eastern Bloc\nCristian Tudor Popescu journalist and SF author\nVasile Mihai Popov controls engineer\nDumitru Prunariu cosmonaut and first Romanian in space\nLawrence Rauchwerger computer scientist \nDan Roman entrepreneur, investor and IT professional\nPetre Roman politician\nGeorge Necula computer scientist\nIon Stoica computer scientist\nFlorin-Teodor Tănăsescu, electrical engineer\n\nSee also\n List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)\n\nNotes and references \nThe university organizes important conferences such as International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science and symposiums like Interdisciplinary Approaches in Fractal Analysis.", "\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial site. ", "Available in Romanian, English and some French materials\nHistory of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest (1948-1981) (Romanian)\n\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1864\n*\nCategory:Universities in Bucharest\nCategory:Engineering universities and colleges in Romania\nCategory:1864 establishments in Romania" ]

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[ " United States Court of Appeals\n For the Eighth Circuit\n ___________________________\n\n No. ", "14-3661\n ___________________________\n\n Lin Gao\n\n lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant\n\n v.\n\n YMCA of Greater St. Louis\n\n lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee\n ____________\n\n Appeal from United States District Court\n for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis\n ____________\n\n Submitted: May 15, 2015\n Filed: May 21, 2015\n [Unpublished]\n ____________\n\nBefore SHEPHERD, BYE, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.", "\n ____________\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n Lin Gao appeals the district court’s1 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)\ndismissal of her complaint, in which she asserted discrimination claims against her\n\n 1\n The Honorable E. Richard Webber, United States District Judge for the\nEastern District of Missouri.", "\n\fformer employer. ", "Upon careful de novo review, we conclude that the dismissal was\nproper. ", "See Topchian v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 760 F.3d 843, 848-49 (8th Cir.", "\n2014) (district court’s grant of motion to dismiss is reviewed de novo; to survive\nmotion to dismiss, pro se complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted\nas true, to state claim to relief that is plausible on its face); see also EEOC v. CRST\nVan Expedited, Inc., 774 F.3d 1169, 1181 (8th Cir. ", "2014) (plaintiff asserting Title VII\nclaim based on alleged harassment must show, among other elements, that there was\ncausal nexus between harassment and her membership in protected group).", "\n\n Accordingly, we affirm. ", "See 8th Cir. ", "R. 47B. We also deny Gao’s renewed\nmotion for appointed counsel.", "\n ______________________________\n\n\n\n\n -2-\n\f" ]

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[ "A cattle rancher and a university president get into a Senate race. ", "Sounds like the opening of a bad joke, but it could describe the new political terrain in Nebraska.", "\n\nNow that GOP Gov. Dave Heineman has declined to run to replace retiring Sen. Mike Johanns, a handful of Republicans are weighing their options for a seat that should stay in GOP hands. ", "Former state Treasurer Shane Osborn didn’t waste any time announcing his candidacy, but he won’t have the field all to himself. ", "Wealthy former state party chairman/2006 nominee Pete Ricketts will apparently decide on a bid within the next month.", "\n\nAccording to Leavenworth Street, a conservative blog in Nebraska, millionaire cattle rancher Charles Herbster is a potential candidate for Senate or governor. ", "Herbster — not to be confused with Jeffster! (", "see video below) — owns Herbster Angus Farms and Conklin, and has personal money and inroads in the evangelical Christian community that could boost his candidacy (via Nebraska Politics in Stereo).", "\n\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quNdlFN3QlE\n\nBut it looks like Herbster is leaning more toward a gubernatorial bid, according to local sources; Heineman isn’t running again because of term limits.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Midland University President Ben Sasse is considered a likely Senate candidate and is currently on a listening tour. ", "Leavenworth Street profiled Sasse and a potential Senate run back in February:\n\nFormer U.S. Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services during the last 2 years of the George W. Bush Administration, and current President of Fremont’s Midland University, Dr. (Ph.D.) Ben Sasse. ", "THAT’s who.", "\n\nSasse is a 40 year old graduate of Harvard University, studied at Oxford, has a master’s degree from St. John’s University, and doctorate from Yale University. (", "Though we are fairly sure the Scott Kleeb comparisons end there.)", "\n\nSasse became the 15th President of Midland in 2009. ", "Before that, as noted, he was unanimously confirmed by the Democratic Senate to the fourth-ranking position in the government’s largest-budget agency, where Sasse led policy, planning, and research functions across the department’s 11 operating divisions, with a special focus on Medicare, Medicaid, and the Food and Drug Administration.", "\n\nAccording to GOP sources, it appears at least two statewide polls have been conducted recently, which is likely a sign that candidates are testing the waters." ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nThe field of minimally invasive surgery is undergoing rapid advances. ", "Robotic gynaecological surgery is being done at many centres in the world. ", "The first TLH was done in 1985 by Harry Reich. ", "Since then, many laparoscopic gynaecological surgeries have been performed. ", "The main limitation of laparoscopic surgery is that it is skill based. ", "Even after training, only a few skilled surgeons can perform these surgeries. ", "Surgeons can overcome their limited laparoscopic skills by performing robotic surgeries using DaVinci Robotic system (DRS).", "\n\nThe benefits of minimally invasive surgery over open surgery are well known, both to the patients and the surgeon. ", "There has been an increase in the demand for minimally invasive surgery by patients. ", "Unfortunately this demand is more than the supply in terms of surgeons performing these surgeries. ", "Robotic surgery fills the gap between having skills and not having one. ", "A surgeon with limited skills can still perform robotic surgery with knowledge of operative steps and the anatomy. ", "This leads to added advantage both to the patient as well as the surgeon. ", "Notwithstanding the cost, robot helps to duplicate the laparoscopic surgeries which otherwise would be beyond the reach of surgeon with limitation of skills.", "\n\nIn April 2005, DaVinci robot was Food and Drug Administration cleared for gynaecologic procedures based on preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy from their early experience with myomectomy and hysterectomy at the University of Michigan.\\[[@ref1]\\] Robotics is best for single quadrant surgery and for fixed structures and hence is especially useful in gynaecological surgery. ", "It has added advantages of 3D perception, wristed instrumentation, intuitive movements and dexterity.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2}\n=====================\n\nSince November 2009 until date, we have performed 80 robotic gynaecological cases in Galaxy care laparoscopy institute, Pune.", "\n\nPreoperative work up was the same as any gynaecological procedure. ", "The procedure was performed by team of surgeons with extensive experience in advanced laparoscopy. ", "Case selection criteria were the same as that for any other laparoscopic procedure. ", "Informed written consent was taken for conversion to laparoscopy in all cases.", "\n\nWe used a three arm DaVinci robotic system. (", "Intuitive surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). ", "Approval from the Institutional Review Board and Hospital Ethics Committee was obtained.", "\n\nWe standardized the port positions as\n\nA 12 mm camera port was placed 2 cm above the umbilicus.", "An 8 mm robotic port on the either side was placed 10 cm lateral and 12 cm caudal to the camera port.", "The right sided robotic port was a mirror image of the left robotic port.", "Two assistant 10 mm ports were placed pararectally at the level of the camera port.", "\n\nThe robotic cart was docked from in between the legs\n\nA zero degree scope was used for the procedure.", "\n\nFor all the surgeries, the following parameters were analyzed.", "\n\nRobotic docking time.", "Console time surgical time.", "Blood loss.", "Complications.", "Conversion to either lap or open\n\nFor the oncological surgeries, other parameters such as paracervical clearance, nodal yield and vaginal margins were also recorded.", "\n\nRESULTS {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\nOf the total of 80 gynecological cases performed robotically in our institute, 29 were benign and 51 were malignant cases. ", "Of the benign cases, 24 were hysterectomies for various complex benign pathologies like big fibroids, previous abdominal surgeries. ", "2 tubotuboplasties, 1 endometriotic cyst excision, 1 metroplasty, 1 rectovaginal fistula repair were also performed with good results at our institute.", "\n\nOf the total of 51 oncological cases performed robotically, 27 were robotic radical hysterectomies for cancer cervix, 10 total robotic hysterectomies with bilateral salpingo-opherectomy with ilioobturator node dissection for cancer endometrium, 2 were total robotic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo- opherectomy and omentectomy for cancer ovary, 7 were exenterations, 5 were parametrectomy.", "\n\nComparative Data {#sec2-1}\n----------------\n\nTotal robotic hysterectomy: We compared our outcomes with those of previously done standard studies as shown in the [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of our data of total robotic hysterectomy with previously reported series\n\n![](", "JMAS-10-80-g001)\n\nOur operative time, estimated blood loss was considerably lower when compared with other standard international studies. ", "There was no conversion to open surgery; furthermore no major intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted.", "\n\nRobotic radical hysterectomy: We have compared the results of our radical hysterectomies with those of other standard reported cases in literature. ", "As shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} our operative time, effective blood loss was less than that of others. ", "Two cases of ureteric fistulas reported were during initial phase after acquiring the robot. ", "As we got acquainted with these procedures our complication rates have also come down.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of our data of radical robotic hysterectomy with previously reported series\n\n![](", "JMAS-10-80-g002)\n\n[Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} below provides comparison of parameters between our laparoscopic cases with the robotic cases.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of data of laparoscopic and robotic surgery\n\n![](", "JMAS-10-80-g003)\n\nDISCUSSION {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nThe advantages of robotic assistance include enhanced dexterity, improved 3-D vision, and more intuitive instrument manipulation.\\[[@ref11]\\] This device eases the technical challenges of the minimally invasive approach. ", "It thus helps to bridge the skill gap for a laparoscopic surgeon helping to overcome skill limitations. ", "This may make a complex surgical task more accessible to surgeons without much laparoscopic experience.", "\n\nRobotic ports allow surgery to be performed only in one region. ", "Placement of robotic trocars has to be in such a way to prevent collision of robotic working arms and accessory ports. ", "The accessory ports are used for retraction, for energy sources like ligasure or for applying clips. ", "The preoperative planning helps in performing a smooth procedure as well as reducing the docking time. ", "The docking time was previously 30 min which later reduced to 10 min because of standardization of ports, team gaining experience and getting acquainted with the system.", "\n\nIn 1989, laparoscopy was first used to perform a hysterectomy.\\[[@ref12]\\] In 2002, the use of the DaVinci robot for hysterectomies was first reported.\\[[@ref13]\\]\n\nPayne and Dauterive\\[[@ref2]\\] concluded that robotic hysterectomy was quicker and with less risk for abdominal conversion than standard laparoscopy.", "\n\nWe have an extensive experience in laparoscopic hysterectomies with which we have started doing Robotic hysterectomies. ", "The patients with high body mass index and patients with narrow pelvis were preferred for robotic procedure. ", "The time taken and blood loss was the same as in laparoscopy. ", "No conversion to open or laparoscopy was needed. ", "Standardization of procedure and proper training of the technique was necessary to prevent complications and for safe outcome.", "\n\nThe salient steps of our technique\n\nUse of combined anaesthesia,Ergonomic port positioning,Use of myoma screw for traction,Use of bipolar forceps medial to uterine stump,Colpotomy at the level of uterosacral ligaments.", "\n\nThe standardization makes hysterectomy an easy procedure and can be mastered by many.", "\n\nThe main indication for Robotic surgery is stage IV endometriosis. ", "All our patients had stage IV endometriosis and the rectum and ureter could be separated well due to the high magnification and the intuitive movements of the robot. ", "It is proven that blood loss is less compared to laparoscopy in adnexectomy.\\[[@ref14]\\] Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery promises to provide advantages in the management of women with severe endometriosis secondary to 3-dimensional visualization, decreasing surgeon\\'s fatigue and hand tremors and improving surgical precision.\\[[@ref15]\\]\n\nWith the DaVinci system, the challenges of visibility with laparoscopy can be overcome as well as many other limitations of laparoscopy. ", "Hence, the field of gynaecologic oncology has begun adopting the DaVinci system in performing oncological surgeries due to its shorter learning curve and ease of use.", "\n\nStudies\\[[@ref16]\\], suggest that robotic radical hysterectomy (RRH) is preferable over laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (LRH) due to its decrease in blood loss, hospital stay, recovery time, and complications. ", "However, RRH appears to be equivalent to LRH in the hands of experienced surgeons. ", "In patients predicted to have a high chance for conversion to open from laparoscopy, DaVinci system may prevent conversion.", "\n\nThe International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstertrics staging requires lymphadenectomy for assignment of stage, and morbid obesity is usually cited as the most common limiting factor for completing a satisfactory lymphadenectomy. ", "The multi-centre Gynecologic Oncology Group Lap-2 trial with 1,696 laparoscopic cases reported a 23% conversion rate and a mean operative time of 3.3 hrs, indicating difficulty with a significant proportion of cases.\\[[@ref17]\\] Reasons for not adopting laparoscopic surgery often cited by surgeons are prolonged operating times, surgeon fatigue, a difficult and prolonged learning curve, and lack of formal training in advanced laparoscopic technique.", "\n\nWe have reported our experience of laparoscopic gynaec oncology procedures such as radical hysterectomy, anterior exenteration and total pelvic exenteration.\\[[@ref18][@ref19][@ref20]\\] We described the \"Pune technique\" of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy. ", "The same technique was adapted for robotic surgery also. ", "We combined laparoscopic energy sources for safer and faster procedure. ", "This is the \"hybrid technique\". ", "We had 2 ureteric fistulas. ", "This was in the intial period. ", "This may be because of excessive use of monopolar current. ", "The oncological clearance of robotic surgery was comparable with that of laparoscopic outcome.", "\n\nWe reported the feasibility and oncological safety of laparoscopic anterior exenteration. ", "Anterior exenteration is a complex procedure. ", "We could achieve comparable results with robotic anterior exenteration. ", "The use of hybrid technique and using bipolar energy near the ureters have prevented any further fistulas in subsequent patients. ", "Blood loss and hospital stays were less in robotic than laparoscopy.\\[[@ref21]\\] The two larger series from Boggess *et al*.,\\[[@ref7]\\] and Lowe *et al*.,\\[[@ref9]\\] show that there were no transfusions, length of stay was one day, and total complications were less than that usually associated with either open or laparoscopic approaches.", "\n\nOur oncological results of robotic surgery are comparable with those of other authors.", "\n\nCONCLUSION {#sec1-5}\n==========\n\nRobotic surgery is safe in all types of gynaecological procedures. ", "The results are comparable to those of laparoscopy, Robot helps to duplicate many procedures with exceptional laparoscopic skills.", "\n\nThis is the largest Indian experience of robotic surgery in gynaecological procedures.", "\n\n**Source of Support:** Nil\n\n**Conflict of Interest:** None declared.", "\n" ]

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[ "Stocks Pump-And-Dump-And-Pump On Fed Minutes; Bonds & Gold Rally\n\nThe knee-jerk reaction in JPY (which ran to 101.50 running stops) rippled across stocks (which ran to highs and took out stops), bonds (which ran to high yields of the day and took out stops), and gold (which ran to the week's lows and took out stops). ", "But that did not last long. ", "With the algos taking a back seat for a moment to real positioning, bonds are rallying, gold is up, the USD is down and equities are unch to down (Russell worst). ", "Credit markets remain weak on the week and (just like Monday) unimpressed by equity's exuberance." ]

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[ "Exterior details such as beads and ribs are commonly formed on fabricated metal products by a process known as swaging. ", "This process typically involves a series of intermediate steps through which the desired end geometry is reached in a gradual fashion. ", "An example is a refrigeration system component in the form of a metal tube having a continuous circumferential bead adjacent one or both ends of the tube to locate connector tubes and assist in the process of achieving a fluid tight seal between the original tube and the connector tubes by soldering, brazing, welding, or even adhesive bonding. ", "As indicated above, the swaging operation is disadvantageous in that it requires several steps; i e., each step requires its own particular tooling and the performance of the step series is time consuming and often labor-intensive. ", "In addition, swaging operations typically leave the part with detailed geometries which are not especially sharply defined. ", "For example, in the case of an aluminum tube with a circumferential bead adjacent an end opening, it has been found that the swaging operation typically leaves a small radius between the raised bead and the adjacent unraised tubing surface. ", "This radius is undesirable as it interferes with the mating of a connector tube which telescopically fits over the original tube and preferably slides into close adjacent and abutting relationship to the raised circumferential bead." ]

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[ "**Session:** 142. ", "HAI, Device-Associated: Vascular Devices\n\n*Friday, October 4, 2019: 12:15 PM*\n" ]

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[ "Inter Island Cup\n\nThe Indonesian Inter Island Cup (IIC) (Indonesian: Piala Antar Pulau) was a national level football tournament held by the PSSI, Indonesian FA, as pre-season tournament during the Indonesia Super League season break. ", "This event involves best clubs representing 5 large islands in Indonesia, which are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua.", "\n\nThe first edition was scheduled in 2009 but was cancelled due to many reasons.", "\n\nIn 2010, the tournament was held in August - September 2010. ", "Malang, the home city of Arema Malang (2009-10 ISL champion) and Palembang, the home base of Sriwijaya FC (2010 Piala Indonesia champion) hosted the event.", "\n\n2010\n\n2010 IIC participating clubs\nSix clubs will participate in this cup tournament representing 5 islands in Indonesia. ", "There are 2 clubs from Java, while Papua, Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi each island will represent one.", "\n\nGroup A\nSriwijaya FC (host, Sumatera representation)\nPersiba Balikpapan (Kalimantan representation)\nPersib Bandung (Java representation)\n\nGroup B\nArema Malang (host, Java representation)\nPersiwa Wamena (Papua representation)1\nPSM Makassar (Sulawesi representation)\n\n1 Persipura (representative of Papua) withdrew, and was replaced by Persiwa Wamena.", "\n\n2011\n Group A (Samarinda)\n Persisam Samarinda\n Mitra Kukar FC\n Persiba Balikpapan\n\n Group B (Lamongan)\n Persela Lamongan\n Persiwa Wamena\n Persija Jakarta\n\n Group C (Lamongan)\n Persipura Jayapura\n PSPS Pekanbaru\n Deltras FC\n\n Group D (Karawang)\n Pelita Jaya FC\n Persidafon Dafonsoro\n Sriwijaya FC\n\n2012\n\n2012 IIC participating clubs\nSixteen clubs will participate in this cup tournament representing 4 islands in Indonesia. ", "They are 8 clubs from Java, two from Sumatera and Papua representative three clubs, while Kalimantan island will representative four. ", "The Semi-Final Named Host Cup\n\nGroup A\nSriwijaya FC (host, Sumatera representation, Group Winner)\nPSPS Pekanbaru (Sumatera representation)\nPersija Jakarta (Java representation)\nPersita Tangerang (Java representation)\n\nGroup B\nPersib Bandung (host, Java representation, Group Winner)\nPersepam Madura United (Java representation)\nGresik United (Java representation)\nPersidafon Dafonsoro (Papua representation)\n\nGroup C\nArema Malang (host, Java representation, Group Winner)\nPersela Lamongan (Java representation)\nPersiwa Wamena (Papua representation)1\nPersipura Jayapura (Papua representation)\n\nGroup D\nPersisam Putra Samarinda (host, Kalimantan representation, Group Winner)\nPersiba Balikpapan (Kalimantan representation)\nPS Barito Putera (Kalimantan representation)\nMitra Kukar FC (Kalimantan representation)\n\nSemi-Final\nPersisam Putra Samarinda vs Persib Bandung\nArema Malang vs Sriwijaya FC\n\nFinal\n Sriwijaya FC vs Persisam Putra Samarinda\n\n1 Persiram (representative of Papua) withdrew, and was replaced by Persiwa Wamena.", "\n2 Pelita Bandung Raya not participation.", "\n\n2012 IIC Knock-Out Stage Fixtures and Result\n\nSemi-Final Fixtures and result\n\nFinal Fixtures and Result\n\n2014/15\n\n2014/15 IIC participating clubs\nTwente Two clubs will participate in this cup tournament representing 5 islands in Indonesia. ", "They 2 Clubs from Sumatera 12 clubs from Java, 4 Clubs From Kalimantan 1 Clubs From Sulawesi and 3 Clubs From Papua.", "\n\nZone Sumatera\nSriwijaya FC (Sumatera representation, Winner, qualify big 8)\nSemen Padang (Sumatera representation)\n\nZone Java 1\nPersib Bandung (host, Java representation, Group Winner, qualify big 8)\nPelita Bandung Raya (Java representation)\nPersita Tangerang (Java representation)\nPersijap Jepara (Java representation)\n\nZone Java 2\nArema Malang (host, Java representation, Group Winner, qualify big 8)\nPersela Lamongan (Java representation)\nPersija Jakarta (Java representation)\nPersepam Madura United (Java representation)\n\nZone Java 3\nPersik Kediri (host, Java representation, Group Winner, qualify big 8)\nPersebaya Bhayangkara (Java representation)\nGresik United (Java representation)\nPersiba Bantul (Java representation)\n\nZone Kalimantan\nBarito Putera (host, Kalimantan representation, Group Winner, qualify big 8)\nMitra Kukar FC (Kalimantan representation, qualify big 8 )\nPersiba Balikpapan (Kalimantan representation)\nPersisam Samarinda (Kalimantan representation)\n\nZone Sulawesi and Papua\nPersiram Raja Ampat (Papua representation, Group Winner, qualify big 8)\nPerseru Serui (Papua representation, qualify big 8)\nPersipura Jayapura (host, Papua representation)\nPSM Makassar (Sulawesi representation)\n\nBig 8\nGroup A\nArema Cronus (host, Group Winner, Java representation, qualify Final)\nBarito Putera (Kalimantan representation)\nSriwijaya FC (Sumatera representation)\nPerseru Serui (Papua representation)\n\nGroup B\nPersib Bandung (Java representation, Group Winner, qualify Final)\nPersiram Raja Ampat (Papua representation)\nMitra Kukar FC (Kalimantan representation)\nPersik Kediri (Java representation)\n\nFinal Fixtures and Result\n\nIndonesian Inter Island Cup records\n\nBy Club\nThe following table lists clubs by number of winners and runners-up in Indonesian Inter Island Cup.", "\n\nBy Island\nThe following table lists islands by number of winners and runners-up in Indonesian Inter Island Cup.", "\n\nReferences\n\n \nInter" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present an analysis of Spitzer-IRS spectroscopic maps of the L1157 protostellar outflow in the [H$_2$]{} pure-rotational lines from S(0) to S(7). ", "The aim of this work is to derive the physical conditions pertaining to the warm molecular gas and study their variations within the flow. ", "The mid-IR [H$_2$]{} emission follows the morphology of the precessing flow, with peaks correlated with individual CO clumps and [H$_2$]{} 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} ro-vibrational emission. ", "More diffuse emission delineating the CO cavities is detected only in the low-laying transitions, with $J_{lower} \\le$ 2. ", "The [H$_2$]{} line images have been used to construct 2D maps of $N(H_2)$, [H$_2$]{} ortho-to-para ratio and temperature spectral index $\\beta$, in the assumption of a gas temperature stratification where the [H$_2$]{} column density varies as $T^{-\\beta}$. Variations of these parameters are observed along the flow. ", "In particular, the ortho-to-para ratio ranges from $\\sim$0.6 to 2.8, highlighting the presence of regions subject to recent shocks where the ortho-to-para ratio has not had time yet to reach the equilibrium value. ", "Near-IR spectroscopic data on ro-vibrational [H$_2$]{} emission have been combined with the mid-IR data and used to derive additional shock parameters in the brightest blue- and red-shifted emission knots. ", "A high abundance of atomic hydrogen (H/[H$_2$]{}$\\sim$ 0.1-0.3) is implied by the observed [H$_2$]{} column densities, assuming n([H$_2$]{}) values as derived by independent SiO observations. ", "The presence of a high fraction of atomic hydrogen, indicates that a partially-dissociative shock component should be considered for the [H$_2$]{} excitation in these localized regions. ", "However, planar shock models, either of C- or J-type, are not able to consistently reproduce all the physical parameters derived from our analysis of the [H$_2$]{} emission. ", "Globally, [H$_2$]{} emission contributes to about 50% of the total shock radiated energy in the L1157 outflow. ", "We find that the momentum flux through the shocks derived from the radiated luminosity is comparable to the thrust of the associated molecular outflow, supporting the scenario where this latter is driven by the shock working surface.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Brunella Nisini, Teresa Giannini, David A. Neufeld, Yuan Yuan, Simone Antoniucci, Edwin A. Bergin, Gary J. Melnick'\ntitle: 'Spitzer spectral line mapping of protostellar outflows: II H$_2$ emission in L1157'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe interaction of protostellar outflows with the ambient molecular cloud occurs through radiative shocks that compress and heat the gas, which in turn cools down through line emission at different wavelengths. ", "In the dense medium where the still very embedded protostars (the so called class 0 sources) are located, shocks are primarily non-dissociative, and hence the cooling is mainly through emission from abundant molecules. ", "Molecular hydrogen is by far the most abundant species in these environments, and although [H$_2$]{} emits only through quadrupole transitions with low radiative rates, it represents the main gas coolant in flows from young protostars. [", "H$_2$]{} shocked emission in outflows has been widely studied in the past mainly through its ro-vibrational emission in the near-IR (e.g. Eisl[ö]{}ffel et al. ", "2000; Giannini et al. ", "2004; Caratti o Garatti et al. ", "2006) that traces the dense gas at T$\\sim$2000-4000 K. Most of the thermal energy associated with the shocks is however radiated away through the emission of [H$_2$]{} rotational transitions of the ground state vibrational level at $\\lambda \\le 28\\mu$m (e.g. Kaufman & Neufeld 1996). ", "Mid-IR [H$_2$]{} lines are easily excited at low densities and temperatures between 300 and 1500 K: therefore they are very good tracers of the molecular shocks associated with the acceleration of ambient gas by matter ejection from the protostar. ", "Given the low excitation temperature, they can also probe regions where [H$_2$]{} has not yet reached the ortho-to-para equilibrium, thus giving information on the thermal history of the shocked gas (Neufeld et al. ", "1998; Wilgenbus et al. ", "2000). ", "In addition, given the different excitation temperature and critical densities of the v=0–0 and v$\\ge$ 1 [H$_2$]{} lines, the combination of mid-IR with near-IR observations is a very powerful tool to constrain the global physical structure and the shock conditions giving rise to the observed emission.", "\n\nThe study of the 0–0 rotational emission in outflows started in some detail with the *Infrared Space Observatory*. ", "Thanks to the observations performed with the SWS and ISOCAM instruments, the shock conditions, the ortho-para ratio and the global [H$_2$]{} cooling have been derived in a handful of flows (e.g. Neufeld et al. ", "1998; Nisini et al. ", "2000; Molinari et al. ", "2000; Lefloch et al. ", "2003). ", "More recently, the *Infrared Spectrometer* (Houck et al. ", "2004) on board *Spitzer*, with its enhanced spatial resolution and sensitivity with respect to the ISO spectrometers, has been used to obtain detailed images of the [H$_2$]{} rotational emission, from S(0) to S(7), of several outflows, from which maps of important physical parameters, such as temperature, column density and o/p ratio, have been constructed (Neufeld et al. ", "2006; Maret et al. ", "2009; Dionatos et al. ", "2010). ", "In this framework, Neufeld et al. (", "2009, hereafter N09) have recently presented IRS spectroscopic maps observations of five young protostellar outflows at wavelengths between 5.2 and 37[$\\mu$m]{}, and discussed their averaged physical properties and overall energetics. ", "In all the flows, the [H$_2$]{} S(0)-S(7) emission has been detected and contributes to more than 95% of the total line luminosity in the 5.2-37[$\\mu$m]{} range, while atomic emission, in the form of FeII and SI fine structure lines, accounts for only the remaining $\\sim$5%.", "\n\nIn the present paper, we will analyse the [H$_2$]{} line maps obtained by N09 towards the L1157 outflow, with the aim of deriving the main physical conditions pertaining to the molecular gas and their variations within the flow. ", "This in turn will give information on the thermal history of the flow and on how energy is progressively transferred from the primary ejection event to the slow moving ambient gas.", "\n\nFor this first detailed analysis, L1157 has been chosen among the sources observed by N09 given its uniqueness as a very active and well studied flow at different wavelengths. ", "More than 20 different chemical species have been indeed detected in the shocked spots of this object (Bachiller & Perez Gutierrez 1997; Benedettini et al. ", "2007), some of them for the first time in outflows (e.g. HNCO, Rodr[í]{}guez-Fern[á]{}ndez et al. ", "2010, and complex organic molecules, Arce et al. ", "2008, Codella et al. ", "2009) , testifying for a rich shock induced chemistry. ", "Warm [H$_2$]{} shocked emission in L1157 is also evidenced through near-IR maps (e.g. Davis & Eislöffel, 1995) and Spitzer-IRAC images (Looney et al. ", "2007). ", "The L1157 outflow has been also recently investigated with the *Herschel Space Observatory*, showing to be very strong also at far-IR wavelengths (Codella et al. ", "2010, Lefloch et al. ", "2010, Nisini et al. ", "2010).", "\n\nThe L1157 outflow extends about 0.7 pc in length. ", "Its distance is uncertain and has been estimated between 250 and 440 pc. ", "Here we will adopt D=440 pc for an easier comparison with other works. ", "The outflow is driven by a highly embedded, low mass class 0 source (L1157-mm or IRAS20386+6751) having $L_{bol} \\sim $ 8.3 $L_\\odot$ (Froebrich 2005). ", "It is a very nice example of an outflow driven by a precessing and pulsed jet, possessing an S-shaped structure and different cavities, whose morphology has been reproduced assuming that the outflow is inclined by $\\sim$80$^\\circ$ to the line of sight and the axis of the underlying jet precesses on a cone of 6$^\\circ$ opening angle (Gueth et al. ", "1996). ", "The episodic mass ejection events are evidenced by the presence, along the flow, of individual clumps that are symmetrically displaced with respect to the central source. ", "It is therefore a very interesting target for a study of the physical conditions pertaining to these active regions through an [H$_2$]{} excitation analysis.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follow: the observations and the main results are summarized in §2. ", "In §3 we describe the analysis performed on the [H$_2$]{} images to derive maps of temperature, column density and ortho-to-para ratio. ", "A more detailed NLTE analysis on individual emission peaks is also presented here, where the Spitzer data are combined with near-IR data to further constrain the excitation conditions. ", "The implications of these results for the shock conditions along the L1157 flow are discussed in §4, together with an analysis of the global energy budget in the flow. ", "A brief summary follows in $\\S 5$.\n\nObservations and results \\[analysis\\]\n=====================================\n\nObservations of the L1157 outflow were obtained in November 2007 with the IRS instrument, during Cycle 4 of the Spitzer mission . ", "The full IRS spectral range (5.2-36.5$\\mu$m) was observed with the Long-High (LH), Short-High (SH) (R $\\sim$ 600) and Short-Low (SL) (R between 64 and 128) modules. ", "The L1157 outflow region was covered through 5 individual IRS maps of $\\sim$ 1x1 of size each, arranged along the outflow axis. ", "Each map was obtained by stepping the IRS slit by half of its width in the direction perpendicular to the slit length. ", "For the SH and LH modules the slit was stepped also parallel to its axis by 4/5 (SL) and 1/5 (LH) of its length. ", "Details on the data reduction that generated the individual line maps from the IRS scans are given in N09. ", "The final maps have been resampled to a grid of 2 spacing allowing a pixel by pixel comparison of maps obtained with the different IRS modules. ", "Maps of the brightest detected lines as well as the full spectrum in a representative position are shown in Fig.7 and Fig.12 of N09. ", "As regards to [H$_2$]{}, all the pure rotational lines of the first vibrational levels, from S(0) to S(7), are detected at various intensity along the flow. ", "Here we report, in Tab. ", "\\[fluxes\\], the [H$_2$]{} brightness measured in a 20 FWHM Gaussian aperture towards different positions.", "\n\nFig1 shows the L1157 maps of the S(1) and S(2) lines while Fig.2 displays the S(5) line with superimposed contours of the CO 2–1 emission from Bachiller et al. ", "2001. ", "In the same figure, a map of the 2.12 $\\mu$m 1–0 S(1) line is also presented. ", "The morphology of the 0–0 S(5) and 1–0 S(1) is very similar, with peaks of mid-IR emission located at the near-IR knots from A to D, as identified by Davis & Eislöffel (1995). ", "When compared with the CO map, the mid-IR [H$_2$]{} emission appears to follow the curved chain of clumps (labelled as B0-B1-B2 and R0-R1-R, for the blue-shifted and red-shifted lobes, respectively) that also correspond to peaks of SiO emission, as resolved in interferometric observation by Gueth et al. (", "1998) and Zhang et al. (", "2000). ", "The L1157 outflow morphology has been suggested to delineate a precessing flow (Gueth et al. ", "1996), where the [H$_2$]{} and SiO peak emission knots follow the location of the actual working surface of the precessing jet and are thus associated with the youngest ejection episodes. ", "Diffuse [H$_2$]{} emission is also detected in the S(1)-S(2) maps, that delineates the wall of a cavity that connects the central source with both the R0 and B0 clumps. ", "Such a cavity has been recognized in the CO 1-0 interferometric maps and it is likely created by the propagation of large bow-shocks. ", "The S(1)-S(2) maps of Fig.1 show extended emission of [H$_2$]{} also in the SE direction (i.e. where the B2 clump is located) and in the eastern edge of the northern lobe, that also follow quite closely the CO morphology: these regions at lower excitation might trace additional cavities created by an older ejection episode of the precessing jet.", "\n\n H$_2$ Analysis \n================\n\nLTE 2D analysis of the rotational lines: maps of averaged parameters {#sec:maps}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe have used the [H$_2$]{} line maps to obtain the 2D distribution of basic [H$_2$]{} physical parameters, through the analysis of the rotational diagrams in each individual pixel. ", "As described in N09, who analysed the global [H$_2$]{} excitation conditions in L1157, the distribution of upper level column densities of the S(0)-S(7) lines as a function of their excitation energy, does not follow a straight line, indicating that a temperature stratification in the observed medium exists. ", "The exact form of this temperature stratification depends on the type of shock the [H$_2$]{} lines are tracing, as they probe the post-shock regions where the gas cools from $\\sim $ 1000 K to $ \\sim $ 200 K.\n\nThe simplest way to parametrize the post-shock temperature stratification is to assume a power-law distribution: this approach was applied by Neufeld & Yuan (2008), which also show that this type of distribution is expected in gas ahead of unresolved bow-shocks. ", "On this basis, and following also N09, we fit the observations assuming a slab of gas where the [H$_2$]{} column density in each layer at a given $T$ varies as $ dN \\propto T^{-\\beta}dT$.\n\nThis law is integrated, to find the total column density, between a minimum ($T_{min} $) and a maximum ($T_{max}$) temperatures . ", "For our calculations we have kept $T_{max}$ fixed at 4000 K, since gas at temperatures larger than this value is not expected to contribute to the emission of the observed pure rotational lines. ", "$T_{min} $ was instead assumed to be equal, in each position, to the minimum temperature probed by the observed lines. ", "This $T_{min} $ is taken as the excitation temperature giving rise to the observed ratio of the S(0) and S(1) column densities, assuming a Boltzman distribution. ", "The $T_{min} $ value ranges between $\\sim$150 and 400 K.\n\nWe found that the approach of a variable $T_{min}$ produces always fits with a better $\\chi^2$ than assuming a fixed low value in all positions. ", "We also assume the gas is in LTE conditions. ", "Critical densities of rotational lines from S(0) to S(7) range between 4.9 [cm$^{-3}$]{} (S(0)) and 4.4$\\times$10$^5$[cm$^{-3}$]{}(S(7)) at T=1000 K assuming only [H$_2$]{} collisions (Le Bourlot et al. ", "1999): critical densities decrease if collisions with H and He are not negligible. ", "Deviations from LTE can be therefore expected only for the high-$J$ S(6) and S(7) transitions: the S/N of these transitions in the individual pixels is however not high enough to disentangle, in the rotational diagrams, NLTE effects from the effects caused by the variations of the other considered parameters. ", "In particular, as also discussed in N09, there is a certain degree of degeneracy in the density and the $\\beta$ parameter of the temperature power law in a NLTE treatment that we are not able to remove in the analysis of the individual pixels. ", "This issue will be further discussed in §\\[sec:NLTE\\]. ", "An additional parameter of our fit is the ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) value. ", "It is indeed recognized that the 0–0 [H$_2$]{} lines are often far from being in ortho-to-para equilibrium, an effect that in a rotational diagram is evidenced by a characteristic zigzag behavior in which column densities of lines with even-$J$ lie systematically above those of odd-$J$ lines. ", "In order not to introduce too many parameters, we assume a single OPR value as a free parameter for the fit. ", "In reality, the OPR value is temperature dependent (e.g. N09 and §\\[sec:NLTE\\]), and therefore the high-$J$ lines might present an OPR value closer to equilibrium then the low-$J$ transitions. ", "Our fit gives therefore only a value averaged over the temperature range probed by the lines considered (i.e. $\\sim$200-1500 K).", "\n\nIn summary, we have varied only three parameters, namely the total [H$_2$]{} column density N([H$_2$]{}), the OPR, and the temperature power law index $\\beta$, in order to obtain the best model fit through a $\\chi^2$ minimization procedure and assuming a 20$\\%$ flux uncertainty for all the lines. ", "The fit was performed only in those pixels where at least four lines with an S/N larger than 3 have been detected. ", "Before performing the fit, the line column densities were corrected for extinction assuming $A_v$ = 2 (Caratti o Garatti et al. ", "2006) and adopting the Rieke & Lebofsky (1985) extinction law. ", "At the considered wavelengths, variations of $A_v$ of the order of 1-2mag do not affect any of the derived results.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:ncol\\] shows the derived map of the [H$_2$]{} column density, while in Fig. ", "\\[fig:b\\_tmin\\] and \\[fig:op\\_tcold\\] maps of the OPR and $\\beta$ are displayed together with temperature maps relative to the ”cold” and ”warm” components ($T_{cold}$ and $T_{warm}$), i.e. the temperature derived from linearly fitting the S(0)-S(1)-S(2) and S(5)-S(6)-S(7) lines, once corrected for the derived OPR value. ", "In Fig. ", "6 we also show the individual excitation diagrams for selected positions along the flow, obtained from intensities measured in a 20$\"$ FWHM Gaussian aperture centered towards emission peaks (Tab. ", "1). ", "Values of the fitted parameters in these positions are reported in Tab. ", "\\[param\\]. ", "In addition to $T_{cold}$ and $T_{warm}$, we give in this table also the values of the average temperature in each knot, derived through a linear fit through all the [H$_2$]{} lines ($T_{med}$).", "\n\nThe maps show significant variations in the inferred parameters along the outflow. ", "The [H$_2$]{} column density ranges between 5$\\times$10$ ^{19} $ and 3$\\times$10$ ^{20} $[cm$^{-3}$]{}. ", "The region at the highest column density is located towards the B1 molecular bullet (see Fig. ", "\\[fig:h2co\\])[^1]. ", "This is consistent with the higher column density of CO found in B1 with respect to other positions in the blue lobe (Bachiller & Perez Gutierrez 1997), and might suggest that this is a zone where the outflowing gas is compressed due to the impact with a region of higher density (Nisini et al. ", "2007). ", "Towards the NW, red-shifted outflow, the column density has a more uniform distribution, with a plateau at $ \\sim 10 ^{20} $ [cm$^{-2}$]{} that follows the [H$_2$]{} intensity distribution. ", "The N([H$_2$]{}) decreases at the apex of the red-shifted outflow, with a value slightly below $ 10 ^{20} $ [cm$^{-2}$]{} at the position of the D near-IR knot.", "\n\n$T_{cold}$ ranges between $ \\sim $ 250 and 550 K. The highest values are found at the tip of the northern outflow lobe, while local maxima corresponds to the positions of line intensity peaks. ", "$T_{warm}$ ranges between $ \\sim $ 1000 and 1500 K. In this case the highest values are in the southern lobe, at the position of the A NIR knot. ", "As a general trend, the $T_{warm}$ value decreases going from the southern to the northern peaks of emission, with the minimum value at the position of the D NIR knot.", "\n\n$\\beta$ values range between $ \\sim $4-4.5 in the blue-shifted lobe while it is larger in the red-shifted lobe, with maximum values of $ \\sim $ 5.5 at the tip of the flow. ", "Due to the degeneracy between $\\beta$ and density discussed in the previous section, these values can be considered as upper limits because of our assumption of LTE conditions. ", "Neufeld & Yuan (2008) have discussed the $\\beta$ index expectations in bow-shock excitation. ", "A $\\beta$ index of $ \\sim $ 3.8 is expected in paraboloid bow shocks having a velocity at the bow apex high enough to dissociate H$_2$, in which case the temperature distribution extends to the maximum allowed temperature. ", "Slower shocks that are not able to attain the maximum temperature, produce steeper temperature distributions, i.e. with values of $ \\beta $ greater than 3.8. ", "This is consistent with our findings: low values of $ \\beta $ (of the order of 4) are found in the blue-shifted lobe: here, evidence of [H$_2$]{} dissociation is given by the detection of atomic lines (i.e. \\[SiII\\], \\[FeII\\] and \\[SI\\]) in the IRS spectrum. ", "In the red-shifted lobe, where values of $\\beta$ larger than 4 are derived in the LTE assumption, no atomic emission is detected and the $T_{warm}$ values are lower than those measured in the blue-shifted lobe, indicating a maximum temperature lower than in the blue flow .", "\n\nThe OPR varies significantly along the outflow, spanning from $ \\sim $ 0.6 to 2.8. ", "Hence it is always below the equilibrium value of 3. ", "Although a one-to-one correlation between temperature and OPR cannot be discerned, some trends can be inferred from inspection of Fig. ", "\\[fig:op\\_tcold\\]. ", "In general the OPR minima are observed in plateau regions between two consecutive intensity peaks, where also the cold temperature has its lowest values. ", "At variance with this trend, the emission filaments delineating the outflow cavity within $\\pm$ 20$ \\arcsec $ from the mm source, where the cold temperature reaches a minimum value of $ \\sim $ 250 K, show rather high values of the OPR, $ \\sim $2.4-2.8. ", "This might suggests that this region has experienced an older shock event that has raised the OPR, though not to the equilibrium value, and where the gas had time to cool at a temperature close to the pre-shock gas temperature. ", "On the other hand, at the apex of both the blue- and red-shifted lobes, where the cold temperatures are relatively high (i.e. 500-550 K), the OPR is rather low, $ 1.5-2.0 $. ", "Evidence of regions of low OPR and high temperatures at the outflow tips has been already given in other flows (Neufeld et al. ", "2006; Maret et al. ", "2009). ", "It has been suggested that these represent zones subject to recent shocks where the OPR has not had time yet to reach the equilibrium value.", "\n\n NLTE analysis: constraints on H and H$_2$ particle density {#sec:NLTE}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nAdditional constraints on the physical conditions responsible for the [H$_2$]{} excitation, are provided by combining the emission of the mid-IR [H$_2$]{} pure-rotational lines from the ground vibrational level with the emission from near-IR ro-vibrational lines. ", "It can be seen from Fig. ", "\\[fig:h2co\\] that the 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} emission follows quite closely the emission of the 0–0 lines at higher $J$. In addition to the 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} data presented in Fig. ", "\\[fig:h2co\\], we have also considered the NIR long-slit spectra obtained on the A and C NIR knots by Caratti o Garatti (2006). ", "These knots, at the spatial resolution of the NIR observations (i.e. $\\sim$0.8), are separated in several different sub-structures that have been individually investigated with the long-slit spectroscopic observations. ", "For our analysis we have considered the data obtained on the brightest of the sub-structures, that coincide, in position, with peaks of the 1–0 S(1) line.", "\n\nIn order to inter-calibrate in flux the Spitzer data with these NIR long-slit data, obtained with a slit-width of 0.5 arcsec, we have proceeded as follows: we first convolved the 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} image at the resolution of the Spitzer images and than performed photometry on the A and C peaks positions with a 20 diameter Gaussian aperture, i.e. with the same aperture adopted for the brightness given in Tab. ", "\\[fluxes\\]. ", "We have then scaled the fluxes of the individual lines given in Caratti o Garatti (2006) in order to match the 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} flux gathered in the slit with that measured by the image photometry. ", "In doing this, we assumed that the average excitation conditions within the 20$\\arcsec$ aperture are not very different from those of the A-C peaks. ", "This assumption is observationally supported by the fact that the ratios of different [H$_2$]{} NIR lines do not change significantly (i.e. less than 20%) in the A-C knot substructures separately investigated in Caratti o Garatti (2006). ", "We have considered only those lines detected with S/N larger than 5; in practice this means considering lines from the first four and three vibrational levels for knots A and C, respectively. ", "The excitation diagrams obtained by combining the Spitzer and NIR data for these two knots are displayed in Fig.\\[fig:ACfit\\].", "\n\nIn order to model together the 0–0 lines and the near-IR ro-vibrational lines, we have implemented two modifications to the approach adopted previously. ", "First of all, the NIR lines probe gas at temperatures higher than the pure rotational lines, of few thousands of K, at which values it is expected that the OPR has already reached equilibrium. ", "Thus, the ortho-para conversion time as a function of temperature needs to be included in the fitting procedure, since lines excited at different temperatures have different OPRs. ", "We have here adopted the approach of N09 and used an analytical expression for the OPR as a function of the temperature, considering a gas that had an initial value of the ortho-to-para ratio OPR$_0 $ and has been heated to a temperature T for a time $ \\tau$. Assuming that the para-to-ortho conversion occurs through reactive collisions with atomic hydrogen, we have:\n\n$$\\frac{OPR(\\tau)}{1+OPR(\\tau)} = \\frac{OPR_0}{1+OPR_0}\\,e^{-n(H)k\\tau} + {\\frac{OPR_{LTE}}{1+OPR_{LTE}}}\\,\\left( 1 - e^{-n(H)k\\tau}\\right)$$\n\nIn this expression, n(H) is the number density of atomic hydrogen and OPR$_{LTE}$ is the ortho-to-para ratio equlibrium value. ", "The parameter $ k $ is given by the sum of the rates coefficients for para-to-ortho conversion ($ k_{po} $), estimated as 8$ \\times $10$ ^{-11} $exp(-3900/T) cm$ ^{3} $s$ ^{-1} $, and for ortho-to-para conversion, $ k_{op} \\sim k_{po}/3 $ (Schofield et al. ", "1967). ", "Thus the dependence of the OPR on the temperature is implicitly given by the dependence on T of the $ k $ coefficient. ", "The inclusion of a function of OPR on $T$, introduces one additional parameter to our fit: while we have previously considered only the average OPR of the 0–0 lines, we will fit here the initial OPR$_0 $ value and the coefficient $ K = n(H)\\tau $.", "\n\nThe second important change that we have introduced with respect to the previous fitting procedure, is to include a NLTE treatment of the [H$_2$]{} level column densities. ", "In fact, the critical densities of the NIR lines are much higher than those of the pure rotational lines (see Le Bourlot et al. ", "1999). ", "For example, the $n _{crit} $ of the 1-0 S(1) 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} line is 10$^7$[cm$^{-3}$]{} assuming only collisions with [H$_2$]{} and T=2000 K. Therefore the previously adopted LTE approximation might not be valid when combining lines from different vibrational levels. ", "This is illustrated in Fig.\\[fig:plot\\_dens\\], where we plot the results obtained by varying the [H$_2$]{} density between 10$ ^{3} $ and 10$ ^{7} $[cm$^{-3}$]{} while keeping the other model parameters fixed . ", "The observed column densities in the A position are displayed for comparison. ", "For the NLTE statistical equilibrium computation we have adopted the [H$_2$]{} collisional rate coefficients given by Le Bourlot et al. (", "1999) [^2] . ", "This figure demonstrates the sensitivity of the relative ratios between 0–0 and 1–0 transitions to density variations. ", "For example, in this particular case, the ratio N([H$_2$]{})$_{0-0 S(7)}$/N([H$_2$]{})$_{1-0 S(1)}$ is 64.6 at n([H$_2$]{})=10$ ^{4} $ [cm$^{-3}$]{} and 1.9 at n([H$_2$]{}) $ \\gtrsim $ 10$ ^{7} $ [cm$^{-3}$]{}. ", "The figure also shows that the observational points display only a small misalignment in column densities between the 0–0 lines and the 1–0 lines, already indicating that the ro-vibrational lines are close to LTE conditions at high density.", "\n\nIn Fig.\\[fig:ACfit\\], we show the final best-fit models for the combined mid- and near-IR column densities in the A and C positions. ", "As anticipated, the derived n([H$_2$]{}) densities are large, of the order of 10$ ^{7} $ and 6$\\times$10$ ^{6}$ [cm$^{-3}$]{}, for the A and C positions, respectively. ", "The two positions indeed show very similar excitation conditions: only the column density is a factor of 3 smaller in knot C. Hence, we conclude that the lack of detection of rotational lines with v$ > $ 3 in knot C, in contrast to knot A (Caratti o Garatti et al. ", "2006), is due purely to a smaller number of emitting molecules along the line of sight and not to different excitation conditions.", "\n\nThe derived [H$_2$]{} densities are much higher than previous estimates based on other tracers. ", "Nisini et al. (", "2007) derive a density of 4$\\times$10$ ^{5} $ [cm$^{-3}$]{} at the position of knot A from multi-line SiO observations, thus more than an order of magnitude smaller than those inferred from our analysis. ", "The high-J CO lines observed along the blue-shifted lobe of L1157 by Hirano et al. (", "2001), indicate a density even smaller, of the order of 4$\\times$10$ ^{4} $ [cm$^{-3}$]{}. ", "SiO is synthesized and excited in a post-shock cooling zone where the maximum compression is reached, therefore it should trace post-shock regions at densities higher than [H$_2$]{}(e.g. ", "Gusdorf et al. ", "2008). ", "One possibility at the origin of the discrepancy is our assumption of collisions with only [H$_2$]{} molecules, and thus of a negligible abundance of H. This can be considered roughly true in the case of non-dissociative C-shocks, where H atoms are produced primarely in the chemical reactions that form H$_2$O from O and [H$_2$]{}, with an abundance n(H)/n([H$_2$]{}+H) $ \\sim $ 10$^{-3}$ (e.g. Kaufmann & Neufeld 1996). ", "However, if the shock is partially dissociative, the abundance of H can increase considerably and collisions with atomic hydrogen cannot be neglected, in view of its large efficiency in the [H$_2$]{} excitation. ", "This situation cannot be excluded at least for the knot A, where atomic emission from \\[FeII\\] and \\[SI\\] has been detected in our Spitzer observations. ", "Since we cannot introduce the n(H) as an additional independent parameter of our fit, we have fixed n([H$_2$]{}) at the value derived from SiO observations (4$\\times$10$ ^{5} $ [cm$^{-3}$]{}, Nisini et al. ", "2007) and varied the H/[H$_2$]{} abundance ratio. ", "The best fit is in this case obtained with a ratio H/[H$_2$]{}=0.3: this indicates that our observational data are consistent with previous [H$_2$]{} density determinations only if a large fraction of the gas is in atomic form.", "\n\nTurning back to the inferred OPR variations with temperature, our fit implies that the OPR in the cold gas component at T=300 K is significantly below the equilibrium value, while the value of OPR=3 is reached in the hot gas at T=2000 K traced by the NIR lines. ", "The parameter $K=n(H)\\tau$ is constrained to be $\\sim$10$^6$ and 10$^7$ yr[cm$^{-3}$]{} for knots A and C, respectively. ", "We can also estimate the time needed for the gas to reach this distribution of OPR, from the limits on the atomic hydrogen abundance previously discussed. ", "Our data implies a high value of the n(H) density: a minimum value of n(H) $\\sim$0.6-1$\\times$10$^4$[cm$^{-3}$]{}, (for knots C and A, respectively) is given if we assume H/[H$_2$]{}$\\sim$ 10$^{-3}$ (and thus the n([H$_2$]{}) $\\sim$ 10$ ^{7} $[cm$^{-3}$]{}, given by our fit), while a maximum value of $\\sim$10$^5$[cm$^{-3}$]{}, is derived from the fit where n([H$_2$]{}) is kept equal to 4$\\times$10$ ^{5} $ [cm$^{-3}$]{}. ", "The high abundance of atomic H ensures that conversion of para- to ortho-[H$_2$]{} proceeds very rapidly: the fitted values of the K parameter indeed imply that the observed range of OPR as function of temperature have been attained in a timescale between 100 and 1000 yrs for both the knots.", "\n\nFinally, given the column density and particle density discussed above, we can estimate the [H$_2$]{} cooling length ($L \\sim$ N([H$_2$]{})/n([H$_2$]{})). ", "If we consider the case of n([H$_2$]{}) $\\sim$ 10$ ^{7} $[cm$^{-3}$]{}, and negligible n(H), we have $L \\sim$ 10$ ^{13} $ cm while a length of $\\sim$ 10$ ^{15} $ cm is inferred in the case of n([H$_2$]{})$\\sim$ 4$\\times$10$^5$[cm$^{-3}$]{}. ", "All the parameters derived from the above analysis are summarised in Tab. ", "\\[shock\\] and they will be discussed in the next section in the framework of different shock models.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nShock conditions giving rise to the [H$_2$]{} emission\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe copious [H$_2$]{} emission at low excitation observed along the L1157 outflow indicates that the interaction of the flow with the ambient medium occurs prevalently through non-dissociative shocks. ", "Both the Spitzer IRS maps of N09, and the NIR narrow band images of Caratti o Garatti et al. ", "2006, show that significant gas dissociation in L1157 occurs only at the A peak, where both mid-IR lines from \\[FeII\\], \\[SII\\] and \\[SI\\] and weak \\[FeII\\] at 1.64[$\\mu$m]{} have been detected. ", "Weaker \\[SI\\]25[$\\mu$m]{} and \\[FeII\\]26[$\\mu$m]{} emission have been also detected on the C spot, but overall the atomic transitions give a negligible contribution to the total gas cooling, as pointed out in N09. ", "These considerations suggest that most of the shocks along the outflow occur at speeds below $\\sim$ 40[kms$^{-1}$]{}, as this is the velocity limit above which [H$_2$]{} is expected to be dissociated. ", "The knot A is the only one showing a clear bow-shock structure. ", "Here the velocity at the bow apex is probably high, causing [H$_2$]{} dissociation and atomic line excitation, consistent with the fitted temperature power law $\\beta$ of $\\sim$ 4, as discussed in §3.1, while the bulk of the [H$_2$]{} emission comes from shocks at lower velocities originating in the bow wings.", "\n\nConstraints on the shock velocity that gives rise to the molecular emission in L1157 have been already given in previous works. ", "The sub-mm SiO emission and abundances, measured in different outflow spots, suggest shock velocities of the order of 20-30[kms$^{-1}$]{} (Nisini et al. ", "2007). ", "The comparison of SiO and [H$_2$]{}  emission against detailed shock models performed by Gusdorf et al. (", "2008) confirm a similar range of velocities in the NIR-A knot, although the authors could not find a unique shock model that well represents both the emissions.", "\n\nCabrit et al. (", "1999) found that the column density of the mid-IR [H$_2$]{} emission lines, from S(2) to S(8), observed by ISO-ISOCAM was consistent either with C-shocks having velocities of $\\sim$25[kms$^{-1}$]{} or with J-shocks at lower velocity, of the order of $\\sim$10[kms$^{-1}$]{}. ", "Gusdorf et al. (", "2008), however, conclude that stationary shock models, either of C- or J-type, are not able to reproduce the observed rotational diagram on the NIR-A position, constructed combining ISOCAM data and NIR vibrational lines emission. ", "A better fit was obtained by these authors considering non-stationary shock models, which have developed a magnetic precursor but which retain a J-type discontinuity (the so-called CJ shocks, Flower et al. ", "2003). ", "Similar conclusions, but on a different outflow, have been reached by Giannini et al. ", "2006 who studied the [H$_2$]{} mid- and near-IR emission in HH54: in general, stady-state C- and J-type shocks fail to reproduce simultaneously the column densities of both the ro-vibrational and the v=0, pure-rotational [H$_2$]{} levels.", "\n\nA different way to look at the issue of the prevailing shock conditions in the observed regions, is to compare the set of physical parameters that we have inferred from our analysis to those expected from different shocks. ", "With this aim, we summarize in Tab. ", "\\[shock\\] the physical properties derived on the A and C [H$_2$]{} knots. ", "In addition to the parameters derived from the NLTE analysis reported in Section \\[analysis\\], namely H$_2$ post-shock density, H/[H$_2$]{} fraction, initial OPR, cooling length and time, the table reports also the average values of OPR and rotational temperature, as they are measured from a simple linear fit of the rotational diagrams presented in Fig. ", "\\[fig:fit\\_nir\\].", "\n\nAs mentioned in §3.2, the high fraction of atomic hydrogen inferred by our analysis rule out excitation in a pure C-shock. ", "In fact, dissociation in C-shocks is always too low to have a H/H$_2$ ratio higher than 5$\\times$10$^{-3}$, irrespective from the shock velocity and magnetic field strength (Kaufman & Neufeld 1996; Wilgenbus et al. ", "2000). ", "C-shocks are not consistent with the derived parameters even if we consider the model fit with the high [H$_2$]{} post-shock density of the order of 10$^{7}$ [cm$^{-3}$]{}and negligible atomic hydrogen: in this case we derive an emission length of 10$^{13}$ cm, which is much lower than the cooling length expected in C-shocks, which, although decreasing with the pre-shock density, is never less than 10$^{15}$ cm (Neufeld et al. ", "2006) .", "\n\nStationary J-shock models better reproduce some of our derived parameters. ", "For example, in J-type shocks the fraction of hydrogen in the post-shocked gas can reach the values of 0.1-0.3 we have inferred, provided that the shock velocity is larger than $\\sim$ 20 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. ", "In general, a reasonable agreement with the inferred post-shock density and H/[H$_2$]{} ratio is achieved with models having $v_s$=20-25 [kms$^{-1}$]{}and pre-shock densities of 10$^3$[cm$^{-3}$]{}(Wilgenbus et al. ", "2000). ", "Such models predict a shock flow time of the order of 100 yr or less, which is also in agreement with the value estimated in our analysis at least in knot A. In such models, however, the cooling length is an order of magnitude smaller than the inferred value of $ \\sim $10$ ^{15} $ cm. ", "In addition, the gas temperature remains high for most of the post-shocked region: the average rotational temperature of the v=0 vibrational level is predicted to be, according to the Wilgenbus et al. (", "2000) grid of models, always about 1600 K or larger, as compared with the value of about 800-900 K inferred from observations. ", "The consequence of the above inconsistencies is that J-type shocks tend to underestimate the column densities of the lowest [H$_2$]{} rotational levels in L1157, an effect already pointed out by Gusdorf et al. (", "2008).", "\n\nAs mentioned before, Gusdorf et al. (", "2008) conclude that the [H$_2$]{} pure rotational emission in L1157 is better fitted with a non-stationary C+J shock model with either $v_s$ between 20 and 25 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and pre-shock densities $n_H = 10^4$ [cm$^{-3}$]{}, or with $v_s \\sim 15$ [kms$^{-1}$]{} and higher pre-shock densities of $n_H = 10^5$ [cm$^{-3}$]{}. ", "Such models, however, still underestimate the column densities of the near-IR transitions: the post-shocked [H$_2$]{} gas density remains lower than the NIR transitions critical density and the atomic hydrogen produced from [H$_2$]{} dissociation is not high enough to populate the vibrational levels to equilibrium conditions.", "\n\nThe difficulty of finding a suitable single model that reproduce the derived physical conditions is likely related to possible geometrical effects and to the fact that multiple shocks with different velocities might be present along the line of sight. ", "It would be indeed interesting to explore whether bow-shock models might be able to predict the averaged physical characteristics along the line of sight that we infer from our analysis.", "\n\nFlow energetics\n---------------\n\n[H$_2$]{} emission represents one of the main contributor to the energy radiated away in shocks along outflows from very young stars. ", "Kaufman & Neufeld (1996) predicted that between 40 and 70% of the total shock luminosity is emitted in [H$_2$]{} lines for shocks with pre-shock density lower than 10$^5$ [cm$^{-3}$]{} and shock velocities larger than 20 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, the other main contributions being in CO and H$_2$O rotational emission. ", "This has been also observationally tested by Giannini et al. (", "2001) who measured the relative contribution of the different species to the outflow cooling in a sample of class 0 objects observed with ISO-LWS.", "\n\nWe will discuss here the role of the [H$_2$]{} cooling in the global radiated energy of the L1157 outflow. ", "From the best fit model obtained for the knots A and C, we have derived the total, extinction corrected, [H$_2$]{} luminosity by integrating over all the ro-vibrational transitions considered by our model. ", "$L_{\\rm H_2}$ is found to be 8.4$\\times$10$^{-2}$ and 3.7$\\times$10$^{-2}$ L$_\\odot$ for the A and C knots, respectively. ", "Out of this total luminosity, the contribution of only the rotational lines is 5.6$\\times$10$^{-2}$(A) and 2.7$\\times$10$^{-2}$(C) L$_\\odot$, which means that in both cases they represent about 70% of the total [H$_2$]{} luminosity.", "\n\nN09 have found that the total luminosity of the [H$_2$]{} rotational lines from S(0) to S(7), integrated over the entire L1157 outflow, amount to 0.15 L$_\\odot$. If we take into account an additional 30% of contribution from the v$>$0 vibrational levels, we estimate a total [H$_2$]{} luminosity of 0.21 L$_\\odot$. This is a 30% larger than the total [H$_2$]{} luminosity estimated by Caratti o Garatti (2006) in this outflow, assuming a single component gas at temperature between 2000 and 3000 K that fit the NIR [H$_2$]{} lines.", "\n\nIf we separately compute the [H$_2$]{} luminosity in the two outflow lobes, we derive $L_{\\rm H_2}$ = 8.5$\\times$10$^{-2}$ L$_\\odot$ in the blue lobe and 1.3$\\times$10$^{-1}$ L$_\\odot$ in the red lobe. ", "Comparing these numbers with those derived in the individual A and C knots, we note that the A knot alone contributes to most of the [H$_2$]{} luminosity in the blue lobe. ", "By contrast, the [H$_2$]{} luminosity of the red lobe is distributed among several peaks of similar values. ", "This might suggest that most of the energy carried out by the blue-shifted jet is released when the leading bow-shock encounters a density enhancement at the position of the A knot. ", "On the other hand, the red-shifted gas flows more freely without large density discontinuities, and the corresponding shocks are internal bow-shocks, all with similar luminosities.", "\n\nThe integrated luminosity radiated by CO, H$_2$O and OI in L1157 has been estimated, through ISO and recent Herschel observations, as $\\sim$0.2 L$_\\odot$ (Giannini et al. ", "2001, Nisini et al. ", "2010), which means that [H$_2$]{} alone contributes about 50% of the total luminosity radiated by the outflow. ", "Including all contributions, the total shock cooling along the L1157 outflow amounts to about 0.4 L$_\\odot$, i.e. $L_{cool}/L_{bol}$ $\\sim$ 5$\\times$10$^{-2}$, assuming $L_{bol}$=8.4 L$_\\odot$ for L1157-mm (Froebrich 2005). ", "This ratio is consistent with the range of values derived from other class 0 sources from ISO observations (Nisini et al. ", "2002).", "\n\nThe total kinetic energy of the L1157 molecular outflow estimated by Bachiller et al. (", "2001) amounts to 0.2 L$_\\odot$ without any correction for the outflow inclination angle, or to 1.2 L$_\\odot$ if an inclination angle of 80 degrees is assumed. ", "Considering that the derivation of the L$_{kin}$ value has normally an uncertainty of a factor of five (Downes & Cabrit 2007), we conclude that the mechanical energy flux into the shock, estimated as $L_{cool}$, is comparable to the kinetic energy of the swept-out outflow and thus that the shocks giving rise to the H$_2$ emission have enough power to accelerate the molecular outflow.", "\n\nThe total shock cooling derived above can be also used to infer the momentum flux through the shock, i.e. $\\dot{P}$ = 2$L_{cool}$/V$_s$, where V$_s$ is the shock velocity that we can assume, on the basis of the discussion in the previous section, to be of the order of 20 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. ", "Computing the momentum flux separately for the blue and red outflow lobe, we derive $\\dot{P}_{red} \\sim$ 1.7$\\times$10$^{-4}$ and $\\dot{P}_{blue} \\sim$ 1.1$\\times$10$^{-4} $M$_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ [kms$^{-1}$]{}. ", "In this calculation, we have assumed that the contribution from cooling species different from [H$_2$]{}, as estimated by ISO and Herschel, is distributed among the two lobes in proportion to the [H$_2$]{} luminosity. ", "If we assume that the molecular outflow is accelerated at the shock front through momentum conservation, then the above derived momentum flux should results comparable to the thrust of the outflow, derived from the mass, velocity and age measured through CO observations. ", "The momentum flux measured in this way by Bachiller et al. (", "2001) is 1.1$\\times$10$^{-4}$and 2$\\times$10$^{-4}$ M$_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ [kms$^{-1}$]{}in the blue and red lobes, respectively, i.e. comparable to our derived values. ", "It is interesting to note that the $\\dot{P}$ determination from the shock luminosity confirms the asymmetry between the momentum fluxes derived in two lobes. ", "As shown by Bachiller et al. (", "2001), the L1157 red lobe has a 30% smaller mass with respect to the blue lobe, but a higher momentum flux due to the larger flow velocity. ", "The northern red lobe is in fact more extended than the southern lobe: however, given the higher velocity of the red-shifted gas, the mean kinematical ages of the two lobes is very similar.", "\n\nConclusions \\[conclusions\\]\n===========================\n\nWe have analysed the [H$_2$]{} pure rotational line emission, from S(0) to S(7), along the outflow driven by the L1157-mm protostar, mapped with the Spitzer - IRS instrument. ", "The data have been analysed assuming a gas temperature stratification where the [H$_2$]{} column density varies as $T^{-\\beta}$ and 2D maps of the [H$_2$]{} column density, ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) and temperature spectral index $\\beta$ have been constructed. ", "Further constraints on the physical conditions of the shocked gas have been derived in two bright emission knots by combining the Spitzer observations with near-IR data of [H$_2$]{} ro-vibrational emission. ", "Finally, the global [H$_2$]{} radiated energy of the outflow has been discussed in comparison with the energy budget of the associated CO outflow.", "\n\nThe main conclusions derived by our analysis are the following:\n\n- [H$_2$]{} transitions with $J_{lower} \\le$ 2 follows the morphology of the CO molecular outflow, with peaks correlated with individual CO clumps and more diffuse emission that delineates the CO cavities created by the precessing jet. ", "Lines with higher $J$ are localized on the shocked peaks, presenting a morphology similar to that of the [H$_2$]{} 2.12[$\\mu$m]{} ro-vibrational emission.", "\n\n- Significant variations of the derived parameters are observed along the flow. ", "The [H$_2$]{} column density ranges between 5$\\times$10$^{19} $ and 3$\\times$10$^{20} $[cm$^{-2}$]{}: the highest values are found in the blue-shifted lobe, suggesting that here the outflowing gas is compressed due to the impact with a high density region. ", "Gas components in a wide range of temperature values, from $ \\sim $ 250 to $ \\sim $ 1500 K contribute to the [H$_2$]{} emission along individual lines of sight. ", "The largest range of temperature variations is derived towards the intensity peaks closer to the driving source, while a more uniform temperature distribution, with $ T $ between $ 400 $ and $ 1000$ K, is found at the tip of the northern outflow lobe.", "\n\n- The OPR is in general lower than the equilibrium value at high temperatures and spans a range from $\\sim$0.6 to 2.8, with the lowest values found in low temperature plateau regions between consecutive intensity peaks. ", "As in previous studies, we also found the presence of regions at low OPR (1.5-1.8) but with relatively high temperatures. ", "These might represent zones subject to recent shocks where the OPR has not had time yet to reach the equilibrium value.", "\n\n- Additional shock parameters have been derived in the two bright near-IR knots A and C, located in the blue- and red-shifted outflow lobes, where the mid- and near-IR [H$_2$]{}  data have been combined. ", "The ratio between mid- and near-IR lines is very sensitive to the molecular plus atomic hydrogen particle density. ", "A high abundance of atomic hydrogen (H/[H$_2$]{}$\\sim$ 0.1-0.3) is implied by the the observed [H$_2$]{} column densities if we assume n([H$_2$]{}) values as derived by independent mm observations. ", "With this assumption, the cooling lengths of the shock result of the order of 7$\\times$10$ ^{14} $ and 10$ ^{15} $ cm for the A and C knot, respectively. ", "The distribution of OPR values as a function of temperature and the derived abundance of atomic hydrogen, implies that the shock passing time is of the order of 100 yr for knot A and 1000 yr for knot C, given the assumption that the para-to-ortho conversion occurs through reactive collisions with atomic hydrogen. ", "We find that planar shock models, either of C- or J-type, are not able to consistently reproduce all the physical parameters derived from our analysis of the [H$_2$]{} emission.", "\n\n- Globally, [H$_2$]{} emission contributes to about 50% of the total shock radiated energy in the L1157 outflow. ", "We find that the momentum flux through the shocks derived from the radiated luminosity is comparable to the thrust of the associated molecular outflow, supporting a scenario where the working surface of the shocks drives the molecular outflow.", "\n\nThis work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. ", "Financial support from contract ASI I/016/07/0 is acknowledged.", "\n\nArce, H. G., Santiago-Garc[í]{}a, J., J[ø]{}rgensen, J. K., Tafalla, M., & Bachiller, R. 2008, , 681, L21 Bachiller, R., & Perez Gutierrez, M. 1997, , 487, L93 Bachiller, R., P[é]{}rez Guti[é]{}rrez, M., Kumar, M. S. N., & Tafalla, M. 2001, , 372, 899 Benedettini, M., Viti, S., Codella, C., Bachiller, R., Gueth, F., Beltr[á]{}n, M. T., Dutrey, A., & Guilloteau, S. 2007, , 381, 1127 Cabrit, S., et al.", "  1999, The Universe as Seen by ISO, 427, 449 Caratti o Garatti, A., Giannini, T., Nisini, B., & Lorenzetti, D. 2006, , 449, 1077 Codella, C., et al.", " 2009, , 507, L25 Codella, C., et al.", " 2010, , 518, L112 Davis, C..J. & Eislöffel, J. 1995, A&A, 300, 851 Dionatos, O., Nisini, B., Cabrit, S., Kristensen, L., Pineau Des For[ê]{}ts, G.  2010, , submitted Downes, T. P., & Cabrit, S. 2007, , 471, 873 Eisl[ö]{}ffel, J., Smith, M. D., & Davis, C. J. 2000, , 359, 1147 Flower, D. R., Le Bourlot, J., Pineau des For[ê]{}ts, G., & Cabrit, S. 2003, , 341, 70 Froebrich, D. 2005, , 156, 169 Giannini, T., Nisini, B., & Lorenzetti, D. 2001, , 555, 40 Giannini, T., McCoey, C., Caratti o Garatti, A., Nisini, B., Lorenzetti, D., & Flower, D. R. 2004, , 419, 999 Giannini, T., McCoey, C., Nisini, B., Cabrit, S., Caratti o Garatti, A., Calzoletti, L., & Flower, D. R. 2006, , 459, 821 Gueth, F., Guilloteau, S., & Bachiller, R. 1996, , 307, 891 Gueth, F., Guilloteau, S., & Bachiller, R. 1998, , 333, 287 Gusdorf, A., Pineau Des For[ê]{}ts, G., Cabrit, S., & Flower, D. R. 2008, , 490, 695 Hirano, N., & Taniguchi, Y. 2001, , 550, L219 Houck, J. R., et al.", "  2004, , 154, 18 Kaufman, M. J., & Neufeld, D. A. 1996, , 456, 611 Le Bourlot, J., Pineau des For[ê]{}ts, G., & Flower, D. R. 1999, , 305, 802 Lefloch, B., Cernicharo, J., Cabrit, S., Noriega-Crespo, A., Moro-Mart[í]{}n, A., & Cesarsky, D. 2003, , 590, L41 Lefloch, B., et al.", " 2010, , 518, L113 Looney, L. W., Tobin, J. J., & Kwon, W. 2007, , 670, L131 Maret, S., et al.", " 2009, , 698, 1244 Molinari, S., et al.", "  2000, , 538, 698 Neufeld, D. A., Melnick, G. J., & Harwit, M. 1998, , 506, L75 Neufeld, D. A., Melnick, G. J., Sonnentrucker, P. et al.", "  2006, , 649, 816 Neufeld, D. A., & Yuan, Y. 2008, , 678, 974 Neufeld, D. A., Nisini B., Giannini T., et al.", "  2009, , 706, 170, N09 Nisini, B., Benedettini, M., Giannini, T., Codella, C., Lorenzetti, D., di Giorgio, A. M., & Richer, J. S. 2000, , 360, 297 Nisini, B., Giannini, T., & Lorenzetti, D. 2002, , 574, 246 Nisini, B., Codella, C., Giannini, T., Santiago Garcia, J., Richer, J. S., Bachiller, R., & Tafalla, M. 2007, , 462, 163 Nisini, B., et al.", " 2010, , 518, L120 Rodr[í]{}guez-Fern[á]{}ndez, N. J., Tafalla, M., Gueth, F., & Bachiller, R. 2010, , 516, A98 Schofield, K.  1967, Planet. ", "Space Sci., ", "15, 643 Wilgenbus, D., Cabrit, S., Pineau des For[ê]{}ts, G., & Flower, D. R. 2000, , 356, 1010 Rieke, G. H. & Lebofsky,, M. J., 1985, , 288, 618 Zhang, Q., Ho, P. T. P., & Wright, M. C. H. 2000, , 119, 1345\n\n![", "Maps of the fitted temperature power law spectral index $\\beta$ (a), and of the “cold” and “warm” temperature components, derived from a linear fit through the OPR corrected S(0)/S(1)/S(2) lines and S(5)/S(6)/S(7) lines, respectively. ", "Contours of the intensity of the S(5) and S(1) lines are superimposed on the T$_{warm}$ and T$_{cold}$ images, respectively. ", "\\[fig:op\\_tcold\\] ](fig5.eps)\n\n![", "H$_2$ rotational diagrams obtained at the offset positions indicated in each panel. ", "The filled circles correspond to the observations while the solid line is the best LTE fit obtained in each position. ", "The parameters of each fit are summarized in Tab. ", "\\[param\\] \\[fig:fit\\_nir\\] ](fig6.eps)\n\n![", "H$_2$ rotational diagram showing the results of the NLTE model at different H$_2$ densities for the Spitzer observed rotational lines and three bright NIR lines at excitation temperatures between 6000 and 8000 K. The model assumes a slab where the temperature decreases as a power low with index $\\beta$ and where the o/p ratio varies as a function of temperature. ", "The gas is assumed fully molecular (H/H$_2$=0). ", "Filled squares correspond to the observations in a 20$\\arcsec$ aperture centered towards the knot A in the south-east lobe (see Fig.\\[fig:h2image\\]). ", "Different symbols indicate the model results at different densities: the other parameters are indicated in the figure and are kept fixed. ", "It should be noted how the near-IR lines are much more sensitive to density variations than the pure rotational lines, due to their different critical densities. ", "\\[fig:plot\\_dens\\] ](fig7.eps)\n\n![", "H$_2$ rotational diagrams showing the best model fits (open circles) through both the Spitzer and near-IR data (filled squares) in 20$\\arcsec$ apertures centered towards the knots A and C (see Fig.\\[fig:h2image\\]). ", "The gas is assumed fully molecular (H/H$_2$=0). ", "\\[fig:ACfit\\] ](fig8a.eps \"fig:\") ![", "H$_2$ rotational diagrams showing the best model fits (open circles) through both the Spitzer and near-IR data (filled squares) in 20$\\arcsec$ apertures centered towards the knots A and C (see Fig.\\[fig:h2image\\]). ", "The gas is assumed fully molecular (H/H$_2$=0). ", "\\[fig:ACfit\\] ](fig8b.eps \"fig:\")\n\n![", "As in Fig. ", "\\[fig:ACfit\\] but keeping the H$_2$ density equal to the value of 4$\\times$10$^5$ [cm$^{-3}$]{} as measured from SiO (Nisini et al. ", "2007), and varying the H/H$_2$ ratio. ", "Agreement with the data is obtained with a neutral hydrogen abundance $\\sim$ 30% of the H$_2$ density. ", "\\[fig:average\\_opr\\_trot\\] ](fig9.eps)\n\n[^1]: Fig. ", "\\[fig:h2co\\] shows that the molecular clumps B1, R0 and R coincide in position with the NIR [H$_2$]{} knots A, C and D. In the paper, both nomenclature will be used specifying if we refer to the NIR or mm condensations\n\n[^2]: The rate coefficients for collisions with ortho- and para-H$_2$, HI and He, computed in Le Bourlot et al. (", "1999) are available at the web-site: http://ccp7.dur.ac.uk/cooling$\\_$by$\\_$h2/\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "The light transmitting performance of an optical fiber is highly dependent upon the properties of the polymer coating that is applied to the fiber during manufacturing. ", "Typically a dual-layer coating system is used where a soft inner-primary coating is in contact with the glass fiber and a harder, outer-primary or secondary coating surrounds the inner-primary coating. ", "The hard coating allows the fiber to be handled and further processed, while the soft coating plays a key role in dissipating external forces and preventing them from being transferred to the fiber where they can cause microbend induced light attenuation.", "\nThe functional requirements of the inner-primary coating place various requirements on the materials that are used for these coatings. ", "The Young's modulus of the inner-primary coating is generally less than 1 MPa, and is ideally less than 0.5 MPa. ", "The glass transition temperature of the inner-primary coating is less than 5° C., and is ideally about −20° C. or less to ensure that the coating remains soft when the fiber is subjected to low temperatures. ", "In order to ensure uniform deposition on the fiber, the coating is applied to the fiber in liquid form and must quickly form a solid having sufficient integrity to support application of the outer-primary coating. ", "Also, the tensile strength of the coating, which generally decreases as the modulus decreases, must be high enough to prevent tearing defects during draw processing or subsequent processing of the coated fiber during cabling, etc.", "\nTo meet these requirements, optical fiber coatings have traditionally been formulated as mixtures of radiation curable urethane/acrylate oligomers and radiation curable acrylate functional diluents. ", "Upon exposure to light and in the presence of a photoinitiator, the acrylate groups rapidly polymerize to form a crosslinked polymer network which is further strengthened by the hydrogen bonding interactions between urethane groups along the oligomer backbone. ", "By varying the urethane/acrylate oligomer, it is possible to form coatings having very low modulus values while still having sufficient tensile strength. ", "Numerous optical fiber coating formulations have already been disclosed in which the composition of the radiation curable urethane/acrylate oligomer has been varied to achieve different property targets.", "\nDespite the ability to generate coatings that adequately protect the underlying optical fiber and produce low signal loss (attenuation), there continues to be a need to further improve the properties of optical fibers and their coatings. ", "The present invention is directed to overcoming these and other deficiencies in the art." ]

