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"---\nabstract: 'One of the challenges of collider physics is to unambiguously associate detector based objects with the corresponding elementary physics objects. ",
"A particular example is the association of calorimeter-based objects such as “jets”, identified with a standard (IR-safe) jet algorithm, with the underlying physics objects, which may be QCD-jets (arising from a scattered parton), electrons, photons and, as discussed here, photon-jets (a group of collinear photons). ",
"This separation is especially interesting in the context of Higgs searches, where the signal includes both di-photon (in the Standard Model) and di-photon-jet decays (in a variety of Beyond the Standard Model scenarios), while QCD provides an ever-present background. ",
"Here we describe the implementation of techniques from the rapidly evolving area of jet-substructure studies to not only enhance the more familiar photon-QCD separation, but also separately distinguish photon-jets, i.e., separate usual jets into three categories: single photons, photon-jets and QCD. ",
"The efficacy of these techniques for separation is illustrated through studies of simulated data.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Stephen D. Ellis'\n- 'Tuhin S. Roy'\n- Jakub Scholtz\ntitle: 'Phenomenology of Photon-Jets'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has clearly exhibited its ability to make discoveries with the observation of a new resonance [@:2012gk; @:2012gu] with even spin that decays to photons and Z bosons as expected of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs particle. ",
"Thus precise measurements of the decays of this resonance into various channels (whether standard or not), are of the utmost importance. ",
"At the same time, it is essential to verify our understanding of the existing channels, in particular, $h \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$. How well are these photons defined? ",
"Can physics objects other than single photons leave signatures in the detector similar to that of a photon? ",
"Not surprisingly, the answer is yes [@Dobrescu:2000jt; @Toro:2012sv; @Draper:2012xt]. ",
"Given the granularity of the calorimeters, an object consisting of (nearly) collinear photons, typically labeled a photon-jet, will generate a signature similar to that of a single photon. ",
"The possibility that the Higgs particle decays to multiple collinear photons is not new [@Dobrescu:2000jt; @Draper:2012xt]. ",
"Simple models where the Higgs decays to almost massless scalars that each in turn decay to a pair of photons, typically do not give rise to events with four separately identifiable photons, but rather to pairs of photon-jets, each with 2 photons. ",
"Slightly more complicated models can produce Higgs decays to photon-jets with $4, 6, \\cdots$ photons. ",
"We will discuss concrete models where the Higgs decays to photon-jets with $2$ and $4$ photons per photon-jet. ",
"Thus it is essential to develop tools to separate single photons from photon-jets from QCD-jets. ",
"Otherwise we are unlikely to understand either the signal or the background.",
"\n\nATLAS recently made attempts to identify photon-jets from Higgs decays [@ATLAS-CONF-2012-079]. ",
"These analyses rely on relaxing the isolation/shower shape criteria, which use the differing distributions of energy deposition within the calorimeter cells to quite successfully discriminate single photons from QCD-jets. ",
"Unfortunately, the parameters of the underlying model can be easily adjusted so that the resultant photon-jets pass the strictest isolation/shower shape criteria just like photons. ",
"More importantly, loosening isolation criteria results in a larger fake rate for QCD-jets. ",
"Discriminating photon-jets from QCD-jets is more challenging than separating single photons from QCD-jets.",
"\n\nFortunately jet substructure techniques [@Seymour:1993mx; @Brooijmans:1077731; @Butterworth:2007ke; @Butterworth:2008iy; @Thaler:2008ju; @Kaplan:2008ie] have recently been developed to distinguish QCD-jets from jets containing boosted heavy particle decays, and we can use this work for detection of photon-jets. ",
"More broadly, ‘jets’, as defined by an infrared safe jet clustering algorithm, are being proposed as a universal language to describe *all* calorimeter objects including single photons, photon-jets and QCD-jets. ",
"By using the tools developed in jet substructure physics, we do not need to rely on isolation cuts. ",
"We supplement the traditional/conventional variables currently used to discriminate photons from QCD-jets with substructure variables that probe in detail the energy distribution within the jet. ",
"Note that the photons-jets are composed of energetic photons distributed inside the jet, where the distribution is a result of the kinematic features of the model, e.g., the masses and spins of the intermediate particles. ",
"The existence of this structure within photon-jet suggests that substructure variables will be efficient at finding and discriminating photon-jets. ",
"We show that our analysis is capable of separating photon-jets from both single photons and QCD-jets *at least as* efficiently as the traditional discriminators separate photons from QCD-jets.",
"\n\nThere is another important advantage to applying jet substructure techniques to purely electro-magnetic calorimeter (ECal) objects. ",
"The introduction of ‘grooming’ algorithms (including filtering [@Butterworth:2008iy; @Butterworth:2008sd; @Butterworth:2008tr], pruning [@Ellis:2009su; @Ellis:2009me], and trimming [@Krohn:2009th]) promised to suppress the undesirable contributions to purely hadronic jets from the underlying event (the largely uncorrelated soft interactions surrounding the interesting hard scattering) and from pile-up (the truly uncorrelated proton-proton collisions that occur in the same time window). ",
"Indeed, the recent results from studies at ATLAS [@ATLAS-CONF-2012-065] and CMS [@CMS-PAS-EXO-11-095] indicate this grooming is effective. ",
"We expect that this substructure-based grooming will work as well for all ECal based objects.",
"\n\nIt should be noted that in the context of Higgs physics, the decay to photon-jets is not the only example where the collinearity of the decay products adds complexity to the analysis. ",
"Collinearity plays a role for traditional decays of the Higgs boson when it is boosted. ",
"In Ref.",
" [@Butterworth:2008iy], the authors exploited the collinearity of the $b$-quarks in boosted Higgs decays (both quarks in a single jet) to greatly enhance the chances of detecting the $h\\rightarrow b\\bar{b}$ channel, featuring jet substructure as a mainstream tool (see also Refs.",
" [@Seymour:1993mx; @Brooijmans:1077731; @Butterworth:2007ke]). ",
"The application of jet substructure in Higgs physics has now become a very active area of research, applied both to the SM Higgs [@Plehn:2009rk; @Gallicchio:2010dq; @Hackstein:2010wk] as well to beyond the SM Higgs scenarios [@Kribs:2009yh; @Kribs:2010hp; @Kribs:2010ii; @Katz:2010iq; @Englert:2011iz; @Son:2012mb]. ",
"For reviews, more detailed descriptions, and references see Refs.",
" [@Abdesselam:2010pt; @Altheimer:2012mn].",
"\n\nThe paper is organized as follows: in Sec.",
" \\[sec:simplified\\_models\\], we start with a simplified model for photon-jets. ",
"We propose a set of benchmark points, where we take different combinations of masses and parameters in the simplified model to produce photon-jets displaying a variety of distinct kinematics. ",
"In Sec.",
" \\[sec:simulations\\] we define the details of our simulation. ",
"We describe, in detail, how we generate samples of photon-jets, one for each of the benchmark points, QCD-jets, and single photons. ",
"We present our analysis in Sec.",
" \\[sec:analysis\\]. ",
"We describe all the variables that we use in this work to discriminate photon-jets from QCD-jets from single photons. ",
"Then we combine these variables in a multivariate analysis. ",
"We train boosted decision trees (BDTs) using the samples of jets and use these to optimize the discriminating power of our analyses. ",
"We also show how these BDTs can be used to simultaneously separate photon-jets, photons, and QCD-jets from each other. ",
"Our conclusions are presented in Sec.",
" \\[sec:conclusion\\].",
"\n\n\\[sec:simplified\\_models\\] Simple Model for Photon-Jets\n=======================================================\n\nBy definition, photons-jets refer to calorimeter objects consisting of more than one hard photon. ",
"However, such a broad definition presents a challenge since all photon-jets are not the same. ",
"They differ in terms of the number of hard constituent photons as well as in the distribution of those photons within the photon-jet. ",
"To provide a systematic phenomenological study of photon-jets we classify these objects in more detail in terms of the production mechanism and consider a broad range. ",
"We will refer to the various production scenarios as ‘benchmark’ scenarios. ",
"We find that a simple model in the spirit of Ref.",
" [@Alves:2011wf] with two new particles is sufficient to characterize these benchmarks. ",
"The model includes a small number of interactions and we can vary the strength of these interaction and the new particle masses in order to generate the benchmark scenarios. ",
"In particular, we introduce two scalar fields $n_1$ and $n_2$ of mass $m_1$ and $m_2$ respectively. ",
"Without loss of generality, we choose the naming convention such that $m_1 > m_2$. Neither $n_1$ nor $n_2$ carry any SM charges. ",
"We use the following interactions to generate photon-jets $$\\label{eq:simplified-model}\n \\frac{1}{2} \\mu_h \\: h n_1^2 + \\frac{1}{2} \\mu_{12} \\: n_1 n_2^2 + \\left( \\frac{\\eta_1}{m_1} \\: n_1 \n + \\frac{\\eta_2}{m_2} \\: n_2\\right) F^{\\mu\\nu}F_{\\mu\\nu} \\; ,$$ where $\\mu_h, \\mu_{12}$ are mass parameters, $\\eta_1, \\eta_2$ are dimensionless coupling constants, and $F_{\\mu\\nu}$ is the electromagnetic field strength operator.",
"\n\nThis simple model bears a resemblance to a Higgs portal scenario [@Schabinger:2005ei; @Patt:2006fw; @Strassler:2006im] because of the $\\mu_h$ coupling. ",
"In the Higgs portal language, $n_1$ and $n_2$ constitute a ‘hidden’ sector while the coupling $\\mu_h$ provides a tunnel to the corresponding ‘hidden valley’. ",
"The electromagnetic couplings (proportional to the $\\eta$ parameters) provide ways for the new particles to decay back to SM particles, photons in this case. ",
"With respect to Higgs physics, this simple model provides a realistic example where the SM Higgs field decays through the new particles to multiple photons. ",
"In the limit $m_1 \\ll m_h$, the resultant photons (the decay products of $n_1$) are essentially collinear.",
"\n\nIn Table \\[table:bench\\] we list the benchmark scenarios (labeled photon-jet study points or PJSPs) that we investigate in this work. ",
"All are generated by varying the parameters in Eq.. The symbol $\\text{X}$ in Table \\[table:bench\\] denotes that a non-zero value is selected for that parameter, which then determines the decay mode. ",
"We have chosen the benchmarks in such a way that the parameters denoted by $\\text{X}$ only change the *total* width of the decaying particles. ",
"As long as the decays are prompt, the exact values of these parameters are irrelevant to the phenomenological properties of the photon-jets.",
"\n\n ------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -- --\n $m_1$ $m_2$ $\\mu_{12}$ \n $\\left( {\\text{GeV}}\\right)$ $\\left( {\\text{GeV}}\\right)$ $\\left( {\\text{GeV}}\\right)$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{} $1.0$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} $10.0$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} $2.0$ $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{5}$]{} $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{6}$]{} $1.0$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{7}$]{} $0.5$ \n [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} $1.0$ \n ------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -- --\n\n : \\[table:bench\\] The study points used in our analysis. ",
"For [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1-3}$]{}, $n_2$ does not participate in the decay chain since $\\mu_{12} = 0$ and the $m_2$ and $\\eta_2$ columns are empty. ",
"By $\\text{X}$ we denote that a non-zero value is chosen for the parameter, which facilitates prompt decays, but the specific value plays no role.",
"\n\nIn all these study points we take the Higgs particle to decay to a pair of $n_1$ particles. ",
"The small $n_1$ mass ($m_1 \\ll m_h$) ensures that the decay products of the $n_1$ are highly collimated. ",
"In the Higgs particle rest frame, which is close to the laboratory frame on average, each $n_1$ has momentum $\\sim m_h/2$ and the typical angular separation between the $n_1$ decay products is of the order of $4 m_1/m_h $. ",
"Note that, given we always consider $m_1 \\leq 10~{\\text{GeV}}$, we expect the typical angular separation between the $n_1$ decay products to be $\\lesssim 1/3$ (we use $m_h = 120~{\\text{GeV}}$). ",
"As long as the angular size of photon-jets is larger than $1/3$, we expect to capture all the decay products of the $n_1$ in each photon-jet for all the benchmark points.",
"\n\nFor the study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1-3}$]{} the mass parameter $\\mu_{12}$ is set to zero and $n_1 \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$ is the only possible $n_1$ decay mode. ",
"Hence these scenarios are characterized by photons-jets with typically $2$ hard photons per jet, and $n_2$ plays no role in the phenomenology (so no $n_2$ mass or coupling values are included in the table). ",
"In these scenarios the Higgs particle cascade decays to four photons ($h \\rightarrow n_1 n_1 \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma\\gamma \\gamma$). ",
"The precise value of $m_1$ governs the angular separation of the two photons inside the photon-jets. ",
"For a very small $m_1$, each photon-jet looks much like a single photon. (",
"Of course, if the Higgs is highly boosted, the decay results in a single photon-jet containing all 4 photons.)",
"\n\nFor study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4-8}$]{} we set $\\eta_1$ to zero and $\\mu_{12}$ to a non-zero value. ",
"In these contrasting scenarios the only $n_1$ decay mode involves the chain $n_1 \\rightarrow n_2 n_2 \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma $. ",
"Hence the Higgs decays again to two photon-jets, but now each photon-jet typically contains four photons (the $n_1$ decay products). (",
"In this case, a highly boosted Higgs yields a single photon-jet containing 8 photons.)",
"\n\n\\[sec:simulations\\] Simulation Details\n======================================\n\nIn order to generate samples of photons-jets, we implement the simple model of Eq.",
" in MadGraph $5$ [@Alwall:2011uj]. ",
"For each benchmark point we generate matrix elements corresponding to the process $pp \\rightarrow h \\rightarrow n_1n_1$ (via gluon fusion) using MadGraph $5$ with $m_h = 120~{\\text{GeV}}$, which we employ as input to Pythia $8.1$ [@Sjostrand:2006za; @Sjostrand:2007gs] in order to generate the full events and for the subsequent $n_1$ decays. ",
"Since the Higgs production is evaluated at lowest order, the produced Higgs particles have zero transverse momentum. ",
"We use the QCD dijet events generated by standalone Pythia $8.1$ to provide a sample of QCD-jets. ",
"In order to define a sample of single photons, we also generate $pp \\rightarrow h \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$ events where the photons are well separated. ",
"Finally, we include initial state radiation (ISR), final state radiation (FSR) and multiple parton interactions (MI, i.e., the UE) as implemented in Pythia $8.1$ to simulate the relevant busy hadronic collider environment.",
"\n\nThe Pythia output final states are subjected to our minimal detector simulation. ",
"In the following we describe briefly how we treat the final state particles in each event:\n\n- We identify all charged particles with transverse momentum $p_T > 2~{\\text{GeV}}$ and pseudorapidity $|\\eta| < 2.5$ as charged tracks.",
"\n\n- In a real detector, tracks are also generated if photons convert within the pixel part of the tracker. ",
"In this work, we simulate this photon conversion process by associating with each photon a probability for it to convert in the tracker.",
" [^1]\n\n The probability is a function of the number of radiation lengths of material the photon has to traverse in order to escape the inner part of the tracker. ",
"We use the specifications of the ATLAS detector in order to model this pseudorapidity dependent probability distribution. ",
"The details of this procedure are outlined in the Appendix \\[sec:app-conversion\\].",
"\n\n- In our simulation, all particles (except charged particles with $E < 0.1~{\\text{GeV}}$) reach the calorimeters, and all of these (except muons with $p_T > 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$) deposit all of their energy in the calorimeters. ",
"The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) is modeled as cells of size $0.025\\times0.025$ in ($\\eta$-$\\phi$), whereas the hadronic calorimeter (HCal) is taken to have more coarse granularity with $0.1\\times0.1$ cells. ",
"Besides photons and electrons, soft muons and soft hadrons (soft means $E < 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$) are treated as depositing all of their energy in the ECal. ",
"More energetic hadrons are absorbed in the HCal, while more energetic muons escape the calorimeter. ",
"For a more detailed picture see Appendix \\[sec:Calorimeter\\].",
"\n\n- We attempt to simulate the showering that occurs within the ECal. ",
"We distribute the energy of each particle that is absorbed in the ECal into a $(3\\times 3)$ grid of cells (centered on the direction of the original particle) according to a precomputed Molière matrix corresponding to the Molière radius of lead. ",
"For details on this transverse smearing see Appendix \\[sec:app-Moliere\\]. ",
"The structure induced by this shower simulation is observable in our final results.",
"\n\n- We implement calorimeter energy smearing for both the ECal and the HCal. ",
"The calorimetric response is parametrized through a Gaussian smearing of the accumulated cell energy $E$ with a variance $\\sigma$: $$\\label{eq:cal-response}\n \\frac{\\sigma}{E} \\ = \\ \\frac{S}{\\sqrt{E}} + C \\; ,$$ where $S$ and $C$ are the stochastic and constant terms. ",
"For the ECal and the HCal, we use ($S, C$) to be $(0.1,0.01)$ and $(0.5,0.03)$, respectively, in order to approximately match the reported calorimeter response from ATLAS [@Smearing].",
"\n\n- Each calorimeter cell that passes an energy threshold becomes an input for our jet clustering algorithm. ",
"For the ECal cells we require $E_T > 0.1~{\\text{GeV}}$, while for the HCal cells we use the somewhat harder cut $E_T > 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$. [^2] We sum all the energy deposited in a given calorimeter cell and construct a massless 4-vector with the 3-vector direction corresponding to the location of that cell.",
"\n\n- As the final step we cluster the 4-vectors corresponding to the calorimeter cells into jets using Fastjet $3.0.3$ [@Cacciari:2005hq; @Cacciari:2011ma]. ",
"In particular, we use the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ jet clustering algorithm [@Cacciari:2008gp] with $R = 0.4$ and and require $p_T > 50~{\\text{GeV}}$ for every jet. ",
"Only the leading jet from each event is retained for further analysis in order to maintain independence among the jets in the sample.",
"\n\n\\[sec:analysis\\] Analysis\n=========================\n\nIn this section we describe the analysis of $10$ samples of jets generated according to the prescription of the previous sections. ",
"The first sample contains QCD jets derived from QCD dijet events. ",
"The second sample consists of jets from $h \\rightarrow \\gamma \\gamma$ events where each jet typically contains one of the photons from the Higgs decays, plus contributions from the rest of the event (ISR, FSR, UE). ",
"We refer to the jets in this sample as single photon jets, or simply single photons. ",
"The remaining $8$ samples of jets are the photon-jet samples and correspond to the $8$ study points in Table \\[table:bench\\]. ",
"As noted above, in these events the Higgs particle decays into $4$ or $8$ photons and the corresponding photon-jets typically contain either 2 or 4 photons. ",
"The resulting $p_T$ distributions for QCD-jets (red), photon-jets (blue) ([$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}) and single photons (green) are indicated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:pT\\_dist\\].",
"\n\n![ ",
"\\[fig:pT\\_dist\\] The $p_T$ distribution of jets for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green), and for photon-jets (blue) from the study point [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. ",
"Jets are constructed as described in the text (the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ algorithm with $R = 0.4$).](pT_spectra.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nAs expected, the $p_T$ distribution for QCD-jets is a falling distribution, while both the single photon and photon-jet distributions exhibit a peak near $m_h/2 (= 60~{\\text{GeV}})$. We understand this last point as arising from the production of Higgs particles with zero transverse momentum followed by 2-body decays (either 2 photons or 2 $n_1$’s). ",
"It is the remnants of these two bodies that are typically captured in the jets yielding the indicated peaks near $p_T \\sim m_h/2$. For the photon-jet sample we only show the $p_T$ spectrum for the study point [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, but note that the $p_T$ distributions are almost identical for all other benchmark points. ",
"As indicated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:pT\\_dist\\], the jets in all of these samples of events have crudely comparable transverse momentum distributions in the range $50-100~{\\text{GeV}}$, although the QCD sample is more strongly peaked at the low end. ",
"Thus studying the jets in these samples should provide a useful laboratory in which to study photon-jets, QCD jets and single photons.",
"\n\nThe remainder of this section describes a systematic analysis aimed at distinguishing photon-jets from QCD-jets as well as from single photons. ",
"We begin with brief descriptions of the variables that provide the discriminating power. ",
"The variables are organized into two groups: $(i)$ conventional variables and $(ii)$ substructure variables. ",
"We demonstrate how each of these variables individually discriminates photons-jets form the jet samples. ",
"Later in this section, we combine these variables in a multivariate analysis in order to maximize the separation of photon-jets from QCD-jets as well as from single photons.",
"\n\nConventional Variables\n----------------------\n\nThe conventional variables we describe below are well known, well understood, and play essential roles in the identification of single photons, i.e., the separation from QCD-jets. ",
"We expect these variables to play a similar role in separating photon-jets from QCD-jets, since the probability distributions as functions of these variables are similar for photon-jets and for single photons. ",
"On the other hand, they cannot be expected to efficiently discriminate photon-jets from single photons.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:theta\\] Hadronic Energy Fraction, $\\theta_J$\n\nWe define the hadronic energy fraction $\\theta_J$ for a jet to be the fraction of its energy deposited in the hadronic calorimeter: $$\\theta_J \\ = \\ \\frac{1} {E_J } \\sum_{i \\in \\text{HCal}\\, \\in \\, J} E_{i}$$ where $E_{J}$ is the total energy of the jet, and $E_{i}$ is the energy of the $i$-th HCal cell that is a constituent of the jet. ",
"This is the most powerful variable for discriminating a single photon or a photon-jet (objects that deposit most of their energy in the ECal) from QCD-jets. ",
"Since a QCD-jet typically contains 2/3 charged pions and 1/3 neutral pions, we expect to see a peak at $\\theta_J \\sim 2/3$ ($\\log \\theta_J \\sim -0.2$) for QCD-jets. ",
"Isolated single photons and photon-jets, on the other hand, should exhibit very small $\\theta_J$ values. ",
"However, we start with objects identified by a jet algorithm so there will be contributions from the rest of the event and pile-up, and from leakage from the ECal into the HCal. ",
"Thus the precise value of $\\theta_J$ for single photons and photon-jets will depend on detailed detector properties and on the contribution from the underlying event and pile-up. ",
"Nevertheless, we expect single photons/photon-jets to exhibit very small values of $\\theta_j$.\n\n![",
"\\[fig:hadfrac\\] The probability distributions for jets as functions of $\\log \\theta_J$ for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} (blue). ",
"The first bin of the plot (at $\\theta_J = 10^{-3}$) has an open lower boundary, i.e., it includes all jets with $\\log \\theta_J < -3.0$.](Comparison_Theta.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:hadfrac\\] shows the probability distribution versus $\\log \\theta_J$ for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green), and for photon-jets (blue) in our simulated data. ",
"For the photon-jets we only show the study point [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, since the distribution is essentially identical for the other benchmark points. ",
"As expected the QCD-jet distribution peaks near $\\log \\theta_J = -0.2$ ($\\theta_J = 2/3$), while the single photon and photon-jet distributions are very similar with a peak near $\\log \\theta_J = -1.9$ and an implied tail to very small $\\theta_J$ values. ",
"The clear separation of the single photon/photon-jet distributions from the QCD-jet distribution indicates why this variable plays such an important role in the separation of QCD-jets from photons.",
"\n\nAny reasonable cut on $\\theta_J$ ($\\theta_J \\sim 0.1$) will reduce the QCD-jet contribution by factors of $10^{-2}$–$10^{-3}$, while barely changing the photon/photon-jet contribution. ",
"We impose a preliminary cut by keeping only $\\theta_J \\leq 0.25$ ($\\log \\theta_J \\leq -0.6$). ",
"About $2\\%$ of the original QCD-jets survive this cut, while approximately $94\\%$ of the single photons/photon-jets survive. ",
"We use the modified jet samples that pass this preliminary $\\theta_J$ cut for the remainder of this paper.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:nu\\] Number of Charged Tracks, $\\nu_J$\n\nIn conventional collider phenomenology, the number of charged particles (tracks) associated with an object is often used to distinguish objects from each other. ",
"Although photons and electrons generate similar signatures in the ECal, the latter are typically associated with a track while the former are not. ",
"Tracks also play an important role in rejecting QCD-jets since, as mentioned before, a QCD-jet typically contains several charged pions.",
"\n\nIn our simulated data we keep all charged particles with $p_T > 2~{\\text{GeV}}$ and assume that all of these correspond to tracks in a real detector. ",
"In order to associate these tracks with the jets, which are constructed entirely from calorimeter cells, we perform the following analysis. ",
"First replace each track by an arbitrarily soft light-like four vector with the same ($\\eta$-$\\phi$) direction as the track, and then include these soft four-vectors in the jet clustering process along with the calorimeter cells. (",
"We explicitly check that the inclusion of these soft four-vectors does not affect the outcome of the clustering procedure.) ",
"A track is associated with a jet if the soft four vector corresponding to that track is clustered into that jet [^3]. ",
"The resulting total number of tracks associated with a jet yields the value of $\\nu_J$ for that jet.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:chtrk\\] The relative probability distribution for QCD jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets (blue) versus the number of charged tracks associated with a jet. ",
"The algorithm for associating tracks with jets is given in the text. ",
"For photon-jets we show the distribution for jets from the study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} (dotted) and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} (solid). ](",
"Comparison_Nu.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:chtrk\\] shows the relative probability distribution versus the number of tracks per jet ($\\nu_J$) for QCD-jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets (blue). ",
"As expected, the number of tracks associated with QCD-jets varies over a broad range and only a tiny fraction of QCD-jets have no associated tracks. ",
"The single photon/photon-jet samples, on the other hand, are dominated by jets with no associated tracks. ",
"Photons that convert yield tracks associated with the corresponding jets. ",
"Since the probability of conversion increases with the number of photons per jet, the probability of obtaining one of more associated tracks increases from single photon jets (single photons) to jets with two photons (typical for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{}, the dotted blue curve) to jets with four photons (typical for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, the solid blue curve). ",
"As with the variable $\\theta_J$, $\\nu_J$ offers some separation between QCD-jets and single photons, but much less between single photons and photon-jets (and even less between the different types of photon-jets).",
"\n\n\\[sec:substructure \\] Jet Substructure\n--------------------------------------\n\nNext we want to focus on variables that explicitly characterize the internal structure of jets, i.e., characterize the energetic subjet components of the jet. ",
"Recall that in this analysis we have identified jets using the the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ jet algorithm with $R=0.4$, but we do not expect the general features of our analysis to depend on this specific choice. ",
"The next step is to determine a ‘recombination tree’ for the jets we want to study (here the leading jet in each event). ",
"To this end we apply the ${k_T}$ algorithm [@Catani:1993hr; @Ellis:1993tq] to the calorimeter cells identified as constituents of the jet in the first step. (",
"We could as well use the Cambridge/Aachen (${\\text{C/A}}$) algorithm [@Dokshitzer:1997in; @Wobisch:1998wt; @Wobisch:2000dk], but not the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ algorithm in this step as ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ does not tend to produce a physically relevant recombination tree.) ",
"This recombination tree specifies the subjets at each level of recombination $N$ from $N=1$ (the full jet) to $N=$ the number of constituent calorimeter cells in the jet (no recombination). ",
"At the next step the subjet variables we study fall into two classes. ",
"In the first class we attempt to count the effective number of relevant subjets without using any properties of the subjets in the tree except their directions in $\\eta$-$\\phi$. In this case the useful variable (defined in detail below) is called $N$-subjettiness. ",
"The $N$-subjettiness variable for a given jet becomes numerically small when the parameter $N$ is large enough to describe all of the relevant substructure, i.e., this value of $N$ provides a measure of the number of subjets without explicitly identifying the subjets. ",
"$N$-subjettiness involves *all* components of the original jet for all values of $N$.\n\nThe rest of the substructure variables we study more explicitly resolve a jet into a set of subjets. ",
"We define both the level in the recombination tree at which we choose to work, i.e., the number of subjets we have split the jet into and how many of these subjets to use in the subsequent analysis. ",
"We use $N_\\text{pre-filter}$ (this notation should become clear shortly) and $N_\\text{hard}$ to label these two parameters. ",
"Thus we start with the 4-vectors corresponding to the (calorimeter cell) constituents of a given jet, and then (re)cluster these constituents using the chosen subjet algorithm (which is not necessarily the algorithm used to originally identify the jet) in *exclusive* mode, i.e. we continue (re)clustering until there are precisely $N_\\text{pre-filter}$ 4-vectors left – the $N_\\text{pre-filter}$ exclusive subjets. ",
"Out of these $N_{\\text{pre-filter}}$ subjets we pick the $N_\\text{hard}$ largest $p_T$ subjets and discard the rest. ",
"All the substructure variables discussed below (except $N$-subjettiness) are constructed using these $N_\\text{hard}$ subjets. ",
"Note that by choosing $N_{\\text{pre-filter}} > N_\\text{hard}$, we have performed a version of jet ‘grooming’ typically labeled filtering [@Butterworth:2008iy; @Butterworth:2008sd; @Butterworth:2008tr]. ",
"This will ensure that our results are relatively insensitive to the effects of the underlying event and pile-up. ",
"Ideally, the integers $(N_\\text{hard}, N_{\\text{pre-filter}})$ should be chosen based on the topology of the object we are looking for. ",
"However, the naive topology will be influenced by the interaction with the detector and the details of the jet clustering algorithm. ",
"For example, a $4$ photon photon-jet will often appear in the detector to have fewer than $4$ distinct lobes of energy, i.e., one or more photons often merge inside a single lobe of energy. ",
"In our simulation, we find that the choice $N_\\text{hard} = 3$ and $N_\\text{pre-filter} = 5$ is an acceptable compromise, working reasonably well for single photons and photon-jets from all the study points. ",
"Further optimization will be possible in the context of real detectors and searches for specific photon-jet scenarios.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:tau\\] $N$-Subjettiness, $\\tau_N$\n\n“$N$-subjettiness\", introduced in Ref.",
" [@Thaler:2010tr; @Thaler:2011gf], is a modified version of “$N$-jettiness\" from Ref.",
" [@Stewart:2010tn]. ",
"It is adapted in a way such that it becomes a property of a jet rather than of an event. ",
"$N$-subjettiness provides a simple way to effectively count the number of subjets inside a given jet. ",
"It captures whether the energy flow inside a jet deviates from the one-lobe configuration expected to characterize a typical QCD-jet. ",
"We use the definition of $N$-subjettiness proposed in Ref.",
" [@Thaler:2010tr]. ",
"The starting point is a jet, the full set of 4-vectors corresponding to the (calorimeter cell) constituents of the jet (here found with the ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ algorithm for $R=0.4$), and the recombination tree found with the ${k_T}$ algorithm as outlined above. ",
"From this tree we know the 4-vectors describing the exclusive subjets for any level $N$, i.e., the level where there are exactly $N$ subjets. ",
"With this information we can define $N$-subjettiness to be $$\\label{eq:tau}\n \\tau_N = \\frac{ \\sum_k p_{T_{k}} \\times \\text{min} \\bigl \\{ \\Delta R_{1,k}, \\Delta R_{1,k} , \n \\cdots, \\Delta R_{N,k} \\bigr \\} } { \\sum_k p_{T_{k}} \\times R} \\; ,$$ where $k$ runs over all the (calorimeter cell) constituents of the jet, $p_{T_{k}}$ is the transverse momentum for the $k$-th constituent, $\\Delta R_{l,k}=\\sqrt{(\\Delta \\eta_{l,k})^2+ (\\Delta \\phi_{l,k})^2} $ is the angular distance between the $l$-th subjet (at the level when there are $N$ subjets) and the $k$-th constituent of the jet, and $R$ is the characteristic jet radius used in the original jet clustering algorithm.",
"\n\nIn the context of single photons, photon-jets and QCD-jets, we use $N$-subjettiness in two different ways. ",
"The first application is to use the *ratios* $\\tau_{N+1}/ \\tau_{N}$ in the same way $N$-subjettiness is used to tag boosted massive particles such as a $W$ boson or a hadronic decaying top [@Thaler:2010tr; @Thaler:2011gf]. ",
"In particular, for a jet with $N_0$ distinct lobes of energy, $\\tau_{N_{0} } $ is expected to be much smaller than $\\tau_{N_{0} -1} $ (of course, we are assuming $N_0 > 1$), whereas for $N > N_0$, $\\tau_{N+1}$ is expected to be comparable to $\\tau_{N}$. Thus a two photon photon-jet is expected to be characterized by $\\tau_2/\\tau_1 \\ll 1$. On the other hand, one lobed QCD-jets and single photons should exhibit comparable values for $\\tau_2$ and $\\tau_1$, and consequently $\\tau_2/\\tau_1 \\sim 1$.\n\nThe second way in which we use $N$-subjettiness consists of using the magnitude of $\\tau_1$ itself. ",
"Even for a jet with one lobe of energy the exact magnitude of $\\tau_1$ represents a measure of how widely the energy is spread. ",
"A pencil-like energy profile, like that of a single photon or a narrow photon-jet, should yield a much smaller $\\tau_1$ compared to QCD-jets with a much broader profile. ",
"In fact, $\\tau_1$ is an indicator of jet mass, and, for jets with identical energy, $\\tau_1$ is proportional to the square of the jet mass.",
"\n\nFigure \\[fig:tau\\] shows the probability distributions versus $\\log \\tau_1$ and $\\tau_{N+1}/ \\tau_{N}$ for $N = 1,2,3$ corresponding to single photons, QCD-jets and photon-jets from different study points. ",
"Note that for photon-jets, the jet mass is almost always given by the mass parameter $m_1$ in Table \\[table:bench\\]. ",
"Thus for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}, where $m_1$ has the same value, the probability distributions versus $\\log \\tau_1$ are almost identical. ",
"For study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} the peak in $\\log \\tau_1$ shifts to the left as the value of $m_1$ decreases (from $10~{\\text{GeV}}$ to $2~{\\text{GeV}}$ to $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$). ",
"Note also that the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distributions exhibit a small $\\tau_1$ (small mass) enhancement at essentially the same $\\tau_1$ value as the primary peak in the single photon (green curve) distribution. ",
"This presumably corresponds to those kinematic configurations where only one of the (two) photons from the $n_1$ decay is included in the jet. ",
"Thus we expect that a (small) fraction of the time these scenarios will look very single photon-like.",
"\n\nClearly the ratio $\\tau_2/\\tau_1$ gives significant separation for the different photons-jet scenarios. ",
"The study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} are now separated, although both exhibit peaks at small values of the ratio. ",
"This suggests an intrinsic 2-lobe structure corresponding to 2 photons for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and 4 photons in two relatively tight pairs ($m_2 \\ll m_1$) for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. [",
"$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} with presumably a more distinctive 4 photon structure exhibits a broader peak at a larger value of $\\tau_2/\\tau_1$. Single photons and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} exhibit even broader distributions presumably corresponding to an intrinsically 1-lobe structure. ",
"The QCD-jet distribution is also broad but with an enhancement around $\\tau_2/\\tau_1 = 0.8$, presumably arising from a typical 1-lobe structure but some contribution from showers with more structure and from the underlying event. ",
"The ratios $\\tau_3/\\tau_2$ or $\\tau_4/\\tau_3$ seem to be less effective in discriminating photon-jets from single photons and QCD-jets. ",
"This can be understood by noting that quite often the hard photons inside a photon-jet become collinear at the scale of the size of the cell. ",
"So even for photon-jets with $4$ hard photons, we rarely find jets with $4$ distinct centers of energy. ",
"In general we expect the ratio $\\tau_{N+1}/ \\tau_{N}$ becomes less and less useful with increasing $N$.\n\nNote that the distributions for single photons and photon-like photon-jets tend to exhibit a double peak structure in $\\tau_3/\\tau_2$ or $\\tau_4/\\tau_3$. We believe that this feature arises from both the contributions due to the underlying event and due to our implementation of transverse smearing in the ECal (see Appendix \\[sec:app-Moliere\\]).",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:lambda\\] Transverse momentum of the Leading Subjet\n\nNow we proceed to discuss the second class of subjet variables constructed from the 3 hardest subjets out of the 5 exclusive subjets. ",
"As the first such variable consider the fraction of the jet transverse momentum carried by the leading subjet, which provides significant information about the jet itself. ",
"In particular, it indicates the fraction of the jet’s total $p_T$ carried by the leading subjet only. ",
"Since photon-jets result from the decay of massive particles into hard and often widely separated photons inside the jet, the subjets are usually of comparable hardness. ",
"The leading subjet for single photons and for QCD-jets, on the other hand, typically carry nearly the entire $p_{T}$ of the jet. ",
"So for the majority of these jets, the $p_{T}$ of the leading subjet (label it $p_{T_{L}}$) is of the order of the $p_{T}$ of the entire jet ($p_{T_{J}}$). ",
"Instead of using the ratio $p_{T_{L}} / p_{T_{J}}$ directly we find that it is more instructive to define the variable $$\\label{eq:lambda}\n \\lambda_J \\ = \\ \\log \\Bigl(1- \\frac{p_{T_{L}}} {p_{T_{J}}} \\Bigr) \\; .$$ The advantage of using the definition in Eq. ",
"is that it focuses on the behavior near $p_{T_{L}} \\sim p_{T_{J}}$.\n\nThe discussion above depends crucially on how the subjets are constructed, especially for QCD-jets. ",
"QCD partons typically shower into many soft partons/hadrons. ",
"After showering and hadronization, single hard partons yield many soft hadrons distributed throughout the jet. ",
"The way in which these jets are clustered into subjets dictates the $p_T$ distribution of subjets. ",
"For example, for ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ subjets, the hardest subjet will always have $p_{T_{L}} \\simeq p_{T_{J}}$. The ${k_T}$ algorithm, on the other hand, clusters the softer elements first and results in more evenly distributed subjets. ",
"The ${\\text{C/A}}$ jet algorithm clusters taking into consideration only the geometric separations of the elements, and produces qualitatively different results. ",
"Single photons, on the other hand, shower very little (no QCD Shower) and deposit energy in only a handful of cells (per hard photon). ",
"Therefore we expect that our results for single photons or photon-jets will be less sensitive to the details of the clustering algorithm. ",
"To versify this point we use both ${k_T}$ and ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets to evaluate $\\lambda_J$ from Eq.. The simultaneous use of different clustering algorithms to extract information from the same jet should not come as a surprise. ",
"As shown in Ref.",
" [@Ellis:2012sn], substantial further information can be extracted if one employs a broad sampling out of *all* of the physically sensible clustering histories (trees) for a given jet. ",
"In this sense the current analysis is modest in that we only use two specific clustering procedures.",
"\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:lambda\\] we plot the probability distribution of jets as a function of $\\lambda_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons, and photon-jets. ",
"The left (right) panel shows the distribution when we use the ${\\text{C/A}}$ (${k_T}$) algorithm to find the subjets. ",
"Note how the distribution for QCD-jets (the red curve) moves more to the right (i.e., the $p_{T}$ of the jet gets more evenly distributed among its subjets) as we go from ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets to ${k_T}$ subjets. ",
"The various photon-jet study points also look more similar when using the ${k_T}$ algorithm. ",
"In this case the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distributions exhibit enhancements suggesting the presence of both single photon-like behavior ($\\lambda_J \\sim -1.2$) and QCD-like behavior ($\\lambda_J \\sim -0.2$ to $-0.3$). ",
"The more complex structure of the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} jets exhibit a distribution closer to QCD alone. ",
"Finally note that the ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets display the jet substructure information differently from the ${k_T}$ case with the peak in the QCD-jet distribution at least somewhat separated from the peaks in the photon-jet distributions. ",
"Also for ${\\text{C/A}}$ all of the photon-jet scenarios exhibit at least a little single photon-like enhancement (for ${k_T}$ this is only true for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}). ",
"There is clearly some discrimination to be gained from using more than one definition of the subjets.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:epsilon\\] Energy-Energy Correlation, $\\epsilon_J$ \n\nAnother useful variable is the “energy-energy correlation\". ",
"We define it as: $$\\label{eq:epsilon}\n \\epsilon_J \\ = \\ \\frac{1}{E_J^2} \\sum_{(i > j) \\in N_\\text{hard} } E_{i} E_{j}\\,,$$ where $E_J$ is the total energy of a given jet, and the indices $i,j$ run over the (3 hardest) subjets of the jet. ",
"From the definition, it should be clear that $\\epsilon_J$ is sensitive to the energy of the subleading jets. ",
"In particular, the energy-energy correlation can be expressed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\epsilon_J & = \\frac{ E_{L}\\left(E_{NL}+ E_{NNL} \\right) + E_{NL} E_{NNL}}{E_J^2}\\nonumber\\\\\n & \\approx \\frac{ E_{L}\\left(E_{J}- E_{L} \\right) + E_{NL} E_{NNL}}{E_J^2} \\,, \\end{aligned}$$ where $E_{L},E_{NL}$, and $E_{NNL}$ are the energies of the leading subjet, the next-to-leading subjet, and the next-to-next-to-leading subjet.",
"\n\nWe show the probability distribution of jets as a function of $\\epsilon_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons and photon-jets in Fig.",
" \\[fig:epsilon\\]. ",
"Note that for single photons (the green curve), $E_{NL} \\text{ and } E_{NNL}$ are negligible and hence we expect $\\epsilon_J$ for single photons to be well approximated by $E_{L}\\left(E_J- E_{L} \\right) /E_J^2 $. ",
"In fact, the sharp peak for single photons in Fig.",
" \\[fig:lambda\\] at $-1.2$ (${k_T}$ algorithm) corresponds to the sharp peak at about $0.04$ in Fig.",
" \\[fig:epsilon\\]. ",
"More generally the qualitative features in Fig.",
" \\[fig:lambda\\] are repeated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:epsilon\\]. ",
"For ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets the distributions for all of the photon-jet study points exhibit two peaks, the large $\\epsilon_J$ value enhancement presumably corresponding to the energy being shared approximately equally among several final photons, while the small value enhancement arises from the case when one photon dominates (perhaps because some of the photons are not in the jet). ",
"For ${k_T}$ subjets only the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distributions exhibit the small $\\epsilon_J$ single photon-like enhancement. ",
"We also see that again the two algorithms yield distinctly different distributions for QCD-jets.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:rho\\] Subjet Spread, $\\rho_J$\n\nWe define “subjet spread\" as a measure of the geometric distribution of the subjets. ",
"$$\\label{eq:rho}\n \\rho_J = \\frac{1}{R} \\sum_{(i > j) \\in N_\\text{hard}} \\Delta R_{i,j} \\; ,$$ where $ \\Delta R_{i,j}$ is the angular distance between the $i$-th and $j$-th (hard) subjets, and $R$ is the size parameter of the jet algorithm.",
"\n\nThe left (right) panel of Fig.",
" \\[fig:rho\\] shows the probability distribution of jets as a function of $\\rho_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons and photon-jets when the ${\\text{C/A}}$ (${k_T}$) subjets are used to evaluate Eq.. For this variable only the QCD-jet distribution changes dramatically when changing the choice of subjet algorithm from ${\\text{C/A}}$ to ${k_T}$. By using both algorithms this feature will provide some ability to discriminate between QCD-jets and single photons or photon-jets. ",
"For the single photon case the the strong peak at small $\\rho_J$ confirms that all of the subjets are close to each other, forming a hard core. ",
"Subjet spread is quite sensitive to the mass $m_1$ as can be seen from the different photon-jet distributions. ",
"In particular, the position of the peaks for photon-jets with different $m_1$ simply follow the $m_1$ value. ",
"The [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} distributions are nearly the same (with the same $m_1$ value), while the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} distributions are just similar (with somewhat different $m_1$ values), but distinct from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. ",
"The $m_1$ dependence is not surprising since the opening angle between the decay products of the $n_1$ particle depends on $m_1$. Finally we note that the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} distributions do have an enhancement at small $\\rho_J$ values presumably corresponding to configurations where the extra photons are not captured in the jet.",
"\n\n### \\[subsec:delta\\] Subjet Area of the Jet\n\nAs defined in Ref.",
" [@Cacciari:2008gn], the “area\" associated with a jet is an unambiguous concept that represents quantitatively the amount of surface in the ($\\eta$-$\\phi$) plane included in a jet. ",
"In this analysis, we use the “active area\" definition for the area of the jet. ",
"The active area of a jet is calculated by adding a *uniform* background of arbitrarily soft ‘ghost’ particles to the event (so that each ghost represents a fixed area) and then counting the number of ghosts clustered into the given jet. ",
"The area of a jet is often used to provide a quantitative understanding of the largely uncorrelated contributions to a jet from the underlying event and pile-up. ",
"However, it is rarely used in phenomenology for the purpose of discovering new particles or tagging jets. ",
"We use ‘subjet area’ as a measure of the ‘cleanliness’ of the jet. ",
"We show that it can be a useful tool for distinguishing a single photon or a photon-jet from noisier QCD-jets. ",
"We define the subjet area fraction as $$\\label{eq:delta}\n \\delta_J = \\frac{1}{A_J} \\sum_{i \\in N_\\text{hard}} A_i \\; ,$$ where $A_i$ is the area of the $i$-th subjet and $A_J$ is the area of the entire jet. ",
"Note that this definition of $\\delta_J$ is only useful when the subjets are constructed geometrically by merging the nearest neighbors first (i.e., using the ${\\text{C/A}}$ algorithm).",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:delta\\] Probability distribution versus fractional area $\\delta_J$ from Eq.. As in Fig.",
" \\[fig:tau\\] the solid red is for QCD-jets, the solid green for single photons, dotted blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{}, dash-dotted blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}, dashed blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and solid blue for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}. ",
"We use ${\\text{C/A}}$ subjets to calculate $\\delta_J$.](Comparison_Delta.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:delta\\], we show the probability distribution for jets as a function of $\\delta_J$ for QCD-jets, single photons, and photon-jets. ",
"As expected, the figure shows that single photons (the green curve) are significantly cleaner (exhibit smaller $\\delta_J$ values) than QCD-jets (the red curve) and that photon-jets (the blue curves) tend to lie in between. ",
"Fixing $m_1$ such that the first splitting is fairly wide, we can investigate the effects of $m_2$. If $m_2$ is small, then the two photons coming from the $n_2$ decays will be very close together, and the subjet that contains them will not collect many ghosts. ",
"On the other hand, a large $m_2$ will split the two photons further apart and, if still contained in the same subjet, that subjet will collect substantially more ghosts resulting in a subjet with a larger active area. ",
"QCD-jets contain many soft particles and so the subjets in QCD jets have larger areas. ",
"Thus we see that the QCD distribution peaks for $\\delta_j$ near $0.5$, while the single photon distribution exhibits both a large peak at small ($\\sim 10^{-2}$) $\\delta_J$ and a smaller peak at larger ($\\sim 0.4$) $\\delta_J$ values. ",
"The photon-jet cases interpolate between these two behaviors and this variable can clearly provide some discriminating power.",
"\n\n\\[sec:results\\] Multivariate Analysis\n-------------------------------------\n\nWe have, so far, introduced a set of well-understood variables. ",
"In this subsection, we will employ these variables in a multivariate discriminant, specifically in a Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) [@BDT]. ",
"A decision tree is a hierarchical set of one-sided cuts used to discriminate signal versus background. ",
"The ‘boosting’ of a decision tree extends this concept from one tree to several trees which form a forest. ",
"The trees are derived from the same training ensemble by reweighing events, and are finally combined into a single classifier.",
"\n\nIn the current discussion we are treating photon-jets as the signal and both single photons and QCD-jets as background. ",
"We construct multiple BDT analyses in order to estimate how well the photon-jets can be separated from single photons *and* from QCD-jets. ",
"This will allow us to demonstrate the power of the new jet substructure variables when these are combined with the conventional variables. ",
"In practice, we employ the Toolkit for Multivariate Analysis (TMVA) [@Hocker:2007ht] package and use the “BDTD\" option to book BDTs, where the input variables are decorrelated first.",
"\n\nFor every study point in Table \\[table:bench\\] we optimize two separate BDTs, one for discriminating photon-jets form QCD-jets and the other for separating photon-jets from single photons. ",
"We make use of all the variables discussed earlier in order to minimize the background fake rate ($\\mathcal{F} =$ the fraction of the background jets that pass the cuts) for a given signal acceptance rate ($\\mathcal{A} = $ the fraction of the signal jets that pass the cuts). ",
"For demonstration purposes we also consider BDTs made with a subset of the full set of variables. ",
"To be specific, we consider three different sets of variables: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:variable_sets}\n \\begin{split}\n D \\ \\equiv \\ & \\Bigl\\{\\log \\theta_J, \\nu_J, \\log \\tau_1, \\frac{\\tau_2}{\\tau_1}, \n \\frac{\\tau_3}{\\tau_2}, \\frac{\\tau_4}{\\tau_3}, \\\\ & \\quad\n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J, \\delta_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{\\text{C/A}}, \n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{k_T} \\Big\\} \n \\end{split} \\\\\n D_{\\text{C}} \\ \\equiv \\ & \\Big\\{\\log \\theta_J, \\nu_J \\Big\\} \\\\\n \\label{eq:variable_sets2}\n \\begin{split}\n D_{\\text{S}} \\ \\equiv \\ & \\Bigl\\{\\log \\tau_1, \\frac{\\tau_2}{\\tau_1}, \n \\frac{\\tau_3}{\\tau_2}, \\frac{\\tau_4}{\\tau_3}, \\\\ & \\quad\n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J, \\delta_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{\\text{C/A}}, \n \\bigl( \\lambda_J, \\epsilon_J, \\rho_J \\bigr) \\bigl|_{k_T} \\Big\\} \\; , \n \\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ where the subscripts ${\\text{C/A}}$ or ${k_T}$ in Eqs.",
" and imply that the observables are calculated using ${\\text{C/A}}$ or ${k_T}$ subjets. ",
"The sets $D_{\\text{C}} $ and $D_{\\text{S}}$ consist of the conventional and the jet substructure variables respectively, whereas $D$ is the set of all variables.",
"\n\nIn a previous paper [@Ellis:Future] we described the more conventional separation of single photons from QCD-jets along with an initial introduction to the separation of single photons from photon-jets. ",
"In both cases the single photons were treated as the signal. ",
"Here we extend that discussion and focus on the photon-jets as the signal. ",
"We organize the results of our analysis into three subsections. ",
"First, we show the results of BDTs optimized to discriminate photon-jets from QCD-jets, the analogue of the seperation of single photons from QCD-jets. ",
"In the following subsection, we repeat the same study, but optimize it for treating single photons as the background to photon-jets. ",
"Finally, we demonstrate how the BDTs might be used for an effective three-way separation of single photons from photon-jets from QCD-jets.",
"\n\n\\[subsec:QCD-PJ\\] QCD-Jets as Background for Photon-jets\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe use all of the variables in the set of discriminants $D$ in the BDTs in order to maximize the extraction of signal jets (photon-jets) from background (QCD-jets). ",
"This is similar to the separation of single photons from QCD-jets perfromed in Ref.",
" [@Ellis:Future]. ",
"The BDTs are trained individually for each study point. ",
"The results for fake rate versus acceptance are shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] for all of the study points. ",
"In this plot the lower right is desirable and the upper left is undesirable. ",
"Note that the acceptance rate for photon-jets is bounded above by about $0.94$ due to our preselection cut $\\theta_J \\geq 0.25$ (see Section \\[subsec:rho\\]). ",
"The same cut eliminates approximately $98\\%$ of the QCD-jets yielding a fake rate below $10^{-2}$ except at the largest acceptance.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] The background fake rate versus signal acceptance where photon-jets from the different study points are the signal and QCD-jets are the background. ",
"All variables in the set of discriminant $D$ are used in the analysis. ](",
"AF_PJvsQCD.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nFor 2 photon photon-jets (study points 1 to 3) the separation becomes easier as $m_1$ increases yielding increasing separation between the photons inside the jet. ",
"The other physics scenarios tend to have even more structure within the photon-jets that the jet substructure variables allow us to use to suppress the QCD background. ",
"The more structure a jet possesses, the easier it becomes to discriminate it from (largely feature-less) QCD-jets. ",
"The conclusion from Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] is that, for photon-jets of varied kinematic features, we can achieve a very small QCD fake rate for a reasonably large acceptance rate. ",
"In more detail, for all of our study points a tagging efficiency (acceptance) of $\\sim 70\\%$ for photon-jets is accompanied by a fake rate for QCD-jets of only 1 in $10^4$ to 1 in $10^5$.\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsQCD\\] The improvement brought in because of the use of substructure variables are shown in the figure. ",
"For a quantitative definition of improvement see the text.](Imp_PJvsQCD.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nIt is instructive to quantify the improvements made possible by including the jet substructure variables as discriminants. ",
"To achieve this comparison we consider BDTs using only the conventional variables (i.e., we use the set $D_{\\text{C}}$ of discriminants to train the BDTs). ",
"For a given acceptance of signal we thus obtain two different fake rates – one when we use only the conventional variables (labeled $\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C}$), and another when we use conventional+jet substructure variables (labeled $\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C+S}$). ",
"For a given acceptance, the ratio $\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C}/\\mathcal{F}_\\text{C+S}$ quantifies the improvement due to using jet substructure variables in this analysis. ",
"The improvement rates for conventional plus jet substructure variables over only conventional variables versus acceptance for discriminating photon-jets from QCD-jets is shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsQCD\\] for the different study points. ",
"While Figs.",
" \\[fig:hadfrac\\] and \\[fig:chtrk\\] indicate that the conventional variables provide some discrimination between photon-jets and QCD-jets, Figs.",
" \\[fig:tau\\] to \\[fig:delta\\] indicate that the jet substructure variables provide a substantial number of new distinguishing features. ",
"Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsQCD\\] shows that these new features in the jet substructure variables can provide substantial improvement. ",
"Factors of 4 to 50 improvement in the discrimination of photon-jets from QCD-jets are possible at an acceptance of about $70\\%$. As expected more improvement is possible in those physics scenarios where the photon-jets have more structure. ",
"Further, our results demonstrate that the use of jet substructure variables provides a tool to distinguish the different physics scenarios, i.e., the different study points, which is not possible with conventional variables alone.",
"\n\n\\[subsec:PvsPJ\\] Single Photons as Background to Photon-Jets\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNow consider the same analysis as in the previous section but with single photons treated as the background. ",
"This new sort of separation is essential if we want to consider physics scenarios with photon-jets. ",
"Again we use all of the variables in the set of discriminants $D$ in the BDTs in order to maximize the extraction of signal jets (photon-jets) from background (single photons). ",
"The BDTs are trained individually for each study point. ",
"The results for fake rate versus acceptance are shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\]. ",
"As in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsQCD\\] the lower right is desirable and the upper left is undesirable. ",
"Again the acceptance rate for photon-jets is bounded above by about $0.94$ due to our preselection cut $\\theta_J > 0.25$ (see Section \\[subsec:rho\\]). ",
"For the same reason a similar limit (0.94) holds also for the fake rate from single photons (although this is difficult to see on the logarithmic scale).",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\] The background fake rate versus signal acceptance curves are shown for all study points. ",
"Here the photon-jets from the different study points are treated as the signal and single photons are the background. ",
"These curves employ all variables in the set of discriminants $D$.](AF_PJvsP.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nThe results in Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\] teach us several lessons. ",
"A photon-jet from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} consists of a pair of highly collinear photons. ",
"Such a jet is quite photon-like and thus difficult to separate from single photons. ",
"Hence the corresponding (solid black) curve is most towards the upper left. ",
"One needs to cut away almost half of the signal sample ($\\mathcal{A} \\sim 0.55$) in order to reduce the fake rate to 1 in $10^3$. We also see that it is a challenge to separate the photon-jets for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} from single photons (the solid red curve). ",
"In this scenario $m_1 = 10~{\\text{GeV}}$ and the $n_1$ decays directly to two photons. ",
"Because of the large $m_1$ value, almost $30\\%$ of these ($R=0,4$) jets do not contain both of the photons from the $n_1$ decay, i.e., about $30\\%$ of this jet sample are actually single photons (in the jet), and not photon-jets. ",
"We saw this point earlier in essentially all of the individual jet substructure variable plots, Figs.",
" \\[fig:tau\\] to \\[fig:delta\\], where the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} distribution exhibited an enhancement that overlapped with the corresponding peak in the single photon distribution. ",
"A larger separation of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} from single photons can be obtained at an acceptance just below $0.7$, where these single photons configurations are cut away and the fake rate drops below 1 in $10^3$. The photon-jets of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{} represent a ‘sweet’ spot between [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} where the 2 photons are typically well enough separated to be resolved but close enough to be in the same jet. ",
"Thus the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{} (solid purple) curve is well below and to the right compared to the [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} (solid black) and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} (solid red) curves. ",
"Similarly the photon-jets at the other study points can be well separated at even larger acceptance rates using the combination of jet substructure and conventional discriminants. ",
"For example, for the study points [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{6}$]{}, even at $85\\%$ acceptance, one obtains a fake rate *smaller* than $1$ in $10^3$.\n\nAgain it is instructive to determine the impact of the jet substructure variables for this analysis. ",
"As in the previous subsection we consider BDTs using only the conventional variables (i.e., we use the set $D_{\\text{C}}$ of discriminants to train the BDTs) to compare to the results from the full set $D$ of variables. ",
"We plot the ratio of fake rates at fixed acceptance for these two analyses\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsP\\] The improvement brought in because of the use of substructure variables are shown in the figure. ",
"For a quantitative definition of improvement see the text.](Imp_PJvsP.pdf){width=\"49.00000%\"}\n\nin Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsP\\] versus the acceptance. ",
"A comparison of Fig.",
" \\[fig:Imp\\_PJvsP\\] and Fig.",
" \\[fig:AF\\_PJvsP\\] indicates that the bulk of the separation of photon-jets from single photons is provided by the jet substructure variables, i.e., the improvement factor typically differs by less than a factor of 10 from one over the fake rate. ",
"Further, the improvement factor ranges from 10 to more that $10^3$ even at acceptances as large as $90\\%$ for all physics scenarios except [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{1}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}. ",
"Even in these challenging cases substantial improvement is possible at lower acceptance rates. ",
"This is not a surprise since the conventional variables are ineffective at distinguishing between photon-jets and single photons. ",
"Recall from Fig.",
" \\[fig:hadfrac\\] that the hadronic energy fraction distributions are nearly identical for photon-jets and single photons. ",
"The distribution of the number of charge tracks associated with a jet, shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:chtrk\\], also indicates only slight differences, arising from the somewhat different conversion rates for photon-jets versus single photons. ",
"So it is clear that, if we want to be able to discriminate between photon-jets and single photons (and we do), the jet substructure variables provide the necessary tool.",
"\n\n\\[subsec:QCDvsPJvsP\\] Three-way Separation\n------------------------------------------\n\nFinally we come to the really interesting challenge: the *simultaneous* separation all three samples: single photons, photon-jets, and QCD-jets. ",
"In principle, one could perform three BDT training exercises, separating photon-jets from single photons, separating photon-jets from QCD-jets and separating single photons from QCD-jets, using one of the variable sets of Eqs.",
" \\[eq:variable\\_sets\\] - \\[eq:variable\\_sets2\\] in each case. ",
"Then the responses from each of these BDTs for each jet could be used to separate the experimentally identified jets in the corresponding 3-dimensional ‘physics object’ space. ",
"In order to illustrate these ideas in a fairly simple analysis here we will focus on a two-dimensional analysis employing the two BDTs we have been discussing, separating photon-jets from single photons and separating photon-jets from QCD-jets. ",
"There are still the related questions of which set of variables to use for each BDT and, in fact, how to characterize the ‘best separation’.[^4] Qualitatively at least, we find good 2-dimensional separation for the following definitions of the BDTs. ",
"One is trained to separate QCD-jets and photon-jets based only on the conventional discriminants ($D_\\text{C}$) and is plotted on the vertical axis in the following plots, while the other BDT is trained to separate photon-jets from single photons with the substructure discriminants ($D_\\text{S}$) alone and is plotted along the horizontal axis. ",
"We present the results in terms of two-dimensional contour plots where the numerical values associated with a given contour corresponds to the relative probability to find a calorimeter object of the given kind (indicated by the color) in a cell of size $0.1 \\times 0.1$ in BDT response units. (",
"Note that, by construction, the BDT responses have values in the range $-1$ to $+1$, where $+1$ means ‘signal-like’ and $-1$ means ‘background-like’.) ",
"The color coding in these figures matches the previous choices. ",
"Red is for QCD-jets, blue for photon-jets and green is for single photons.",
"\n\nAs a first example, Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_2JPJ\\] indicates the 2-dimensional distributions resulting from the BDTs for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{}, a scenario with typically two photons in the photon-jet with small angular separation due to the small value of $m_1$. When interpreting the following figures it is important to recall that the jet samples indicated in these figures are constrained to satisfy $\\theta_J \\leq 0.25$, which means that we are only keeping the approximately $2\\%$ of QCD-jets that are most ‘photon-like’.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_2JPJ\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{}. ",
"The $D_S$ variables are used on the horizontal axis and the $D_C$ variables on the vertical axis.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP2.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nHowever, Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_2JPJ\\] indicates a pretty clear separation between the QCD-jets and the true photon objects (little red above $0.0$ in the vertical direction). ",
"On the other hand, as we expect from our previous one-dimensional discussions in Subsection \\[subsec:PvsPJ\\], the blue (photon-jet) contours in the upper-left green (single photon) region indicate that it is a challenge to completely separate ([$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{2}$]{}) photon-jets from single photons.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{}.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP3.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIn the case of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} photon-jets, as indicated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\], the photon-jet versus single photon separation challenge is even larger, as we have already discussed. ",
"Again we have photon-jets with potentially two photons but, due to the relatively large $m_1$ value, one of those photons is sometimes outside of the identified jet. ",
"This explains the small region with a solid blue (probability $~0.1$) contour inside the green (single photon) region.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_4JPJ\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{}.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP4.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_8JPJ\\] The separation of QCD-jets (red), single photons (green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP8.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nThe corresponding results for the more complex (and more easily separated) photon-jets of [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} and [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{}, typically with 4 photons in a photon-jet, are displayed in Figs.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_4JPJ\\] and \\[fig:Density\\_8JPJ\\]. ",
"In these scenarios the three-way photon-jet versus single photon versus QCD-jet separation is fairly cleanly achieved using just the $D_S$ (horizontal) and $D_C$ (vertical) variable sets. ",
"At the $0.005$ level there is only a tiny overlap of photon-jets with QCD-jets for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{4}$]{} (near the location ($0.5$,$0.0$) in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_4JPJ\\]) and no overlap for [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{8}$]{} (Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_8JPJ\\]).",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_ex\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} including a contour at $0.001$.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP3_DCDS.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nBefore ending this section we should discuss one other point. ",
"From our previous discussion, one would expect to improve the photon-jet versus single photon separation by using the full $D$ set of variables (instead of the $D_S$ variables alone), and this expectation raises one of the interesting, and challenging, features of *simultaneous* separations. ",
"Since we are currently training the BDTs so that each BDT separates one type of signal from one type of background, while, at the same time, trying to perform a three-way separation, it can happen that an improvement in one separation corresponds to a degradation in another of the separations. ",
"To illustrate this point we first reproduce the results in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\], but now include a contour at relative probability $0.001$, which we did not include earlier to avoid plots that are too busy. ",
"The resulting plot is shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_ex\\]. ",
"Now we perform the same analysis but using the full variable set $D$ in both BDTs. ",
"The resulting contour plot is displayed in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_D\\], which illustrates the relevant points. ",
"The $0.001$ level boundaries for single photons (green) and photon-jets (blue) are now somewhat better separated, although the effectively one-photon-jets from [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} (when one of the photons is very soft or is outside of the jet) still lie within the single photon boundary. ",
"At the same time, however, the separation between single photons (green) and the (typically more numerous) QCD-jets (red) is somewhat degraded (the green and red regions have moved towards each other). ",
"Due to the coupling between the different pairwise separations, optimizing such a three-way separation takes careful work and likely depends on the details of the actual analysis and detector.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:Density\\_3JPJ\\_D\\] The BDT responses of QCD-jets(red), single photons(green) and photon-jets(blue) for photon-jets at [$\\text{PJSP}\\:\\mathbf{3}$]{} using the full set $D$ of variables on the horizontal axis.](Contour_Seperation_PJSP3_DD.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nThese results clearly suggest that a three-way separation is possible, including the ability to distinguish different photon-jet scenarios. ",
"Further enhancement will arise from using the full 3-dimensional structure and from using a realistic detector simulation in the training. ",
"A thorough optimization in the context of a real detector and actual data may select different, more effective choices of the discriminating variables.",
"\n\n\\[sec:conclusion\\] Conclusion\n=============================\n\nIn this paper we have attempted to link several concepts, some conventional and some less so, with the goal of enhancing the searches for and the analyses of both Standard Model and Beyond the Standard Model physics. ",
"We advocate employing general techniques for analyzing and interpreting the detector objects identified by applying standard jet algorithms to the calorimeter cells of typical hadron collider detectors, allowing a universal language for such objects. ",
"We have demonstrated the efficacy of employing the recent developments in jet substructure techniques to separate and identify these detector objects in terms of physics objects. ",
"Continuing the efforts begun in Ref.",
" [@Ellis:Future], we have focused on identifying three specific physics objects, the familiar single photons, QCD-jets and the Beyond the Standard Model (and LHC) relevant photon-jets. ",
"In particular, we have demonstrated that it is possible to achieve significant separation between photon-jets and their dominant backgrounds, i.e., single photons and QCD-jets. ",
"We expect that both the ATLAS and CMS groups could enhance their searches for signatures of new physics by adopting the methods described. ",
"These methods should allow the separation of photon-jets from single photons from QCD-jets, and also provide some identification of the specific dynamics yielding the photon-jets.",
"\n\nWe note that our simulation does not take into account the impact of magnetic fields inside the detectors. ",
"On the other hand, one might interpret this absence of a magnetic field as making our results more conservative. ",
"When the magnetic field bends the electrons and positrons from converted photons, this serves to generate more structure inside the jet. ",
"The substructure variables, as we have described, tend to become more powerful with more structure. ",
"A more detailed analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this paper.",
"\n\nFinally, it is worth mentioning that the formalism and techniques developed in this paper for photon-jets should work in a similar way for the case of collinear electrons, often labeled ‘electron-jets’ [@Ruderman:2009tj; @Cheung:2009su; @Falkowski:2010cm; @Falkowski:2010gv]. ",
"An electron-jet is characterized by a large number of charged tracks along with a small hadronic energy fraction. ",
"Also, we expect the electrons inside these jets to bend in a magnetic field, creating more substructure. ",
"Therefore we anticipate that multivariate analyses similar to those described here will be correspondingly effective at separating electron-jets from QCD-jets (and photon-jets).",
"\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThe authors would like to acknowledge stimulating conversations with Henry Lubatti and Gordon Watts regarding the project. ",
"We especially thank Henry Lubatti for his careful reading of the manuscript. ",
"TSR would like to thank the hospitality of CERN, where part of the work was completed. ",
"The work of SDE, TSR and JS was supported, in part, by the US Department of Energy under contract numbers DE-FGO2-96ER40956. ",
"JS would also like to acknowledge partial support from a DOE High Energy Physics Graduate Theory Fellowship. ",
"Computing resources were provided by the University of Washington supported by the US National Science Foundation contract ARRA-NSF-0959141.",
"\n\nTechnical Details\n=================\n\n\\[sec:app-conversion\\] Conversions\n----------------------------------\n\nIn the material of the detector photons convert into electron-positron pairs. ",
"Our implementation of photon conversion is based on the properties of the ATLAS detector[@Aad:2008zzm]. ",
"We associate an $\\eta$ dependent probability of conversion with every photon. ",
"This probability is a function of the number of radiation lengths a photon passes through (labeled $n(\\eta)$) in order to escape the first layer of the pixels. ",
"We model the probability to convert using the expression: $$P(\\eta) = 1 - \\exp \\left(-\\frac{7}{9}n(\\eta)\\right) \\, ,$$ where the factor of $7/9$ comes from conversion between radiation length and mean free path. ",
"A plot of the extracted radiation length profile of the inner pixel detector in the ATLAS detector that we use to determine $n(\\eta)$ is displayed in Fig.",
" \\[fig:conversion\\].",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:conversion\\] Number of radiation length up to and through the layer of pixel detectors in the ATLAS detector. ](",
"conversions_fit.pdf)\n\nThe yellow-black dashed line shows the extracted $\\eta$-dependent number-of-radiation-lengths a photon needs to travel before it exits the pixel layer. ",
"If the photon converts before the dashed line, it is treated as a charged track, otherwise no charged track is included in our simulation.",
"\n\n\\[sec:Calorimeter\\] Details of the Calorimeters\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nOur simulation of calorimeters closely resembles the calorimeters implemented in the widely used simulation tool PGS [@PGS4]. ",
"The electromagnetic calorimeter ECal covers $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 2.5$ in the pseudorapidity direction, whereas the hadronic calorimeter HCal covers the range $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 5.0$. Both of the calorimeters provide a full $2\\pi$ coverage in $\\phi$, the azimuthal direction. ",
"The ECal has granularity of $0.025\\times 0.025$ in the $\\eta$-$\\phi$ plane. ",
"The HCal, on the other hand, has a coarser granularity with cells of size $0.1\\times 0.1$.\n\nWe assume that all particles generated at the interaction point (i.e., the Pythia output), except charged particles with energy less than $0.1~{\\text{GeV}}$, reach the ECal. ",
"Photon/electrons within $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 2.5$ deposit $99\\%$ of their energy in the ECal and the rest in the HCal. ",
"The ECal also fully absorbs hadrons with energy less than $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$. For more energetic hadrons, $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ is deposited in the ECal and the rest in the HCal. ",
"Photon/electron/hadrons that lie outside the pseudorapidity range of the ECal but within the range of the HCal (i.e., $5.0 \\geq \\left| \\eta \\right| > 2.5$) are completely absorbed in the HCal.",
"\n\nIn our simulation, muons also deposit energy in the calorimeters. ",
"Within the range $ \\left| \\eta \\right| \\leq 2.5$, muons with $E < 0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit all of their energy in the ECal; muons with $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}< E < 2.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the ECal and the rest in the HCal; muons with $E > 2.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit $0.5~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the ECal and $2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the HCal. ",
"For muons within the rapidity range $5.0 \\geq \\left| \\eta \\right| > 2.5$, those with $E < 2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ are fully absorbed in the HCal, while muons with $E > 2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ deposit $2.0~{\\text{GeV}}$ in the HCal.",
"\n\n\\[sec:app-Moliere\\] Moliere Matrix\n----------------------------------\n\nIn order to simulate the transverse smearing in the ECal, we deposit the energy of each particle not just into the specific cell through which it passes, but also into the surrounding cells. ",
"The ($\\eta$-$\\phi$) coordinates of a particle determine the cell in which it deposits most of its energy (call it the ($i,j$)-th cell in the grid). ",
"We distribute its energy in the neighboring cells according to the following table:\n\n i-1 i i+1\n ----- --------- --------- ---------\n j-1 0.00(4) 0.01(4) 0.00(4)\n j 0.01(4) 0.92(4) 0.01(4)\n j+1 0.00(4) 0.01(4) 0.00(4)\n\nWe estimate these numbers by integrating the energy deposited in an electromagnetic shower in a cell of size ($0.025\\times 0.025$) and situated $1.5~\\text{m}$ from the origin of the shower. ",
"We assume that the cell is made of lead ($R_M(\\text{Pb}) = 1.6~\\text{cm}$) .",
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"\n\n[^1]: We do not simulate the magnetic field in the detector. ",
"Consequently the $e^+ e^-$ pairs from photon conversion continue in the direction of the photon. ",
"So for every converted photon we obtain effectively a single track, if the photon passes the $p_{T}$ threshold.",
"\n\n[^2]: The specific values are chosen to mimic the choices for real detectors and the difference between the two accounts for the differing noise levels in calorimeter cells of different sizes.",
"\n\n[^3]: As a check we also consider the more traditional construction where a track is associated with a jet if it is within an angular distance $R$ or less from the given jet’s direction, where $R$ is the size-parameter used in the clustering algorithm. ",
"For ${\\text{anti-}k_{T} }$ jets both methods yield identical associations of tracks and jets. ",
"For the ${k_T}$ or ${\\text{C/A}}$ algorithms, where jets are not exactly circular, the method described in the text is a more natural definition of whether a track is associated with a jet or not.",
"\n\n[^4]: With three BDTs and the three BDT response numbers for each jet, the ‘best separation’ presumably corresponds to the three distinct physics objects being sent to three diagonally opposite vertices of the BDT response cube (on a equilateral triangle with side of length $\\sqrt{2}$ times the length of the edge of the cube).",
"\n"
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[
"This invention considers the problem of enabling a Mobile Terminal to function as an IP router on a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) wireless network. ",
"Currently, a Mobile Terminal is standardized to connect to a 3GPP network as purely a terminal, which means on the Internet Protocol (IP) level the Mobile Terminal is assumed to support only IP/IPv6 host functionalities. ",
"This means that router functionalities, such as those defined in RFC 1812 for IPv4, or scattered into the RFCs 2460 to 2473 for IPv6, typically cannot be supported on or behind current 3GPP Mobile Terminals.",
"\nMobile Terminal functionalities, as specified in 3GPP TS 27.060 V4.0.0 (2001-03) document, indicate that a Mobile Terminal is designed to function on a high level in a similar manner as a modem, which establishes a connection with a network access server (NAS). ",
"This design in the current specification enables IP host operation only rather than operation over a point-to-point link connected to an IP router. ",
"One issue is that the Gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (GGSN) assigns individual addresses for the Mobile Terminal in an activated Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context, and does not forward traffic for other IP addresses via those addresses. ",
"Thus, a Mobile Terminal may not configure addresses into itself if there are other addresses in it or behind it, e.g. in a personal area network (PAN) connected to other networks via a Mobile Terminal. ",
"Also, there is a requirement for legal interception of traffic by the Mobile Terminal, in addition to the IPv6 routing requirements."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
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] | 0.013771 | 5 |
[
"\n32 S.W.3d 470 (2000)\n343 Ark. 49\nARKANSAS PUBLIC DEFENDER COMMISSION\nv.\nGREENE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, The Honorable John N. Fogleman, Circuit Judge, Presiding.",
"\nNo. ",
"CR 00-452.",
"\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.",
"\nDecember 7, 2000.",
"\n*471 Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by: Dennis R. Hansen, Ass't Att'y Gen., Little Rock, for petitioner.",
"\n*472 Gill, Elrod, Ragon, Owen, Skinner, & Sherman, P.A., by: Drake Mann, Little Rock, for respondent.",
"\nTOM GLAZE, Justice.",
"\nThe Arkansas Public Defender Commission petitions this court for a writ of certiorari to Greene County Circuit Judge John Fogleman, directing him to set aside an order entered March 15, 2000, requiring the Commission to pay the attorney's fees for appointed counsel representing a prisoner in his postconviction proceedings under Ark. R.Crim. ",
"P. 37. ",
"For the reasons set out below, we grant the Commission's petition.",
"\nThe facts leading up to this situation are as follows. ",
"William Wesley Skiver was convicted of aggravated robbery on September 29, 1995, and sentenced to life in prison as a habitual offender. ",
"The conviction and sentence were affirmed by this court in Skiver v. State, 336 Ark. 86, 983 S.W.2d 931 (1999). ",
"Skiver then filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief; subsequently, on April 10, 1999, Judge Fogleman appointed Paragould attorney Daniel Stidham to represent Skiver in his Rule 37 proceedings. ",
"Stidham filed an amended petition for postconviction relief and appeared at a hearing on Skiver's behalf, but the trial court rejected the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on September 20, 1999. ",
"Stidham filed a notice of appeal from this decision on November 16, 1999.",
"\nOn December 2, Stidham filed with the circuit court a petition for an award of attorney's fees, asking that the court award him $4,715.00 for his representation of Skiver. ",
"On December 7, 1999, the court entered an order directing the Arkansas Public Defender Commission to pay Stidham the requested $4,715; however, the Commission was never served with a copy of the petition for attorney's fees. ",
"On December 30, Stidham filed a petition for citation of contempt, alleging that the Commission had violated the court's order by not paying his fee. ",
"He asked Judge Fogleman to issue an order for the Commission and its Executive Director, Didi Sallings, to show cause why they should not be held in contempt.",
"\nThe Commission filed a response to the court's order on January 11, 2000, in which it asserted that there was no statutory authority supporting the Commission's payment of attorney's fees in a Rule 37 petition. ",
"The Commission further rejoined that sovereign immunity barred the court from ordering it to bear the financial burden inherent in the payment of attorney's fees. ",
"On January 14, 2000, the Commission filed a motion to set aside the circuit court's December 7 order, which the court set aside on January 21, 2000.",
"\nStidham filed another request for fees on January 31, 2000, specifically alleging that the Commission was responsible for the payment of his fees. ",
"He premised his second request on Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-210(a) (Supp.1999) which provides that when private attorneys are appointed to represent an indigent person and authorized by the Commission, the attorneys \"shall\" be paid by the Commission. ",
"The Commission responded once again that it was not liable for Stidham's fees. ",
"It cited Arkansas Public Defender Commission v. Burnett, 340 Ark. 233, 12 S.W.3d 191 (2000), for the proposition that the Commission is not authorized by statute or constitution to make payment for attorney's fees in civil cases (emphasis added). ",
"The circuit court nevertheless entered an order on March 15, 2000, finding that, despite the holding of Burnett, the Commission should be responsible for Stidham's fees.",
"\nThe Commission filed a petition for writ of certiorari with this court on April 14, 2000, contending that the circuit court acted wholly without jurisdiction in entering the March 15 order because sovereign immunity, which neither the Commission nor the General Assembly had waived, precluded the imposition of such an order. ",
"This court directed both parties to file *473 briefs on the issue, which was done on August 4, 2000.",
"\nA writ of certiorari lies to correct proceedings erroneous on the face of the record where there is no other adequate remedy and is available to this court in exercise of superintending control over a tribunal which is proceeding illegally where no other mode of review has been provided. ",
"Lupo v. Lineberger, 313 Ark. 315, 855 S.W.2d 293 (1993). ",
"A demonstration of plain, manifest, clear, and gross abuse of discretion is essential before this court will grant a petition for writ of certiorari. ",
"Meeks v. State, 341 Ark. 620, 19 S.W.3d 25 (2000) (citing Foreman v. State, 317 Ark. 146, 875 S.W.2d 853 (1994)). ",
"These principles apply when a petitioner claims that the lower court did not have jurisdiction to hear a claim or to issue a particular type of remedy. ",
"Arkansas Public Defender Commission v. Burnett, 340 Ark. 233, 12 S.W.3d 191 (2000); Hanley v. Arkansas State Claims Comm'n, 333 Ark. 159, 970 S.W.2d 198 (1998).[1]\nThe circuit court's alleged lack of jurisdiction to order attorney's fees is precisely what the Commission is arguing in this case. ",
"The Commission raises the defense of sovereign immunity, which is jurisdictional immunity from suit.[2]Brown v. Arkansas State HVACR Licensing Board, 336 Ark. 34, 984 S.W.2d 402 (1999). ",
"Where the pleadings show that the action is one against the State, and sovereign immunity is not waived, the trial court acquires no jurisdiction. ",
"See State v. Staton, 325 Ark. 341, 942 S.W.2d 804 (1996). ",
"Where a suit is brought against an agency of the State with relation to some matter in which the agency represents the state in action and liability, and the State, though not a party of record, is the real party in interest so that a judgment for the plaintiff would operate to control the action of the State or subject the State to liability, the action is, in effect, one against the State and is prohibited by the constitutional bar. ",
"Burnett, 340 Ark. at 237, 12 S.W.3d at 193.",
"\nWe have also held that tapping the State's treasury for payment of damages will render the State a defendant and violate the principles of sovereign immunity. ",
"Id. Unless sovereign immunity is waived, the doctrine prohibits imposing liability upon the State. ",
"Id. We have recognized two exceptions to the doctrine of sovereign immunity: 1) where the State is the moving party seeking specific relief; and 2) where an act of the legislature has created a specific waiver of immunity. ",
"Id. Clearly, the order that Stidham's attorney's fees be paid by the Commission is an act that will tap the State's treasury. ",
"Thus, the question presented by this case relates to the second of the exceptions just mentioned: Has the General Assembly created a specific waiver of immunity for the Public Defender Commission that would enable the circuit court to order the Commission to pay attorney's fees for appointed *474 counsel in a civil matter? ",
"The answer is no.",
"\nWe explicitly held in the Burnett case that the Commission is not responsible for attorney's fees in civil matters. ",
"There, we made the following statements:\nThe duties of the Commission in Ark. Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-306 (Supp.1999) are stated as follows:\nThe public defender in each judicial district shall have the following duties:\n(1) Defend indigents within the district as determined by the circuit, municipal, city, police, juvenile, probate, or chancery courts in the district in all felony, misdemeanor, juvenile, guardianship, and mental health cases, all traffic cases punishable by incarceration, and all contempt proceedings punishable by incarceration[.]",
"\nThere is no declaration of legislative intent to waive the Commission's sovereign immunity, nor is there any requirement that the Commission have responsibility for attorney's fees in civil cases.",
"\nBurnett, 340 Ark. at 238, 12 S.W.3d at 194 (emphasis added).",
"\nDespite the holding in Burnett, the circuit court in the instant case determined that the Commission should be responsible for attorney's fees in this Rule 37 proceeding. ",
"The court's reasons for doing so were because \"the Rule 37 petition is, without a doubt, a proceeding related to the underlying felony charge.... Rule 37 is a part of the Rules of Criminal Procedure, [and] this Rule 37 petition was not filed in a separate civil case but is filed as a part of the criminal case as is evident by its case number of CR-95-108.\" ",
"In addition, the trial court concluded that, because the statutes delineating the duties of the Commission provide that public defenders shall represent indigent persons \"in felony case,\" Rule 37 proceedings should be considered criminal, and the Commission should therefore be required to pay the fees of an attorney appointed to represent a Rule 37 petitioner. ",
"On appeal, the circuit court continues this argument, and contends that this court has merely \"parroted the phrase\" that Rule 37 proceedings are civil in nature without adequately explaining why that is the case. ",
"The circuit judge's analysis simply ignores our case law and that of the United States Supreme Court on this subject.",
"\nFirst, we point out the recognized principle that a postconviction proceeding under Rule 37 amounts to a collateral attack on the judgment rendered at trial. ",
"Dodson v. State, 326 Ark. 637, 934 S.W.2d 198 (1996). ",
"As a postconviction remedy, Rule 37 does not provide a method for the review of mere error in the conduct of the trial, nor does it serve as a substitute for appeal. ",
"Sasser v. State, 338 Ark. 375, 993 S.W.2d 901 (1999). ",
"We have repeatedly held that such proceedings are civil in nature. ",
"This holding has been announced most often in the context of a convicted defendant's request for appointed counsel for his or her Rule 37 proceedings; we have rejected such requests by noting that, because such proceedings \"are civil rather than criminal in nature, there is clearly no constitutional right to appointment of counsel to prepare a petition under Rule 37.\" ",
"Fretwell v. State, 290 Ark. 221, 222, 718 S.W.2d 109 (1986). ",
"See also Martin v. State, 340 Ark. 719, 13 S.W.3d 576 (2000); O'Brien v. State, 339 Ark. 138, 3 S.W.3d 332 (1999); State v. Dillard, 338 Ark. 571, 998 S.W.2d 750 (1999) (allowing State to appeal from Rule 37 petition pursuant to Ark. R.App. ",
"P.Civ. ",
"2(a)(3) specifically because Rule 37 proceedings are civil in nature); McCuen v. State, 328 Ark. 46, 941 S.W.2d 397 (1997) (right to counsel in Arkansas ends after the direct appeal of the original criminal trial is completed, and the State is not obligated to provide counsel in postconviction proceedings); Cravey v. State, 306 Ark. 487, 815 S.W.2d 933 (1991); Mullins v. State, 303 Ark. 695, 799 S.W.2d 550 (1990); Brooks v. State, 303 Ark. 188, 792 S.W.2d 617 (1990); Vick v. State, 301 Ark. 296, 783 S.W.2d 365 (1990);\n*475 Robinson v. State, 295 Ark. 693, 751 S.W.2d 335 (1988); Dyer v. State, 258 Ark. 494, 527 S.W.2d 622 (1975).",
"\nThe basis for our holding that postconviction proceedings are civil in nature can be found in the decisions of the United States Supreme Court. ",
"In Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 107 S.Ct. ",
"1990, 95 L.Ed.2d 539 (1987), the Court considered whether an inmate was entitled, under state law, to appointed counsel in postconviction proceedings. ",
"The Court, stating the following, ultimately held that no such entitlement existed:\nWe have never held that prisoners have a constitutional right to counsel when mounting collateral attacks upon their convictions.... Our cases establish that the right to appointed counsel extends to the first appeal of right, and no further.... We think that since a defendant has no federal constitutional right to counsel when pursuing a discretionary appeal on direct review of his conviction, a fortiori, he has no such right when attacking a conviction that has long since become final upon exhaustion of the appellate process.... Postconviction relief is even further removed from the criminal trial than is discretionary direct review. ",
"It is not part of the criminal proceeding itself, and it is in fact considered to be civil in nature. ... ",
"It is a collateral attack that normally occurs only after the defendant has failed to secure relief through direct review of his conviction. ",
"States have no obligation to provide this avenue of relief, and when they do, the fundamental fairness mandated by the Due Process Clause does not require that the States supply a lawyer as well.",
"\nFinley, 481 U.S. at 555-57, 107 S.Ct. ",
"1990 (emphasis added; internal citations omitted).",
"\nLikewise, the Court held in Murray v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2765, 106 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989), that \"[s]tate collateral proceedings are not constitutionally required as an adjunct to the state criminal proceedings and serve a different and more limited purpose than either the trial or appeal.\" ",
"Murray, 492 U.S. at 10, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2765. ",
"The concurring opinion in Murray stated that \"there is nothing in the Constitution or the precedents of this Court that requires that a State provide counsel in postconviction proceedings. ",
"A postconviction proceeding is not part of the criminal process itself, but is instead a civil action designed to overturn a presumptively valid criminal judgment.\" ",
"Murray, 492 U.S. at 13, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2765 (O'Connor, J., concurring) (emphasis added).",
"\nIn addition to our longstanding pronouncements that Rule 37 proceedings are civil in nature, there is the fact that it is the petitionerthe former defendantwho bears the burden of proof in Rule 37 matters. ",
"See Seek v. State, 330 Ark. 833, 957 S.W.2d 709 (1997); Helton v. State, 325 Ark. 140, 924 S.W.2d 239 (1996). ",
"Were Rule 37 proceedings truly criminal matters, the due process clause of the United States Constitution would require that the state bear the burden of proof. ",
"See, e. g., Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. ",
"1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975) (holding that the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged); see also In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. ",
"1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970).",
"\nThus, it is abundantly clear that postconviction proceedings are civil matters, distinct and apart from the underlying criminal conviction. ",
"As civil matters, these proceedings are not among the functions of the Public Defender Commission, enumerated by Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-306, for which the Commission is obligated to pay. ",
"As noted above, this court explicitly held in Burnett that there is no requirement that the Commission have responsibility for attorney's fees in civil cases. ",
"Because there is no statute authorizing the Commission to pay attorney's fees in a civil matter, the trial judge was *476 without authority to enter an order commanding it to do so.",
"\nAs a final matter, we note that Stidham urges that his appointment without compensation violates his due process and equal protection rights. ",
"However, he raises this point without discussing it, providing only a bare citation to authority. ",
"This court has repeatedly held that we do not consider assignments of error that are unsupported by convincing authority. ",
"See, e.g., Federal Fin. ",
"Co. v. Noe, 335 Ark. 78, 983 S.W.2d 107 (1998); McGhee v. State 334 Ark. 543, 975 S.W.2d 834 (1998).",
"\nWe also point out that Stidham is not completely bereft of remedies; he may present his claim for payment to the Arkansas State Claims Commission, which was created to provide a method by which claims against the State may be addressed while preserving the State's sovereign immunity. ",
"See Fireman's Ins. ",
"Co. v. Arkansas State Claims Comm'n, 301 Ark. 451, 784 S.W.2d 771 (1990).",
"\nWe therefore conclude that the circuit court acted in excess of its jurisdiction in entering its order requiring the Commission to pay attorney's fees to Stidham, and as such, the Commission's petition for writ of certiorari is granted.",
"\nIMBER, J., concurs.",
"\nCORBIN, J., not participating.",
"\nANNABELLE CLINTON IMBER, Justice, concurring.",
"\nI join the majority opinion in concluding that the circuit court acted in excess of its jurisdiction in entering its order requiring the Commission to pay attorney's fees to Mr. Stidham. ",
"It is abundantly clear from statutory provisions governing the Arkansas Public Defender Commission that the Arkansas General Assembly has created a specific waiver of immunity solely for the payment of attorney's fees for appointed counsel who defend indigents in cases punishable by incarceration. ",
"See Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-212(a)(1) (\"The Commission is authorized to pay for certain expenses regarding the defense of indigents.\"); ",
"Ark. Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-213(a)(1)(A) (\"Any person charged with an offense punishable by imprisonment who desires to be represented by an appointed attorney ...\"); Ark. Code Ann. § ",
"16-87-306 (\"The public defender... shall ... [d]efend indigents ... in all felony, misdemeanor, juvenile, guardianship, and mental health cases, all traffic cases punishable by incarceration, and all contempt proceedings punishable by incarceration.\").",
"\nIn postconviction proceedings under Ark. R.Crim. ",
"P. 37, the petitioner's appointed attorney is no longer representing an indigent person \"charged with an offense punishable by imprisonment.\" ",
"The petitionerthe former defendanthas already been convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment. ",
"Furthermore, by filing a petition for postconviction relief, which amounts to a collateral attack upon the judgment of conviction, the petitioner has assumed the burden of proving any claims asserted under Rule 37. ",
"Helton v. State, 325 Ark. 140, 924 S.W.2d 239 (1996); Flaherty v. State, 297 Ark. 198, 761 S.W.2d 167 (1988). ",
"Thus, petitioner's appointed attorney in a Rule 37 proceeding is no longer defending an indigent in a case \"punishable by incarceration,\" but is instead representing an indigent petitioner who bears the burden of proving the claims under Rule 37.",
"\nFor these reasons, I conclude that the General Assembly has not created a specific waiver of immunity for the Public Defender Commission that would enable a circuit court to order the Commission to pay attorney's fees for appointed counsel who represent indigents in the pursuit of postconviction relief.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] We note also that the Commission, although not a party to the underlying Rule 37 proceeding, could have appealed from the circuit court's order. ",
"Arkansas case law provides that a person with a pecuniary interest affected by a trial court's judgment has standing to pursue appellate review of that judgment or order, even though the person was never made a party to the case. ",
"McCoy v. Moore, 338 Ark. 740, 1 S.W.3d 11 (1999); see also In re $3,166,199, 337 Ark. 74, 987 S.W.2d 663 (1999); In re Allen, 304 Ark. 222, 800 S.W.2d 715 (1990). ",
"In this case, our court has jurisdiction by way of certiorari, as the court did in the Burnett decision, or by treating this matter as an appeal.",
"\n[2] Sovereign immunity for the State of Arkansas arises from express constitutional declaration. ",
"Article 5, § 20, of the Constitution provides that \"[t]he State of Arkansas shall never be made a defendant in any of her courts.\" ",
"Suits against the State are expressly forbidden by this provision. ",
"Grine v. Board of Trustees, 338 Ark. 791, 2 S.W.3d 54 (1999). ",
"Grine cites Pitcock v. State, 91 Ark. 527, 121 S.W. 742 (1909), for the statement that \"a sovereign State cannot be sued except by its own consent; and such consent is expressly withheld by the Constitution of this State.\" ",
"Grine, 338 Ark. at 796, 2 S.W.3d 54 (citing Pitcock, 91 Ark. at 535, 121 S.W. 742).",
"\n"
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[
"Unappreciated HLA antibodies in adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura.",
"\nImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease. ",
"Platelet refractoriness is frequently seen in patients with ITP. ",
"Platelets express platelet-specific antigens and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). ",
"Platelet antibodies to platelet-specific antigens and HLA may be present, but HLA antibodies in patients with ITP have rarely been reported. ",
"Sera from 44 adult patients with ITP were screened for platelet antibodies by two flow cytometric assays. ",
"In method I, platelets from normal donor platelets were used as target cells to screen both platelet-specific antibodies and HLA class I antibodies. ",
"In method II, the FlowPRA Class I Screening Test kit was used to screen HLA class I antibodies. ",
"Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated sheep anti-human IgG Fc was used as the staining reagent in both methods. ",
"The negative serum control was from one of the normal males with AB blood group who had never received a transfusion. ",
"Sera from a pool of five highly sensitized patients were used as the positive control. ",
"Of the 44 sera from patients with ITP, 31 (70.5%) were method I positive, and 28 (63.6%) were method II positive. ",
"There was no significant difference between the results of method I and method II (p = 0.439). ",
"The distribution of the results of these two tests was: both tests positive in 22 sera, method I positive and method II negative in nine sera, method I negative and method II positive in six sera, and both tests negative in seven sera. ",
"The mean platelet counts of patients with positive (41.0 +/- 40.0 x 10(9)/L) and negative (40.4 +/- 26.8 x 10(9)/L) tests by method I did not differ significantly (p = 0.643). ",
"The mean platelet counts of patients with (36.7 +/- 31.5 x 10(9)/L) and without (48.1 +/- 43.6 x 10(9)/L) HLA class I antibodies did not differ significantly (p = 0.59). ",
"HLA class I antibodies are frequently found in ITP. ",
"The screening of platelet antibodies including platelet-specific antibodies and unappreciated HLA class I antibodies is warranted in patients with ITP."