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[ "Correlative association between N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated expression of period genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and phase shifts in behavior with photic entrainment of clock in hamsters.", "\nBecause the rapid induction of Period (Per) genes is associated with the photic entrainment of the biological clock, we examined whether N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were involved in the photic induction of Per genes in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). ", "In situ hybridization observation revealed that light during the early subjective night [circadian time (CT) 13.5] or the late subjective night (CT20) caused an induction of Per1 and Per2 but not Per3 mRNA in the SCN. ", "Photic induction of Per mRNA at CT13.5 was observed especially in the ventrolateral SCN, whereas that at CT20 was more widespread from the ventrolateral to the dorsal SCN. ", "A noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, +MK801, dose-dependently (0. ", "1-5.0 mg/kg) suppressed only the ventrolateral part of Per1 and Per2 mRNA induction by light at CT13.5 or CT20 in the SCN. ", "The suppressive effects of +MK801 on Per mRNA strongly correlated with the attenuating action of this compound on phase shifts by light at both CT13.5 and CT20. ", "A competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV), also exhibited inhibitory actions on light (CT20)-induced Per1 and Per2 mRNA expression in the ventrolateral SCN. ", "Furthermore, local injection of NMDA into the SCN resulted in the induction of Per1 and Per2 mRNA in the SCN. ", "Among NMDA receptors, NR2B and NR2C mRNA were expressed in the ventrolateral and dorsal SCN, respectively. ", "These results suggest that the activation of NMDA receptor is a critical step for photic induction of Per1 and Per2 transcripts in the SCN, which are linked to a photic behavioral entrainment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "During my chiropractic training, I studied the effect of biomechanics as it relates to the entire spine, and especially the lumbosacral region. ", "While studying the basic concepts of how the stress of simple gravity can affect the entire spine and pelvic girdle, I learned that, by some alternating of the posture of the leg, stress on the spine could be eased. ", "After I began my practice, I started dealing with the needs of patients experiencing real pain and suffering that did not always respond quickly to selective modes of conservative health care.", "\nI saw a need to help people who, while sitting or standing, were undergoing acute low back pain of differing origins, as well as those having longer term spinal stress. ", "I soon realized that there is not a product on the market available to these patients, that would reduce the pain by helping to minimize the amount of stress on their spines.", "\nAfter thirteen years of trying to give my patients something they could do at home to alternate their sitting and standing posture stress, I concluded that there needed to be something developed that would give the average adult a way of eliminating sitting and standing stress accumulation. ", "I suggested, at various times, that patients try using books, pieces of wood, or whatever was available, to put their feet upon to alternate spinal stresses. ", "What this seemed to do for patients was, at times, impressive, but not always. ", "What was needed was a more consistent height, angle and surface spatial relationship that would serve the purpose for adults having a wide range of physical stature." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nResizing VMDK Size\n\nI have created a VM with a expanding VMDK set to a 500GB, however, I want to change the size of the VMDK to 40GB, is that possible?", "\nI have searched solutions but most of it are just \"compacting\" the VMDK (I mean removing fragments) and also expanding the VMDK, but none for my requirements. ", "\n\nA:\n\nVMware Converter Standalone will let you change the hard drive from thin provisioned to flat (full size allocated). ", " This will create a VM with a 500GB disk, however. ", " \nYou can use a Linux LiveCD with GParted to resize the partition, however you don't mention the OS, but procedure varies depending on the partition type.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Neuroanatomical correlates of locative prepositions.", "\nVery little research has explored which neural systems may be important for retrieving the meanings of locative prepositions (e.g., in, on, around). ", "To begin to address this knowledge gap, we conducted a lesion study in which we tested the hypothesis that processing the meanings of locative prepositions depends on neural structures in the left inferior prefrontal cortex and left inferior parietal cortex. ", "Seventy-eight subjects with focal, stable lesions to various parts of the telencephalon and a comparison group of 60 normal participants were studied with tasks that require production, comprehension, and semantic analysis of locative prepositions. ", "In support of our hypothesis, we found that in subjects with impaired knowledge of locative prepositions, the highest region of lesion overlap was in the left frontal operculum and the left supramarginal gyrus, and in the white matter subjacent to these two areas. ", "In a second study, focused on six subjects who had pervasive defects for locative preposition knowledge, we confirmed that such defects were associated specifically with damage to the posterior left frontal operculum, white matter subjacent to this region, and white matter underneath the inferior parietal operculum. ", "These subjects did not have basic impairments in spatial processing or working memory, and they had relatively well-preserved processing of conceptual knowledge for actions and various categories of concrete entities (e.g., persons, animals, tools). ", "All six subjects, however, had defects in naming actions, and some of them also had defective naming of some categories of concrete entities. ", "Overall, the findings converge nicely with recent results from functional imaging approaches, and with classic studies from the aphasia-based literature, and suggest that the left inferior prefrontal and left inferior parietal regions have crucial-albeit not exclusive-roles in processing knowledge associated with locative prepositions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCan the boot drive select screen be used with a PC video card?", "\n\nSince installing an unsupported video card typically means you don't get a boot screen on OS X, does that also preclude selecting boot drives on startup by holding down the option key?", "\nI'm looking at getting a Radeon 6870 for a MacPro3,1 for use on OS X Lion. ", "I've filled all the drive bays and sometimes have different OSs installed. ", "I'd also like to know if I'm going to loose access to the recovery drive if I happen to need it.", "\nIf unsupported cards do prevent the boot drive selection screen from displaying, could I install a second 'supported' card in one of the PCIe x4 slots (the other x16 will be blocked) and get the boot drive selection screen back (by plugging in a monitor to it when necessary)?", "\nWhat there any other deficiencies I can expect with this setup? ", "Is a card that works but is unsupported on Lion likely to stop working with future versions of OS X (e.g., Mountain Lion).", "\n\nA:\n\nThe card works fine in Lion but, indeed, without a boot screen or boot drive selection. ", "I've left an old supported video card in another slot, and hooking a monitor to that card shows the boot screen/boot drive selection screen.", "\nI haven't had a chance to try out Mountain Lion on it.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nChoosing COLLATION in cross database join\n\nI am developing a database in the UK (database 1), which has a default collation of: Latin1_General_CI_AS. ", " There is another database created by an American company (database2), which has a default collation of SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS. ", " I sometimes run queries like this:\nselect Person1.* ", "from database1.Person as Person1\ninner join database2.Person as Person2 on Person1.ID=Person2.ID\n\nID is a varchar. ", " Here is the error:\n**Cannot resolve the collation conflict between \"SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS\" and \"Latin1_General_CI_AS\" in the equal to operation.**", "\n\nI get round this by doing this:\nselect Person1.* ", "from database1.Person as Person1\n inner join database2.Person as Person2 on Person1.ID=Person2.ID collate Latin1_General_CI_AS\n\nDoes it matter what collation I specify in the query?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf the columns are varchar (not nvarchar) then they're not going to have data values affected by collation and it won't matter which you choose. ", "If the columns are nvarchar then there might be differences for comparison of the more exotic characters AND the performance may differ. ", "\nPersonally if performance isn't a big deal I'd just use \ncollate database_default\n\nfor ease of writing and so your code is more resilient.", "\nIf performance is an issue then read this article and try the queries both ways with Query Plan On and check out the relative query plans. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nTOLD TO BRING YOUR OWN BEVERAGE SHOW UP WITH CAPRI SUN" ]

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[ "Classic Black-Blue Firemen Jackets\n\nProduct Code:\n\nThese black and blue jackets are the classic ones for firemen. ", "These come with a zipper front so that you can wear them on the go without any difficulty. ", "The inner layer has sweat absorbent facility which keeps you cool and comfortable even after hours of duty." ]

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[ "Reduction in urinary free cortisol during benzodiazepine treatment of panic disorder.", "\nUrinary free cortisol (UFC) levels were measured at baseline and at four and eight weeks after initiation of treatment in 66 patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for primary panic disorder (PD). ", "Thirty-seven normal control subjects also had UFC levels measured three times at monthly intervals. ", "Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with alprazolam, diazepam, or placebo. ", "At baseline, complicated PD patients (those with agoraphobia and secondary depression) had significantly higher UFC levels than did normal controls. ", "At four and eight weeks, complicated PD patients receiving alprazolam and diazepam had significant reductions in UFC excretion compared to baseline. ", "Patients with uncomplicated PD maintained UFC levels comparable to controls at each sampling period. ", "Treatment with benzodiazepines did not lower UFC levels in this group. ", "These findings suggest that patients with complicated PD demonstrate hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis that is decreased by treatment with benzodiazepines." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Celebrate life with bucketnote.bucketnote sends your special messages to your loved ones after you’re gone and way beyond.", "Capture the magic when it happens.", "Bring family lore to life.", "Your voice, thoughts and love.", "Make sure they know how much you cared.", "Give them peace of mind.", "Your personal archive of life’s most interesting moments.", "Remind them of the life you shared.", "\n\nWhat is bucketnote?", "\n\n“I used to have this fantasy about my dad — he died when I was 10 — that maybe he had written me a letter, and the letter would show up when I turned 18 or 21 or something. ", "It would tell me all the things I didn’t know…”" ]

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[ "'The Frog Prince', Frances MacDonald McNair\n\n‘The Frog Prince’ is a highly accomplished, large-scale depiction of the well-known fairy-tale.", "\n\nMacdonald depicts the characters’ first encounter in a wood, when the Princess runs off with the golden ball the frog had recovered for her, ignoring her promised reward to let him share her life.", "\n\nThe conflict of choice, between possessions and companionship, wealth and love, is here laid out, and was a theme the artist explored further in later watercolours. ", "The watercolour was hung at the right of the display." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRemove/delete sequences by ID from multifasta\n\nI have a fasta file like this:\n>Id1\nATCCTT\n>Id2\nATTTTCCC\n>Id3\nTTTCCCCAAAA\n>Id4\nCCCTTTAAA\n\nI want to delete sequences that have the following IDs.", "\nId2\nId3\n\nThe IDs are in a .txt file, and the text file will be used to match and delete those sequences. ", "\nMy output should be a fasta file like this\n>Id1\nATCCTT\n>Id4\nCCCTTTAAA\n\nBut I want it with awk and/or sed and/or bash (no python or perl).", "\nHow can I do it?", "\n\nA:\n\nJust today I wrote a script to do exactly this using Biopython. ", "I also add a warning If any the headers I wanted to filter was not present in the original fasta. ", "So the python script filter_fasta_by_list_of_headers.py is :\n#!", "/usr/bin/env python3\n\nfrom Bio import SeqIO\nimport sys\n\nffile = SeqIO.parse(sys.argv[1], \"fasta\")\nheader_set = set(line.strip() for line in open(sys.argv[2]))\n\nfor seq_record in ffile:\n try:\n header_set.remove(seq_record.name)\n except KeyError:\n print(seq_record.format(\"fasta\"))\n continue\nif len(header_set) !", "= 0:\n print(len(header_set),'of the headers from list were not identified in the input fasta file.', ", "file=sys.stderr)\n\nand usage :\nfilter_fasta_by_list_of_headers.py input.fasta list_of_scf_to_filter > filtered.fasta\n\nP.S. it's quite easy to turn over the script to extract the sequences from the list (just the print line would have to move after line header_set.remove(seq_record.name)\n\nA:\n\nIf you want to learn how to do things with command-line tools, you can linearize the FASTA with awk, pipe to grep to filter for items of interest named in patterns.txt, then pipe to tr to delinearize:\n$ awk '{ if ((NR>1)&&($0~/^>/)) { printf(\"\\n%s\", $0); } else if (NR==1) { printf(\"%s\", $0); } else { printf(\"\\t%s\", $0); } }' in.fa | grep -Ff patterns.txt - | tr \"\\t\" \"\\n\" > out.fa\n\nThis will work on multiline FASTA.", "\n\nA:\n\nSuppose you keep sequence names in ids.txt and sequences in seq.fa:\nawk 'BEGIN{while((getline<\"ids.txt\")>0)l[\">\"$1]=1}/^>/{f=!l[$1]}f' seq.fa\n\n" ]

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[ "Mom is 86 in a nursing facility with dementia, diabetes, chf, copd, and renal failure. ", "4 days ago she went to bed and has not been up since. ", "She has not eaten and only takes sips of water. ", "We have had to up her oxygen to 5 liters on the concentrater and still can't keep her Sats above 90. ", "She sleeps most of the time, talking jibberish in her sleep, reaching out for things that aren't there. ", "She became totally incontinent. ", "She is on hospice has been for 4 months. ", "The hospice nurse says watch and see an just keep her comfortable. ", "Is this the end? ", "How long can it go on?", "\n\n5 Answers\n\nI'm so sorry for you and all your family (especially not forgetting your mother). ", "It's not just that you don't know what to expect or when, you end up not even knowing what it's best to be hoping for for your mother.", "\n\nDebrisberg, sounded like your Mom had what is called a \"rally\", and that is very common. ", "Both my parents did that. ", "Sometimes the rally will last only a day or sometimes much longer. ", "Then comes the wait and see.", "\n\nGo in this morning everyone is surprised. ", "Mom got up, ate breakfast and lunch, and took a shower. ", "Was awake most of the day. ", "Was very tired. ", "Of course remembers nothing about the last 4 days. ", "Even the nurses didn't expect the turn around. ", "Late yesterday her hands were mottled, turning purple. ", "We will see what the next few days bring.", "\n\nThe material of this web site is provided for informational purposes only. ", "AgingCare.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment; or legal, or financial or any other professional services advice." ]

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[ "'I Took Collagen Supplements To See If They Actually Work'\n\nI’m no stranger to supplements. ", "Each morning I dutifully swallow a selection of pills on the orders of my GP, naturopath and yes, a few to remedy self-diagnosed deficiencies. ", "In the mix there’s a multivitamin, a probiotic, magnesium, apple cider vinegar, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin D and fish oil – and that’s just the morning lot.", "\n\nIt’s safe to say most of us have had a dalliance with supplements at one point or another. ", "But beyond basic nutrition and boosting energy levels, there’s a new generation of collagen bolstered pills, powders and liquids promising a slew of aesthetic benefits.", "\n\nThe theory behind these beauty elixirs is that when taken daily, they'll increase collagen production in your skin, which in turn leads to a plump, younger complexion. ", "So why not topically apply collagen if it's so great? ", "Because lines and wrinkles start deep beneath the skin’s surface for one. ", "Plus, it’s no secret what you eat has a direct impact on the way you look, so it makes sense to ingest things that will make our skin look its brightest, smoothest and healthiest.", "\n\nLike all things wellness, the past couple of years has seen the hype around supplements explode, with celebrities fuelling the rise (Jennifer Aniston, who looks the same as she did when Friends first appeared on our screens 23 years ago, credits collagen vitamins for her youthful skin.) ", "At 27, I’m in a place where my complexion is still in good condition, but the signs of ageing and sun damage are creeping in. ", "With the change of season leaving me with dull skin and patchy blotches, I was willing to put my face on the line.", "\n\nFace facts\n\nAfter reading up on collagen (and consulting my GP), I decided capsules were my most convenient bet, and added them to my AM collection. ", "I’d read the effects are cumulative, so I wouldn't notice much of a difference in the first couple of weeks, but towards the end of the month, that’s when they worked their magic. ", "First, my spots disappeared (even the hormonal ones around my chin) and my tone evened out. ", "Second, my skin just had more of a glow about it – akin to a once over with liquid illuminator.", "\n\nWhat’s more, science backs my findings. ", "A study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found women who've added collagen peptides into their routines not only improved their skin moisture, but that the peptides “reduce the fragmentation of the dermal-collagen network, thus counteracting one of the hallmarks of skin ageing.” ", "Not bad for popping a few pills.", "\n\nAfter seeing the payoff, I can safely say I’m now a (relative) convert. ", "And with a bunch of products hitting our shelves everywhere from the local supermarket to Sephora, here are the best picks.", "\n\nAshleigh Austen is whimn.com.au's lifestyle editor and writes about everything from way-out wellness trends and workouts to genius beauty hacks and bang-on fashion buys. ", "Fuelled by soy cappuccinos and carrots, she can quote nearly every episode from The Simpsons. ", "Follow her for non-stop serious journalism (lol) on Instagram and Twitter.", "\n\nScientists to test anti-ageing vitamins on humans0:30\n\nAnti-ageing vitamins that help boost DNA repair will be tested on humans this year. ", "Courtesy: Today Show" ]

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[ "The present application relates generally to an improved data processing apparatus and method. ", "In one aspect, the present application relates to generating web searches with enhanced privacy and security protections.", "\nOnline services, such as web search and advertising, are becoming increasingly personalized as larger search firms (e.g., Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.) ", "consolidate web searches to learn more about an individual. ", "To provide improved search results, tailored advertisements, and/or personalized content for an improved customer experience to the user, these online services use data mining techniques to build user profiles (containing, for example, web sites frequently visited, user interests, demographics information, location and so forth) by tracking multiple online activities from the same user and linking them together using various techniques, albeit usually under poorly informed user consent. ", "As search providers continue to increase mining of search data to expand their understanding of individuals, the scope of the profiles being built will increasingly go beyond the individual to larger associations, enabling the search provider to identify family members or business associates related to an individual searcher, and to then deliver content or advertisements targeted to the larger association of individuals. ", "For example, advertisements for Valentines flowers or chocolates may be directed to an individual searcher if the advertiser acquires user profile information that the individual searcher lives with a partner or spouse.", "\nAs the extent and sophistication of data mining techniques increases, there is a growing security and privacy interest from individual users in preventing this level of examination into their web searches. ", "For example, an individual having legitimate privacy concerns may wish to prevent a search company from knowing about the individual's web search or online interactions, (e.g., likes, dislikes, etc.). ", "In addition, an employee having business security concerns may wish to prevent revelation of business information that is contained in a web search (i.e., a technologist's search for “improving semiconductor effectiveness via use of a silicon base substrate” or an investment banker's search for “short term drop in the valuation of company XYZ.”) ", "Thus, there are many reasons that users would like to prevent search companies from having a very accurate knowledge about their searches, particularly as potentially sensitive information can be inferred from search queries, such as income level, health issues, or political beliefs. ", "And while there is often significant personal information about individuals and their related family members posted on social web sites, such as Facebook, such information can be restricted from being shared to other providers of Internet services. ", "In contrast, there are few practical ways for many people to optimize productivity or live without the power of Internet searches.", "\nThere have been different solutions proposed for protecting the privacy of web searches, such as connecting to search engines through an anonymous web browsing systems, concealing the user's search queries by using private information retrieval (PIR) systems, concealing the user's search profile, inserting randomly-generated search queries to hide the user's actual search trail (e.g., TrackMeNot), disguising search query words by adding masking keywords (e.g., GooPIR), and other obfuscation-based web search privacy systems. ", "However, such solutions add cost and complexity to the search process, such as requiring the search engine to implement and run the encryption security protocols or requiring widespread adoption of obfuscation-based systems to reduce the economic incentives for performing mass sophisticated profiling. ", "In addition, the increasing sophistication of search profiling tools diminishes the effectiveness of obfuscation-based systems which use randomized search queries with statically mined terms when such search queries can be detected and disregarded by the search provider. ", "As a result, the existing solutions for providing web searches with privacy and security protections are relatively static, do not broadly address the problems noted above, and/or are extremely difficult at a practical level." ]