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"Q:\n\nПроблема с массивом $_FILES\n\nВсем добрый вечер столкнулся с проблемой загрузки файлов на сервер средствами PHP\nПишу код формы:\n<form action=\"/finishadgalery/\" method=\"post\" enctype='mutipart/form-data' >\n <table width=\"700\" cellpadding=\"8\" cellspacing=\"6\">\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td width=\"20%\" nowrap=\"nowrap\">\n <div class=\"key\">\n Название галереи:</div>\n <input name=\"field_text_1\" value=\"\" id=\"\" class=\"text\" type=\"text\">\n <input type=\"file\" name=\"FILE\" accept=\"image/jpeg,image/png\">\n <input name=\"idpolzov\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"<? ",
"echo $myrow2['id']; ?",
">\" />\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td width=\"20%\" nowrap=\"nowrap\">\n <input name=\"\" class=\"otprav\" type=\"submit\" value=\"\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n</form>\n\nПишу код обработчика:\nprint_r($_FILES);\n\n if (isset($_FILES['FILE']['name'])) \n{ \n //проверка расширения файла \n $file_name = $_FILES['FILE']['name']; \n $filetype = substr($file_name, strlen($file_name) - 3); \n if ($filetype == \"jpg\" && \n $filetype == \"jpeg\" && \n $filetype == \"gif\" && \n $filetype == \"bmp\" && \n $filetype == \"png\") \n { \n // файл не должен быть пустым, \n // или его размер должен быть <= 800000000 Кбайт \n if($_FILES['FILE']['size'] !",
"= 0 \n AND $_FILES['FILE']['size']<=819200000) \n { \n //проверяем функцией is_uploaded_file \n if(is_uploaded_file($_FILES['FILE']['tmp_name'])) \n { \n // проверяется перемещение файла \n // в файловую систему хостинга \n if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES['FILE']['tmp_name'], \n $url.",
"\"/\".basename($_FILES['FILE']['name']))) \n { \n // подсказываем \n echo 'Файл '.basename($_FILES['FILE']['name']). ",
"\n ' был успешно загружен в '.$url; \n } \n } \n } \n } \n}\n\nВся проблема в том что почему то после выбора файла и отправки формы массив $_FILES пустой. ",
"Права на весь сайт стоят на 777 в чем проблема представить не могу подскажите\n\nA:\n\nПочему я вижу, а вы нет?",
"\nТут все правильно написано?:",
"\n\nenctype='mutipart/form-data'\n\n"
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[
"Ralph Waldsmith\n\nRalph George \"Fat\" Waldsmith (August 7, 1892 – June 7, 1925) was a professional football player during the early years of the National Football League. ",
"Waldsmith won an NFL championship with the Canton Bulldogs in 1922. ",
"before that season, he played for the Cleveland Indians in the American Professional Football Association, which was the run-up to the NFL.",
"\n\nPre-NFL era\nPrior to playing the NFL, Waldsmith played in the Ohio League with the Akron Indians in 1914, alongside Knute Rockne. ",
"He played in every game that season. ",
"In 1916 and 1917, Ralph won the Ohio League championship with the Canton Bulldogs. ",
"In 1919 Waldsmith was the coach and co-owner of the Akron Indians. ",
"That year, he signed Fritz Pollard to play for Akron ao that the team could compete against the Massillon Tigers and Canton.",
"\n\nAkron Zips Hall of Fame\nIn 1978, Waldsmith was inducted into the University of Akron's Varsity “A” Sports Hall of Fame.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n McClellan, Keith (1998). ",
"The Sunday Game: At the Dawn of Professional Football. ",
"Akron, OH: Akron University Press. .",
"\n Carroll, John M. (1999). ",
"Fritz Pollard: Pioneer in Racial Advancement. ",
"University of Illinois Press. .",
"\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:1892 births\nCategory:1925 deaths\nCategory:American football centers\nCategory:American football guards\nCategory:Akron Zips football players\nCategory:Akron Indians (Ohio League) players\nCategory:Akron Indians coaches\nCategory:Canton Bulldogs players\nCategory:Canton Bulldogs (Ohio League) players\nCategory:Cleveland Indians (NFL) players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio\nCategory:Players of American football from Ohio"
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[
"78 F.3d 494\nMary GEORGE; Charles L. Stovall; Martha Ray Bethel; W.O.Wells, Reverend; Joann Stovall; Barbara Jenkins;Sylvester Weaver, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.CITY OF COCOA, FLORIDA: Cocoa City Council; LesterCampbell, Mayor-Councilmember of the City of Cocoa; RayDebord, John Lee Blubach, Dave Salisbury, members of theCocoa City Council, et al., ",
"Defendants-Appellees,Ray Griffin, Member of the Cocoa City Council; Fred Galey,Brevard County Supervisor of Elections, Defendants.",
"\nNo. ",
"94-3453.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.",
"\nFeb. 29, 1996.",
"\n\nCristina Correia, Florida Rural Legal Services, Inc., Tallahassee, FL and Jacqueline A. Berrien, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., New York City, for appellants.",
"\nBradly Roger Bettin, Amari, Theriac & Eisenmenger, P.A., Cocoa, FL, for appellees.",
"\nGeorge N. Meros, Jr. and Mary W. Chaisson, Rumberger, Kirk & Caldwell, P.A., Tallahassee, FL, for all amicus.",
"\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.",
"\nBefore ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.",
"\nPER CURIAM:\n\n\n1\nThis case comes to us on appeal from the district court's order denying the parties' joint motion to approve a consent decree and enter judgment. ",
" We have jurisdiction and for the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reverse and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.",
"\n\nFactual and Procedural Background\n\n2\nOn April 12, 1993, appellants filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida; they alleged that the at-large method of electing city council members in Cocoa dilutes minority voting strength in violation of section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.1 In July 1993, the Cocoa City Council appointed Rudolph Stone, one of the African-American plaintiffs in the voting rights litigation, to fill a vacant council seat. ",
" Immediately upon his appointment, Stone withdrew as a plaintiff and was named a defendant. ",
" In November 1993, Stone was elected under the at-large system to keep his council seat for another three-year term.",
"\n\n\n3\nSettlement negotiations in the voting rights litigation ultimately led to an agreement. ",
"The Cocoa City Council voted to replace the system of at-large elections for all five of its members with a system under which four members would be elected from single member districts and the fifth council member, who also serves as the mayor, would continue to be elected at-large. ",
" African-American voters would constitute a majority of the voters in one of the proposed single member districts. ",
" Three members of the city council, including Stone, voted in favor of the proposed consent decree; the remaining two members voted against it.",
"\n\n\n4\nOn July 28, 1994, the parties to the voting rights litigation filed a joint motion in the district court to enter the consent decree. ",
" Four Cocoa voters, appearing as amici curiae in opposition to the proposed consent decree, suggested to the district court that Stone should have abstained from the city council's decision whether to adopt the redistricting plan. ",
" The district court ordered a hearing on the consent decree, and instructed the parties and amici to limit their arguments to the issue of Stone's participation in the city council's consideration of the redistricting plan. ",
" Following this hearing, the district court concluded that Stone's participation in the vote constituted a conflict of interest under Florida's ethics statutes, and that Stone's vote could not be counted. ",
" In its October 25, 1994, order, the court explained:\n\n\n5\nIn this case, Mr. Stone was in a unique position to gain from the redistricting decision made by the Cocoa City Council. ",
" Mr. Stone had originally filed this suit as a plaintiff seeking to increase the voting power of Cocoa's black community. ",
" Though Mr. Stone had been dropped as a plaintiff and had been elected along with the other council members through the at-large process, as an African-American candidate he stood to gain inordinately from the vote. ",
" The consent decree's solution to the problem of increasing black voting power would create a district where the black majority was expected to elect a black representative, and Mr. Stone would be a resident of that district. ",
" In short, by voting on this decree, Mr. Stone facilitated his own chances for reelection and involved himself in a situation fraught with the potential for conflicting interests.",
"\n\n\n6\nR2-40-6-7. ",
" With the disqualification of Stone's tie-breaking vote, the remaining city council members were deadlocked (two-two) on the redistricting plan. ",
" The district court thus held that the consent decree was void and refused to enter judgment.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n\n7\nThe issue is whether the district court misapplied Florida law in disqualifying Stone's vote on the redistricting plan.2 Neither party argues in support of the district court's decision; both parties agree that Stone's vote should not have been disqualified. ",
" We also conclude that the district court erred.",
"\n\n\n8\nFlorida law imposes on elected officials an affirmative duty to vote on all matters before them; abstaining from a vote is prohibited unless \"there is, or appears to be, a possible conflict of interest under § 112.311, § 112.313, or § 112.3143.\" ",
" Fla.Stat.",
"Ann. § ",
"286.012 (West 1995). ",
" Section 286.012 speaks only of when a public official may abstain from voting; it does not describe the circumstances under which a public official must abstain from voting. ",
" The statutory provision dealing with mandatory abstention from city council voting is Fla.Stat.",
"Ann. § ",
"112.3143(3)(a) (West 1995); it provides that \"[n]o county, municipal, or other local public officer shall vote in his official capacity upon any measure which would inure to his special private gain or loss....\" Under § 112.3143(3)(a), the identification of a \"special private gain or loss\" to the city council member as a result of his or her vote is a necessary condition for disqualification.",
"\n\n\n9\nA \"special private gain\" described by the voting conflicts statute almost always (if not always) refers to a financial interest of the public official that is directly enhanced by the vote in question. ",
" See Izaak Walton League of America v. Monroe County, 448 So.2d 1170, 1173 n. 8 (Fla.App. ",
"3 Dist.1984) (explaining that § 112.3143 does not apply \"to bias or prejudice on the part of a public officer based on other than private economic interests or relationships\" (quoting Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 79-14 (1979))); see also Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 90-20 (1990) (holding that a city council member, whose property would be affected by proposed special assessment, must abstain from voting, \"[g]iven the direct, personal financial effect striking the assessment would have on [his] interests) (emphasis added); Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 79-14 (1979) (holding that a city council member may not abstain from voting on matters involving his personal foe and stating that \"it is clear that, when adopting the Code of Ethics, the Legislature was concerned primarily with the effect of a public official's economic interests and relationships upon the performance of his public duties, rather than the effect of his personal preferences or animosities.\").",
"\n\n\n10\nStone's vote on the redistricting plan did not result in any direct financial benefit to him. ",
" If a \"special private gain\" under § 112.3143(3)(a) is limited to a financial gain, then Stone's vote should not have been disqualified. ",
" The district court, however, stated that it would be \"inappropriate\" to limit the application of § 112.3143 to conflicts surrounding finances,3 and held that Stone's status as a potential African-American candidate in a district in which the majority of voters were also African-American was a \"special case\" that presented a \"heightened potential for conflict.\" ",
" R2-40-8.",
"\n\n\n11\nAssuming arguendo that § 112.3143(3)(a) is not limited to financial matters, we address potential non-economic \"interests\" of Stone. ",
" We can imagine only two such putative \"interests\" that may have been affected by his vote: his ideological interests as an African-American voter and former plaintiff in the voting rights litigation; and his political interests as an incumbent city council member planning to run for reelection. ",
" Neither of these interests would have required Stone to abstain from voting.",
"\n\n\n12\nBecause Stone is a former plaintiff in the voting rights litigation, it may be reasonable to infer that Stone has an ideological interest in changing the way that city council members in Cocoa are elected. ",
" The plaintiffs in the voting rights litigation contended that the at-large electoral system unlawfully diluted minority voting strength, and sought to have it replaced with a system of single-member districts. ",
" Because the city's redistricting plan adopts some of the relief requested in the voting rights litigation, Stone's putative ideological interest was no doubt furthered by his vote as a city council member. ",
" Nevertheless, an ideological victory is not the kind of \"special private gain\" that disqualifies an elected official's vote. ",
" The Izaak Walton case clearly establishes that a person who holds a preconceived and publicly expressed opinion on a particular matter is not barred from voting on that matter as a public official. ",
" See id., 448 So.2d at 1171 (holding that \"political officeholders may not be prevented from performing the duties they have been elected to discharge [i.e., voting] merely because ... they have previously expressed, publicly or otherwise, an opinion on the subject of their vote\"); see also Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 88-18 (1988) (same). ",
" If ideology presented a conflict of interest situation, no public official could vote on any of his or her campaign promises. ",
" More specifically relevant to this case, there is precisely the same inference of an ideological interest on the part of the other council members arising from their status as defendants in the litigation and the positions they apparently took in the case.",
"\n\n\n13\nThe district court recognized that Stone's ideological interests as a former plaintiff in the voting rights litigation could not serve as a valid basis for disqualification,4 and focused instead upon Stone's political interests as an incumbent city council member planning to run for reelection in one of the new single member districts. ",
" The district court reasoned that Stone's vote on the redistricting plan inured to his \"special private gain\" because it \"facilitated his chances for reelection.\" ",
" R2-40-7. ",
" To constitute a prohibited voting conflict, however, the possibility of gain must be direct and immediate, not remote and speculative. ",
" In Op.",
"Comm. ",
"Ethics 93-4 (1993), for example, a city council member asked the ethics commission whether he could vote on rent increases at the city's mobile home park, where he proposed to build a similar park across the street. ",
" The ethics commission found that the assumption that the city commissioner could charge higher rents at his \"still to be built\" park was too remote and speculative to create a voting conflict. ",
" See also Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 94-018 (1994) (\"[W]here the official's ... gain (or loss) would require many steps and be subject to many contingencies, with the outcome by no means certain, any gain or loss would be remote and speculative.\"). ",
" In this case, the district court speculated that Stone planned to run for reelection in 19965 and that Stone's chances for reelection were improved by the redistricting plan. ",
" As an incumbent who won an election under the at-large system, however, the transformation to single-member districts actually may have impaired Stone's interests as a candidate by increasing the competitiveness of elections. ",
" See, e.g., McMillan v. Escambia County, 748 F.2d 1037, 1045 (5th Cir.1984) (noting that at-large electoral systems may deter candidacies, particularly by African-American candidates, for elected office). ",
" In short, Stone's interests as a potential candidate were too \"speculative and remote\" to warrant disqualification of his vote.",
"\n\n\n14\nFurthermore, every one of the incumbent city council members, not just Stone, had an interest in shaping districts favorable to his or her reelection. ",
" For example, district boundaries may have been drawn to avoid future contests between incumbent city council members. ",
" Cf. ",
"Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U.S. 725, 740, 103 S.Ct. ",
"2653, 2663, 77 L.Ed.2d 133 (1983) (describing the avoidance of contests between incumbents as a \"legitimate objective\" in legislative redistricting); Gaffney v. Cummings, 412 U.S. 735, 752-54, 93 S.Ct. ",
"2321, 2331-32, 37 L.Ed.2d 298 (1973) (recognizing that legislators involved in redistricting decisions inevitably take into account various \"political considerations\" in drawing district lines). ",
" In this regard, there is no difference in principle between Stone and the other city council members: each member's chances for reelection was directly affected by the drawing of district lines. ",
" It would be absurd to interpret Florida's voting conflicts statute in such a way that would disqualify all members of legislative bodies from participating in legislative redistricting decisions. ",
" Cf. ",
"United States v. Will, 449 U.S. 200, 101 S.Ct. ",
"471, 66 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980) (construing the judicial disqualification statute as implicitly incorporating a common-law \"rule of necessity\" exception, which applies when all federal judges have an interest in the outcome of a case); Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 86-57 (1986) (advising that the threat of a lawsuit arising from a vote does not require disqualification; \"otherwise, any person might be able to disqualify an entire board\").",
"\n\n\n15\nIn its order disqualifying Stone's vote, the district court appears to understand that its interpretation of Florida's voting conflicts statute could undermine the ability of all legislators to participate in the redistricting process.6 To distinguish Stone from the other city council members, the district court reasoned that Stone was somehow in a \"unique position to gain from the redistricting decision.\" ",
" R2-40-6. ",
" However, the district court was vague in its identification of Stone's supposed unique position. ",
" As demonstrated above, there is no legitimate basis to distinguish Stone from the other council members.",
"\n\n\n16\nIf the district court relied on Stone's race to distinguish Stone and disqualify his vote,7 that reliance was inappropriate. ",
" Any benefit enjoyed by hundreds of African-American residents of Cocoa is not a \"special private gain\" within the meaning of Florida's voting conflicts statute, § 112.3143(3)(a). ",
" See Op.",
"Fla.Comm. ",
"Ethics 93-012 (pension board trustee, who is also a participant in a class action against the city regarding the pension plan, is not disqualified from voting on measures concerning the lawsuit, because the number of persons who stand to benefit from such measures (297) is sufficiently large that any gain to the trustee would not be \"special\"). ",
" Moreover, any interpretation of § 112.3143(3)(a) that disqualifies an elected official's vote on a matter of public concern because of race obviously could not withstand scrutiny. ",
" Cf. ",
"Brown v. Moore, 583 F.Supp. ",
"391, 395-96 (M.D.Ala.1984) (African-American school commissioner is not disqualified from voting on a school desegregation consent decree on the basis that the plaintiff class is composed of members of his race). ",
" We therefore hold that race could not be a valid basis for disqualifying an elected official's vote under § 112.3143(3)(a).",
"\n\nConclusion\n\n17\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.",
"\n\n\n\n1\n Pub.",
"L. No. ",
"89-110, § 2(b), 79 Stat. ",
"437, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1973(b) (1988)\n\n\n2\n We do not address the merits of the proposed consent decree\n\n\n3\n The only authority cited by the district court for this proposition is Garner v. State Com'n on Ethics, 439 So.2d 894 (Fla.App. ",
"2 Dist.1983)--a case that has nothing to do with voting. ",
" In Garner, the ethics commission considered a complaint alleging that a college president abused his official position by seeking sexual favors from female subordinate personnel. ",
" The ethics commission found that this behavior violated Fla.Stat.",
"Ann. § ",
"112.313(6) (West 1994), which provides that \"No public officer or employee of an agency ... shall corruptly use or attempt to use his official position ... to secure a special privilege, benefit, or exemption for himself or others.\" ",
" The Florida appeals court held that sexual favors constitute a \"special benefit\" within the meaning of the statute. ",
" Garner, 439 So.2d at 895\n\n\n4\n See R2-40-5 (\"Respect for a citizen's right to express opinions on matters of public importance requires courts to permit officials to vote on issues even when they have previously filed suits to protest the burdening of their rights.\")",
"\n\n\n5\n The record indicates that Stone was elected under the at-large system in November 1993, and that city council members in Cocoa serve three-year terms. ",
" Stone would therefore be up for reelection in November 1996--more than two years after the district court entered its order in this case\n\n\n6\n The court cautioned that \"[t]his holding should not be construed to disqualify all legislators from participating in all issues related [to] voting and elections.\" ",
" R2-40-7\n\n\n7\n In the hearing on the proposed consent decree, counsel for amici (Mr. Meros) repeatedly emphasized Stone's race as a basis for distinguishing him from the other city council members. ",
" When asked by the court what \"stake\" Stone had that would create a \"special private gain,\" Mr. Meros responded as follows:\nHis stake was, number one, as a voter of the council, which is more general. ",
" Number two, as an African-American. ",
" He was asserting that he, that his rights as an African-American were not sufficiently protected and as a result of that he wanted the opportunity to have his vote enhanced by virtue of the creation of single member districts. ",
" That is a personal stake by Councilman Stone.",
"\n....\nWhat personal stake did he have in this? ",
" His personal stake as an African-American.",
"\nR3-6-7.",
"\nIn closing his argument, Mr. Meros repeated:\nI would suggest that when you talk about a \"special private gain,\" special means as opposed to communal, individual as opposed to group, and Councilman Stone in this litigation asserted that he had a private direct interest in this litigation, clearly special and individual due to his race as an African-American.",
"\nR3-13.",
"\nAlthough some of the district court's language could be construed to indicate that the district court accepted the foregoing invitation to consider race, we decline to believe that. ",
" Rather, we surmise that the district court simply failed to think the matter through thoroughly.",
"\n\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nHow to delete text after a specified symbol in Vim\n\nMy data is of the form:\nid|name|things that I don't care\n\nSo for each line I want to delete text after the second | symbol.",
"\nHow do I do this in Vim with one command?",
"\nEdit:\nThere ARE actually extra pipes after the second |, since the | is used as the delimiter for columns.",
"\n\nA:\n\nOne solution:\n:%s!^\\([^|]*|\\)\\{2\\}\\zs.*!!",
"\n\nExplanation:\n\n%: on every line\ns: subtitute\n!: ",
"start of pattern\n^: start of line\n\\(: start of group\n[^|]*: any number of non-pipe characters\n|: followed by a pipe\n\\): end of group\n\\{2\\}: match two counts of that group\n\\zs: start the pattern matching here\n.*: ",
"any characters\n!: ",
"end of pattern and start of replacement\n!: ",
"end of replacement\n\nThis will leave lines with fewer than two pipes untouched and will also deal with lines that have more than the two pipes...\nBefore\nid name things that I don't care no pipes\nid|name things that I don't care one pipe\nid|name|things that I don't care two pipes\nid|name|things that I don't care extra pipe at line end|\nid|name|things that I don't care | extra pipe mid-line\nid|name|things that I don't| care| two extra pipes\nname|things that I don't care missing first column and pipe\n|name|things that I don't care missing first column\n\nAfter:\nid name things that I don't care no pipes\nid|name things that I don't care one pipe\nid|name| \nid|name| \nid|name| \nid|name| \nname|things that I don't care missing first column and pipe\n|name| \n\nA:\n\nOne can simply repeat the Normal-mode command that jumps to the\ncharacter next to the second | symbol and deletes the rest of the\ntext on the line, for each line in the buffer, via the :normal\ncommand:\n:%norm!2f|lD\n\n"
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"Edgar Zapata\n\nEdgar Alonso Zapata Pérez (born September 1, 1979 in Medellín) is a Colombian football defender.",
"\n\nZapata has had spells in Mexico and has been capped by the Colombia national football team once.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Colombian footballers\nCategory:Footballers from Medellín\nCategory:Alianza Petrolera footballers\nCategory:Atlético Junior footballers\nCategory:Club Necaxa footballers\nCategory:C.D. Veracruz footballers\nCategory:Deportivo Cali footballers\nCategory:Atlético Nacional footballers\nCategory:Uniautónoma F.C. footballers\nCategory:Colombia international footballers\nCategory:Colombian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Mexico\nCategory:Categoría Primera A players\nCategory:Liga MX players\nCategory:Association football defenders"
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"A Palestinian artist was kicked off the premises of a new “bemusement park” exhibit in Britain for protesting the presence of Israeli artists, the London-based, English-language edition of Al-Araby al-Jadeed reported on Tuesday.",
"\n\nAccording to the report, Shadi Alzaqzouq was escorted off the grounds of “Dismaland,” and told his paintings would be removed, after he placed a bed sheet over his work — with “R.I.P Gaza: Boycott Israel” written on it in coal – and laid it down “like a corpse” in front of his display.",
"\n\nHe did this, he said, because he had not been informed by the event’s organizers that Israeli artists would be present.",
"\n\nDismaland, a dark parody of Disneyland, set up Friday at the seaside resort of Weston-super-Mare, is the brainchild of British graffiti artist Banksy, whose real name remains a secret, but whose left-wing political activism, including open advocacy for Palestinians, is well-known.",
"\n\nRelated coverage ‘The Eyes of the Country’: IDF’s Maritime Command Center Protects Israel From Seaborne Threats JNS.org - The Israeli Navy’s maritime control centers play a crucial role in securing the country’s coastline from a range...\n\nIn August 2005, Banksy painted nine pieces of graffiti on the security barrier erected between Israel and the Palestinian territories to keep Palestinian suicide bombers and other terrorists from easy access to Israeli civilians. ",
"Among these was a picture of Palestinian children trying to dig through the wall.",
"\n\nAlzaqzouq, thus, was surprised at the lack of sympathy his outrage at participating in a show along with Israeli counterparts elicited – particularly from Banksy, whom he described as “my hero for a long time.”",
"\n\nHe told Al-Araby al-Jadeed that when he inquired about why his actions elicited such a harsh response, he was informed by Holly Cushing, believed to be Banksy’s manager, that his form of protest was too “ugly.”",
"\n\nAccording to Alzaqzouq — born to Palestinian parents in Benghazi, who lived in Libya, Gaza and Egypt before settling in France in 2007 — Cushing also said that an American art collector was interested in purchasing his pieces, “And that America and Israel were one and the same.”",
"\n\nThe story does not end here, however. ",
"After the incident, Dismaland organizers did not take down Alzaqzouq’s pieces. ",
"Instead, they posted a sign on the display that reads: “The artist has decided to cover his work to protest being exhibited alongside artists from Israel. ",
"We are hoping to resolve the situation as soon as possible and apologise for any disappointment.”"
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[
"La vocation du Stade olympique, bien que nébuleuse pour de nombreux Montréalais, est établie et ne changera pas, dit Michel Labrecque. ",
"La métropole a besoin d’un stade couvert de 50 000 places, répète le président-directeur général du Parc olympique.",
"\n\nLe Stade olympique sera-t-il toujours mal-aimé?",
"\n\nCeux qui ne l’aiment pas vont finir par mourir… Mon travail n’est pas de le faire aimer, mais de le faire connaître. ",
"C’est plus facile d’aimer quand on connaît. ",
"Que les gens ne l’aiment pas ou l’utilisent comme tête de Turc, ça m’indiffère. ",
"Quand j’ai accepté ce travail, je connaissais l’état d’esprit général des Montréalais par rapport au stade. ",
"Je savais aussi que c’était une œuvre architecturale unique et complexe. ",
"On ne peut pas ne pas l’entretenir. ",
"Le stade est occupé 180 jours par année. ",
"C’est l’équipement olympique postmoderne qui a été le plus utilisé. ",
"Nous avons accueilli 61 000 personnes pour la finale de la CONCACAF. ",
"Le stade est beaucoup plus fort que nous. ",
"On va constater sa pertinence sur beaucoup plus que 40 ans.",
"\n\nSi un stade de baseball est construit au centre-ville, à quel point cela fera-t-il du tort au Stade olympique?",
"\n\nOn ne nous enlèvera pas les clients du baseball, car ils ne sont déjà plus ici! ",
"Puis, ce stade ne serait pas couvert, ce qui veut dire qu’on ne pourrait pas y tenir de spectacles ou de salons d’octobre à avril. ",
"Cela dit, le retour du baseball à Montréal passera par le Stade olympique et, une fois le projet concrétisé, on risque d’avoir besoin du Stade olympique au printemps et à l’automne neigeux. ",
"Je réitère également que le Stade olympique peut être remis en grande santé événementielle avec des investissements bien moins importants que ceux que demande la construction d’un nouveau stade.",
"\n\nFaut-il lancer un concours international d’idées pour la requalification du stade?",
"\n\nDes études sur le stade, il y en a haut comme la tour! ",
"Conclusion: c’est un stade polyvalent. ",
"Tous les plans qui viseraient à en faire un plus gros Biodôme ou un parc de glissoirs d’eau ne tiennent pas la route. ",
"On a le droit de penser qu’on peut se passer du stade. ",
"Moi, je considère que Montréal, comme ville nordique, a besoin d’un stade couvert de 50 000 places. ",
"Afin de réunir la population tantôt pour un concert, tantôt pour la visite du pape, tantôt pour un congrès de milliers de personnes. ",
"Ensuite, est-ce qu’il est modulable? ",
"Oui. ",
"De préférence avec une toiture qui fait sa job. ",
"On ne sortira pas de lapin d’un chapeau.",
"\n\nSi cette vocation est si bien établie, pourquoi la ministre du Tourisme, Dominique Vien, dit en chercher une pour le stade?",
"\n\nJe pense qu’elle dit qu’il faut insister sur les forces du stade en matière de capacité et de polyvalence. ",
"Dans le dossier d’opportunités que nous allons lui remettre à l’automne, nous indiquerons quelles sont les avenues à emprunter. ",
"Quels sont les événements que nous pouvons attirer? ",
"Quels sont les revenus que nous pouvons en tirer? ",
"Tout le monde reste attaché à l’idée d’avoir une équipe résidente au stade. ",
"Mais il y a un stade de soccer, un stade de football, un aréna de hockey et un stade de tennis en ville, donc il n’y aura pas d’équipe résidente au Stade olympique. ",
"De toute façon, au soccer et au football, on parle de 15 ou 20 parties par année…\n\n«Le stade, c’est un amphithéâtre de 50 000 places modulable et polyvalent sous-estimé des gens.» – ",
"Michel Labrecque\n\nLa question de la toiture qui arrive à sa fin de vie sera au cœur du dossier d’intentions remis à Québec. ",
"Où en sommes-nous dans la réflexion?",
"\n\nNous devons présenter les différents scénarios à la ministre: toiture fixe ou rétractable, souple ou rigide. ",
"L’idée, c’est de montrer aux décideurs les risques et les avantages des différentes options. ",
"Nous ferons une recommandation à Québec.",
"\n\nLa toiture fixe et souple semble être la voie à privilégier…\n\nSi la décision avait été facile et peu coûteuse, elle aurait déjà été prise. ",
"Tous les scénarios ont des avantages et des désavantages, des risques, des durées de vie, des coûts différents. ",
"Le rapport de Mme Bissonnette suggérait de rester ouvert au concept original du stade [donc une toiture rétractable]. ",
"Il y a peu d’événements dans le monde qui demandent une toiture ouverte.",
"\n\nDonc, on ne risque pas de voir un stade à ciel ouvert…\n\nÇa voudrait dire une dégradation de l’infrastructure qui n’a pas été conçue pour ça. ",
"Les stades Saputo, Uniprix et Percival-Molson ne sont pas couverts et ils ne sont pas ouverts l’hiver. ",
"Est-ce qu’une métropole a besoin d’un amphithéâtre couvert de 50 000 places? ",
"Oui. ",
"L’hivernage est obligatoire au cas où un pépin surviendrait au cours de l’installation et où la pose du nouveau toit prend du retard."
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"Ok, all is well until [tex]\\bigtriangleup[/tex]. ",
"I know this represents the laplacian. ",
"What is the formulation of the Laplacian for this since it is a vector? ",
"Is it just simply the second partials dot product with the respective terms of the vector? ",
"Or is it something else?",
"\n\nedit: changed text where I say problem is [tex] \\bigtriangledown[/tex] to the appropriate [tex]\\bigtriangleup[/tex]\n\nWell, that is an identity for the operators. ",
"But why don't you like the idea of the usual Laplacian acting on a vector? ",
"It's just a derivative operator, which is allowable on vectors as long as you remember that the basis vectors also have to be differentiated."
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"The present invention relates to compounds which have been found to be useful for prevention or treatment of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases.",
"\nOne of the major needs in cancer prevention is the development of effective and safe new agents for chemoprevention. ",
"In particular, there is a need for chemopreventative agents targeted at mechanisms known to be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. ",
"In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the study of mechanisms of inflammation that relate to carcinogenesis and in the use of such mechanisms as the basis for development of new chemopreventative agents.",
"\nThe concept that inflammation and carcinogenesis are related phenomena has been the subject of many studies that have attempted to link these two processes in a mechanistic fashion (Sporn and Roberts, 1986; Ohshima and Bartsch, 1994). ",
"The enzymes that mediate the constitutive synthesis of NO and prostaglandins from arginine and arachidonate, respectively, have relative little significance for either inflammation or carcinogenesis. ",
"In contrast, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cycloxygenase (COX-2) both have critical roles in the response of tissues to injury or infectious agents (Moncada et al., ",
"1991; Nathan and Xie, 1994; Siebert and Masferrer, 1994; Tamir and Tannebaum, 1996). ",
"These inducible enzymes are essential components of the inflammatory process, the ultimate repair of injury, and carcinogenesis. ",
"While physiological activity of iNOS and COX-2 may provide a definite benefit to the organism, aberrant or excessive expression of either iNOS or COX-2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disease processes, particularly in chronic degeneration of the central nervous system, carcinogenesis, septic shock, cardiomyopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.",
"\nTriterpenoids, biosynthesized in plants by the cyclization of squalene, are used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries; and some, like ursolic and oleanolic acids, are known to be anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic (Huang et al., ",
"1994; Nishino et al., ",
"1988). ",
"However, the biological activity of these naturally occurring molecules is relatively weak, and therefore the synthesis of new analogs to enhance their potency was undertaken (Honda et al., ",
"1997; Honda et al., ",
"1998). ",
"It was previously reported that several such synthetic analogs can suppress the de novo formation of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages that have been stimulated by IFN-γ or LPS (Suh et al., ",
"1998). ",
"The role of both iNOS and COX-2 as enhancers of carcinogenesis in many organs is receiving increasing attention (Ohshima et al., ",
"1994; Tamir et al., ",
"1996; Takahashi et al., ",
"1997; Ambs et al., ",
"1998; Tsujii et al., ",
"1998; Oshima et al., ",
"1996; Hida et al., ",
"1998; Huang et al., ",
"1998); suppression of either the synthesis or the activity of these enzymes is therefore a target for chemoprevention (Oshima et al., ",
"1998; Kawamori et al., ",
"1998). ",
"Agents which induce differentiation or suppress proliferation of premalignant or malignant cells represent yet another mechanistic approach to chemoprevention, as well as to chemotherapy, of cancer."
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[
"Q:\n\nhow to execute php code within javascript\n\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"okButton\" onclick=\"funk()\" value=\"okButton\">Order now </button>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n function funk(){\n alert(\"asdasd\");\n <?",
"php echo \"asdasda\";?",
">\n }\n</script>\n\nWhen the button is pressed i want to execute php code (at this point to echo asadasda) \n\nA:\n\nYou could use http://phpjs.org/ http://locutus.io/php/ it ports a bunch of PHP functionality to javascript, but if it's just echos, and the script is in a php file, you could do something like this:\nalert(\"<?php echo \"asdasda\";?",
">\");\n\ndon't worry about the shifty-looking use of double-quotes, PHP will render that before the browser sees it.",
"\nas for using ajax, the easiest way is to use a library, like jQuery. ",
"With that you can do:\n$.ajax({\n url: 'test.php',\n success: function(data) {\n $('.result').html(data);\n }\n});\n\nand test.php would be:\n<?",
"php \n echo 'asdasda';\n?",
">\n\nit would write the contents of test.php to whatever element has the result class.",
"\n\nA:\n\nInteraction of Javascript and PHP\nWe all grew up knowing that Javascript ran on the Client Side (ie the browser)\nand PHP was a server side tool (ie the Server side). ",
" CLEARLY the two just cant interact.",
"\nBut -- good news; it can be made to work and here's how.",
"\nThe objective is to get some dynamic info (say server configuration items) from the server into the Javascript environment so it can be used when needed - - typically this implies DHTML modification to the presentation.",
"\nFirst, to clarify the DHTML usage I'll cite this DHTML example:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\nfunction updateContent() {\n var frameObj = document.getElementById(\"frameContent\");\n var y = (frameObj.contentWindow || frameObj.contentDocument);\n\n if (y.document) y = y.document;\n y.body.style.backgroundColor=\"red\"; // demonstration of failure to alter the display\n\n // create a default, simplistic alteration usinga fixed string.",
"\n var textMsg = 'Say good night Gracy';\n\n y.write(textMsg);\n\n y.body.style.backgroundColor=\"#00ee00\"; // visual confirmation that the updateContent() was effective\n\n}\n</script>\n\nAssuming we have an html file with the ID=\"frameContent\" somewhere,\nthen we can alter the display with a simple < body onload=\"updateContent()\" >\nGolly gee; we don't need PHP to do that now do we! ",
" But that creates a structure for\napplying PHP provided content.",
"\nWe change the webpage in question into a PHTML type to allow the server side PHP access\nto the content:\n**foo.html becomes foo.phtml**\n\nand we add to the top of that page. ",
" We also cause the php data to be loaded\ninto globals for later access - - like this:\n<?",
"php\n global $msg1, $msg2, $textMsgPHP;\n\nfunction getContent($filename) {\n if ($theData = file_get_contents($filename, FALSE)) {\n return \"$theData\";\n } else {\n echo \"FAILED!\";",
"\n }\n}\nfunction returnContent($filename) {\n\n if ( $theData = getContent($filename) ) {\n // this works ONLY if $theData is one linear line (ie remove all \\n)\n $textPHP = trim(preg_replace('/\\r\\n|\\r|\\n/', '', $theData));\n return \"$textPHP\";\n } else {\n echo '<span class=\"ERR\">Error opening source file :(\\n</span>'; # $filename!\\n\";\n } \n}\n\n// preload the dynamic contents now for use later in the javascript (somewhere)\n$msg1 = returnContent('dummy_frame_data.txt');\n$msg2 = returnContent('dummy_frame_data_0.txt');\n$textMsgPHP = returnContent('dummy_frame_data_1.txt');\n\n?",
">\n\nNow our javascripts can get to the PHP globals like this:\n\n// by accessig the globals \n var textMsg = '< ? ",
"php global $textMsgPHP; echo \"$textMsgPHP\"; ? ",
">';\n\nIn the javascript, replace\n\nvar textMsg = 'Say good night Gracy';\n\nwith:\n// using php returnContent() \n\nvar textMsg = '< ? ",
"php $msgX = returnContent('dummy_div_data_3.txt'); echo \"$msgX\" ? ",
">';\n\nSummary:\n\nthe webpage to be modified MUST be a phtml or some php file \nthe first thing in that file MUST be the < ? ",
"php to get the dynamic data ?",
">\nthe php data MUST contain its own css styling (if content is in a frame) \nthe javascript to use the dynamic data must be in this same file \nand we drop in/outof PHP as necessary to access the dynamic data \nNotice:- use single quotes in the outer javascript and ONLY double quotes in the dynamic php data\n\nTo be resolved: calling updateContent() with a filename and \n using it via onClick() instead of onLoad()\nAn example could be provided in the Sample_Dynamic_Frame.zip for your inspection, but didn't find a means to attach it\n\nA:\n\nYou can't run PHP with javascript. ",
"JavaScript is a client side technology (runs in the users browser) and PHP is a server side technology (run on the server).",
"\nIf you want to do this you have to make an ajax request to a PHP script and have that return the results you are looking for.",
"\nWhy do you want to do this?",
"\n\n"
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[
"# debug\n\n tiny node.js debugging utility modelled after node core's debugging technique.",
"\n\n## Installation\n\n```\n$ npm install debug\n```\n\n## Usage\n\n With `debug` you simply invoke the exported function to generate your debug function, passing it a name which will determine if a noop function is returned, or a decorated `console.error`, so all of the `console` format string goodies you're used to work fine. ",
"A unique color is selected per-function for visibility.",
"\n \nExample _app.js_:\n\n```js\nvar debug = require('debug')('http')\n , http = require('http')\n , name = 'My App';\n\n// fake app\n\ndebug('booting %s', name);\n\nhttp.createServer(function(req, res){\n debug(req.method + ' ' + req.url);\n res.end('hello\\n');\n}).listen(3000, function(){\n debug('listening');\n});\n\n// fake worker of some kind\n\nrequire('./worker');\n```\n\nExample _worker.js_:\n\n```js\nvar debug = require('debug')('worker');\n\nsetInterval(function(){\n debug('doing some work');\n}, 1000);\n```\n\n The __DEBUG__ environment variable is then used to enable these based on space or comma-delimited names. ",
"Here are some examples:\n\n \n\n \n\n## Millisecond diff\n\n When actively developing an application it can be useful to see when the time spent between one `debug()` call and the next. ",
"Suppose for example you invoke `debug()` before requesting a resource, and after as well, the \"+NNNms\" will show you how much time was spent between calls.",
"\n\n ![](",
"http://f.cl.ly/items/2i3h1d3t121M2Z1A3Q0N/Screenshot.png)\n\n When stderr is not a TTY, `Date#toUTCString()` is used, making it more useful for logging the debug information as shown below:\n _(NOTE: Debug now uses stderr instead of stdout, so the correct shell command for this example is actually `DEBUG=* node example/worker 2> out &`)_\n \n ![](",
"http://f.cl.ly/items/112H3i0e0o0P0a2Q2r11/Screenshot.png)\n \n## Conventions\n\n If you're using this in one or more of your libraries, you _should_ use the name of your library so that developers may toggle debugging as desired without guessing names. ",
"If you have more than one debuggers you _should_ prefix them with your library name and use \":\" to separate features. ",
"For example \"bodyParser\" from Connect would then be \"connect:bodyParser\". ",
"\n\n## Wildcards\n\n The \"*\" character may be used as a wildcard. ",
"Suppose for example your library has debuggers named \"connect:bodyParser\", \"connect:compress\", \"connect:session\", instead of listing all three with `DEBUG=connect:bodyParser,connect.compress,connect:session`, you may simply do `DEBUG=connect:*`, or to run everything using this module simply use `DEBUG=*`.",
"\n\n You can also exclude specific debuggers by prefixing them with a \"-\" character. ",
" For example, `DEBUG=* -connect:*` would include all debuggers except those starting with \"connect:\".",
"\n\n## Browser support\n\n Debug works in the browser as well, currently persisted by `localStorage`. ",
"For example if you have `worker:a` and `worker:b` as shown below, and wish to debug both type `debug.enable('worker:*')` in the console and refresh the page, this will remain until you disable with `debug.disable()`. ",
"\n\n```js\na = debug('worker:a');\nb = debug('worker:b');\n\nsetInterval(function(){\n a('doing some work');\n}, 1000);\n\nsetInterval(function(){\n a('doing some work');\n}, 1200);\n```\n\n## License \n\n(The MIT License)\n\nCopyright (c) 2011 TJ Holowaychuk <tj@vision-media.ca>\n\nPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining\na copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\n'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including\nwithout limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,\ndistribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to\npermit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to\nthe following conditions:\n\nThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be\nincluded in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.",
"\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,\nEXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF\nMERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.",
"\nIN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY\nCLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,\nTORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE\nSOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.",
"\n"
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[
"Wheel Clamping Ban\n\nWe in the industry are proud of its history and are pleased to give its story and the background of vehicle control in the United Kingdom. ",
"The prospective clamping ban in England and Wales has given an impetus and an urgency to this topic.",
"\n\nWe offer alternatives to wheel clamping. ",
"Please click the banner below, or give us a call, for more information about how we can help you when the ban kicks in.",
"\n\nThe banning of wheel clamping on private land\n\nThe process to bring in the wheel clamping ban on private land has taken more than a year, since the Government first announced plans for it in August 2010. ",
"It was introduced into the House of Commons in February 2011, as part of The Protection of Freedoms Bill, and will come into force when it is given Royal Assent, subject to parliamentary approval.",
"\n\nThe wheel clamping ban – which will apply in England and Wales, but not Northern Ireland or Scotland – will apply to parking offences on private land only. ",
"Clamping and other means of traffic enforcement carried out on highways and public land by local authorities or the police – or other statutory bodies, such as the DVLA – will remain in place.",
"\n\nEven if the clamper has no intention of charging a release fee for the clamp, it will still be against the law. ",
"People will still be able to clamp their own vehicles, however, if they are using it as a means of preventing theft, and bailiffs will still have the right to clamp cars and vehicles in lieu of outstanding debts.",
"\n\nUntil the ban comes into force, the existing laws remain in place, allowing licensable vehicle clamping to take place on private land, providing the person carrying out the clamping has a valid SIA licence.",
"\n\nCar wheel clamping update (2 May 2012)\n\nNote: We are pleased to state that The Protection of Freedoms Act received the Royal Assent on 1 May 2012 and that the Royal Automobile Club has confirmed that the Act provides that, barring certain situations involving the national authorities in a narrow category, the wheel clamping ban becomes actionable as from October 2012.",
"\n\nWe regard this as a step forward in the parking control world and an achievement by Lynne Featherstone MP who personally piloted the then Bill through the Parliamentary stages until it became an Act.",
"\n\nThe legal foundation\nIt was the year 1998 when wheel clamping of vehicles on private land started. ",
"The legal foundation is deep and rooted in the doctrine of distress damage feasant which was all about dealing with straying animals. ",
"If cattle went over to a neighbouring farmer’s land the irate latter was entitled in law to compensation for damage and/or other loss such as grazed grass. ",
"Importantly, he was entitled to hang onto the wicked bull or whatever until the other party coughed up.",
"The history of clamping\nIn the early motoring days there were but few motor vehicles on the roads and many of the drivers of private cars belonged to socially privileged classes as a result of which the law treated their parking activities with kid gloves. ",
"Then there was no question of clamping and consequently no clamping ban.",
"\nAs time proceeded, however, motoring became the province of the common man and the proliferation of motorised vehicles necessitated local authority control of parking on public spaces.",
"\nThe unhappy motorist, in his eternal quest for parking, sought refuge on other people’s private grounds. ",
"This brought the local authority off his back but raised the ire of angry property owners who, some of them, would have wanted their own grounds for parking their own pride and joys – their own motor cars. ",
"They wanted no clamping ban on their power to deal with persons wrongly parking on their property.",
"\nThe hated advent of wheel clamping led to latter-day distress damage feasant procedures being at the service of the local authority and the private landowner too.",
"\nMoney conscious property owners naturally wanted the most cost effective answer to third parties parking their vehicles on their sacred land with no clamping ban or other restrictions constraining them.",
"The justification for clamping\nIt is a fact that equipment for physically controlling motor vehicles by other means is prohibitively expensive. ",
"Electric gates cost a fortune. ",
"Barriers built to entry routes are costly too and the sharing of the burden of maintenance costs between leaseholders and other owners leads to disputes.",
"\nThat is part of the reason why we say: ‘We in this country, a property owning nation, will tolerate no clamping ban!’",
"\nClamping is:\n\nRelatively inexpensive to set up\n\nSelf-financing\n\nGenerally unobtrusive\n\nThe jealous landlord suffers no significant outlay and gets paid from the fine levied. ",
"Does he want a clamping ban?",
"\nIn Central London parking spaces command prices up to £15,000. ",
"This asset has to be protected from the unauthorised user. ",
"Flats with parking spaces have higher sales prices than the ones without.",
"\nBe that as it may, the number of wheel clamping operators rose in the years that followed 1998 and in narrower terms before then.",
"The fly in the ointment\nUnfortunately, most wheel clamping companies run on fast and loose lines. ",
"The legality of the clamp is founded on basic contract law where a warning notice prominently displayed constitutes an ‘offer to treat,’ the parking of the vehicle amounts to acceptance of the aforesaid offer and the hated fine for declamping amounts to the legal consideration, in this case for the release of the prized motor car, or whatever.",
"\nIt is our contention that the prospective clamping ban is the direct consequence of some individuals and even firms damaging the industry’s name.",
"\nAs can be expected, the visibility and obviousness of the warning notice is a top bone of contention between the property owner and the motorist.",
"\nThe right of the property owner to levy a reasonable fine for unauthorised parking got court attention in Arthur vs Anchor (30 November, 1995) in which the property owner triumphed.",
"\nRegarding the fines (the considerations in contract law) there has been considerable angst because:\n\nSome operatives have taken payment in kind, such as jewellery\n\nInformal receipts such as on odd scraps of paper and cigarette packets\n\nSome persons wheel clamped motorists without warning notices\n\nArguably over-high clamping release fees, more than local authorities\n\nWe maintain that a blanket clamping ban because of this kind of way of operating is over the top and unreasonable.",
"\nCertain motorists have used angle-grinders to remove wheel clamps. ",
"The unhappy operator loses his clamp and the release fee too. ",
"The police service has tended to support the vehicle owner. ",
"The law enforcement people act only when the parking has been illegal on public land; the Road Traffic Act 1984 upholds this.",
"The types of clamp\nThere are many different types of wheel clamp, about 20 in all. ",
"The Denver Boot is best known but slides off easily.",
"\nOne recent wheel clamp gets the motorist to declamp his own vehicle provided he has paid by card via the ‘phone to the company in return for a release code. ",
"He has to then secure it to a nearby lamppost on pain of paying more on his card.",
"The views of the authorities\nClamping led to confrontations in which the police service has mediated between explosive parties, both aggrieved. ",
"The police regard wheel clamping as a civil matter and not a criminal one.",
"\nIn Scotland there are no trespass laws and consequently it became possible to ban clamping throughout Scotland.",
"\nThe media gave wheel clamping a bad press and some called for industrial unity among the operatives. ",
"The probable alternative was the clamping ban.",
"What we did\nIn 1992 The Association of Wheel Clamping Companies, with fewer than seven members, started.",
"\nThe first task was to agree a voluntary code of conduct. ",
"The founder of Flashpark attended the inaugural meeting and could recognise the clampers because of marks of having recently been in fights and their rough clothing and tattoos.",
"\nThe name has now changed to The Association of Parking Enforcement Companies. ",
"Unfortunately, it did not deliver on public recognition and acceptance.",
"\nDifferent codes of practice turned up with varying results.",
"The politicians intervene\nThe Government brought in The Security Industry Authority that required all clampers to:\n\nAttend a £350 course\n\nBuy a £200 licence\n\nAct by May, 2005\n\nThe procedure was difficult and was compounded by some who failed to work in the industry after the course and those who left after traumatic confrontations.",
"\nThere were about 1,900 registered wheel clampers in the United Kingdom of whom about 1,200 were active.",
"\nOn average, there is one licensed operator for every 600 square miles in the country.",
"Our goal\nThe task was to:\nDeliver a fine notice directly to the motorist without the physicality and scope for confrontation of the wheel clamp. ",
"The wheel clamp and the wheel clamp ban would both be consigned to the industry’s rough and turbulent history.",
"The history of our company\nVehicle Control Solutions set up in 2002 and sports it own separate brand name. ",
"Up to the year 2005 everything was to do with wheel clamping and towing. ",
"After that time new cyber-technology stepped in to change the methodology.",
"\nThe background from which we come is that a poorly regulated industry had been garnering bad press.",
"\n\nSome London borough councils followed the Department of Transport and banned wheel clamping on the highways\n\nThe Royal Automobile Club in 2008 commissioned a report by Dr Criss Eliot. ",
"The outcome was made that clamping on private land was a breach of human rights, where the motorist was overcharged.",
"\n\nSomething had to be done.",
"\nThe first alternative to the clamp was for the customer to:\n\nPut up warning signs\n\nSell parking permits\n\nKeep books of parking tickets\n\nThe company then administers the fine procedure\n\nThis worked but there were high administrative costs.",
"\n\nThe Invention of our way of doing things\n\nThe salient feature of the vehicle control solution in this scheme of things is the dramatic entry of the Internet.",
"\nThe services of a web designer came on-stream and the basic operation is:\n\nThe landowner takes a snapshot with a digital camera\n\nHe selects the offence category\n\nHe connects to the DVLA database in cyberspace\n\nHe contacts the motorist with the bad news about the fine\n\nThe wins here are:\n\nOnline payments are instantaneous (at near the speed of light)\n\nThe only evidence required is the digital snapshot of the wrongly parked vehicle\n\nThe landowner pays no fee and gets a £10 payback each time\n\nThe landowner can sign up online\n\nThe fines are ‘on the spot’ with no travelling\n\nImportant: No confrontation!",
"\n\nThe landowner can revoke the ticket when he finds it inappropriate (such as when he finds it’s his brother-in-law’s car)\n\nThe motorist can see an authorised ticket and can appeal online\n\nWe are linked to the Police Stolen Vehicle Register\n\nThe alternatives to the above are:\n\nSolo and company clampers\n\nThe ticketing method\n\nANPR\n\nWe have already addressed the first two. ",
"With regard to ANPR, it is suited to the retail car park including shopping centre uses. ",
"One of its drawbacks is that the property owner and system administrators often cannot know who the vehicle belongs to. ",
"High setup costs are another.",
"\nAn amusing point to note is that as soon as our company began competitors who had been copying the original way of operating stopped advertising.",
"\nA more serious point to note is that only approved persons and corporate bodies are allowed access to the confidential DVLA register. ",
"Flashpark is one such entity.",
"\n\nWho the customers can and should be\n\nBecause of low setup costs, literally anybody based in the United Kingdom who jealously guards one or more parking spaces including the ubiquitous private property owner can and should be our customer. ",
"What about you?",
"\nThe value of parking spaces in money wise terms makes this a sensible precaution against the ‘nosey parker’ looking for a safe place to put his vehicle where the landowner has no recourse to anything.",
"A glance at the future\nThe management is always researching improvements and keeping up with and using developing technology.",
"\nThe media possesses the oxygen of publicity. ",
"The head of the company has been involved in preparations for television publicity and the press takes an interest.",
"\n\nA word about the website\nThe website is a godsend for the customer insofar that it makes easy the procedure for reporting an incident. ",
"Furthermore, it is cheap – no postage costs as in snail mail.",
"Final comments\nThe appropriate government department, the DVLA, has a software developer called Entity. ",
"The latter works with us to update and improve the procedure when using the website so that literally anybody’s dotty maiden aunt can do it.",
"\nWe are useful to law enforcement because stolen vehicles get identified this way.",
"\nThe company protects and upholds the civil rights of the motorist."
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"/**\n * Provides the basic building blocks for a custom permission system.",
"\n */\npackage com.velocitypowered.api.permission;"
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[
"SHADE International Lighting Design Competition\n\nContest Status\n\nContest Disciplines\n\nSTUFF (Studio for Transformative Urban Forms and Fields) invites industrials designers around the world to enter a new international lighting design competition called SHADE.",
"\n\nSHADE is a competition open to all ages and backgrounds and the challenge is to design and make a light shade prototype for a pendant light that is creative and innovative in its articulation of light, material, and space.",
"\n\nThe objective of the competition is to:\n\nencourage design through making — all entries must be constructed;\n\nto celebrate and acknowledge innovative ideas and talents — no background or experience is needed and\n\nto disseminate design into the everyday environment — public consumption/acknowledgement is an integral part of the competition.",
"\n\nThe competition will involve three stages: selection by jury, public exhibition, and sale.",
"\n\nA team of international jurors will select a set of winning entries (up to 30) based on their merits. ",
"The selected entries will then be invited for an exhibition during the month of September/October at MAKE / Coffee and Stuff (751 Corydon Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada) for public viewing and experience.",
"\n\nWhat is Contest Watchers?",
"\n\nLaunched in 2009, Contest Watchers is a website dedicated to creative challenges and competitions worldwide. ",
"With a huge database of international contests in various disciplines, it comes handy to anyone who wants to compete for great prizes and recognition.",
"\n\nIn a parallel universe, Contest Watchers is a super serious gang of five fictional characters.",
"\n\nSign up for the daily Contest Watchers Newsletter\n\nGet all new contests delivered directly to your inbox, every day in the afternoon*."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow do I trigger a struts action from within javascript?",
"\n\nI have searched the web for this but so far got nowhere.",
"\nI have the following javascript code:\nfunction trigger(){\n var fdate = document.getElementById(\"d_date\").value;\n var m = fdate.substring(fdate.indexOf('/')+1, fdate.lastIndexOf('/'));\n var y = fdate.slice(fdate.lastIndexOf('/')+1);\n\n form.action=\"/toEditDate.do?month=\"+m+\"&year=\"+y+\"&navigate\";\n form.submit();\n\n }\n\nan the following jsp element:\n<html:text property=\"strCreationDate\" size=\"10\" maxlength=\"10\" title=\"Date\" \nstyleId=\"d_date\" onclick=\"displayCalendar(document.forms[0].strCreationDate,'dd/mm/yyyy',this)\"\nonchange=\"trigger();\"/>\n\nThe code is adapted from what I've managed to dig up searching online. ",
"Only problem is when I change the text in the textbox nothing happens.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI seems you need to pass in the form instance\nfunction trigger(form){\n var fdate = document.getElementById(\"d_date\").value;\n var m = fdate.substring(fdate.indexOf('/')+1, fdate.lastIndexOf('/'));\n var y = fdate.slice(fdate.lastIndexOf('/')+1);\n\n form.action=\"/toEditDate.do?month=\"+m+\"&year=\"+y+\"&navigate\";\n form.submit();\n\n }\n\nAnd the jsp change\n<html:text property=\"strCreationDate\" size=\"10\" maxlength=\"10\" title=\"Date\" \nstyleId=\"d_date\" onclick=\"displayCalendar(document.forms[0].strCreationDate,'dd/mm/yyyy',this)\"\nonchange=\"trigger(document.getElementById('formId'));\"/>\n\nor if only one form on the page\n<html:text property=\"strCreationDate\" size=\"10\" maxlength=\"10\" title=\"Date\" \nstyleId=\"d_date\" onclick=\"displayCalendar(document.forms[0].strCreationDate,'dd/mm/yyyy',this)\"\nonchange=\"trigger(document.forms[0]);\"/>\n\n"
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[
"/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ",
" See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information\n * regarding copyright ownership. ",
" The ASF licenses this file\n * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n * \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License. ",
" You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n * software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n * \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n * KIND, either express or implied. ",
" See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations\n * under the License.",
"\n */\npackage org.apache.struts2.util.tomcat.buf;\n\nimport java.nio.",
"ByteBuffer;\nimport java.nio.",
"CharBuffer;\nimport java.nio.charset.",
"CharsetDecoder;\nimport java.nio.charset.",
"CoderResult;\n\n/**\n * Decodes bytes to UTF-8. ",
"Extracted from Apache Harmony and modified to reject\n * code points from U+D800 to U+DFFF as per RFC3629. ",
"The standard Java decoder\n * does not reject these. ",
"It has also been modified to reject code points\n * greater than U+10FFFF which the standard Java decoder rejects but the harmony\n * one does not.",
"\n */\npublic class Utf8Decoder extends CharsetDecoder {\n\n // The next table contains information about UTF-8 charset and\n // correspondence of 1st byte to the length of sequence\n // For information please visit http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3629.txt\n //\n // Please note, o means 0, actually.",
"\n // -------------------------------------------------------------------\n // 0 1 2 3 Value\n // -------------------------------------------------------------------\n // oxxxxxxx 00000000 00000000 0xxxxxxx\n // 11oyyyyy 1oxxxxxx 00000000 00000yyy yyxxxxxx\n // 111ozzzz 1oyyyyyy 1oxxxxxx 00000000 zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx\n // 1111ouuu 1ouuzzzz 1oyyyyyy 1oxxxxxx 000uuuuu zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx\n private static final int remainingBytes[] = {\n // 1owwwwww\n -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,\n -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,\n -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,\n -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,\n // 11oyyyyy\n -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,\n 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,\n // 111ozzzz\n 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,\n // 1111ouuu\n 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, -1, -1, -1,\n // > 11110111\n -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1};\n private static final int remainingNumbers[] = {0, // 0 1 2 3\n 4224, // (01o00000b << 6)+(1o000000b)\n 401536, // (011o0000b << 12)+(1o000000b << 6)+(1o000000b)\n 29892736 // (0111o000b << 18)+(1o000000b << 12)+(1o000000b <<\n // 6)+(1o000000b)\n };\n private static final int lowerEncodingLimit[] = {-1, 0x80, 0x800, 0x10000};\n\n\n public Utf8Decoder() {\n super(B2CConverter.",
"UTF_8, 1.0f, 1.0f);\n }\n\n\n @Override\n protected CoderResult decodeLoop(ByteBuffer in, CharBuffer out) {\n if (in.hasArray() && out.hasArray()) {\n return decodeHasArray(in, out);\n }\n return decodeNotHasArray(in, out);\n }\n\n\n private CoderResult decodeNotHasArray(ByteBuffer in, CharBuffer out) {\n int outRemaining = out.remaining();\n int pos = in.position();\n int limit = in.limit();\n try {\n while (pos < limit) {\n if (outRemaining == 0) {\n return CoderResult.",
"OVERFLOW;\n }\n int jchar = in.get();\n if (jchar < 0) {\n jchar = jchar & 0x7F;\n int tail = remainingBytes[jchar];\n if (tail == -1) {\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n if (limit - pos < 1 + tail) {\n // No early test for invalid sequences here as peeking\n // at the next byte is harder\n return CoderResult.",
"UNDERFLOW;\n }\n int nextByte;\n for (int i = 0; i < tail; i++) {\n nextByte = in.get() & 0xFF;\n if ((nextByte & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1 + i);\n }\n jchar = (jchar << 6) + nextByte;\n }\n jchar -= remainingNumbers[tail];\n if (jchar < lowerEncodingLimit[tail]) {\n // Should have been encoded in a fewer octets\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n pos += tail;\n }\n // Apache Tomcat added test\n if (jchar >= 0xD800 && jchar <= 0xDFFF) {\n return CoderResult.unmappableForLength(3);\n }\n // Apache Tomcat added test\n if (jchar > 0x10FFFF) {\n return CoderResult.unmappableForLength(4);\n }\n if (jchar <= 0xffff) {\n out.put((char) jchar);\n outRemaining--;\n } else {\n if (outRemaining < 2) {\n return CoderResult.",
"OVERFLOW;\n }\n out.put((char) ((jchar >> 0xA) + 0xD7C0));\n out.put((char) ((jchar & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00));\n outRemaining -= 2;\n }\n pos++;\n }\n return CoderResult.",
"UNDERFLOW;\n } finally {\n in.position(pos);\n }\n }\n\n\n private CoderResult decodeHasArray(ByteBuffer in, CharBuffer out) {\n int outRemaining = out.remaining();\n int pos = in.position();\n int limit = in.limit();\n final byte[] bArr = in.array();\n final char[] cArr = out.array();\n final int inIndexLimit = limit + in.arrayOffset();\n int inIndex = pos + in.arrayOffset();\n int outIndex = out.position() + out.arrayOffset();\n // if someone would change the limit in process,\n // he would face consequences\n for (; inIndex < inIndexLimit && outRemaining > 0; inIndex++) {\n int jchar = bArr[inIndex];\n if (jchar < 0) {\n jchar = jchar & 0x7F;\n // If first byte is invalid, tail will be set to -1\n int tail = remainingBytes[jchar];\n if (tail == -1) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // Additional checks to detect invalid sequences ASAP\n // Checks derived from Unicode 6.2, Chapter 3, Table 3-7\n // Check 2nd byte\n int tailAvailable = inIndexLimit - inIndex - 1;\n if (tailAvailable > 0) {\n // First byte C2..DF, second byte 80..BF\n if (jchar > 0x41 && jchar < 0x60 &&\n (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte E0, second byte A0..BF\n if (jchar == 0x60 && (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xE0) !",
"= 0xA0) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte E1..EC, second byte 80..BF\n if (jchar > 0x60 && jchar < 0x6D &&\n (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte ED, second byte 80..9F\n if (jchar == 0x6D && (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xE0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte EE..EF, second byte 80..BF\n if (jchar > 0x6D && jchar < 0x70 &&\n (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte F0, second byte 90..BF\n if (jchar == 0x70 &&\n ((bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xFF) < 0x90 ||\n (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xFF) > 0xBF)) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte F1..F3, second byte 80..BF\n if (jchar > 0x70 && jchar < 0x74 &&\n (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n // First byte F4, second byte 80..8F\n if (jchar == 0x74 &&\n (bArr[inIndex + 1] & 0xF0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n }\n // Check third byte if present and expected\n if (tailAvailable > 1 && tail > 1) {\n if ((bArr[inIndex + 2] & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(2);\n }\n }\n // Check fourth byte if present and expected\n if (tailAvailable > 2 && tail > 2) {\n if ((bArr[inIndex + 3] & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(3);\n }\n }\n if (tailAvailable < tail) {\n break;\n }\n for (int i = 0; i < tail; i++) {\n int nextByte = bArr[inIndex + i + 1] & 0xFF;\n if ((nextByte & 0xC0) !",
"= 0x80) {\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1 + i);\n }\n jchar = (jchar << 6) + nextByte;\n }\n jchar -= remainingNumbers[tail];\n if (jchar < lowerEncodingLimit[tail]) {\n // Should have been encoded in fewer octets\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return CoderResult.malformedForLength(1);\n }\n inIndex += tail;\n }\n // Apache Tomcat added test\n if (jchar >= 0xD800 && jchar <= 0xDFFF) {\n return CoderResult.unmappableForLength(3);\n }\n // Apache Tomcat added test\n if (jchar > 0x10FFFF) {\n return CoderResult.unmappableForLength(4);\n }\n if (jchar <= 0xffff) {\n cArr[outIndex++] = (char) jchar;\n outRemaining--;\n } else {\n if (outRemaining < 2) {\n return CoderResult.",
"OVERFLOW;\n }\n cArr[outIndex++] = (char) ((jchar >> 0xA) + 0xD7C0);\n cArr[outIndex++] = (char) ((jchar & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00);\n outRemaining -= 2;\n }\n }\n in.position(inIndex - in.arrayOffset());\n out.position(outIndex - out.arrayOffset());\n return (outRemaining == 0 && inIndex < inIndexLimit) ?",
"\n CoderResult.",
"OVERFLOW :\n CoderResult.",
"UNDERFLOW;\n }\n}"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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0.05555555555555555
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[
"/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ",
" See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information\n * regarding copyright ownership. ",
" The ASF licenses this file\n * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n * \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License. ",
" You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n * software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n * \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n * KIND, either express or implied. ",
" See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations\n * under the License.",
"\n */\npackage org.apache.accumulo.hadoop.its.mapred;\n\nimport static org.junit.",
"Assert.assertEquals;\nimport static org.junit.",
"Assert.assertNull;\n\nimport java.io.",
"File;\nimport java.io.",
"IOException;\n\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.",
"Accumulo;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.",
"AccumuloClient;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.",
"BatchWriter;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.",
"BatchWriterConfig;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.data.",
"Key;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.data.",
"Mutation;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.data.",
"Value;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.hadoop.mapred.",
"AccumuloInputFormat;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.hadoopImpl.mapred.",
"RangeInputSplit;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.harness.",
"AccumuloClusterHarness;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.conf.",
"Configuration;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.conf.",
"Configured;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.io.",
"Text;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.mapred.",
"JobClient;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.mapred.",
"JobConf;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.mapred.",
"Mapper;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.mapred.",
"OutputCollector;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.mapred.",
"Reporter;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.",
"NullOutputFormat;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.util.",
"Tool;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.util.",
"ToolRunner;\nimport org.junit.",
"Test;\n\npublic class MultiTableInputFormatIT extends AccumuloClusterHarness {\n\n private static AssertionError e1 = null;\n private static AssertionError e2 = null;\n\n private static class MRTester extends Configured implements Tool {\n private static class TestMapper implements Mapper<Key,Value,Key,Value> {\n Key key = null;\n int count = 0;\n\n @Override\n public void map(Key k, Value v, OutputCollector<Key,Value> output, Reporter reporter)\n throws IOException {\n try {\n String tableName = ((RangeInputSplit) reporter.getInputSplit()).getTableName();\n if (key !",
"= null)\n assertEquals(key.getRow().toString(), new String(v.get()));\n assertEquals(new Text(String.format(\"%s_%09x\", tableName, count + 1)), k.getRow());\n assertEquals(String.format(\"%s_%09x\", tableName, count), new String(v.get()));\n } catch (AssertionError e) {\n e1 = e;\n }\n key = new Key(k);\n count++;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void configure(JobConf job) {}\n\n @Override\n public void close() throws IOException {\n try {\n assertEquals(100, count);\n } catch (AssertionError e) {\n e2 = e;\n }\n }\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public int run(String[] args) throws Exception {\n\n if (args.length !",
"= 2) {\n throw new IllegalArgumentException(\n \"Usage : \" + MRTester.class.getName() + \" <table1> <table2>\");\n }\n\n String table1 = args[0];\n String table2 = args[1];\n\n JobConf job = new JobConf(getConf());\n job.setJarByClass(this.getClass());\n\n job.setInputFormat(AccumuloInputFormat.class);\n\n AccumuloInputFormat.configure().clientProperties(getClientInfo().getProperties())\n .table(table1).table(table2).store(job);\n\n job.setMapperClass(TestMapper.class);\n job.setMapOutputKeyClass(Key.class);\n job.setMapOutputValueClass(Value.class);\n job.setOutputFormat(NullOutputFormat.class);\n\n job.setNumReduceTasks(0);\n\n return JobClient.runJob(job).isSuccessful() ? ",
"0 : 1;\n }\n\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n Configuration conf = new Configuration();\n conf.set(\"mapreduce.framework.name\", \"local\");\n conf.set(\"mapreduce.cluster.local.dir\",\n new File(System.getProperty(\"user.dir\"), \"target/mapreduce-tmp\").getAbsolutePath());\n assertEquals(0, ToolRunner.run(conf, new MRTester(), args));\n }\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMap() throws Exception {\n String[] tableNames = getUniqueNames(2);\n String table1 = tableNames[0];\n String table2 = tableNames[1];\n try (AccumuloClient c = Accumulo.newClient().from(getClientProps()).build()) {\n c.tableOperations().create(table1);\n c.tableOperations().create(table2);\n BatchWriter bw = c.createBatchWriter(table1, new BatchWriterConfig());\n BatchWriter bw2 = c.createBatchWriter(table2, new BatchWriterConfig());\n for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {\n Mutation t1m = new Mutation(new Text(String.format(\"%s_%09x\", table1, i + 1)));\n t1m.put(\"\", \"\", String.format(\"%s_%09x\", table1, i));\n bw.addMutation(t1m);\n Mutation t2m = new Mutation(new Text(String.format(\"%s_%09x\", table2, i + 1)));\n t2m.put(\"\", \"\", String.format(\"%s_%09x\", table2, i));\n bw2.addMutation(t2m);\n }\n bw.close();\n bw2.close();\n\n MRTester.main(new String[] {table1, table2});\n assertNull(e1);\n assertNull(e2);\n }\n }\n\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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0.008103727714748784,
0.006887052341597796,
0.0026666666666666666,
0.004178272980501393
] | 0.007206 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nperl regex for specific string\n\nI want to split a string into different columns. ",
"Each of the lines appears as the one below.",
"\nTR10052|c9_g13_i6_DESeqResultsBacterialen=248 gi|497816164|ref|WP_010130320.1| 97.56 82 2 0 1 246 9 90 7e-51 167\n\nI can split by white space, tabs, and \"|\" but I'm having trouble splitting the rest of the first section \"TR10052|c9_g13_i6_DESeqResultsBacterialen=248\" by a specific match of characters. ",
"I want the first column to be the TR##### piece, the second column to be the c#_g#_i# piece and the third column to be the rest of it starting with \"_DESeq...\" etc.",
"\nwhile ( my $line = <RESULTS> ) {\n chomp $line;\n my @column = split( /[\\t|] /_DES.*/ /, $line );\n my $transcriptID = $column[0];\n my $isoform = $column[1];\n my $deseq = $column[2];\n }\n\nA:\n\nUse a negative look ahead to split on underscores that are not followed by \"letter digit\".",
"\nTry splitting on this regex:\n/\\||\\_(?![a-z]\\d)|\\s+/\n\nSee live regex demo matching the desired characters on which to split.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
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0.0031746031746031746,
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0
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[
"The discussion of prior art within this specification is to assist the addressee to understand the invention and is not an admission to the extent of the common general knowledge in the field of the invention and is included without prejudice.",
"\nIt is known to link gaming machines to provide a number of additional functionalities. ",
"This includes the ability to control the awarding of a prize, as the pool of funds is greater and the amount of funds available is known rather than having to be estimated. ",
"Another known purpose of interlinking gaming machines is to provide secondary gaming such as a linked jackpot. ",
"In such a system, a central display typically provides the players with a visual indication of a presently available jackpot prize which is increased incrementally as the players operate the interlinked gaming machines. ",
"It is known by the players that the prize will be awarded when it reaches a secret, randomly selected value that is less than a predetermined limit value. ",
"The limit value is often also visually indicated to the players by means of the display.",
"\nThe use of such functionality is intended to attract players to play the machines in the hope of winning the jackpot. ",
"However, with the increased sophistication of players and their increased exposure to such systems, the systems' ability to maintain players' interest has diminished.",
"\nIt is an object of the present invention to overcome, or at least substantially ameliorate, one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art or at least to provide a useful alternative."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
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0,
0
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[
"3 days ago\n\n3 days ago\n\n3 days ago\n\nAfter winning the NIT last year, Minnesota‘s fortunes this seasonwere widely believed to be keyed by their veterans. ",
"Seniors Andre Hollins, Deandre Mathieu, Maurice Walker and Elliott Eliason all played large roles in last season’s transition from Tubby Smith to Richard Pitino’s NIT championship squad. ",
"They are in fact doing so this season, with Hollins leading the team in scoring, Walker leading the team in rebounds and blocks, and Mathieu leading the team in assists. ",
"But it has also been freshman Nate Mason who has made his presence felt as the first guard off the bench. ",
"His importance has been necessary with the loss of Daquien McNeil to his ongoing legal issues, and Mason has shined with all of the extra responsibility.",
"\n\nNate Mason (right) has been a key cog for Minnesota in the early season so far. (",
"Kathy Willens, AP)\n\nOn Monday night, the Gophers forced North Dakota into a whopping 25 turnovers (33.8 percent of their possessions). ",
"Most of the damage was done with their pressure defense, with Mason serving as the catalyst with six steals. ",
"Mason also ended the game with eight assists, which along with his steals output were career bests for the first-year player. ",
"On Wednesday night, the Gophers forced Southern into another 20 miscues, logging 11 of those in the form of steals. ",
"Mason has been excellent in Pitino’s pressure style, showing the athleticism necessary to recover when other teams beat the press. ",
"The precocious freshman is averaging 9.2 points, 4.0 rebounds, 3.6 assists, and 1.7 steals per game, while hitting 46.7 percent of his threes. ",
"This comes from a player who was ranked only 135th in his class, according to 24/7 sports composite rankings.",
"\n\nEleven Big Ten Teams will make their season debuts tonight. ",
"While the only true marquee game on the schedule is the Minnesota-Louisville clash in Puerto Rico, here are three things to watch for if you’re checking out the league as the season begins.",
"\n\nHampton vs. Iowa: Hampton went 18-13 last year, and the Pirates hung with Penn State in the first round of the CBI before ultimately losing by four points. ",
"They return eight players from their top 10 in minutes played for a team that ran at the 11th-fastest tempo in the country last season. ",
"They did a tremendous job in blocking shots and holding teams to a low percentage on two-point attempts, and have good front line size to match up with the Hawkeyes on the interior. ",
"Iowa no longer has Roy Devyn Marble to handle the ball and take all of its big shots, so Mike Gesell and Josh Oglesby will have to be hitting from long range because points in the paint will not be easy to find. ",
"This game bears watching because it will be a track meet up and down the court, and because there is also some small upset potential here if Iowa doesn’t come to play.",
"\n\nMike Geselll will have to take care of the ball Friday night against Hampton. (",
"Getty)\n\nMichigan State vs. Navy: The Midshipmen went 9-21 last year, so thinking that they will push Sparty tonight might be something of a stretch. ",
"But they do return almost everybody from that team, and they did a solid job forcing turnovers last season. ",
"Michigan State, of course, has a new floor general, and although Travis Trice has gotten plenty of reps in his three years in East Lansing, he’s never been the guy. ",
"Denzel Valentine has a tendency to cough up the ball on occasion, and LourawlsNairn will be making his much-anticipated collegiate debut. ",