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[ "Polyimide composed of 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (hereinafter may also be abbreviated as s-BPDA) and paraphenylenediamine (hereinafter may also be abbreviated as PPD), which is described, for example, in Patent Document 1, is used in various applications because of excellent heat resistance and mechanical properties.", "\nFurther, in Patent Document 2, a method for producing polyimide having excellent heat resistance and mechanical properties composed of pyromellitic dianhydride (hereinafter may also be abbreviated as PMDA) and PPD is described. ", " Patent Document 1: JP 55-7805A Patent Document 2: JP 2003-64196A " ]

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[ "Hey there Hominerds,\n\nMy apologies for yet another late update.", "\n\nThe day job from time to time can be more demanding then usual. ", "I’m going to try and get caught up on pages during Thanksgiving break so this doesn’t happen again. ", "I hope you enjoy this weeks page!", "\n\nHappy Thanksgiving everyone!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Clinical and radiological outcomes after reverse shoulder arthroplasty in patients with failed deltoid or latissimus dorsi transfers. ", "A review of ten cases.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to report clinical and radiological results of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) after failure of either a deltoid and/or a latissimus dorsi transfer. ", "Between 2001 and 2011, ten patients (average age, 61 years) underwent primary RSA after a failed tendon transfer for irreparable postero-superior rotator cuff tear (five deltoid muscle transfers, four latissimus dorsi transfers and one both). ", "Average follow-up was 48 months. ", "Outcome measures included pain, range of motion and postoperative Constant-Murley score. ", "Pain score improved significantly from a mean 8.3 to a mean 0.3. ", "Mean shoulder elevation improved from 66 to 134°, and absolute Constant-Murley scores increased from 25.8 to 62.8 The mean improvement in external rotation was limited to 7.5°. ", "Subjectively, six patients rated the result as much better and three rated it as better than before surgery. ", "Failure of the tendon transfer with deterioration of the functional outcomes can be salvaged with a RSA with no impact on the expected outcome." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "###### \n\nAppendix 1: Search terms used in study\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nAppendix 2: Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings in total hip replacement\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nAppendix 3: Total hip replacements with a proximal modular femoral neck\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nAppendix 4: Total hip replacements with an uncemented monoblock acetabular cup\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nAppendix 5: High flexion total knee replacements\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nAppendix 6: Gender specific total knee replacements\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe introduction of new orthopaedic implants and related technologies has been the focus of major scientific and policy discussions since the failures of articular surface replacement and large head size metal-on-metal articulations in total hip replacement were brought to light.[@ref1] [@ref2] [@ref3] [@ref4] [@ref5] [@ref6] [@ref7] Scientists, clinicians, journalists, and policy professionals highlighted the need for a more thorough and evidence based introduction of devices and for development of an infrastructure for timely evaluation of these devices.[@ref3] [@ref4] [@ref5] [@ref6] [@ref7] [@ref8] [@ref9] The scientific community recognised the differences between medical devices (orthopaedic implants) and pharmaceutical products,[@ref5] [@ref9] [@ref10] and important guidance was issued by the US regulator.[@ref11]\n\nHowever, the consequences of uncontrolled device introduction worldwide may not be fully recognised and there is a high likelihood that current practice regarding evaluation of device innovations will not change. ", "As such, there is a need to investigate whether the problems associated with the articular surface replacement and large head size metal-on-metal articulation are isolated events..\n\nIn this study, we systematically evaluate the evidence concerning the introduction of five substantial, innovative, relatively recent, and already widely implemented device technologies used in major total joint replacement. ", "We evaluate comparative data from clinical trials, observational studies, and large national arthroplasty registries to study effectiveness and safety over existing, well proven, and comparable device solutions for the same condition. ", "The five technologies are ceramic-on-ceramic bearings, modular femoral necks, and uncemented monoblock (not metal-on-metal) acetabular cups in total hip replacement, and high flexion implants and gender specific implants in total knee replacement.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nInvestigated technologies\n-------------------------\n\nThe selected device innovations met the following criteria:\n\n1. ", " 1\\. All technologies were innovative in nature and had an a priori rationale for expectation of superior clinical benefit over existing solutions (table 1[](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"})\n\n2. ", " 2\\. Survival outcome was reported by at least one of the national orthopaedic registries with ≥90% national completeness.[@ref2] [@ref12] Reporting of outcome by a registry implicates that widespread commercial introduction has taken place and that the reported outcome is representative of actual regular clinical practice (that is, not only by skilled enthusiasts in selected settings)\n\n3. ", " 3\\. All technologies had a representative safety benchmark or reference for comparison; that is, registry based survival could be compared with existing and representative (\"traditional\") alternatives for the same indication in comparable patients (total hip or knee replacement).", "\n\n###### \n\n Details of selected device innovations\n\n Development Altered design features Intended biomechanical benefits Expected clinical benefit Development-specific potential risks\n ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Total hip replacement** \n Ceramic-on-ceramic bearing Material of articulating surfaces (cup liner and head) are alumina based ceramics, larger head sizes possible. ", " Increased longevity and less wear particles with subsequent less wear-induced osteolysis and lower loosening rates Improved postoperative functional and patient-reported outcomes, lower dislocation and loosening rates Material fracture due to vulnerability to point loading, squeaking (audible component related noise), liner chipping or canting\n Modular femoral neck Modularity between the stem and neck of the femoral implant, in addition to potential neck-head modularity; modular neck components come in various sizes, angulation, and lengths Intraoperative adjustment of dimensions for optimal offset, leg length, and anteversion to reduce dislocation, impingement, and wear and allow better muscle balance Improved postoperative functional and patient reported outcomes, reduced rates of dislocation and loosening, smaller incisions Fracture, dissociation, corrosion (fretting, crevice, galvanic) with metal ion generation and potential pseudo-tumour formation, component mismatch\n Uncemented monoblock acetebular component Polyethylene liner is moulded into outer metal shell and the cup is a monoblock (non-modular) component which, additionally, allows thicker polyethylene, hemi-elliptical designs en tantalum trabecular metal designs Prevention of potential (micro)motion induced backside wear and subsequent acetabular osteolysis and cup loosening, prevention of liner dislocation, longer time to revision for wear, less loosening due to more physiological acetabular bone loading due to hemi-elliptical shape and less rigid metal shells Lower rates of liner dislocations and less concern about wear, resulting in improved postoperative functional and patient reported outcomes, less liner dislocations, and lower revision rates More demanding implantation, higher risk of improper seating of cup in acetabular bone, intraoperative dimensional changes (that is, offset liners) not possible, isolated liner exchange not possible when worn out, with subsequent difficult revision procedure\n **Total knee replacement** \n High-flexion components Varies from a combination of extension of the posterior condyle of the femoral component with modifications to the cam and tibial spine and reduced anterior thickness of the polyethylene insert to isolated insert modifications Increased articular contact during high flexion, improved stability and subluxation resistance, decreased stress on quadriceps mechanism, reduced risk of patellar impingement Increased flexion and decreased incidence of anterior knee pain resulting in better functional and patient reported outcomes Decreased stability due to higher stress at the cement-implant interface, increased edge loading and higher polyethylene wear, increased patellar impingement\n Gender specific components Enhanced aspect ratio: narrower medial-lateral dimension for a given anteroposterior dimension, reduced anterior flange, recessed and lateralized patellar sulcus More close match to female anatomy, decreased rate of patellar (sub)luxations, less soft-tissue irritation or imbalance Increased range of motion and decreased rates of knee pain and patella (sub)luxations resulting in better functional and patient reported outcomes Unclear and not (yet) described; at least lack of benefit and cost effectiveness due to absence of evidence that women benefit less from unisex knee replacement than men, unknown risks\n\nIdentification of studies\n-------------------------\n\nIn collaboration with an experienced information specialist (JWS), a thorough search strategy was constructed (see appendix 1) and the following bibliographies were searched up to April 2014: PubMed (Medline), Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Academic Search Premier. ", "Reference lists of trials and reviews were assessed for additional studies. ", "After study inclusion, a citation tracking search was performed and specific searches with the identified corresponding prosthesis brands were performed to identify potentially missed studies. ", "References and references of relevant reviews were hand searched. ", "We limited our selection to studies written in English (UK or US) and all European languages.", "\n\nIn addition, we worked with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify the summaries of safety and effectiveness for all pre-market application trials and relevant FDA mandated post-market studies reporting comparative information on the investigated technologies. ", "Relevant publications related to pre-market application trials were identified to learn about follow-up results.", "\n\nAnnual reports and spin-off publications from validated registries with ≥90% national completeness were investigated for device survival data.[@ref2] [@ref12] Registries report information on implant survival and do not report functional or patient reported outcomes per device. ", "National registries are not intended to estimate device benefits but function as a post-market safety surveillance mechanism. ", "Hence, they are considered only in the systematic appraisal of harms.", "\n\nInclusion criteria\n------------------\n\nComparative clinical studies on primary total hip or knee replacement for symptomatic primary or secondary osteoarthritis in adults (≥21 years old) which reported any one of the clinical outcomes of interest (functional or patient reported outcomes, or complications, or both) in at least one patient group with the new device and one patient group with the reference device. ", "Laboratory, biomechanical, or radiographic outcomes are not patient centred and therefore do not constitute an inclusion criterion.", "\n\nData abstraction\n----------------\n\nSearch results were independently evaluated by at least two experienced abstractors (MJN, AS, AG, SJ, SLP, LR, see acknowledgements). ", "In case of disagreement, consensus was reached with a referee (AS or MJN). ", "After study inclusion, information was independently extracted by two abstractors and assessed for agreement. ", "Information was extracted on study design, study quality aspects, setting, time period, number of implants and patients evaluated, sex, diagnosis (osteoarthritis or other), follow-up length and completion, and brands and manufacturers. ", "The main outcome measures included functional and patient reported outcome measures as well as occurrence of dislocations and revisions.", "\n\nTwo experienced abstractors (MJN, AS) independently assessed data of the included national arthroplasty registries for survival outcomes on the selected technologies. ", "Disagreements were discussed for consensus. ", "The main outcome measure was implant survival.", "\n\nData analysis\n-------------\n\n### Methodological quality\n\nMethodological quality was evaluated based on adherence to recommendations by the CONSORT, STROBE, and Cochrane criteria.[@ref13] [@ref14] [@ref15] Based on these aspects, overall quality was independently classified by two assessors (MJN, AS) as low (high risk of bias), low to moderate, moderate, moderate to high, and high (low risk of bias), and discussed for consensus.", "\n\n### Publication bias\n\nThis investigation covers new technologies and concerns comparative studies only. ", "These studies are relatively uncommon in orthopaedic literature, and we believe that comparative studies on these topics are published irrespective of the findings. ", "Hence we do not expect that publication bias is substantial. ", "We evaluated funnel plots whenever quantitative data synthesis included more than five studies of similar design at one follow-up time.[@ref16]\n\n### Qualitative and quantitative aspects\n\nStudy heterogeneity (clinical and methodological diversity) among the trials was evaluated by abstracting data on study design, included populations, and definitions of outcomes. ", "Functional outcomes included range of motion, disease specific questionnaires, and patient reported outcome measures. ", "Data on scores (continuous data), number of events (categorical data), and their 95% confidence intervals and P values were recorded. ", "We report relevant outcome measures for the new implants compared with the closest, well established (traditional) implants.", "\n\nFormal meta-analysis was performed in case of relatively complete reporting on functional outcome measures and in the absence of substantial study heterogeneity (as addressed by data abstraction and assessment of study quality). ", "Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, and estimates are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals.[@ref17] [@ref18] Statistical heterogeneity was estimated using the I^2^ statistic; a value of \\>50% indicates substantial statistical heterogeneity, and additional estimates from a fixed effects model and subgroups of higher study quality will be reported if the magnitude of the overall estimate is influenced significantly.[@ref19] [@ref20] STATA 12.0 (StataCorp) was used for statistical analyses.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nTable 2[](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"} provides an overview of the results from our systematic review.", "\n\n###### \n\n Overview of results from systematic review of trials, comparative studies, and registries for comparative effectiveness and safety of five implantable device innovations\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Device innovation Total hip replacement Total knee replacement \n -------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Comparative effectiveness** \n\n No of included cohorts (in studies) 23 (in 42) 4 (in 4) 5 (in 5) 52 (in 56) 10 (in 11)\n\n No of implants (patients) 5442 (4807) 1730 (1700) 546 (540) 6835 (5769) 1879 (1396)\n\n Follow-up term No of cohorts) Short term (7)\\ Short term (2)\\ Short term (2)\\ Short term (41)\\ Short term (10)\n Mid-term (10)\\ Long term (1)\\ Mid-term (3) Mid-term (9)\\ \n Long term (6) Unknown (1) Long term (2) \n\n Study quality (No of cohorts) High (1)\\ Moderate (1)\\ Moderate to high (1)\\ High (7)\\ High (1)\\\n Moderate to high (4)\\ Low to moderate (2)\\ Low to moderate (1)\\ Moderate to high (6)\\ Moderate to high (3)\\\n Moderate (6)\\ Low (1) Low (3) Moderate (7)\\ Moderate (3)\\\n Low to moderate (7)\\ Low to moderate (10)\\ Low to moderate (1)\\\n Low (5) Low (22) Low (2)\n\n Main reported outcomes (No of cohorts) Harris Hip Score (16)\\ Harris Hip Score (2)\\ Harris Hip Score (2)\\ Knee flexion (52)\\ Knee range of motion (10)\\\n WOMAC (5)\\ Hip flexion (1)\\ Oxford Hip Score (2)\\ Knee Society Score (32)\\ Knee Society Score (6)\\\n Squeaking (10) Dislocation rate (4) Preference (2) Knee Society function (26) WOMAC (4)\n\n Results from reported differences and pooled estimates No significant differences,\\* squeaking only in CoC group Harris Hip Score significantly higher, dislocations comparable No significant differences Clinically irrelevant increased flexion,\\* no difference other outcomes\\* Clinically irrelevant increased range of motion,\\* no difference other outcomes\\*\n\n Conclusion No evidence for clinically relevant improvement Insufficient evidence for clinically relevant improvement No evidence for clinically relevant improvement No evidence for clinically relevant improvement No evidence for clinically relevant improvement\n\n **Safety and survival** \n\n Registries with relevant data Australia, New Zealand, UK, Medicare Australia, Italy New Zealand, Sweden, US Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, US Sweden, Denmark, US\n\n No of implants 99 132 CoC\\ 34 065 modular neck\\ 11 345 monoblock cups\\ 57 955 high flexion\\ 3917 gender specific\\\n 338 405 MoP\\ 212 800 conventional 37 142 modular cups 537 560 conventional 3578 conventional\n 75 989 CoP \n\n Revision rate Slightly higher compared with MoP\\ Nearly doubled\\ Comparable Slightly higher for most common high flexion designs\\ Comparable\n (HR 1.0 to 1.55) (HR 1.92) (HR 1.0 to 1.76) \n\n Complications Comparable Higher rate of dislocation and implant fracture Not reported Not reported Not reported\n\n Conclusion Revision rate may be higher Revision and complication rate higher Comparable revision rate Revision rate may be higher Comparable revision rate\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWOMAC=Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, CoC=ceramic-on-ceramic, MoP=metal-on-polyethylene, CoP=ceramic-on-polyethylene, HR=hazard ratio\n\n\\*Includes pooled estimates.", "\n\nCeramic-on-ceramic articulations in total hip replacement\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Comparative effectiveness\n\nWe found and assessed 2911 abstracts, of which 42 studies based on 23 unique study cohorts could be included (appendix 2). ", "In 10 cohorts a ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) articulation was compared with a metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) articulation and in 13 cohorts CoC articulation was compared with a ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP) articulation. ", "These studies combined included 5442 total hip replacements in 4807 patients. ", "Seventeen of these 23 cohorts were part of randomised controlled trials, and most reported mid-term follow-up. ", "None of these studies found a relevant difference in functional and patient reported outcomes (appendix 2), nor did data synthesis (pooled estimates Harris Hip Score after short term, mid-term, and long term follow-up −1.7 to 0.2 points, fig 1[](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Squeaking (an audible, component related noise), known to be bothersome to some patients, was reported in 0-8% of the CoC articulations and absent in MoP and CoP articulations. ", "Implant fracture was more common in CoC articulations. ", "Similar replacement dislocation rates were reported in short term and mid-term follow-up. ", "Six studies, including three randomised controlled trials, had long term follow-up (≥10 years). ", "In general, less wear was measured in CoC articulations, and two studies reported a higher late dislocation rate and subsequent revision rate in the MoP or CoP articulation compared with CoC articulations (one randomised controlled trial with 140 total hip replacements, one retrospective comparison in 126 patients with bilateral total hip replacement), although in both studies early generation polyethylene was used. ", "The other four studies (2042 total hip replacements), including two comparing CoC with CoP articulations using the newer, highly cross-linked polyethylene, reported similar long term survivorship for bearing related revisions.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n### Study quality\n\nHigh (1), moderate to high (4), moderate (6), low to moderate (7), low (5).", "\n\n### Safety and survival\n\nThe Australian registry reported a slightly higher 10 year revision risk of 1.09% (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.16) associated with CoC articulations when 50 533 CoC total hip replacements (cumulative revision percent 5.3% (5.0 to 5.6) were compared with 10 078 MoP replacements (cumulative revision percent 4.6% (4.4 to 4.8). ", "The revision risk of CoC replacements was similar to that of 21 192 CoP replacements (5.3% (4.6 to 6.0).", "\n\nThe New Zealand Joint Registry reported a higher revision rate associated with CoC articulations over a 12 year period when 8177 CoC replacements were compared with 54 637 MoP replacements (revision rate per 100 component years 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) versus 0.65 (0.63 to 0.68)). ", "The revision risk of CoC replacements was similar to 14 093 CoP replacements (0.68 (0.62 to 0.74)).", "\n\nThe National Joint Registry of England and Wales reported a seven year revision rate of 4.3% (3.8 to 4.9) associated with 35 170 CoC total hip replacements, which was higher than the 3.4% (3.3 to 3.6) revision rate associated with 179 761 MoP replacements and 3.3% (2.9 to 3.7) associated with 30 704 CoP replacements.[@ref6] This was also shown by analysis of all 35 386 most used, single brand, uncemented total hip replacements: CoC articulations were associated with a 1.55 (1.07 to 2.26) higher revision risk compared with MoP articulations.[@ref21] In all three reports, however, it was noted that CoC replacements with small diameter heads (\\<28 mm) were particularly problematic and at least partially responsible for the increased revision rate when compared with MoP replacements. ", "In addition, substantial interaction effects of fixation type and recipient sex have been found, suggesting survival of CoC replacements may be higher in specific subgroups who may benefit from CoC total hip replacement.[@ref22]\n\nA large US study which compared 5252 CoC total hip replacements with 93 929 MoP replacements in the Medicare database found no difference in incidence of thrombosis, dislocation, infection, loosening, periprosthetic fracture, or revision after a mean of two years of follow-up (relative risks 0.84 to 1.15).[@ref23] [@ref24]\n\nTotal hip replacements using a stem with a proximal modular femoral neck\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Comparative effectiveness\n\nAfter review of 1966 identified abstracts, four retrospective comparative (non-randomised) studies were eligible for inclusion (appendix 3). ", "Three studies had only short term follow-up (maximum two years) and compared dislocation rates as a secondary outcome: the dislocation rate in 1155 proximal modular total hip replacements (0.8% to 4.2%) was similar to the dislocation rate in 532 proximally non-modular replacements (1.8% to 4.2%). ", "One of these three studies reported a two year postoperative Harris Hip Score, which was similar in both groups (n=466).", "\n\nThe fourth study reported the 14.5 year follow-up of a matched cohort of 163 modular or non-modular total hip replacements in 133 patients operated for symptomatic osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (mean age 53.8 year). ", "They found significantly, but not always clinically relevant, better outcomes in patients who received a modular replacement (Harris Hip Score and abduction). ", "No difference in complications or revisions was found.", "\n\n### Study quality\n\nModerate (1), moderate to low (2), and low (1).", "\n\n### Safety and survival\n\nThe Australian registry reported high failure rates in all registered 8971 primary proximal modular neck total hip replacements undertaken for symptomatic osteoarthritis (19 different brands): five and 10 year cumulative revisions were 7.4% (95% confidence interval 6.7 to 8.1) and 10.8% (9.6 to 12.1). ", "Compared with 212 800 conventional replacements with a proximally non-modular neck (five and 10 year survival 3.7% (3.6 to 3.8) and 6.4% (6.3 to 6.6)), the revision risk was, irrespective of the type of articulation used, roughly doubled after correction for age and sex (10 year period hazard ratio 1.92 (1.76 to 2.10)). ", "The Italian registry reported the implantation of 25 094 primary proximal modular neck replacements, but specific survival data for patients with primary osteoarthritis was not provided.", "\n\nTotal hip replacements with an uncemented monoblock acetabular cup\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Comparative effectiveness\n\nOf 1455 identified abstracts, five studies met the inclusion criteria and could be analysed (appendix 4). ", "Three studies were randomised controlled trials, and two studies were retrospective comparisons of non-consecutive matched cohorts. ", "Together they reported on 284 total hip replacements with an uncemented monoblock cup (all with polyethylene inner lining) in 281 patients after two to 5.6 years of follow-up. ", "Only the randomised studies (178 monoblock cups in 178 patients after two to four years of follow-up) reported functional and patient reported outcomes, and these were found to be similar in total hip replacements with monoblock and modular cup designs. ", "Also, bone mineral density around the monoblock cups was not higher. ", "No difference in survival or complications was found.", "\n\nFive additional studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis but reported on first generation uncemented monoblock acetabular components, which are no longer in use, and were excluded from analysis (appendix 4). ", "All five studies were retrospective non-randomised studies of low quality, and none of these studies had the objective to compare the outcome of monoblock and modular cups. ", "The only functional outcome measure reported by two studies was the Harris Hip Score, which was comparable between patients with monoblock and modular cups after five to 15 years of follow-up. ", "Four studies investigated 5-15 year survival and one study investigated the 2-14 year wear rate; no difference was found between monoblock and modular cups. ", "Thus, although the second generation uncemented monoblock cups are substantially different, based on these experiences a rationale for the renewed interest cannot objectified.", "\n\n### Study quality\n\nModerate to high (1), low to moderate (1), low (3).", "\n\n### Safety and survival\n\nThe New Zealand registry reported revision rates per 100 observed component years of in total 10 501 uncemented monoblock cups (MoP and CoP articulations), which varied between 0.23 (95% confidence interval 0.06 to 0.59) and 0.64 (0.45 to 0.88) and which were similar to or slightly better than revision rates with uncemented modular variants (0.64 (0.50 to 0.81) to 0.76 (0.65 to 0.88), n=35 650). ", "The Swedish Hip Registry reported a five year survival of 95% (91 to 98) of all 210 uncemented monoblock cups in the registry, which was similar to the survival of the chosen reference, which consisted of all 1130 most commonly used uncemented metal-backed cup designs implanted during the same period (five year survival 97% (96 to 98)).[@ref25] The Finnish registry reported 100% survival of 136 implanted Morcher uncemented monoblock cups. ", "One large US single-institutional survival registry (n=9584 total hip replacements, Mayo clinics) reported similar survivorship of in total 634 monoblock cups of three different brands after 4.7 to 8.2 years of follow-up when compared with the reference cup (Harris Galante).[@ref26]\n\nHigh flexion total knee replacements\n------------------------------------\n\n### Comparative effectiveness\n\nAfter assessment of 2410 search hits, 56 studies describing 52 unique cohorts could be included (appendix 5). ", "Combined, 2851 high flexion total knee replacements of various types and brands were compared with 3872 conventional knee replacements. ", "In 25 cohorts the high flexion variant of the widely used NexGen design was investigated (1210 high flexion replacements), and in 11 cohorts the PFC Sigma design was investigated (612 high flexion replacements). ", "Of the included studies, 19 were randomised controlled trials, which together compared 1083 high flexion replacements with 1062 conventional replacements after one to 11 years of follow-up.", "\n\nPooled estimates after short term follow-up showed a statistically significant but clinically irrelevant increase in postoperative flexion with high flexion replacement (3.7° (95% confidence interval 2.0 to 5.4) in 26 non-randomised studies, and 1.6° (0.3 to 2.8) in 16 randomised studies) (fig 2[](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Pooled estimates after mid-term and long term follow-up showed no statistically significant improvement in postoperative flexion with high flexion replacements (fig 2). ", "No relevant increase in other postoperative outcome measures was found (Knee Society Score and Hospital for Special Surgery Score, appendix 5). ", "No difference in survival or complications was reported.", "\n\n{#fig2}\n\n### Study quality\n\nHigh (7), moderate to high (6), moderate (7), low to moderate (10), low (22).", "\n\n### Safety and survival\n\nOnly high flexion designs of the NexGen total knee replacement were represented in large numbers in registry reports. ", "The Australian registry reported a 10 year cumulative percent revision for the high flexion version of cemented posterior-stabilised (PS) prostheses of 5.6% (4.9 to 6.3, n=19 326), which was higher than the percent revision of conventional cemented PS prostheses (4.6% (4.0 to 5.4), n=4948) but similar to the overall primary total knee replacement cumulative revision percent (5.5% (5.4 to 5.7), n=342 574). ", "In cruciate ligament-retaining (CR) designs, five year survival of high flexion implants (n=21 088) was similar to that of conventional designs (n=10 316) irrespective of the type of fixation and was generally better than PS designs.", "\n\nThe New Zealand registry reported that, in cemented PS designs, the revision rate of the high flexion prostheses was 0.74 per 100 component years (0.58 to 0.92, n=3665), which was higher, but not statistically significantly higher, than the rate of conventional prostheses (0.59 (0.46 to 0.74), n=2362), and the high flexion design was indicated to have a significantly higher revision rate than the overall primary total knee replacement revision rate of 0.52 per 100 component years (n=52 058). ", "The revision rate of high flexion cemented CR prostheses of 0.56 per 100 component years (0.37 to 0.81, n=2,068) was also higher, but not statistically significantly higher, than that of conventional cemented CR designs (0.37 (0.29 to 0.47), n=2,723).", "\n\nThe Danish Knee Registry reported on 3998 total knee replacements with high flexion components. ", "Ten year survival of the high flexion cemented PS prosthesis was 88.0% (79.9 to 97.0, n=234), similar to that of the conventional cemented PS prosthesis (92.4% (88.1 to 97.0), n=728) and the overall 10 year survival of primary total knee replacements (92.2% (91.9 to 92.4), n=78 911). ", "Five year survival of the high flexion cemented CR prosthesis was 93.7% (91.6 to 95.8, n=1045), which was lower than that of the conventional cemented CR design (96.3% (95.7 to 96.8), n=5794) but similar to that of the overall primary total knee replacement (94.6% (94.4 to 94.8)). ", "The Swedish Knee Registry noted that 19% of all NexGen primary total knee replacements (n=18 697), which was the most commonly used and best performing total knee replacement in Sweden in 2010, were high flexion designs. ", "However, no specific survival of these high flexion designs was reported.", "\n\nOne large US registry based study of 64 017 total knee replacements with a median follow-up of 2.9 years reported an hazard ratio for revision of 1.76 (1.29 to 2.49) for high flexion designs (n=7810) compared with convention designs.[@ref27]\n\nGender specific total knee replacements\n---------------------------------------\n\n### Comparative effectiveness\n\nOf the 1815 abstracts identified, 11 studies describing 10 unique patients cohorts met the inclusion criteria and could be included for analysis (appendix 6). ", "All but one study investigated the same NexGen gender specific implant and together reported on 1879 total knee replacements in 1396 patients. ", "Six studies were randomised studies that included only women, and five of them considered only patients who received bilateral total knee replacement in one surgical session, that is, one gender specific knee replacement and one conventional (unisex) replacement. ", "The maximum follow-up was three years. ", "Seven studies found no difference in functional and patient reported outcomes between gender specific total knee replacements and unisex total knee replacements, but two studies reported greater postoperative flexion-extension range of motion and one study reported a higher postoperative Knee Society Score. ", "Meta-analysis showed a clinically insignificant increase in postoperative range of motion (pooled estimate 1.9° (0.8 to 3.1), P=0.001, fig 3[](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and a comparable Knee Society Score and patient preference (appendix 6). ", "No differences in complications or survival were reported by both groups.", "\n\n{#fig3}\n\n### Study quality\n\nHigh (1), moderate to high (3), moderate (3), moderate to low (1), low (2).", "\n\n### Safety and survival\n\nThe Swedish Knee Registry noted that 4% of all NexGen primary total knee replacements (n=18 697) were gender specific designs. ", "However, no specific survival of the gender specific designs was reported. ", "The Danish Knee Registry reported the use of 541 NexGen gender specific designs; a five year survival of 92.8% (0.0 to 100%) was reported in 126 implants, which was comparable to that of 670 unisex counterparts (92.9% (90.5 to 95.4)). ", "A large US registry based study of 64 000 total knee replacements found similar revision rates per 100 component years with gender specific implants (n=3376) and with their unisex counterparts (n=2908).[@ref28]\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nPrincipal findings\n------------------\n\nIn this systematic appraisal of the evidence for the commercial introduction of five recent, well known and innovative implantable device technologies in orthopaedics, we found no clinically relevant improved benefits for these devices compared with older and established alternative implants. ", "Furthermore, none of these five technologies was found to be safer or to have better survival than the established implants. ", "In fact, some of the technologies (ceramic-on-ceramic articulations and modular femoral necks in total hip replacement and high flexion implants in total knee replacement) had inferior survival, which for modular femoral necks in hip replacement was substantial and could be on a scale similar to the failure of large head size metal-on-metal total hip replacements.[@ref1] [@ref2] [@ref3] [@ref4] [@ref5] This result indicates that widespread and ongoing dissemination of these technologies cannot be justified from an evidence based perspective. ", "We suggest that adoption and widespread use of these and other new implants or related technologies first requires thorough scrutiny by surgeons, regulators, and patients.", "\n\nContext and rationale\n---------------------\n\nThis systematic review was part of a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated project on comparative effectiveness and safety of orthopaedic implants as a reaction to the recent disaster with metal-on-metal articulations.[@ref1] [@ref2] [@ref3] [@ref4] [@ref5] [@ref6] [@ref7] [@ref8] [@ref9] Five innovative and relatively recent and ongoing technologies in major joint replacement were selected in order to investigate the past process of introduction of new orthopaedic technologies. ", "All selected technologies had substantial potential for meaningful improvement, but also potential for an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as implant failure and inferior long term survival. ", "Some technologies were novel, such as the gender specific total knee replacement, while others were recently re-introduced in their second iteration, such as the monoblock acetabular components, or are a topic of ongoing debate, such as ceramic-on-ceramic articulations in total hip replacement. ", "Also, some technologies represent completely new designs (modular femoral neck implants), while others represent relatively minor implant modifications (high flexion total knee replacements). ", "Consequently, this systematic appraisal covers a range of innovative technologies that is representative for the orthopaedic field of technology development.", "\n\nPolicy implications\n-------------------\n\nThe search for implants with superior functional outcome, increased longevity, and better survival is needed. ", "Hence, this review is not intended to criticise the surgical community or orthopaedic industry. ", "Our goals are to highlight that the status quo regarding the introduction of new device technologies is not acceptable, that substantial efforts are needed by all stakeholders to invest in systems of careful evaluation and to promote controlled and evidence based introduction of device innovations. ", "Safety of new devices can only be established by the recording of adverse events and implant survival in large numbers of patients such as those included in registries. ", "This is particularly important when the comparative benefits of new device related technologies have not been convincingly demonstrated. ", "Exposing large numbers of patients to new devices with uncertain safety could be considered unethical and should be avoided without controlled introduction and proper systems of evaluation. ", "In this context, stepwise introduction of device related technologies has been proposed,[@ref29] [@ref30] and new high accuracy measurement methods for implant performance have been standardised. ", "For example, Roentgen stereophotogrammetry[@ref30] is mandatory in some countries.[@ref31] Registries and registry consortia, such as the International Consortium of Orthopaedic Registries,[@ref32] are important and critical developments but they cannot influence the paths and loopholes associated with introduction of device related technologies on the commercial market. ", "For now, the need for new device technologies and the associated expected benefits need to be carefully balanced against the possible associated risks. ", "We suggest adherence to the IDEAL recommendations,[@ref33] [@ref34] [@ref35] [@ref36] [@ref37] and when clinically relevant improvements have not been convincingly shown widespread commercial introduction should be deferred until appropriate long term safety comparable to existing technologies has been demonstrated.", "\n\nThe issues related to uncontrolled introduction of device technologies and the need for proper surveillance are not specific to orthopaedics. ", "Recent issues with breast implants, cardiac leads, and urogynaecologic meshes suggest that this is a healthcare system issue in the Western world that requires major overhaul.[@ref38] [@ref39] The FDA has recently recognised this and initiated a new vision to achieve this goal,[@ref11] but appropriate actions may be necessary at a higher level in the US and worldwide.", "\n\nStudy limitations\n-----------------\n\nOur study has several limitations. ", "First, the evaluated device related technologies represent a selection of all introduced technologies. ", "This was based on the authors' wish to cover a relevant, diverse, and representative selection, but the technologies were not chosen at random. ", "They were, however, chosen without substantial knowledge of comparative effectiveness and registry reported survival and, to our best knowledge, are the five most widely marketed technologies adhering to the prespecified criteria. ", "The unavailability of a suitable close reference device solution for comparison excluded several large innovations, such as resurfacing total hip replacements and unicompartimental knee arthroplasty. ", "Highly cross-linked polyethylene in total hip replacement, for which results so far have been favourable, could not be evaluated in this study since this innovation can only be evaluated by long term wear and survival. ", "Two other large innovative technologies, the mobile bearing total knee replacement and the metal-on-metal articulations in total hip replacement, were not selected since these have been extensively investigated elsewhere, but were not found to have any advantages either.[@ref2] [@ref22] [@ref40]\n\nSecond, as with any systematic review or meta-analysis, the strength of our conclusions is limited by the quality of the individual studies. ", "The number of included studies was (depending on the development) limited, the quality of the individual studies varied widely, and evident (study) heterogeneity was present.", "\n\nThird, effects of a possible learning curve for new device technologies cannot be ruled out. ", "However, all chosen developments represent important improvements on existing technologies but do not require a major overhaul of surgical technique. ", "Hence, this effect is expected to be limited.", "\n\nFinally, because of the observational nature of registry data, a comparison of survival of implants in registries is always subject to a substantial risk of introducing selection bias, since different implants may be chosen for different patients and case-mix differences may be present. ", "Although most registry reports provide survival estimates based on large numbers of implants and adjusted for potential confounders, and despite our attempt to select appropriate reference groups for comparison, this can never be fully accounted for.", "\n\nConclusion\n----------\n\nThis systematic appraisal of the evidence based introduction of new orthopaedic device technologies indicates that new technologies are being introduced to the commercial market without sufficient high quality evidence for improved benefit over existing, well proven, and safe alternative implant solutions. ", "Furthermore, the safety of several new technologies could be (substantially) compromised. ", "Combined with recent disasters, we advise that actions should be undertaken by all stakeholders to prevent patients from being further exposed to new device related technologies without proper evidence of improved clinical benefit and safety.", "\n\n### What is already known on this topic\n\n1. ", " The introduction of new orthopaedic implants and related technologies has been the focus of scientific and policy discussions since the failures of articular surface replacement and large head size metal-on-metal articulations in total hip replacement\n\n2. ", " It is unclear whether these failures were isolated events or if there is a systemic problem affecting the introduction of a much wider range of implantable devices.", "\n\n### What this study adds\n\n1. ", " This systematic appraisal of the evidence based introduction of new orthopaedic device technologies indicates that new technologies are being introduced to the commercial market without sufficient high quality evidence for improved benefit over existing, well proven, and safe alternatives. ", "Moreover, the existing devices may be safer to use in total hip and knee replacement\n\n2. ", " Improved regulation and professional society oversight are necessary to prevent patients from being further exposed to these or future innovations without proper evidence of improved clinical efficacy and safety\n\nWe thank Anna Gambaryan (AG), MPH, Lucas Romero (LR), MPA; Samantha Jacobs (SJ), BS; Sofia Lang Perez (SLP), BS for their important contributions to the review process.", "\n\nContributors: MJN, RGHHN, and AR were responsible for study design and concept. ", "MJN, AR, and JWS acquired the data, which were analysed by MJN and AR. ", "MJN, RGHHN, and AR interpreted the results. ", "MJN and AR drafted the manuscript and are the study guarantors. ", "MJN and AR provided statistical expertise. ", "RGHHN, AR, and D Marinac-Dabic DM-D provided administrative, technical, or material support. ", "All authors critically revised the manuscript and revision for important intellectual content. ", "The authors of this article are responsible for its contents. ", "No statement in this article should be construed as an official position of the US Food and Drug Administration.", "\n\nFunding: MJN received a fellowship from the US FDA Medical Device Epidemiology Network's (MDEpiNet) Science and Infrastructure Center (director AS) under the International Consortium of Orthopaedic Registries initiative (ICOR, [www.icor-initiative.org](http://www.icor-initiative.org/)). ", "AS received funding from the US FDA for establishing the MDEpiNet Science and Infrastructure Center and is the principal investigator of ICOR contract.", "\n\nCompeting interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at [www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf](http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.", "\n\nEthical approval: Not required.", "\n\nData sharing: No additional data available.", "\n\nTransparency: The lead authors (the manuscript's guarantors, MJN and AS) affirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.", "\n\nCite this as: *BMJ* 2014;349:g5133\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Hussain Adam\n\nShaheed (Martyr) Corporal Hussain Adam, was a Maldivian soldier who died while defending the Maldives National Defence Force headquarters, during the 1988 Maldives coup d'état on 3 November 1988. ", "His heroic actions that day was one of the key reasons why the insurgents failed to breach the main gate of MNDF. ", " His immediate response and actions that day, played a pivotal role in defending the Headquarters from a surprising attack at the dawn. ", "\n\nAt the early dawn of the 3rd November 1988, Corporal Hussain Adam was posted to one of the two outdoor security posts responsible for the security of the main gate of MNDF Headquarters. ", "When the insurgents approached to take over the building, he immediately responded with a burst of bullets, stunning the insurgents who has planned for a surprise attack at dawn. ", "His response was the initial counter attack from the Headquarters. ", "He held them back for as long as he could, until he succumbed to the firing after his bullets ran empty. ", "This gave the soldiers inside the Headquarters sufficient time to prepare for a counter attack. ", "Though he ran out of bullets, he kept demanding for extra magazines till his last breath. ", "\n\nToday, Martyr Hussain Adam is one of the biggest national heroes of all time, for his excellent presence of mind and his fearless courage during the terrorist attacks of November 3rd 1988.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Maldivian military personnel\nCategory:People from Malé\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:1988 deaths" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/oJQ6oer9k-oKSnaW3KR5MwCfRndlnGcAU-FN0yA9kkYKRtwSGa3fSclA27uJ7h5rPzT1yEXW2U7wCkdYfJKj4vMZM5IPVKYOhWAHcCZ5n1qevNxrtJTE_cnGHcXNL4zsOhY9ElbG Rishi Chandra VP, Product Management Google Home\n\nBringing together the best of Google’s AI, software and hardware, now with a desi twist\n\nWhether you’re getting the kids ready for school, doing a batch of laundry, or answering the doorbell for the morning vendors, Indian homes are busy ones. ", "From catching that Bollywood blockbuster on your smart TV, to whipping up a quick Chole Bhature, to sinking into soulful Sufi tunes at the end of a tiring day, you can now get hands-free help.", "\n\nBeginning today, Indian users can welcome in their lives Google Home -- our voice-activated speaker powered by the Google Assistant . ", "With a simple “Ok, Google” or “Hey Google”, you can get answers, turn up the music, manage everyday tasks or even control smart devices around your home.", "\n\nGoogle Home understands Indian accents, and will respond to you with uniquely Indian contexts. ", "What’s great about the Google Assistant is that it’s the same across all your devices, so that it works seamlessly for you wherever you need a helping hand. ", "You can for instance ask it for the quickest route to office, then tell it to push the directions to Google Maps on your smartphone, and you’re ready to navigate as you head out.", "\n\nDesigned to fit seamlessly into your home\n\nWe didn’t want Google Home to feel like a gadget, and took inspiration from consumer products that are commonly found in homes, like wine glasses, candles, and even donuts for Mini.", "\n\nThe top surface has LEDs that provide visual feedback when Google Home recognizes “Hey Google”, so you know when it is listening. ", "In those rare moments when voice won’t do, the top surface is also a capacitive touch panel. ", "You can simply use your finger to pause the music or adjust the volume.", "\n\nGoogle Home was designed with two microphones to enable accurate far-field voice recognition. ", "The microphone system uses a technique called neural beam forming. ", "We’ve simulated hundreds of thousands of noisy environments and applied machine learning to recognize patterns that allow us to filter and separate speech from noise. ", "This allows us to deliver best-in-class voice recognition and minimize error rates -- even from across the room. ", "Home will be available in India in the Chalk color variant.", "\n\nGoogle Home Mini is sleek and smooth, with no corners or edges. ", "And it's small enough to easily place anywhere in your home. ", "It’s almost entirely enclosed in custom fabric. ", "We created this material from scratch, right down to the yarn. ", "It’s durable and soft, but also transparent enough to let through both light and sound. ", "And it is available in Chalk and Charcoal, with Coral coming soon. ", "The four LED lights underneath the fabric that light up to show you when it hears you or when it’s thinking. ", "Mini has far-field mics so it can hear you even when there’s music playing or loud noise in the background: its circular design it can project 360-degree sound, with just one speaker.", "\n\nThese devices join the Made by Google family of hardware products in India, and will be available for purchase online exclusively on Flipkart, and in over 750 retail stores across the country including Reliance Digital, Croma, Bajaj Electronics, Vijay Sales, Sangeetha, and Poorvika.", "\n\nTap into the power of Google with your Assistant\n\nNeed answers to a problem? ", "Ask questions, translate phrases, run simple maths calculations and look up the meaning of a word. ", "Too busy to stay on top of the news? ", "Ask and you shall receive the latest stories from sources such as Times of India, NDTV, Dainik Bhaskar, India Today, Aaj Tak and more. ", "Need a helping hand in the kitchen? ", "Find ingredient substitutes, pull up nutritional information and unit conversions without having to wash your atta-covered fingers.", "\n\nGoogle Home is truly ‘desi’\n\nWith a distinctly Indian voice, your Assistant on Google Home speaks and understands your language. ", "Ask it “Hey Google, how desi are you?”, ", "put its cricket knowledge to the test with “Hey Google, what is a silly point?”, ", "tell it to “Play songs from the movie Satte Pe Satta”, or even get step-by-step cooking instructions in the kitchen with, “Hey Google, give me a recipe for Dum Biryani”.", "\n\nGet personalised help for your everyday tasks\n\nThe Google Assistant on Google Home has been designed to help you get more stuff done when you have your hands full. ", "With your permission, it will help with things like your commute, your daily schedule and more. ", "And the best part? ", "Up to six people can connect their account to one Google Home, so if you ask your Assistant to tell you about your day, it can distinguish your voice from other people in your family, and give you personalised answers. ", "Just ask “Hey Google, tell me about my day” or say, “Hey Google, how long will it take to get to work?” ", "and you’ll get up to speed on everything you need to know. ", "It can wake you up in the morning (or let you snooze), set a timer while you’re baking, and so more.", "\n\nTurn up those tunes\n\nFind the right rhythm for every occasion, whether you’re getting into the zone with sunrise yoga, hosting a dinner party, or burning off calories dancing with your little ones. ", "You can play songs, playlists, artists, and albums from your favourite music subscription services like Google Play Music (with a six-month subscription, on us), along with offers from Saavn and Gaana* . ", "You can also pair Google Home or Home Mini with your favorite Bluetooth speaker and set it to be the default output for all your music.", "\n\nControl your smart home\n\nGoogle Home can help you keep track of everything going on in your home--you can control your lights, switches and more, using compatible smart devices from brands like Philips Hue, D-Link and TP-Link. ", "Just ask your Google Home, and your Assistant will turn off the kitchen light. ", "If you have a Chromecast, you can also use voice commands to play Netflix, or YouTube on your TV and binge watch your favorite shows. ", "Enjoy multi-room by grouping Google Home devices together (with Chromecast Audio, Chromecast built-in and Bluetooth speakers) to listen to the same song in every room.", "\n\nA speaker for any occasion\n\nWhether you’re hosting a dinner or a solo dance party, Google Home delivers crystal-clear sound and creates an enjoyable listening experience. ", "Plus, we designed Home to fit stylishly into any room. ", "And you have the option to customize the base with different colors to reflect your home’s style.", "\n\nWith Google Home, we’re working with our partners to bring you many great launch offers: when buying Google Home or Google Home Mini on Flipkart you get a free JioFi router along with special offers on exchange and streaming music subscriptions; when buying a Google Home at Reliance Digital or MyJio stores you get a free JioFi router with 100GB of high-speed 4G data (worth Rs 2,499)** , and at select Philips Hue and Croma outlets you get a Philips Hue + Google Home Mini at a special bundled price. ", "Also ACT Fibernet retail customers subscribing to 12-month advance rental plans of 90MBPS and above, will receive a Google Home Mini. ", "And above all, users get 10 percent cashback when purchasing using HDFC Bank credit cards*** .", "\n\nGoogle Home and Google Home Mini will be priced at Rs 9,999, and Rs 4,499 respectively.", "\n\nIt’s just the beginning...\n\nYour Assistant on Google Home will continue to get better over time as we add more features (look out for Hindi support coming later this year!) ", "And Google Home is open to third-party apps for the Assistant, so expect even more of your favourite services and content." ]

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[ "Father’s Day Gifts for Sexy Dads Over 50\n\nPosted By\nLois Joy Johnson\nOn\nJune 2, 2014 @ 7:14 pm\nIn\nBe Your Best |\nNo Comments\n\nGuys our age self-tan, whiten their teeth and hit the treadmill, hoping to look youthful and healthy. ", "They certainly don’t lack role models: Everyone from Denzel Washington to Rob Lowe is making 50+ sexy nowadays. ", "On June 15 – yup, Father’s Day is approaching that fast – let your guy know he’s still got it with gifts that fit his style. ", "A few gift suggestions for five lovable father figures:\n\nThe tough softie. ", "Is the man you have in mind a bit spiky on the outside but a marshmallow within? ", "He shouts at televised sports but cries at romantic movies, likes beer and barbecue over wine and brie, and loves to hold your hand in public. ", "Cater to his sweet side with a fruity masculine fragrance and a colorful hoodie: David Beckham The Essence (drugstore.com), Old Navy Lightweight Colorblack Hoodie (oldnavy.com).", "\n\nThe hippie at heart. ", "He listens to Dylan and rocks a beard (possibly even a ponytail). ", "And not only does he love your maxi dresses and butterfly tattoo, but he lets you add Adele to his playlist. ", "Flash back to his past with some unisex patchouli oil and and a pair of sandals: Karma by LUSH Perfume (lushusa.com), Gap Molded Flip-Flops (gap.com).", "\n\nThe hottie. ", "He runs at 6 a.m., gets Botox, shaves his head and drives a convertible. ", "He loves your skinny jeans, long hair and high energy level. ", "Give him attitude with a high-tech skin buffer (to unclog his pores and buff away dead flakes) and a fiery scent: Clarisonic Mia 2 in Graphite (macys.com), Ralph Lauren Polo Red EDT (ralphlauren.com).", "\n\nThe throwback. ", "He lives in blazers, button-down shirts and loafers (even on weekends), prefers old movies and Sinatra but brings you coffee in bed and whisks you to Paris on big birthdays. ", "Emphasize his Old World charm with a classic scent and an airline-approved travel kit: Aramis Bracing Body Splash (bloomingdales.com), Ahava Starter Kit for Men (ahava.com).", "\n\nAnd always keep him guessing; a little mystery is the secret to sexy chemistry." ]

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[ "\n966 N.E.2d 613 (2008)\n381 Ill. App.3d 1158\n359 Ill. Dec. 292\nERVIN\nv.\nWALKER.", "\nNo. ", "4-07-0411.", "\nAppellate Court of Illinois, Fourth District.", "\nJune 26, 2008.", "\nAffirmed.", "\n" ]

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[ "An extremely shallow vain and/or vapid girl, covered with much makeup, that shows up to a club wearing shoes that can only be used for starring in a porn, cuz they certainly ain't for dancin'. ", "aka:chickee-poo\n\nYo, check out the bippie at the bar, her frickin' thong is stickin' out above her skirt. ", "Twit.", "\n\nA boy, or girl that over welcomes him/her self and is taken for, as a penis eater. ", "So now anyone that can be taken as a shapoopie licker, shall be called a bippie.", "\nCan Be Used Like:\nBippieFace\nBiptastical\nDinoBip\nBipEater\nBipamaniac Blend the trend.", "\n\nThat kid is such a bippie face. ", "He like.. came up to me and was like wanna chill? ", "Im like.. hell no u biplickin piece of gawbage." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nR Studio: look up a value in table(both direction V&H), then use as a variable in loop\n\nI am dealing with a dataset (\"IndexTable\") have 3 million+ observations. ", "Please see following for the first 6 observations:\n Identity gender type amount Year Month\n1 65 F W 31.88 1987 Jan\n2 23 M P 29.21 1985 Mar\n3 45 F W 44.70 1987 Jan\n4 47 F W 72.64 1987 Jan\n5 56 M P 28.92 1986 Jul\n6 09 F W 34.32 1990 Jan\n\nand the index table (\"index\") from which the value will be searched (part of the table):\n year average Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec\n1 1950 32.84210 33.19118 33.10321 33.01572 32.89977 32.81334 32.98665 32.98665 33.10321 32.89977 32.55677 32.41595 32.24857\n2 1951 30.09866 31.94615 31.64936 31.43694 30.94371 30.19568 30.09866 29.64623 29.50617 29.29854 29.09382 28.98131 28.78098\n3 1952 27.56470 28.28139 28.25313 28.11271 27.67259 27.67259 27.21981 27.24604 27.40444 27.45766 27.21981 27.24604 27.06353\n4 1953 26.73099 27.08945 27.01183 26.83243 26.58025 26.68055 26.53038 26.53038 26.70575 26.75628 26.75628 26.68055 26.78162\n5 1954 26.25941 26.73099 26.78162 26.53038 26.43120 26.50552 26.35730 25.92244 26.08984 26.13807 26.01783 25.89871 25.75718\n6 1955 25.11668 25.66369 25.66369 25.66369 25.52472 25.57087 25.04994 24.96151 25.13901 24.98356 24.72149 24.33854 24.33854\n\nFor each observation in \"IndexTable\", I would like to find the value in \"index\" which match the Year and Month, then use the value to multiply it's amount to get the adjusted amount.", "\nThanks in advance J \n\nA:\n\nUsing the dplyr and tidyr package: \nindex_long <- index %>% \n gather(Month, multiplier, Jan:Dec) %>% \n select(-average)\n\nleft_join(IndexTable, index_long, by = c(\"Year\" = \"year\", \"Month\" = \"Month\")) %>% \n mutate(adjusted_amount = amount*multiplier)\n\nFirst I gather the Month columns into one column with the value column multiplier. ", "\nI drop the average column, because it doesn't need to be joined to the other table. ", "Then by using a left join only does value with a matching year month combination will be joined to the IndexTable. ", "\nThen finally I used the multiplier to create the new column adjusted_amount\n\n" ]

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[ "\n974 So.2d 1073 (2008)\nA.S.\nv.\nSTATE.", "\nNo. ", "2D08-484.", "\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.", "\nFebruary 20, 2008.", "\nDecision without published opinion. ", "Hab.Corp.denied.", "\n" ]

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[ "Conventional electrical power outlets or outlet strips generally have fixed locations. ", "In order to connect to a device or an appliance that is located far away, an extension cord or extension socket is normally used. ", "However, when the number of devices or appliances increases, the additional cords and/or extension sockets not only make a room look untidy but also cause safety issues. ", "Alternatively, more sockets may be installed on the walls to meet the increased number of appliances and/or devices. ", "However, more sockets require more complexed wiring inside the walls. ", "Also, it is difficult to predict how many outlets are needed and where to install them in a house because different people may have different demand." ]

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[ "his Record Store Day exclusive features four new tracks from Calgary artist Chad VanGaalen's vault of unheard music. ", "None of these tracks appear on Chad's upcoming Sub Pop album, Shrink Dust (out 4/29 on Sub Pop!). ", "The dare-we-say incredible cover art is by Chad himself." ]

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[ "JavaScript Error:\nYour browser is not set up to accept JavaScript, which means some functionality on our website will not work. ", "Click here for instructions on how to change your browser setting to accept JavaScript.", "\n\nPlease remember you have up to 2 days prior to your sail date to purchase your Royal Caribbean International Shore Excursions online. ", "If you are within the 2 days, you will then need to purchase your Shore Excursions on board.", "\n\n*Prices shown above are representative. ", "Dates, times, and prices are subject to change and may not be available for your sailing. ", "To purchase a Royal Caribbean International Shore Excursion, you must already have a reservation number for a cruise and have made a payment towards that reservation. ", "Shore Excursions must be purchased in the same currency as your cruise reservation. ", "Exchange rates are determined by a competitive pricing program and may be subject to change without notice. ", "All monetary exchanges onboard are processed in U.S. Dollars directly to your SeaPass® onboard charge account unless otherwise specified.", "This tour requires a minimum number of guests in order to operate.", "\n\nThe tour price is per vehicle, not per person. ", "Please see the information listed under PZ12 Car - Panoramic Sights/Hermitage/Shopping for further details on this option. ", "Entrance fees for 1 venue, photography and video fees are included for the venue incorporated on your selected itinerary. ", "Any meals, refreshments, subway fees, or gratuities are not included. ", "No deviations can be made to the tour length or advised departure time. ", "The tour order; however, can be discussed on the spot with your guide. ", "A visit to the Hermitage's Gold Rooms is not included in this private vehicle package." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBoost xpressive regex results in garbage character\n\nI am trying to write some code that changes a string like \"/path/file.extension\" to another specified extension. ", "I am trying to use boost::xpressive to do so. ", " But, I am having problems. ", " It appears that a garbage character appears in the output:\n#include <iostream>\n#include <boost/xpressive/xpressive.hpp>\n\nusing namespace boost::xpressive;\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n std::string str( \"xml.xml.xml.xml\");\n sregex date = sregex::compile( \"(\\\\.*)(\\\\.xml)$\");\n\n std::string format( \"\\1.zipxml\");\n\n std::string str2 = regex_replace( str, date, format );\n std::cout << \"str = \" << str << \"\\n\";\n std::cout << \"str2 = \" << str2 << \"\\n\";\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nNow compile and run it:\n[bitdiot@kantpute foodir]$ g++ badregex.cpp\n[bitdiot@kantpute foodir]$ ./a.out > output\n[bitdiot@kantpute foodir]$ less output\n[bitdiot@kantpute foodir]$ cat -vte output\nstr = xml.xml.xml.xml$\nstr2 = xml.xml.xml^A.zipxml$\n\nIn the above example, I redirect output to a file, and use cat to print out the non-printable character. ", " Notice the ctrl-A in the str2.", "\nAnyways, am I using boost libraries incorrectly? ", " Is this a boost bug? ", " Is there another regular expression I can use that can allow me to string replace the \".tail\" with some other string? ", " (It's fix in my example.)", "\nthanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nAt least as I'm reading things, the culprit is right here: std::string format( \"\\1.zipxml\");.", "\nYou forgot to escape the backslash, so \\1 is giving you a control-A. You almost certainly want \\\\1.", "\nAlternatively (if your compiler is new enough) you could use a raw string instead, so it would be something like: R\"(\\1.zipxml)\", and you wouldn't have to escape your backslashes. ", "I probably wouldn't bother to mention this, except for the fact that if you're writing REs in C++ strings, raw strings are pretty much your new best friend (IMO, anyway).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Bank stocks regain their appeal favor with Wall Street\n\nBySharon Reier, Special to The Christian Science MonitorOctober 15, 1982\n\nNew York\n— Just as individual depositors nearly panicked and contemplated pulling thier accounts out of some of the country's biggest banks, the investment community, paradoxically, has turned somewhat bullish on bank stocks.", "\n\nSince August, as the bad news about Drysdale Securities, Lombard-Wall, Mexico , and Argentina snowballed, bank stocks have begun an upward climb. ", "In an extreme case, Bankers Trust Company's stock has climbed as much as 37 percent since August, to its current yearly high of 36.", "\n\nExplains Robert Mandle, vice-president and bank stock analyst at Paine Webber Mitchell Hutchins Inc.: ''Investors have decided that the catastrophe won't happen. ", "The world didn't end after all.''", "\n\nAfter the Drysdale debacle, he explains, bank stocks were very cheap, compared with other socks. ", "Banks lagged the market in August, somewhat outperformed it in September, and have continued to outperform it again so far in October.", "\n\nTo understand why, Robert Planer, vice-president at Keefe, Bruyette &amp; Woods Inc., a Wall Street reasearch firm that concentrates on bank stocks, explains that the banks are now in the midst of their up-cycle. ", "Contrary to the belief of perhaps a majority of people who expect the demise of a major bank momentarily, the Federal Reserve's loosening of the money supply and lowering of interest rates has been enough to widen bank margins on many types of loans, since the higher rates that banks charge for loans are supplied with cheaper dollars the banks borrow. ", "Furthermore, Mr. Planer notes, the lowering of interest rates, including the prime rate, means that ''the banks now have better loans outstanding.''", "\n\nSince corporations don't have to pay the heady 20 percent interest on loans they were paying earlier this year, they are more capable of repayment, and businesses stand a better chance of surviving. ''", "That means banks have better assets,'' Planer notes. (", "A bank's main assets are its loans.) ''", "The quality of loans has improved.''", "\n\nAll that theory contributes to Keefe, Bruyette's contention that banks' earnings will improve during the third quarter and will rise still more during the fourth. ", "The firm estimates that earnings of the 24 banks it studies as a composite index (which includes the beleaguered Continental Illinois Bank) will climb an average of 7 to 8 percent for all of 1982. ", "That is up respectably from Keefe, Bruyette's original estimate of a 5 to 7 percent earnings gain for this year, made before interest rates recently dropped. ", "Next year, Planer adds, Keefe, Bruyette is looking for earnings gains of 8 to 10 percent for the bank group.", "\n\nWhile the 1982 figures will look significantly better than gains in most other industries, Planer thinks, the 1983 gain may not seem ''so strong against the snapbacks expected in other cyclical stocks,'' he asserts. ''", "Bank stocks earnings are very stable. ", "They have nearly always risen. ", "But people pay for that stability in the price of the stock.''", "\n\nThe firm is recommending a number of bank stocks for investors to purchase these days. ", "Included are Wells Fargo in San Francisco, Valley National in Arizona, Citizens &amp; Southern in Georgia, and First Union of North Carolina.", "\n\nMr. Planer says all were chosen ''on the basis of improving trends in retail profitability.'' ", "The company is also positive on Citicorp, because ''it has worked out its problems and will do well in comparison to last year,'' he says.", "\n\nIn general, however, Keefe, Bruyette shuns money-center banks, playing them only as trading vehicles during their up-cycle. ", "Planer explains: ''If you held Citicorp for the long term, you might have bought it at $27 back in 1975 and it is only $30 now. ", "You would have lost money with inflation.''", "\n\nBut if Keefe, Bruyette is generally optimistic, it has not convinced its Wall Street colleagues. ", "Many remain skeptical about how bank earnings will be affected by much-publicized bad-loan provisions.", "\n\nSays a Merrill Lynch bank analyst, Frank Barkoci: ''Our overview on the group has been one of caution as to aggressive new broad-based investing. ", "There is a general concern that earnings will remain under pressure, both in the third and fourth quarters, reflecting the recession and a significant increase in nonperforming assets.''", "\n\nMr. Barkoci expects those nonperforming assets for the most part to hit money-center banks - the big banks in New York, Chicago, and California - especially hard since, they are the largest lenders to sovereign credits like Mexico, Poland, and Costa Rica, which have been forced to reschedule debts. ''", "What if these problems can't be postponed and the losses have to be recognized and if these banks have to take the charge off?'' ", "Barkoci asks.", "\n\nThus, in its investment recommendations Merrill Lynch has concentrated on regionals with what it terms high-quality loans. ", "Included are Mellon Bank, Pittsburgh National Bank, North Carolina National Bank, and the Barnett Bank Group in Florida.", "\n\nSuch divisions as money-center banks and regionals, however, are dismissed as irrevelant by Robert Albertson, vice-president and bank analyst at Smith Barney, Harris Upham &amp; Co. ''Banks are going to lose more money on their domestic US loan portfolios than their overseas loans,'' he insists. ''", "Government lending, which for the most part is to sovereign credits (governments and their agencies) with some small exceptions, have no risk of losses. ", "They are going to pay the full interest in most cases.'' ", "Besides, Mr. Albertson reasons, ''Many regional banks have made loans to the same credits.''" ]

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[ "CycleGarb is proud to offer Florida State Seminoles cycling gear to our customers. ", "The Noles are known for their commitment to winning and their great school spirit.", "\n\nWe’ve got short and long sleeve Florida State cycling jerseys, kids jerseys, socks and tricycles. ", "Show your school pride on your next bike ride or tailgate with our Florida State University cycling gear today!" ]

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[ " UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\n MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD\n\n\n DAVID J. LACHANCE, DOCKET NUMBER\n Appellant, CH-1221-14-0284-W-1\n\n v.\n\n DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, DATE: August 19, 2014\n Agency.", "\n\n\n\n THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1\n\n David J. Lachance, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, pro se.", "\n\n Wayne A. Babcock, Esquire, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for the agency.", "\n\n\n BEFORE\n\n Susan Tsui Grundmann, Chairman\n Anne M. Wagner, Vice Chairman\n Mark A. Robbins, Member\n\n\n FINAL ORDER\n\n¶1 The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which\n dismissed his individual right of action (IRA) appeal for lack of jurisdiction.", "\n Generally, we grant petitions such as this one only when: the initial decision\n contains erroneous findings of material fact; the initial decision is based on an\n\n\n 1\n A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add\n significantly to the body of MSPB case law. ", "Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,\n but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not\n required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. ", "In contrast, a\n precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board\n as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. ", "See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).", "\n\f 2\n\n erroneous interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous application of\n the law to the facts of the case; the judge’s rulings during either the course of the\n appeal or the initial decision were not consistent with required procedures or\n involved an abuse of discretion, and the resulting error affected the outcome of\n the case; or new and material evidence or legal argument is available that,\n despite the petitioner’s due diligence, was not available when the record closed.", "\n See Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R.\n § 1201.115). ", "After fully considering the filings in this appeal, and based on the\n following points and authorities, we conclude that the petitioner has not\n established any basis under section 1201.115 for granting the petition for review.", "\n Therefore, we DENY the petition for review and AFFIRM the initial decision,\n which is now the Board’s final decision. ", "5 C.F.R. § 1201.113(b).", "\n\n BACKGROUND\n¶2 The appellant worked as a GS-12 Geologist at the Bureau of Land\n Management (BLM). ", "Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 1 at 1, Tab 3, Subtab 4 at 1.", "\n On an unknown date prior to August 27, 2013, the appellant filed a complaint\n with the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) alleging that the agency had retaliated\n against him for disclosing agency fraud committed against two energy companies\n and an Ohio “farm couple” when it: (1) significantly changed his duties;\n (2) placed him on a fixed work schedule; (3) suspended him and placed him on\n administrative leave; (4) charged him as being absent without leave; (5) logged\n into his computer system, backdated emails, and sent them from his account;\n (6) subjected him to a hostile work environment; and (7) issued him a notice of\n proposed removal. ", "2 IAF, Tab 1 at 4-15. ", "On December 2, 2013, OSC made a\n final determination not to pursue the appellant’s complaint. ", "Id.\n\n 2\n The agency subsequently upheld the removal, effective March 7, 2014. ", "Petition for\n Review (PFR) File, Tab 1 at 7. ", "The appellant retired 1 day prior to the effective date of\n the removal action, and then appealed the removal on the ground that he was coerced\n into retirement by the agency. ", "Id.; MSPB Docket No. ", "CH-0752-14-0440-I-1, Initial\n\f 3\n\n¶3 On February 4, 2014, the appellant filed an IRA appeal seeking corrective\n action with the Board. ", "IAF, Tab 1. ", "The administrative judge issued an order on\n jurisdiction and proof requirements, advising the appellant of his burden to\n establish Board jurisdiction over his IRA appeal; namely, that he must make\n nonfrivolous allegations that he had exhausted his OSC remedies, that he had\n made a protected disclosure, and that the disclosure was a contributing factor in\n the agency’s decision to take or fail to take a personnel action. ", " IAF, Tab 3\n at 1-6. ", "The appellant did not respond to the order on jurisdiction because, he\n explains, he did not see the order when it was emailed to him on February 7,\n 2014. ", "3 PFR File, Tab 1 at 3.", "\n¶4 Without holding the requested hearing, the administrative judge dismissed\n the IRA appeal for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that the appellant failed to\n show that he had exhausted his OSC remedy or made a protected disclosure.", "\n IAF, Tab 5, Initial Decision (ID) at 4-5.", "\n\n DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW\n¶5 The appellant timely filed a petition for review of the initial decision, and\n the agency timely responded. ", "PFR File, Tabs 1, 7. ", "On review, the appellant\n does not identify any specific errors in the administrative judge’s jurisdictional\n findings, see id., but avers that he provided OSC and the administrative judge\n with “indisputable evidence” that he made protected disclosures under the\n Whistleblower Protection Act, id. at 5. ", "Nonetheless, the applicable law and the\n record evidence support the administrative judge’s findings that the appellant\n\n\n Decision at 1 (July 21, 2014). ", "The administrative judge dismissed the appeal without\n prejudice to refile pending a final decision on the instant petition for review. ", "Id. at 2-3.", "\n 3\n The appellant is a registered e-filer. ", "IAF, Tab 1 at 2. ", "As such, he is deemed to have\n received the administrative judge’s orders on the date of electronic submission. ", "See\n 5 C.F.R. § 1201.14(m)(2); Mills v. U.S. Postal Service, 119 M.S.P.R. 482, ¶ 6 (2013).", "\n Further, as an e-filer, the appellant was responsible for monitoring his case activity at\n the Repository at e-Appeal Online to ensure that he received all of the case-related\n documents. ", "See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.14(j)(3); Mills, 119 M.S.P.R. 482, ¶ 6.", "\n\f 4\n\n failed to make nonfrivolous allegations necessary to establish Board jurisdiction\n over this IRA appeal.", "\n¶6 To establish Board jurisdiction over an IRA appeal, the appellant must show\n that he exhausted his administrative remedies before OSC and make nonfrivolous\n allegations that: (1) he engaged in whistleblowing activity by making a\n protected disclosure; and (2) the disclosure was a contributing factor in the\n agency’s decision to take or fail to take a personnel action. ", "Yunus v. Department\n of Veterans Affairs, 242 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2001).", "\n The appellant did not nonfrivolously allege that he exhausted his administrative\n remedies before OSC.", "\n¶7 The administrative judge found that the appellant failed to show that he\n exhausted his OSC remedy regarding a disclosure of fraud. ", "ID at 5. ", "On review,\n the appellant states that he provided the OSC “rejection letter” with his MSPB\n appeal and that he could provide more if “deemed warranted by the MSPB.”", "\n PFR File, Tab 1 at 2-4. ", "However, the appellant did not submit any additional\n documents with his petition for review. ", "See id.\n¶8 Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3), an employee is required to seek\n corrective action from OSC before seeking corrective action from the Board.", "\n Briley v. National Archives & Records Administration, 236 F.3d 1373, 1377\n (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2001). ", "The Board may consider only those charges of whistleblowing\n that the appellant raised before OSC. ", " Boechler v. Department of Interior,\n 109 M.S.P.R. 638, ¶ 6 (2008), aff’d, 328 F.’Appx 660 (2009). ", " Proof of\n exhaustion before OSC need not be in the form of the appellant’s complaint to\n OSC. ", "Id. To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, an appellant must inform OSC\n of the precise ground of his charge of whistleblowing, giving OSC a sufficient\n basis to pursue an investigation which might lead to corrective action. ", "Id.\n¶9 As the only evidence of exhaustion, the appellant has provided: (1) a\n document containing the copied text of OSC’s December 2, 2013 final\n determination letter, with his typed responses after each of OSC’s findings, IAF,\n\f 5\n\n Tab 1 at 4-14; and (2) OSC’s December 2, 2013 notice of right to seek corrective\n action from the MSPB, id. at 15. ", "The extent of the information in these letters\n regarding the appellant’s actual disclosures is OSC’s statement: “You alleged\n that agency officials retaliated against you after you disclosed fraud committed\n against Merit Energy Company, Ohio Valley Energy and a farm couple in Ohio\n who bought an uneconomical gas well on their land.” ", "Id.\n¶10 The appellant’s submissions do not convey the specific subject matter of his\n disclosures or describe the particular nature of the alleged fraud. ", "See id. The\n Board has held that, where an appellant has made only bare allegations of\n wrongdoing in his OSC complaint, he has failed to give sufficient details putting\n OSC on notice of the specific violations he alleged and has not exhausted his\n OSC remedy. ", "Langer v. Department of the Treasury, 265 F.3d 1259, 1268 (Fed.", "\n Cir. ", "2001). ", " Accordingly, we agree with the administrative judge that the\n appellant’s submissions are insufficient to show that he exhausted his\n administrative remedies, and the Board lacks jurisdiction over his IRA appeal.", "\n The appellant did not nonfrivolously allege that he made protected disclosures.", "\n\n¶11 The administrative judge also determined that the appellant’s conclusory\n allegations that he disclosed fraud against two energy companies and an Ohio\n farm couple were insufficient to constitute a nonfrivolous allegation that he\n made protected disclosures. ", "ID at 4. ", "On review, the appellant appears to argue\n that the criminal investigation by the BLM Special Investigation Group proves\n that he made a qualifying disclosure because “such criminal investigations are\n not carried out unless there is clear and convincing evidence that an investigation\n is warranted . . . ” ", "PFR File, Tab 1 at 5. ", "He states that he reasonably believed\n that the agency’s actions constituted a violation of law and an abuse of authority\n based on his experience implementing the relevant laws and regulations for over\n 38 years. ", " Id. He further asserts that he provided the names and contact\n information for the head of the Special Investigation Group and other “highly\n\f 6\n\n relevant” individuals, but no one from OSC or the Board called them to discuss\n the information he provided. ", "Id.\n¶12 Disclosures protected by 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) include any disclosure that\n the employee reasonably believes evidences a violation of any law, rule, or\n regulation; gross mismanagement; a gross waste of funds; an abuse of authority;\n or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety. ", "Christensen v.\n Department of Justice, 82 M.S.P.R. 430, ¶ 10 (1999). ", "The disclosures must be\n specific and detailed, not vague allegations of wrongdoing regarding broad or\n imprecise matters. ", "Keefer v. Department of Agriculture, 82 M.S.P.R. 687, ¶ 10\n (1999). ", "Conclusory, vague, or unsupported allegations are insufficient to qualify\n as nonfrivolous allegations of IRA jurisdiction. ", " McDonnell v. Department of\n Agriculture, 108 M.S.P.R. 443, ¶ 7 (2008).", "\n¶13 In this case, the extent of the information provided by the appellant\n concerning his protected disclosures is that he reported fraud committed by the\n agency and his supervisor against two energy companies and an Ohio farm\n couple, who bought an uneconomical gas well on their land, to the BLM Special\n Investigation Group and Inspector General. ", "See PFR File, Tab 1; IAF, Tab 1\n at 4-15. ", " These allegations are conclusory and vague, and are insufficient to\n support Board jurisdiction.", "\n¶14 Lastly, the appellant’s suggestion that the administrative judge should have\n contacted various individuals to obtain information relevant to his appeal is\n misplaced. ", " The parties, not the administrative judge, have the affirmative\n responsibility to present relevant evidence and argument. ", "Keefer v. Department\n of Agriculture, 92 M.S.P.R. 476, ¶ 20 n.2 (2002).", "\n¶15 We agree with the administrative judge that the appellant has failed to\n provide sufficient information regarding his alleged protected disclosures to\n constitute a nonfrivolous allegation of Board jurisdiction.", "\n\f 7\n\n CONCLUSION\n¶16 As set forth above, we agree with the administrative judge that the appellant\n failed to nonfrivolously allege that he exhausted his OSC remedies or that he\n made a protected disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). ", " Either of these\n findings standing alone is sufficient to warrant dismissal for lack of jurisdiction.", "\n Thus, the appellant has provided no basis upon which to disturb the initial\n decision.", "\n\n NOTICE TO THE APPELLANT REGARDING\n YOUR FURTHER REVIEW RIGHTS\n You have the right to request review of this final decision by the United\n States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.", "\n The court must receive your request for review no later than 60 calendar\n days after the date of this order. ", "See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A) (as rev. ", "eff. ", "Dec.\n 27, 2012). ", "If you choose to file, be very careful to file on time. ", "The court has\n held that normally it does not have the authority to waive this statutory deadline\n and that filings that do not comply with the deadline must be dismissed. ", "See\n Pinat v. Office of Personnel Management, 931 F.2d 1544 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "1991).", "\n If you want to request review of the Board’s decision concerning your\n claims of prohibited personnel practices under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8),\n (b)(9)(A)(i), (b)(9)(B), (b)(9)(C), or (b)(9)(D), but you do not want to challenge\n the Board’s disposition of any other claims of prohibited personnel practices, you\n may request review of this final decision by the United States Court of Appeals\n for the Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction. ", "The\n court of appeals must receive your petition for review within 60 days after the\n date of this order. ", "See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B) (as rev. ", "eff. ", "Dec. 27, 2012). ", "If\n you choose to file, be very careful to file on time. ", "You may choose to request\n review of the Board’s decision in the United States Court of Appeals for the\n Federal Circuit or any other court of appeals of competent jurisdiction, but not\n\f 8\n\nboth. ", " Once you choose to seek review in one court of appeals, you may be\nprecluded from seeking review in any other court.", "\n If you need further information about your right to appeal this decision to\ncourt, you should refer to the federal law that gives you this right. ", "It is found in\nTitle 5 of the United States Code, section 7703 (5 U.S.C. § 7703) (as rev. ", "eff.", "\nDec. 27, 2012). ", "You may read this law as well as other sections of the United\nStates Code, at our website, http://www.mspb.gov/appeals/uscode.htm.", "\nAdditional information about the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal\nCircuit is available at the court's website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. ", "Of particular\nrelevance is the court's \"Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,\" which is\ncontained within the court's Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, and 11.", "\nAdditional information about other courts of appeals can be found at their\nrespective websites, which can be accessed through\nhttp://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.", "\n If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to the\nUnited States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website\nat http://www.mspb.gov/probono for a list of attorneys who have expressed\ninterest in providing pro bono representation for Merit Systems Protection Board\nappellants before the Federal Circuit. ", " The Merit Systems Protection Board\nneither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that any\nattorney will accept representation in a given case.", "\n\n\n\n\nFOR THE BOARD: ______________________________\n William D. Spencer\n Clerk of the Board\nWashington, D.C.\n\f" ]

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[ "All the latest news, views, sport and pictures from the Wishaw area. ", "We bring you the best coverage of local stories and events from the Wishaw Press newspaper, plus Wishaw-related content from the Daily Record, Sunday Mail and our digital team seven days a week.", "\n\n13:31, 22 SEP 2020" ]

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[ "Html-quoted content (turn javascript on to view sanitized html):\n\n<p></p><div>@<a href=\"http://twitter.com/caolan\">Caolan</a> has <a href=\"http://twitter.com/caolan/status/124159155190763520\">suggested</a> cryptico.js for CouchApps, so I've asked the good folks at the @<a href=\"http://twitter.com/liberationtech\">liberationtech</a> mailing list for their opinion about it. ", "Here's the reply I got from Steve Weis <br><blockquote>There are good reasons not to use Javascript crypto in general:<div><a href=\"http://www.matasano.com/articles/javascript-cryptography/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.matasano.com/<wbr>articles/javascript-<wbr>cryptography/</a></div><div><a href=\"http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/29/final-post-on-javascript-crypto/\" target=\"_blank\">http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/<wbr>29/final-post-on-javascript-<wbr>crypto/</a></div><div><br></div><div>Regardless, I wouldn't trust Cryptico because its\nunderlying implementations are all written from scratch and I have no\nidea if any of them are safe. ", "Quickly&nbsp;scanning through their code, I see\nsome questionable practices.</div><div><br></div><div>For example, they are seeding randomness from the time of day:</div><div><a href=\"https://code.google.com/p/cryptico/source/browse/trunk/random.js#376\" target=\"_blank\">https://code.google.com/p/<wbr>cryptico/source/browse/trunk/<wbr>random.js#376</a></div><div><br></div><div>And the \"signature\" is just a hash and is on the plaintext, rather than ciphertext:</div><div><a href=\"https://code.google.com/p/cryptico/source/browse/trunk/cryptico.js#3487\" target=\"_blank\">https://code.google.com/p/<wbr>cryptico/source/browse/trunk/<wbr>cryptico.js#3487</a><br></div></blockquote>What I understand from this is:<br><ul><li><i>Client side</i> JS crypto is bound to fail, no matter how you implement it</li><li><i>Server side </i>could <i>theoretically</i> work, but <i>specifically</i> cryptico.js is a bad implementation, and according to <a href=\"http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/29/final-post-on-javascript-crypto/\">Nate Lawson's post</a>, <i>all</i> existing implementations are \"specifically bad\" (except for <a href=\"http://crypto.stanford.edu/sjcl/\">SJCL</a> that <i>might</i> not be bad, but doesn't do asymmetric crypto anyway).</li></ul>If we're talking server-side only (e.g. for verifying authenticity of documents arriving via replications), I think this should be part of the CouchDB platform itself (or at least a plugin):<br><ul><li>We should use a library that is peer reviewed and maintained by cryptographers, so this implies <i>not</i> doing it in Javascript.<br></li><li>Doing it at the CouchDB level would mean reviewing and maintaining the code at a single point and not per-CouchApp (worse than herding cats).</li></ul><br><div><br></div></div>\n<p></p>" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFunction to return items from an array where items at odd index which are repeated by the number at its preceding even index\n\nI got this interview question when interviewing with some big company. ", "They asked me to write out a function next, which takes an array as the input value and returns the next available number. ", "\nThe number at even index in the array indicates the number of the next number in the array at the odd index\n. ", "For example, [2,2,1,7,3,5] meaning that we have two 2s, one 7 and 3 5s. ", "So calling next() will output 2 2 7 5 5 5 sequentially one at a time. ", "And when there is no available number, in this case when the third 5 is returned, the function would throw exception.", "\nSo this question was quite open ended. ", "They didn't explicitly specify how I should implement this function. ", "The only requirement was to achieve the behavior mentioned above, i.e. output next available number one at time.", "\nDuring the interview I thought it would make sense to put this function on the prototype chain of Array so we can call this function directly on an array like this\nconst array = [2, 2, 1, 7, 3, 5];\n\nArray.prototype.next = function() {\n const buffer = [];\n let x;\n let index = 0;\n for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n x = i;\n } else {\n buffer.push(...new Array(this[x]).fill(this[i]));\n }\n }\n return buffer[index++];\n};\n\nconsole.log(array.next()); // 2\nconsole.log(array.next()); // 2\nconsole.log(array.next()); // 2 \n\nI noticed that people are saying it's bad idea to make the function part of the Array prototype. ", "So here is another solution \nfunction getNext(array) {\n const buffer = [];\n let x;\n let index = 0;\n for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {\n if (i % 2 === 0) {\n x = i;\n } else {\n buffer.push(...new Array(array[x]).fill(array[i]));\n }\n }\n return buffer[index++];\n}\n\nHowever the problem is, it doesn't remember the last output and move on to the next one. ", "It will always output the first item in the array.", "\nI always thought maybe we can implement this next as an iterator but I couldn't implement it myself.", "\nCan anyone help me with it? ", "\n\nA:\n\nI think a natural fit for this problem would be a generator function. ", "You can read more about them here:\nhttps://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Generator\nHere is my solution. ", "Let me know if you have any questions:\n\nconst generatorFunc = function* (arr) {\r\n let i = 0;\r\n while (i < arr.length) {\r\n yield arr[i];\r\n i++;\r\n } \r\n};\r\n\r\nconst buildIterator = (arr) => {\r\n const generatedArr = arr.reduce((acc, item, itemIndex) => {\r\n const isEven = itemIndex % 2 === 0;\r\n if (isEven) {\r\n const value = arr[itemIndex + 1];\r\n const iterationCount = item;\r\n return acc.concat(Array(iterationCount).fill(value));\r\n };\r\n return acc;\r\n }, []);\r\n const generator = generatorFunc(generatedArr);\r\n return {\r\n next: () => {\r\n const nextIteration = generator.next();\r\n if (nextIteration.done) {\r\n throw new Error('No more items in array');\r\n }\r\n return nextIteration.value;\r\n }\r\n };\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst myIterator = buildIterator([2,2,1,7,3,5]);\r\n\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); //2\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); //2\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); //7\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); //5\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); //5\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); //5\r\nconsole.log(myIterator.next()); // ERROR!!", "\n\nThere's a little bit of syntactic sugar here as standard js generator functions return objects like { value, done }. ", "Let me know if you have any questions!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nПравила выделения междометия \"ну\"\n\nПодскажите, пожалуйста, в предложении:\n\n\"- Я бы сказал, нет, но у нас\nчернокожий сразу же ассоциируется с\nамериканцем, - и тут же добавил,\nподняв перед собой руки, - о, только\nне обижайтесь, я не хотел намекнуть на\nрасизм и, ну в общем…\"\n\n\"ну\" будет междометием и выделяться запятой, или все-таки это слово здесь используется для выражения усилительного оттенка?", "\n\nA:\n\nИногда бывает трудно разграничить междометие от усилительной частицы. ", "В этих случаях надо ориентироваться на интонацию. ", "У вас такой случай. ", "Но. ", "Здесь надо еще учесть какую роль выполняет слово \" в общем\" . ", "Если это вводное слово - то же, что \"короче говоря, словом; в сущности, по существу\", то запятая нужна. ", "Если это член предложения - (в знач. \"", "в общих чертах, в целом, не вдаваясь в детали\"),то следует ориентироваться на интонацию. ", "Хотя я бы лично не стал бы ставить запятую в последнем случае. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Depolarization without calcium can release gamma-aminobutyric acid from a retinal neuron.", "\nCalcium influx is often an essential intermediate step for the release of neurotransmitter. ", "However, some retinal neurons appear to release transmitter by a mechanism that does not require calcium influx. ", "It was uncertain whether depolarization released calcium from an intracellular store or released transmitter by a mechanism that does not require calcium. ", "The possibility that voltage, and not calcium, can regulate the release of transmitter was studied with pairs of solitary retinal neurons. ", "Horizontal and bipolar cells were isolated from fish retinas and juxtaposed in culture. ", "Communication between them was studied with electrophysiological methods. ", "A horizontal cell released its neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid, when depolarized during conditions that buffered the internal calcium concentration and prohibited calcium entry. ", "The speed and amount of material released were sufficient for a contribution to synaptic transmission." ]

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[ "So the current behaviour is fairly deliberate - since the grouping feature relies on colour and the grouping menu is only accessible from the titlebar, I wanted to leave a tiny hint of the colour and a very small clickable area.", "\nPrevious iterations had a 2px border around the whole terminal and no access to the grouping menu, which seemed to be much worse all round.", "\n\nI'd really like to find a way to not hide information from people about the grouping - I think it's important to know if a terminal is going to receive/send keystrokes to other terminals, but I'm very willing to discuss how we can achieve this in a way that keeps the no-titlebar crowd happy :)\n\nIn fact I realized what I found the most disturbing is that not only a thinner titlebar is displayed, but also a small part of the icon and the separator that sits next to it...maybe hiding the icon and separator as well would provide a cleaner look without much effort, yet keeping the visual group hint.", "\n\nRemi: keeping the icon slightly visible was also deliberate, because its still clickable to get the grouping menu.", "\n\nSo as a general point I'm prepared to accept the desire for fully hidden titlebars. ", "I think it's a bit excessive, but whatever. ", "However, I want to do it in a way that's sane from a usability and code complexity perspective and this bug seems like an idea place to discuss the possibilities.", "\n\nI think my best suggestion right now would be:\n\n* Grouping menu appears in the context menu if the titlebar is hidden\n* terminal backgrounds get a subtle coloured tint to reflect group receive status (not transmit status, you'll be on your own for which terminal has focus).", "\n\nI've not looked into exactly how easy the second part of that would be to do, but I'm pretty sure the first part is do-able without too much drama.", "\n\nA conditional grouping menu appearing in the context menu seems like the most sensible option to me. :)", "\n\nRegarding whether the titlebar should be fully hidden or not, I think that if the user selects the option to have it hidden, then the program should honour this. ", "Maybe another alternative would be to have a 'titlebar margin width' option available from within the preferences dialog? ", "This way the user could decide if they want the titlebar fully hidden or not. ", "Some window managers provide a similar option so that users can easily allocate space for accessing their right-click system menus. ", "Just a thought. :)", "\n\n\"you'll be on your own for which terminal has focus\"\nWith no title bar, I fully agree on this. ", "Thankfully the cursor gives it away. :)", "\nI also have my own fun way of dealing with that and have my own reason for not wanting the title: full screen, not overlapping icon tray/clock, having a lot of space.", "\n\nMostly wanted to say that I agree this is a good assumption to have (that we'll be expected to manage it ourselves).", "\n\n+1 on a no-title-bar preference if the user is prepared to accept the limitations. ", "I don't do anything in terminator that I don't have keybinding for (i.e. I split only, never tried grouping). ", "My preference with my tiling window manager is to have no decorations rendered surrounding the terminal text.", "\n\nAlso +1 for related options to choose a 1-pixel divider line between split terminals. ", "I presume this is 'terminal separator size'. ", "At bzr trunk r976, the terminal-separator size slider goes from -1 to 0 to 1, but value -1 had a multipixel white (not the desired color) divider, 0 or 1 (and higher I presume) render a zero-pixel divider, unless that pixel is background color black and I just can't see it.", "\n\nFor me hiding the titlebar with \"titlebars = false\" doesn't work at all with the latest release.", "\nI'm using Ubuntu Lucid Lynx 64bit with Terminator 0.93 (http://ppa.launchpad.net/gnome-terminator/ppa/ubuntu).", "\nI have the same problem on an other pc with Ubuntu Karmic and the same version of Terminator.", "\n\nOn 31/03/10 16:23, Remi REROLLE wrote:\n> On version 0.9, when unchecking the \"Show titlebar\" option in the\n> preferences, a small part (about 2 pixels) of the titlebar remains\n> visible (tested on karmic with the version from the PPA)\n\nThe discussed solution is now partially implemented in trunk by revision\n1019. ", "The titlebar remains hidden until the following states are present:\n\n1) a group name is being created\n2) the terminal is in a group\n\nI think 1) will always be the case, but eventually I hope to address 2)\nwith colour hinting of the terminal background." ]

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[ "Atypical mycobacteriosis in a lung transplant recipient.", "\nAlthough mycobacterial infections are more frequent in lung transplant recipients than in other solid organ recipients only occasional reports of infection from atypical Mycobacteria have been reported in patients receiving lung transplantation. ", "We present a case of pleural and cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a double-lung transplant recipient. ", "The infection was rapidly responsive to therapy with a two drug regimen and no reduction of immunosuppression was necessary." ]

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[ "An interactive map will expose the worst spots for harassment in the UK as part of a wider national campaign to help people speak out against sexual violence and harassment.", "\n\nThe Google Maps-style software is the work of the Women's Equality Party, along with digital marketing firm Cheil London and browsing app Blippar.", "\n\nThe campaign, #WECount, began in London and is now being rolled out to the rest of the UK following its success.", "\n\nThe digital map, along with an accompanying social media blitz, will allow users to mark their experiences with Google Maps-style pins, displaying the results online and on a digital billboard in the capital.", "\n\nThrough Blippar's image recognition and augmented reality technology, 10 icons placed around the capital will show the Google Maps pins transformed into an exclamation mark that people can 'blipp' to receive content and information about the campaign and incidents in the area, including available support and victims' stories.", "\n\nSophie Walker, Women's Equality Party leader and London Mayoral candidate, said: \"An estimated 400,000 sexual offences against women occur in the UK each year. ", "Despite their frequency, the majority of these often violent incidents are unreported, and women are left feeling unsafe and unable to walk without fear on their own streets." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProving a set is compact - Homework\n\nLet $(X,d)$ be a metric space and let {$p_n$} be a sequence of points in $X$ with $\\lim_{n\\to ∞}p_n = p_0$. Prove that the set $K =$ {$p_0, p_1, p_2,...$} is a compact subset of $X$.\nI have absolutely no idea how this is supposed to work, so an answer would be greatly appreciated!", "\nEdit: Definition of compact is given as: A set S is compact if and only if every open cover of S has a finite subcover.", "\n\nA:\n\nWe shall do it according to the most standard definition of compactness:\nA subset $K$ of a metric space $X$ is compact if every open cover of $K$ has a finite subcover.", "\nLet $\\{U_i\\}_{i\\in I}$ be an open cover of $K$. Then $p_0\\in U_{i_0}$, for some $i_0\\in I$.\nBut as $U_{i_0}$ is open, then a whole ball $B(p_0,\\varepsilon)\\subset U_{i_0}$. Next, as $p_n\\to p_0$, there exists an $n_0$, such that $n\\ge n_0$ implies that $\\varrho(p_n,p_0)<\\varepsilon$ or equivalently\n$$\nn\\ge n_0 \\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad p_n\\in B(p_0,\\varepsilon)\\subset U_{i_0}.", "\n$$\nNow all but (at most) the first $n_0-1$ terms belong to $U_{i_0}$. Next choose $U_1,\\ldots, U_{n_0-1}$, so that $p_j\\in U_j$, for $j=1,\\ldots,n_0-1$. Finally now\n$$\nU_1,\\ldots,U_{n_0-1}\\,\\&\\, U_{i_0},\n$$\nis a finite subcover of $K$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Esenbeckia delta\n\nEsenbeckia delta is a species of fly in the family Tabanidae.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n\nCategory:Tabanidae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1920" ]

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[ "Ceramic structures, usually and preferably multilayered, are used in the production of electronic substrates and devices. ", "Many different types of structures can be used, and a few of these structures are described below. ", "For example, a multilayered ceramic circuit substrate may comprise patterned metal layers which act as electrical conductors sandwiched between ceramic layers which act as insulators. ", "The substrates may be designed with termination pads for attaching semiconductor chips, connector leads, capacitors, resistors, covers, etc. ", "Interconnection between buried conductor levels can be achieved through vias formed by metal paste-filled holes in the individual ceramic layers formed prior to lamination, which, upon sintering, will become a sintered dense metal interconnection of metal-based conductor.", "\nIn general, conventional ceramic structures are formed from ceramic greensheets which are prepared by mixing a ceramic particulate, a thermoplastic polymer binder, plasticizers, and solvents. ", "This composition is spread or cast into ceramic sheets or slips from which the solvents are subsequently volatilized to provide coherent and self-supporting flexible greensheets. ", "After blanking, stacking and laminating, the green sheets are eventually fired at temperatures sufficient to drive off the polymeric binder resin and sinter the ceramic particulates together into a densified ceramic substrate.", "\nThe electrical conductors used in formation of the electronic substrate may be high melting point metals such as molybdenum and tungsten or a noble metal such as gold. ", "However, it is more desirable to use a conductor having a low electrical resistance and low cost, such as copper and alloys thereof.", "\nCurrent ceramic structures for electronic applications range up to about 127 mm. ", "which can hold about 121 silicon devices. ", "Typically, several of these structures are linked together through hardwire interconnections to perform, for example, a computing function. ", "Inherently, there are propagation delays associated with such an arrangement due to the distances between linked ceramic structures. ", "The electrical performance of the arrangement can be improved by decreasing the distance between ceramic structures.", "\nOne solution is to fabricate larger structures of 300 mm or more to hold more silicon devices. ", "The surface area of such a ceramic structure is roughly 4 times that of existing ceramic structures. ", "Since more of the silicon devices will be on a single structure, the inherent propagation delays associated with the hardwire interconnections will be eliminated. ", "It is expected that vastly improved electrical performance will result.", "\nThe difficulty arises, however, in fabricating such large ceramic structures. ", "According to conventional tape casting technology, all that need be done is to \"simply\" scale up existing tooling and technology to arrive at a larger ceramic structure. ", "The cost, however, for such an endeavor would be prohibitive.", "\nThe present inventors have proposed joining several smaller ceramic structures into a single large ceramic structure. ", "Aside from the present invention being a lower cost alternative to simply scaling up existing tooling, the proposed invention is also advantageous in that smaller ceramic structures have better dimensional stability than larger ones, thereby indicating that large ceramic structures comprised of smaller, joined ceramic structures will have better dimensional stability than tape cast large ceramic structures. ", "The finished size of such a large ceramic structure would be about 300 mm or more to meet the future demands of electrical performance. ", "This solution is not without difficulty either as the challenge is to join smaller greensheet segments together while maintaining electrical continuity across the entire ceramic structure and to be able to sinter the large ceramic structure without cracking and distortion.", "\nThus far, no solutions in the prior art have been proposed which meet this challenge.", "\nThe following references are relevant to the joining of ceramic parts in general.", "\nSchroeder et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,420,352 discloses the joining of ceramic heat exchanger parts wherein the adjacent surfaces to be joined are locally heated by RF heating. ", "Ebata et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,724,020 discloses a similar process but wherein the local heating is by high voltage torches.", "\nFerguson et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,767,479 discloses a method of bonding green (unfired) ceramic casting cores. ", "The casting cores are made up of ceramic particles and a binder. ", "The binder in the casting cores is softened by applying a solvent and then ceramic filler particles are added to at least one of the surfaces to be joined. ", "Thereafter, the ceramic casting cores are assembled until the solvent has evaporated.", "\nGat-Liquornik et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,928,870 discloses the joining of ceramic parts by placing a metal foil or wire between the surfaces to be joined and then subjecting the metal foil or wire to a high current for a short period of time.", "\nIwamoto et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,952,454 discloses the joining of ceramic parts wherein a paste including metals and metal oxides is applied to the surfaces to be joined and then the assembly is heated to effect bonding.", "\nIto et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,953,627 discloses the joining of ceramic heat exchanger parts wherein a bonding material, e.g. glass, is applied to the surfaces to be joined and then the assembly is fired to effect bonding.", "\nIt is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to form a large ceramic structure for electronic applications from smaller electronic structures.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to form the large ceramic structure in a way to maintain electrical continuity between the joined segments.", "\nIt is yet another object of the invention to have a method for fabricating such a large ceramic structure.", "\nThese and other objects of the invention will become more apparent after referring to the following description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings." ]