"Keep an eye on whether Michigan State can avoid making silly mistakes here. ",
"A sloppy effort against a clearly inferior opponent might be a bad sign as the team gets set to take on Duke in the Champions Classic in four days.",
"\n\nMinnesota vs. Louisville: This game is the obvious call if you’re looking for opening night intrigue. ",
"Minnesota has an early chance to grab a huge non-conference win by playing a top 10 team. ",
"Richard Pitino will coach against his dad, who probably knows the Gophers about as well as his son does. ",
"Richard, of course, served as an assistant at Louisville just a few seasons ago, so the same likely holds true with the younger Pitino’s knowledge about the Cardinals. ",
"If you like guard play, you will get a chance to watch Andre Hollins and Deandre Mathieu take on Chris Jones and Terry Rozier. ",
"If the battle in the post is more your cup of tea, then check out Elliott Eliason and Maurice Walker trading haymakers with potential All-American Montrezl Harrell. ",
"This one sells itself.",
"\n\nWe’re just a few days away from the first official tip-offs of the season, which will mean that the non-conference portion of the season has begun. ",
"Most fans will watch their team play some little-known school for an easy win over the weekend, but there is an excellent slate of non-conference games involving Big Ten teams on the horizon. ",
"The five best of those games are listed below. ",
"A couple caveats: (1) no games from the Big Ten/ACC Challenge were included because we’ll cover that event in full later this month; and (2) the annual rivalry match-ups (e.g., Illinois-Missouri, Iowa-Iowa State, etc.) ",
"were also removed, since those games have already been discussed ad nauseam. ",
"This list represents the best of the rest.",
"\n\nThe following list is in chronological order and displays each team’s expected record (according to Kenpom) at the time of the game.",
"\n\nMinnesota (0-0) vs Louisville (0-0)\n\nArmed Forces Classic – Aguadilla, PR – Friday, November 14: Minnesota fans will be in for a treat on opening night as the Gophers will headline ESPN’s coverage against the Cardinals at U.S Air Station Borinquen in Puerto Rico. ",
"This will arguably be the best match-up of the night, pitting two teams from power conferences in a father/son battle with Richard Pitino taking on his dad, Rick, for the second time in his short career. ",
"The Golden Gophers play a similar style as Louisville — including the Pitino family’s patented pressing defense — but they are outmatched in talent. ",
"Still, with returning starters such as Deandre Mathieu, Andre Hollins and Elliott Eliason available, young Pitino could be poised to catch his father’s team by surprise and make it interesting. ",
"Honestly, just be happy that this game is not taking place on an aircraft carrier.",
"\n\nMichigan State (1-0) vs Duke (2-0)\n\nThese two legends face off again as Michigan State battles Duke. (",
"AP)\n\nChampions Classic – Indianapolis, IN – Tuesday, November 18: The Champions Classic has become an early-season staple as the unofficial marquee event to tip off college basketball. ",
"It’s been a successful series as four elite programs — Kentucky, Duke, Kansas, and Michigan State — have rotated match-ups to play each other over a three-year period. ",
"This season the Spartans draw Duke and their trio of super freshmen — Jahlil Okafor, Tyus Jones and Justise Winslow. ",
"But what the Blue Devils have in talent, they lack in experience. ",
"An early game like this gives Michigan State a golden opportunity to notch a resume-building win against a team that could end up as a #1 seed in the NCAA Tournament. ",
"Read the rest of this entry »\n\nDespite his excellence for three seasons, the collegiate career of Andre Hollins has arguably flown under the radar. ",
"He has been a heavy contributor at Minnesota since day one, topping the 20-point plateau five times as a freshman and leading the Gophers in scoring in both his sophomore and junior seasons. ",
"He even has an outside chance at cracking 2,000 points for his career if his team makes a deep run in the postseason this year. ",
"He’s played under two coaches utilizing vastly different systems, yet still managed to thrive. ",
"Last season was his most challenging in Minneapolis — after suffering an ankle injury, he came back too soon and proceeded to look like a shell of his former self. ",
"He went from averaging 16.2 PPG before the injury to 11.3 PPG in the 16 games afterward, and he just looked tentative and unsure of himself in February and March. ",
"Now in his second year under Richard Pitino, he is flanked by a core of experienced seniors. ",
"Can Hollins recapture his scoring touch and lead the Gophers back to the Big Dance?",
"\n\nAndre Hollins needs to regain his scoring touch if Minnesota wants to rise in the B1G standings. (",
"Getty)\n\nAt his best, Hollins is a scorer who does most of his damage from the outside. ",
"He’s made quite a few three-pointers in his career, topping out at a superb 41.8 percent in his junior season from behind the arc. ",
"He also does a nice job getting to the free throw line, and converts when he’s there, with a career free throw percentage of 84.4 percent. ",
"For someone that gets so much of his scoring output from the outside, he still managed to rank ninth in the league in free throw rate, getting to the charity stripe at a 49.7 percent clip. ",
"He’s capable of playing both guard spots, as he led the team in assists (3.4 APG) as the primary facilitator in 2012-13. ",
"When Deandre Mathieu took over the point guard duties last season, Hollins played off the ball where he was able to get quality looks on kickouts from the speedy Mathieu. ",
"The Gophers’ backcourt tandem might be the best in the league this season, and it will need to be if Minnesota hopes to avoid another trip to the NIT.",
"\n\nMinnesota has made the most out of its experience in the NIT, as the Gophers have made it to New York City to take on Florida State in the semifinals of the event this evening. ",
"This is a rematch of an earlier meeting in December’s ACC/Big Ten Challenge, when Richard Pitino’s team defeated the Seminoles 71-61 at Williams Arena. ",
"Despite a lack of prestige and eyeballs on this game, Minnesota is the only Big Ten team still playing basketball other than Wisconsin. ",
"In order to advance to Thursday night’s championship game, here are three things for Minnesota to concentrate on to beat FSU again.",
"\n\nWith Elliott Eliason probably not playing due to an injury, Minnesota needs a big night Tuesday from Maurice Walker. (",
"Pioneer Press, Ben Garvin)\n\nCreate turnovers: Florida State turns the ball over slightly less often than Indiana, and anyone who watched any Big Ten basketball this season knows what that means. ",
"The Seminoles turn the ball over on over 21 percent of their possessions, and out of the 92 ACC players who played over 40 percent of their team’s available minutes, Devin Bookert and Ian Miller rank fourth and fifth from the bottom. ",
"Miller also uses 25.6 percent of the team’s possessions, so taking advantage of his propensity to give the ball away is a must. ",
"Minnesota needs to remain aggressive on the perimeter, forcing turnovers instead of letting the guards — both of whom shoot over 40 percent from deep — get hot from the outside. ",
"Read the rest of this entry »\n\nMinnesota traveling to Ann Arbor for a rematch with Michigan highlights the slate of the games this weekend in the Big Ten. ",
"There is a great deal on the line for both teams, as the Gophers look to pick up what would be an enormous resume boost that would come from beating the league’s first place team in their building. ",
"Michigan would inch that much closer toward picking up at least a share of the Big Ten regular season crown with a victory. ",
"RTC’s Big Ten correspondents Brendan Brody and Alex Moscoso look at some of what to watch for if you’re tuning in (BTN 6:oo EST).",
"\n\nBrendan Brody: Michigan showed how dangerous they can be when they hit threes and play at a quicker tempo in their last win over Iowa. ",
"Does Michigan try and run with them, or do they try and play at a slower pace?",
"\n\nAlex Moscoso: I’ve coached exactly zero minutes of organized basketball, but it would seem to me that deviating from what you do best is a recipe for disaster. ",
"And what Michigan does best is offense. ",
"Granted, Minnesota has also shown it’s at its best when they are getting up and down the court-relying on the sharpshooting of Andre Hollins and Deandre Mathieu’s ability to get to the rim. ",
"However, if I was John Beilein, I would be ecstatic if Minnesota wanted to get in a track meet with his squad on Saturday. ",
"Michigan scores more efficiently (1.21 to 1.14 points per possession), shoots the ball better (55.2% to 51.4% eFG), and virtually runs the same pace as the Gophers (63 to 64.7 adjusted tempo). ",
"The question may be, are the Gophers going to be able to run with Michigan. ",
"I mentioned Hollins earlier, and he clearly hasn’t been the same since hurting his ankle against Wisconsin. ",
"How can Minnesota still win this game if Hollins isn’t effective offensively?",
"\n\nOhio State has gone 6-1 since it put Sam Thompson into the starting lineup. ",
"Thompson’s production didn’t change too much at the beginning of the switch, but he’s been significantly better over his last couple of games including a team-high 19 points in Ohio State’s 64-46 win over Minnesota on Saturday. ",
"This effort drew the praise of Minnesota head coach Richard Pitino, saying Thompson “is what college basketball is all about.” ",
"Pitino, interestingly enough, had recruited Thompson when he was an assistant coach at Florida under Billy Donovan. ",
"Thompson has always been an elite athlete, and if his improved offense isn’t just an aberration, he’ll be on the NBA’s radar very soon if he’s not already.",
"\n\nAnother wing who has been raising eyebrows with his play of late has been Michigan’sCaris LeVert. ",
"Unlike Thompson, however, LeVert has been playing well all season long. ",
"Dylan Burkhardt does a tremendous job breaking down the specifics of how well LeVert has played on the offensive end this season. ",
"You can see with some of the raw data that he is a multi-dimensional scorer who can beat defenses in a number of ways. ",
"He’s underrated as a spot-up shooter, but he is equally adept at breaking his man down off of the dribble. ",
"Tim Hardaway, Jr., is having a really good season in the NBA with the Knicks, yet LeVert has numbers as a sophomore that are comparable to Hardaway’s junior year statistics.",
"\n\nKendrick Nunn was the most highly-rated member of John Groce’s first Illinois recruiting class, but the freshman had his fair share of struggles in non-conference play, causing many Illinois fans to question what all the hype was all about. ",
"Nunn has quieted his critics with his play of late, showing why he was so well-regarded in the first place. ",
"He’s shown a keen ability to drive and finish, and has also shot the ball from the outside much better than scouting reports would lead you to believe. ",
"He’s hit 37.3 percent of his three-pointers on the year, going 11-of-22 in the four games when he’s been a starter.",
"\n\nThere have not been too many (if any) Big Ten players to come out of the basketball hotbed known as Chadron, Nebraska, but this is where Minnesota pivot man Elliott Eliason hails from, forging an unlikely path for someone on a Big Ten roster. ",
"Eliason has dealt with quite a bit of skepticism about his talent after not playing against quality competition in high school, and he seems to be his own worst critic, which is why some of his on-court reactions can be a bit too much to handle sometimes. ",
"Despite a lack of productivity lately, he was still third in the conference in rebounding coming into Tuesday night’s games. ",
"He’s also averaging 2.2 BPG, and will be a main cog if Minnesota gets things back on track closing out the season.",
"\n\nNebraska has one objective closing out the year if it wants to defy expectations and get to the program’s first NCAA Tournament since 1998. ",
"They simply need to win one game at a time and then let everything play out accordingly. ",
"Coach Tim Miles has the team believing in the mantra, “avoid the noise,” tuning out all of the talk about bubbles and RPI and instead focusing on the things it can control. ",
"This all starts with their game tonight against an Illinois team that is playing somewhat better lately. ",
"Sitting at 8-6 right now, it would be interesting to see what the selection committee would do with a Big Ten team that has an 11-7 or even a 10-8 record in conference play.",
"\n\nI’m not privy to what the exact numbers were in terms of Vegas odds of Michigan winning the Big Ten once Mitch McGary went down with a back injury, but they probably weren’t very favorable. ",
"With their 79-70 win on Sunday afternoon over Michigan State, however, the Wolverines are now looking like they have things close to wrapped up with four games left against teams with a combined conference record of 20-36. ",
"Meanwhile, Michigan State still has tough games to come against Iowa and at Ohio State. ",
"Michigan would have to lose twice to teams it should beat, while Michigan State would have to win out to notch the outright regular season crown. ",
"So now the drama shifts to spots #3-#6 in the standings, with the emphasis on getting into the top four positions and wrapping up a bye for the first round of the Big Ten Tournament in Indianapolis. ",
"Wisconsin got another RPI-enhancing win at Iowa Saturday, while Ohio State and Nebraska took care of their home court with wins over Minnesota and Purdue, respectively. ",
"There is now exactly one game separating each of these spots in the standings. ",
"Here’s the rest of what happened in the weekend slate.",
"\n\nNik Stauskas returned to his earlier form as Michigan dispatched Michigan State on Sunday. (",
"Gregory Shamus, Getty)\n\nPlayer of the Weekend: Nik Stauskas: This was the Nik Stauskas who had played himself into consideration for Big Ten Player of the Year earlier in the season. ",
"After struggling some in recent games, he came out and made another strong statement on Sunday. ",
"He ended up dropping 25 points on Sparty, and also added five assists for good measure. ",
"Stauskas didn’t float around the perimeter and let himself be easily guarded; instead he aggressively moved without the ball and was able to unleash a barrage of points from all over the floor. ",
"After a slow start in the first half, he scored 21 of his 25 points in the second by getting to the basket, finding space in the mid-range, and from his customary spot behind the arc. ",
"He made some phenomenal passes out of the pick-and-roll, including a late-game back-breaker on a lob to Glenn Robinson III in the closing minutes. ",
"If this was a one-on-one battle between the Canadian sharpshooter and Michigan State’s Gary Harris for B1G Player of the Year, Stauskas may have wrapped it up with his performance over the weekend.",
"\n\nOne of the best games of the Big Ten weekend slate should be in East Lansing this afternoon. ",
"Minnesota (13-3, 2-1) takes on Michigan State (14-1, 3-0) in a game that pits a team looking to climb into the the top half of the league against a team looking to get healthy and find some consistency on its way to a national title. ",
"RTC Big Ten microsite columnists Brendan Brody and Alex Moscoso decided to take a look at some key questions heading into this interesting match-up.",
"\n\nAndre Hollins needs a big game for Minnesota to pull off an upset in East Lansing.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Both teams are relatively equal nationally with Minnesota ranking 44th in offensive rebounding rate, and Michigan State checking in at 45th in defensive rebounding. ",
"Who wins the battle of the boards?",
"\n\nAlex Moscoso: For once, I’m going to disregard the numbers and predict that Michigan State wins the rebounding battle under its own basket. ",
"When it comes to rebounding, I’m not betting against Tom Izzo, especially when the Spartans are at home. ",
"While Michigan State has Adreian Payne as its only consistent low-post presence, wings Branden Dawson and Denzel Valentine have stepped up and are accounting for 5.7 and 4.3 defensive rebounds per game, respectively, as well. ",
"This should work to their advantage against Minnesota, who shoots a ton of threes (12th in the nation in attempts), and allow them to go after long rebounds. ",
"Add to the fact that Payne’s ankle is getting healthier every day, and I think Sparty wins the battle of the boards in this game.",
"\n\nBrendan Brody: Rebounding for Minnesota starts and ends with Elliott Eliason. ",
"He’s been pivotal in the Gophers’ efforts on the glass, and with Payne still struggling with some foot issues, look for Eiliason to continue to clean up Minnesota’s misses at a high level. ",
"He’s second in the league in grabbing offensive rebounds (13.5%), and he along with Maurice Walker will enable the Gophers to get second-chance opportunities if the Gophers aren’t hitting from deep.",
"\n\nWalker Carey is an RTC correspondent. ",
"He filed this report after the Round of 64 NCAA Tournament game between #6 UCLA and #11 Minnesota in Austin.",
"\n\nThree Key Takeaways.",
"\n\nDid Ben Howland Coach His Last Game in Westwood?",
"\n\nMinnesota’s effort was outstanding. ",
"For a team that was woefully inconsistent in the regular season, the Golden Gophers put together a very strong performance in its victory over UCLA. ",
"In last week’s loss to Illinois in the Big Ten Tournament, Minnesota only managed to score 49 points and looked horrible on offense for almost the entire game. ",
"Friday night was a completely different story for the Golden Gophers as they took advantage of a very poor UCLA defense and exploded for 83 points. ",
"Minnesota got a ton of good looks throughout the game, which is evident by its 50% shooting mark from the field and its 60% mark from three. ",
"UCLA was not exactly top-notch competition, but the Minnesota team that won Friday night looked much more like the Minnesota team that had beat Michigan State and Indiana than the Minnesota team that put up 49 points against Illinois last weekend.",
"\n\nUCLA played like it wanted its season to end. ",
"When Jordan Adams went down with a broken foot in the Pac-12 Tournament, it was huge blow to the Bruins. ",
"Many national pundits believed UCLA would struggle against Minnesota without Adams, as he was the team’s best defender all season. ",
"There is no way the pundits thought that the Bruins would struggle as bad as they did in the blowout loss. ",
"Minnesota came into the game averaging 68.4 points per game on the season and it scored 83 against the Bruins. ",
"Minnesota came into the game shooting 44.2% from the field on the season, it shot 50% against the Bruins. ",
"Tubby Smith‘s squad was able to reach these figures due to the countless open looks that were afforded them by the UCLA defense. ",
"Golden Gophers guard Andre Hollins finished with 28 points and was 5-of-8 from deep. ",
"UCLA did not make a single adjustment when Hollins started to get hot. ",
"There were also several instances of where Minnesota big men Trevor Mbakwe and Elliott Eliason just outworked the Bruins’ interior players to grab offensive boards to help their team retain possession. ",
"UCLA’s offense was also horrible, as it shot just 31.7% from the field including a ghastly 18.2% from three. ",
"While it is understandable that teams do have poor shooting night, what was so dumbfounding about UCLA’s is that it continued to take horrible shots on bad looks until the final buzzer. ",
"The Bruins played like they did not want to be in the NCAA Tournament and it showed on both ends of the court in their pathetic loss to Minnesota.",
"\n\nIt might be time for a coaching change in Westwood. ",
"While the Bruins did finish 25-10 and win the outright regular season Pac-12 title, with the riches of talent the team has possessed over the years, the team just has not won enough. ",
"UCLA has missed the tournament in two of the last four seasons and only has two tournament wins since 2008. ",
"Considering that Steve Lavin was let go by UCLA after making the tournament in six of his seven seasons in Westwood and taking the Bruins to five Sweet 16s, it should be to the surprise of no one if UCLA decides to make a coaching change after this flameout against Minnesota. ",
"Another thing that works against Howland is that according to a Chris Foster story in Tuesday’s Los Angeles Times, “he had received no indication from his bosses about his status or what his team had to accomplish for him to stay on the job.”",
"\n\nStar of the Game. ",
"Andre Hollins, Minnesota. ",
"The sophomore guard put forth quite the offensive performance for the Golden Gophers. ",
"He tallied 28 points on 8-of-16 from the field and knocked back 5-of-8 from deep. ",
"Hollins was Minnesota’s go-to guy all night and he responded with a very good offensive performance. ",
"If Minnesota wants any chance at beating Florida on Sunday, it is going to need a similar performance from Hollins.",
"\n\nThroughout the preseason, the Big Ten microsite will be rolling out these featured breakdowns of each of the 12 league schools. ",
"Today’s release is the Minnesota Golden Gophers.",
"\n\nWhere We Left Off: Minnesota’s 2011-12 season can best be described as streaky. ",
"The Gophers started the year 12-1, but lost their first four conference games before a three-game winning streak that included a good win at Indiana. ",
"Minnesota then traded wins and losses before ending the regular season on a 1-6 slide. ",
"However, the Gophers got hot in the Big Ten Tournament, knocking off Northwestern and nearly doing the same to Michigan. ",
"They then made a great run in the NIT, including a win against Washington before losing in the championship game to Stanford. ",
"It certainly was an up-and-down year, but it ended with plenty of promise.",
"\n\nTubby’s Minnesota Teams Can Never Seem to Get Healthy and Eligible at the Same Time (AP)\n\nPositives: This could be one of the most talented teams that Tubby Smith has had in Minnesota, and some — including yours truly — see the Gophers as a sleeper in the Big Ten title race. ",
"Sixth-year senior Trevor Mbakwe will be the face of the team, and the Gophers got a huge break when he avoided jail time after a parole violation for a summer DUI. ",
"This is a versatile team, which will allow the Gophers to play several big or small lineups. ",
"Talented young players such as Andre Hollins, Joe Coleman and Elliott Eliason will be complemented by more experienced players, such as Julian Welch, Rodney Williams, and Mbakwe.",
"\n\nNegatives: Can this team be consistent? ",
"Of course, a lot of last year’s on-court issues can be blamed on Mbakwe’s injury before conference play. ",
"The Gophers were forced to throw a number of talented freshmen into action, and while there were bright spots early — particularly the win against Indiana — it took awhile for things to come together. ",
"Can Minnesota take advantage of the experience gained by its younger players last year, or will inconsistency continue to be the story of a team that can’t get over the hump?"
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[
"DUBLIN (Reuters) - Ireland recognized the legal rights of same-sex couples for the first time Friday in a civil partnership bill that gave people in long-term relationships many of the statutory rights of married couples.",
"\n\nBut it stopped short of recognizing civil marriage. ",
"There are strong rights conferred to marriage under the constitution of the traditionally Catholic country, which was amended to lift a ban on divorce in 1995.",
"\n\n“This bill provides legal protection for cohabiting couples and is an important step, particularly for same-sex couples, whose relationships have not previously been given legal recognition by the state,” Justice Minister Dermot Ahern said in a statement.",
"\n\nThe legislation provides a range of previously denied rights including maintenance obligations, protection of a shared home and succession. “",
"Balance is achieved by maintaining material distinctions between civil partnership and marriage, in particular between the rights attaching to both, while at the same time reflecting the equality rights protected by the constitution,” Ahern said.",
"\n\nThe legalized sale of contraceptives caused controversy upon its introduction in 1979 in Ireland, where abortion still remains illegal.",
"\n\n“This is an historic civil rights reform that will resolve many immediate and pressing issues faced by lesbian and gay couples and the minister and the government are to be congratulated,” Kieran Rose, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Equality Network said in a statement."
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[
"If you listen just for the Friends intel, you might be disappointed, as that section isn’t very long (though it’s always nice to hear long-time TV writer Jeff Greenstein recap his experiences in the biz). ",
"But otherwise, it’s good way to kill an hour walking through Ikea. (",
"which is how I experienced this episode)\n\nMy first foray into Hollywood & Levine, but I am familiar with host Ken Levine’s writing and his career. ",
"He’s a long-time TV comedy writer who also had a career as a baseball radio broadcaster, and the latter is very apparent listening to him speak into a mic. ",
"His inflections and his ability to segue from anecdote to anecdote should be quite familair to baseball fans. ",
"This episode is interesting for aficionados of Disney theme parks and want to hear stories about them, but if you’re really looking for insider tips, a trip to Google will probably return more current inside info.",
"\n\nWhat is this?",
"\n\nI've been an avid podcast listener for well over a decade now, but I feel lately like my listening habits have gotten a little stale. ",
"I creating this page to mix things up, posting every podcast I listen to, right when I listen to them, plus my thoughts on the episodes when I have the time (i.e. not when I'm driving).",
"\n\nWill this force me to expand my palette? ",
"Will it help me find other podcast fans with similar tastes? ",
"Will it just be a giant waste of time? ",
"Time will tell..."
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[
"Stars On Set\n\nBradley Cooper\n\nBradley Cooper showed off his physique in a pair of super-short shorts on the set of American Sniper on June 4, 2014 in Malibu, Calif. Directed by Clint Eastwood, Cooper plays Navy SEAL Chris Kyle in the film, who recounts his military career, including more than 150 confirmed kills."
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[
"Q:\n\nASP.NET MVC routing issue with Google Chrome client\n\nMy Silverlight 4 app is hosted in ASP.NET MVC 2 web application. ",
"It works fine when I browse with Internet Explorer 8. ",
"However Google Chrome (version 5) cannot find ASP.NET controllers. ",
"Specifically, the following ASP.NET controller works both with Chrome and IE.",
"\n//[OutputCache(NoStore = true, Duration = 0, VaryByParam = \"None\")]\npublic ContentResult TestMe()\n{\n ContentResult result = new ContentResult();\n XElement response = new XElement(\"SvrResponse\", \n new XElement(\"Data\", \"my data\"));\n result.",
"Content = response.",
"ToString();\n return result;\n}\n\nIf I uncomment [OutputCache] attribute then it works with IE but not with Chrome. ",
"Also, I use custom model binding with controllers, so if I write the following:\npublic ContentResult TestMe(UserContext userContext)\n{\n ...\n}\n\nit also works with IE, but again not with Chrome which gives me error message saying that resource was not found. ",
"Of course, I configured IIS 6 for handling all requests via aspnet_isapi.dll and I have registered custom model binder in my web app's Global.asax inside Application_Start() method.",
"\nCan someone explain me what might be the cause? ",
"Thank you.",
"\n\nA:\n\nOk, I found a way to solve this problem. ",
"In my silverlight app I opted for using client stack instead of using default http stack. ",
"\nWebRequest.",
"RegisterPrefix(\"http://\", WebRequestCreator.",
"ClientHttp);\nWebRequest.",
"RegisterPrefix(\"https://\", WebRequestCreator.",
"ClientHttp);\n\nSee also: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/silverlight_sdk/archive/2009/08/12/new-networking-stack-in-silverlight-3.aspx\n\n"
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"Anthony Scaramucci, a member of President-elect Donald Trump's transition team executive committee, and founder and co-managing partner of investment firm SkyBridge Capital, talks with media at Trump Tower in New York, N.Y. in November. (",
"Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post)\n\n— For weeks now, Anthony Scaramucci has been seemingly all over the airwaves, talking to the likes of CNBC, Fox and NPR about the virtues of a Donald Trump presidency.",
"\n\nA hedge fund manager who was hardly a household name, Scaramucci is suddenly in demand as an insider who can authentically preach the Trump economic gospel. ",
"He vocally supported the Republican’s presidential campaign when much of Wall Street kept mum or expressed skepticism. ",
"Now, he is part of a small club helping the mogul prepare for the transition to the White House, a frequent visitor to Trump Tower in New York these days.",
"\n\nScaramucci is widely expected to be the next Goldman Sachs alumnus to join the Trump administration, joining Steven Mnuchin, who has been nominated for treasury secretary, and Goldman Sachs President Gary Cohn, tapped to head the National Economic Council. ",
"Trump’s chief of strategy, Stephen K. Bannon, the chairman of the far-right Breitbart News, is also a Goldman alumnus.",
"\n\nFor Wall Street, Scaramucci’s emergence — and the president-elect’s willingness to rely on Goldman Sachs alums — is yet another sign that the anger the industry faced following the 2008 financial crisis may be subsiding. ",
"Trump has said he wants to roll back the 2010 financial reform legislation, Dodd-Frank, that attempted to rein in big banks after the financial crisis. ",
"That prospect has sent the share prices of banking industry leaders soaring — Goldman Sachs’s stock is up 30 percent since the election.",
"\n\n“I think the cabal against the bankers is over,” Scaramucci said during a recent CNN interview. “",
"What Mr. Trump is really trying to do right now is put the country together.”",
"\n\n1 of 35 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × Here’s a look at Trump’s administration so far View Photos The men and women the president-elect has selected for his Cabinet and White House team. ",
"Caption The men and women the president-elect has selected for his Cabinet and White House team. ",
"Scott Gottlieb, nominee for commissioner of FDA President Trump is set to nominate Scott Gottlieb, a conservative physician and businessman with deep ties to the pharmaceutical industry, to be commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, a White House official said. ",
"Courtesy of American Enterprise Institute/via Reuters Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue.",
"\n\nWhat role Scaramucci might play in the administration is unclear. ",
"A spokesperson for Scaramucci said he was unavailable for comment and that “it’s early to talk about an administration job given that Anthony is working full time on the transition.”",
"\n\nDuring nearly 30 years on Wall Street, Scaramucci has built a reputation for having a boyish demeanor with a salesman’s touch. ",
"He started his career at Goldman Sachs being hired, fired, and rehired in a single year before leaving in 2006 to start his own hedge fund.",
"\n\nIn that secretive world, Scaramucci has stood out for his willingness to be a vocal Wall Street booster. ",
"In 2010, during a CNBC town hall, he asked President Obama: “When are we going to stop whacking at the Wall Street pinata?” ",
"And his hedge fund, SkyBridge Capital, holds an annual conference in Las Vegas where industry insiders mix with celebrities and political heavyweights. (",
"The 2016 conference included speeches by Kobe Bryant, former House speaker John A. Boehner and Kenneth C. Griffin, founder of Citadel, one of the world’s largest asset managers.)",
"\n\nOn Twitter, Scaramucci sprinkles promotion of his third book—“Hopping Over the Rabbit Hole: How Entrepreneurs Turn Failure Into Success”—with promotion of Trump’s policies.",
"\n\nScaramucci wasn’t always a big supporter of Trump. ",
"He initially backed the presidential campaign of Scott Walker, then Jeb Bush. ",
"Trump had often criticized the hedge fund industry, complaining that “the hedge fund guys are paying nothing” in taxes. ",
"The Long Island native snapped back. ",
"Trump has a “big mouth” and is an “inherited money dude from Queens County,” Scaramucci said during a Fox Business Network appearance in August 2015.",
"\n\nBut as Trump drew closer to the Republican nomination, Scaramucci, a longtime GOP fundraiser, signed up to help. “",
"I was with Governor Walker. ",
"That didn’t work out for me. ",
"I was with Jeb Bush. ",
"That didn’t work out for me. ",
"And so, you know, my point is that I’m a team-playing Republican,” Scaramucci said in a May interview with NPR.",
"\n\nScaramucci became a top Wall Street fundraiser for Trump and after the election joined the executive transition team. ",
"He is part of a “tiger team” interviewing candidates for the thousands of jobs the new Trump administration must fill, a transition official said.",
"\n\nView Graphic Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far\n\nLike Trump, Scaramucci appears to largely agree that the tax code should be simplified and that financial reform legislation has made it more difficult for small businesses to get loans.",
"\n\nBut Scaramucci’s efforts to support Trump have sometimes left him on the defensive.",
"\n\nDuring a heated exchange on CNN recently about global warming, Scaramucci referred to the “5,500-year history of our planet.” ",
"He quickly amended the statement to say “human history.” ",
"But it was too late. ",
"Scaramucci has spent days fielding online taunts.",
"\n\n“I said the earth is 4.5 billion years old,” he said in one of several tweets attempting to defuse the backlash. “[",
"I am] not a climate change denier. ",
"Not a young-earther.”",
"\n\nScaramucci has hardly been bashful about his Wall Street bona fides or Goldman Sachs connections.",
"\n\n“Dream Team,” he tweeted after Trump said he would appoint Cohen to join Mnuchin in his administration.",
"\n\nThe choices drew criticism that Trump was getting too cozy with Goldman Sachs, a bank he had been critical of during the campaign.",
"\n\n“The idea that ever working for Goldman Sachs automatically makes you the devil is one of the most irrational conspiracies in modern history,” Scaramucci has said."
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"ml-settings\n\nDaniel Baumann wrote:\n> > Your mail to 'Alfs-discuss' with the subject\n> > Sync with the current LFS-Book\n> >\n> > Is being held until the list moderator can review it for approval.",
"\n> > The reason it is being held:\n> > Message has a suspicious header\n> Is there a size limit of mails, or what is reason for that?",
"\n>\nThis is the anti-spam filter on belgarath; it triggers whenever it sees\nanything that looks like HTML, including standalone XML tags like we\npost in messages about ALFS profiles :-("
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"Q:\n\nКонкатенация числа и строки в MySQL\n\nМожет кто-нибудь объяснить почему, выражение\namount + '00' \n\nв mysql выдаёт результат 6000, если amount было равно 6000.00,\nа если же amount было равно 29250.24, то это же выражение выдаёт результат 29250.24?",
"\nЗаранее благодарна!",
"\n\nA:\n\nКонкатенация строк в MySQL выполняется только функцией concat. ",
"Оператор + - это арифметическое сложение. ",
"При сложении строк MySQL сначала приводит их к числовому виду. ",
"А в числах не принято писать незначащие нули после запятой, вот MySQL их и отбрасывает.",
"\nПри операциях над строками из за приведения типов MySQL приходится самостоятельно выбирать тип результирующих данных и разрядность после запятой, что он и делает на основании числа которое надо вывести.",
"\nПри сложении заведомо числовых данных, когда приведение типа не требуется, MySQL определяет тип данных и разрядность по максимальной разрядности операндов и старается ее сохранить.",
"\n\n"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to photosensitive drums mounted in electronic imaging devices, such as printers, copy machines, and so on, and more particularly, to a transmission device for a photosensitive drum.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nA photosensitive drum, which is one of the most important components of an electronic imaging device, is installed in a toner cartridge to conduct electricity when photosensitized and attract carbon powders at the same time to develop the to-be-printed document. ",
"A photosensitive drum primarily comprises a photosensitive cylinder and a transmission device attached to an end of the photosensitive cylinder. ",
"The transmission device is adapted to be connected with a drive member in a housing of an electronic image forming apparatus to transmit rotatory kinetic energy from the drive member to the photosensitive cylinder.",
"\nThe conventional transmission device for a photosensitive drum, which comprises a transmission member capable of engagement with the drive member, is usually provided with the design that the transmission member can be pushed by the drive member to swing, such as which disclosed in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"8,295,734, or the design that the transmission member can be pushed by the drive member to move axially, such as which disclosed in China Utility Model Patent No. ",
"CN201532527U. By means of the aforesaid designs, the transmission member will be engaged with the drive member when the user puts the toner cartridge into the electronic image forming apparatus and separated from the drive member when the user takes the toner cartridge out of the electronic imaging device.",
"\nHowever, the aforesaid transmission device for a photosensitive drum, which is provided with a transmission member capable of swinging or moving axially, is complicated in structure so as to be difficult in manufacture and assembly."
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"Q:\n\nHow to add a new row in pandas based on a condition from the first column?",
"\n\nI have the following pandas dataframe:Example input data\nI would like to iterate through the rows in only the first column and if it meets a condition (ie contains the string 'hello') I would like to add an empty row above this with only the first column being populated.",
"\nExample output\nI have tried:\ndf.loc[0] ='My new title'\nThis adds a row but the title is on every column.",
"\nI'm guessing the syntax would be something like:\n`\nfor i in df.iloc[0]:\n if i == 'hello':\n df.loc[-1] ='My new title'\nprint(df)\n\n`\nThis is not working either - could someone point me in the right direction. ",
"Thanks\n\nA:\n\nYou can add a new row in this way\nimport pandas\n\ndata = [['tom', 10], ['nick', 15], ['juli', 14]] \ndf = pandas.",
"DataFrame(data, columns = ['Name', 'Age']) \n\ndf2 = pandas.",
"DataFrame([['My new title', None]], columns = ['Name', 'Age'])\nrownumber = 0\nfor i in df.iloc[0:,0]:\n\n if i == \"nick\":\n df = pandas.concat([df.iloc[:rownumber], df2, df.iloc[rownumber:]]).reset_index(drop=True)\n rownumber += 1\n\n rownumber += 1\n\nthis will add a new row before every \"nick\"\n\n"
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"Uncork your charitable side at second annual Winos for Rhinos fundraiser\n\nUncork your charitable side at second annual Winos for Rhinos fundraiser\n\nJuly 23, 2013\n\nThe second annual Winos for Rhinos fundraiser event charges back to The Wine Bar in Rocky River, from 4-7 p.m. Sunday, August 18.",
"\n\nJoin the American Association of Zookeepers Greater Cleveland Chapter for a fun afternoon of wine tastings, hors d'oeuvres, a silent auction, special rhino-crafted door prizes and live entertainment to raise funds for rhino sanctuaries in Africa and Indonesia.",
"\n\nTickets are $50 per person and are available online at winos4rhinos.eventbrite.com, at The Wine Bar, 1313 Linda St., Rocky River, or by phone at (216) 661-6500 Ext. ",
"4452.",
"\n\nThe eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) is classified as �critically endangered� in the wild by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the primary organization for quantifying conservation assessment efforts. ",
"The IUCN estimates there are less than 1,000 of this rhino subspecies left in the wild, concentrated primarily in Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania.",
"\n\nNortheast Ohio's most-visited year-round attraction, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo is open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily with hours extended to 7 p.m. on weekends and holidays from Memorial Day through Labor Day. ",
"Admission is $12.25 per person, $8.25 for kids ages 2 to 11 and free for children younger than 2 and Zoo members. ",
"Parking is free. ",
"Located at 3900 Wildlife Way, the Zoo is easily accessible from Interstates 71, 90 and 480."
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"Glucose detection and concentration estimation in feline urine samples with the Bayer Multistix and Purina Glucotest.",
"\nThe Bayer Multistix are commonly used for detection and estimation of feline glucosuria by veterinarians and cat owners. ",
"A newer product, the Purina Glucotest, utilizes the same enzymatic technology for detection of glucose, but has been designed for home use as a litter additive that allows interpretation of glucosuria over an 8-h period. ",
"The objectives of this study were to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the Glucotest and Multistix, and to assess the 8-h color stability of the Glucotest. ",
"Overall, the Glucotest had greater sensitivity and specificity than the Multistix, and more accurately estimated urine glucose concentration if evaluated at least 30 min after exposure to urine. ",
"A significant lack of agreement between the results obtained immediately after exposure to urine vs after 30 min and 8 h contradicts the 8-h color stability claim, but the change in urine glucose concentration estimation over time resulted in improved test accuracy at the 30 and 480 min time points."
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"Reductionism in physics and chemistry\n\nTo me the real problem with reductionism has not really been philosophical as much as practical. ",
"In some cases there is almost no tangible link between a phenomenon and its very deep underlying components. ",
"For instance, no one can reasonably draw a causative link between two people falling in or out of love or two countries going to war and the strong force between protons and neutrons. ",
"This is what we might term “strong reductionism” where the limitations of reductionist philosophy are stark and obvious. ",
"Philosophers love to discuss this kind. ",
"But I think that the type of reductionism that is far more relevant to the daily work of most scientists is what may be called “weak reductionism”. ",
"This type applies to phenomena which can actually be connected to other basic phenomena in a reasonable sense, but it’s just that explaining them in terms of these basic paradigms is utterly unhelpful at the level of the phenomena themselves.",
"\n\nLet me state an extreme example which would make this case clear. ",
"To a first approximation a physicist might say that there is no difference between a banana, a human being and a suspension bridge since all of them are made out of protons, neutrons and electrons. ",
"The only difference is really in their numbers. ",
"Almost everyone (including physicists) would realize that non-explanation as absurd. ",
"While it does seem like the ultimate unifying elucidation, it says absolutely nothing about the very different functions performed by a human, a banana and a bridge. ",
"All three of these respectable entities would resent their reduction to varying numbers of subatomic particles.",
"\n\nAn example more familiar to chemists which is stated by Hoffmann also vividly illustrates the problem with reducing chemistry to physics. ",
"Consider the carbonyl functional group, a workhorse of chemistry. ",
"The most important reaction that this group undergoes is nucleophilic addition. ",
"How does physics explain this process? ",
"By essentially pitching electrostatics. ",
"Physics will tell us that the carbonyl carbon has a partial positive charge and the oxygen has a partial negative one, thus attracting nucleophiles to the carbon. ",
"But a chemist would find this simple explanation deeply unsatisfying. ",
"There is much complexity associated with addition to carbonyls which goes beyond merely electrostatic attraction. ",
"There’s the angle of attack of the nucleophile- the well-known Burgi-Dunitz trajectory- which maximizes orbital overlap. ",
"There’s coordination of positively charged counterions with the oxygen which can dictate the stereochemistry. ",
"There’s also the size of groups on the attacking nucleophile which can sharply tip the distribution of products through steric effects. ",
"Then there’s the gradation of reactivity of various nucleophiles based on their size and charge. ",
"And finally, there’s the all-pervasive solvent which can drastically change product ratios and stereochemistry through solvation effects.",
"\n\nNow note that the truly fundamental underlying basis for all these factors (and indeed, virtually everything in daily life) is the electromagnetic force, and so yes, physics can purport to actually ‘explain’ all these factors by saying that they are all mediated through electromagnetism. ",
"Even steric effects are essentially electromagnetic in nature. ",
"Yet this would be akin to saying that wars happen because people get really angry at each other. ",
"The physics-based explanation is useless to the chemist since each one of the ingredients responsible for nucleophilic addition constitutes a unique chemical feature and conundrum which the chemist has to understand and predict. ",
"A unifying framework for these based on the physicist’s conception of electromagnetism does nothing to delineate the special role that each factor plays in controlling the reaction. ",
"To a carbonyl-enamored chemist, these determinants are as fundamental in their own right as protons and neutrons are to a physicist.",
"\n\nThus in such cases, reductionism fails not because there is no palpable connection between the chemical phenomenon and its physical underpinnings, but because the physics-based explanations tend to be useless at the level of chemistry. ",
"One of the simple tests for interrogating the utility of reductionism then consists of asking whether a reductionist approach can help truly explain a certain phenomenon at the same level that the phenomenon is embedded in its parent discipline. ",
"Sometimes it helps, more often than not it doesn’t. ",
"The underpinnings of the American Civil War and World War 2 are different. ",
"Chemistry is not physics.",
"\n\nPost navigation\n\nYou might also like\n\n1 Comment\n\nI like this assessment. ",
"We have similar in-fights on the behavioral sciences end, between neurobiology and psychology, with the former sometimes claiming that phenomena of the latter can be reduced to synapses, neural networks, etc., ",
"although that reductionism debate spills over into the mind-matter debate in philosophy of the mind.",
"\n\nThe part that resonated with me the most is evaluating a theory based on its ability to explain and predict phenomena. ",
"If you can predict decision-making in wars based on some theory about why people get angry, then I’ll listen. ",
"Otherwise, that reduction does seem useless."