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[ "Monday, February 6, 2012\n\nWFB Battle Report(s): Vampire Counts\n\nI was lucky enough this weekend to get two games in on Saturday at the store, and started another at Universal Battle!", "\n\nHere's a recap of the two \"real\" games, and my thoughts on how my Vampire army works as a whole and my likely upcoming changes!", "\n\n\n\nHexwraiths ready for painting!", "\n\n My first game Saturday was against my good friend Nick (Apothecary Bob as he's known on the forum) and his Tomb Kings. ", "This was my first experience against the new Tomb Kings, and I had no idea what to expect. ", "I was quite daunted when he plopped down a unit of 80 Skeletal Archers and explained to me that the special character in there gave them BS4 and Poison! ", "Yiikes! ", "He had a giant Sphyxian thing (I made up a new word!), ", "a big unit of Tomb Guard (who, I came to find out, have Killing Blow like Grave Guard!), ", "and a small horde (only 30...) of skeletal warriors. ", "To lead this force he had Kallida (sp?), ", "a Level 4 wizard (with the TK lore), and lvl 2 with Death, and a level 2 with Light.", "\n\nNick had only a handful of deploys, so I got to do pretty much whatever I wanted, since I pack in 11 drops. ", "I thought I'd keep my Grave Guard out of range of that archer nightmare, and tie them up with Hexwraiths, Spirit Host, and/or Zombies. ", "In the pic below you can see that, from my left to right, he's got Warriors, Archers, Sphyxie thing, and Tomb Guard. ", "My left to right went Wolves, Hexies, Zombies, Ghouls, Grave Guard, with Mortis Engine on the end (my model isn't together yet, so I was using just an empty grey base). ", "The last Zombies and Corpse Cart went behind the Ghouls and Grave Guard.", "\n\nI Vanguard moved my dogs and Hexies forward, and off we went.", "\n\n\nStart of the game!", "\n\nThe first few turns were a bit on the dull side. ", "He did minimal movement, preferring to make me come in to range of his skeletal death cannon unit of doom. ", "I focused on dispelling magic attacks on the ethereals, making new zombies and trying to get my units actually in to a fight.", "\n\nI drove the Hexwraiths in to his big unit on the second turn, did fine on my turn but fluffed the rolls on his turn and they all died to crumble. ", "Boo! ", "However, they did save me a crucial turn of shooting, and allowed me to close the distance with a big unit of zombies with the BSB and a Wraith. ", "I was able to get one Spirit Host in to his big Sphynxie monster...the ideal target, really, as he doesn't have any Static CR, so could tie him up indefinitely! ", "I also pushed the Ghouls up towards his Tomb Guard, with the Mortis Engine going wide for flank attack.", "\n\nForward, my Ghostly Minions!", "\n\nHere Come The Sun, Little Darling!", "\n\nHe got a Purple Sun off finally, sending it right at a Spirit Host, killing it. ", "The Zombies, with BSB and Wraith, and the Corpse Cart hit his giant unit. ", "I'd hoped to be able to resummon zombies fast enough to overcome any damage they dealt in melee while just keeping them from shooting. ", "The one round of shooting they got on the zombies before the charge killed almost 50 zombies. ", "Ouch!", "\n\nGrave Guard stuck in traffic!", "\n\nSadly things didn't go quite as planned. ", "The Tomb Guard killed the Dark Acolyte Vampire (this is where I learned they have Killing Blow!), ", "and the Death Wizard got off a Caress on the Necro, killing him 3 times over. ", "Not to be deterred, crumble didn't go horrible, so the ghouls and Mortis Engine ate the Tomb Guard, including the Prince and BSB over a few combat rounds. ", "My BSB, Wraith, and Corpse Cart continued to win combats against the Skeletal Archers, even killing off his Hierophant in the process, and almost Kalida, too! ", "My second Zombie unit went in to his Death Wizard, killing him with static CR and overrunning in to the warrior unit, and did a bit of damage, but couldn't really dish out enough damage to win the fight decisively.", "\n\nThe Mortis Engine overruns in to the big giant meanie, while the BSB and Cairn Wraith kill everything!", "\n\nAfter killing the Tomb Guard on the charge, the Mortis Engine unwisely overran in to his big monster, which was very pleased to have a target it could kill, but in the two combat turns we had the mortis engine refused to die.", "\n\nThe game ended after 6, with me winning something like 1097 to 977. ", "An extremely close and fun game, I really enjoyed it...except the stupid Death Spell. ", "I'd completely forgotten in my return to 8th that there are spells that so easily pick models out of a unit...I'll have to rethink the equipment on the Necro!", "\n\nI was very happy with how the list performed...the Ghouls were able to eat the \"elite infantry\" that went in to them; the Zombies were able to tarpit as much as needed, even enduring the 60 or so shots they had to take before getting there. ", "The Vampire BSB with SOM and Red Fury was a nightmare, killing handfuls of Skellies each turn. ", "The Staff of Damnation and Book of Arkhan were both very useful, as was the Black Periapt (though as an aside, I keep finding myself letting spells through I could probably stop trying to save 2 dice for my Casting phase...is it worth the trade off?).", "\n\nI think I moved very poorly, with the Grave Guard having nothing to fight the whole game. ", "Similarly, while it's charge was able to kill off the Tomb Prince, the Mortis Engine was left way out of range to provide help to my casters (or mess with his miscasts...speaking of which, somewhere in there his Hierophant did miscast, and was reduced to lvl 2), then I foolishly overran in to a big monster that's custom made to beat up big things like the mortis engine.", "\n\nMy points came from killing his BSB and Prince and the Tomb Guard, the Hierophant, and the second wizard. ", "He was able to kill off lots of chaff, some characters (including the General), a zombie unit, and my poor Hexwraiths. ", "If I'd had some way to keep the General alive, I'd had felt much better, but that's a huge liability that I'm going to have to work a fix in for!", "\n\nThe second game was a dice-off...there were three of us there wanting to play...Nick and I got there first so started our game, but Tim was there painting and waiting to play one of us. ", "We tried to do rock-paper-scissors to see who would play, but we were apparently too nerdy to pull it off, so a dice-off was suggested. ", "I was awarded a +1 to the roll for winning the first game by a Flames of War observer, but won the roll off without it and got to get my second game in...against my Nemesis, the Ogres of Tim!", "\n\nI'll post more tomorrow about this game, for now a teaser of pics that are too pretty to not share. ", "Check back soon for a complete Battle Report!", "\n\nOk, sorry about the split post...I actually had to do real work...what a bother!", "\n\nTim's army included a level 4 Slaughtermaster, a level 2 Firebelly, a BSB. ", "I'm sorry, but I didn't note the equipment he used, although I know the hellheart was in there! ", "Maybe Tim will post here and let us know! ", "He had a large unit of Bulls, a large unit of Ironguts, and a large unit of Maneaters (Swiftstried, Poison, Swiftness Banner, and xtra hand weapons on the front 3). ", "He had an Ironblaster, a unit of Leadbelchers, and 3 Sabretusks. ", "And meanest of all, 4 Mournfang with the Dragonhide banner!", "\n\nI love the basing he did for this guy...can't wait to see him complete!", "\n\n\n\nSlaughtermaster with surgically-added \"Fencer's Blades\"\n\nWe both had a lot of 'chaff' deploys, and our deployment was really a fun battle in itself. ", "I ended up having a bit of an edge, and was able to get the Hexwraiths opposite the Ironblaster and Leadblechers. ", "Everything else kind of squared off over the middle of the table, with him piling up the sabretusks on the extreme left opposite a puny little unit of direwolves.", "\n\nI tried something a bit different than I'd done before, and put one of the Zombie units up \"on the line\". ", "I had been putting both Zombie units \"behind\" the big line, so they'd be easier in range for earlier Invocations, but this often left me struggling to get a Zombie unit up where it could do it's tar-pitting job.", "\n\n\n\nDeployment after Vanguard moves.", "\n\n\n\nLots of custom sculpting on the Maneaters!", "\n\nTim went first, and moved up cagily to keep me from charging anything with Spirit Hosts. ", "His cannon took a shot at the Mortis Engine, which failed it's Regen and took 3 wounds. ", "The Leadbelchers shot up the doggies on my right, leaving only a couple alive. ", "He shot magic at the Spirit Hosts, taking one stand down to 1 wound left. ", "His Cats on the left charged in to my other wolf unit, killing it and overruning off the table.", "\n\nOn my first turn I shuffled the infantry line forward, with the Spirit Hosts going ahead to absorb charges and set up a nice counter-charge. ", "Tim had moved his Bulls so that if the Hex Wraiths charged the Ironblaster they'd take a charge from the Bulls in their flank...this I didn't want, so decided to go in to the Leadbelchers...I figured if nothing else I'd not lose combat (he had no ranks or command) and be safe from the bulls on turn 2, maybe take a charge from them on turn 3, and they'd be out of the fight until turn 6...if my 180 (actually 150...I have 6 in my list, but only had 5 models on Saturday) could tie up 400 points of his army, I'm happy!", "\n\nInstead the Belchers chose to flee, had a weak flee roll (I think a 5?), ", "and were caught and killed by the Hexwraiths. ", "Yeah!", "\n\nOn his second turn things got really interesting. ", "The Mournfang charged the Ghouls with BSB. ", "The Irongut Deathstar charged one Spirit Host, while the Maneaters charged the other. ", "The Ironblaster tried to charge the last Wolves to clear a path for the Bulls to charge the Hexwraiths, but failed it's roll (it needed a high number, I think) and the bulls got stuck. ", "Magic was not terrible effective as I recall, and there was no shooting.", "\n\n\n\nThe ghosts are engaged!", "\n\n The BSB got to go first, and with her high Strength and Red Fury she did 4 wounds to the Mounrfang before they got to fight! ", "The rest of the ghouls pulled off one more, but with impact hits and all their high Str attacks, I lost combat and had to lose several ghouls...but overall a win for me, as the unit took the charge and was not too badly mauled! ", "The Spirit Hosts all popped and the Ogres reformed to get ready for the undead onslaught!", "\n\nMournfang Charge!", "\n\nOn my turn I sent the Grave Guard in to the Ironguts Deathstar, and the Zombies went in to the Maneaters. ", "The Cairn Wraith went solo in to the Mournfang flank. ", "He used the Hellheart, which caused a small blast S10 on the Vampire with the Graveguard, killing A LOT. ", "I'd moved the Mortis Engine and Corpse Cart up to ensure buffs for the fighting units as well. ", "The Hexwraiths danced around the flank of the Bulls chasing them, staying out of charge angle. ", "My magic phase was very limited, I believe all I got was one Invocation and the Staff of Damnation off, but this was enough for ASF on the Ghouls, Graveguard, and Zombies from the Corpse Cart. ", "The Grave Guard did good work, really mauling the Ironguts, I believe there were only 2 left alive, plus characters. ", "I took some losses but won combat by a bit, he needed a 4 to hold...and made it. ", "Boo! ", "The Ghouls and BSB fighting the Mournfang did only a handful of wounds, and lost combat again, losing a few more Ghouls. ", "The Zombies did a wound but of course lost many...but did their job and held up the elite Maneaters for a turn!", "\n\nGraveguard Attack!", "\n\nThe Hexwraiths juke about, keeping the Bulls occupied!", "\n\nOn his turn the Kittycats charged flank and rear of the Ghouls fighting the Mournfang. ", "He had a solid magic phase, getting off +1 Toughness and Regen...ouch! ", "This was the deathknell for me, sadly. ", "The Ghouls went crazy, killed off both the Sabres in the rear, and put a wound on the one in the flank. ", "The Wraith and BSB did a few wounds to Mournfang. ", "The Mournfang lost combat, failed their Break, and were caught and killed. ", "Yeah!", "\n\nBut...the Graveguard did not have such a good time. ", "They struggled to get throught he higher T and Regen of the Ironguts, and lost combat by a lot, leaving only about ten alive. ", "The Zombies similarly were crushed by the Maneaters.", "\n\nNow I did silly stuff...we were running out of time, and I wanted to see how things would go, so I charged the Corpse Cart and the Mortis Engine in to the Maneaters. ", "The Ghouls and Wraith got together in one unit and moved to hit the remnants of the Ironguts Deathstar in the flank in a hypothetical next turn. ", "I had good winds roll, and I needed it too! ", "But Tim let all my buffs pass...Staff of Damnation, rerolls to hit on the Grave Guard; Hellish Vigor on everything in 12\" from Necro (so the Cart, Engine, and Grave Guard). ", "Now here I got even sillier, I resolved the Maneater combat first. ", "I did only a couple wounds with all their attacks (S3 to T5 with Regen...not much potential there), the Mortis Engine was crushed, and blew up. ", "The Corpse Cart was lost to crumble. ", "I rolled really moderately for the damage on every unit...except the Grave Guard, where I rolled a box-cars for the number of hits, and left the unit with just the Champ and Banner! ", "If I'd done the Graveguard first, things might have been different, but as it was I only had a handful of attacks, which did manage to finish off the Ironguts unit, but I couldn't scratch the characters. ", "The Hexwraiths also charged at the rear of the Ironblaster, which fled and failed to rally.", "\n\nAll the Grave Guard dead and buried!", "\n\nWe had to stop the game here and add up points. ", "It came out to be a really solid win for the Ogres...I think he had about 1400, and I had about 900. ", "I think a smarter thing to do on that last turn...instead of charging the Maneaters, I could move the Mortis Engine or Corpse Cart to take the charge, and leave him with no overrun options and keep them off me for another turn. ", "If the Mortis Engine hadn't blown up the Grave Guard, they MIGHT have had a chance to kill one of the characters (I'd probably had hit the Firebelly, as I think he's the easiest of the lot to bring down) and I'd had a chance for that unit to survive.", "\n\nIf we'd gone on to the full game length, I don't think I had much to stop the Maneaters with. ", "If I got super lucky magic, I might have been able to summon a zombie unit to speedbump with, but that'd take a lot of luck. ", "More realistically I would have first fed it the Corpse Cart, then the last Zombie unit, while saving the Mortis Engine and Necro. ", "The Ghouls and Wraith would have had opportunity to hit the 'character unit', and had a decent chance to finish off one or two of those big guys...though that Slaughtermaster is near impossible to kill!\n\nSo I've relearned lessons I've learned several times now...Mortis Engine shouldn't charge ridiculous things, that's not it's forte! ", "The Hexwraiths did exactly what I wanted, chasing off the shooty things and keeping a chunk of his army tied up chasing them. ", "The Grave Guard are really really solid. ", "If not for the Mortis Engine fail, self-induced as it was, they stood a decent chance at survival and killing off a lot of points.", "\n\nAfter two games like this, and considering the vulnerability to Sniper fire and Spells...not to mention the occasional need to leave a unit...I think I'm going to consider dropping the Rod of Flaming Death off the Necro and scrape up 5 points to get him a 4+ Ward. ", "The round of Crumble isn't horrible, but losing the magic ability is debilitating.", "\n\nI'm also on the fence about the Periapt. ", "There's good things about it...sometimes the enemy just doesn't have any spells to cast that I care about...particularly early in the game...so I can let shit go and save dice. ", "Sometimes they miscast and don't get to use all their dice, so I and save dice. ", "Sometimes they don't have any wizards at all...Dwarfs! ", "When I get those 2 extra dice, it sure is nice!", "\n\nOn the other hand, I often don't get to save two dice. ", "There are some enemy magic phases where I have to use all my dispel dice to stop their spells. ", "If I don't get to use it, it's wasted points. ", "I have a hard time including something in the army that won't be 100% effective every game.", "\n\nSo, I'm considering dropping it too. ", "If I do, I can move the Staff to the Necro, and pimp out the second vampire for fighting and more survivability. ", "Hell, maybe even a Dispel Scroll!", "\n\nI'm going to keep using it for now, but I'm definitely eyeing dropping it." ]

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[ "The association of posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder from a network analytical perspective.", "\nPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) share etiological risk factors and an overlapping set of associated symptoms. ", "Since the ICD-11 proposal for trauma-related disorders, the relationship of these disorders has to be clarified. ", "A novel approach to psychopathology, network analysis, allows for a detailed analysis of comorbidity on symptom level. ", "Symptoms were assessed in adult survivors of childhood abuse (N=219) using the newly developed ICD-11 Trauma-Questionnaire and the SCID-II. ", "The psychopathological network was analyzed using the network approach. ", "PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms were strongly connected within disorders and to a lesser degree between disorders. ", "Symptoms of BPD were weakly connected to others. ", "Re-experiencing and dissociation were the most central symptoms. ", "Mental disorders are no discrete entities, clear boundaries are unlikely to be found. ", "The psychopathological network revealed central symptoms that might be important targets for specific first interventions." ]

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[ "Immunohistochemical investigation of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A in fatal poisoning.", "\nTo evaluate the immunohistochemical distribution of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) in fatal poisoning in relation to the effects of drugs and poisons on respiratory function, 42 forensic autopsy cases were examined by scoring the staining intensity. ", "The highest scores of SP-A staining, with dense granular deposits (aggregates) in the intra-alveolar space, were observed in fatalities from pancuronium bromide (muscle relaxant) injection and petroleum (butane) gas inhalation. ", "Poisoning with organophosphate pesticides and arsenic (ingestion) showed a second grade SP-A score. ", "However, The SP-A scores were relatively low in ethanol and sedative-hypnotic intoxication. ", "Carbon monoxide intoxication showed a varied degree of SP-A score, and the aggregated SP-A score tended to be higher in cases of lower blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration. ", "A varied SP-A score was also observed in methamphetamine fatalities, in which the score was relatively low in cases with a higher serum drug level. ", "Increase of SP-A was not always associated with the intra-alveolar effusion or hemorrhages. ", "The above-described observations suggested that the immunohistochemical score of SP-A may be a possible indication for intensity and duration of drug/poison-dependent respiratory distress." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Recently, relationship mining becomes important as a technology of finding a useful knowledge from a large amount of document data. ", "According to such relationship mining, calculation of the similarity and distance between subjects of mining is requisite. ", "Examples of the subject of relationship mining are a relationship between key words present in a document, a relationship between intrinsic representations, such as the names of persons, and the names of organisms, a relationship between a document and a keyword, and a relationship between documents. ", "Hereinafter, the subject of relationship mining will be generally referred to as a mining target.", "\nFor example, patent literature 1 discloses a technology of visualizing a human relationship as a weighted network by calculating, as a co-occurrence degree, the rate of appearance of the name of each person in the same document through a web search engine with the names of persons being as mining targets. ", "Moreover, patent literature 2 discloses a technology of searching a document close to the preference of a user using a cosine similarity with documents being as mining targets.", "\nPatent literature 3 discloses a technology of using the length of a backward matching letter string as the similarity of lexical information at the time of calculation of the similarity between words. ", "Moreover, patent literature 3 calculates the linear sum of plural similarities, such as a first similarity based on the co-occurrence degree in a dependency relationship between words, and a second similarity based on the consistency of the meaning category where the words belong, thereby determining the similarity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nProof that a function is surjective to R\n\nI'm having difficulties proving that the function \n\n$$\\frac{\\sin(\\frac1x)}{x^2}$$ \n\nis surjective to $\\mathbb R$. on the interval $(0,10]$.\nI tried to use the intermediate theorem, but that of course only works on a closed interval. ", "I know the roots $$\\frac{1}{\\pi n}$$ where $n\\in Z/0$.\n\nA:\n\nThe function is continuous and $(0,10]$ is connected, so you just need to show that $\\sup_{x \\in (0,10]} f(x) = +\\infty$, and $\\inf_{x \\in (0,10]} f(x) = -\\infty$, where $f(x) = \\frac{\\sin \\frac{1}{x}}{x^2}$.\nWe have $\\frac{1}{x} = \\frac{\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n $ iff $x = \\frac{1}{{\\frac{\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n}}$, and in this case we have $f(x) = (\\frac{\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n)^2$, so we see that $\\sup_{x \\in (0,10]} f(x) = +\\infty$.\nIn a similar manner, $\\frac{1}{x} = \\frac{3\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n $ iff $x = \\frac{1}{{\\frac{3\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n}}$, and in this case we have $f(x) = -(\\frac{3\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n)^2$, so we see that $\\inf_{x \\in (0,10]} f(x) = -\\infty$.\nNote: Using the above, you can see using the intermediate value theorem that if you choose the closed interval $[\\frac{1}{{\\frac{3\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n}}, \\frac{1}{{\\frac{\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n}}]$, then $f$ takes all values in $[ -(\\frac{3\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n)^2, (\\frac{\\pi}{2} + 2 \\pi n)^2 ] $. ", "Hence if you take $n$ large enough, this will include any $y \\in \\mathbb{R}$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Dissecting the structure of thiopeptides: assessment of thiazoline and tail moieties of baringolin and antibacterial activity optimization.", "\nSeveral analogues of baringolin (1) were prepared to evaluate the role of its characteristic thiazoline ring and pentapeptidic tail with the aim of defining structure-activity relationships for these moieties. ", "The thiazoline ring appeared as a crucial moiety to maintain a broad scope of activities against different Gram-positive bacteria. ", "Further modifications were performed to simplify the structure of the natural product and assess the role of its tail, resulting in an enhanced in vitro performance. ", "Analogue 25, with the thiazole-containing macrocycle and a 4-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid moiety in place of the pentapeptidic tail, was identified as a much more potent analogue, capable of overcoming the absence of the thiazoline ring and performing extraordinarily well against all strains tested. ", "This is the first library of thiopeptide analogues produced by chemical synthesis alone, which demonstrates the robustness and convenience of the synthetic strategy used." ]

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[ "“Unseating” of a tire means at least one of the beads of the tire escaping from all or part of the seat of the rim on which the tire is mounted. ", "The capacity of a tire to resist unseating is one of the features which is important to the safety of the users of a vehicle with tires, since unseating is associated with considerable deterioration of rolling performance. ", "A study of the phenomenon has shown that there are two types of unseating: (1) unseating resulting from violent impacts to the sidewall or the tread of the tire, such as for example an impact against a pavement or passage of the tire over a hole in the roadway, and (2) unseating in the presence of very strong mechanical stresses such as for example during travel at high speed round a bend with a small radius of curvature, all this possibly being made worse by an inflation pressure lower than the operating pressure. ", "The invention relates to a test method for quantifying the behavior of tires in relation to unseating of the second type.", "\nA distinction may be drawn between two categories of test methods which make it possible to study and quantify unseating of a tire: methods for testing on machines and methods for testing on tracks. ", "An example of a method for testing on machines is described in the patent U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,662,597, according to which a conical member is applied against a sidewall of the tire, then the pressure exerted against the sidewall is increased and displacement of the sidewall is recorded. ", "A similar test method is to be found in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. ", "109, drawn up by the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), the American Federal road safety body.", "\nAnother device was proposed in patent application WO 02 090919: once again, a force is applied to the tire mounted on a rim and inflated to a given pressure, but unlike in the method described in document U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,662,597, the force is not applied to the sidewall of the tire, but to the part of the tire intended to be in contact with the ground, until unseating takes place.", "\nTrack tests are complementary to the tests on machines, since they place the tire under conditions which are closer to the conditions of use of a vehicle. ", "Qualification of a tire by a vehicle manufacturer frequently depends, inter alia, on the results obtained in unseating tests on track. ", "These tests are particularly critical when the tires in question are designed specifically to allow rolling at low or even zero pressure, hereinafter designated “run-flat tires”, without significant deterioration of rolling performance.", "\nThe unseating tests known from the prior art generally adopt the configuration known as “J turn” or “U turn”. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "3, a vehicle fitted with the tire to be tested starts off at a constant speed along a straight line, subsequently entering a bend whose radius of curvature is predefined. ", "Various runs are performed, with the tire pressure being reduced with each run until unseating occurs. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,700,765 describes this type of test, performed at a speed of 50 km/h and with a radius of curvature of 20 meters, but other combinations have been proposed: 60 km/h and 25 meters (EP 334 955), 60 km/h and 30 meters (EP 377 338), 40 km/h and 25 meters (EP 1 036 675) and even 35.5 km/h and 6 meters (EP 376 137). ", "A variant of the test comprises a full turn with a predefined radius of curvature (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,253,692).", "\nUnder conventional test conditions, passenger-car tires not specifically designed to allow rolling at low or indeed zero pressure suffer unseating at inflation pressures of the order of 1 bar. ", "When the tires in question are designed to allow rolling at inflation pressures of much less than 1 bar without significant deterioration of rolling performance, the method has to be adapted. ", "The test is performed at an inflation pressure of zero; “J turn” runs are performed until unseating takes place, either at a constant speed (EP 377 338) or at progressively increasing speed (EP 334 955). ", "The number of runs without unseating serves as an indicator of tire performance.", "\nOne of the difficulties of this approach is that the results cannot be reproduced satisfactorily, due to the fact that the steering angle during the bend is not controlled. “", "Steering angle” means the angle of rotation imposed by a driver on the steering wheel of a vehicle in order to modify the trajectory of the vehicle. ", "In principle, the test driver has to keep the tire to be evaluated on the ideal trajectory (recommended radius of curvature), but the trajectory over which it actually travels is only ever an approximation thereof, as shown in FIG. ", "4. ", "To be valid, the trajectory has to be situated within the limits formed by the circles of radius R+ and R−. A vast number of trajectories are possible within these limits: a driver may approach the bend by imposing an elevated steering angle and then correct this angle towards lower values, or conversely start the maneuver with a small steering angle, and then correcting it to remain within the limits. ", "This maneuvering latitude results in weak reproducibility. ", "Another drawback of the previous approach lies in its very low discriminatory capacity. ", "Very often, it is used as a binary test (the tire either does or does not fulfill the criterion set) and does not allow the classification of tires which have fulfilled the criterion: thus it is impossible to distinguish between two types of tires which have resisted unseating after a recommended number of runs.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,580,980 provides greater reproducibility, by proposing a variant of the method which allows the problem of steering angle variation to be avoided. ", "The driver of the vehicle traveling in a straight line suddenly changes the steering angle (generally to a value of around 180°), at a high angular velocity (of the order of 300° per second). ", "The performance of the tire is evaluated as a function of the number of beads (0, 1 or 2) of the tire which have suffered unseating. ", "Other parameters, such as the maximum level of transverse acceleration of the vehicle during the test or alternatively the deviation from the recommended trajectory may serve in evaluation of the unseating performance.", "\nAlthough this method solves the problem of steering angle reproducibility, it nevertheless exhibits the drawback of being limited to a single steering angle, which reduces the quantity of usable data and the precision of ranking.", "\nConsequently, there is a need for a tire testing method which makes it possible to determine the capacity of a tire to resist unseating and to draw up a ranking of a plurality of tires of different design." ]

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[ "FIFA will be making adjustments to the World Cup in 2026. ", "For the first time ever, 48 teams will feature in the tournament. ", "An additional 16 teams will get their chance to shine on the world’s biggest stage.", "\n\nBut things might not go well for Canada. ", "In past tournaments, the host has automatically qualified for the World Cup. ", "This means that they didn’t have to play any games to earn their spot in the World Cup. ", "Their spot in the tournament was given to them because they were the hosts, not because of their talent. ", "However, Canada may not get the same treatment in 2026. ", "Despite being the hosts, FIFA may make Canada go through the route of playing games to qualify.", "\n\nAlthough the 2026 World Cup will be the largest ever, the problem lies in the amount of hosts. ", "Due to there being an unprecedented number of hosts, FIFA has yet to decide on whether they will allow the hosts to automatically qualify.", "\n\nIf Canada is forced to play games in order to qualify for the World Cup, it will be easier than past tournaments since the amount of spots given to North America has increased. ", "In recent tournaments, North America has been given three spots. ", "A fourth spot is also available, but it is a playoff against another team from another continent to determines who qualifies to the World Cup.", "\n\nWith the increased amount of teams, North America will be given six spots. ", "That might still be a struggle for Canada as they failed to make the last round of the 2018 qualification in North America, which also consisted of six teams.", "\n\nIt is not known exactly when FIFA will vote on their decision, but it should be before the World Cup qualification games begin. ", "We should know whether Canada will automatically qualify for the World Cup by the early months of 2023." ]

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[ "Prolactin and human weight disturbances: A puzzling and neglected association.", "\nWeight gain at the outset of prolactinomas in many women is well documented. ", "Yet, this symptom is absent from the clinical descriptions of the disease in textbooks and reviews. ", "This omission is almost certainly due to the absence of a physiological explanation for the phenomenon, as prolactin is not a recognized fat promoting hormone. ", "In this review we present the clinical evidence for a relationship between prolactin and fat accumulation and address some possible mechanisms involved. ", "We put forward the hypothesis that prolactin is a component of a neuroendocrine program - maternal subroutine - aimed at optimizing the care of the young through the production of milk, promotion of maternal behavior and increase in the metabolic efficiency of the mother. ", "These adaptations can enable her to face the extraordinary metabolic expenses of pregnancy and nursing, especially during times of suboptimal environmental conditions. ", "We emphasize the uniqueness of prolactin in that it is a hormone that is tonically inhibited and which has its major effects on the regulation of an inter-individual (the mother - offspring dyad), rather than an intra-individual, system. ", "This approach opens a window to consider the possibility of external events as regulators of this system. ", "It also allows addressing a variety of hitherto unexplained findings reported in the literature. ", "Examples include: association of prolactinomas with paternal deprivation and with stressful life events; pseudocyesis; acute life event-driven episodes of galactorrhea; episodes of rapid weight gain following a life event; prolactin surges (without associated cortisol surges) following some psychological stresses." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there any way the removal of a cell doesn't refresh the entire listview?", "\n\nI use two JavaFX Timeline objects to create a countdown timer and a progress bar (i.e. a shrinking JavaFX Rectangle) inside of a ListCell. ", " When the timer reaches zero, the width of the rectangle becomes zero and the cell is removed from the ListView. ", " However, the entire ListView is automatically refreshed causing the Timeline in the other cell to reset. ", " Here is what it looks like starting with two cells:\n\nIn the code, the updateItem method gets the number of seconds from the model and sets the text for the timer label. ", " When a cell is removed from the ListView, updateItem is called with a CellData object containing the string \"20\" which resets the timeline. ", " But I want the cell with the unfinished timer to continue; not start from the beginning. ", " Here's the minimum, reproducible example:\npublic class AnimatedCells extends Application {\npublic class MyCell extends ListCell<CellData> {\n private CellComponent cc;\n private Timeline rectTimeline, timerTimeline;\n private KeyValue rectWidth;\n\n public MyCell() {\n cc = new CellComponent();\n rectTimeline = new Timeline();\n timerTimeline = new Timeline();\n rectWidth = new KeyValue( cc.getRect().widthProperty(), 0 );\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void updateItem( CellData item, boolean empty ) {\n super.updateItem(item, empty);\n\n if (empty || item == null) {\n setText(null);\n setGraphic(null);\n } else {\n if ( item.getData() !", "= null ) {\n System.out.println(item.getData());\n\n cc.getTimer().setText( item.getData() );\n\n rectTimeline.getKeyFrames().add( new KeyFrame( Duration.seconds( Double.parseDouble( cc.getTimer().getText() ) ), rectWidth ) );\n timerTimeline.getKeyFrames().addAll(\n new KeyFrame( Duration.seconds( 0 ),\n event -> {\n int timerSeconds = Integer.parseInt( cc.getTimer().getText() );\n\n if ( timerSeconds > 0 ) {\n cc.getTimer().setText( Integer.toString(--timerSeconds) );\n }\n else {\n rectTimeline.stop();\n timerTimeline.stop();\n super.getListView().getItems().remove(this.getItem());\n }\n }),\n new KeyFrame( Duration.seconds( 1 ) ) );\n timerTimeline.setCycleCount( Animation.", "INDEFINITE );\n setGraphic( cc.getCellPane() );\n rectTimeline.play();\n timerTimeline.play();\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\npublic class CellComponent {\n @FXML\n private Pane cellPane;\n\n @FXML\n private Label timer;\n\n @FXML\n private Rectangle rect;\n\n public CellComponent() {\n FXMLLoader fxmlLoader = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource(\"/fxml/listcell.fxml\"));\n fxmlLoader.setController(this);\n try\n {\n fxmlLoader.load();\n }\n catch (IOException e)\n {\n throw new RuntimeException(e);\n }\n }\n\n public Pane getCellPane() {\n return cellPane;\n }\n\n public void setCellPane(Pane cellPane) {\n this.cellPane = cellPane;\n }\n\n public Label getTimer() {\n return timer;\n }\n\n public void setTimer(Label timer) {\n this.timer = timer;\n }\n\n public Rectangle getRect() {\n return rect;\n }\n\n public void setRect(Rectangle rect) {\n this.rect = rect;\n }\n\n}\n\npublic class CellData {\n private String data;\n\n public CellData() {\n super();\n }\n\n public CellData(String data) {\n super();\n this.setData(data);\n }\n\n public String getData() {\n return data;\n }\n\n public void setData(String data) {\n this.data = data;\n }\n\n}\n\n@FXML\nprivate ListView<CellData> listView;\n\nprivate ObservableList<CellData> observableList = FXCollections.observableArrayList();\n\npublic void initialize() {\n observableList.add( new CellData(\"20\") );\n observableList.add( new CellData(\"10\") );\n\n listView.setItems( observableList );\n listView.setCellFactory( listView -> {\n MyCell cell = new MyCell();\n return cell;\n });\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void start(Stage stage) throws Exception {\n Parent root = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource(\"/fxml/listmanager.fxml\")).load();\n Scene scene = new Scene(root);\n stage.setScene(scene);\n stage.show();\n}\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n launch(args);\n}\n\n}\n\nAlso, why is updateItem called three times on startup when there are only two rows of data? ", " The lone print statement in the above code outputs:\n20\n20\n10\nI am using Java 11.0.6.", "\n\nA:\n\nA Cell’s job is to determine how to display data. ", " The underlying data must not be changed in the Cell’s updateItem method, because a single Cell instance can be used for multiple values.", "\nFrom the documentation for Cell:\n\nBecause TreeView, ListView, TableView and other such controls can potentially be used for displaying incredibly large amounts of data, it is not feasible to create an actual Cell for every single item in the control. ", "We represent extremely large data sets using only very few Cells. ", "Each Cell is \"recycled\", or reused.", "\n\nYou will need to move all Timelines into the CellData object. ", " And the Cell must not modify those Timelines, or the ListView’s items.", "\nIt’s customary, and useful, to make data objects have observable properties, so visual components can bind visual properties to them.", "\nThe CellData objects shouldn’t know about the ListView that contains them. ", " You can give each CellData instance a Consumer or other function which does the work of removing the data.", "\nSo, you’ll want something like this for the data class:\npublic static class CellData {\n private final StringProperty data;\n\n private final ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper secondsRemaining;\n\n private final Timeline timeline = new Timeline();\n\n public CellData(Consumer<? ", "super CellData> finished) {\n data = new SimpleStringProperty(this, \"data\");\n secondsRemaining =\n new ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper(this, \"secondsRemaining\");\n\n data.addListener((o, oldData, newData) -> {\n try {\n double startTime = Double.parseDouble(newData);\n\n timeline.stop();\n\n timeline.getKeyFrames().setAll(\n new KeyFrame(Duration.", "ZERO,\n new KeyValue(secondsRemaining, startTime)),\n new KeyFrame(Duration.seconds(startTime),\n new KeyValue(secondsRemaining, 0.0))\n );\n timeline.setOnFinished(e -> finished.accept(this));\n\n timeline.play();\n } catch (NumberFormatException e) {\n System.err.println(\n \"Cannot start timer for invalid seconds value: \" + e);\n Platform.runLater(() -> finished.accept(this));\n }\n });\n }\n\n public CellData(String data,\n Consumer<? ", "super CellData> finished) {\n this(finished);\n this.setData(data);\n }\n\n public StringProperty dataProperty() {\n return data;\n }\n\n public String getData() {\n return data.get();\n }\n\n public void setData(String data) {\n this.data.set(data);\n }\n\n public ReadOnlyDoubleProperty secondsRemainingProperty() {\n return secondsRemaining.getReadOnlyProperty();\n }\n\n public double getSecondsRemaining() {\n return secondsRemaining.get();\n }\n}\n\nAn instance would be constructed with something like this:\nnew CellData(secondsText,\n c -> list.getItems().remove(c)));\n\nThis allows the cell class to be much simpler:\npublic static class MyCell extends ListCell<CellData> {\n private CellComponent cc;\n\n public MyCell() {\n cc = new CellComponent();\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void updateItem(CellData item, boolean empty) {\n super.updateItem(item, empty);\n\n if (empty || item == null) {\n setText(null);\n setGraphic(null);\n } else {\n cc.getTimer().textProperty().unbind();\n cc.getTimer().textProperty().bind(\n item.secondsRemainingProperty().asString(\"%.0f\"));\n\n cc.getRect().widthProperty().unbind();\n cc.getRect().widthProperty().bind(\n item.secondsRemainingProperty().multiply(10));\n\n setText(null);\n setGraphic(cc.getCellPane());\n }\n }\n}\n\nPutting it all together looks like this. ", " (For simplicity and reproducibility, I have replaced the FXML with inline code.)", "\nimport java.util.function.", "Consumer;\n\nimport javafx.application.", "Application;\nimport javafx.application.", "Platform;\n\nimport javafx.animation.", "Timeline;\nimport javafx.animation.", "KeyFrame;\nimport javafx.animation.", "KeyValue;\n\nimport javafx.beans.property.", "StringProperty;\nimport javafx.beans.property.", "SimpleStringProperty;\nimport javafx.beans.property.", "ReadOnlyDoubleProperty;\nimport javafx.beans.property.", "ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper;\n\nimport javafx.geometry.", "Insets;\nimport javafx.geometry.", "Pos;\n\nimport javafx.stage.", "Stage;\nimport javafx.scene.", "Scene;\n\nimport javafx.scene.control.", "ListCell;\nimport javafx.scene.control.", "ListView;\nimport javafx.scene.control.", "TextField;\nimport javafx.scene.control.", "Button;\nimport javafx.scene.control.", "Label;\n\nimport javafx.scene.layout.", "BorderPane;\nimport javafx.scene.layout.", "HBox;\nimport javafx.scene.layout.", "Pane;\n\nimport javafx.scene.shape.", "Rectangle;\n\nimport javafx.util.", "Duration;\nimport javafx.util.converter.", "DoubleStringConverter;\n\npublic class AnimatedCells\nextends Application {\n @Override\n public void start(Stage stage) {\n ListView<CellData> list = new ListView<>();\n list.setCellFactory(l -> new MyCell());\n\n TextField secondsField = new TextField();\n\n Button newTimerButton = new Button(\"Create\");\n newTimerButton.setOnAction(e -> {\n list.getItems().add(\n new CellData(secondsField.getText(),\n c -> list.getItems().remove(c)));\n });\n secondsField.setOnAction(e -> {\n list.getItems().add(\n new CellData(secondsField.getText(),\n c -> list.getItems().remove(c)));\n });\n\n HBox newButtonPane = new HBox(6, secondsField, newTimerButton);\n newButtonPane.setPadding(new Insets(12));\n\n stage.setScene(new Scene(\n new BorderPane(list, null, null, newButtonPane, null)));\n stage.setTitle(\"Animated Cells\");\n stage.show();\n }\n\n public static class MyCell extends ListCell<CellData> {\n private CellComponent cc;\n\n public MyCell() {\n cc = new CellComponent();\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void updateItem(CellData item, boolean empty) {\n super.updateItem(item, empty);\n\n if (empty || item == null) {\n setText(null);\n setGraphic(null);\n } else {\n cc.getTimer().textProperty().unbind();\n cc.getTimer().textProperty().bind(\n item.secondsRemainingProperty().asString(\"%.0f\"));\n\n cc.getRect().widthProperty().unbind();\n cc.getRect().widthProperty().bind(\n item.secondsRemainingProperty().multiply(10));\n\n setText(null);\n setGraphic(cc.getCellPane());\n }\n }\n }\n\n public static class CellData {\n private final StringProperty data;\n\n private final ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper secondsRemaining;\n\n private final Timeline timeline = new Timeline();\n\n public CellData(Consumer<? ", "super CellData> finished) {\n data = new SimpleStringProperty(this, \"data\");\n secondsRemaining =\n new ReadOnlyDoubleWrapper(this, \"secondsRemaining\");\n\n data.addListener((o, oldData, newData) -> {\n try {\n double startTime = Double.parseDouble(newData);\n\n timeline.stop();\n\n timeline.getKeyFrames().setAll(\n new KeyFrame(Duration.", "ZERO,\n new KeyValue(secondsRemaining, startTime)),\n new KeyFrame(Duration.seconds(startTime),\n new KeyValue(secondsRemaining, 0.0))\n );\n timeline.setOnFinished(e -> finished.accept(this));\n\n timeline.play();\n } catch (NumberFormatException e) {\n System.err.println(\n \"Cannot start timer for invalid seconds value: \" + e);\n Platform.runLater(() -> finished.accept(this));\n }\n });\n }\n\n public CellData(String data,\n Consumer<? ", "super CellData> finished) {\n this(finished);\n this.setData(data);\n }\n\n public StringProperty dataProperty() {\n return data;\n }\n\n public String getData() {\n return data.get();\n }\n\n public void setData(String data) {\n this.data.set(data);\n }\n\n public ReadOnlyDoubleProperty secondsRemainingProperty() {\n return secondsRemaining.getReadOnlyProperty();\n }\n\n public double getSecondsRemaining() {\n return secondsRemaining.get();\n }\n }\n\n public static class CellComponent {\n private final Pane cellPane;\n\n private final Label timer;\n\n private final Rectangle rect;\n\n public CellComponent() {\n // For the sake of example, I'm building this in code rather than\n // with FXML.", "\n\n //FXMLLoader fxmlLoader = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource(\"/fxml/listcell.fxml\"));\n //fxmlLoader.setController(this);\n //try\n //{\n // fxmlLoader.load();\n //}\n //catch (IOException e)\n //{\n // throw new RuntimeException(e);\n //}\n\n rect = new Rectangle(1, 40);\n rect.setArcWidth(20);\n rect.setArcHeight(20);\n rect.setStyle(\n \"-fx-fill: red; -fx-stroke: black; -fx-stroke-width: 2;\");\n timer = new Label(\" \");\n timer.setStyle(\"-fx-font-size: 18pt; -fx-alignment: center;\");\n cellPane = new HBox(24, timer, rect);\n cellPane.setStyle(\"-fx-alignment: center-left;\");\n }\n\n public Pane getCellPane() {\n return cellPane;\n }\n\n public Label getTimer() {\n return timer;\n }\n\n public Rectangle getRect() {\n return rect;\n }\n }\n\n public static class Main {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n Application.launch(AnimatedCells.class, args);\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Oral prescription medical foods have long been used in hospital settings but are also appropriate therapies for gastrointestinal disorders in outpatient medical practice. ", "Oral serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate (SBI) has been shown in clinical studies to reduce loose stools and improve stool consistency as well as other symptoms (i.e., abdominal pain, bloating, and urgency) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and human immunodeficiency virus-associated enteropathy. ", "This case series reports the outcomes of 14 IBS patients who received SBI as an addition to standard of care at an individual physician's clinical practice. ", "The patients: 2 IBS with constipation (IBS-C), 7 IBS-D, 2 mixed diarrhea and constipation IBS (IBS-M) and 3 undefined IBS (IBS-U; also described by some physicians as IBS-Bloating), ranged in age from 22-87 years. ", "SBI (5 g or 10 g daily dose) was added to the patient's current standard care and followed for several weeks to determine if symptoms were improved with the addition of SBI. ", "Overall, 12 of the 14 patients indicated some level of improvement through direct questioning of the patients regarding changes from the prior visit. ", "One IBS-Bloating patient had a resolution of symptoms and two patients (1 IBS-Bloating and 1 IBS-C) discontinued therapy because of insufficient relief. ", "The 12 patients who continued on therapy reported an overall improvement in symptoms with better stool consistency, decreased frequency as well as reductions in abdominal pain, bloating, distention, and incontinence. ", "In most cases, therapeutic effects of SBI were seen within the first four weeks of therapy with continued improvements at subsequent visits. ", "SBI has a multifaceted mechanism of action and may help to manage IBS by providing a distinct protein source required to normalize bowel function, gastrointestinal microbiota, and nutritionally enhance tight junction protein expression between intestinal epithelial cells. ", "SBI as a medical food provides a safe option for patients with IBS-D but may have application in other forms of IBS." ]

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[ "A rapid and sensitive method to determine the levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in plasma from patients with HIV-1 infection was established by using RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ", "Our plasma RNA-PCR technique quantitatively detected HIV-1 particles in plasma from 76 of 77 (98.7%) HIV-1 infected individuals examined at varying clinical stages with a range of more than 4 orders of magnitude, while p24 antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) failed to detect circulating p24 antigen in 43 of 72 (59.7%) seropositive individuals. ", "Acid treatment prior to ELISA increased the positivity for p24 antigen, but 21 of 60 (35.0%) seropositive individuals still remained negative. ", "The numbers of HIV-1 particles in plasma from patients with AIDS or ARC were markedly higher than those in plasma from asymptomatic seropositive individuals (p<0,0001). ", "When the changes of viral load following the antiviral therapy were monitored by using this plasma RNA PCR method, 10 of 10 patients who received oral 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) at > 6.4 mg/kg/day doses had a significant decrease in plasma HIV-1 particle numbers following 8 to 14 weeks of therapy (p=0.0051). ", "These data suggest that plasma HIV-1 virion levels determined by the current RNA PCR technique represent the actual plasma HIV-1 viremia status in patients with varying stages of HIV-1 infection, and may provide clinically useful information, especially in patients with negative serum p24 antigen. ", "However, more research is required to evaluate the usefulness of this technique in assessing the disease status and monitoring the effect of anti-retroviral therapy." ]

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[ "[Use of computerized neuropsychological tests and of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in clinical assessment of adult patients with phenylketonuria].", "\nPhenylketonuria is the most common inborn error of metabolism. ", "Adult patients often discontinue dietary treatment and can subsequently develop serious brain dysfunction. ", "Some of them, however, do not present any symptoms, despite long-term exposition to high blood phenylalanine concentration. ", "As the extent of brain toxicity of hyperphenylalaninemia is not clear in adults, new diagnostic methods are needed to assess brain effects of hyperphenylalaninemia. ", "The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and of computerized neuropsychological tests for measurement of brain phenylalanine concentration and for early detection of hyperphenylalaninemia-related brain dysfunction. ", "Assessment of sustained attention, working memory and inhibitive control was performed in a group of 50 adults with phenylketonuria by means of computerized CANTAB system. ", "Additionally, in 40 patients, measurement of brain phenylalanine signal was done by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ", "The results were correlated with plasma phenylalanine concentrations. ", "Worsening of neuropsychological efficiency as well as increase of brain phenylalanine concentration correlated with high levels of plasma phenylalanine. ", "Interestingly, in two cases, despite high plasma phenylalanine concentration, low brain phenylalanine concentration was observed accompanied by good results of neuropsychological tests. ", "This finding suggests presence of mechanisms limiting brain toxicity of hyperphenylalaninemia in some patients. ", "It should be stressed, however, that such situation can be expected rarely, and is probably restricted to cases with moderate hyperphenylalaninemia. ", "Combination of computerized neu- ropsychological tests and of magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a useful diagnostic method which could allow for careful individualization of dietary recommendations in selected patients with phenylketonuria." ]