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"Q:\n\nAndroid Studio 3.1.4: Adding a bitmap image file (not the app icon) in an Android Studio project\n\nContext\nI want to add a bitmap image file (.PNG) to my Android Studio (3.1.4) project. ",
"It is not intended to be the small logo that appears as an application icon. ",
"On the contrary, it is the application logo that is displayed in large size when the user has just launched the application. ",
"This logo will therefore be displayed in the main activity UI which will disappear after 2 seconds, at the end of which the next activity UI will be displayed, which will offer the user all the functionalities of the application. ",
"The logo is therefore part of a launcher UI if I can summarize it in this way.",
"\nDocumentation read\nProblem: I'm a little confused because the following documentation says to use Image Asset Studio to add a bitmap image to the project: https://developer.android.com/studio/write/add-resources but the documentation provided there (https://developer.android.com/studio/write/image-asset-studio) seems to only talk about application icons.",
"\nTyping cd Unix command and copy/paste my image in res/drawable\nI found a temporary solution: go to the directory of my Android Studio project, go to the src subdirectory and then place my image in the res/drawable subdirectory. ",
"Except that by doing this: 1) I don't benefit from the program that tries to reduce the weight of the image (read in the documentation, I don't know where) and 2) I might have to put the image in /res/drawable v24 to manage other screen sizes. ",
"Thus it's not so clean.",
"\nCreating a drawable resource file in the menu\nI also found another solution. ",
"According to the documentation, I can right-click on drawable in the Project tab of Android Studio. ",
"Then, choose : \"new > Drawable resource file\". ",
"Then I type the name of my image, I select \"main\" as \"Source set\", and I let \"Directory name\" to \"drawable\". ",
"I don't choose any \"Available qualifiers\". ",
"It creates my logo.",
"XML file. ",
"But here, I don't know how to add my image file \"logo.",
"PNG\".",
"\nMy question\nHow could I add this \"logo.",
"PNG\" to my res/drawable resource file cleanly? ",
"For recall: it's actually the logo of my application, which is displayed in large size in the \"launcher\" (the main activity's UI) BUT it's NOT the application's icon.",
"\nVersion of Android Studio : 3.1.4.",
"\n\nA:\n\ndrawable-v24 isn't for different screen sizes, it's for devices running API 24 (Nougat) or later. ",
"\nIf you right click on any file or folder in the project (left) pane of Android Studio, you can then select \"Add Image\" and add your own image, specifying where it should go.",
"\n\n"
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"New Delhi: A new global investigation into India’s medical device industry found the country’s regulatory system so poor that it “effectively, doesn’t exist.”",
"\n\nIndia’s regulator, unlike in other countries, doesn’t actively make data on faulty and recalled devices public. ",
"Patients are being forced to endure “revision surgeries” to deal with botched operations – often done with poor quality devices.",
"\n\nThe investigation has been anchored by the International Consortium Of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and reported by 59 news organisations in 36 countries, with a network of 250 journalists.",
"\n\nThe ICIJ has previously reported major business scandals such as on the Panama and Paradise Papers.",
"\n\nAlso read: Johnson & Johnson Under Fire for Hiding Key Facts on Unsafe Hip Implant From Regulators\n\nThe trove of documents which reporters have unearthed has also been put into a searchable new database – the International Medical Devices Database.",
"\n\nIn India, the ten-month-long investigation has been done by the Indian Express’s Ritu Sarin, Jay Mazoomdaar and Kaunain Sheriff. ",
"Part one of the investigation was published today.",
"\n\nThe probe looks at devices such as stents, pacemakers, hip implants, knee implants, breast implants, pelvic meshes and intrauterine devices. ",
"Major global device companies like Abbott, Bayer, Johnson and Johnson, Medtronic and Stryker have been examined.",
"\n\nThe investigation has revealed a number of serious problems, including companies lobbying and bribing doctors, and patients being duped into unnecessary operations.",
"\n\nIndia’s medical device industry is estimated to be worth $5.2 billion – the fourth largest in Asia.",
"\n\nHowever, the rigour of reporting faults in medical devices in India is shockingly low. ",
"For example, in the last decade, the US had more than 26,700 product recalls and Canada had over 8,300. ",
"India, on the other hand, had not been disclosing this information up until 2014. ",
"Since then, there have been only 14 cases of recalls, according to this global investigation.",
"\n\nThe Indian Express report includes a 2013 internal document from Medtronic, which partnered with 88 hospitals, giving them a quota on doing “20-50 implants” per month. ",
"The major medical device company told these hospitals that if they made this target, they would enjoy an “estimated” 7.5% increase in revenue for doctors and 10% from “financing and tiered services.” ",
"Audit documents show the scale at which Medtronic was spending money on promotions and conferences.",
"\n\nAlso read: US Government Finds ‘Make in India’ for Medical Devices Discriminatory\n\nThe Maharashtra FDA indicted Medtronic in 2014 for pricing their pacemaker devices “exorbitantly high.”",
"\n\nThe Indian Express also examined reports of ‘medical device adverse events’ from the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission and stated that from 40 cases reported in 2014, the figure swelled to 556 in 2018 alone.",
"\n\nThe Commission began reporting this only in 2014 and since then, 903 adverse events have been reported – 325 cases were linked to coronary stents and 145 to orthopaedic implants.",
"\n\nAbbott, Cook Medical, Johnson and Johnson and Bayer AG have featured poorly in these reports.",
"\n\nOut of the 556 adverse events reported just this year, a single company – Abbott – and its coronary stents accounted for 50% of the cases. ",
"The problematic stents being reported are Abbott’s much-touted Xience Prime, Xience Xpedition and Xience Alpine drug-eluting coronary stents.",
"\n\nA bill for regulating the medical devices industry was first drafted 12 years ago but has not yet been enacted. ",
"The incumbent government has only introduced rules, but not a comprehensive legislation."
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"Surga Yang Tak Dirindukan 2 (2017)\n\nFour years after the breakup between Prasetya, Arini, and Meiroe, Arini is invited to Budapest to give workshops and doing promotion of her book. ",
"Because Prasetya is still busy with his project, he will follow afterward. ",
"Arini does not think that in Budapest she meets with Meirose and Akbar, Meirose lives with her biological father and breaks her contact with anyone in Indonesia. ",
"She even intends to ask divorce officially from Pras. ",
"The meeting with Arini makes Meirose doubts her choice. ",
"Arini so sincerely loves her and Akbar, and hopes that Meirose to back with Pras. ",
"Especially when Pras appears, Meirose is confused. ",
"There is also doctor Syarief in the midst of their problems."
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"Girls, what would you think if a guy said he wanted to stop being physical with you but was still interested in seeing you?",
"\n\nLong story short- I was seeing someone and we agreed to take things slow because I had gotten really hurt from my previous relationship (my ex basically used me for sex) so it made sense not to rush anything. ",
"But we ended up moving a lot faster than any of us expected. ",
"We recently got into a heated argument about \"what are we\" which ended in him saying that he really enjoys spending time with me but to avoid me feeling hurt/used, he suggested that we stop hooking up but continue to see each other.",
"\n\nMost Helpful Girl\n\nUntil you guys can take it slow, which it can be really hard to do when you enjoy sex and have a person you're attracted to right there, then why not stop the hook ups?",
"\n\nLots of people are in relationships and don't have sex or stick their hands all over the other person's body. ",
"This happens ALL the time. ",
"A friend is in a relationship like this right now. ",
"It just takes motivation and patience.",
"\n\nWhat Girls Said 12\n\nI think he is doing you a great thing. ",
"Cut out the sex and get to know you without it. ",
"Treat you like a real human and not just his sex aid anymore. ",
"I mean who else does it these days? ",
"They would just drop you like a potato and move on to the next available vagina.",
"\n\nIf he doesn't want to hurt you or give you the wrong idea its because he's not interested in dating you. ",
"Personally, everytime I've gotten into a relationship there have been no doubts on the guys part. ",
"You should try to stop looking at this guy romantically and start to see him as more of a friend. ",
"If he wanted to date you, first of all you wouldn't have even had the \"what are we\" talk, you would have already known it was going there, and secondly it DEF wouldn't have been an argument, it would have been a happy conversation. ",
"You should be happy he's not a dog using you like the last guy but just because he is decent to you doesn't mean he wants to be your boyfriend.",
"\n\nHe sounds like he doesn't know what he wants. ",
"If you were the one asking \"what are we\" then it definitely sounds like he doesn't know what he wants you to be. ",
"So, he is wanting time to see how he feels.",
"\n\nThat's smart. ",
"That lets you know that he's not in it just for sex and that he cares about you guys relationship. ",
"He doesn't want the same thing that happened with you and your ex to happen again with you and him\n\n0\n\n0|0\n\n0|0\n\nAnonymous\n\nI would think he probably has someone else for the sex.",
"\n\n0\n\n0|0\n\n1|0\n\nClick \"Show More\" for your mentions\n\nHome > Other > Girls, what would you think if a guy said he wanted to stop being physical with you but was still interested in seeing you?"
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"india\n\nUpdated: Oct 22, 2019 07:44 IST\n\nA 25-year-old actress from the Marathi film industry and her newborn baby died within hours in Maharashtra’s Hingoli district on Sunday apparently due to unavailability of ambulance, a police official said on Monday.",
"\n\nRelatives of the deceased actress, Pooja Zunjar, claimed she would have been alive had they managed to get an ambulance in time.",
"\n\nThe incident, which occurred on the eve of October 21 assembly elections on Sunday, paints a grim picture of the state of the health infrastructure in rural Maharashtra notwithstanding claims of political parties to provide quality healthcare to people.",
"\n\nThe shocking incident occurred around 6.30 am on October 20 in Hingoli district, around 590 kms from Mumbai, in the Marathwada region.",
"\n\nThe police official said Pooja was rushed to a primary health centre in Goregaon, her native place in the district, around 2 am on Sunday after she went into labour.",
"\n\nPooja gave birth but the newborn died within few minutes even as her condition deteriorated, the official said.",
"\n\n“The doctors at the primary health centre then advised Pooja’s family members to shift her to the Hingoli civil hospital, which is around 40 kms from Goregaon,” he said.",
"\n\nHowever, her panicked family members struggled to find an ambulance.",
"\n\n“They somehow managed to get a private ambulance to rush Pooja to the civil hospital in Hingoli, but she died during journey,” the official said.",
"\n\nPolice have registered a medico-legal case and are recording statements of Pooja’s relatives, he added.",
"\n\nPooja had played a lead in two Marathi movies. ",
"She had taken a break from work due to pregnancy."
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"Maxi 77\n\nMaxi 77 is a sailboat class designed by Pelle Petterson and built in about 3,750 copies.",
"\n\nHistory\nThe Maxi 77 designed by Pelle Petterson was built by Mölnlycke Marin between 1972 and 1982.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1970s sailboat type designs\nCategory:Sailboat type designs by Swedish designers\nCategory:Keelboats\nCategory:Sailboat types built in Sweden"
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"\n\n\n### Android流式布局实现多行Checkbox功能\n\n在我们开发过程中，我们有的时候会碰到这么一种需求，就是需要单选，但是呢？得多行显示要选的内容item，常规做法使用RadioGroup加上RadioButton来实现，但是前提是我们知道所要选择的item个数，如果碰到这么一种情况，所给出的item数量不确定，也就是从后台服务器中获取，有多少显示多少？这就有点郁闷了，没关系，今天我们来提供一种新的实现方式，那就是流式布局来实现类似功能。",
"\n\n### 特点\n\n依赖包体积小、集成方便，提供多种自定义属性，基本能覆盖所有需求。",
"\n\n### apk演示下载\n\n![](",
"http://img.blog.csdn.net/20161028170127631)\n\n[http://fir.im/cv1b](http://fir.im/cv1b)\n\n### 效果演示\n\n![](",
"http://img.blog.csdn.net/20161028163119962)\n\n### 使用方法\n\n**gradle引用**\n\n```\ncompile 'liji.library.dev:multilinechooselib:2.0.3'\n```\n\n\n\n### 最近更新说明\n[全部更新说明](https://github.com/crazyandcoder/MultiLineChoose/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E)\n#### V2.0.3版本更新内容（2019.01.15）\n1. ",
"新增全部选中的属性方法\n\n\n\n**自定义属性**\n[自定义属性大全](https://github.com/crazyandcoder/MultiLineChoose/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8)\n\n**使用方法**\n\n```\n//属性设置，其中style=\"@style/FlowLayout\"请见上面的自定义属性大全\n<com.ihidea.multilinechooselib.",
"MultiLineChooseLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/flowLayout\"\n style=\"@style/FlowLayout\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_marginTop=\"5dp\">\n</com.ihidea.multilinechooselib.",
"MultiLineChooseLayout>\n\n//设置数据源\nprivate List<String> mColorData = new ArrayList<>();\nprivate MultiLineChooseLayout singleChoose;\nsingleChoose = (MultiLineChooseLayout) findViewById(R.id.singleChoose);\t\n\tmColorData.add(\"红色\");\n mColorData.add(\"橙色\");\n mColorData.add(\"黄色\");\n mColorData.add(\"绿色\");\n mColorData.add(\"蓝色\");\n mColorData.add(\"灰色\");\n mColorData.add(\"紫色\"); \nsingleChoose.setList(mColorData);\n\n//单选\nsingleChoose.setOnItemClickListener(new MultiLineChooseLayout.onItemClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onItemClick(int position, String text) {\n singleChooseTv.setText(\"结果：position: \" + position + \" \" + text);\n }\n });\n\n//取消选中项\nsingleChoose.cancelAllSelectedItems();\n \n``` \n**如果要设置多选，请在style中设置item_multiChooseable=true**\n**如果要设置流式布局，则将item的宽和高都设置为wrap_content**\n\n### 常用方法介绍\n[常用方法介绍](https://github.com/crazyandcoder/MultiLineChoose/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95)\n\n \n\n\n"
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"Product Description\n\nThe Large Slant Saddlebags shape allows them to fit well between rear shocks and tail lights. ",
"Their larger size and exceptional durability makes them ideal a great touring saddlebag.",
"\n\nThanks to feedback from our customers we've been able to compile a list of bikes these bags will fit as well as other useful information. ",
"The bags may fit on other bikes but this is the information we've received so far. ",
"Click here to view the list.",
"\n\nProduct Reviews\n\nWrite Your Own Review\n\nWe promise to never spam you, and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer.",
"\n\nEnter your name: (optional)\n\nEnter the code below:\n\n18 month review\n\nPosted by Corey Cromer on Mar 18th 2012\n\nI put the Large Slant Bags on my Dyna Wide Glide about 18 months ago. ",
"I live in Seattle, WA and ride every day. ",
"Of course this means I ride in the rain A LOT!",
"\nThese bags are showing absolutely no wear at all. ",
"The quality and craftsmanship are superb. ",
"People always ask if I have to replace my leather saddle bags from weather damage, and I say \"No, Fox Creek made those bad boys!\". ",
"Great saddle bags. ",
"Wouldn't buy from anywhere else!",
"\n\nExtremely Satisfied\n\nPosted by Jonathon Shin on Feb 11th 2007\n\nClick for larger image\n\nI wanted to let you know how extremely satisfied I am with your bags and to let you see some nice pictures. ",
"The quality of the bags exceeded my expectations and I am looking forward to many years of use from them. ",
"I also like that they are made in the USA.",
"\nI wanted to send in some pictures with the bags off, as well as some pictures of the turn signal relocation kit(which I am also extremely pleased with).",
"\nI will spread the good word with all my buddies, as I am sure I will get asked. ",
"Thank you again to all your employes on all the help they provided me in getting my order right, YOU GUYS ROCK!",
"\n\nSee more pictures of Jon Shin's Bike »\n\nFan of Quality Leather\n\nPosted by Bob on Aug 3rd 2006\n\nThis is my second set of bags.",
"\n\nPosted by David Lybarger on May 1st 2005\n\nI just can not say enough about these bags. ",
"I first purchased them in 2000 at a local motorcycle rally (Thunder in The Valley). ",
"As soon as I installed them on the bike they were a hit. ",
"I have seen a lot of different bags on V-Stars but these hands down complement the bike the best. ",
"I had to lay my bike down last year and the quality of the leather was put to the test. ",
"I can vouch for the craftsmanship they are made extremely well. ",
"The bike slid down the road on a floorboard and you guessed it. ",
"The bag, other than loosing a few studs and grinding the leather down some on the bottom of the bag they still look good enough to use on a weekend get away. ",
"The leather is a little thin in a few places but nowhere did it wear through. ",
"I was so pleased with the performance I ordered a replacement set. ",
"I will never own a different bag.",
"\n\nAmazing quality and workmanship\n\nPosted by John Leonard on Mar 4th 2003\n\nI just received my large slant saddlebags. ",
"I was amazed at the quality in the material and workmanship. ",
"They had to be made and it took a while but it was well worth the wait. ",
"the customer service was excellent and responded promptly to every one of my messages about my order. ",
"one last thing i would like to thank a lady named Lisa for taking the time to personally help me with my order she was great. ",
"I will look forward to doing more business with your company. ",
"Keep up the good work.",
"\nSincerely,\nJohn Leonard"
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"First Time Cruiser in Ochos Rios\n\nMark Ericksen\n\nGuest\n\nI am in need of advice. ",
"My wife and I are booked on the Celebrity Century for our first cruise on November 23. ",
"It is our 30th anniversary. ",
"Our first port of call is Ochos Rios, and I have a number of questions, and I hope that you can help.",
"\n\nI booked a tour with Peat Taylor. ",
"I have heard many good things about him, and I feel very safe with that selection. ",
"We are doing Dunns River Falls and intend to take a disposable, waterproof camera with rather than an expensive camera.",
"\n\nWhat kind of money, Jamacian or American, do I take; and how should I carry money and ID and whatever else that I need? ",
"How do I store personal items while climbing the falls? ",
"How can I exit the falls without going through all of the vendors at the exit?",
"\n\nHow long does it take to exit the ship? ",
"Is there any way to tip someone or say something to someone to be in one of the first groups to leave the ship?",
"\n\nHow soon before sailing should we be back to the ship? ",
"What kind of ID will I need to get back on the ship? ",
"What would happen if I lost my ID?",
"\n\nIf asked, will Peat Taylor take us to one of the parks rather than to shop? ",
"We were interested in Coyoba Park, but someone may have a better suggestion.",
"\n\nI can't thank you enough for any and all advice. ",
"There is a lot to learn.",
"\n\nN\n\nNatalia\n\nGuest\n\nI can only answer a few of your questions, as I have not sailed with Celebrity before.",
"\n\nThe ship will issue an ID, this is what you will use to get on and off the ship in port. ",
"Im not sure what happens if you lose it, so DONT!! :",
"grin American money speaks loudly in Jamaica, so dont bother exchanging funds. ",
"Besides, the ship wont change it back to American once back onboard if you have extra. ",
"I have not taken Peats tour, but others have mentioned he took them where ever they asked to go. ",
"I do agree, this is your best option in this port. ",
"He will be taking you by van, I believe. ",
"So you can take along a bag and leave it in his van. ",
"I would not take anything too valuable off of the ship, if you have a safe in your cabin, use it. ",
"They make waterproof cases, buy one to keep your money and ID in. ",
"I'm not aware of any way to avoid the shopping area at the end of the falls, browse if you like. ",
"If you arent interested, keep walking. ",
"There isnt a way to get off the ship (via a tip) any faster. ",
"You will be docked at a pier in this port, so there is no tender wait. ",
"Just walk off. ",
"You will be informed as to what time to be back aboard. ",
"Most times, it's a half hour before departure (at the latest). ",
"Considering you are taking a tour independently of the ship, they will NOT wait for you. ",
"But Im sure Peat will get you back on time.",
"\n\nA\n\nAl\n\nGuest\n\nYou did the right thing booking Peat Taylor. ",
"You'll be well taken care of. ",
"He's open to what you'd like to see, and will do everything he can to make your stay thoroughly enjoyable. ",
"Jamaican currency is like Monopoly money, and the rate of exchange is ridiculous. ",
"The dollar speaks volumes down there. ",
"Jamaican merchants are at the exit to Dunn's River Falls for a reason, and you just can't avoid the gauntlet. ",
"They're aggressive (often obnoxious), so don't let them engage you in conversation. ",
"If you wish to purchase anything, avoid jewelry, silver and the like - many of the items are, shall we say, fake! ",
"Other merchandise may be made in some Oriental sweat shop, but there are authentic pieces that are really nice (rely on Peat). ",
"Chances are you'll be able to purchase them for less than half of the asking price (the closer the sailing time, the lower the prices), so practice your negotiating skills (you'll be up against pros, who hone their skills dozens of times daily). ",
"Losing your ID can present a problem. ",
"Leave it aboard Peat's vehicle. ",
"You should be off the ship in less than a half-hour. ",
"Don't worry about getting back to the ship. ",
"Peat will have you there in plenty of time. ",
"Enjoy your cruise - you're in good hands!",
"\n\nM\n\nmonty95\n\nGuest\n\nI've seen people mention in their posts to leave the falls the same way you came in to avoid the throng of persistent vendors at the exit. ",
"Is there a path or something to get you back down to the entrance, or do you have to climb down the falls to go back the way you came in?"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Inventions\nThe present inventions relate to watercraft steering systems, and more particularly, to such systems having an electric actuator which is actuated as an operator turns a steering member.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nJapanese Patent Document JP-A-2005-254848 discloses a steering system in which an electric actuator of the steering device is actuated as an operator operates the steering wheel. ",
"The watercraft is thus steered in response to the operation amount of the steering wheel.",
"\nExternal forces on the watercraft are also detected. ",
"Based on the detected external forces, a reaction torque is applied to the steering wheel. ",
"Accordingly, the operator can feel the external force on the watercraft, such as those caused by water currents for example, directly through the steering wheel, and thus can recognize the movement of the watercraft corresponding to such external force to thereby act without delay."
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"Peter Rubin\n\nSir Peter Charles Rubin (born 21 November 1948) is a doctor and was the Chair of the General Medical Council (GMC) of the United Kingdom from 2009-2014.",
"\n\nA consultant physician and professor of therapeutics at the University of Nottingham since 1987, he has an interest in medical problems that may occur in pregnancy. ",
"He served as chairman of several Medical Research Council committees investigating drug research in pregnancy. ",
"He was the first member of his family to attend university.",
"\n\nHealthcare education\nRubin chaired a number of committees devoted to education, such as the GMC's Education Committee from 2005 to 2008 and the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB) in the same years. ",
"He served as a board member of the Higher Education Funding Council for England from 2003-2009 and co-chaired one of their committees that recommended the establishment of a new dental school in the South West of the country.",
"\n\nHe was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Nottingham between 1997 and 2003. ",
"During his time as dean he helped to develop both the university's Graduate Entry Medical School, which opened in 2004, and the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, which opened in 2006 as the first new veterinary school in the UK for more than half a century.",
"\n\nGeneral Medical Council\nRubin was appointed to the council of the GMC, beginning on 1 January 2009. ",
"He was elected to the position of Chair and his tenure began on 20 April 2009 when he replaced Professor Sir Graeme Catto. ",
"While he held this office he continued to work as a practising doctor in Nottingham. ",
"In 2012 the process of selecting the chair was changed and he became the first chair to be appointed. ",
"He was succeeded by Terence Stephenson on 1 January 2015.",
"\n\nHonours\nRubin was knighted for services to medicine in the 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours. ",
"In 2004 he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Lincoln. ",
"In 2011 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from University of Exeter. ",
"In 2012 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Health from Plymouth University.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:20th-century English medical doctors\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Academics of the University of Nottingham\nCategory:Knights Bachelor\nCategory:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge\nCategory:21st-century English medical doctors\nCategory:1948 births"
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[
"How do you fix wet suede?",
"\n\nA:\n\nQuick Answer\n\nWet suede can usually be fixed with the help of a few simple tools, including a dry cloth, suede eraser and a brush. ",
"While some serious stains may require professional care, the process of restoring most wet suede is relatively easy.",
"\n\nKeep Learning\n\nAbsorb any excess moisture using a dry towel or cloth, and leave the suede to dry naturally. ",
"This process can take up to 24 hours, so it is important to be patient and to ensure that it is fully dry before continuing.",
"\n\nClean any watermarks\n\nOnce the suede is fully dry, use a suede eraser to help remove markings caused by the water. ",
"Suede erasers are typically inexpensive and are available in many shoe stores, drug stores and local retailers. ",
"Simply rub the affected area with the eraser until the marks are removed, but be careful not to damage the suede by rubbing too hard.",
"\n\nRestore the texture\n\nThe raised fibers in suede products are commonly referred to as the nap, which must be restored to return the suede to its natural look. ",
"Use a suede brush or a clean toothbrush to repair the damage to the nap. ",
"Lightly brushing the affected area in a circular motion helps raise the nap to restore its original appearance."
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"World Israel's Netanyahu says will meet Trump in New York next week\n\n00:05 11 september 2017\n\n00:05 11 september 2017 Source:\nReuters\n\nNetanyahu vows to rid Tel Aviv district of illegal migrants\n\nIsraeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Thursday visited a rundown Tel Aviv neighbourhood with a large African population and pledged to rid it of illegal immigrants. ",
"His tour came after a supreme court decision on Monday ruled that the state cannot indefinitely detain illegal migrants who refuse to be deported to unnamed third countries.",
"\"We will return south Tel Aviv to the citizens of Israel,\" he said on the televised trip.",
"\"We are dealing with illegal infiltrators, not with refugees, but illegal infiltrators. ",
"And Israel's right is to safeguard its borders and to keep away illegal infiltrators,\" he said.",
"\n\nWATCH: Trump says ‘we’ll see’ about attacking N. Korea. ",
"Anti- Israel activist Linda Sarsour cashes in on Hurricane relief funds. ",
"Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu will meet with President Barack Obama in New York next Wednesday while the two leaders attend the United Nations’ General\n\nAccording to US government officials, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and US President Barack Obama will meet this week in New York . ",
"Starting September: Tel Aviv- New York flight for 9. ",
"Cruising Israel . ",
"Next in Israeli tourism Trump says US' nuclear arsenal has been upgraded.",
"\n\nNetanyahu spoke to reporters accompanying him on a trip to Latin America before his plane left Tel Aviv for Argentina on Sunday night. ",
"He will also visit Colombia and Mexico before heading to New York.",
"\n\n\"From Mexico I will go to New York to speak at the United Nations General Assembly and there I will meet my friend, President Donald Trump,\" Netanyahu said.",
"\n\n(Writing by Ori Lewis; Editing by Catherine Evans)\n\nTrump Says He's Decided on Iran Deal as Allies Oppose Change .",
"\nPresident Donald Trump said he’s made a decision on whether the U.S. will continue to abide by the Iran nuclear deal, but refused to say whether he intends to quit the accord, stand by it or seek to add new constraints on the Islamic Republic. “",
"I have decided,” Trump said three times to reporters in New York on Wednesday, hours before Secretary of State Rex Tillerson was to meet with his counterparts from Iran and the six world powers that signed the agreement in 2015 after months of agonizing negotiations. ",
"He’ll be joined by the U.S. envoy to the UN, Nikki Haley.",
"\n\n— Share news in the SOC. ",
"Networks\n\nTopical videos:\n\nU.S. Diplomacy with Israel, Donald Trump-Style: The Daily Show\n\nDuring a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Trump bumbles his way through questions about the Israel-Palestine ...\n\nSimilar from the Web\n\nNetanyahu to meet Obama next week in NY - worldisraelnews.com\n\nWATCH: Trump says ‘we’ll see’ about attacking N. Korea. ",
"Anti- Israel activist Linda Sarsour cashes in on Hurricane relief funds. ",
"Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu will meet with President Barack Obama in New York next Wednesday while the two leaders attend the United Nations’ General\n\nThis week : Israeli Prime Minster and US President will meet in New - www.jerusalemonline.com\n\nAccording to US government officials, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and US President Barack Obama will meet this week in New York . ",
"Starting September: Tel Aviv- New York flight for $149. ",
"Cruising Israel . ",
"Next in Israeli tourism Trump says US' nuclear arsenal has been upgraded.",
"\n\nIsrael ' s Ambassador to the U.S. Ron Dermer and Trump 's son-in-law Jared Kushner attended the 80-minute meeting at Trump Tower in New York . ",
"Netanyahu to meet Hillary Clinton later Sunday.",
"\n\nTrump to Benjamin Netanyahu : I will recognize Jerusalem as - www.jpost.com\n\nBenjamin Netanyahu arrives at Trump Tower in New York to meet with Donald Trump in September 2016 (credit: REUTERS). ",
"Israeli officials said that Netanyahu thanked Trump for his friendship and support of the Jewish state.",
"\n\nPrime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu meets with Democratic president candidate Hillary Rodham Clinton in New York , September 25, 2016 (Kobi Gideon/GPO). ",
"Netanyahu met with both Clinton and Trump on Sunday in meetings designed to put Israel on good footing with the next US president.",
"\n\nYnetnews News - Netanyahu to meet Trump and Clinton in New York - www.ynetnews.com\n\nPrime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is set to meet separately on Sunday with both US presidential nominees Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in New York . ",
"At the time, Trump said he will visit Israel \"after I am elected president of the United States.\"",
"\n\nTrump : I’ll have ‘extraordinary’ ties with Israel when elected - www.timesofisrael.com\n\nDonald Trump says on Twitter he is looking forward to his meeting with Netanyahu . ",
"The meeting is slated to take place at Trump ’ s eponymous tower at 10 a.m. New York time (5 p.m. in Israel ). ",
"Netanyahu will meet Clinton later in the day.",
"\n\nNetanyahu apparently not to meet Obama during | The Times of Israel - www.timesofisrael.com\n\nNetanyahu will arrive in New York for the General Assembly on Wednesday, September 20. ",
"In book 'What Happened,' out next week , defeated candidate says Obama advised her to 'lay off Bernie as much as I could'. ",
"Ex- Trump aide Gorka to headline Israeli counterterror confab.",
"\n\nDonald Trump told Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that as president he would recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel , his campaign said on Sunday. ",
"The statement, which was made during a meeting that lasted over an hour at Trump Tower in New York\n\nUS peace envoy to come to Israel next week | The Times of Israel - www.timesofisrael.com\n\nNew York :The Jewish Week . ",
"The PMO would not confirm the reports and it wasn’t clear if Indyk, a veteran diplomat who twice served as US ambassador to Israel , would meet in person with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu or Livni.",
"\n\n<p>Labor costs have been climbing, even in developing countries. ",
"And technology is becoming so advanced that machines can increasingly handle difficult tasks.</p>It’s a big change from a few years ago, when hundreds of employees could be found standing over manual knitting stations […]\n\nSome say the trouble started over a flip-flop. ",
"By Friday, the feud had escalated into a bloody melee between guards and vacationers.",
"Carnival said it would investigate what happened after a video surfaced, showing the guards punching, kicking and threatening passengers during the worst of […]\n\nA skit in the annual Lunar New Year gala, which is broadcast live to millions, aimed to accentuate African ties. ",
"But many found the portrayals offensive. ",
"Sign Up For the Morning Briefing NewsletterHannah Getachew, 30, a law student Peking University from Ethiopia, said that while an […]\n\nThe death of Russian citizens in Syria from a US coalition strike last week, which has been played down by both Moscow and Washington, has exposed the role of Russian mercenaries in the multi-front conflict. ",
"The incident followed a steady trickle of reports about Russians dying in battle […]\n\nAll the students in a tiny village in Kosovo have gathered to celebrate a very special day for Pavaresia Sopi — a 10th birthday with deep significance for her whole Balkan nation. ",
"Load Error Pavaresia, whose name means \"independence\" in Albanian, was the first baby born in an […]\n\n<p>A 4.4-magnitude earthquake shook South Wales on Saturday.</p>The epicenter was a few miles north of the town of Swansea, Wales, according to the British Geological Survey (BGS), but tremors could be felt across South Wales and the southwest of […]\n\n<p>A 7.5 magnitude quake shook southern Mexico on Friday, a prolonged rumble that rocked buildings across the capital Mexico City.</p>The epicenter was close to the Pacific coast in the southern state of Oaxaca and had a depth of 26.7 miles (43 km), according to the U.S. Geological […]\n\n<p>South Korean President Moon Jae-in says he hopes rapprochement will lead to \"dialogue\" between North Korea and the United States.</p>“There have been many achievements in advancing inter-Korean talks,” Moon said, “and I hope that this will lead to an improvement in […]"
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[
"This week: Michelle Shephard is a Canadian investigative journalist, currently serving as the Toronto Star newspaper’s national security correspondent, and author of the acclaimed book, ‘Guantanamo’s Child: The Untold Story of Omar Khadr.’ ",
"Her latest book, ‘Decade of Fear: Reporting from Terrorism’s Grey Zone’ examines the beginnings of the Global War on Terror from the smouldering, ash-strewn streets of 9/11 New York City, to the furore currently roiling the streets of the Arab Spring.",
"\n\nMichelle Shephard in the first half.",
"\n\nMike Ferner is Acting Director of Veterans for Peace and is their former national president. ",
"He’s a long-time peace activist who went to Iraq in the days leading to Operation Iraq Liberation with Voices in the Wilderness, and again to document the effects of the invasion on that country in 2004. ",
"He is author of the book, ‘Inside the Red Zone: A Veteran For Peace Reports from Iraq,’ and wrote ‘VFP Case for Impeachment and Prosecution.’",
"\n\nMike Ferner and America’s increasingly restive Occupy Movement in the second half.",
"\n\nAnd; Victoria Street Newz publisher, and CFUV broadcaster, Janine Bandcroft will be here at the bottom of the hour to bring us news from Victoria’s People’s Assembly, (still camped at Centennial Square) and doings from further afield too.",
"\n\nBut first, Michelle Shephard and a Decade of Fear.",
"\n\nChris Cook hosts Gorilla Radio, airing live every Monday, 5-6pm Pacific Time. ",
"In Victoria at 101.9FM, 104.3 cable, and on the internet at: http://cfuv.uvic.ca. ",
"He also serves as a contributing editor to the web news site, http://www.pacificfreepress.com. ",
"Check out the GR blog at: http://GorillaRadioBlog.blogspot.com\n\nLiked it? ",
"Take a second to support Gorilla Radio is dedicated to social justice, the environment, community, and providing a forum for people and issues not covered in the corporate media. ",
"on Patreon!"
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"These studies have focused on: (1) the relation of the quality of medical care to the risk of perinatal death in Norway, (2) the tendency to repeat similar birth weight and gestational age in subsequent pregnancy outcomes to the same mothers, (3) perinatal mortality in relation to order of birth and size of sibship, (4) epidemiologic risk factors for preterm birth, and (5) epidemiologic risk factors for small-for-gestational age births."