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[ "l**2 - l - 9. ", "Give d(g(h)).", "\n28*h - 4\nLet l(v) = v**2. ", "Let m(b) = 230653*b. ", "What is l(m(t))?", "\n53200806409*t**2\nLet h(l) be the second derivative of l**4/12 + 34*l + 3. ", "Let d(a) = 4*a**2 - 6*a**2 - 5*a**2. ", "Calculate d(h(b)).", "\n-7*b**4\nLet o(k) = 5*k. ", "Let v(x) = 2*x**2 - 2*x - 265. ", "What is v(o(f))?", "\n50*f**2 - 10*f - 265\nLet a(b) = 4936*b - 59. ", "Let j(x) = 2*x**2. ", "Determine a(j(w)).", "\n9872*w**2 - 59\nLet x(k) = 4*k - 5*k - 17*k. ", "Let t(h) be the first derivative of -1/3*h**3 + 0*h**2 - 42 + 0*h. ", "Calculate x(t(y)).", "\n18*y**2\nLet q(n) = 62*n. ", "Let p(x) = -x**2 - 429*x - 6. ", "What is p(q(w))?", "\n-3844*w**2 - 26598*w - 6\nLet n(w) = 52*w - 16. ", "Let l(b) = -10*b + 3. ", "Let g(t) = -16*l(t) - 3*n(t). ", "Let z(r) be the second derivative of r**3/6 + r. Determine z(g(j)).", "\n4*j\nLet p(i) = -6*i. ", "Let f(m) = 4*m**2 + 2*m. ", "Let j(y) = -5*y**2 + 1 - 1 - 3*y + 0*y. ", "Let r(k) = 3*f(k) + 2*j(k). ", "Determine r(p(t)).", "\n72*t**2\nLet x(t) = -84*t**2 - 64*t**2 + 100*t**2. ", "Let o(l) = 2*l. ", "Calculate x(o(q)).", "\n-192*q**2\nLet p(i) = -i**2 + i. Let j(v) = 971*v**2 - 1942*v. ", "Let d(f) = -j(f) - 1942*p(f). ", "Let r(y) = 2*y**2. ", "Calculate r(d(w)).", "\n1885682*w**4\nLet a(p) = 2*p. ", "Let n(o) be the first derivative of 0*o**2 + 3 - 13/3*o**3 + 0*o. ", "Determine n(a(k)).", "\n-52*k**2\nLet p(q) = 109*q + 27. ", "Let k(y) = -2*y. ", "Calculate p(k(i)).", "\n-218*i + 27\nLet i(z) = -87*z - 85*z + z**2 + 261*z - 89*z. ", "Let a(w) = 62*w**2 - w. What is i(a(f))?", "\n3844*f**4 - 124*f**3 + f**2\nLet b(s) be the first derivative of 2*s**3/3 - 70. ", "Let x(y) = 49*y**2 + 1. ", "Give x(b(n)).", "\n196*n**4 + 1\nLet n(d) = -9*d**2 - 27*d - 3. ", "Let p(k) = -3*k**2. ", "Determine n(p(w)).", "\n-81*w**4 + 81*w**2 - 3\nLet k(l) be the third derivative of 7*l**5/60 - 17*l**2 - 5. ", "Let w(q) = 44*q + 2. ", "Determine k(w(f)).", "\n13552*f**2 + 1232*f + 28\nLet j(w) = -2*w. ", "Let v(r) = -171381*r. ", "Calculate v(j(p)).", "\n342762*p\nLet m(w) = 4*w. ", "Let y(d) = 13*d**2 + 11*d + 22. ", "Let f(i) = -i**2 - i - 2. ", "Let n(o) = 44*f(o) + 4*y(o). ", "Give m(n(u)).", "\n32*u**2\nLet s(z) be the first derivative of -2/3*z**3 + 0*z + 1 + 0*z**2. ", "Let i(u) = -2*u. ", "Let q(h) = 5*h. ", "Let p(w) = -8*i(w) - 3*q(w). ", "Determine s(p(m)).", "\n-2*m**2\nLet i(r) = -4 - r**2 + 4. ", "Suppose 2*b - 3*u + 0*u = 4, -4 = -2*b + u. Let j(c) = -b*c - 6*c - 2*c + 11*c. ", "What is j(i(q))?", "\n-q**2\nLet t(d) = -52*d. ", "Let b(p) = -346*p - 366*p + 715*p. ", "What is t(b(s))?", "\n-156*s\nLet i(t) = 12*t**2. ", "Let m(z) be the second derivative of z**6/72 - 43*z**3/6 - 21*z. ", "Let y(r) be the second derivative of m(r). ", "Give i(y(g)).", "\n300*g**4\nLet q(b) be the second derivative of 5*b**3/6 - 2*b. ", "Let s(i) be the first derivative of -3*i**2/2 - 151. ", "Calculate s(q(v)).", "\n-15*v\nLet a(p) = -26*p + 156. ", "Let g be a(6). ", "Let q(n) be the second derivative of g*n**2 + 0*n**3 + 1/6*n**4 + 4*n + 0. ", "Let f(u) = -2*u**2. ", "Calculate f(q(o)).", "\n-8*o**4\nLet u(v) = 3*v. ", "Let w(m) = 51266*m**2. ", "Determine w(u(r)).", "\n461394*r**2\nLet l(b) = -5*b**2. ", "Let n(p) = 13935*p**2. ", "Determine l(n(d)).", "\n-970921125*d**4\nLet x(o) be the third derivative of 29*o**5/10 + 331*o**2. ", "Let p(d) = -d**2. ", "Calculate x(p(b)).", "\n174*b**4\nLet f(j) be the first derivative of -98*j**3/3 + 2*j - 217. ", "Let c(x) = x. Calculate c(f(l)).", "\n-98*l**2 + 2\nLet b(t) = 15*t. ", "Let a(p) be the third derivative of 4*p**5/15 - 6*p**2 - 3. ", "Calculate b(a(v)).", "\n240*v**2\nLet a(p) = -2*p - 12*p - 6*p - 2*p + 3*p. ", "Let g(b) = 6*b**2 + 2*b. ", "What is g(a(k))?", "\n2166*k**2 - 38*k\nLet j(o) be the third derivative of -23*o**4/24 + 82*o**2 + 3. ", "Let n(q) = -12*q**2. ", "Calculate n(j(z)).", "\n-6348*z**2\nLet b(w) = 5*w - 2*w - 2*w. ", "Let m(c) = 0*c - 28 + 19 + 3*c + 9. ", "Determine m(b(d)).", "\n3*d\nSuppose 0 = -8*s + 6*s + 8. ", "Suppose 0 = 2*w + s*m - 6, 4 = 4*w - 4*m - 32. ", "Let c(x) = 0 - w + 7 - x. Let f(u) = 3*u. ", "Calculate f(c(h)).", "\n-3*h\nLet p(f) = -6024*f + 1. ", "Let w(t) = -4*t**2. ", "Calculate p(w(z)).", "\n24096*z**2 + 1\nLet q(a) = 2*a. ", "Let r(w) = -3*w - 180593. ", "Give r(q(t)).", "\n-6*t - 180593\nLet u(a) be the first derivative of 7*a**2/2 - 12. ", "Let w(q) = -q + 3. ", "Let j(c) = 2*c - 5. ", "Let s(h) = -3*j(h) - 5*w(h). ", "Calculate s(u(i)).", "\n-7*i\nLet p(s) = -s. ", "Let r(i) = 806644*i**2 - 1. ", "Determine r(p(f)).", "\n806644*f**2 - 1\nLet q(s) = -4616*s**2. ", "Let y(z) = -2*z**2. ", "What is q(y(x))?", "\n-18464*x**4\nLet o(u) = 2*u**2. ", "Let a(w) = -136482*w**2. ", "Determine o(a(f)).", "\n37254672648*f**4\nLet q(t) = 4*t - 1. ", "Let h(y) be the third derivative of -y**4/8 - 47*y**2 + 2. ", "Calculate q(h(m)).", "\n-12*m - 1\nLet j(q) be the first derivative of -3*q**2/2 - 137. ", "Let l(o) = 32*o**2. ", "Determine l(j(f)).", "\n288*f**2\nLet s(q) be the second derivative of -q**7/2520 - 13*q**4/4 + 6*q. ", "Let j(p) be the third derivative of s(p). ", "Let w(h) = 4*h. ", "Give j(w(n)).", "\n-16*n**2\nLet b(l) = 8*l. ", "Let x(m) = 7*m**2 + 6*m + 4. ", "Let y(g) = -g**2 - g. Let t(z) = x(z) + 6*y(z). ", "Let i(v) be the first derivative of t(v). ", "Give i(b(a)).", "\n16*a\nLet j(y) = 9*y. ", "Let u be (-5)/((-50)/(-110)) - -11. ", "Let v(x) be the third derivative of 0*x**4 + 0 + u*x**3 + 1/20*x**5 + 0*x - 8*x**2. ", "What is v(j(l))?", "\n243*l**2\nLet q(j) be the first derivative of -j**2/2 + 6. ", "Let d(m) = -4*m. ", "Let s(l) = d(l) - 3*q(l). ", "Let f(c) = -4*c**2 - 2*c**2 + 0*c**2. ", "Determine s(f(h)).", "\n6*h**2\nLet t(o) = o. Let b(h) = -628555*h**2. ", "Determine b(t(p)).", "\n-628555*p**2\nLet p(v) = -2*v. ", "Let b(l) = -2582248*l. ", "Determine b(p(o)).", "\n5164496*o\nLet a(v) be the third derivative of -v**7/5040 - v**5/30 + v**2. ", "Let u(d) be the third derivative of a(d). ", "Let r(o) = 4*o - 10*o + 2*o. ", "Calculate r(u(s)).", "\n4*s\nLet x(f) be the second derivative of -f**4/12 + 10*f + 4. ", "Let q(s) = -517*s**2. ", "Calculate q(x(l)).", "\n-517*l**4\nLet f(u) be the third derivative of u**4/8 - 9*u**2. ", "Let b(k) = -48000 - 9*k**2 + 48000. ", "Give f(b(m)).", "\n-27*m**2\nLet p(r) be the third derivative of r**4/12 + r**2. ", "Let s(y) be the second derivative of 0 + 0*y**2 + y + 1/6*y**3. ", "Determine p(s(a)).", "\n2*a\nLet p(i) = 8*i. ", "Let y(s) = s**3 + 11*s**2 + s + 11. ", "Let q be y(-11). ", "Let o(r) = 2*r + q*r - 3*r. ", "Determine p(o(x)).", "\n-8*x\nLet d(j) = -5*j + 3. ", "Let t(z) = 16*z - 10. ", "Let f(r) = 10*d(r) + 3*t(r). ", "Let h be 3/((-27)/(-6))*(-1 + 7). ", "Let k(y) = -h*y - 3*y + 4*y - 2*y. ", "Give f(k(o)).", "\n10*o\nLet y(x) = -15*x + 16. ", "Let w(m) = -m**2 + 15*m + 3. ", "Let k(p) = p**2 - 20*p - 4. ", "Let f(n) = 3*k(n) + 4*w(n). ", "Determine f(y(o)).", "\n-225*o**2 + 480*o - 256\nLet a be 2 - (-4)/((-4)/2). ", "Let b be 0/(a - (-3)/(-1)). ", "Let g(m) = 0 - 4*m - 2*m + b. Let w(s) = s**2. ", "Determine w(g(l)).", "\n36*l**2\nLet m(l) = 6*l**2. ", "Let u(b) be the second derivative of -2*b**3/3 + 2*b + 12. ", "Determine m(u(h)).", "\n96*h**2\nLet b(g) = -14*g**2. ", "Let k(x) = -1117*x. ", "Calculate b(k(o)).", "\n-17467646*o**2\nLet k(o) = -5*o**2 + 6. ", "Let s(b) = -b**2 + 1. ", "Let p(z) = 5*k(z) - 30*s(z). ", "Let f = 93 - 89. ", "Let i(w) = 0*w - f*w + 2*w. ", "Calculate i(p(j)).", "\n-10*j**2\nLet y(d) = 162210*d**2. ", "Let a(s) = -18*s. ", "Determine y(a(x)).", "\n52556040*x**2\nLet i(m) = -m. ", "Let t be (36/90)/(1/10). ", "Let y(c) = -t*c**2 + 8 - 8 + 3*c**2. ", "Give y(i(o)).", "\n-o**2\nLet w(y) be the first derivative of -2*y**3/3 - 58. ", "Let k(g) be the third derivative of 7*g**4/8 + 9*g**2. ", "What is k(w(l))?", "\n-42*l**2\nLet k(h) = 2*h. ", "Let o(i) = 19*i**2 - 7. ", "Let m(l) = -1 + 9*l**2 + 10*l**2 - 1 - 4. ", "Let s(w) = 7*m(w) - 6*o(w). ", "Determine s(k(a)).", "\n76*a**2\nLet j be (1 + 5)/((-6)/(-4)). ", "Let n(o) = -3*o + 2*o - o - j*o. ", "Let u(f) = -2*f. ", "Let c(m) = -3*m. ", "Let r(i) = 3*c(i) - 5*u(i). ", "Give n(r(q)).", "\n-6*q\nLet i(h) = 7890*h**2. ", "Let p(v) = -91*v. ", "What is i(p(q))?", "\n65337090*q**2\nLet w(v) = 7*v**2. ", "Suppose -4*p - 20 = 5*c, -2*c - 4*p - 20 = -5*c. ", "Let j(r) be the second derivative of -1/3*r**3 - r + c + 0*r**2. ", "Calculate j(w(k)).", "\n-14*k**2\nLet l(h) = 0*h**2 - 3*h**2 + h**2. ", "Let s be 1 - (-4 - (-2 + 1)). ", "Let b(f) = -4*f**2 + 5*f**2 + s*f**2 + 6*f**2. ", "What is b(l(m))?", "\n44*m**4\nLet h(f) = 54*f + 44*f - 148*f + 49*f. ", "Let x(s) = -s - 1. ", "Let z(g) = -30*g - 15. ", "Let l(w) = -15*x(w) + z(w). ", "Determine h(l(b)).", "\n15*b\nLet w(t) = -2*t**2. ", "Suppose 2*y + 12 = -4*f - 3*y, 4*f - 12 = y. Let i(g) = 17*g - f + 11*g + 2. ", "What is i(w(r))?", "\n-56*r**2\nLet t(i) = -346*i. ", "Let h(q) be the first derivative of q**2/2 + 106. ", "Calculate h(t(m)).", "\n-346*m\nLet x(s) be the second derivative of s**3/3 - 27*s. ", "Let b(l) be the first derivative of -l + 7*l**2 - 6*l**2 - 2 + l. Give b(x(d)).", "\n4*d\nLet m(b) be the second derivative of 3*b**5/20 - 5*b**2 - 11*b. ", "Let w(t) be the first derivative of m(t). ", "Let i(g) = -g**2. ", "Determine w(i(n)).", "\n9*n**4\nLet q(o) = o. Let h(n) be the first derivative of n**6/40 - 14*n**3/3 - 22." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Accessibility\n\nThe main factor of the ETDS’s accessibility. ", "This applies not only figuratively for the experience of a dancer, but also literally: everyone should be able to come to this tournament\ncome, without having to overcome too high thresholds. ", "Therefore, we have looked how accessible our location is and, whether and how we can improve accessibility.", "\nBelow we describe our current efforts and the improvements we still want to make to make it possible for everyone to attend the ETDS.", "\n\nParking: Olympos has disabled parking spaces and an easily accessible path to the Entrance.", "\n\nEntrance and doors: In addition to the swing door there is a separate door through which wheelchairs can enter. ", "The sports bar has access through a wide door that is suitable for wheelchairs. ", "The only downside is that the doors are all equipped with a door closer and are therefore quite heavy. ", "A\nwheelchair user probably cannot open these doors themselves. ", "Most doors will be open during the tournament. ", "Unfortunatel, with regard to fire safety, we cannot open all doors permanently. ", "It is wise for wheelchair users to bring a companion which can open the doors. ", "Should it not be possible to bring a companion, then we can arrange a guide.", "\n\nHall: The tournament takes place entirely on the ground floor, the rooms are accessible without\nany doorsteps. ", "In the hall planning all walking space if wide enough for a wheelchair to pass.", "\nThere are some public galleries and there is some seating directly next to the floor along with tables.", "\n\nCafeteria: The sports bar is accessible to wheelchairs. ", "There is plenty of seating where wheelchairs\ncan join. ", "The bar is quite high, but both at the cash register and food distribution point there is a low part where wheelchair users can reach up to.", "\n\nToilets and changing room: Near the ballroom is a disabled toilet and a dressing room which is suitable for wheelchair users.", "\n\nWebsite: On our website we set up a page (this page) where we describe the possibilities for wheelchair users. ", "The site is also adapted for people with visual restrictions.", "\n\nAdditional measures: All participants must pre-register for the tournament. ", "During the registration process everyone is requested to indicate any required extra facilities. ", "There requests are taken into account and if necessary, we will discuss the request and try to arrange a suitable solution for that person." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Activation and inhibition of mitochondrial transhydrogenase by metal ions.", "\nMitochondrial transhydrogenase has been reported previously to be inhibited by high, rather non-physiological concentrations (in the range of 2-20 mM) of divalent cations. ", "We show that the enzyme could be activated by low (from about 1 microM to 1 mM) concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, which are within physiological range. ", "These results bring in line the effects observed with mitochondrial enzyme to the findings with bacterial transhydrogenases. ", "The activation of transhydrogenase by divalent cations is interpreted as an increase in affinity of the NADP(H)-binding site of the enzyme-NAD(H) complex. ", "Reported effects of the metal ions could be important for the enzyme function in vivo." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: |\n We study the temperature field and the resulting flow pattern in the vicinity of a heated metal-capped Janus particle. ", "If its thickness exceeds about ten nanometers, the cap forms an isotherm and the flow pattern comprises a quadrupolar term that decays with the square of the inverse distance $\\sim r^{-2}$. For much thinner caps the velocity varies as $\\sim\n r^{-3}$. These findings could be relevant for collective effects in dense suspensions and for the circular tracer motion observed recently in the vicinity of a tethered Janus particle.", "\nauthor:\n- Thomas Bickel\n- Arghya Majee\n- Alois Würger\ntitle: 'Flow pattern in the vicinity of self-propelling hot Janus particles'\n---\n\n*Introduction.* ", "The design of artificial micro- and nano-swimmers that propel themselves in a viscous fluid is a key issue in nanotechnology [@Ebb10]. ", "In the realm of biology, autonomous motion of microorganisms is ubiquitous and relies on surface waves or periodic body deformations [Lau09]{}. ", "Several swimming devices inspired by living systems have been built recently [@Dre05; @Gos09], although their actuation mechanism requires external forces or torques. ", "An alternative way toward self-propulsion is achieved using colloidal particles with non-uniform surface properties [Gol05]{}. ", "This class of rigid swimmers relies on phoretic transport, *i.e.* the force-free motion driven by the gradient of an external field [And89]{}. ", "In the case of self-phoresis, however, asymmetric particles are able to generate their own gradient within an otherwise homogeneous medium and thus to convert the available energy into mechanical work [Gol07,Jue09]{}.", "\n\nThe simplest realization of autonomous swimmers is obtained with Janus particles, which are colloidal objects with two sides differing in their physical or chemical properties [@Wal08]. ", "For example, a bimetallic particle in a peroxide solution generates a electrochemical gradient which in turn gives rise to a flow in the surrounding fluid and thus causes self-propulsion [@Pax05]. ", "At short times this results in linear motion, whereas at longer times the random reorientations lead to enhanced diffusion [@How07; @Dun12]. ", "Similar findings have been reported for photophoresis of hot Janus particles, which move in their own temperature gradient, with an effective diffusion coefficient that increases linearly with the heating power [@Jia10; @Vol11; @But12].", "\n\nHeating of metal capped Janus particles provides a versatile means of actuation which, in particular, can be switched on and off almost instantaneously. ", "Heat absorption of the metal cap is achieved upon illumination by a defocused laser beam [@Jia10; @Vol11; @But12; @Qia13] or when subject to an ac magnetic field [@Bar13]. ", "The metal patch absorbs the energy and converts it into heat; asymmetric heat release then drives the colloid via a mechanism of thermophoresis [@And89].", "\n\n![(", "Color online) Map of the reduced temperature field $%\n(T-T_{0})/\\Delta T$ in the $(xOz)$ plane, inside and outside the metal-coated colloid.[]{data-label=\"fig1\"}](fig1){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn this Letter we address the temperature profile and the fluid velocity in the vicinity of a hot Janus particle. ", "In view of its large thermal conductivity we treat the metal cap as an isotherm and, as a consequence, obtain a class of hydrodynamic multipoles that are absent when neglecting heat conduction in the cap. ", "These additionall terms result in a flow pattern which is strongly asymmetric with respect to the particle midplane, and could affect the hydrodynamic coupling between neighboring swimmers or with a bounding wall [@Ish06; @Llo10; @Gol12]. ", "On the other hand, a fixed Janus particle is expected to act as a micro-pump. ", "Visualization of the local convective flow by particle tracking velocimetry indeed revealed vortices close to a Janus particle tethered on a glass support [@Jia10]. ", "The description of tracers trajectories thus requires a detailed knowledge of both the temperature and the velocity fields around a Janus particle.", "\n\n*Temperature field.* ", "In a first step we derive the temperature profile from Fourier’s law $$\\kappa \\mathbf{\\nabla }^{2}T=q(\\mathbf{r})\\ , \\label{fourier}$$where $q$ is the power absorbed by the metal cap, and $\\kappa $ the thermal conductivity of both the particle and the surrounding fluid (taken to be the same for simplicity.) ", "If cap conductivity $\\kappa _{c}$ is usually much higher than $\\kappa $; if their ratio is larger than the ratio of particle radius and cap thickness, $\\kappa _{c}/\\kappa >a/d$, the cap forms an isotherm. ", "Since this condition is satisfied for a 50 nm gold cap on micron-size silica or polystyrene beads, we assume in the following a constant cap temperature $T_{0}+\\Delta T$. Typical values for the excess temperature $\\Delta T$ with respect to the bulk are of the order of a few Kelvins.", "\n\nBecause of the mixed boundary conditions, constant temperature on the metal cap and heat flux continuity on the upper hemisphere, there is no straightforward solution of Eq.", " (\\[fourier\\]). ", "As shown in the supplementary material [@supplmat], the global constraint on the isotherm can be implemented by a method based on auxiliary functions. ", "Here we merely quote the temperature profile in the liquid phase ($r>a$)\n\n\\[tempfield\\] $$T(r,\\theta )=T_{0}+\\frac{\\Delta T}{\\pi }\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty\n}t_{n}P_{n}(c)\\left( \\frac{a}{r}\\right) ^{n+1}\\ ,$$with $c=\\cos \\theta $ and the Legendre polynomial $P_{n}$. The coefficients $%\nt_{n}$ are given by\n\n$$t_{2k}=-t_{2k+1}=\\frac{(-1)^{k}}{2k+1}\\ , \\label{3}$$\n\nexcept for the first one that reads $t_{0}=1+\\pi /2$. A similar expression with the same coefficients is found inside the particle ($r<a$), albeit with $(r/a)^{n}$ instead of $\\left( a/r\\right) ^{n+1}$. Identifying the power $%\n\\mathcal{P}$ absorbed by the metal cap with the total outward heat flow, one readily establishes the relation with the excess temperature: $\\mathcal{P}%\n=(2\\pi +4)\\kappa a\\Delta T$, with $\\kappa $ the thermal conductivity of the liquid. ", "The map of the temperature field is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig1\\]. ", "The role of the isotherm assumption is illustrated by comparing with the case of a very thin cap where $\\kappa _{c}/\\kappa <a/d$. Then the heat conductivity of the metal structure can be neglected, and one readily finds that the even coefficients of the temperature profile vanish, $t_{2k}=0$ [@Jia10].", "\n\n![(", "Color online) Quasi-slip velocity $u_s(\\protect\\theta)$ as a function of the polar angle $\\protect\\theta$. For comparison, we plot the infinite series (\\[slipvelocity\\]) (solid line), the dipolar approximation (series truncated at $n=1$, dotted line) and the quadrupolar approximation (series truncated at $n=2$, dashed line). ", "Inset: surface temperature $[T(a,\\protect\\theta)-T_{0}]/\\Delta T$ as a function of $\\protect%\n\\theta$.[]{data-label=\"fig2\"}](fig2){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n*Boundary velocity.* ", "The temperature gradient modifies the particle-solvent interactions in a boundary layer of thickness $\\ell $. ", "For electric-double layer forces $\\ell $ is given by the Debye length, and for depletion forces by the gyration radius of the polymers. ", "In both cases $\\ell \n$ is much smaller than the radius $a$ of micron size colloidal particles, such that the flow pattern in the liquid can be evaluated in boundary layer approximation [@And89; @Fay08; @Wue10]. ", "The excess enthalpy density $h$ results in a quasi-slip velocity of the liquid with respect to the particle [@Der87].", "\n\nThe boundary velocity is proportional to the temperature gradient parallel to the surface of the particle $u_{s}=-(\\ell ^{2}\\bar{h}/\\eta T_{0})\\nabla\nT_{||}$, where $\\eta $ is the viscosity and $\\bar{h}$ the characteristic value of the excess enthalpy. ", "With Eq.", " (\\[tempfield\\]) one has $$u_{s}(\\theta )=u_{0}\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty }t_{n}\\frac{dP_{n}(c)}{d\\theta } \\ ,\n\\label{slipvelocity}$$ where the prefactor $u_{0}$ gives the velocity scale, $$u_{0}=-\\frac{\\ell ^{2}\\bar{h}}{\\pi \\eta a}\\frac{\\Delta T}{T_{0}} \\ .", "\n\\label{defu0}$$ The first term in Eq.", " (\\[slipvelocity\\]) corresponds to the dipolar approximation: $u_{s}(\\theta )=u_{0}\\sin \\theta $ [@And89]. ", "Keeping the first two terms of the series, the surface velocity is that of a “squirmer” with positive stresslet $\\beta=2/3$ [@Bla71; @Llo10].", "\n\nFor positive slip velocity $u_{0}$, i.e., negative enthalpy $\\bar{h}$, the liquid flows toward the warmer side of the Janus particle. ", "Note that $u_{s}$ is largest on the upper half-sphere close to mid-plane; it vanishes on the lower half-sphere because of the constant temperature of the metal cap – see Fig.", " \\[fig2\\]. ", "The expression $\\ell ^{2}\\bar{h}$ has the dimension of a force, and has been evaluated for several thermophoretic mechanisms. ", "Ruckenstein pointed out the positive slip velocity ($u_{0}>0$) due to the enthalpy of the electric double layer, $\\ell ^{2}\\bar{h}=-\\frac{1}{2}%\n\\varepsilon \\zeta ^{2}$ [@Ruc81], with the surface potential $\\zeta $ and the solvent permittivity $\\varepsilon $.", " In many instances, however, the slip velocity is dominated by the thermoelectric effect $\\ell ^{2}\\bar{h}%\n=\\frac{3}{2}\\varepsilon \\zeta ST_{0}$, where the electrolyte Seebeck coefficient $S$ may take either sign [@Put05; @Wue08; @Vig10]. ", "Upon adding polymer to the solution, thermal depletion forces result in $u_{0}<0$ [Jia09]{}. ", "For a micro-size particle with $\\Delta T=1$ K, the slip velocity is a few microns per second.", "\n\n*Bulk velocity field.* ", "The quasi-slip velocity on the surface of the particle induces a flow in the surrounding liquid. ", "The general axisymmetric solution $\\mathbf{v=}v_{r}\\mathbf{e}_{r}+v_{\\theta }\\mathbf{e}_{\\theta }$ of the Stokes’ equation has been known for a long time [@Bre61; @Bla71]. ", "Here we give the series expansion of Ref.", " [@Morth10], where the radial and tangential components are given by\n\n\\[velocity\\] $$\\begin{aligned}\nv_{r}=u_{0}\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty }\\frac{a^{n}}{r^{n}}\\left( p_{n}+q_{n+2}\\frac{%\na^{2}}{r^{2}}\\right) P_{n}(c) \\ , \\label{vr} \\\\\nv_{\\theta }=u_{0}s\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty }\\frac{a^{n}}{r^{n}}\\left( p_{n}\\frac{%\nn-2}{n(n+1)}+\\frac{q_{n+2}}{n+1}\\frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}\\right) P_{n}^{\\prime\n}(c) \\ , \\label{vt}\\end{aligned}$$ with $P_{n}^{\\prime }=dP_{n}/dc$ and $s=\\sin \\theta $. ", "The corresponding pressure field is given in [@supplmat]. ", "The coefficients $p_{n}$ describe the inhomogeneous solutions of Stokes’ equation with finite pressure, whereas the $q_{n}$’s are related to the zero-pressure homogeneous solutions. ", "The coefficients are set by the boundary conditions at the surface of the particle. ", "First, the far field $\\mathbf{v}$ has to match the sum of the particle velocity $u_{p}\\mathbf{e}_{z}$ and the quasi-slip velocity\n\n$$\\mathbf{v}|_{r=a}=u_{p}\\mathbf{e}_{z}+u_{s}\\mathbf{e}_{\\theta } \\ .", "\n\\label{14}$$\n\nThe second condition is a global constraint and involves the total force $%\nF_{z}=-4\\pi \\eta u_{0}ap_{1}$. In the following we evaluate the coefficients for a particle that is either freely moving of fixed at a given position.", "\n\n![(", "Color online) Flow streamlines around a moving Janus particle in the laboratory frame. ", "a) The cap forms an isotherm with $t_{k}$ as in (\\[3\\]). ", "b) Dipolar approximation with $t_{1}$ only. ", "c) Thin-cap limit, with $t_{2k}=0.$[]{data-label=\"fig3\"}](fig3){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n*Moving particle.* ", "First we consider a free Janus particle that self-propels due its own temperature gradient. ", "Since there is no external force, the global constraint imposes the well-known condition $p_{1}=0$ [And89]{}. ", "Yet, the no-force condition does not affect the inhomogeneous coefficients of higher order. ", "Noting $\\mathbf{e}_{z}=c\\,\\mathbf{e}_{r}-s\\,%\n\\mathbf{e}_{\\theta }$, one obtains the radial and tangential projections of Eq.", " (\\[14\\]), $v_{r}=cu_{p}\\ $and $v_{\\theta }=-su_{p}+u_{s}.$ Inserting Eqs.", " (\\[vr\\]) and (\\[vt\\]), one readily gets for $n=1$ $$p_{1}=0\\ ,\\ \\text{and}\\quad q_{3}=-\\frac{2}{3}t_{1}=\\frac{2}{3} \\ ,\n\\label{coefmob1}$$ and for higher orders $$p_{n}=-q_{n+2}=\\frac{n(n+1)}{2}t_{n}\\qquad (n\\geq 2) \\ . ", " \\label{coefmob}$$ The particle velocity is then in opposite direction to the quasi-slip and is equal to two thirds of its amplitude $$u_{p}=q_{3}u_{0}=\\frac{2}{3}u_{0} \\ . ", " \\label{32}$$ This implies that self-propulsion is driven by the dipolar term $q_{3}$ only; higher Fourier coefficients of the temperature gradient, $t_{n}$ with $%\nn>1$, do not contribute to the particle velocity.", "\n\n![(", "Color online) Radial and tangential components of the velocity of a moving particle at distance $r=1.5a$ from its center. ", "The plots correspond to the series (\\[vr\\]) and (\\[vt\\]) truncated at $n=1$ (dipolar approximation, dotted lines), truncated at $n=2$ (quadrupolar approximation, dashed lines), and to the infinite series (solid lines).[]{data-label=\"fig4\"}](fig4){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nWe emphasize two major differences with respect to the thin-cap limit, where $t_{2n}=0$ and the dipolar approximation where $t_{1}$ is the only non-zero coefficient. ", "First, the temperature coefficient $t_{2}$ results in a radial velocity contribution that decays with the square of the inverse distance and shows quadrupole characteristics. ", "In the thin-cap and dipolar approximations the velocity decays as $r^{-3}$. Second, Fig.", " \\[fig3\\]a) shows that the rotational patterns of the stream lines are located close to the metal cap; for comparison, we also plot the dipolar flow field with the only coefficient $q_{3}$ and the thin-cap limit with $t_{2k}=0$. The corresponding streamlines in Fig.", " \\[fig3\\]b) and c) are symmetric with respect to midplane.", "\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig4\\] we plot both $v_{r}$ and $v_{\\theta }$ as a function of $%\n\\theta $ at a distance $r=1.5a$ from the center of the particle; we compare the whole series with the dipolar approximation ($n=1$ only), and the quadrupolar approximation ($n=1,2$). ", "The dipolar terms are simply given by sine and cosine functions. ", "The quadrupolar correction is by no means small or insignificant; for example, $v_{r}$ changes sign at small $\\theta $, and $%\nv_{\\theta }$ at angles close to $\\pi $. ", "Retaining the higher-order corrections again changes the flow pattern drastically. ", "As the most striking feature, note the large positive derivative $dv_{r}/d\\theta $ close to midplane; together with the positive value of the tangential component $%\nv_{\\theta }$ this implies the existence of vortices at the edge of the metal cap.", "\n\n![(", "Color online) Map of the tracer velocity $\\mathbf{u}_{t}$ for different values of the parameter $\\protect\\xi $.[]{data-label=\"fig5\"}](fig5){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n*Immobile particle.* ", "Now we turn to the situation where the Janus particle is fixed at a given position. ", "This requires a finite external force that counteracts the self-propelling surface stress in the boundary layer. ", "The particle velocity is then zero, $u_{p}=0$, so that the quasislip velocity matches to the tangential component of the far-field $u_{\\theta\n}=v_{\\theta }$, whereas the radial component vanishes $v_{r}=0$. One obtains the coefficients for the flow pattern $$p_{n}=-q_{n+2}=\\frac{n(n+1)}{2}t_{n} \\qquad (n\\geq 1) \\ . ", " \\label{coefim}$$ With the coefficient $p_{1}=-1$ one finds the external force $F_{z}=4\\pi\n\\eta au_{0}$. It is required to immobilize the particle which otherwise would move at a velocity $u_{p}=\\frac{2}{3}u_{0}$, and thus corresponds to the well-known Stokes drag $6\\pi \\eta au_{p}$.\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig5\\]a) we plot the flow pattern $\\mathbf{v}(r,\\theta )$. ", "Contrary to that of the moving particle, there are no vortices close to the particle; the liquid flows smoothly around the immobile particle. ", "Comparison of the coefficients shows that this difference is only due to the lowest-order coefficients $p_{1}=-1$ and $q_{3}=1$; in other words, the large long-range contribution $p_{1}$ hides the vortices that accompany a moving particle but are invisible in the case where the particle is fixed.", "\n\n*Motion of a tracer particle.* ", "Finally, we consider a small tracer in the neighborhood of a fixed Janus particle. ", "Its velocity $\\mathbf{u}_{t}$ is given by the sum of the convective flow and of thermophoretic drift in the temperature gradient of the Janus particle $$\\mathbf{u}_{t}=\\mathbf{v}(\\mathbf{r})-D_{T}\\nabla T \\ , \\label{transport}$$ with $\\mathbf{v}(\\mathbf{r})$ given by Eqs.", " (\\[velocity\\]) and ([coefim]{}). ", "The mobility coefficient $D_T$ is expressed by the enthalpy density and thickness of the boundary layer of the tracer [@Wue10]. ", "The vector fields $\\mathbf{v}$ and $\\bm{\\nabla} T$ have different characteristics: at large distance, the first is isotropic and the second one of quadrupolar symmetry; close to the particle higher order terms lead to an even more intricate variation. ", "The relative importance of the two terms in (\\[transport\\]) is expressed by the mobility ratio of tracer and Janus particle, $\\xi = D_T/{\\hat D}_T$, which depends on their surface properties. ", "Either term in Eq.", " (\\[transport\\]) may be dominant, and they may even carry opposite sign.", "\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig5\\] we plot the tracer velocity $\\mathbf{u}_{t}$ for $\\xi =0$, 2 and 10. ", "As the most striking feature, the tracer is pushed toward the colder half of the Janus particle from above but are strongly repelled from the warmer side. ", "For $\\xi =0$ (no thermophoresis), the tracer first flows toward the Janus particle, then creeps slowly toward the metal cap, and finally is repelled from it. ", "For intermediate value $\\xi=2$, transport alongside the surface has ceased and tracer particles either accumulate at the upper side or are pushed away from the lower side. ", "For the larger value $%\n\\xi =10$, the flow pattern shows additional vortices close to the midplane of the Janus particle, so that tracers are brought back to the colder side.", "\n\nExperimentally, flow circulation around a heated Janus particle tethered to a glass surface has been reported recently [@Jia10]. ", "Tracking of fluorescent particles moreover revealed that the concentration of tracers is higher on the non coated side and lower on the coated side. ", "It is thus likely that the observed flow pattern results from the competition between convection and thermophoresis, as expressed by Eq.", " (\\[transport\\]).", "\n\nIn summary, we have characterized the flow around a heated Janus colloid. ", "The discontinuity of surface properties has a major impact on the fluid velocity field not only in the vicinity of the particle but also in the bulk. ", "In particular, we have shown that the dipolar approximation which is usually considered for simplicity is only a poor approximation of the full series. ", "Taking into account higher order terms leads to a complex flow field that can be relevant at finite concentration, where collective effects come into play [@Gol12; @The12].", "\n\n[99]{} S.J. Ebbens and J.R. Howse, Soft Matter **6**, 726–738 (2010)\n\nE. Lauga and T.R. Powers, Rep. Prog. ", "Phys. **", "72**, 096601 (2009)\n\nR. Dreyfus, J. Baudry, M.L. Roper, M. Fermigier, H.A. Stone, and J. Bibette, Nature **437**, 862 (2005)\n\nA. Gosh and P. Fisher, Nano Lett. **", "9**, 2243 (2009)\n\nR. Golestanian, T.B. Liverpool, and A. Ajdari, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "94**, 220801 (2005)\n\nJ.O. Anderson, Ann. ", "Rev. Fluid Mech. **", "21**, 61 (1989)\n\nR. Golestanian, T.B. Liverpool, and A. Ajdari, New J. Phys. **", "9**, 126 (2007)\n\nF. Julicher, J. Prost, Eur. ", "Phys.", " J. E **29**, 27 (2009)\n\nA. Walther and A.H.E. Müller, Soft Matter **4**, 663–668 (2008)\n\nW. F. Paxton, A. Sen, and T. E. Mallouk, Chem. ", "Eur. ", "J. **11**, 6462 (2005).", "\n\nJ.R. Howse, R.A.L. Jones, A.J. Ryan, T. Gough, R. Vafabakhsh, and R. Golestanian, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "99**, 048102 (2007)\n\nG. Dunderdale, S. Ebbens, P. Fairclough, and J. Howse, Langmuir **28**, 10997 (2012)\n\nH.-R. Jiang, N. Yoshinaga, M. Sano, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "105**, 268302 (2010)\n\nG. Volpe, I. Buttinoni, D. Vogt, H.-J. Kümmerer, and C. Bechinger, Soft Matter **7**, 8810 (2011)\n\nI. Buttinoni, G. Volpe, F. Kümmel, G. Volpe, C. Bechinger, J. Phys.: ", "Cond. ", "Mat. **", "24**, 284129 (2012)\n\nB. Qian, D. Montiel, A. Bregulla, F. Cichos, H. Yang, Chem. ", "Sci. **", "4**, 1420 (2013)\n\nL. Baraban, R. Streubel, D. Makarov, L., D. Karnaushenko, O.G. Schmidt, G. Cuniberti, ACS Nano **7**, 1360 (2013)\n\nT. Ishikawa, M. Simmonds, T. Pedley, J. Fluid Mech. **", "568**, 119 (2006)\n\nI. Llopis and I. Pagonabarraga, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. **", "165**, 946 (2010).", "\n\nR. Golestanian, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "108**, 038303 (2012)\n\nDetails regarding the method of solution are given in the Supplementary Materials.", "\n\nS. Fayolle, T. Bickel, A. Würger, Phys. ", "Rev. E **77**, 042404 (2008)\n\nA. Würger, Rep. Prog. ", "Phys., **", "73**, 126601 (2010)\n\nB. Derjaguin, N. Churaev, V. Muller, *Surface Forces* (Plenum, New York, 1987)\n\nJ.R. Blake, J. Fluid Mech. **", "46**, 199 (1971)\n\nE. Ruckenstein, J. Coll. ", "Interf. ", "Sci., **", "83**, 77 (1981)\n\nS.A. Putnam, D.G. Cahill., ", "Langmuir **21**, 5317 (2005)\n\nA. Würger, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett., **", "101**, 108302 (2008)\n\nD. Vigolo, S. Buzzaccaro and R. Piazza, Langmuir, **26**, 7792 (2010)\n\nH.-R. Jiang, H. Wada, N. Yoshinaga and M. Sano, Phys. ", "Rev. 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[ "Helping you live your daily pilgrimage\n\nYou Never Know Who’s Watching!", "\n\nThere are always people in our periphery view. ", "They’re the ones with whom we may hardly exchange a, “Hello.” ", "They’re the ones who move in and out of our everyday lives, and we hardly give them a thought. ", "These very people have surprised me over the last few years.", "\n\n‘Mary,’ shared some classes with me in college. ", "She was vocal about preferring science over religion, and about her love of animals. ", "Years later, she sent me a Facebook message; her beloved pet had died. ", "She vulnerably asked what my Catholic faith said about animals; “Do they go to Heaven?”", "\n\n‘Arthur,’ similarly shared classes with me in college. ", "He was not into God. ", "Several months ago, he sent me a message asking, “What’s the difference between a sister and a nun?”", "\n\n‘Sarah’ had been part of the popular crowd in high school. ", "A few days ago, she sent me a message with questions like, “How could God let bad things happen?” ", "and “How can you be so strong in your faith?” ", "Sarah was raised in a religious home, but has never believed in God. ", "Now, she seems to be searching.", "\n\nMy point is this: You never know who’s watching. ", "I cannot recall ever having had a single conversation with any of these three people.", "\n\nIn his April 14 homily, Pope Francis said:\n\nIn God’s great plan, every detail is important, even yours, even my humble little witness, even the hidden witness of those who live their faith with simplicity in everyday family relationships, work relationships, friendships. […] ", "Let us all remember this: one cannot proclaim the Gospel of Jesus without the tangible witness of one’s life. ", "Those who listen to us and observe us must be able to see in our actions what they hear from our lips, and so give glory to God!", "\n\nI’m not a Catholic apologist, or Church history expert, etc. ", "But I know that Mary, Arthur and Sarah found me approachable. ", "They observed my words and actions, and they wanted to hear from me…but I never would have guessed it! ", "You, too, have people who silently observe your words and actions. ", "As Christians, we have to ask ourselves: Am I truly living my faith? ", "This is key because, in Pope Francis’ words,\n\nInconsistency on the part of pastors and the faithful between what they say and what they do, between word and manner of life, is undermining the Church’s credibility. ", "But [consistent witness] is possible only if we recognize Jesus Christ, because it is he who has called us, he who has invited us to travel his path, he who has chosen us. […] ", "This is important for us: living an intense relationship with Jesus, an intimacy of dialogue and of life, in such a way as to recognize him as “the Lord”, and to worship him.", "\n\nTake up this challenge — Jesus has called you by name. ", "Are you willing to answer Him in each action you take? ", "Live that “intense relationship with Jesus” in prayer, in Scripture, in the Sacraments, in the Church. ", "From these sources, you will grow in your Christian and Catholic witness. ", "Jesus needs each one of us to witness truthfully to who He is.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nRelated\n\nAbout Angela Sealana (Santana)\n\nAngela is Ministry Coordinator for The Pilgrim Center of Hope.", "\nThe Pilgrim Log is the blog of the Pilgrim Center of Hope, a Catholic evangelization ministry, providing weekly spiritual reflections to help you journey toward a deeper relationship with Christ. ", "Learn more about the Pilgrim Center of Hope by visiting http://www.pilgrimcenterofhope.org." ]

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[ "GM announced Friday it will invest $300 million into a Michigan factory to produce a new Chevrolet electric vehicle, reversing a decision to build the EV outside of the United States. ", "The announcement comes on the heels of recent job cuts and plant closures by GM, moves that have complicated bargaining with union workers over a new four-year contract and has sparked intense criticism from President Donald Trump over a decision to end production at a factory in Lordstown, Ohio.", "\n\nThe automaker’s investment into its Orion Township, Mich. assembly plant — the same facility that produces the all-electric Chevy Bolt — will add 400 new jobs. ", "Orion Assembly, which employs about 880 hourly and 130 salaried employees, also produces the Chevrolet Sonic and the Cruise AV test vehicles.", "\n\nGM isn’t revealing details about what the new electric vehicle will look like, cost or any of its performance metrics. ", "It will be designed and engineered off an advanced version of the Bolt EV architecture, the company said. ", "Additional product information and timing for the new Chevrolet EV will be released closer to production.", "\n\nThis new Chevy EV is a separate effort within the company’s newly announced plans to turn Cadillac into an electric brand. ", "Cadillac will be the first brand to get vehicles off a future EV platform, GM said.", "\n\nGM says its decision to produce the EV in the U.S. was driven by rules of origin provisions in the proposed United States, Mexico and Canada Agreement and because the new EV will be based off an advanced version of the Bolt’s architecture, which is made at Orion.", "\n\nThe announcement comes as GM makes adjustments to where it allocates resources in an effort to cut costs in certain areas and shift funds toward other programs.", "\n\nGM has been undergoing a transformation over the past four to five years, getting rid of expensive, money-losing programs like the Opel brand in Europe, and investing more into electrification and autonomous vehicle technology. ", "It has also warned repeatedly of a coming downturn in the traditional automotive business.", "\n\nIn November, GM ramped up its belt-tightening measures with cuts to thousands of factory and white-collar workers, plant closures in North America and the elimination of several car models as it tries to transform into a nimble company focused on high-margin SUVs, crossovers and trucks, and investments in future products like electric and autonomous vehicles.", "\n\nIn addition to layoffs, GM’s unallocated plants have impacted some 2,800 U.S. hourly employees. ", "GM emphasized Friday that the company has job openings at several other U.S. manufacturing plants for U.S. hourly employees impacted by the recent announcement of unallocated plants. ", "Other GM manufacturing plants adding jobs include Flint, Mich.; Spring Hill, Tenn.; Bowling Green, Ky.; Arlington, Texas; and Toledo, Ohio.", "\n\nGM confirmed it has 2,700 openings across its U.S. manufacturing plants. ", "To date, 1,100 employees have been placed at other GM plants, with several hundred more in the process of being placed in new jobs. ", "In addition, 1,200 of these employees are retirement-eligible.", "\n\nThe automaker also plans to add 1,000 jobs at the Flint Truck Assembly Plant." ]

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[ "Adaptation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis to altered supply of substrates during late pregnancy in the rat.", "\nThe relative importance of the main glucogenic and ketogenic substrates, and interactions between fatty acids availability and ketogenesis have been investigated in virgin or 21 day pregnant rats. ", "Fed pregnant rats displayed elevated lactatemia and the production of lactate by portal-drained viscera was markedly reduced. ", "In contrast, the production of alanine and propionate from digestion was almost similar in fed pregnant and virgin rats. ", "The release of glucose by the liver in fed animals was higher in pregnant rats, and lactate was the main glucogenic substrate taken up whereas alanine uptake was reduced. ", "The hepatic utilization of propionate was not different between the two groups of fed animals. ", "Hepatic gluconeogenesis and lactate extraction were enhanced by starvation; the contribution of lactate to glucose release remained higher in pregnant than in virgin rats, whereas the contribution of alanine was lower, owing to its decreased availability in afferent blood. ", "There was a large uptake of intestinally-derived acetate in fed rates, and a slight release, parallel to ketogenesis, was observed in starved pregnant rats. ", "Free fatty acids were elevated and efficiently taken up by the liver in fed pregnant rats, but without any noticeable ketogenesis. ", "Hepatic ketogenesis was enhanced in starved animals, with marked hyperketonaemia in pregnant rats. ", "However, in those animals, the hepatic release of ketone bodies was not proportional to ketonaemia and was almost similar to the release in starved virgin rats." ]

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[ "Fuel cell stacks are especially envisioned as a source of energy for future mass produced automotive vehicles. ", "A fuel cell stack is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy. ", "A fuel cell stack comprises a stack of a number of cells in series. ", "Each cell generates a voltage of about 1 volt, and stacking them allows a supply voltage of a higher level, for example of about one hundred volts, to be generated.", "\nAmong known types of fuel cell stacks, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks may in particular be mentioned. ", "Such fuel cell stacks have particularly advantageous compactness properties. ", "Each cell comprises an electrolytic membrane that only lets protons pass, the passage of electrons being blocked. ", "The membrane comprises an anode on a first side and a cathode on a second side.", "\nAt the anode, dihydrogen, used as fuel, is ionized to produce protons that pass through the membrane. ", "The electrons produced by this reaction migrate toward a flow plate then flow through an electrical circuit external to the cell so as to form an electrical current. ", "At the cathode, oxygen is reduced and reacts with the protons to form water.", "\nThe fuel cell stack may comprise a number of flow plates, for example made of metal, stacked on one another. ", "The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is placed between two flow plates. ", "The flow plates may comprise channels and orifices for guiding reactants and products to/from the membrane. ", "The plates are also electrically conductive in order to form collectors for collecting the electrons generated at the anode. ", "Gas diffusion layers are interposed between the electrodes and the flow plates and make contact with the flow plates.", "\nThe flow plates make contact with very acidic solutions. ", "On the cathode side, the plate is subjected to pressurized air in a highly oxidizing environment. ", "On the anode side, the plate makes contact with hydrogen. ", "Under such conditions, the metal plates corrode. ", "Corrosion of a plate leads, on the one hand, to emission of metal ions that adversely affect the operation of the electrolytic membrane and, on the other hand, to formation of an insulating oxide layer on the metal, thereby increasing its contact resistance with respect to the gas diffusion layer. ", "The electrical resistance between the plate and the gas diffusion layer is thus increased. ", "These effects degrade the performance of the fuel cell stack.", "\nThe metal plates must therefore have a high electrical conductivity while not corroding or oxidizing. ", "As most metals are subject to the same problems of oxidation and corrosion, a certain number of studies have proposed to form a protective coating on the metal plates in order to preserve the electrical conduction properties of the metal from which they are made while preventing oxidation reactions occurring on their surface.", "\nIn the document entitled “Deposition of gold-titanium and gold-nickel coatings on electropolished 316L stainless steel bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells” published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, Vol. ", "35, No. ", "4, pp. ", "1713-1718, the metal plates were in particular coated with gold. ", "Thus, the contact resistance between a plate and a gas diffusion layer was reduced. ", "However, the cost of gold and its deposition process make such a solution impractical for mass production.", "\nDocument US 2008/248368 describes a fuel cell stack equipped with a separating collecting plate covered with a hydrophilic layer including a polyurethane matrix. ", "A gas diffusion layer is covered with a hydrophobic layer made of polytetrafluoroethylene.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,267,869 proposes to form a protective layer on metal plates by depositing a polymer-based ink containing a carbon particle filler. ", "The purpose of the carbon particles is to improve conduction between the gas diffusion layer and the metal plate." ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION {#s1}\n============\n\nMelanoma is a particularly aggressive cancer responsible for a large proportion of skin cancer-related deaths. ", "This tumor, arising from melanocytes, is notorious for its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy, aggressive clinical behavior, and tendency to metastasize rapidly. ", "There is currently no effective treatment for metastatic melanoma, and five-year survival does not exceed 15% in patients with metastatic disease \\[[@R1]\\].", "\n\nThere is a growing body of evidence to suggest that some of the cell types within the heterogeneous population constituting a melanoma display molecular and functional features similar to those of stem cells. ", "These putative melanoma-initiating cells (MICs) have unlimited self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capabilities and can initiate and maintain tumor growth \\[[@R2]--[@R8]\\]. ", "MICs have been identified with various stemness markers, including CD133, CD44, nestin, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD166, neural crest nerve growth factor receptor (CD271) and/or ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug resistance transporters such as multidrug resistance-1 encoding P-glycoprotein (P-gp), ABCG2 and ABCB5. ", "However, there is currently no single marker specific for MICs and the concept of tumor-initiating cells remains highly controversial. ", "The MIC subset is rare in many solid tumors, but several studies have demonstrated that these cells may constitute a relatively large proportion, perhaps even the majority, of cells in certain aggressive tumors, such as breast cancers, glioblastomas and melanomas \\[[@R9]\\]. ", "Indeed, MICs have been reported to account for 0.0001% to over 40% of the cells in melanomas \\[[@R10]--[@R12]\\]. ", "The high degree of dispersal of these results reflects a high degree of dependence on the immune status of the mouse strains used for serial transplantation in animal models. ", "The frequency of MICs has been shown to correlate with neoplastic progression, metastatic potential and poor prognosis in melanoma patients \\[[@R3], [@R8]\\]. ", "Furthermore, MICs are thought to be resistant to both conventional chemotherapy agents and newly developed targeted drugs \\[[@R13]--[@R14]\\], and they have immunomodulatory properties favoring immune escape \\[[@R15]\\]. ", "Recent studies have begun to explore ways of targeting MICs \\[[@R16]--[@R18]\\], but the molecular players involved in the maintenance of these cells have yet to be identified. ", "Elucidation of the mechanisms and molecular intermediates favoring stemness features is a key area in cancer studies. ", "There is growing evidence to suggest that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells plays an important role in the acquisition of stem cell characteristics (self-renewal, tumorigenic potential, resistance to conventional therapies) \\[[@R19]--[@R20]\\]. ", "During EMT, the cells discard their epithelial characteristics, including cell adhesion and polarity, reorganize their cytoskeleton and acquire a mesenchymal morphology and migratory phenotype. ", "In this context, it has been shown that malignant melanocytes can be reprogrammed to differentiate into mesenchyme-like cells through a process similar to EMT during melanoma progression \\[[@R21]\\].", "\n\nThe production of growth factors by either the melanoma cells themselves or the tumor microenvironment is a critical event in the acquisition of a malignant phenotype. ", "The local production of growth factors sustains cell proliferation and protects the melanoma against apoptosis, potentially accounting for its resistance to chemotherapy and observed immune escape. ", "IGF-1 has been identified as a key driver of cell proliferation, in the development and growth of multiple tumors and in the prevention of apoptosis \\[[@R22]\\]. ", "The biological actions of IGF-1 are mediated by the ligand-induced activation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase linked to the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/AKT signal-transduction cascades. ", "Several recent studies have shown that IGF-1 also induces EMT and favors the development of stemness features in various tumor cells, partly accounting for the migratory properties, invasiveness and resistance to conventional treatments reported in previous studies \\[[@R23]--[@R25]\\]. ", "However, the role of IGF-1 in melanoma metastasis remains unclear. ", "We previously showed that IGF-1 mediated tumor immune escape by decreasing the immunogenicity of the murine melanoma B16-F0 cell line \\[[@R26]\\]. ", "In the study described here, we investigated the effects of IGF-1 downregulation on the stemness features of murine melanoma B16-F10 cells and their tumorigenic potential in an NSG mouse model. ", "The downregulation of IGF-1 expression in B16-F10 cells resulted in a lower proliferation potential, migration/invasion abilities and chemoresistance *in vitro*. ", "These characteristics were associated with low levels of expression for EMT-related molecules and stemness markers, and weak tumorigenicity in mice. ", "These findings indicate that IGF-1 plays a direct role in the intrinsic tumorigenic potential of metastatic tumor cells, promoting EMT and the development of stemness features in melanoma cells.", "\n\nRESULTS {#s2}\n=======\n\nIGF-1 inhibition impairs the formation of B16-F10 melanoma cell colonies in the lungs of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice {#s2_1}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe evaluated the impact of IGF-1 on melanoma, by first transfecting B16-F10 cells with an episomal IGF-1 antisense vector and selecting hygromycin-resistant clones (A6, C10, E11 and F9), in which we evaluated intracellular IGF-1 expression. ", "Consistent with confocal microscopy analysis (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), immunoblotting (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed IGF-1 expression levels to be significantly lower in all clones (C10, E11, and F9), except A6, than in wild-type B16-F10 (B16-F10^WT^) cells and control B16-F10 (B16-F10^CT^) cells, a clone selected after transfection with an empty vector.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nWe then investigated the possible effects of IGF-1 depletion on the ability of B16-F10 cells to form colonies in the lung. ", "We inoculated seven-week-old female C57BL/6 mice with the four engineered clones and the control clones (B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^), by injecting 1 × 10^5^ cells (100 μL) intravenously into the retro-orbital sinus. ", "The lungs were excised 15 days later, and lung colonies were counted under a dissecting microscope (Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Tumor analysis revealed that B16-F10^CT^ cells produced similar numbers of lung nodules to B16-F10^WT^ cells, whereas the E11 and F9 clones formed significantly fewer colonies in the lungs. ", "The most striking difference concerned clone C10, which produced few nodules. ", "By contrast, clone A6 was not significantly affected. ", "It produced larger amounts of IGF-1 than the other three IGF-1-dull. ", "Similar experiments were carried out on immunodeficient NSG mice, to rule out the possibility of IGF-1-induced immune interference and to determine whether IGF-1 is involved in the intrinsic ability of B16-F10 to form lung colonies (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For these experiments, we used clone C10, which exhibits the lowest levels of IGF-1 and produces the smallest numbers of colonies in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. ", "Clone C10 cells also have lower levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK-1/2 MAPK than B16-F10^CT^ and B16-F10^WT^ cells ([Supplementary Figure S1A](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), confirming the attenuation of signaling via the major IGF-1-mediated pathways, the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK axis, in clone C10. ", "IGF-1R levels remained unchanged ([Supplementary Figure 1B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Fifteen days after the injection of cells into NSG mice, the lungs were excised and nodule development was quantified as the percentage of the lung occupied by tumor. ", "As observed in immunocompetent recipient mice, the C10 clone generated smaller numbers of nodules than B16-F10^CT^ and B16-F10^WT^ cells, demonstrating a crucial role for IGF-1 in the control of the intrinsic ability of B16-F10 cells to form lung colonies.", "\n\nIGF-1 inhibition impairs the proliferation of B16-F10 melanoma cells {#s2_2}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIGF-1 plays a key role in the development and progression of various cancers. ", "However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying IGF-1-mediated metastatic potential in melanoma. ", "IGF-1 has clearly been shown to be a potent mitogen. ", "We therefore used the MTT assay to determine whether decreases in IGF-1 levels affected the proliferation of B16-F10 cells (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "From 48 h onwards, C10 cells had a lower proliferation rate than B16-F10^CT^ cells. ", "There was no significant difference between B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells. ", "The mechanism by which IGF-1 stimulates cell proliferation is well documented. ", "Indeed, IGF-1 is known to activate the cell cycle by inducing the expression of cyclins and CDKs, facilitating the G1/S transition \\[[@R27]\\]. ", "We used flow cytometry to determine whether the downregulation of IGF-1 affected cell cycle progression in B16-F10 cells. ", "We determined the distribution of C10, B16-F10^CT^ and B16-F10^WT^ cells between the G0/G1, S and G2/M phases (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Lower levels of IGF-1 were associated with a lower percentage of cells in S-phase than in the parental and control cells, with a higher percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase. ", "Thus, as expected, IGF-1 promotes G1/S cell cycle progression and proliferation in melanoma cells. ", "This finding was further confirmed by immunoblotting (Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which showed p27 (CDK inhibitor) levels to be higher, and cyclin D1 levels to be lower in the C10 clone. ", "The lower proliferation rate of the C10 clone was also confirmed by clonogenic assays (Figure [2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The total number of colonies was similar in all conditions, but the colonies of the IGF-1-dull C10 clone were significantly smaller than those formed by B16-F10^CT^ and B16-F10^WT^ cells.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nIGF-1 drives EMT and promotes cell migration and the invasive potential of B16-F10 cells {#s2_3}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEpithelial-mesenchymal transition is a key step in tumor invasion and progression. ", "We investigated the role of IGF-1 in EMT regulation, by analyzing the levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and ZEB1 in B16-F10 cells. ", "On immunoblots, the downregulation of IGF-1 was associated with higher levels of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, and lower levels of the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Levels of zinc finger E-box-binding protein 1 (ZEB1), a major driver of the EMT process in melanoma cells \\[[@R28]--[@R30]\\], were also significantly lower in the C10 clone (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results were supported by flow cytometry analysis, which showed markedly lower levels of the mesenchymal markers CD29, CD44 and CD105 in the C10 clone than in control and parental cells (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nAs EMT promotes invasiveness in cancer cells \\[[@R31]\\], we then investigated whether the EMT triggered by IGF-1 affected the migration and invasion properties of B16-F10 cells. ", "We first examined the effect of lowering IGF-1 levels on the migration of B16-F10 cells in a scratchwound healing assay. ", "Clone C10 displayed lower levels of migration than parental B16-F10^WT^ and control B16-F10^CT^ cells (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Cell migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires the formation of cell protrusions containing filamentous actin (F-actin), which recognize the external environment. ", "Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin with phalloidin (Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) revealed the presence of protrusions emanating from B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells. ", "By contrast, C10 cells had much smaller numbers of membrane protrusion, partly accounting for the lower migratory capacity of these cells. ", "We then analyzed the invasive capacity of IGF-1dull C10 cells. ", "In Matrigel invasion assays *in vitro*, IGF-1 silencing resulted in significantly lower levels of invasion by B16-F10 cells than by parental and control cells (Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Overall, these data confirm that IGF-1 enhances EMT and promotes cell migration and invasion.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nIGF-1 maintains MIC features in the B16-F10 cell line, throughout EMT {#s2_4}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEpithelial-mesenchymal transition is known to enhance stemness features in several tumor cell models. ", "However, the role of IGF-1 in the stem cell phenotype of some melanoma cells remains to be determined. ", "We investigated whether IGF-1 was required to maintain the stem-like cell phenotype in B16-F10 cells, by analyzing the expression of biomarkers classically used for MIC identification \\[[@R32]--[@R33]\\]. ", "Levels of the pluripotent transcription factors Oct-3/4 and Sox2 were markedly low in the C10 clone (Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "By contrast, immunoblotting results (Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) revealed that IGF-1 downregulation was associated with an increase in the levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master regulator of melanocyte differentiation controlling the differentiation of MICs. ", "This finding was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis (Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which showed that MITF expression was mostly nuclear and stronger in the C10 clone than in parental and control cells. ", "Moreover, the percentage of CD24^+^ and CD133^+^ cells in the B16-F10 population was significantly lower after IGF-1 inhibition (Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), demonstrating the key role of IGF-1 in the maintenance of stemness features in the most primitive MICs (CD44^+^CD133^+^CD24^+^), which make up less than 1% of the B16-F10 population \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "EMT (CD29, CD44) and stemness (Oct-3/4, Sox2) marker levels were decreased by IFG-1R neutralization in B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells ([Supplementary Figure S2](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nAs MICs cannot be identified on the basis of universal cancer stem cell markers alone, the analysis of Oct-3/4, SOX2, CD133 and CD24 levels must be associated with behavioral bioassays (spheroid formation, side population cells and ALDH activity), in evaluations of the role of IGF-1 in stemness in melanoma. ", "We investigated whether the modulation of IGF-1 levels affected the behavior of melanospheres, which are enriched in melanoma cells with tumor-initiating properties \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "IGF-1dull melanospheres were significantly smaller and fewer in number than parental and control melanospheres (Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We then analyzed the activity of the detoxifying iso-enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A1), which is widely considered to be a feature of stemness \\[[@R34]\\]. ", "Indeed, the levels and activity of this enzyme could potentially be used to identify stem-like cells in melanoma tumors \\[[@R2], [@R35]\\]. ", "We found that ALDH activity was abolished in the C10 clone, whereas it was high in parental and control cells, which had high levels of ALDH activity (Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with the loss of ALDH activity, immunoblotting revealed the presence of lower levels of ALDH1A1 protein in the C10 clone (Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We then checked the concordance between stemness markers and bioactivity assays, by evaluating the proportion of side population (SP) in the various B16-F10 cell cultures on the basis of extrusion of the Hoechst 33342 dye via the BCRP1/ABCG2 drug transporter. ", "The SP fraction, identified in many solid tumors and tumor cell lines, including B16-F10 \\[[@R36]\\], is thought to correspond to a population of cells enriched in stem cells, which are more tumorigenic than other cancer cells. ", "We stained C10, B16F10^WT^, and B16-F10^CT^ cells with Hoechst 33342 dye in the presence or absence of the ABCG2 transporter inhibitor Ko143 and carried out flow cytometry analysis. ", "SP cells accounted for 1.4 ± 0.4% of both B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells, but only 0.3 ± 0.2% of total cells for the C10 clone (Figure [6D](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The SP fraction of B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells was decreased after IGF-1R neutralization ([Supplementary Figure S3A](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), consistent with the findings for the C10 clone. ", "We investigated whether the loss of the SP fraction was associated with ABCG2 protein levels or activity, by immunoblotting to determine ABCG2 levels. ", "ABCG2 levels were markedly lower in the C10 clone than in parental and control cells (Figure [6E](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data suggest that IGF-1 plays a crucial role in promoting the side population phenotype of B16-F10 cells.", "\n\n{#F6}\n\nIGF-1 downregulation sensitizes B16-F10 cells to mitoxantrone {#s2_5}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe investigated whether ABCG2 protein levels reflected drug extrusion capacity, by determining intracellular levels of the anthraquinone anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MIT) in the different cell lines. ", "MIT efflux and ABCG2 activity were determined by measuring MIT accumulation in the presence and absence of the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143. ", "Flow cytometry (Figure [7A](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed that intracellular MIT accumulation was increased by treating B16-F10^WT^cells with Ko143, confirming that dependence of MIT efflux on ABCG2. ", "Moreover, MIT extrusion was significantly weaker for the C10 clone than for B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells. ", "Intracellular MIT accumulation in B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells increased to levels similar to those observed in the IGF-1dull clone, following IGF-1R neutralization ([Supplementary Figure S3B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Overall, these data indicate that IGF-1 governs drug efflux pump activity.", "\n\n{#F7}\n\nGiven the close association between drug efflux and drug resistance, we assessed the sensitivity of the C10 clone to MIT. ", "Cells were treated with various concentrations of MIT (0.1 to 10 μM) for 48 hours and were then subjected to a viability assay based on the fluorescent probe fluorescein diacetate (FDA). ", "A quantitative analysis of living cells showed that MIT increased cell death in a dose-dependent manner, for all three cell lines (Figure [7B](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells were found to be more resistant to MIT than the C10 clone, for concentrations exceeding 2 μM. As expected, the addition of the Ko143 inhibitor to the culture medium greatly decreased cell death rates in B16-F10^CT^ cells treated with 2 μM MIT, whereas it had no significant impact on C10 cell death ([Supplementary Figure S4](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nOverall these results are consistent with a role for IGF-1 as major regulator of ABCG2 pump activity and resistance to mitoxantrone in B16-F10 cells.", "\n\nDISCUSSION {#s3}\n==========\n\nIn summary, we report here that IGF-1 is a key player in melanoma tumorigenicity and response to anti-tumor therapies. ", "Indeed, we found that IGF-1 was involved in the intrinsic tumorigenic potential of metastatic tumor cells. ", "It also triggered EMT in B16-F10 cells. ", "This process is associated with a highly migratory and invasive phenotype of tumor cells. ", "Finally, we show that IGF-1 favors MIC features in melanoma and governs the tumor response to conventional therapies.", "\n\nThe IGF axis has been identified as one of the molecular networks involved in the formation, progression and metastatic spread of many types of cancer. ", "Epidemiological evidence suggests that high levels of circulating IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression are associated with a higher risk of several common cancers, including melanoma \\[[@R37]\\]. ", "Moreover, high levels of IGF-1R expression are associated with poorer survival in patients with uveal melanoma \\[[@R38]\\]. ", "This is not surprising, given the role of IGF-1 in several biological processes essential for malignancy, including cell growth, DNA repair, and survival, and in immune escape. ", "There is also evidence supporting the involvement of IGF-1 in metastasis mechanisms, by promoting the acquisition of stem cell features. ", "Cancer-initiating cells (CICs) constitute a minor subpopulation of undifferentiated cells responsible for sustaining and renewing the tumor. ", "In particular, CICs have the characteristics of cancer cells that have undergone EMT and contribute to therapeutic resistance. ", "Direct links between activated IGF-1R signaling and the acquisition of stem cell- and EMT-associated properties were recently reported in the CICs of several tumors, including lung adenocarcinoma \\[[@R39]--[@R40]\\], hepatocellular carcinoma \\[[@R41]\\], colon carcinoma \\[[@R42]\\], glioma \\[[@R24]--[@R25]\\] and breast cancer \\[[@R43]\\]. ", "Consistent with the presence of CICs, or melanoma-initiating cells (MICs), in melanoma, and the role of IGF-1 in mediating EMT, chemoresistance, and stemness, we hypothesized that IGF-1 was involved in the acquisition of stem cells, promoting treatment resistance and melanoma cell propagation. ", "We show that, in addition to its role in immune escape \\[[@R26]\\], IGF-1 affects cell migration and invasion, and promotes the MIC phenotype through EMT.", "\n\nVarious cellular growth factors elicit EMT and activate PI3K/AKT, a major IGF-1 signaling pathway, and a key component driving EMT. ", "Indeed, AKT downregulates E-cadherin expression and promotes EMT-like transitions and invasiveness in carcinoma cells, by inducing the zinc-finger transcription factor snail \\[[@R44]\\]. ", "Our results show that IGF-1 plays a critical role in EMT in B16-F10 cells. ", "Indeed, IGF-1 downregulation resulted in morphological changes, an upregulation of epithelial marker expression, and a downregulation of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, CD29, CD44 and CD105) and ZEB1, which is essential for EMT induction in B16-F10 cells \\[[@R28]--[@R30]\\]. ", "Indeed, one of the roles of ZEB1 is to regulate the expression of E-cadherin, a key molecule in the maintenance of epithelial cell characteristics \\[[@R45]\\], as its loss may enhance the invasive and metastatic behavior of melanoma cells \\[[@R46]\\]. ", "We found that IGF-1 knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion, together with pulmonary nodule formation *in vivo* in NSG mice. ", "Many of the cell surface markers commonly used to define MICs, such as CD29, CD44, and CD24, are receptors for extracellular matrix components, or promote integrin-mediated binding to ECM components. ", "A decrease in the expression of these mesenchymal markers and F-actin in IGF-1dull clones (C10) may partly account for the loss of invasive potential observed in B16-F10 cells.", "\n\nHigh levels of EMT gene expression were observed in MICs, suggesting an overlap between the genetic signature and EMT \\[[@R28], [@R47]\\]. ", "However, the links between EMT, IGF-1 and the tumorigenic potential of MICs have yet to be fully elucidated. ", "Indeed, the molecular mechanisms underlying IGF-1-mediated stemness remain largely unknown in melanoma. ", "We show here that IGF-1 is a key factor for the maintenance of MIC features throughout EMT in B16-F10 cells. ", "Indeed, IGF-1 decreases the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and upregulates the expression of stemness markers (Oct-3/4, SOX2) and of CD133 and CD24, consistent with IGF-1 being instrumental in the preservation of the rare CD44^+^CD133^+^CD24^+^ cell subset, accounting for less than 1% of the B16-F10 population, and potentially corresponding to the most primitive MICs \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "IGF-1 downregulation in B16-F10 cells also led to a loss of MIC functions, including the ability to form melanospheres, the side population and ALDH activity. ", "High levels of ALDH activity are a hallmark of MICs in melanoma. ", "Indeed, ALDH1A1 has been associated with the tumor-initiating cell phenotype in human melanoma \\[[@R2]\\], and its levels and activity could potentially be used to identify stem-like cells in melanoma tumors \\[[@R2], [@R35]\\]. ", "ALDH1A1 knockdown has been shown to decrease the pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic advantage of melanoma cells lacking dioxin receptor expression, decreasing not only their migration and invasion potentials, but also the percentage of CD133^+^CD29^+^CD44^+^ cells, melanosphere size and expression of the pluripotency marker SOX2 \\[[@R32]\\]. ", "The shRNA-mediated knockdown of ALDH1A expression sensitizes melanoma cells to chemotherapy and affects melanoma tumor growth \\[[@R34]\\]. ", "Like IGF-1 downregulation, IGF-1R neutralization led to a loss of MIC features in B16-F10 cells. ", "However, no synergic effect of IGF-1R neutralization was observed in the IGF-1dull clone, suggesting the possible involvement of other regulatory factors in melanoma stemness behavior.", "\n\nMetastatic melanoma is highly chemoresistant. ", "Approximately 40--50% of melanomas harbor activating mutations of the RAS/RAF axis, including the V600E BRAF mutation in an oncogene known to be critical for melanoma proliferation and survival through its role in activating the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway \\[[@R48]\\]. ", "The outlook has improved significantly following the development of novel forms of immunotherapy (e.g. anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies) and mutant BRAF inhibitors, which have increased overall survival \\[[@R49]--[@R50]\\]. ", "However, responses to mutant BRAF inhibitors are often brief, and resistance rapidly emerges \\[[@R51]--[@R52]\\]. ", "Further studies are therefore required, on new novel therapeutic molecules, delivery systems and combination therapies for melanoma. ", "The targeting of IGF-1 in melanoma appears promising for novel anti-cancer strategies, as IGF-1 favors EMT, which seems to be intimately linked to tumor cell stemness and resistance. ", "In addition, many studies have shown that IGF-1R depletion reduces the survival of BRAF-mutant and wild-type melanoma cells, and increases their chemosensitivity \\[[@R53]--[@R54]\\]. ", "Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma can be overcome by targeting MEK and IGF-1R/PI3K simultaneously \\[[@R55]\\]. ", "Accordingly, the overexpression of miR-425 inhibits melanoma metastasis, stemness properties and chemoresistance, by repressing the PI3K-Akt pathway by targeting IGF-1 \\[[@R56]\\]. ", "IGF-1, through the activation of key signaling pathways, enhancing the expression of pro-survival factors, such as Bcl2, Bcl-X(L) and Survivin \\[[@R57]\\], and favoring DNA damage repair \\[[@R53]\\], is a key target for enhancing the response of tumor cells to drugs. ", "Our results also indicate that IGF-1 controls many of the mechanisms of chemoresistance in B16-F10 cells, including drug efflux activity through ABC transporter expression and ALDH activity.", "\n\nIGF-1 blockade could, therefore, effectively interfere with the maintenance of stemness and chemotherapy resistance in melanoma. ", "Moreover, the targeting of IGF-1 might also interfere with the immunomodulatory properties of tumor cells. ", "We previously showed that IGF-1 facilitated immune escape by decreasing the immunogenicity of the murine melanoma B16-F0 cell line \\[[@R26]\\]. ", "Furthermore, the immunomodulatory properties of tumor cells have recently been linked to EMT and stemness, consistent with a role for CICs in immune escape \\[[@R15], [@R58]--[@R59]\\]. ", "Indeed, ABCB5^+^ MICs have been shown to induce immune responses less efficiently than the ABCB5^−^ bulk of the tumor \\[[@R59]\\]. ", "Moreover, melanoma cells programmed to undergo EMT can promote immune escape by generating CD4^+^FOXP3^+^ regulatory T cells and impairing dendritic cell maturation, both *in vitro* and *in vivo* \\[[@R58]\\].", "\n\nIn conclusion, we provide experimental evidence for a crucial role of IGF-1 in the EMT of B16-F10 cells and in the control of the stem cell phenotype. ", "Collectively, these findings indicate that IGF-1 promotes metastasis not only by favoring proliferation, tumor cell mobility and dissemination, but also by maintaining stemness features crucial for the immune escape, chemoresistance and tumorigenicity of melanoma cells. ", "Our findings identify the IGF/IGFR-1 signaling axis as a key target for the development of anti-tumor treatments against MICs.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}\n=====================\n\nCell lines {#s4_1}\n----------\n\nThe B16-F10 murine melanoma cell line syngeneic to C57BL/6 was obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA). ", "Clones with IGF-1 downregulation were obtained from wild-type B16-F10 (B16-F10^WT^) after transfection with an episomal IGF-1 antisense vector kindly provided by Dr J. Ilan (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA). ", "Cells were grown in RPMI 1640 (Gibco BRL, Invitrogen, Cergy-Pontoise, France) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Gibco) at 37°C, under an atmosphere containing 5% CO~2~. B16-F10 cells were transfected with an empty vector and a clone was selected as the control (B16-F10^CT^). ", "B16-F10^CT^ and IGF-1dull clones were maintained in complete culture medium supplemented with hygromycin B (Invitrogen, Cergy-Pontoise, France).", "\n\nAntibodies and reagents {#s4_2}\n-----------------------\n\nAnti-IGF-1 antibody (1/500, AAM30) was purchased from Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH. Antibodies against MITF (1/100, sc-10999), ZEB1 (1/200, *sc-25388*), p27 (1/200, ref), ABCG2 (1/100, BXP21), cyclin D1 (1/250, sc-450), GAPDH (1/5000, sc25778) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated actin antibody (1/20000, sc-47778 HRP) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (TEBU, *France*). ", "Antibodies specific for N-cadherin (1/1000, 4061), phosphorylated ERK-1/2 (1/1000, 9101), Erk1-2 (1/1000, 4695), and phosphorylated AKT (1/1000, 9271) were obtained from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA). ", "Antibodies against CD44 (APC, 561862), CD105 (PE, 562759), and CD29 (FITC, 555005) were purchased from BD Biosciences (Oxford, UK). ", "Antibodies against CD133 (PE, 12-1331) and CD24 (PE-Cyanine, 725-0242) were obtained from eBiosciences (Paris, France). ", "Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated phalloidin (1:5000) for F-actin detection was obtained from Invitrogen (Cergy-Pontoise, France). ", "Antibodies against Sox2 (APC, IC2018A), Oct-3/4 (PE, IC1759P), ALDH1A1 (1/250, MAB5869) and IGF-1R (AF-305-NA) and the Ko143 inhibitor (*Tocris* Bioscience, 3241) were purchased from R&D Systems Europe Ltd (Abingdon, UK). ", "The anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase antibody (1:5000, 381195), and Hoechst 33342 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). ", "HRP-conjugated (1:5000) and fluorescent (1:200) secondary antibodies were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA).", "\n\nWestern blotting {#s4_3}\n----------------\n\nTotal cell lysates were prepared by incubation for 30 min on ice in 1% Triton X-100, 20 mM Tris--HCl (pH 7.4), 137 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 2 mM sodium pyrophosphate, and 10% glycerol in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors (25 mM β-glycerophosphate and 1 mM sodium orthovanadate) and complete protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (Roche Applied Science). ", "The cells were harvested by centrifugation for 5 min at 500 x *g* and lysis of the cell pellet. ", "Cell debris was removed by centrifugation (9000 x *g*), and the proteins in the supernatant were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. ", "Antibody binding was detected with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:5000, Jackson Immunoresearch). ", "HRP was detected with an Immobilon Western kit (Millipore, Molsheim, France).", "\n\nScratch wound healing assay {#s4_4}\n---------------------------\n\nIn the scratch wound healing assay, B16-F10WT,B16-F10CT and C10 cells were plated in six-well plates and cultured until they formed confluent monolayers. ", "The cells were then incubated in low-serum content medium for 6 h and wounded in a line across the well with a 200 μl pipette tip. ", "They were washed twice with the low-serum medium to remove debris and non-adherent cells. ", "Time-lapse acquisitions were made with an Axiovert 200 inverted microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) equipped with a controlled-temperature and −CO~2~ chamber. ", "Multiple positions were recorded with an XY motorized stage. ", "Wound closure is presented as the percentage decrease in the freshly wounded area at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation. ", "The experiment was performed in triplicate.", "\n\nAssessment of cell proliferation with the MTT assay {#s4_5}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nWe used the tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)) assay, which assesses mitochondrial activity, to evaluate the proliferation of B16-F10^WT^, B16-F10^CT^ and C10 cells *in vitro*. ", "Cells were plated in 96-well plates, at a density of 1 × 10^3^ cells in 200 μL medium per well, and incubated for 96 h. MTT was added to the medium at a concentration of 10 μg/well, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The number of viable cells is directly proportional to the amount of formazan produced. ", "This product was solubilized with 100 μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and determined spectrophotometrically at 570 nm, with a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).", "\n\nClonogenic assay {#s4_6}\n----------------\n\nCells were used to seed 35 mm petri plates at a clonal density (i.e., 500 cells per well) and were cultured for 10 days. ", "They were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.2% crystal violet solution for the visual observation of colonies. ", "We counted the total number of colonies and the number of colonies with a diameter \\> 75 μm or containing more than 50 cells.", "\n\nMelanosphere formation assays {#s4_7}\n-----------------------------\n\nWe assessed the ability of B16-F10^WT^, B16-F10^CT^ and C10 cells to produce melanospheres, by suspending the cells (1 × 10^3^ cells per well) in ultralow attachment six-well plates (Fisher Scientific, Paris, France), in a serum-free medium (SFM) consisting of DMEM/F-12 supplemented with 20 ng/mL EGF (epidermal growth factor; PeproTech, Germany), 20 ng/mL bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor; PeproTech, Germany), and B27 (1X) (Invitrogen, USA). ", "In all experiments, cells were incubated at 37°C under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO~2~, for up to seven days. ", "The total number of melanospheres generated was compared between groups.", "\n\nInvasion assay {#s4_8}\n--------------\n\nCell invasion assays were performed in Transwell chambers (Corning Costar, Cambridge, MA). ", "Matrigel (Becton Dickinson, Bedford, MA) was diluted to a concentration of 5 mg/mL with serum-free RPMI medium, and applied to the polycarbonate membrane filters (8 μm pores) of the chamber for 1 h at 37°C. ", "Cells were placed in the upper chamber, at a density of 5x10^5^ cells/mL in serum-free medium. ", "In the lower chamber, RPMI medium containing 10% FBS was used as a source of chemoattractants. ", "After 8 h of incubation at 37°C, the cells that had not invaded the Matrigel were removed by wiping with a cotton swab, and the cells on the lower surface of the filter were fixed in 100% methanol, washed and stained with DAPI. ", "Quantification was performed under a fluorescence microscope, and the average number of DAPI-stained nuclei per 10x field of view was determined by counting on four randomly selected fields per chamber. ", "Three independent experiments were performed.", "\n\nImmunofluorescence {#s4_9}\n------------------\n\nB16-F10^WT^, B16-F10^CT^ and C10 cells were dispensed into an eight-well Lab-Tek tissue culture chamber slide (1 × 10^5^ cells per well; Nunc, Naperville, IL), and intracellular staining (i.e., F-actin, IGF-1, MITF) was performed when the cells reached confluence. ", "The cells were permeabilized by incubation for 5 min with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS before incubation with the primary antibody. ", "The cells were washed and incubated for 30 min with Alexa Fluor 488- or 594-conjugated secondary antibodies in 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) blocking solution (Invitrogen). ", "F-actin organization was revealed by staining the cells with 0.2 μg/mL of rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin for 20 min. ", "The cells were washed twice with PBS, the nuclei were counterstained with DAPI and the cells were mounted in DABCO-glycerol and visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy (Leica SP5, Solms, Germany).", "\n\nFlow cytometry analysis {#s4_10}\n-----------------------\n\nFor the assays described below, we acquired fluorescence data for 10000 to 50000 events on a LSR Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK) and analyzed the data with FACS Diva software (BD Biosciences). ", "Three replicates were used for each condition, and each experiment was performed at least three times.", "\n\nExpression of cellular antigens {#s4_11}\n-------------------------------\n\nThe expression of cell surface (CD24, CD29, CD44, CD105, CD133) and intracellular (Oct-3/4, SOX2) antigens was analyzed by flow cytometry. ", "Briefly, suspensions of enzymatically detached cells were (for intracytoplasmic staining) or were not (for cell surface staining) permeabilized with BD Transcriptional Factor fix/perm Kit (562574 BD Pharmingen, Le Pont-De-Claix, France), and 10^5^ cells were suspended in staining buffer (0.5% BSA in PBS) and stained with conjugated antibodies directed against the abovementioned cell markers, at the dilutions indicated in the \"Antibodies and reagents\" section. ", "The cells were then rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and analyzed by flow cytometry.", "\n\nCell cycle analysis {#s4_12}\n-------------------\n\nFlow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle distribution. ", "Cells were treated with trypsin, washed in PBS, fixed at 4°C in 70% cold ethanol and treated with RNase (10 mg/mL) for 30 min at 37°C. ", "DNA content per cell was determined in a LSR Fortessa flow cytometer after staining with propidium iodide (50 μg/mL) for 15 min at room temperature, in the dark. ", "For cell cycle analysis, only signals from single cells were considered (10000 cells/sample).", "\n\nALDH1A1 activity {#s4_13}\n----------------\n\nALDH1A1 activity was assessed by flow cytometry with an ALDEFLUOR kit (StemCell Technologies, Grenoble, France), in accordance with the manufacturer\\'s instructions. ", "Briefly, 10^6^ cells were incubated for 45 min at 37°C with BODIPY aminoacetaldehyde, which is converted into a fluorescent molecule (BODIPY aminoacetate) by ALDH1A1 in the cytoplasm. ", "The specificity of the fluorescence reaction was demonstrated with the specific ALDH inhibitor diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB). ", "After incubation, the ALDH1A1 activity of the cells was analyzed in a LSR Fortessa flow cytometer. ", "Non-viable cells were excluded from the analysis by propidium iodide staining.", "\n\nDye efflux {#s4_14}\n----------\n\nThe side population (SP) was assessed by staining cells according to Goodell\\'s protocol \\[[@R60]\\]. ", "Briefly, cells (density 1 × 10^6^/mL) were suspended in prewarmed phenol-free DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich) with 2% FBS. ", "Hoechst 33342 dye (B2261, bisBenzimide HOE 33342; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to a final concentration of 5 μg/mL in the presence or absence of 1 μM Ko143, an ABCG2 extrusion pump inhibitor (Tocris). ", "Cells were incubated at 37°C for 90 min, with intermittent shaking. ", "They were then washed with phenol-free DMEM, centrifuged at 4°C, and resuspended in ice-cold PBS. ", "Propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich) was added for the exclusion of dead cells by flow cytometry. ", "The Hoechst 33342 dye was excited at 357 nm and its fluorescence was analyzed at two wavelengths (blue, 402--446 nm; red, 650--670 nm). ", "We evaluated drug efflux activity, by incubating cells suspended in prewarmed DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich) with 2% FBS in polystyrene tubes for 30 min at 37°C with the fluorescent molecule mitoxantrone (0.01 μg/mL; 5 × 105 cells) in the presence or absence of Ko143 (1 μM; Tocris). ", "The cells were then washed, resuspended in prewarmed DMEM with or without Ko143 and incubated for another hour. ", "The accumulation of MIT was assessed by flow cytometry. ", "The mitoxantrone fluorescence emitted was detected at 670/40 nm, after excitation at 633 nm.", "\n\nViability assay {#s4_15}\n---------------\n\nThe fluorescent probe fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was used to assess cell viability. ", "Once inside the cell, fluorescein is released by the esterases of living cells, resulting in a measurable fluorescent signal. ", "Cells were used to seed 24-well dishes at 70% confluence and were treated with different concentrations (0.1 to 10 μM) of mitoxantrone for 48 h. They were then incubated for 5 min at 37°C with 0.2 mg/mL FDA, and 10000 cells were analyzed with a LSR Fortessa flow cytometer. ", "Living cells give a positive signal with FDA, whereas dead cells give a negative signal.", "\n\nLung colony formation {#s4_16}\n---------------------\n\nB16-F10 is a metastatic cell line that preferentially forms nodules in the lung. ", "The effect of IGF-1 downregulation on B16-F10 cell tumorigenicity was evaluated in C57Bl/6 and NSG mice, by injecting IGF-1dull clones (A6, C10, E11 and C10), B16-F10^WT^ and B16-F10^CT^ cells. ", "Young (5--7 weeks of age) female C57Bl/6 (*n* = 5) and NSG (*n* = 3) mice received intravenous injections (retro-orbital sinus) of 1x10^4^ B16-F10 metastatic melanoma cells. ", "Two weeks later, the mice were killed and their lungs were removed, rinsed in PBS and placed in formalin fixative. ", "The total number of lung nodules was counted under a dissecting microscope for *C57BL/6 mice*. ", "For NSG mice, the burden of nodules in the lung (tumor area/total organ area) was determined quantitatively by manual outlining and analysis with ImageJ software (NIH); the results are expressed as the percentage of the lung area occupied by tumors.", "\n\nC57Bl/6 and NSG mice (Charles River) were housed in a pathogen-free animal facility under conditions approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (Comité d\\'éthique en matière d\\'expérimentation animale \\#59, C2EA-59, 'Paris Centre et Sud') that approved this study.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#s4_17}\n--------------------\n\nResults are expressed as means ± SEM. ", "Statistical analysis was performed by standard two-tailed Student\\'s *t*-test for two groups, in Prism (GraphPad Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). ", "We considered *p*-values \\< 0.05, \\< 0.01 and \\< 0.001 to be significant, highly significant, and very highly significant, respectively.", "\n\nSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS {#s5}\n=======================\n\nThis research was funded by: *Fondation ARC Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, Vaincre le cancer-NRB, and Fondation Tourre.* ", "Vincent Le coz is supported by fellowships from Université Paris Sud and *Vaincre le Cancer-NRB*, Chaobin Zhu is supported by *Vaincre le Cancer-NRB*, SA and CG are supported by fellowships from *Fondation de France* and *Fondation ARC*, respectively.", "\n\n**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**\n\nThe authors have no competing financial interests to declare.", "\n\n**Authors\\' Contributions**\n\nCZ, VLC and AD designed and performed the research and analyzed the data; SA, CG, PE and AV analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript; CB provided intellectual input by discussing the data; SL and JGM designed and performed the research, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Top Notch Tree Service is your company when it comes to removing unwanted stumps from your property.", "\n\nOur experience combined with our state-of-the-art machinery allows us to quickly grind away those unwanted tree stumps on your property, no matter the size of the tree stump that needs to be removed.", "\n\nWhether you're looking to remove a hazard for your children and pets, level out an area on your property or simply looking to get rid of an eyesore. ", "And don't forget, removing old stumps can also add value to your property!", "\n\nCall Top Notch Tree Service today or complete our Free Estimate form!", "\n\nWith our excellent customer service you can be assured that you called the right company for the job!", "\n\nExperience You Can Trust\n\nFor more than 34 years, our company has served the southern New Jersey area, specializing in hazardous tree removal and tree trimming. ", "We take pride in the personalized services we provide for our customers. ", "In addition, the owner is always on site to supervise, whether we are trimming trees or clearing land.", "\n\nWe also ensure that every tree project site is left clean when we're finished!", "\n\nContact us to request a quote for safe and prompt crane services.", "\nServing the Tri-State Area & All the Surrounding Areas Tree Care Industry Association | Certified Public Works Contractor | Fully Insured\nFree Consultations" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "4月です。出会いと別れのこの季節は、新しいアニメが始まるタイミングでもあります。2019年春アニメが少しずつ放送を開始するなか、一覧を眺めていると一際異彩を放つタイトルを見つけてしまいました。その名は「みるタイツ」。聞くタイツとか飲むタイツとかあるんでしょうかね……。", "\n\n「みるタイツ」は、イラストレーターのよむさん（@y_o_m_y_o_m）のイラストを原作としたアニメ。ストーリー原案もよむさんが務めます。監督には「大家さんは思春期！」の小川優樹さん、シリーズ構成を「冴えない彼女の育てかた」「WHITE ALBUM2」の丸戸史明さん、制作は横浜アニメーションラボ、製作はTRUSSが担当。", "\n\n「少女たちのかけがえのない青春の一瞬を、瑞々しい感性で描く」という同作。メインビジュアルでは主人公の3人藍川レン（60デニール）、中紅ユア（30デニール）、萌黄ホミ（110デニール）の3人が描かれているのですが、「好みのデニールのタイツを履いている足元にもぜひご注目ください」という大変趣深い見どころが紹介されていました。", "\n\n「みるタイツ」は、5月11日22時からニコニコチャンネルとdアニメストアで配信を開始します。" ]

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[ "[Post-antibiotic effect of imipenem, amikacin and ciprofloxacin against various strains of Serratia marcescens].", "\nThe authors compared the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and latamoxef against Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880 (type strain) and against 12 clinical strains belonging to Grimont's most frequent biotypes: A2a, A3a, A3b, A4a, A4b, A5, A6a, A8a, A8b, A8c, TT, TCT. ", "PAE was determined by measuring bacterial growth kinetics after one hour exposure to concentration of 2 x MIC of 10(6) CFUs in Mueller-Hinton broth. ", "Drug removal was by 10-3 dilution of the exposed culture. ", "A PAE was consistently present with imipenem (range 0.8-2.9 hrs), amikacin (range 1.0-4.9 hrs), ciprofloxacin (range 1.4-2.8 hrs). ", "The duration of PAE did not correlate with MIC or Grimont's biotypes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Regional volumetric assessment of the brain in moderately preterm infants (30-35 gestational weeks) scanned at term-equivalent age on magnetic resonance imaging.", "\nEarly volume analyses of the infantile brain may help predict neurodevelopmental outcome. ", "However, brain volumes are not well understood in moderately preterm infants at term-equivalent age (TEA). ", "This study retrospectively investigated the relationship between regional brain volumes and infant gestational age (GA) at birth in moderately preterm infants (30-35weeks' GA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at TEA. ", "Forty infants scanned at TEA were enrolled. ", "Regional brain volumes were estimated by manual segmentation on MRI, and their relationship with GA at birth was assessed. ", "The regional volumes of the cerebral hemispheres and deep gray matter were larger (Spearman ρ=0.40, P=0.01, and Spearman ρ=0.48, P<0.01, respectively), and volumes of the lateral ventricles were smaller (Spearman ρ=-0.32, P=0.04) in infants born at a later GA. ", "The volumes of the cerebral hemispheres of the infants born at 30weeks' GA were significantly smaller than those born at 33 and 35weeks' GA (P<0.05). ", "No associations were found between the volume of the cerebellum and brainstem, and GA at birth (Spearman ρ=0.24, P=0.13, and Spearman ρ=0.24, P=0.14, respectively). ", "The volumes of the cerebral hemispheres at TEA may be smaller in infants born at 30weeks' GA, whereas those of the cerebellum and brainstem may not be correlated with GA among moderately preterm infants." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "suresh nair\n\nGlobal Chief Strategy Officer\n\nGrey New York\n\nSuresh joined Grey in 2006 to serve as the strategic leader across the global Grey network as well as the head of the strategic planning department at Grey New York. ", "Under his leadership, Grey has launched a new planning toolkit, “SHIFT” which has been deployed throughout the Grey global network. ", "Suresh is passionate about uncovering brand ideas that lead to powerful emotional connections with consumers, and in turn accelerate the brand’s full potential. ", "He was named to Adweek magazine’s “Top 50 Execs Who Make the Wheels Turn.”", "\n\nWith 20+ years of strategic planning experience, Suresh has built brands and businesses in a variety of categories, from consumer health and packaged goods to retail and technology. ", "Suresh has developed highly successful brand strategies for a broad array of leading brands, including MasterCard, Verizon, Intel, Johnson & Johnson, GSK, Nokia, Canon, E*Trade, Ally, 3M, and Diageo among others.", "\n\nSuresh came to Grey from McCann-Erickson New York, where he was the head of the strategic planning department.", "\n\nSuresh has an M.S. and an M.B.A. from the University of Cincinnati. ", "He lives in Cresskill, N.J. with his wife, two children and a very spoiled Maltese." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I view a PDF file saved in my document directory using Swift?", "\n\nI've built an ordering app and have encoded the order sheet as a PDF that saves to the document directory.", "\nI want to have a method to preview the PDF prior to sending it as an email and was hoping someone can give me some advice on how to load/preview the PDF and how to send it using UIViewController.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use PDFKit.amazing tool for PDF viewing https://developer.apple.com/documentation/pdfkit\nimport PDFKit\n\nclass TextPreviewController: BaseController {\n \n @IBOutlet weak private var pdfView: PDFView!", "\n \n override func viewDidLoad() {\n super.viewDidLoad()\n setupView()\n }\n \n private func setupView() {\n let fm = FileManager.default\n let docsurl = try! ", "fm.url(for:.documentDirectory, in: .userDomainMask, appropriateFor: nil, create: false)\n let myurl = docsurl.appendingPathComponent(\"Owl.jpg\")\n guard let path = myurl,\n let pdfDocument = PDFDocument(url: URL(fileURLWithPath: path))else { return }\n pdfView.displayMode = .singlePageContinuous\n pdfView.autoScales = true\n pdfView.displayDirection = .vertical\n pdfView.document = pdfDocument\n }\n \n}\n\nyou just need to put you link on PDF and it will be open.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Este obra foi licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivados 3.0 Não Adaptada" ]