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"Ralph Hawkins (bishop)\n\nRalph Gordon Hawkins was the fifth Anglican Bishop of Bunbury from 1957 to 1977.",
"\n\nHawkins was born in Newfoundland, Canada in 1911 and educated at University Memorial College in St John's and Durham University. ",
"He was ordained in 1936. ",
"His first post was a curacy at St Anne’s Brislington, after which he was rector of Morawa and then of Wembley-Floreat Park. ",
"From 1943 he was a wartime chaplain in the RAAF then Rector of St Hilda’s North Perth. ",
"In 1957 he became Archdeacon of Perth and Bishop of Bunbury, posts he held for 20 years. ",
"He died in July 1987.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:People from Newfoundland (island)\nCategory:Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham\nCategory:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George\nCategory:Anglican archdeacons in Australia\nCategory:Anglican bishops of Bunbury\nCategory:20th-century Anglican bishops\nCategory:1911 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:World War II chaplains"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We study the miscible-immiscible quantum phase transition in a linearly coupled binary Bose-Hubbard model in one dimension that can describe the low-energy properties of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate in optical lattices. ",
"With the quantum many-body ground state obtained from density matrix renormalization group algorithm, we calculate the characteristic physical quantities of the phase transition controlled by the linear coupling between two components. ",
"Furthermore we calculate the Binder cumulant to determine the critical point and construct the phase diagram. ",
"The strong-coupling expansion shows that in the Mott insulator regime the model Hamiltonian can be mapped to a spin $1/2$ XXZ model with a transverse magnetic field.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Fei Zhan$^{1,2}$, Jacopo Sabbatini$^{1,2}$, Matthew J. Davis$^1$, and Ian P. McCulloch$^{1,2}$'\ntitle: |\n The Miscible-Immiscible Quantum Phase Transition in Coupled Two-Component\\\n Bose-Einstein Condensates in 1D Optical Lattices\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:introduction}\n============\n\nIn recent years, the progress in single-atom detection and the manipulation of ultra-cold neutral atoms has allowed experimentalists to use these systems to engineer and emulate condensed matter systems [@greiner2002n; @bloch2012np]. ",
"Multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), formed by atoms of different atomic species or different hyperfine states, has attracted attention from both experimentalists [@stenger1998n; @hall1998prl] and theorists [@hotinlun1996prl; @puh1998prl; @timmermans1998prl] due to their larger symmetry groups and extensive degrees of freedom. ",
"As the simplest model consisting of multiple components, the binary BEC has been an appealing candidate to simulate the spin-$1/2$ fermionic superconductor, magnetic behavior [@paredes2003prl], superfluids [@kuklov2004prl], phase separation [@alon2006prl], quantum phase transitions [@sabbatini2011prl; @sabbatini2012njp] and thermalization [@zhangjiangmin2012pra].",
"\n\nBinary BECs are naturally divided into miscible and immiscible mixtures based on the interaction strength characterizing the system. ",
"In a two-component BEC we can observe three kinds of interactions: interaction within the first component, interaction within the second component, and interaction between the two components. ",
"If the strength of the inter-component interaction exceeds that of the intra-component interaction, then energy considerations show that the two-components prefer to be in a phase separated or immiscible state [@alon2006prl; @altman2003njp]. ",
"If the opposite is true then the system is said to be in the miscible phase.",
"\n\nA two-component BEC composed of bosons in different hyperfine states can, however, undergo a miscible-immiscible phase transition controlled by a linear coupling between the energy levels [@merhasin2005jpbamop]. ",
"This phenomenon has been studied in a number of settings, such as nonlinear Josephson-type oscillations [@williams1999pra], non-topological vortices [@parkqhan2004pra] and non-equilibrium dynamics across the critical point [@leechaohong2009prl; @nicklas2011prl; @de2014pra].",
"\n\nThe dependence of the order parameter on the linear coupling coefficient revealed a second-order transition in a mean-field (MF) numerical study of this phase transition [@merhasin2005jpbamop]. ",
"The properties of a second-order phase transition depend entirely on its universality class and are insensitive to the microscopic details of the underlying system. ",
"The universality class is determined by a set of power law indices, called critical exponents, which characterize quantities such as the correlation length and the response time of the system [@cardy1996]. ",
"Studies of the static properties of a system near the critical point are challenging because of the divergence of these quantities.",
"\n\nIn this paper we study the miscible-immiscible phase transition of a linearly coupled two-component Bose-Hubbard model describing the low energy physics of a binary BEC loaded in an optical lattice in one dimension.",
"\n\nThe exponentially growing size of the Hilbert space as the lattice grows in size prevents the investigation of the full quantum state with exact diagonalization methods, even for lattices of moderate sizes. ",
"On the other hand, matrix product states (MPS) can parameterize the size of the Hilbert subspace relevant to the low energy properties by the dimension of the matrices, [*i.e.*]{}, the number of states, and the size of the subspace grows polynomially with the lattice size [@schollwock2011ap]. ",
"In this paper we employ MPS as the ansatz to represent the many-body state and density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) to variationally solve for the ground-state. ",
"Infinite DMRG (iDMRG) methods [@McCulloch08] exploiting the system’s translational invariance in the thermodynamic limit allow us to compute the ground state of the system without boundary or finite size effects. ",
"From the ground state we can determine a variety of observables like expectation values and multi-point correlations that help us characterize the quantum phase transition and its critical exponents. ",
"With the iDMRG methods the correlation length can be calculated directly from the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix.",
"\n\nThe paper is organized as following: In Section \\[sec:model\\], we describe the model Hamiltonian for the numerical calculation and the definitions of order parameter and correlation function. ",
"In Section \\[sec:finite\\], we present our results for the mean occupation number distribution, correlation function, correlation length, phase diagram, and entanglement entropy obtained with a finite system. ",
"The calculations for the infinite system are described in Section \\[sec:idmrg\\]. ",
"In Section \\[sec:u1z2\\], we illustrate the ground state in a different set of basis states that are categorized by the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry. ",
"Finally we conclude in Section \\[sec:conclusion\\].",
"\n\nModel Hamiltonian and symmetries {#sec:model}\n================================\n\nThe system we consider here is a binary BEC in a 1D optical lattice with lattice constant $L_{0}$. The length scale is chosen such that $L_{0}=1$. The binary BEC consists of two hyperfine atomic states of a single species, which can be defined as spin-up and spin-down, ${\\sigma}=\\uparrow,\\downarrow$. Spins of two different orientations are coupled by a two-photon transition. ",
"This can be realized in an ultra-cold atom gas experiment with e.g. $^{87}$Rb atoms [@hall1998prl].",
"\n\nThe binary BEC in an optical lattice can be mapped to a two-component Bose-Hubbard model, which is composed of three parts, $$\\hat{H} = \\hat{H}_{0} + \\hat{H}_{I} + \\hat{H}_{C},\\label{eq:hamiltonian}$$ where the three portions of the total Hamiltonian are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat{H}_{0} & = & -J\\sum_{j=1;{\\sigma}}^{L-1}\\left[a_{j+1,{\\sigma}}^{\\dagger}a_{j,{\\sigma}}+H.c.\\right],\\label{eq:h0}\\\\\n \\hat{H}_{I} & = & \\frac{U}{2}\\sum_{j=1;{\\sigma}}^{L}n_{j,{\\sigma}}(n_{j,{\\sigma}}-1)+U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}\\sum_{j=1}^{L}n_{j,{\\uparrow}}n_{j,{\\downarrow}}, \\label{eq:hi}\\\\\n \\hat{H}_{C} & = & -\\Omega\\sum_{j=1}^{L}\\left(a_{j,{\\uparrow}}^{\\dagger}a_{j,{\\downarrow}}+a_{j,{\\downarrow}}^{\\dagger}a_{j,{\\uparrow}}\\right),\\label{eq:hc}\\end{aligned}$$ respectively. ",
"In the above Hamiltonian, $a_{j,{\\sigma}}^{\\dagger}(a_{j,{\\sigma}})$ creates (annihilates) a boson with spin orientation ${\\sigma}$ on the $j$th site and $n_{j,{\\sigma}}=a_{j,{\\sigma}}^{\\dagger}a_{j,{\\sigma}}$ is the corresponding occupation number operator. ",
"Bosons of either spin species can tunnel to the nearest-neighbor site with tunneling energy $J$, assumed here to be the same for both species. ",
"Only on-site interactions are included, with interaction energy $U$ between same-spin species, and $U_{\\uparrow\\downarrow}$ between different spins. ",
"The amplitude of the two-photon microwave coupling between two components is denoted as $\\Omega$. In our calculation we define the energy unit such that such that $J=1$.\n\nThe interplay of the intra-component interaction and inter-component interaction determines the phase of the binary BEC [@hotinlun1996prl]. ",
"With no inter-component coupling, $\\Omega=0$, and large intra-component interaction $U> U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}$, the total energy is minimized by spreading each components equally to all sites. ",
"On the other hand, whenever $U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}} > U$ the system phase-separates [@Comment]. ",
"This distinction can be quantified as: $$\\Delta=\\frac{U^{2}}{U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}^{2}}$$ where $\\Delta>1$ indicates a miscible phase and $\\Delta<1$ is phase-separated.",
"\n\nTurning on the inter-component coupling, $\\Omega>0$, the symmetry is reduced from $U(1)\\times U(1)$ to $\\mathbb{Z}_{2} \\times U(1)$ and the phase-separated state is replaced by an immiscible phase, analogous to a spin ferromagnet, where the occupation number of each component differs but the system remains translationally invariant. ",
"For sufficiently large $\\Omega$, the system is always in the miscible phase. ",
"In this paper, we consider the case $\\Delta=1/4$ and tune $\\Omega$ to realize the miscible-immiscible phase transition.",
"\n\nIn Section \\[sec:finite\\], we consider open boundary conditions (OBC) for a finite system of $L$ sites and $N$ total number of particles. ",
"Even though OBC brings forth obstructive boundary effects, it is numerically less expensive than periodic boundary conditions. ",
"Indeed, the DMRG algorithm with periodic boundary condition demands additional efforts for an effective simulation [@pippan2010prb].",
"\n\nWe will focus on the phase transitions with a global filling factor $\\rho=N/L=1$. Such a system in an optical lattice can be appropriately mapped to a single-band Bose-Hubbard model [@oosten2003pra; @greiner2001prl].",
"\n\nTo look into the miscible-immiscible transition we will study the expectation value and correlation function of the occupation number difference operator, which on the $j$th site is defined as $\\Delta N_{j} = n_{j,\\uparrow}-n_{j,\\downarrow}$. Its average throughout the whole lattice $$M=\\frac{1}{L}\\sum_{j}^{L} \\Delta N_{j} \\label{eq:orderparameter} \\;,$$ is the order parameter of the phase transition in this model. ",
"The expectation value of this order parameter is the magnetization of the system. ",
"Note that neither this order parameter, nor the particle number operator for each component, commutes with the total Hamiltonian , due to the coupling of Eq. .",
"\n\nWe also study the correlation function of occupation difference operators between bosons on the $j$th site and $j'$th site $$C(j,j')={\\langle}\\Delta N_{j}\\Delta N_{j'}{\\rangle}.",
"\n \\label{eq:correlation}$$ If the system is translationally invariant, $C(j,j')$ only depends on the distance between the two sites $|j-j'|$, and thus we can define $C(j)=C(0,j)$.\n\nIt is important to consider the symmetries of the model. ",
"First, the Hamiltonian has $U(1)$ symmetry as it commutes with the total number operator $N$. Second, the Hamiltonian has a discrete $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry as the Hamiltonian is unchanged if all the spins are flipped. ",
"We will show in the following sections that this symmetry is spontaneously broken when $\\Omega$ is below the critical value.",
"\n\nFinite system results {#sec:finite}\n=====================\n\nIn this paper we consider the phase transition occurring in Mott insulator regime. ",
"Actually the critical point separating the SF and MI regime has not been documented in the literature for a linearly coupled two-component BEC in optical lattices [@Note1]. ",
"In the Mott insulator regime the energy scale of the system is dominated by the on-site interaction energy. ",
"The coexistence of multiple bosons on a same lattice site is energetically expensive for integer filling and thus particles are equally spread over all lattice sites. ",
"The local particle number fluctuation vanishes in the ground state. ",
"The excited state is gapped from the ground state in the Mott insulator regime and contains pairs of quasi-particles and quasi-holes.",
"\n\nMPS is an excellent ansatz for the ground state of a gapped system. ",
"A mean-field derivation can approximate this system in the superfluid regime and predicts the critical value for $\\Omega$ as [@sabbatini2011prl; @sabbatini2012njp], $$\\Omega_{\\rm c}=U\\rho\\left(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\Delta}}-1\\right).$$ Below we show that MPS provides a more accurate MI ground state than the mean-field theory, and predicts a different power law dependence of $\\Omega_{c}$ on $U$ that agrees with a second-order perturbation theory.",
"\n\nA basic question is still open: where is the border between superfluid regime and Mott insulator regime for this linearly-coupled two-component Bose-Hubbard model? ",
"For this two-component model, more degrees of freedom give rise to two branches of the quasiparticle spectrum [@tommasini2003pra]. ",
"In the absence of the coupling $\\Omega$ between the two components the two branches are independent. ",
"When the coupling is turned on, one branch accounts for SF-MI transition but the other depends on $\\Omega$ and is responsible for miscible-immiscible phase transition, which will be addressed in Section \\[sec:u1z2\\].",
"\n\nThe border can be determined by locating the value of on-site interaction where the energy gap closes. ",
"The energy gap can be simply verified numerically by calculating the ground state energy $E$ for systems of $N-1$, $N$, and $N+1$ total particles. ",
"The system has integer filling factor when the total number of particles is $N$. The energy gap $\\Delta E$ can be obtained by the formula, $$\\Delta E = E(N+1) + E(N-1) - 2E(N).\\label{eq:sfgap}$$ Within numerical accuracy, the simulation gives $\\Delta\nE\\neq 0$ for a system with parameters in MI regime. ",
"This will be addressed in a subsequent publication [@InPreparation].",
"\n\nIn the following finite DMRG calculations, we choose the number of states $m=300$ for the MPS, which is large enough to ensure the variational ground state is close to the true ground state, while being computationally efficient.",
"\n\n Mean occupation number for spin-up bosons $\\langle N_{{\\uparrow}}\\rangle$ (red circles) and spin-down bosons $\\langle N_{{\\downarrow}}\\rangle$ (black triangles) on the $j$th site throughout a $200$-site lattice with open boundary condition (a) below, (b) near but still below, and (c) above the critical point in Mott insulator regime. ",
"The values for the interactions are $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$. The values for the linear coupling are (a) $\\Omega=0.18$, (b) $\\Omega=0.214$, and (c) $\\Omega=0.248$.](mi_occ){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nOccupation distribution {#subsec:occupation}\n-----------------------\n\nWe first show the immiscible and miscible phases by displaying the occupation distribution throughout a lattice. ",
"In Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\], we plot the mean occupation number for (a) $\\Omega\\ll\\Omega_{c}$, (b) $\\Omega\\lesssim\\Omega_{c}$, and (c) $\\Omega\\gg\\Omega_{c}$.\n\nWhen $\\Omega\\ll\\Omega_{c}$, the system is in the immiscible phase, where the largest energy scale in the system is the inter-component interaction strength. ",
"The coexistence of different boson species costs more energy compared to the same species, therefore states with only one component on each sites are favorable. ",
"We recall the total Hamiltonian preserves the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry, as the energy is unchanged when all spin orientations are flipped. ",
"In the thermodynamic limit, the ground state is 2-fold degenerate. ",
"The $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ spontaneous symmetry breaking will occur in this regime of $\\Omega$. On the other hand, in principle for a finite size system spontaneous symmetry breaking should not occur. ",
"Nevertheless, obviously in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](a) the ground state in immiscible phase does not preserve the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry of the total Hamiltonian with the imbalance ${\\langle}\\Delta N{\\rangle}\\neq0$ in mean occupation numbers for two components.",
"\n\nIn the ground state subspace, the DMRG variational calculation adopts the lowest-entropy state and therefore numerically enforces the order of the symmetry breaking state. ",
"In a numerical DMRG calculation the broken symmetry state is variationally favored if the energy splitting of the ground state is smaller than the energy scale set by the truncation error of the calculation. ",
"There is randomness in this favoredness. ",
"In a real-life numerical simulation many factors, [*e.g.*]{}, the direction of DMRG variational algorithm, may determine which component will appear in the favorable states. ",
"In order to show the randomness, for each values of $\\Omega$ we start the DMRG simulation with a different random initial wave function. ",
"The probability that one of the two components is preferred by random fluctuation is one half. ",
"Consequently, when the system is in the immiscible phase we saw the domination of spin-up bosons in half of the simulations and the domination of spin-down bosons in the other half (not shown here).",
"\n\nAs the coupling coefficient $\\Omega$ increases, the imbalance in occupation decreases, reaching zero at critical point as can be seen in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](b). ",
"Above the critical point, the ground state has the same $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry of the Hamiltonian and both components equally occupy all of the sites. ",
"Therefore the imbalance must be zero and the system is in the miscible phase, see Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](c).",
"\n\nOne must always be aware of the boundary effects when we approximate a system in thermodynamic limit with a finite system. ",
"The boundary effect comes from the correlation between a particle in the bulk of the finite system and a particle on the boundary, where particles can only hop in one direction. ",
"As we can see in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](a), near the boundary the mean occupation number for both spin-up and spin-down bosons deviates from the bulk. ",
"It decreases partially the mean occupation number of the dominant component, and increases that of the other component. ",
"Approaching the critical point, the correlation between two sites at longer distance starts to become non-negligible, as we expect for a second-order phase transition. ",
"Consequently the boundary effect more strongly influences the sites in the bulk of the lattice, as can be seen in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](b). ",
"When the coupling coefficient is sufficiently close to the critical point, the influence of both boundaries merge together and we see two curved lines for the mean occupation number of both components. ",
"The boundary effect is negligible above the critical point, see Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](c). ",
"The effect of the boundaries on the calculation of correlation function is explored in more detail in the following subsection.",
"\n\n The absolute occupation imbalance $|{\\langle}\\Delta N{\\rangle}|$ on the middle site $L/2$ of lattices having $50$ (blue circle), $100$ (red square), $150$ (cyan diamond), and $200$ (orange triangle) sites as the function of the coupling coefficient $\\Omega$, when $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$. The green crosses are the data for an infinite lattice from iDMRG calculation. ",
"The dashed lines are used to guide eyes. ",
"The solid black line is drawn with parameters from a finite size scaling about the critical point with exponent $\\beta=1/8$. ](mi_occ_fi){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\_fi\\], we show the absolute imbalance ${\\langle}\\Delta N_{L/2}{\\rangle}$ as a function of the coupling coefficient $\\Omega$ for different lattice sizes. ",
"As we have discussed above, below the critical value $\\Omega_{c}$ the imbalance is non-zero and drops quickly to zero at the critical point. ",
"We can also see $\\Omega_{c}$ shows clear saturating behavior as the lattice size is increased, down and $\\Omega_{c}$ saturates asymptotically in the thermodynamic limit. ",
"From Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\_fi\\], the critical point can be estimated as $\\Omega_{c}\\approx0.215$. We improve on this estimate in section \\[sec:Binder\\] below.",
"\n\nBy using finite sizing scaling, we can extract the critical coupling $\\Omega_{c}$ and critical exponents by collapsing curves for lattices of different lengths [@barber1983]. ",
"First we define the reduced coupling $\\epsilon=|1-\\Omega/\\Omega_{c}|$. Previous studies in the literature have indicated this phase transition is of second order [@merhasin2005jpbamop]. ",
"Near the critical point of a second-order phase transition, we know that the correlation length and magnetization satisfy $\\xi\\propto\\epsilon^{-\\nu}$ and $M\\propto\\epsilon^{\\beta}$ (only below the critical point, otherwise $M=0$), from which we can deduce the relation $M\\propto\\xi^{-\\beta/\\nu}$. For a finite lattice, instead of approaching zero when $\\xi$ diverges, $M$ stays at a finite nonzero value when $\\xi$ becomes comparable to the lattice length $L$. This behavior can be described by $M=\\xi^{-\\beta/\\nu}M_{0}(L/\\xi)$ with the assisting function $M_{0}(x)$ that goes to zero as $x^{-\\beta/\\nu}$ when $x\\rightarrow0$ and a constant when $x\\rightarrow\\infty$. To remove the size dependence, we define the scaling function $$\\tilde{M}(L^{1/\\nu}\\epsilon)=L^{\\beta/\\nu}M(\\epsilon).$$ With $\\nu=1$ and $\\Omega_{c}=0.2153$ we will obtain in the next subsections, we find four curves for the four lengths coalesce with $\\beta=1/8$. In Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\_fi\\], we plot the curve $\\epsilon^{\\beta}$ with $\\beta=1/8$ obtained from the finite size scaling and $\\Omega_{c}=0.2153$. We find near the critical point it agrees very well with the results from iDMRG calculations in Section \\[sec:idmrg\\].",
"\n\nCorrelation function and correlation length {#subsec:cfcl}\n-------------------------------------------\n\n The correlation function $C(\\ell)$ calculated in the bulk of a lattice with $200$ sites with $60$ sites cut off at both ends. ",
"The blue crosses (red pluses) are the values of the correlation function between the zeroth site and the $\\ell$th site when $\\Omega=0.192$ ($\\Omega=0.248$), which is below (above) the critical point. ",
"The curves are the fittings with respect to a sum of two exponential functions. ",
"The values for interactions are $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$.](mi_corr){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\n The longer (blue diamond) and shorter (green square) longest correlation lengths extracted by fitting the correlation function with a sum of two exponential functions for a lattice of $200$ sites. ",
"The longer correlation length shows divergence in a certain region of the coupling coefficient $\\Omega$. The black dashed line shows the fitting curve with the critical exponent $\\nu$ as an independent variable and the red solid line shows the fitting curve with the plausible fixed exponent $\\nu=1$, see text. ",
"The values for interactions are $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$.](mi_corr_p200){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nClose to the boundary the quantum state may deviate dramatically from the infinite system due to the inevitable boundary effect (see Fig. ",
"\\[fig:mi\\_occ\\]). ",
"For this reason, in order to simulate the correlation in the thermodynamic limit with a finite size system, we only investigate the correlation function computed in the bulk of the lattice, where boundary effect is minimized. ",
"Keeping this in mind is particularly important when $\\Omega<\\Omega_{c}$, see Fig. ",
"\\[fig:mi\\_occ\\](a). ",
"Very close to critical point the boundary effects cannot be neglected. ",
"In this region the correlation function is not reliable for extracting the correlation length. ",
"For instance, to calculate the two-point correlator in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\] for a lattice of $200$ sites, we cut off $60$ sites at both ends of the lattice. ",
"In Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\] we show the correlation function up to $30$ sites. ",
"The correlation function only depends on the distance $|j-j'|$ between its two studied sites. ",
"Consequently we only enumerate the distance by $\\ell=|j-j'|$. For $\\Omega=0.192\\ll\\Omega_{c}$, in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\], we find at short distances the correlation function first increases and then decreases exponentially before saturating at a nonzero value. ",
"The short range most likely stems from the finite-size effects, since in iDMRG calculations the correlation function only decreases exponentially and saturates to a nonzero value. ",
"For $\\Omega=0.248\\gg\\Omega_{c}$ in the miscible phase, the correlation function exponentially decays to zero.",
"\n\nAs suggested by the characteristic form of correlation functions in MPS [@ostlund1995prl; @schollwock2011ap] and the fact that correlation decays exponentially in a system away from criticality, the correlation function can be fitted with a sum of exponential functions. ",
"Here we fit the correlation function with a sum of two exponential functions: $$C(\\ell)=\\sum_{i=1,2}a_{i}\\exp(-\\ell/\\xi_{i})+c\\label{eq:fittingfunction},$$ where the constant $c$ has a nonzero value when $\\Omega$ is below the critical point. ",
"We find in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\] that the fitting precisely captures the behavior of the correlation function.",
"\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\_p200\\], we plot the two correlation lengths from the fitting function . ",
"The longer correlation length $\\xi_{1}$ shows clear divergent behavior around $\\Omega=0.215$, which characterizes the behavior of the system close to criticality. ",
"In principle, the shorter correlation length $\\xi_{2}$ will also diverge at the critical point [@cardy1996], but this is difficult to fit from finite size data because the correlation length is much shorter than $\\xi_{1}$. We fit the correlation length with the power law $\\xi_{1}\\propto|\\Omega-\\Omega_{c}|^{-\\nu}$ around critical point. ",
"In the first fitting, shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\_p200\\], we set $\\nu$ as an independent variable and obtain the following optimized fitting function: $$\\xi_{1}(\\Omega) = \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{lr}\n \\frac{0.07144\\pm0.0342}{|0.2133\\pm0.0001-\\Omega|^{0.8844\\pm0.0336}} & : \\Omega<\\Omega_{c}\\\\\n \\frac{0.2797\\pm0.0369}{|0.2131\\pm0.0002-\\Omega|^{0.915\\pm0.0336}} & : \\Omega>\\Omega_{c}.",
"\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$$ On account of the nonlinear least square algorithm’s numerical complexity, combined with the less reliable data near the critical point, the exponent $\\nu$ may have low numerical accuracy. ",
"Nevertheless, they are close to the already known value $\\nu=1$ in the conformal field theory (CFT) for the 1D quantum Ising model with a transverse magnetic field. ",
"Therefore for a second fitting, also shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\_p200\\], we set $\\nu=1$ and obtain: $$\\xi_{1}(\\Omega) = \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{lr}\n \\frac{0.04014\\pm0.00825}{|0.2135\\pm0.0004-\\Omega|} & : \\Omega<\\Omega_{c}\\\\\n \\frac{0.2014\\pm0.005}{|0.2125\\pm0.0001-\\Omega|} & : \\Omega>\\Omega_{c}.",
"\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$$ The closeness of these two fit functions in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:mi\\_corr\\_p200\\] shows the difficulty in obtaining accurate values of $\\nu$ and $\\Omega_{c}$ by this method. ",
"The critical point $\\Omega_{c}=0.213$ is somewhat below the result obtained from Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\_fi\\] ($\\Omega_{c}=0.2153$), and demonstrates the accuracy of this fitting technique. ",
"The fitting for the parameter above the critical point is better than the other side in the coupling coefficient space. ",
"The reason is due to the more severe boundary effect below the critical point. ",
"It can be seen in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_corr\\_p200\\] that both curves fit the data points very well, with only slight deviations when the coupling coefficient is far away from the critical point. ",
"In any event, this suggests that $\\nu=1$ is likely, as consistent with already known theories.",
"\n\nBinder cumulant {#sec:Binder}\n---------------\n\n![",
"\\[fig:mi\\_binder\\] (Color online) The Binder cumulant $U_{L}$ Eq. ",
"as a function of the coupling coefficient $\\Omega$ for lattices of $L=50$ (blue dash-dotted), $100$ (green dotted), $150$ (red dashed), and $200$ (black solid), when $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$. The inset zooms into the region where four curves cross each other, near $\\Omega_{c}=0.2153$.](mi_binder){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nThe Binder cumulant can be used to more accurately determine the critical point in the thermodynamic limit from finite size calculations [@binder1981prl; @kastening2013pre]. ",
"Its potential usefulness and generalizations still attract a lot of attention [@hasenbusch2008jsmte; @selke2009pre]. ",
"With the Binder cumulant the critical point can be determined with a relatively small finite size lattice. ",
"For example, the critical temperature for a two-dimensional Ising model can be obtained from the Binder cumulant with a $9\\times9$ lattice [@binder1981prl].",
"\n\nThe Binder cumulant for this system $U_{L}$ is defined as $$\\label{eq:binder}\n U_{L}=1-\\frac{{\\langle}M^4{\\rangle}}{3{\\langle}M^2{\\rangle}^2},$$ where ${\\langle}M^2{\\rangle}$ and ${\\langle}M^4{\\rangle}$ are the second-order and the fourth-order moments of the order parameter, respectively. ",
"Note that Binder cumulant depends on the length $L$ of the lattice.",
"\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_binder\\], we plot the Binder cumulant with the same parameters and the same OBC we have used for the preceding subsections for lattices of a variety of lengths. ",
"The curves clearly show the asymptotic behavior of Binder cumulant: It decreases with increasing $\\Omega$ and asymptotically approaches to $2/3$ and $0$ below and above the critical point, respectively. ",
"Near the critical point, it decreases faster than in other regions. ",
"In addition, the data for a larger lattice exhibits a steeper transition near $\\Omega_{c}$. As a result, the different curves cross each other at the critical point. ",
"In the thermodynamic limit the curve should be discontinuous at the critical point.",
"\n\nAs we can see in Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_binder\\], the four curves cross in a small range of $\\Omega$. The inset of Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_binder\\] shows the crossing is located in a region $[0.2152\\;\\;0.2158]$. The value of $\\Omega$ for the crossing point corresponds to the critical value $\\Omega_{c}$. The cubic spline interpolation of the curves for $L=150$ and $200$ suggests the critical point should be at $\\Omega_{c}=0.2153$. In Section \\[subsec:occupation\\], we performed the finite size scaling with this value as the tentative critical value and obtained the expected value for the exponent $\\beta$. In the following section we will see this value also agrees with the iDMRG results.",
"\n\nPhase diagram\n-------------\n\nAs seen in the last subsection, the Binder cumulant can locate the critical point very precisely. ",
"Using this measure, in Fig.",
" \\[fig:ph\\_diag\\], we now plot the phase diagram of this model Hamiltonian in the space of $\\Omega$ and $U$, while keeping $U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$, corresponding to $\\Delta=1/4$. In Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_binder\\], we see that increasing the number of lattice sites only changes the value of $\\Omega_{c}$ in the fourth digit after the decimal point. ",
"As a consequence, to speed the calculation, we locate $\\Omega_{c}$ by using Binder cumulants for shorter lattices of $L=50$ and $L=100$.\n\n![",
"\\[fig:ph\\_diag\\] (Color online) The phase diagram in the space of coupling parameter $\\Omega$ and on-site intra-component interaction $U$. The inter-component interaction $U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$. The border between superfluid and Mott insulator will be updated in upcoming works. ",
"The red circles are the data points of the border between miscible and immiscible phases determined by Binder cumulant for lattices of $L=50$ and $L=100$. The dotted curve connecting the red circles interpolates the data points (red circles). ",
"The solid curve is attained by fitting the data points with $C/U$ for $U>10$.](ph_diag){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:ph\\_diag\\] for the MI regime, we see the critical value $\\Omega_{c}$ decreases as $U$ is increased as approximately $1/U$. This result is in contrast to mean-field predictions, which shows linear dependence of $\\Omega_{c}$ on $U$ [@sabbatini2012njp].",
"\n\nWhen $U$ and $U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}$ are large, the tunneling between sites is negligible. ",
"Perturbation theory can be employed in the parameter $J$ to find a further approximation to provide more insight into the underlying physics. ",
"Using the strong-coupling expansion, we derived the effective Hamiltonian for this model, which turns out to be a ferromagnetic XXZ model with a transverse magnetic field: $$\\begin{aligned}\n H=&-J_{\\bot}\\sum_{j}[S^{x}_{j}S^{x}_{j+1}+S^{y}_{j}S^{y}_{j+1}]+J_{z}\\sum_{j}S^{z}_{j}S^{z}_{j+1}\\notag\\\\\n &+\\Gamma\\sum_{j}S^{x}_{j},\\label{eq:xxzhamiltonian}\\end{aligned}$$ where $S^{x}_{j}$, $S^{y}_{j}$, and $S^{z}_{j}$ are the three components of the spin-operator for a spin $1/2$ particle on the $j$th lattice site, respectively.",
"\n\nThe coefficients for the effective Hamiltonian are $$\\begin{aligned}\n J_{\\bot}=&\\frac{4}{U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}}, \\;\\;J_{z}=\\frac{4}{U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}}-\\frac{8}{U},\\notag\\\\\n \\Gamma=&-2\\Omega.\\end{aligned}$$ For the parameters we have chosen $U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$, [*viz.*]{} ",
"$|J_{z}/J_{\\bot}|=3$, which indicates the ferromagnetic ground state when $\\Omega=0$. When $|J_{z}/J_{\\bot}|\\rightarrow\\infty$, [*i.e.*]{}, the first term in Eq.",
" can be neglected, this model can be further mapped onto the Ising model in a transverse magnetic field, for which we know the phase transition occurs at $\\Gamma_c=J_{z}/2$. For non-zero but small $J_{\\bot}$, the exact dependence of $\\Gamma_c$ on $J_\\bot$ and $J_z$ is not known, but we expect that $\\Gamma_c \\propto 1 / U$.\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:ph\\_diag\\], in the region where $U>10$ we fit the data points on the border line between miscible and immiscible phase to the function $C/U$ and find the coefficient $C\\approx 1.09$, in excellent agreement with what we obtained from the DMRG calculation for XXZ model with a transverse field, where we found ${\\Gamma}_{c}=0.36J_{z}$. Since $J_{z} = -6/U$, we obtain $\\Gamma_{c} = 2.16/U$ and $\\Omega_{c} = 1.08/U$.\n\nEntanglement entropy\n--------------------\n\nIt has been demonstrated that the entanglement entropy, which is a significant concept in quantum information, also plays an important role in understanding quantum phase transitions in condensed matter physics since it is related to the appearance of long-range correlations [@osborne2002pra; @vidal2003prl]. ",
"The bipartite entanglement entropy can capture the large-scale behavior of quantum correlations in the critical regime. ",
"In the vicinity of the critical point $\\Omega_{c}$, the entanglement entropy diverges logarithmically with the correlation length. ",
"Here we will present the scaling behavior of entanglement entropy for the model and determine the central charge at criticality.",
"\n\nSuppose the lattice is divided into the sublattice $A$ on the left and the sublattice $B$ on the right. ",
"We define the entanglement entropy as the von Neumann entropy of either one of the two sublattices, say the sublattice $A$,\n\n$$S=-{\\rm Tr}(\\rho_{A}\\log(\\rho_{A})),$$\n\nwhere $\\rho_{A}={\\rm Tr}_{B}(\\rho)$ is the reduced density matrix for the part $A$.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:mi\\_enp\\] (Color online) The entanglement entropies up to half of a $200$ site lattice, below (red circles), near (blue triangles), and above (black squares) the critical point in Mott insulator regime. ",
"The interaction strengths are $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=2U$.](mi_enp){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_enp\\], we plot the entanglement entropy for $\\Omega<\\Omega_{c}$, $\\Omega\\approx\\Omega_{c}$, and $\\Omega>\\Omega_{c}$ as the size of the sublattice $A$ is increased up to the half of the whole lattice. ",
"We can find the bipartite entanglement entropy increases as the block size increases. ",
"When it is off-critical, entanglement entropy saturates above some critical length which is proportional to the correlation length $\\xi$ as determined in Section \\[subsec:cfcl\\].",
"\n\nIn Ref.",
" [@vidal2003prl], the critical entanglement entropy is shown to coincide with the entropy in CFT for a variety of spin chains. ",
"Consequently, the central charge can be extracted from the critical entanglement entropy. ",
"As derived in [@calabrese2004jsmte], the critical entanglement entropy satisfies $$S\\approx\\frac{c+\\bar{c}}{6}\\log\\left[\\frac{2L}{\\pi}\\sin\\left(\\frac{\\pi L_{A}}{L}\\right)\\right]+k,\\label{eq:eelog}$$ for a finite lattice of total size $L$ and a sublattice of size $L_{A}$ with periodic boundary conditions, where $c$ and $\\bar{c}$ are holomorphic and antiholomorphic central charges of the conformal field theory and $k$ is a model-dependent constant. ",
"For open boundary conditions, only the holomorphic central charge is expected.",
"\n\nWe should point out the model-dependent constant $k$ here is generally nonzero, unlike other widely studied models. ",
"For instance, in the quantum Ising model, the ordered state with zero transverse field is a product state. ",
"The entanglement entropy of such a totally ordered state is zero and therefore $k=0$. On the other hand, for the two-component Bose-Hubbard model the entanglement entropy away from the critical point approaches that of the gapped MI system when $\\Omega\\rightarrow 0$. This is vanishing only when $(U,U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}})\\rightarrow\\infty$; otherwise the remaining local particle number fluctuation contributes to the entanglement entropy as a correction to the CFT prediction.",
"\n\nIn extracting the central charge, there are numerical difficulties due to the open boundary conditions. ",
"For this reason, we use periodic boundary conditions. ",
"For the XXZ Hamiltonian , from our numerical calculation we confirmed the central charge $c=1/2$, corresponding to the universality class of the transverse-field Ising model. ",
"For the Hamiltonian with periodic boundary condition, we also successfully extracted the central charge $c=1/2$ when $U\\rightarrow\\infty$, consistent with the critical exponents we obtained above.",
"\n\nSimulations with DMRG {#sec:idmrg}\n=====================\n\n Correlation length vs. number of states for various values of the coupling coefficient $\\Omega$ around the critical point in Mott insulator regime. ",
"The other parameters are $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=10$.](corr_leng_inf_numstat){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nSo far we have simulated a system only for a finite size lattice. ",
"The expectation values of the physical quantities are therefore somewhat affected by finite size effects and the boundary effects that break the translational invariance of a system. ",
"To remove these drawbacks, we now use the infinite DMRG [@McCulloch08] that is a better ansatz for a translational invariant system.",
"\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:mi\\_occ\\_fi\\], the green crosses show the mean occupation number imbalance obtained from iDMRG calculations. ",
"We can see it matches very closely the asymptotic result of the finite DMRG calculation at the critical point.",
"\n\nDue to the translational invariance, the MPS is represented by a repeated unit cell consisting of a single site. ",
"While the correlation length can be extracted from the correlation function, it can also be directly calculated from the spectrum of the transfer matrix, which originates from exponentially decaying nature of MPS correlations [@ostlund1995prl; @schollwock2011ap].",
"\n\nThe correlation length obtained in this fashion increases as the number of states $m$ (dimension of MPS representation) is increased. ",
"For a gapped noncritical system, it saturates at a certain value of $m$, while for a gapless critical system it diverges with $m$, and this is demonstrated in Fig.",
" \\[fig:corr\\_leng\\_inf\\_numstat\\]. ",
"Up to $m=300$, all the curves exhibit saturation behavior except the curve for $\\Omega=0.2154$. Therefore, the critical point is close to $\\Omega=0.2154$, which agrees quite well with the value $\\Omega_{c}=0.2153$ from the Binder cumulant for finite systems.",
"\n\nIn Fig.",
" \\[fig:corr\\_leng\\_inf\\_omeg\\], we plot the correlation length as a function of $\\Omega$ for $m=50$ and $300$. When $m=50$, the correlation length is larger near the critical point but the divergent behavior is not obvious. ",
"However, it is clear for $m=300$. We also plot the correlation length when $m$ is extrapolated to infinity in Fig.",
" \\[fig:corr\\_leng\\_inf\\_omeg\\]. ",
"The error bars show the error increases as $\\Omega$ is closer to $\\Omega_{c}$. Combining this error, we find a fit of this curve with $\\xi\\propto|\\Omega-\\Omega_{c}|^{-\\nu}$ gives $\\nu=0.8979\\pm0.3857$ when $\\Omega<\\Omega_{c}$ and $\\nu=0.9621\\pm0.0732$ when $\\Omega>\\Omega_{c}$, which is close to the known value $\\nu=1$ for CFT for 1D quantum Ising model with a transverse magnetic field, and better approximation than the fitted correlation length for finite size calculations presented in section \\[subsec:cfcl\\] above.",
"\n\n The correlation length obtained from iDMRG calculation for a translationally invariant infinite lattice with the increasing size of number of states: $m=50$ (green triangle), $m=300$ (red circle), and $m=\\infty$ (black circle). ",
"The data for $m=\\infty$ is obtained by extrapolation. ",
"The error bar shows the error estimate in the extrapolation. ",
"The other parameters are $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=10$.](corr_leng_inf_omeg){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\n$U(1)$-$\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry {#sec:u1z2}\n================================\n\nThe total Hamiltonian satisfies $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry because it remains unchanged if all spins are flipped. ",
"The ground state should preserve the same $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry to be symmetric or anti-symmetric, although computationally this is not the case for symmetry breaking state when $\\Omega<\\Omega_{c}$. However, we can always unitarily transform the Hilbert space composed of product Fock states into one composed of symmetric and antisymmetric basis states. ",
"The new Hilbert space can provide us new insights into how the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry is broken and restored across the critical point.",
"\n\nThe unitary transformation for a single lattice site is, $$\\begin{aligned}\n b_{s}&=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(a_{\\uparrow}+a_{\\downarrow})\\\\\n b_{a}&=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(a_{\\uparrow}-a_{\\downarrow}).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe reversed relation can be obtained by simple linear combinations, $$\\begin{aligned}\n a_{\\uparrow}&=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(b_{s}+b_{a})\\label{auparrow}\\\\\n a_{\\downarrow}&=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(b_{s}-b_{a}).\\label{adownarrow}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe choice of coefficient $1/\\sqrt{2}$ preserves the commutator relation, $$[b_{s(a)},b_{s(a)}^{\\dagger}]=1.$$ Substituting and into the three portions of the total Hamiltonian , we have the Hamiltonian in terms of $(b_{s(a)}^{\\dagger}$, $b_{s(a)})$ operators.",
"\n\nFirst the non-interacting part, Eq.",
" , $$\\hat{H}_{0} = -J\\sum_{j=1}^{L-1}\\sum_{p=s,a}\\left[b_{j+1,p}^{\\dagger}b_{j,p}+H.c.\\right].\\label{u1z2h0}$$ As no spin-flipping exists in the original Hamiltonian , symmetry is conserved during the tunneling.",
"\n\nThe on-site interaction Hamiltonian, the first term of Eq.",
" , between the particles of the same component transforms to, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat{H}_{U}=&\\frac{U}{4}\\sum_{j}^{L}\\sum_{p=s,a}N_{j,p}(N_{j,p}-1)\\notag\\\\\n &+\\frac{U}{4}\\sum_j^{L}\\left(b_{j,s}^{\\dagger}b_{j,s}^{\\dagger}b_{j,a}b_{j,a}+b_{j,a}^{\\dagger}b_{j,a}^{\\dagger}b_{j,s}b_{j,s}\\right)\\notag\\\\\n &+U\\sum_{j}^{L}N_{j,s}N_{j,a},\\label{eq:u1z2hu}\\end{aligned}$$ where $N_{j,p}=b_{j,p}^{\\dagger}b_{j,p}$ is the number operator for the symmetric state ($p=s$) or the antisymmetric state ($p=a$). ",
"The Hamiltonian describing the interaction between the two components, the second term of Eq.",
" , becomes, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat{H}_{U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}}=&\\frac{U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}}{4}\\sum_{j=1}^{L}\\Big[N_{j,s}(N_{j,s}-1)+N_{j,a}(N_{j,a}-1)\\notag\\\\\n &-\\left.\\left(b_{j,s}^{\\dagger}b_{j,s}^{\\dagger}b_{j,a}b_{j,a}+b_{j,a}^{\\dagger}b_{j,a}^{\\dagger}b_{j,s}b_{j,s}\\right)\\right].\\label{eq:u1z2hu12}\\end{aligned}$$ The two interaction Hamiltonian, Eq.",
" and , contain terms that annihilate pairs of symmetric bosons and create pairs of anti-symmetric bosons, and vice versa, but with opposite sign.",
"\n\nThe linear coupling Hamiltonian, Eq.",
" , between two components becomes, $$\\hat{H}_{C} = -\\Omega\\sum_{j}^{L}\\left(N_{j,s}-N_{j,a}\\right).\\label{u1z2ho}$$ This term effectively has the function of an unbalanced chemical potential, favoring particles in the symmetric state as $\\Omega$ is increased.",
"\n\nWe also employ the iDMRG algorithm to obtain the optimized iMPS with the Hamiltonian given above. ",
"In Fig.",
" \\[fig:u1z2\\_occ\\_dif\\_mi\\], we plot the mean occupation number for symmetric and anti-symmetric states. ",
"As expected from the analysis of the linear coupling Hamiltonian, more and more bosons occupy the symmetric states with increasing $\\Omega$. There is a kink around the critical point $\\Omega_{c}$. To see this kink more closely, we also plot the derivative of the curve. ",
"At the critical point, the derivative diverges.",
"\n\nWe find the derivatives of the mean occupation number both for symmetric and anti-symmetric states can be fitted with $K\\log\\Omega$, as shown by the solid curves in Fig.",
" \\[fig:u1z2\\_occ\\_dif\\_mi\\]. ",
"This is further numerical evidence that the linearly coupled two-component Bose-Hubbard model we are studying is equivalent to a 1D quantum Ising model with transverse magnetic field, which gives a logarithmic divergence with critical exponent $\\alpha=0$ [@cardy1996].",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:u1z2\\_occ\\_dif\\_mi\\] (Colour online) The mean occupation number and its derivative with respect to $\\Omega$ for symmetric states and anti-symmetric states around the critical point when $U=5, U_{{\\uparrow}{\\downarrow}}=10$. The black solid curves are the fitting curves for the derivatives to a logarithmic function. ",
"The arrows point to the corresponding $y$-axis of mean occupation number or its derivative.](u1z2_occ_dif_mi){width=\".9\\linewidth\"}\n\nConclusion {#sec:conclusion}\n==========\n\nIn this paper we have comprehensively studied the miscible-immiscible phase transition in a linearly coupled two-component Bose-Hubbard model. ",
"We focus on this model in Mott insulator regime with a filling factor one, [*i.e.*]{}, the total number of particles is equal to the number of lattice sites. ",
"We simulate this system by using both finite DMRG and iDMRG algorithms.",
"\n\nWe have illustrated the basic features of this phase transition. ",
"Below the critical point $\\Omega<\\Omega_{c}$ the computations giving symmetry broken states show imbalanced mean occupation number. ",
"The imbalance decreases and disappears at the critical point. ",
"Above the critical point the imbalance is zero and the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry of flipping the spins is restored in the ground state. ",
"The correlation functions of the occupation imbalance operator show exponential decay when it is off-critical. ",
"The extracted correlation length diverges with a power-law exponent $\\nu$ close to one, and critical exponents $\\alpha=0$ and $\\beta=1/8$.\n\nWe employed the Binder cumulant to determine the critical value of linear tunneling coefficient, and determined the phase diagram. ",
"A strong-coupling expansion reveals that in the Mott insulator regime this model is equivalent to a XXZ model with a transverse magnetic field.",
"\n\nThe phase transition is also characterized by the entanglement entropy, which diverges logarithmically at the critical point and otherwise saturates. ",
"The central charge at the critical point was extracted from DMRG calculations with periodic boundary conditions. ",
"All of these results demonstrate conclusively that the transition is in the universality class of the $c=1/2$ conformal field theory.",
"\n\nThis work has been supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and the Discovery Projects funding scheme (Project No. ",
"DP1092513). ",
"After the completion of this manuscript, we became aware of other authors studying the same model [@Barbiero14].",
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] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
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[
"Generally, the electronic device, such as a server, a computer, etc., ",
"needs to update the firmware of certain element therein, and the updating of the firmware usually becomes effective after the electronic device is cold rebooted. ",
"In other words, the warm reboot in software updating cannot make the firmware updating of the electronic device effective. ",
"However, in certain conditions, such as the electronic device is far-off or the location of the electronic device is hard to be achieve by the operator, so the cold reboot after the firmware updating of said electronic device is hard."
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[
"Role of prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination in the detection of prostate cancer.",
"\nProstate-specific antigen (PSA) is a kallikrein-like serine protease that is secreted exclusively by the epithelial cells of all types of prostatic tissue, benign and malignant. ",
"Its serum concentration is raised in men with prostatic disease including cancer. ",
"We have evaluated its usefulness in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by measuring serum PSA concentrations in 260 men aged 50 years or over. ",
"All had abnormalities at digital rectal examination (DRE) involving suspected cancer, signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and equivocal findings on DRE, and miscellaneous other conditions, including hematospermia, chronic prostatitis and microscopic hematuria. ",
"Transrectal prostatic needle biopsies were performed in the men with abnormal findings on DRE or elevated serum PSA (above 4 ng/ml). ",
"Serum PSA ranged from 4.0 to 9.9 ng/ml in 14 (5%) of the 260 men. ",
"Four of the men in this group (31%) who underwent prostatic biopsy had prostate cancer. ",
"Serum PSA levels greater than or equal to 10.0 ng/ml were found in 8 (3%) of the 260 men. ",
"5 of these 8 (63%) who underwent prostatic biopsy had cancer. ",
"If DRE alone had been used to screen the men having biopsies, 4 of the 10 cancers (40%) would have been missed. ",
"If PSA alone had been used to screen these men, only 1 of the 10 cancers would have been missed. ",
"Serum PSA measurement was more reliable than DRE for detecting prostate cancer. ",
"Since these two methods do not always detect the same malignant tumor, the combined use of DRE and PSA testing affords a more complete evaluation of the prostate gland for malignant involvement."