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[ "Here is we got thus this is reclining lawn chair folding small size of folding lawn chairs reclining lawn chair lawn chairs target camping reclining lounge reclining lawn chairs folding are interesting. ", "proceeds them to be very useful idea at the moment. ", "in a kind form, that is make all look more dazzling for modern era. ", "presently although discussion about the concept that is neatly interwoven, meanwhile beauty shape is important but also functional that we requirement. ", "lets learned new things discover all ideas that can we get and then put them together, and so would be blended in perfectly. ", "We can also compare what is the most be of interest to or very useful from the looks. ", "Some ideas are just stored and waiting to be realized into a fresh new ideas for your own design.", "\n\nFresh and exciting scene is also an idea that must go with the concept that has been made. ", "It begins with a uninvolved needs for the environment or also the selection of the appropriate tool. ", "Seeing that this is reclining lawn chair folding small size of folding lawn chairs reclining lawn chair lawn chairs target camping reclining lounge reclining lawn chairs folding, is an integral part. ", "We take on that the approach of color, material, or form become considered as well. ", "But it could all be easy with those already perform here. ", "We make alternatives about the ideas and options that match the ones that have been discussed earlier.", "\n\nJust imagine all that is accumulated and so allows you to make the right choice. ", "Relating to need, the taste, appearance, or simple lifestyle that shall easily to be discovered or perform by accident. ", "It is natural for you to realize when so many of the ideas that come up are confusing, but also to be fun to see fresh and new things. ", "Easy to apply, cheap, easy to find, or even unique to be your option. ", "The right of everyone to choose the best, but what we show about the set of folding chair collection, should make that things more easier.", "\n\nTheres no needs to think longer about the most and proper, or most interesting, if you havent discovered on this this is reclining lawn chair folding post yet, try to open more about other articles. ", "We do not give promise that you will see the right one, but hopefully you will find any ideas that you may customize to the most desirable ones. ", "We strive to create a set of ideas that are appropriate to make the post absorb and useful, but new things all the time appear and they are attract to collect. ", "In many ways they offer charm, ranging from the combination of colors, shapes, and also the convenience of giving. ", "It does not get any complicated if the selections that advance are properly and steady.", "\n\nWe wish that other things about the captivating collection of designs at all times appear to fill the collection. ", "Coming from a fresh or industrial designer who is easy to find or at least at a fair price. ", "Safe and secure, fast delivery are wanted if the range is to far or get through the country. ", "So that has been visualize will presently be realized quickly easy and cheap as expected. ", "just make yourself more masterly in new ways must be a great and cool things." ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN\">\n<html>\n<head>\n<title>DM_LISTGETCURPOS</title>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" Content=\"text/html; charset=Windows-1251\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../../../styles/styles.css\">\n<script language=\"javascript\" src='../../links.js' type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n</head>\n<body>\n\n<h1>DM_LISTGETCURPOS</h1>\n<div class=navbar>\n<a href=\"index_dm.html\">Сообщения</a> |\n<a href=\"../index.html\">Dialog API</a><br>\n</div>\n\n<div class=shortdescr>\nСообщение <dfn>DM_LISTGETCURPOS</dfn> посылается Менеджеру диалогов для\nполучения текущей позиции курсора в списке\n<a href=\"../controls/di_combobox.html\">DI_COMBOBOX</a> или\n<a href=\"../controls/di_listbox.html\">DI_LISTBOX</a>.", "\n</div>\n\n<h3>Param1</h3>\n<div class=descr>\nID требуемого элемента диалога.", "\n</div>\n\n<h3>Param2</h3>\n<div class=descr>\nУказатель на структуру <a href=\"../structures/farlistpos.html\">FarListPos</a>,\nв которую будет записана дополнительная информация о позиции в списке,\nили NULL, если дополнительная информация не требуется.", "\n</div>\n\n<h3>Return</h3>\n<div class=descr>\nТекущая позиция курсора в списке.", "\n</div>\n\n<h3>Элементы</h3>\n<div class=descr>\n<table class=\"cont\">\n<tr class=\"cont\"><th class=\"cont\" width=\"40%\">Элемент</th><th class=\"cont\" width=\"60%\">Описание</th></tr>\n<tr class=\"cont\"><td class=\"cont\" width=\"40%\"><a href=\"../controls/di_listbox.html\">DI_LISTBOX</a></td>\n<td class=\"cont\" width=\"60%\">список</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"cont\"><td class=\"cont\" width=\"40%\"><a href=\"../controls/di_combobox.html\">DI_COMBOBOX</a></td>\n<td class=\"cont\" width=\"60%\">комбинированный список</td></tr>\n</table>\n</div>\n\n<h3>Замечания</h3>\n<div class=descr>\n</div>\n\n<h3>Пример</h3>\n<div class=descr>\n<pre class=code>\n// получить текущую позицию\n\nCurPos=Info.", "SendDlgMessage(hDlg,DM_LISTGETCURPOS,ID,0);\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=see>Смотрите также:</div><div class=seecont>\n<a href=\"../dialoginit.html\">DialogInit</a>,\n<a href=\"dm_listsetcurpos.html\">DM_LISTSETCURPOS</a>\n</div>\n\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\ndiv container should fill 100% of website\n\nHey I am currently working on a little website. ", "By now I have a header, which is already working fine. ", "\nI only have problems with my divs for the content. ", "\nI am trying to make the content fill up the site 100% on the y-axis.", "\nFor this I used height:100%; \nUnfortunately the div doesn't fill everything when there's more text in it and you can scroll down.", "\nDoes anyone know how to make the div expand ?! ", "\nSry that I could format the question better, the problem's hard to explain. ", "\n\n@charset \"utf-8\";\r\n\r\nhtml{\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: 100%;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\nbody {\r\n background: #F2F2F2; \r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: 100%;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n font-family: expresswayregular;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@font-face {\r\n font-family: 'expresswayregular';\r\n src: url('fonts/expressway_rg-webfont.woff2') format('woff2'),\r\n url('fonts/expressway_rg-webfont.woff') format('woff');\r\n font-weight: normal;\r\n font-style: normal;\r\n\r\n}\r\n\r\n#header {\r\n position: fixed;\r\n background: #333333;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: 50px;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n top: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#header-content {\r\n background: #333333;\r\n width: 1280px;\r\n height: 50px;\r\n margin-left: auto;\r\n margin-right: auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#logo {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#profile {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n margin-left: 100px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#profile-icon {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n top: 7.5px;\r\n left: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#profilename {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n top: 0;\r\n width: 110px;\r\n height: 20px;\r\n margin-left: 36px;\r\n padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;\r\n color: #F2F2F2;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n font-size: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#profilename:hover {\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n color: #2997D3;\r\n transition: all 300ms;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#button-profile {\r\n width: 100px;\r\n height: 20px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#sections_panel{\r\n position: absolute;\r\n background: #333333;\r\n height: 0px;\r\n width: 140px;\r\n top: 50px;\r\n left: 50px;\r\n border-radius: 0px 0px 8px 8px;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n z-index: 1000;\r\n transition: height 0.3s linear 0s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#sections_panel div{\r\n background:#333;\r\n padding: 6px;\r\n height: 238px;\r\n margin: 10px;\r\n color: #FC0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#search-box {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n background: #333333;\r\n margin-left: 250px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#search {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n background: #fff;\r\n width: 412px;\r\n height: 16px;\r\n margin-top: 10px;\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n margin-left: 50px;\r\n padding: 6px;\r\n border: 1px solid #fff;\r\n border-radius: 6px 0 0 6px; \r\n}\r\n\r\n#submit {\r\n position: absolute;\r\n background: #fff;\r\n width: 28px;\r\n height: 28px;\r\n margin-top: 10px;\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n margin-left: 476px;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n border-top: 1px solid #fff;\r\n border-right: 1px solid #fff;\r\n border-bottom: 1px solid #fff;\r\n border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; \r\n}\r\n\r\n#menu {\r\n margin-right: 50px;\r\n margin-left: 25px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.menu-linkbox *{\r\n position: static;\r\n float: right;\r\n width: auto;\r\n height: 14px;\r\n top: 0;\r\n padding: 18px 15px 18px 15px;\r\n color: #F2F2F2;\r\n font-size: 14px;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.menu-linkbox:hover a {\r\n color: #2997D3;\r\n transition: all 500ms;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#main-content {\r\n background: #fff;\r\n width: 1280px;\r\n height: 100%;\r\n margin-right: auto;\r\n margin-left: auto;\r\n padding-top: 50px;\r\n display: block;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#content-articles {\r\n background: #F2F2F2;\r\n width: 1220px;\r\n height: 100%;\r\n bottom: 0;\r\n margin: 20px;\r\n padding: 10px;\r\n border: 1px solid #000;\r\n overflow: visible;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#article1 {\r\n width: 40%;\r\n float: left;\r\n margin: 20px;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n word-spacing: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#article2 {\r\n width: 40%;\r\n float: right;\r\n margin: 20px;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n word-spacing: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#article3 {\r\n width: 40%;\r\n float: left;\r\n margin: 20px;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n word-spacing: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#article4 {\r\n width: 40%;\r\n float: right;\r\n margin: 20px;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n word-spacing: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#player {\r\n background: #333333;\r\n position : fixed;\r\n bottom: 0;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: 50px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#player-content {\r\n background: #333333;\r\n width: auto;\r\n height: 50px;\r\n margin-left: 200px;\r\n margin-right: 200px;\r\n font-size: 25px;\r\n \r\n}\r\n\r\nh1 {\r\n color: #2997D3;\r\n font-size: 20px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px; \r\n}\r\n\r\np {\r\n margin: 20px;\r\n \r\n \r\n}\n<!", "doctype html>\r\n<html>\r\n\r\n <head> \r\n \r\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\r\n \r\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"stylesheet.css\">\r\n \r\n <title>SleekPlayer</title>\r\n \r\n <script>\r\n function toggleNavPanel(x){\r\n var panel = document.getElementById(x), navarrow = document.getElementById(\"navarrow\"), maxH=\"300px\";\r\n if(panel.style.height == maxH){\r\n panel.style.height = \"0px\";\r\n navarrow.innerHTML = \"&#9662;\";\r\n } \r\n \r\n else {\r\n panel.style.height = maxH;\r\n navarrow.innerHTML = \"&#9652;\";\r\n }\r\n }\r\n </script>\r\n \r\n </head>\r\n \r\n <body>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"header\">\r\n \r\n <div id=\"header-content\">\r\n \r\n <img id =\"logo\" src=\"images/logo.png\" />\r\n \r\n <div id=\"profile\">\r\n\r\n <img id =\"profile-icon\" src=\"images/profile-icon.png\" />\r\n \r\n <div id=\"profilename\" onclick=\"toggleNavPanel('sections_panel')\">\r\n \r\n <div id=\"button-profile\"> Profilename <span id=\"navarrow\">&#9662;</span></div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"sections_panel\">\r\n \r\n <div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"search-box\">\r\n \r\n <form action=\"http://www.google.com/search\" method=\"get\">\r\n \r\n <input id=\"search\" type=\"text\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"Suche\">\r\n \r\n <input id=\"submit\" type=\"image\" src=\"images/search.png\" alt=\"Submit\">\r\n \r\n </form>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"menu\"> \r\n \r\n <div class=\"menu-linkbox\"><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/\">Aktuelles</a></div>\r\n \r\n <div class=\"menu-linkbox\"><a href=\"https://google.de/\">Neues</a></div> \r\n\r\n <div class=\"menu-linkbox\"><a href=\"https://facebook.com/\">Interessantes</a></div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"menu-linkbox\"><a href=\"https://twitter.com/\">Allgemeines</a></div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"main-content\">\r\n \r\n <div id=\"content-articles\">\r\n \r\n <div id=\"article1\"> \r\n \r\n <h1>Assignment</h1>\r\n \r\n <p>\r\n \r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, ei ius audire utroque, eum et ferri delectus. ", "Nonumy possim antiopam ius no, te sit posse quando, volumus legendos vel ea. ", "Commodo fabellas sea id. No feugait ocurreret mediocritatem est, eu alia enim percipit his. ", "Regione delicatissimi ea his, denique disputando has id, ne qui etiam placerat.", "\r\n\r\n Ne eligendi invidunt incorrupte sed, dolore luptatum periculis no mel. ", "Has id theophrastus signiferumque, mea cu eirmod latine prodesset. ", "Alia brute eligendi te sea, vis cu cibo nihil. ", "Te dictas invenire rationibus vix.", "\r\n\r\n Ei has oratio appetere, possit fuisset pro id. Mei ea ullum primis. ", "Cum ubique quaerendum an, an per dicit ocurreret definitionem. ", "His ne ferri detraxit efficiendi. ", "Cu prima iusto lucilius usu, mea no natum exerci, quis ullamcorper vel at.", "\r\n\r\n Eius pertinacia moderatius in eam. ", "Usu iudico delenit ea. ", "Assueverit mediocritatem te eum, et possim deterruisset eum. ", "Sit id graeci epicurei suavitate, vidit ponderum suscipiantur has in, nam agam liberavisse reprehendunt ad.", "\r\n\r\n Per fuisset praesent ut, vim in rebum prompta mandamus. ", "Abhorreant mnesarchum dissentiunt id his, mei id elitr soluta. ", "Ex persius minimum deterruisset sit. ", "Ex mea case idque elaboraret, natum abhorreant in est. ", "Eu virtute diceret salutatus ius, ne qui purto porro prompta.", "\r\n \r\n </p>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"article2\"> \r\n \r\n <h1>Assignment</h1>\r\n \r\n <p>\r\n \r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, ei ius audire utroque, eum et ferri delectus. ", "Nonumy possim antiopam ius no, te sit posse quando, volumus legendos vel ea. ", "Commodo fabellas sea id. No feugait ocurreret mediocritatem est, eu alia enim percipit his. ", "Regione delicatissimi ea his, denique disputando has id, ne qui etiam placerat.", "\r\n\r\n Ne eligendi invidunt incorrupte sed, dolore luptatum periculis no mel. ", "Has id theophrastus signiferumque, mea cu eirmod latine prodesset. ", "Alia brute eligendi te sea, vis cu cibo nihil. ", "Te dictas invenire rationibus vix.", "\r\n\r\n Ei has oratio appetere, possit fuisset pro id. Mei ea ullum primis. ", "Cum ubique quaerendum an, an per dicit ocurreret definitionem. ", "His ne ferri detraxit efficiendi. ", "Cu prima iusto lucilius usu, mea no natum exerci, quis ullamcorper vel at.", "\r\n\r\n Eius pertinacia moderatius in eam. ", "Usu iudico delenit ea. ", "Assueverit mediocritatem te eum, et possim deterruisset eum. ", "Sit id graeci epicurei suavitate, vidit ponderum suscipiantur has in, nam agam liberavisse reprehendunt ad.", "\r\n\r\n Per fuisset praesent ut, vim in rebum prompta mandamus. ", "Abhorreant mnesarchum dissentiunt id his, mei id elitr soluta. ", "Ex persius minimum deterruisset sit. ", "Ex mea case idque elaboraret, natum abhorreant in est. ", "Eu virtute diceret salutatus ius, ne qui purto porro prompta.", "\r\n \r\n </p>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"article3\"> \r\n \r\n <h1>Assignment</h1>\r\n \r\n <p>\r\n \r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, ei ius audire utroque, eum et ferri delectus. ", "Nonumy possim antiopam ius no, te sit posse quando, volumus legendos vel ea. ", "Commodo fabellas sea id. No feugait ocurreret mediocritatem est, eu alia enim percipit his. ", "Regione delicatissimi ea his, denique disputando has id, ne qui etiam placerat.", "\r\n\r\n Ne eligendi invidunt incorrupte sed, dolore luptatum periculis no mel. ", "Has id theophrastus signiferumque, mea cu eirmod latine prodesset. ", "Alia brute eligendi te sea, vis cu cibo nihil. ", "Te dictas invenire rationibus vix.", "\r\n\r\n Ei has oratio appetere, possit fuisset pro id. Mei ea ullum primis. ", "Cum ubique quaerendum an, an per dicit ocurreret definitionem. ", "His ne ferri detraxit efficiendi. ", "Cu prima iusto lucilius usu, mea no natum exerci, quis ullamcorper vel at.", "\r\n\r\n Eius pertinacia moderatius in eam. ", "Usu iudico delenit ea. ", "Assueverit mediocritatem te eum, et possim deterruisset eum. ", "Sit id graeci epicurei suavitate, vidit ponderum suscipiantur has in, nam agam liberavisse reprehendunt ad.", "\r\n\r\n Per fuisset praesent ut, vim in rebum prompta mandamus. ", "Abhorreant mnesarchum dissentiunt id his, mei id elitr soluta. ", "Ex persius minimum deterruisset sit. ", "Ex mea case idque elaboraret, natum abhorreant in est. ", "Eu virtute diceret salutatus ius, ne qui purto porro prompta.", "\r\n \r\n </p>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div id=\"article4\"> \r\n \r\n <h1>Assignment</h1>\r\n \r\n <p>\r\n \r\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, ei ius audire utroque, eum et ferri delectus. ", "Nonumy possim antiopam ius no, te sit posse quando, volumus legendos vel ea. ", "Commodo fabellas sea id. No feugait ocurreret mediocritatem est, eu alia enim percipit his. ", "Regione delicatissimi ea his, denique disputando has id, ne qui etiam placerat.", "\r\n\r\n Ne eligendi invidunt incorrupte sed, dolore luptatum periculis no mel. ", "Has id theophrastus signiferumque, mea cu eirmod latine prodesset. ", "Alia brute eligendi te sea, vis cu cibo nihil. ", "Te dictas invenire rationibus vix.", "\r\n\r\n Ei has oratio appetere, possit fuisset pro id. Mei ea ullum primis. ", "Cum ubique quaerendum an, an per dicit ocurreret definitionem. ", "His ne ferri detraxit efficiendi. ", "Cu prima iusto lucilius usu, mea no natum exerci, quis ullamcorper vel at.", "\r\n\r\n Eius pertinacia moderatius in eam. ", "Usu iudico delenit ea. ", "Assueverit mediocritatem te eum, et possim deterruisset eum. ", "Sit id graeci epicurei suavitate, vidit ponderum suscipiantur has in, nam agam liberavisse reprehendunt ad.", "\r\n\r\n Per fuisset praesent ut, vim in rebum prompta mandamus. ", "Abhorreant mnesarchum dissentiunt id his, mei id elitr soluta. ", "Ex persius minimum deterruisset sit. ", "Ex mea case idque elaboraret, natum abhorreant in est. ", "Eu virtute diceret salutatus ius, ne qui purto porro prompta.", "\r\n \r\n </p>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <!--", "\r\n <div id=\"player\">\r\n \r\n <div id=\"player-content\">\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n </div> \r\n\r\n </div>\r\n -->\r\n \r\n </body>\r\n\r\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nPlease take a look at this Updated Fiddle\nhtml, body {height: 100%;}\n.container {min-height: 100%;}\n\n" ]

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[ "\n474 F.Supp. ", "525 (1979)\nKatherine Ann WILEY, by next friend, David Wiley, and wife, Anna Wiley, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nJohn P. FRANKLIN, Conley R. Young, Mrs. C. M. Hooper, Rev. H. H. Battle, John David Kling, James L. McClanahan, E. S. Proctor, Jr., Members of the Board of Education of the City of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the Board of Education of the City of Chattanooga, Tennessee, Defendants.", "\nNancy SCHWARTZ, by next friend, Jack Wilkinson and Leah Mary Franke, by next friend, Robert E. Franke and wife, Dorothy Franke, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nJames L. DOBSON, Jr., H. D. Duggan, Robert L. Frederick, James W. Hartley, John K. Witherspoon, Mrs. Helen W. Perry, Fred R. Skillern, Members of the Board of Education of Hamilton County, Tennessee, and the Board of Education of Hamilton County, Tennessee, Defendants.", "\nCIV-1-78-1, CIV-1-78-2.", "\nUnited States District Court, E. D. Tennessee, S. D.\nAugust 6, 1979.", "\n*526 John L. Alley, Hixson, Tenn., for plaintiffs.", "\nRandall L. Nelson, Asst. ", "City Atty., ", "Eugene N. Collins, City Atty., ", "Ward Crutchfield, Asst. ", "County Atty., ", "Chattanooga, Tenn., for David Kesler & Frederick L. Hitchcock.", "\nRobert Kirk Walker, Strang, Fletcher, Carriger, Walker, Hodge & Smith, Chattanooga, Tenn., special counsel for defendants.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM\nFRANK W. WILSON, Chief Judge.", "\nThese two related lawsuits present issues with regard to the constitutionality of certain courses of Bible study proposed for teaching in the public elementary schools of the City of Chattanooga and Hamilton County, Tennessee. ", "In a prior phase of this litigation this Court adjudicated similar issues with respect to Bible study courses as offered and taught in these school systems in prior school years, including the recently concluded 1978-1979 school year. ", "In that prior phase of the litigation the Court concluded that the Bible study courses as offered and taught in years previous to 1978, and as modified and taught in the school year 1978-1979, violated the religious freedom provisions of the First Amendment. ", "The Court concluded that the continuance of the courses as heretofore taught must accordingly be enjoined. ", "See Wiley v. Franklin, 468 F.Supp. ", "133 (1979).", "\nAll parties to this litigation having expressed the opinion that a course in Bible study in the elementary grades would be academically and educationally desirable if it could be designed, offered and taught so as to be constitutionally permissible, the Court deemed it appropriate to afford the defendants an opportunity to resubmit a plan for a proposed course of Bible study that would meet First Amendment constitutional requirements as those requirements were set forth in the Court's previous opinion. ", "The defendants have now submitted their proposed revised plans and courses of Bible study. ", "The plaintiffs have likewise been afforded the opportunity of entering their concurrence or objection to the defendants' submissions and to submit alternate proposals. ", "These objections and alternate proposals have likewise now been submitted. ", "By stipulation of the parties these proposals, objections and counter-proposals have been made a part of the evidentiary record in the lawsuit and the cases have now been submitted to the Court for *527 decision upon the record as thus established.[1]\n\nElementary School Bible Study Proposals\nIn its former opinion in these lawsuits, wherein the Court concluded that the Bible study courses heretofore taught in the city and county public schools violated the establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, the Court gave the following instructions in affording the defendants the option of making revisions in those courses.", "\n\"Accordingly, the entry of an order enjoining the further continuance of the Bible study courses in the City and County public elementary schools will be stayed for a period of 45 days to enable the defendant Boards of Education to devise, adopt and submit to the Court proof of the following changes in the elementary school Bible study courses: \"(1) Establish uniform minimum standards for the selection and employment of persons teaching Bible study courses in the elementary grades, which standards shall specifically exclude as a condition of selection for employment any religious test, any profession of faith or any prior or present religious affiliation.", "\n\"(2) Establish a procedure for the release and replacement of all teachers currently teaching Bible study courses in the elementary grades who do not meet the minimum standards adopted pursuant to paragraph (1) above, such release and replacement to be accomplished within a period of 30 days after the Court shall have approved the uniform minimum teacher standards.", "\n\"(3) Establish a plan whereby the school board or some duly designated school staff member or other school personnel shall, without participation by any non-school person or organization, select and employ all Bible study course teachers and effect the placement, training and supervision of all such teachers.", "\n\"(4) Revise the Bible study course curriculum currently used in elementary school grades so as to eliminate all lesson titles whose only reasonable interpretation and message is a religious message and which lessons are not reasonably capable of being taught within the confines of a secular course in history, literature or other secular subject matter normally included within or recognized as suitable for an elementary school curriculum.", "\n\"None of the foregoing instructions shall limit or restrain the defendant school boards from entering into any arrangement they may elect with any individual or organization, including the Public School Bible Study Committee, for the funding of the elementary school Bible study courses. ", "Nor should such instructions interfere in any way with the retention of the elective policies and practices currently in effect.\"", "\nIn an effort to devise a constitutionally permissible course of Bible studies for use in their public elementary schools, the defendants have submitted a series of revisions which they contend are in accord with the foregoing guidelines.", "\nThe first revision submitted by the defendants purports to comply with the Court's instructions regarding teacher employment *528 standards. ", "The purpose of this revision is to eliminate the former practice of delegating to a private religiously oriented organization the selection of Bible teachers. ", "The defendants' proposal in this regard is set forth in a document made exhibit to the affidavits of the respective school superintendents and is entitled \"Proposed Employment Standards for Bible Teachers\". ", "The gist of this proposal is that the respective school systems will assume full and exclusive responsibility for the employment of Bible teachers, will exclude any religious test in the making of such employment and will require qualifications ranging from a top requirement of a bachelor's degree with elementary school certification and 18 quarter hours of training in Bible literature to a fourth step minimum requirement of a teacher's permit without degree and 12 quarter hours training in Bible literature. ", "It is proposed that teachers will be employed according to availability and in descending order of priority corresponding with the four descending steps of qualification.", "\nThe plaintiffs have interposed objections to this proposal. ", "The gist of the plaintiffs' objection is that the employment of Bible teachers with any requirement less than elementary teacher certification or with any requirement more than a minimum number of quarter hours in academic religion studies as distinct from Bible literature studies, would tend to favor the employment of the religiously committed teacher rather than the academically qualified teacher. ", "The Court is in agreement with this criticism to the extent that the defendants' plan for teacher employment would in its fourth step permit the employment of Bible teachers whose only qualifications are a teacher permit and 12 quarter hours in Bible literature. ", "The obtaining of a teacher permit appears to be more a matter of routine than of qualification, leaving Bible study as the only significant qualification requirement in the fourth step. ", "The Court is of the opinion that to permit such a minimum qualification would favor the employment or continued employment of teachers whose only significant qualification is Bible study in a religiously committed institution of learning. ", "Such a minimum employment standard gives inadequate assurance for the teaching of a non-religious course in biblical history, biblical literature, or other secular biblical study emphasis.", "\nThe Court is of the opinion that this same criticism may not be made with regard to the higher qualification standards set forth in steps one through three of the defendants' proposed teacher employment standards. ", "Accordingly, with the elimination of step four from the defendants' proposed standards, and the retention of the bachelor's degree and the biblical literature requirements, along with elementary teacher certification or permit, all as set forth in steps one through three of the proposed standards, the Court is of the opinion that the defendants' proposed teacher employment standards should be approved.", "\nThe defendants having given assurance that no religious test of any kind will be used or permitted in the employment of elementary school Bible course teachers, that all of such teachers will in the future be employed only in accordance with the employment standards heretofore discussed, and that the services of former teachers of Bible not possessing such qualifications will no longer be utilized, this phase of the defendants' plan will likewise to approved.", "\nPursuant to the third guideline established by the Court in its former opinion, the defendants have given assurance that the respective school boards and the appropriate school officials will assume full and exclusive responsibility for the training, placement and supervision of teachers employed in the elementary school Bible courses. ", "The plaintiffs have objected to the adequacy of the defendants' plans in this regard, citing the past record of the defendants in having delegated these responsibilities to the Bible Study Committee. ", "To meet this criticism and to assure compliance with any plans approved by the Court, including plans for the training, placement *529 and supervision of teachers, the Court will retain jurisdiction of this lawsuit during the initial year of operation of any court-approved plan for Bible study. ", "In addition, in order that the teacher training may be effective for the purposes here sought to be accomplished, there should be included in any teacher training program a suitable segment devoted to the freedom of religion clauses contained in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and the relevant United States Supreme Court decisions interpreting those clauses. ", "Teacher understanding of these constitutional requirements will be essential to proper class-room performance.", "\nTurning finally to the revised Elementary School Bible Curriculum Guide submitted by the defendants, this Curriculum Guide is submitted as being in response to and in compliance with the fourth guideline established by the Court in its former opinion. ", "That guideline required that, as a condition to any continuance of the Bible study courses in the elementary grades, the defendants submit a revised curriculum as follows:\n\"(4) Revise the Bible study course curriculum currently used in elementary school grades so as to eliminate all lesson titles whose only reasonable interpretation and message is a religious message and which lessons are not reasonably capable of being taught within the confines of a secular course in history, literature or other secular subject matter normally included within or recognized as suitable for an elementary school curriculum.\"", "\nThe issue thus presented is whether the defendants' proposed Curriculum Guide complies with the Court's guideline. ", "The following excerpts from the Curriculum Guide will illustrate its format and content:\nOVERVIEW\n* * * * * *\n\"The Bible program of the Chattanooga and Hamilton County elementary schools should help students to gain a greater appreciation of the Bible as a great work of literature in itself and to understand better the countless works of literature, art, and music which allude to Biblical content. ", "The program should also help to give students greater insight into the many historical events recorded in the Bible and into the many social customs upon which the Bible has had a significant influence.", "\n\"The goal of this curriculum guide is to provide teachers with the best possible methods, materials, and approaches available to enrich the education of our students.", "\nPURPOSE OF THIS GUIDE\n\"It is the purpose of this curriculum guide to lay a foundation for equipping the teachers of Bible in the Chattanooga and Hamilton County public elementary schools with suggested objectives, methods, and materials that will serve as a stimulus in promoting study of the Bible in the elementary grades for its literary, historic, and sociological qualities.", "\n* * * * * *\nCOURSE OBJECTIVES, METHODS, AND IMPLEMENTATION\n\"1. ", "Objectives\nA. To introduce to students Biblical accounts which familiarize them with some of the major characters, stories, settings, and circumstances in the Bible.", "\nB. To expose the students to works in literature, art, and music which are either based on or allude to some Biblical content.", "\nC. To assist students in their appreciation of secular and cultural works they may encounter in the upper grades.", "\nD. To assist students in recognizing some of the values which have influenced our culture that are of Biblical origin.", "\nE. To help students gain a greater understanding of important, contemporary events (such as the Middle East *530 conflict and major archeological discoveries).", "\n* * * * * *\n\"111. ", "Implementation\nA. In general, all lessons in the Bible study program have been planned with regard to:\n1. ", "Their inherent literary, historic, and sociological qualities and/or\n2. ", "Their value in helping students to develop a greater appreciation for secular, cultural works related to the Bible.", "\nB. Emphasize content.", "\nC. In the pages which follow, the courses of study for each grade contain specific objectives and methods as well as plans for implementation that account for lesson planning at every scheduled class meeting. ", "The lessons are either topical in nature or a part of some chronological sequence.\"", "\nThere follows for each grade, kindergarten through the sixth grade, a statement of course objectives, teaching methods and materials. ", "This in turn is followed by a series of 16 lesson plans. ", "The initial lesson plan in each grade level consists of an introduction to the Bible. ", "A series of 15 additional lesson plans follow, a majority of which are based upon Old Testament characters and incidents and a minority of which are based upon New Testament characters and incidents.[2] The order of the lesson plans at each grade level substantially follows biblical chronology.", "\nThe plaintiffs have leveled substantial criticism at the defendants' proposed Curriculum Guide. ", "Some of that criticism is directed toward an asserted lack of use by the defendants of appropriate and available professional resources in the development of the new curriculum. ", "Other criticism is *531 directed toward an asserted lack of academic merit in the suggested teaching methods and recommended lesson plans. ", "These criticisms, whether meritorious or not, are not for the Court to pass judgment upon, as their thrust is directed to matters other than constitutional issues, the domain to which this Court is restricted.", "\nOther criticisms are directed toward a contended lack of removal of religious themes and messages from the lesson plans. ", "These are matters appropriately within the province of the Court and have accordingly received consideration by the Court. ", "After carefully reviewing each lesson plan, however, the Court is of the opinion that, with the exception of lesson 15 in the proposed fourth grade curriculum, each lesson is capable of being taught for its secular, literary or historical worth and without religious emphasis. ", "The Court is of the opinion that this cannot be said as regards lesson 15 of the proposed fourth grade curriculum. ", "That lesson proposes the teaching of the resurrection of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ", "The account of the resurrection forms the central statement of the Christian religious faith. ", "Its only reasonable interpretation is a religious interpretation. ", "Its only reasonable message is a religious message. ", "It is difficult to conceive how it might be taught as secular literature or secular history. ", "With the elimination of lesson 15 in the fourth grade curriculum, the Court approves the defendants' Proposed Bible Curriculum Guide.", "\nThe plaintiffs have themselves proposed an alternate curriculum guide, together with various options and sources for the development of additional curriculum guides. ", "The Court is of the opinion that these deserve consideration by the defendants and may prove helpful in any future modification or evolution of the elementary school Bible curriculum guide.", "\nThe ultimate test of the constitutionality of any course of instruction founded upon the Bible must depend upon class-room performance. ", "It is that which is taught in the classroom that renders a course so founded constitutionally permissible or constitutionally impermissible. ", "If that which is taught seeks either to disparage or to encourage a commitment to a set of religious beliefs, it is constitutionally impermissible in a public school setting. ", "If that which is taught avoids such religious instruction and is confined to objective and non-devotional instruction in biblical literature, biblical history and biblical social customs, all with the purpose of helping students gain \"a greater appreciation of the Bible as a great work of literature\" and source of \"countless works of literature, art and music\" or of assisting students acquire \"greater insight into the many historical events recorded in the Bible\" or of affording students greater insight into the \"many social customs upon which the Bible has had a significant influence\", all as proposed in the Curriculum Guide, no constitutional barrier would arise to such classroom instruction.", "\nA final judgment will enter in accordance with the Court's former opinion as set forth in Wiley v. Franklin, 468 F.Supp. ", "133 (1979) and in this memorandum.", "\nNOTES\n[1] To maintain an orderly evidentiary record, the additional matters thus submitted will be identified as exhibits bearing the following numbers:\n\nExhibit # 50—Defendants' Offer of Proof of Changes in Elementary School Bible Study Program (Court File # 58)\nExhibit # 51—Affidavit of James D. McCullough, Superintendent of Chattanooga City Schools, with Exhibits (Court File # 58A)\nExhibit # 52—Affidavit of Dr. Dale L. Carter, Superintendent of Hamilton County Schools, with Exhibits (Court File # 58B)\nExhibit # 53—Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Objections and Proposed Alternatives and Supporting Affidavits of Dr. Thor Hall and William E. Collie (Court File # 60)\nExhibit # 54—Affidavit of James D. McCullough, Superintendent of Chattanooga City Schools (Court File # 62)\nExhibit # 55—Affidavit of Dr. Dale L. Carter, Superintendent of Hamilton County Schools (Court File # 63)\nExhibit # 56—Affidavit of Dr. Allene Stuart Phy (Court File # 64)\nExhibit # 57—Affidavit of Leonard T. Wolcott and Carolyn E. Wolcott (Court File # 65)\n[2] The general format of the curriculum in this regard may be illustrated by reference to the introductory statements and initial lesson plan for the kindergarten series:\n\n\n\nObjectives: A—To introduce students to the Bible as a\n book which has had a great influence\n on literature, history and world culture.", "\n B—To acquaint students with a variety of\n stories and characters from the Bible.", "\nMethods and\nMaterials: A variety of methods and materials may be\n used, such as:\n A—Narration . . .", "\n B—Audiovisuals . . .", "\n C—Art activities . . .", "\n D—Music . . .", "\n\nAn illustrative list of lesson titles taken from the initial, middle and concluding lesson titles as set forth in the proposed Bibile Curriculum Guide is as follows:\n\n\nKindergarten: Lesson 1—The Bible: Introduction to one\n of the World's Great Story-books\n Lesson 2—Narratives of the Beginning\n Lesson 3—Tower of Babel\n Lesson 8—David and Goliath; The Twenty-third\n Psalm\n Lesson 9—The Judgment of Solomon\n Lesson 10—Elisha and Naaman\n Lesson 14—Zacchaeus\n Lesson 15—\"The Good Samaritan\"\n Lesson 16—Jesus Welcomes the Little\n Children\nFirst Grade: Lesson 1—The Bible: From Scrolls to\n Printed Page\n Lesson 2—Narratives of the Beginning:\n Earth, Sun, Moon, Stars, Animals,\n and Man\n Lesson 3—Adam and Eve in the Garden\n of Eden\n Lesson 8—Abraham\n Lesson 9—Lot, Sodom, and Gomorrah\n Lesson 10—Belshazzar's Feast\n Lesson 14—Jesus and the Ten Lepers/Jesus\n and the Paralytic\n Lesson 15—Jesus and the Gerasene Swine\n Lesson 16—\"The Prodigal Son\"\nSecond Grade: Lesson 1—The Bible: Translations and\n Versions\n Lesson 2—Hagar and Ishmael; The Birth\n of Isaac\n Lesson 3—The Binding of Isaac\n Lesson 8—Joseph in Egypt\n Lesson 9—King Herod\n Lesson 10—Beheading of John\n Lesson 14—The Nobleman's Son/Jairus'\n Daughter\n Lesson 15—Blind Bartimeus\n Lesson 16—Jesus Teaches a Lesson in Humility\nThird Grade: Lesson 1—The Bible: Its Languages and\n Words\n Lesson 2—Review of Narratives of Israelites\n in Egypt\n Lesson 3—Birth and Childhood of Moses\n Lesson 8—Moses the Lawgiver\n Lesson 9—King Herod\n Lesson 10—The Fall of Jericho\n Lesson 14—\"Pharisee and the Publican\" —\n The Rich Young Ruler\n Lesson 15—Jesus Praises the Woman Who\n Seeks Learning\n Lesson 16—Jesus Defends the \"Extravagant\"\n Woman\nFourth Grade: Lesson 1—The Bible: Influence on Sciences\n Lesson 2—Deborah and Barak\n Lesson 3—Gideon\n Lesson 8—David the Musician\n Lesson 9—David and Jonathan\n Lesson 10—David as King\n Lesson 14—Jesus Crucified Between Two\n Thieves\n Lesson 15—Reports of the Resurrected\n Jesus\n Lesson 16—The Stoning of Stephen\n\n\n\nFifth Grade: Lesson 1—The Bible: Literary Types\n Lesson 2—The Reign of David\n Lesson 3—Solomon Becomes King\n Lesson 8—The Babylonian Captivity\n Lesson 9—Esther\n Lesson 10—Job\n Lesson 14—Jesus Fasts in the Wilderness\n Lesson 15—Jesus Preaches on the Mountain\n Lesson 16—Saul of Tarsus Becomes a Follower\n of Jesus\nSixth Grade: Lesson 1—Construction of the Biblical\n Canons\n Lesson 2—Proverbs\n Lesson 3—Ecclesiastes\n Lesson 8—Maccabean Period: Part I\n Lesson 9—Maccabean Period: Part II\n Lesson 10—John the Baptizer\n Lesson 14—The Travels of Paul\n Lesson 15—The Letters of Paul\n Lesson 16—John Recounts a Vision on\n Patmos\n\n" ]

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[ "M.S.W. is a field based Job Oriented Course with two streams of specialization H.R.M. and Social development which includes community development, Medical & Psychiatric Social Work. ", "The Department is well equipped, with various facilities. ", "The students of M.S.W. have to undergo field work for two days in a week during the course. ", "The Department conducts various out-reach activities viz; Community Service, Visits to NGOs, Mental Hospitals, correctional Institutions. ", "Industries are arranged. ", "One week Social Work Rural Camp, Block Placement (one Month) and Research projects are part of the course. ", "There is a wide scope for employment opportunities for M.S.W. Graduates." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention is directed to a method for encoding video signals, and in particular to a method for forming an information transformation matrix for an arbitrarily shaped image segment of a digital image using a computer.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nThe encoding of video signals according, for example, to the image encoding standards H.261, H.263, MPEG1 as well as MPEG2 is often based on a block-oriented discrete cosine transformation (DCT). ", "These block-oriented encoding methods, however, are not suitable for image encoding which is not based on rectangular blocks but wherein, for example, subjects from an image are segmented and the segments of the image are encoded. ", "These latter methods are known as region-based (region-oriented) or subject-based (subject-oriented) image encoding methods. ", "A segmenting of subjects in digital images thereby ensues according to the subjects occurring in the scene. ", "A separate encoding of these segmented subjects is implemented instead of the encoding of image blocks as in block-based image encoding methods. ", "The encoding thereby usually ensues by modeling the segmented subjects and subsequent transmission of the modeling parameters of these segmented subjects.", "\nAfter the transmission of the image information from a transmitter to a receiver, the individual subjects of the image are in turn reconstructed in the receiver on the basis of the transmitted modeling parameters.", "\nOne possibility for modeling the subjects is a series development of the image function according to a set of suitably selected basic functions. ", "The modeling parameters then correspond to the development coefficients of these image functions. ", "Such a modeling of the image is the basis of the transformation encoding. ", "When individual, arbitrarily bounded subjects of the image are to be encoded, a transformation for segments with arbitrary, usually not convex, bounds is required.", "\nTwo basic approaches have heretofore existed for such a transformation.", "\nIn the method that is described in M. Gilge, T. Engelhardt and R. Mehlan, Coding of arbitrarily shaped image segments based on a generalized orthogonal transform, Signal Processing: Image Communication 1,00. ", "153-180, October 1989, the given image segment is first embedded into a circumscribing rectangle with the smallest possible dimensions. ", "A discrete cosine transformation (DCT) that is completely specified by the basic functions of the transformation can be recited for this rectangle. ", "In order to match this transformation to the segment shape, the basic functions defined on the rectangle are successively orthogonalized with respect to the shape of the segment. ", "The resulting orthogonal, shape-dependent basic functions then form the segment-matched transformation that is sought.", "\nOne disadvantage of this approach is that there is a large capacity and a large memory space needed for the implementation of this method. ", "Further, this known method exhibits the disadvantage that no reliable statements can be made about the resultant transformation for data compression, since the transformation is essentially dependent on the orthogonalization sequence, and thus on the specific implementation.", "\nT. Sikora and Bela Makai, Shape-adaptive DCT for generic coding of video, IEEE Trans. ", "Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 5, pp. ", "59-62, February 1995 describes a method wherein the given image segment is transformed separated according to rows and columns. ", "To that end, all rows of the image segment are first left-justified and are successively subjected to a one-dimensional horizontal transformation whose transformation length respectively corresponds to the number of picture elements in the corresponding row. ", "The resultant coefficients are subsequently transformed a second time in the vertical direction.", "\nThis method has the disadvantage that the correlations of the brightness values of the picture elements (similarities of the picture elements) cannot be fully exploited because of the resorting of the picture elements.", "\nFor improving this method known from Sikora et al., ", "T. Sikora, S. Bauer and Bela Makai, Efficiency of shape-adaptive 2-D transforms for coding of arbitrary shaped image segments, IEEE Trans. ", "Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 5, pp. ", "254-258, June 1995 describe a method wherein a transformation for convex image segment shapes adapted to a simple image model is implemented. ", "Only image segment shapes that exhibit no interruptions (holes) upon traversal of rows or columns, however, are allowed in this method.", "\nA considerable disadvantage that underlies both known approaches is that the energy concentration in the coefficients turns out lower than in the case of an optimum exploitation of all linear correlations. ", "This is caused by the unfavorably selected basic functions given the method known from Gilge et al., ", "the resorting of the picture elements given the first-discussed Sikora et al. ", "article and the limitation to convex images regions given the second-discussed Sikora et al. ", "article.", "\nAs a consequence thereof, the described, known methods do not achieve the best possible image quality at a given data rate as measured by the signal-to-noise ratio.", "\nFurther, various possibilities are known for determining the eigenvectors of a covariance matrix, for example from W. H. Press, S. Teukolsky and W. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in Pascal, Cambridge University Press, pp. ", "375-389, 1992.", "\nVarious, known image transformation methods are described in J. -R. Ohm, Digitale Bildcodierung, Berlin Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-58579-6, pp. ", "46-51 and pp. ", "72-77, 1995.", "\nThe use of the Karhunen-Loeve transformation is known from M. Dekker, BOW \"Pattern Recognition\" Inc. 1984, pp. ", "213-217. ", "The use of principal axis transformation is known from Ernst, Einfuhring in die digitale Bildverarbeitung, Franzis-Verlag, 1991, pp.250-252." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Nova Division Nova Division Ind-Swift Limited is a fully integrated Company, known around the World for its research and development initiatives and breakthroughs. ", "It is supported by world class manufacturing facilities accredited with ISO , GMP and WHO certifications. ", "All products will be manufactured at GMP standards and scheduled compliance manufacturing units.", "Nova division is primarily aimed of providing quality products of multi specialty range.", "\n\nWe are looking for established franchisee partners for all states of India who have their own field force for the area desired to be covered. ", "For More Details of Nova Division Click here\n\nEthical Division Ethical Division The Ethical division is dedicated to Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Dermatology and GP and its ambit extends to a wide range of medicines. ", "These drugs are formulated conforming to national and international pharmaceutical standards and are 100% safe and highly effective. ", "The aim of this division is to provide patients and physicians with new and improved medicines that have better efficacy and fewer side effects. ", "The products are based on innovative technology that delivers tested and proven substances in a new way.", "\n\nThis division produces a wide range of gynaecology and dermatology products, amongst which the most popular and the best selling are: Suprox SR, Voranin, Malswift-D, Qlite Gel, Clarie. ", "For More Details of Ethical Division Click here\n\nGeneric Division Generic Division Helping those who cannot afford costly branded medicines has always been on the Ind-Swift agenda and the Generics division provides the same active ingredients as their branded equivalents. ", "The Generics division is further divided into Agile, Maxcare and Health Care divisions. ", "The portfolio of these divisions includes an assortment of over 500 products from various therapeutic segments namely Antibiotic, Anti-Infectives, Anti-Cold, Nutraceuticals, Anti-Convulsants, Analgesics, Anti-Diarrhoeal, Anti-Allergics, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Ulcer Drugs, Hypolipidaemic Drugs, Anti Malarial, Enzyme, Expectorants, Antipsychotics & Anti-Depressants. ", "The drugs are used for the treatment of a variety of common ailments such as fever, cough, cold, diarrhoea, body ache and infections and are available at reasonable prices.", "\n\nThe Agile division has a range of more than 140 products.", "\n\nThe Agile division has a range of more than 140 products. ", "The Maxcare division has a range of more than 131 products.", "\n\nThe Maxcare division has a range of more than 131 products. ", "The Health Care division has a range of more than 169 products. ", "For More Details of Generic Division Click here\n\nInstitutional Division Institutional Division Ind-Swift is a prominent organization and very well known amongst lakhs of employees of the railways, police force, armed forces and paramilitary organizations. ", "The Institutional division of Ind-Swift caters to the government dispensaries (from the smallest to the biggest), hospitals even in the remote and rural areas of India.", "\n\nThe Institutional division of Ind-Swift caters to almost all the major government, semi-government and public sector undertakings in India. ", "It is through this division that Ind-Swift makes its medicines available to even the remotest areas and army forward posts in Jammu and Kashmir and in the North- east. ", "This division of Ind-Swift makes possible the government’s objectives of making the best quality medicines available to the common man at affordable prices. ", "Ind-Swift’s adept team makes dedicated and untiring efforts in this direction to make these medicines available in almost every hospital in every corner of India. ", "For More Details of Institutional Division Click here" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Transfer with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban for primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs. on-site thrombolysis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): a randomized open-label study for patients admitted to community hospitals.", "\nOur study aimed to compare two reperfusion strategies in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) admitted initially to a community hospital without catheterization facilities. ", "Four hundred and one patients with STEMI admitted to community hospital (13 hospitals, radius 20-150 km from cath-lab) were randomized to on-site thrombolysis or to transport with tirofiban (10 microg/kg bolus i.v. ", "+ i.v. ", "infusion 0.1 microg/kg/min) for primary PCI in single invasive centre. ", "Primary endpoints were total mortality, recurrent MI (re-AMI), and stroke during 1 year follow-up. ", "Delay to reperfusion defined as interval between admission and start of fibrinolysis or primary PCI was 35 and 145 min (P < 0.0001). ", "Mean time of tirofiban administration to PCI in transfer group was: 122.3 +/- 35.7 min. ", "Mortality was not different during hospitalization and at 30th-day, with trend towards lower mortality at 1 year in transport group (12.5 vs. 7.0%, P = 0.061). ", "There were no differences in the rate of re-AMI and stroke, with trend towards lower incidence of re-AMI in transfer group at 1 year (7.5 vs. 3.5%, P = 0.073). ", "Composite of death/re-AMI/stroke was higher in on-site group during follow-up (15.5 vs. 8.0%, P = 0.019; 21.5 vs. 11.4%, P = 0.006, respectively, at 30th-day and 1 year). ", "Outcomes at 1 year follow-up suggest that transportation with adjunctive therapy with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban for primary PCI is superior to on-site thrombolysis for patient with STEMI presenting to hospital without catheterization facilities." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "// Copyright 2020-present pytorch-cpp Authors\n#pragma once\n\n#include <torch/torch.h>\n\n/**\n * \"Soft\" attention network.", "\n *\n * Based on the paper \"Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention\"\n * (see https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.03044.pdf)\n */\nclass AttentionBlockImpl : public torch::nn::Module {\n public:\n AttentionBlockImpl(int64_t encoder_features, int64_t decoder_features, int64_t attention_features);\n\n std::pair<torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor> forward(torch::Tensor encoder_output, torch::Tensor decoder_output);\n\n private:\n torch::nn::Linear linear_encoder;\n torch::nn::Linear linear_decoder;\n torch::nn::Linear linear_attention;\n};\n\nTORCH_MODULE(AttentionBlock);\n\n/**\n * Attention based recurrent decoder network.", "\n *\n * Based on the paper \"Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention\"\n * (see https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.03044.pdf)\n */\nclass DecoderAttentionRNNImpl : public torch::nn::Module {\n public:\n enum class SampleMode {\n GREEDY, MULTINOMIAL\n };\n\n DecoderAttentionRNNImpl(int64_t embedding_size, int64_t hidden_size,\n int64_t vocab_size, int64_t max_seq_length,\n int64_t encoder_out_size, int64_t attention_size,\n double dropout_p, double teacher_forcing_p);\n\n std::pair<torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor> forward(torch::Tensor encoder_output,\n torch::Tensor captions, torch::Tensor lengths);\n\n std::pair<torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor> sample(const torch::Tensor &features,\n SampleMode sample_mode = SampleMode::GREEDY);\n\n private:\n torch::nn::Embedding embedding;\n torch::nn::LSTMCell lstm_cell;\n torch::nn::Linear linear;\n torch::nn::Linear linear_h;\n torch::nn::Linear linear_c;\n AttentionBlock attention_block;\n torch::nn::Linear f_beta;\n torch::nn::Dropout embedding_dropout;\n torch::nn::Dropout lstm_output_dropout;\n int64_t max_seq_length_;\n double teacher_forcing_p_;\n};\n\nTORCH_MODULE(DecoderAttentionRNN);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "<?", "php\n\n/**\n * This file is part of the OpenPNE package.", "\n * (c) OpenPNE Project (http://www.openpne.jp/)\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file and the NOTICE file that were distributed with this source code.", "\n */\n\n/**\n * ImageForm\n *\n * @package OpenPNE\n * @subpackage form\n * @author Shinichi Urabe <urabe@tejimaya.net>\n */\nclass ImageForm extends BaseFileForm\n{\n public function configure()\n {\n $this->setWidgets(array(\n 'file' => new sfWidgetFormInputFile(),\n 'imageName' => new sfWidgetFormInputText(),\n ));\n $this->widgetSchema->setLabels(array(\n 'file' => sfContext::getInstance()->getI18N()->__('画像ファイル'),\n 'imageName' => sfContext::getInstance()->getI18N()->__('画像ファイル名'),\n ));\n $this->setValidators(array(\n 'file' => new opValidatorImageFile(),\n 'imageName' => new sfValidatorRegex(array('pattern' => '/^[\\w\\-]+$/')),\n ));\n\n $this->widgetSchema->setNameFormat('image[%s]');\n }\n\n public function save()\n {\n $file = new File();\n $file->setFromValidatedFile($this->getValue('file'));\n $file->setName(sprintf('admin_%s_%d', $this->getValue('imageName'), time()));\n\n return $file->save();\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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