] | {
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[
"In Ceglarek's case, the grandparents, Joe and Marion Cappizzi, of Deltona, who have custody of the teen who turns 18 on December 20, did not even know that their grandchild was not in school on Friday, the day Ceglarek was out helping Ramos, Jacques said.",
"\n\nOfficials with the Sheriff's Office said the 15-year-old called 911 Friday, claiming to have found his home burglarized, his mother nowhere to be found and her vehicle running.",
"\n\nHe later confessed to the murder of his mother and implicated his friends.",
"\n\nInvestigators learned in the confession from Ramos that he strangled Cleavenger to death in a fit of rage after an argument because Ramos received a D in a school subject.",
"\n\nThe Volusia County Sheriff's Office was originally called out to a reported burglary just before 4 p.m. on Friday.",
"\n\n\"To watch how cold and callous and calculating he was, I think was probably the most shocking thing for all of us\", Chitwood said. ",
"There, he buried the body beneath a fire pit. ",
"All our hearts break for this family, ' he added on Twitter. ",
"This suspect \"matter of factly\" admitted to everything, and said he thought he deserved a \"Grammy [sic]\" for his performance on the 911 call, Chitwood said.",
"\n\nRelated News:\n\nWe expect third parties to shortly launch their own takes of the keyboard case, which may come in at a lower price point. ",
"In line with Apple's bid to keep people using only their products, the headphone jack is also gone from the new models.",
"\n\nSaudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was allegedly killed and dismembered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul , Turkey. ",
"The kingdom's public prosecutor, Saud al-Mojeb, later said that the journalist was killed in a premeditated attack.",
"\n\nJames Corden let Barbra Streisand drive him to work during Thursday's new Carpool Karaoke instalment on The Late Late Show . ",
"In between songs, Streisand joked about recently renewing her driver's license after failing the written test three times .",
"\n\nAnd before that, CEO Jeff Bezos - whose fortune is tied to his Amazon stake - became the world's wealthiest man in recent history. ",
"The Raleigh-Durham area was one of 20 in the US and Canada in the final running to lure the Amazon site, dubbed HQ2.",
"\n\nEllison said the moves are part of a \"transformation\", but not a \"turnaround\" - like Plano, Texas, -based J.C. The locations are seen as under-performing and the company wants to focus on its most profitable operations.",
"\n\nAs a result, sanctions lifted by the USA and others in 2016 are now being unilaterally re-imposed by the United States. ",
"Trump said the deal, approved by predecessor Barack Obama, was weak and flawed in Iran's favour.",
"\n\nWolves had a goal disallowed for offside before halftime, although replays appeared to show that it was an incorrect decision. ",
"It certainly has brought Wolves success with the Portuguese coach picking up the manager of the month award in September.",
"\n\nSCREENSHOT / THE KNOT The couple's page on The Knot remains active. \"",
"Our hearts hurt now, but we know this is not forever\". ",
"The National Transportation Safety Board says it's investigating the crash and the cause is not yet known.",
"\n\nThis is the outcome that most experts, and polls, are predicting once the midterms are said and done. \"",
"I just hope it's enough\". ",
"Trump warned Americans would \"lose all of their money\" if the GOP was defeated because the stock market could take a hit. \"",
"Sen.\n\nBoth sources were not permitted to talk to the media about Iran sanctions and declined to be identified. ",
"Companies that monitor Iran's shipments are already seeing a drop in tanker activity this month.",
"\n\nManchester City host Shakhtar at the Etihad tonight with two stars returning to the squad ahead of the clash. ",
"However, Ivan Ordets, Maksym Malyshev and Fernando are all unlikely to feature for the Ukrainians.",
"\n\nMac Miller Cause Of Death, Accidental OD of Fentanyl & Cocaine\nRapper Mac Miller's cause of death was revealed on November 5, and coroner's say he died of a mixture of fentanyl and cocaine. ",
"Miller, whose full name is Malcolm James McCormick, had battled with substance abuse for years, according to several reports.",
"\n\nSpice Girls announce tour dates\nAfter the all-female pop group confirmed they're reuniting for a United Kingdom tour, Victoria Beckham addressed her absence. ",
"The girls released three studio albums and 13 singles - with nine of them going to number one in the UK.",
"\n\nUFC 230 Post-Fight Press Conference\nImmediately after Cormier's maiden 265lbs title defence, attention turned to the prospect of him have a trilogy fight with Jones. ",
"Weidman stunned Souza with a right that smashed the Brazilian's nose, making it spew blood for the remainder of the first round.",
"\n\nThe Latest Joint US-Turkish patrols in Syria’s Manbij begin\nThe SDF said Wednesday that it fired back in self-defense, and \"as a result, a Turkish military vehicle was destroyed\". ",
"Last week, IS jihadists staged a counterattack following a weeks-long SDF offensive in the countryside around Hajin."
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to a standardized support element according to the preamble of claim 1 as well as to an electronic control unit having such a support element, in particular for transmission- or engine control systems in the automotive industry.",
"\n2. ",
"Prior Art\nIn automotive engineering components such as transmission-, engine- or brake systems are increasingly controlled mainly electronically. ",
"Here, there is a trend towards mechatronic control systems, i.e. the integration of control electronics and the associated electronic components, such as sensors or valves, in the transmission, the engine, the brake system or the like. ",
"The control units generally comprise a large number of electronic components that are connected to other components outside of the control unit. ",
"In the case of such integrated electronics, these control systems are no longer accommodated in a separate, specially protected electronics compartment. ",
"For this reason, they have to withstand corresponding environmental influences as well as mechanical, thermal and chemical stress.",
"\nFor this purpose they are normally installed in special hermetically sealed housings. ",
"The housings moreover perform an important screening function. ",
"To enable a reliable connection to components situated outside the housing, an electrical connection from the housing interior to the housing exterior and to the peripheral components is required. ",
"Systems are known, in which the central electronics in the housing are electrically contacted to an all-component support. ",
"The all-component support represents a made-to-measure connection of all of the components situated outside the control unit to the central electronics. ",
"This arrangement does however consequently have the drawback that a flexible connection of individual peripheral components to the central electronics is not possible. ",
"Furthermore, the all-component support has to be specifically redeveloped and redesigned for the respective application and the specific requirements associated therewith. ",
"This involves a considerable expenditure of time and money.",
"\nA design for achieving flexibility of the connection between peripheral components and central electronics is known from DE 10 2004 050 689 A1. ",
"This discloses an arrangement for the electrical connection of control electronics to peripheral components such as for example sensors, valves or plug-in connectors by means of a plug-in system comprising a cable channel and float-mounted mating connectors for the components at the other end of the cable.",
"\nAs an example of a generic contacting of cable ends to a flexible printed-circuit board reference is made to DE 10 2004 050 687 A1. ",
"This discloses a facility for the direct contacting of a cable or a cable bundle, which is attached to a flexible printed-circuit board, and in this way peripheral components may be connected to the central control electronics.",
"\nHere too, however, there is in each case the drawback that for each control unit it is necessary to produce a layout for the housing and the geometry of the flexible printed-circuit boards that is individually adapted and tuned to the relevant components. ",
"A modification of the specifications for contacting the peripheral components or even of the size and geometry of the central electronics substrate inevitably also entails having to find and manufacture a new layout for the connection of the components, the housing and the flexible printed-circuit boards. ",
"This necessity exists independently of whether the flexible printed-circuit boards are of an integral construction or take the form of partial components."
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"var async = require('async'),\nrequest = require('request');\nfunction done(err, res, body) {\n\tif (err) {\n\t\tthrow err;\n\t}\n\tconsole.log(\"3^4 = %d\", body);\n}\nasync.waterfall([\n\tfunction(next) {\n\t\trequest.post({uri: 'http://localhost:4000', body: \"3\"}, next)\n\t},\n\tfunction(res, body, next) {\n\t\trequest.post({uri: 'http://localhost:4000', body: body}, next);\n\t}\n], done);\n"
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[
"Project Abstract The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) is announcing the availability of up to $10,000 for five years to be awarded under the support for Conferences and Scientific meetings to Food Protection Task Forces. ",
"The Food Protection Task Force allows states to organize meetings to foster communication, cooperation, and collaboration within the State among State, local, tribal, and territorial food protection, public health, agriculture, and regulatory agencies. ",
"The meetings include: providing a forum for all stakeholder's of the food protection system; assisting in adopting or implementing the Food Code and other food protection regulations; and promoting the integration of an efficient statewide food safety/defense system that maximizes the protection of public health through prevention, intervention and response including the early detection and contamination of foodborne illness. ",
"The Minnesota Food Safety and Defense Task Force meet five to eight times each year. ",
"The group comprised of 16 members consisting of the Commissioner of Agriculture, the Commissioner of Health, representatives of the Food and Drug Administration, and the United States Department of Agriculture, the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Farm Bureau, and nine additional members representing the public and food and agriculture industries and groups. ",
"During task force meetings, presentation are made by knowledgeable speakers on current topics in food safety and defense including, Food Protection Rapid Response Team, Food and Agriculture Sector Criticality Tool (FASCAT), Manufacturing Retail Food Program Standards, PetNET, FDA Reportable Food Registry, Food Safety Modernization Act, and touring the City of Minneapolis' Emergency Preparedness Training Center. ",
"The Task Force has sponsored one or two conferences or workshops each year since 2000 focusing on current food safety or defense issues and concerns. ",
"The Minnesota Food Safety and Defense Task Force, as part of this application, will maintain meeting on a quarterly basis and sponsoring workshops, trainings, or conferences for stakeholders. ",
"The application describes the meeting plan for the next five years detailing a wide variety of topics and outreach to various food safety and protection audiences."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
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[
"Now I'm scared."
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"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
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[
"The Seattle Seahawks came within 1 yard of winning Super Bowl 49, but the coaches dialed up a pass play on second-and-1 from the New England Patriots' goal line. ",
"Russell Wilson threw an interception with 20 seconds remaining in the game, sealing the Seahawks' loss and the Patriots' fourth Super Bowl title under Bill Belichick.",
"\n\nSuper Bowl 2016 info: Live stream online | TV schedule and coverage | Kickoff time | Halftime show live stream, performers\n\nPete Carroll said that he told his players the play call was entirely his idea. ",
"It could not have been an easy thing to admit. ",
"Seahawks players were reportedly as mad as fans that Seattle did not hand the ball to Marshawn Lynch with the game on the line.",
"\n\nStanding w @Seahawks as they walk thru tunnel and one says best back in football and we throw the ball on one yard line — melissa stark (@melissastark) February 2, 2015\n\nSeahawks players are ripping the hell out of that last call. ",
"Openly. — ",
"mike freeman (@mikefreemanNFL) February 2, 2015\n\nI’m in the Seahawks locker room. ",
"Wow. ",
"Talking about despair! ",
"Those who can speak are freely ripping that last play call. ",
"Big time. — ",
"Terence Moore (@TMooreSports) February 2, 2015\n\n#Seahawks DE Bruce Irvin: \"We had it. ",
"I don't understand how you don't give it to the best back in the league on the 1-yard line.\" — ",
"John Boyle (@johnpboyle) February 2, 2015\n\nIn fact, it appears that Lynch himself was one of the few players who wasn't openly upset.",
"\n\nMarshawn Lynch asked if he's surprised he didn't get the football. ",
"Says \"No.\" ",
"I ask him, Why not? ",
"Says, \"Because football is a team sport.\" — ",
"Aditi Kinkhabwala (@AKinkhabwala) February 2, 2015\n\nLynch had a 4-yard run to put the Seahawks within 1 yard of winning the game. ",
"Now, we'll never know what would have happened if Seattle just went to him one more time.",
"\n\nVideo: Pete Carroll takes the blame for the final play call."
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[
"Is speech perception modular or interactive?",
"\nNorris et al. ",
"recently reported experimental evidence that listeners learn phoneme categories in response to lexical feedback. ",
"To reconcile these findings with their modular account of speech perception, the authors argue that top-down feedback can be used to support phoneme learning, but not to influence on-line phonemic processing. ",
"We suggest that these findings have broader implications than the authors assume, and we discuss potential challenges for integrating a modular theory with top-down learning."
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"Microsoft patented a cool multi-axis or multi-pivot hinge (armadillo hinge) for computing devices. ",
"The patented hinge rotatably secure portions of the computing device. ",
"This is a flexible, articulated hinge that stabilizes the entire device, allowing it to recline and fold forward like a regular laptop, and fold backward to a comfortable angle.",
"\n\nHinge cover portions are provided over the multi-pivot hinges to protect the hinges from foreign objects and/or protect a user of the computing device from being pinched by the multi-pivot hinges during rotation.",
"\n\nThe patented hinge includes a quick attach/detach assembly can allow the user to be able to detach a first portion and a second portion of a computing device to use either portion independent of the other. ",
"For example, the first portion may be operated as a stand-alone tablet device, and then may be attached to second portion via armadillo hinge assembly to form a device more akin to a laptop device.",
"\n\nA user may also be able to exchange first portion or second portion for application-specific devices. ",
"For example, an individual second portion may include a keyboard and/or a touchscreen. ",
"In certain scenarios, the user may attach a first touchscreen as the first portion and a second touchscreen as second portion, and utilize the device like a book. ",
"In other scenarios, a user may attach a touchscreen as the first portion and an input device, comprising a keyboard and trackpad, as the second portion, and utilize the device like a laptop. ",
"Other configurations and implementations are contemplated.",
"\n\nPatent Information\n\nPublication number: US 20160132075\n\nPatent Title: COVERED RADIUS HINGE\n\nPublication date: 12 May 2016\n\nFiling date: 11 Nov 2014\n\nInventors: Errol Mark TAZBAZ;\n\nApplicant: Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC\n\nUS20160132075"
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"DOCTYPE html>\n<html class=\"google mmfb\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n <head>\n\n <script>\n (function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\\bgoogle\\b/,'google-js')})(document.documentElement)\n </script>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n <meta content=\"initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, width=device-width\" name=\"viewport\">\n <title>\n Google PPC Online Advertising | Google AdWords – Google\n </title>\n <meta content=\n \"Start to advertise online with Google AdWords. ",
"Get targeted PPC internet marketing for your business the moment people search and only pay when they click.\"",
"\n name=\"description\">\n <link href=\"//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,500,700&lang=en\" rel=\n \"stylesheet\">\n <link href=\"//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:300,400,500&lang=en\" rel=\n \"stylesheet\">\n <link href=\"//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Product+Sans:400&lang=en\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n <link href=\"../home/css/adwords.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n <script src=\"//www.gstatic.com/external_hosted/modernizr/v2_8_3/basic.js\"></script>\n <link href=\"/home/images/favicon.ico\" rel=\"shortcut icon\" type=\"image/x-icon\">\n <link href=\"https://adwords.google.com/home/\" rel=\"canonical\">\n <script type=\"application/ld+json\">\n {\n \"@context\": \"http://schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"Product\",\n \"brand\": {\n \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n \"name\": \"AdWords\"\n },\n \"name\": \"Google PPC Online Advertising | Google AdWords\",\n \"description\": \"Start to advertise online with Google AdWords. ",
"Get targeted PPC internet marketing for your business the moment people search and only pay when they click.\",",
"\n \"url\": \"https://adwords.google.com/home/\",\n \"logo\": \"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-uNZ_qMhKvZA/Vd5W1dmYTLI/AAAAAAAAQ5U/a5AyNN5FQiA6uL8XtMpVsCsEbA0Tiw_awCHM/s251/AdWords.png\",\n \"sameAs\": [\n \"https://twitter.com/adwords\",\n \"https://plus.google.com/+GoogleAds\",\n \"https://adwords.googleblog.com/\",\n \"https://www.youtube.com/user/learnwithgoogle\"\n ]\n }\n </script>\n <style type=\"text/css\">\n svg.c1 {enable-background:new 0 0 23 15;}\n </style>\n </head>\n <body class=\"adwords-overview\" data-ng-app=\"rs.adwords\">\n <header class=\"header\" role=\"banner\">\n <h1 class=\"product-logo\">\n <a href=\"../home/\"><img alt=\"Google\" src=\n \"https://www.google.com/images/branding/googlelogo/1x/googlelogo_color_116x41dp.png\"\n srcset=\"https://www.google.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_116x41dp.png 2x\">\n <span class=\"site-name\">AdWords</span></a>\n </h1>\n <nav class=\"main-navigation\" data-ng-controller=\"rs.navigation.",
"NavCtrl as navCtrl\">\n <h1>\n AdWords\n </h1>\n <ul class=\"outer-nav\">\n <li class=\"active\">Home\n </li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"../home/how-it-works/\">How it Works</a>\n </li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"../home/pricing/\">Pricing</a>\n </li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"../home/marketing-goals/\">Marketing Goals</a>\n </li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"../home/tools/\">Tools</a>\n </li>\n <li>\n <a href=\"../home/resources/\">Resources</a>\n </li>\n </ul>\n <div class=\"cta cta-wrapper\">\n <a class=\"cta-signin\" href=\n \"/um/signin?hl=en&sourceid=awo&subid=us-en-di-g-aw-a-awhp_1!o2\" rel=\n \"nofollow\">Sign in</a> <a class=\"cta-call\" href=\"tel:1-855-808-2978\"><svg class=\n \"icon-phone-green\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"16px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\n \"0 0 32 32\" width=\"16px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M6.4,13.9c2.6,5,6.7,9.1,11.7,11.7l3.9-3.9c0.5-0.5,1.2-0.6,1.8-0.4c2,0.7,4.1,1,6.4,1c1,0,1.8,0.8,1.8,1.8v6.2 c0,1-0.8,1.8-1.8,1.8C13.5,32,0,18.5,0,1.8C0,0.8,0.8,0,1.8,0H8c1,0,1.8,0.8,1.8,1.8c0,2.2,0.4,4.4,1,6.4c0.2,0.6,0.1,1.3-0.4,1.8 L6.4,13.9z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"phone icon\" class=\"icon-phone-green\" height=\"16\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-ui-phone.png\" width=\"16\"> Call us</a> <a class=\n \"cta-signup\" href=\n \"/um/StartNow?hl=en&sourceid=awo&subid=us-en-di-g-aw-a-awhp_1!o2\" rel=\n \"nofollow\">Start now</a>\n <div class=\"cta-expand\">\n <div class=\"cta-expand-top\">\n <p class=\"font-large\">\n Do it yourself.",
"\n </p>\n <p>\n <a class=\"cta-signup\" href=\n \"/um/StartNow?hl=en&sourceid=awo&subid=us-en-di-g-aw-a-awhp_1!o2\" rel=\n \"nofollow\">Start now</a>\n </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"cta-expand-botm\">\n <p class=\"font-large\">\n Talk to a human.",
"\n </p>\n <p class=\"phone-number font-medium\">\n <a href=\"tel:1-855-808-2978\"><svg class=\"icon-phone-green\" enable-background=\n \"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"16px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"16px\" x=\n \"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\n \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M6.4,13.9c2.6,5,6.7,9.1,11.7,11.7l3.9-3.9c0.5-0.5,1.2-0.6,1.8-0.4c2,0.7,4.1,1,6.4,1c1,0,1.8,0.8,1.8,1.8v6.2 c0,1-0.8,1.8-1.8,1.8C13.5,32,0,18.5,0,1.8C0,0.8,0.8,0,1.8,0H8c1,0,1.8,0.8,1.8,1.8c0,2.2,0.4,4.4,1,6.4c0.2,0.6,0.1,1.3-0.4,1.8 L6.4,13.9z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"phone icon\" class=\"icon-phone-green\" height=\"16\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-ui-phone.png\" width=\"16\">\n 1-855-808-2978<sup>*</sup></a>\n </p>\n <p class=\"font-small\">\n * Mon-Fri, 9am-9pm ET\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </nav><button class=\"nav-toggle-button\"><span class=\"icon-menu-els\"><span class=\n \"menu-bar\"></span> <span class=\"menu-bar\"></span> <span class=\n \"menu-bar\"></span></span></button>\n </header>\n <div class=\"main\" role=\"main\">\n <div class=\"hero-animation-wrp\" data-rs-active=\"heroAnimation\" data-rs-animation-router=\"\"\n data-rs-hero-animation-v4=\"\">\n <section class=\"section section-hero section-overview-hero section-overview-hero-v4\">\n <div class=\"site-width position-rel\">\n <div class=\"start-animation-center\" data-rs-trigger=\"heroAnimation\">\n </div><picture class=\"add-picture\"><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/add_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/add_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\" class=\n \"add-img add-img-right\" data-class-name='add-img' data-rs-trigger-class='add' srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/add_m_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/add_m_2x.png 2x\"></picture>\n <div class=\"ad-search-container ad-container-small hidden-xs ad-result-locale\"\n data-class-name=\"ad-result-locale\" data-rs-trigger-class=\"add\">\n <p class=\"gad-content\">\n <span class=\"ad-headline\">The Tree House Brothers</span><br>\n <span class=\"ad-url-display\"><span class=\n \"ad-url\">treehousebrothers.com</span><br></span> <span class=\n \"ad-description\"><span data-custom=\"ad-description\">Two Brothers Building Luxury\n Custom Tree<br>\n Houses in Connecticut</span></span> <span class=\"ad-call\">Call</span>\n </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"hero-youtube-link hero-youtube-link-right\" data-class-name=\n \"hero-youtube-link\" data-ng-cloak=\"\" data-rs-trigger-class=\"link\">\n <a data-glue-modal-disabled-on-mobile=\"true\" data-glue-modal-trigger=\n \"ss-yt-LDKYXDZdFU4\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDKYXDZdFU4\">Meet The Tree\n house Brothers <img alt=\"youtube icon\" class=\"icon-product\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/images/branding/product/1x/youtube_64dp.png\"></a>\n </div>\n <div class=\"cols-row\">\n <div class=\"section-hero-copy col-5\">\n <h1>\n Get your ad on Google today.",
"\n </h1>\n <p class=\"font-large\">\n Be seen by customers at the very moment that they’re searching on Google for the\n things you offer. ",
"And only pay when they click to visit your website or call.",
"\n </p>\n <p>\n <a class=\"button cta-main\" href=\n \"/um/StartNow?hl=en&sourceid=awo&subid=us-en-di-g-aw-a-awhp_1!o2\" rel=\n \"nofollow\">Start now</a>\n </p>\n <p class=\"talk-to-human\">\n <strong>Call to get set up by our AdWords Specialists: <span class=\n \"phone-number\"><a href=\n \"tel:1-855-808-2978\">1-855-808-2978<sup>*</sup></a></span></strong>\n </p>\n <p class=\"font-small\">\n * For customers committing to $10 per day or more in ad budget. ",
"Phone support\n operating hours are Mon-Fri, 9am-9pm ET\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section-hero-media google-yellow section-hero-media-right-v4\" data-ng-cloak=\n \"\">\n <div class=\"hero-image awhpv6-hero-image\">\n <div class=\"hero-overlay\" data-class-name=\"hero-overlay\" data-ng-cloak=\"\"\n data-rs-trigger-class=\"hero\"></div>\n <div class=\"phone-wrp phone-wrp-right\" data-class-name=\"phone-wrp\" data-ng-cloak=\"\"\n data-rs-trigger-class=\"phone\">\n <picture class=\"phone-empty-picture\"><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/phone-empty_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/phone-empty_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"empty-phone\" src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <div class=\"phone-screen-wrp\">\n <div class=\"phone-touch rs-touch-indicator\" data-rs-touch-indicator=\"touch\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"typer-wrp\" data-class-name=\"typer-wrp\" data-rs-trigger-class=\n \"typer-wrp\">\n <div class=\"phone-type font-dark\" data-rs-typer=\"typer\">\n Treehouse construction\n </div>\n </div><picture><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/search-box_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/search-box_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"search-box\" data-class-name='search-box' data-rs-trigger-class=\n 'search-box' src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <picture><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/search-icon_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/search-icon_2x.png 2x\">\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"search-icon\" data-class-name='search-icon'\n data-rs-trigger-class='search-icon' src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <picture class=\"results-picture\"><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/results_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/results_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"phone-card\" data-class-name='phone-card' data-rs-trigger-class='results'\n src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <picture class=\"auto-search-picture\"><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/auto-search-two_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/auto-search-two_2x.png 2x\">\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"auto-search\" src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <picture class=\"keayboard-picture\"><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/keyboard_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/keyboard_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"keyboard-img\" data-class-name='keyboard-img' data-rs-trigger-class=\n 'keyboard' src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <picture class=\"bottom-bar-picture\"><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/bottom-bar_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/bottom-bar_2x.png 2x\">\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"bottom-bar-img\" data-class-name='bottom-bar-img'\n data-rs-trigger-class='bottomBar' src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <div class=\"search-header-wrp\" data-class-name=\"search-header-wrp\"\n data-rs-trigger-class=\"search-header-wrp\">\n <picture><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/search-header_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/search-header_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"search-header\" src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n </div>\n <div class=\"search-tabs-wrp\" data-class-name=\"search-tabs-wrp\"\n data-rs-trigger-class=\"search-tabs-wrp\">\n <picture><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/hero/search-tabs_1x.png, ../home/images/hero/search-tabs_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"search-tabs\" src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div><a class=\"fab fab-bottom-center google-blue gweb-smoothscroll-control\" href=\n \"#benefits\"><svg class=\"icon-fab-scroll\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"18px\"\n version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"18px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\n \"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <polygon points=\"28.2,6.1 16,18.3 3.8,6.1 0,9.9 16,25.9 32,9.9\"></polygon></svg>\n <img alt=\"scroll icon\" class=\"icon-fab-scroll\" height=\"18\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-fab-scroll.png\" width=\"18\"></a>\n <div data-glue-modal=\"ss-yt-LDKYXDZdFU4\" data-rs-modal=\"\" id=\"ss-yt-LDKYXDZdFU4\">\n <div class=\"spinner-pivot\">\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-1\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-2\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-3\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-4\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-5\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-6\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-7\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-8\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"youtube-embed glue-modal-content dark-modal\" data-video-id=\"LDKYXDZdFU4\">\n </div>\n </div>\n </section>\n <section class=\n \"section section-overview-benefits section-overview-benefits-v4 section-dark light-blue\"\n id=\"benefits\">\n <div class=\"site-width\">\n <h4 class=\"section-sub-heading border-red\">\n Benefits\n </h4>\n <h2>\n Why Google AdWords?",
"\n </h2>\n <div class=\"cols-row extra-margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"col-5\">\n <h3>\n Attract more customers.",
"\n </h3>\n <p>\n Whether you’re looking to bring in new website visitors, grow online sales, get\n the phones ringing, to increase brand awareness or keep customers coming back for\n more, Google AdWords can help.",
"\n </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-5 col-offset-2\">\n <h3>\n Reach the right people at the right time.",
"\n </h3>\n <p>\n Your business gets found by people on Google precisely when they’re searching for\n the things that you offer.",
"\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"cols-row extra-margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"col-5\">\n <h3>\n Advertise locally or globally.",
"\n </h3>\n <p>\n Target your ads to customers in certain countries, regions or cities — or within\n a set distance from your business or shop.",
"\n </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-5 col-offset-2\">\n <h3>\n If you need us, we’re here.",
"\n </h3>\n <p>\n Google AdWords lets you manage your online advertising campaign by yourself, or\n call us for free phone support at <span class=\"phone-number\"><a href=\n \"tel:1-855-808-2978\">1-855-808-2978</a><sup>*</sup></span>\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <p class=\"font-large\">\n <a class=\"link-more\" href=\"how-it-works/\">Learn more about the benefits<svg class=\n \"icon-arrow-more\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"14px\" version=\"1.1\"\n viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"14px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\n \"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M16,0C7.2,0,0,7.2,0,16s7.2,16,16,16c8.8,0,16-7.2,16-16S24.8,0,16,0 M16,25.7L14.3,24l6.8-6.8H7v-2.4h14.1L14.3,8L16,6.3 l9.7,9.7L16,25.7z\">\n </path></svg></a>\n </p>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>\n <section class=\"section section-overview-costs section-overview-costs-v4\" id=\"costs\">\n <div class=\"site-width\">\n <h4 class=\"section-sub-heading border-green\">\n Pricing\n </h4>\n <div class=\"cols-row\">\n <div class=\"col-6\">\n <h2>\n You only pay for results.",
"\n </h2>\n <h3>\n No visit, no fee.",
"\n </h3>\n <p>\n Signing up for Google AdWords is free. ",
"You only pay when someone clicks your ad to\n visit your website, or calls you. ",
"In other words, when your advertising is working.",
"\n </p>\n <h3>\n Start with any budget.",
"\n </h3>\n <p>\n You set your own budget, so your costs will depend on what you are trying to\n accomplish with your online advertising. ",
"Some businesses spend tens of thousands of\n dollars a month, and others are comfortable investing several hundred.",
"\n </p>\n <p class=\"font-large\">\n <a class=\"link-more\" href=\"pricing/\">Learn more about pricing<svg class=\n \"icon-arrow-more\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"14px\" version=\"1.1\"\n viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"14px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\n \"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M16,0C7.2,0,0,7.2,0,16s7.2,16,16,16c8.8,0,16-7.2,16-16S24.8,0,16,0 M16,25.7L14.3,24l6.8-6.8H7v-2.4h14.1L14.3,8L16,6.3 l9.7,9.7L16,25.7z\">\n </path></svg></a>\n </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-4 col-offset-2 pricing-home hidden-xs\">\n <picture><source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\n \"../home/images/overview-adwords-interface-laptop_1x.png, ../home/images/overview-adwords-interface-laptop_2x.png 2x\"><img alt=\"\"\n class=\"overview-laptop has-long-copy\" src=\n \"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"></picture>\n <div class=\"chart overlay-text hidden-xs\">\n <div class=\"chart-legend\">\n Clicks\n </div>\n <div class=\"chart-legend\">\n Cost\n </div>\n <div class=\"table-headings\">\n <div class=\"row row-1\">\n Campaign\n </div>\n <div class=\"row row-2\">\n Budget\n </div>\n <div class=\"row row-3\">\n Status\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"table-desc\">\n Bicycle Repair\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </section>\n <section class=\"section section-overview-get-started-v4 light-gray\">\n <div class=\"site-width\">\n <div class=\"cols-row\">\n <div class=\"col-6\">\n <h4 class=\"section-sub-heading border-green\">\n Get started\n </h4>\n <h3>\n We’re here to help\n </h3>\n <p class=\"light-p\">\n Our dedicated team of AdWords Specialists will work with you to make sure your\n AdWords account is set up for success, at no extra cost, when you invest $10 per\n day or more. ",
"We'll even help you build your campaign.",
"\n </p>\n <p>\n <a class=\"cta-signup button cta-main\" data-g-action='Sign Up' data-g-label='Canvas'\n href=\"/um/StartNow?hl=en&sourceid=awo&subid=us-en-di-g-aw-a-awhp_1!o2\" rel=\n \"nofollow\">Start now</a>\n </p>\n <div class=\"eto-phone-copy\">\n <div class=\"phone-help\">\n <p>\n Call today for account set-up & support from Google\n </p>\n <p class=\"phone-number font-medium\">\n <a href=\"tel:1-855-808-2978\"><svg class=\"icon-phone-green\" enable-background=\n \"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"16px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"16px\" x=\n \"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\n \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M6.4,13.9c2.6,5,6.7,9.1,11.7,11.7l3.9-3.9c0.5-0.5,1.2-0.6,1.8-0.4c2,0.7,4.1,1,6.4,1c1,0,1.8,0.8,1.8,1.8v6.2 c0,1-0.8,1.8-1.8,1.8C13.5,32,0,18.5,0,1.8C0,0.8,0.8,0,1.8,0H8c1,0,1.8,0.8,1.8,1.8c0,2.2,0.4,4.4,1,6.4c0.2,0.6,0.1,1.3-0.4,1.8 L6.4,13.9z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"phone icon\" class=\"icon-phone-green\" height=\"16\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-ui-phone.png\" width=\"16\">\n 1-855-808-2978*</a>\n </p>\n <p class=\"font-small\">\n * Phone support operating hours are Mon-Fri, 9am-9pm ET\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-6 card card-success card-eto\">\n <div class=\"card-inner\">\n <div class=\"card-success-video\">\n <a data-glue-modal-disabled-on-mobile=\"true\" data-glue-modal-trigger=\n \"ss-yt--vbOoddIaAc\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vbOoddIaAc\"><img alt=\n \"\" src=\"images/eto-video.jpg\"></a> <a class=\"fab google-red\"\n data-glue-modal-disabled-on-mobile=\"true\" data-glue-modal-trigger=\n \"ss-yt--vbOoddIaAc\" href=\n \"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vbOoddIaAc\"><svg class=\"icon-fab-video\"\n enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"24px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\"\n width=\"24px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M28.8,3.8c-1-0.3-6.9-0.6-12.8-0.6c-5.9,0-11.8,0.3-12.8,0.6C0.7,4.6,0,10.2,0,16s0.7,11.4,3.2,12.2c1,0.3,6.9,0.6,12.8,0.6 c5.9,0,11.8-0.3,12.8-0.6C31.3,27.4,32,21.8,32,16S31.3,4.7,28.8,3.8 M12.8,22.4V9.6l8.8,6.4L12.8,22.4z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"video icon\" class=\"icon-fab-video\" height=\"24\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-fab-video.png\" width=\"24\"></a>\n </div>\n <div data-glue-modal=\"ss-yt--vbOoddIaAc\" data-rs-modal=\"\" id=\"ss-yt--vbOoddIaAc\">\n <div class=\"spinner-pivot\">\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-1\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-2\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-3\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-4\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-5\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-6\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-7\"></div>\n <div class=\"spinner-dot spinner-dot-8\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"youtube-embed glue-modal-content dark-modal\" data-video-id=\n \"-vbOoddIaAc\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"card-success-content\">\n <h3>\n See how we can help you\n </h3>\n <p>\n \"The most valuable part was having an expert that took the time to understand\n our business, goals, and audience, and had the expertise to set up and optimize\n our campaigns.",
"\"<span class=\n \"display-inline-block\">‑ TheMississippiGiftCompany.com</span>\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>\n <footer class=\"footer\" id=\"footer\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n <div class=\"site-width\">\n <div class=\"footer-upper cols-row\">\n <div class=\"footer-social col-6\">\n <dl>\n <dt>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\">Follow us on:</span>\n </dt>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\n \"https://plus.google.com/+GoogleAds/posts\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\"\n title=\"Google+\"><svg class=\"icon-footer-gplus c1\" height=\"20px\" version=\"1.1\"\n viewbox=\"0 0 23 15\" width=\"30px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\n \"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <polygon points=\"23,6 21,6 21,4 19,4 19,6 17,6 17,8 19,8 19,10 21,10 21,8 23,8\">\n </polygon>\n <path d=\n \"M11.8,8.9c-0.1,1.3-1.3,3.4-4.3,3.4c-2.6,0-4.6-2.1-4.6-4.7S5,2.9,7.5,2.9c1.5,0,2.4,0.6,3,1.1 l0,0l2-2c-1.3-1.2-3-2-5-2C3.4,0.1,0,3.5,0,7.6s3.4,7.5,7.5,7.5c4.3,0,7.2-3,7.2-7.3c0-0.6-0.1-1.1-0.2-1.5h-7V9L11.8,8.9L11.8,8.9 z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"Google+\" class=\"icon-footer-gplus\" height=\"20\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-footer-gplus.png\" width=\"20\"></a></span>\n </dd>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\"https://adwords.blogspot.com/\" rel=\n \"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Blogger\"><svg class=\"icon-footer-blogger\"\n enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"20px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\"\n width=\"20px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M28.8,0H3.2C1.4,0,0,1.4,0,3.2l0,25.6C0,30.6,1.4,32,3.2,32h25.6c1.8,0,3.2-1.4,3.2-3.2V3.2 C32,1.4,30.6,0,28.8,0 M22.4,11.2v1.6c0,0.9,0.7,1.6,1.6,1.6c0.9,0,1.6,0.7,1.6,1.6v4.8c0,2.7-2.1,4.8-4.8,4.8h-9.6 c-2.7,0-4.8-2.1-4.8-4.8V9.6c0-2.6,2.1-4.8,4.8-4.8h6.4c2.7,0,4.8,2.2,4.8,4.8V11.2z M12.7,12.8h4.2c0.9,0,1.6-0.7,1.6-1.6 s-0.7-1.6-1.6-1.6h-4.2c-0.9,0-1.6,0.7-1.6,1.6S11.8,12.8,12.7,12.8 M19.2,17.6h-6.5c-0.9,0-1.6,0.7-1.6,1.6c0,0.9,0.7,1.6,1.6,1.6 h6.5c0.9,0,1.6-0.7,1.6-1.6C20.8,18.3,20.1,17.6,19.2,17.6\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"Blogger\" class=\"icon-footer-blogger\" height=\"20\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-footer-blogger.png\" width=\"20\"></a></span>\n </dd>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\"https://twitter.com/adwords\" rel=\n \"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Twitter\"><svg class=\"icon-footer-twitter\"\n enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"20px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\"\n width=\"20px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M28.8,0H3.2C1.4,0,0,1.4,0,3.2l0,25.6C0,30.6,1.4,32,3.2,32h25.6c1.8,0,3.2-1.4,3.2-3.2V3.2 C32,1.4,30.6,0,28.8,0z M25.1,11.7c-0.1,7.4-4.8,12.5-11.9,12.8c-2.9,0.1-5-0.8-6.9-2c2.2,0.3,4.8-0.5,6.2-1.7 c-2.1-0.2-3.4-1.3-3.9-3c0.6,0.1,1.2,0.1,1.8,0c-1.9-0.6-3.3-1.8-3.3-4.3C7.7,13.7,8.3,13.9,9,14c-1.4-0.8-2.5-3.8-1.3-5.7 c2.1,2.3,4.7,4.2,8.8,4.5c-1-4.5,4.9-6.9,7.4-3.9c1.1-0.2,1.9-0.6,2.7-1c-0.3,1-1,1.8-1.8,2.4c0.9-0.1,1.6-0.3,2.3-0.7 C26.8,10.3,25.9,11.1,25.1,11.7z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"Twitter\" class=\"icon-footer-twitter\" height=\"20\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-footer-twitter.png\" width=\"20\"></a></span>\n </dd>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\n \"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgl9rHdm9KojNRWs56QI_hg\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\n \"_blank\" title=\"YouTube\"><svg class=\"icon-footer-youtube\" enable-background=\n \"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"20px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"20px\" x=\n \"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\n \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M28.8,3.8c-1-0.3-6.9-0.6-12.8-0.6c-5.9,0-11.8,0.3-12.8,0.6C0.7,4.6,0,10.2,0,16s0.7,11.4,3.2,12.2c1,0.3,6.9,0.6,12.8,0.6 c5.9,0,11.8-0.3,12.8-0.6C31.3,27.4,32,21.8,32,16S31.3,4.7,28.8,3.8 M12.8,22.4V9.6l8.8,6.4L12.8,22.4z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"YouTube\" class=\"icon-footer-youtube\" height=\"20\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-footer-youtube.png\" width=\"20\"></a></span>\n </dd>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ENadwords/\"\n rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Facebook\"><svg class=\"icon-footer-facebook\"\n enable-background=\"new 0 0 32 32\" height=\"20px\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\"\n width=\"20px\" x=\"0px\" xml:space=\"preserve\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" y=\"0px\">\n <path d=\n \"M28.8,0H3.2C1.4,0,0,1.4,0,3.2v25.6C0,30.6,1.4,32,3.2,32h25.6c1.8,0,3.2-1.4,3.2-3.2V3.2 C32,1.4,30.6,0,28.8,0z M27.2,8H24c-0.9,0-1.6,0.7-1.6,1.6v3.2h4.8v4.8h-4.8v11.2h-4.8V17.6h-3.2v-4.8h3.2v-4c0-3.1,2.5-5.6,5.6-5.6 h4V8z\">\n </path></svg> <img alt=\"Facebook\" class=\"icon-footer-facebook\" height=\"20\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/images/icons/icon-footer-facebook.png\" width=\"20\"></a></span>\n </dd>\n </dl>\n </div>\n </div>\n <nav class=\"footer-nav cols-row\">\n <dl class=\"col-3\">\n <dt>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\">Learning & Support</span>\n </dt>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\n \"https://support.google.com/adwords/answer/6146252?hl=en&utm_medium=et&utm_campaign=en&utm_source=ww-ww-et-b2bfooter_adwords\">\n Your Guide to AdWords</a></span>\n </dd>\n <dd>\n <span class=\"display-inline-block\"><a href=\n 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href=this[this.selectedIndex].value;if(href!=''){window.location.href=href};\">\n <option value=\"/intl/en/home/\">\n English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ar/home/\">\n العربية\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fr_dz/home/\">\n Algérie – Français\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_ar/home/\">\n Argentina – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_au/home/\">\n Australia – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_bd/home/\">\n Bangladesh – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/nl_be/home/\">\n België – Nederlands\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fr_be/home/\">\n Belgique – Français\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_bo/home/\">\n Bolivia – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/pt-BR_br/home/\">\n Brasil – Português (Brasil)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_ca/home/\">\n Canada – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fr_ca/home/\">\n Canada – Français\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/cs_cz/home/\">\n Česká republika – Čeština\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_cl/home/\">\n Chile – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_co/home/\">\n Colombia – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_cr/home/\">\n Costa Rica – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_cy/home/\">\n Cyprus – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/da_dk/home/\">\n Danmark – Dansk\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/de_de/home/\">\n Deutschland – Deutsch\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_ec/home/\">\n Ecuador – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/et_ee/home/\">\n Eesti – Eesti\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_eg/home/\">\n Egypt – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_sv/home/\">\n El Salvador – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es_es/home/\">\n España – Español\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ca_es/home/\">\n Espanya – Català\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_us/home/\">\n Estados Unidos – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fr_fr/home/\">\n France – Français\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_gt/home/\">\n Guatemala – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_hn/home/\">\n Honduras – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_hk/home/\">\n Hong Kong – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/hr_hr/home/\">\n Hrvatska – Hrvatski\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_in/home/\">\n India – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/id_id/home/\">\n Indonesia – Bahasa Indonesia\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_ie/home/\">\n Ireland – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/it_it/home/\">\n Italia – Italiano\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/lv_lv/home/\">\n Latvija – Latviešu\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/lt_lt/home/\">\n Lietuva – Lietuvių\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/hu_hu/home/\">\n Magyarország – Magyar\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ms_my/home/\">\n Malaysia – Bahasa Melayu\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_my/home/\">\n Malaysia – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_mx/home/\">\n México – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/nl_nl/home/\">\n Nederland – Nederlands\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_np/home/\">\n Nepal – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_nz/home/\">\n New Zealand – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_ni/home/\">\n Nicaragua – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_ng/home/\">\n Nigeria – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/no_no/home/\">\n Norge – Norsk\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/de_at/home/\">\n Österreich – Deutsch\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_pk/home/\">\n Pakistan – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_pa/home/\">\n Panamá – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_py/home/\">\n Paraguay – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_pe/home/\">\n Perú – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_ph/home/\">\n Philippines – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fil_ph/home/\">\n Pilipinas – Filipino\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/pl_pl/home/\">\n Polska – Polski\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/pt-PT_pt/home/\">\n Portugal – Português (Portugal)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_pr/home/\">\n Puerto Rico – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_do/home/\">\n República Dominicana – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ro_md/home/\">\n Republica Moldova – Română\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ro_ro/home/\">\n România – Română\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_sa/home/\">\n Saudi Arabia – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/de_ch/home/\">\n Schweiz – Deutsch\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_sg/home/\">\n Singapore – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/sl_si/home/\">\n Slovenija – Slovenščina\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/sk_sk/home/\">\n Slovensko – Slovenčina\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_za/home/\">\n South Africa – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_lk/home/\">\n Sri Lanka – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fr_ch/home/\">\n Suisse – Français\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fi_fi/home/\">\n Suomi – Suomi\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/sv_se/home/\">\n Sverige – Svenska\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/fr_tn/home/\">\n Tunisie – Français\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/tr_tr/home/\">\n Türkiye – Türkçe\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_ae/home/\">\n United Arab Emirates – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/en_uk/home/\">\n United Kingdom – English\n </option>\n <option selected value=\"/intl/en_us/home/\">\n United States – English\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_uy/home/\">\n Uruguay – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/es-419_ve/home/\">\n Venezuela – Español (Latinoamérica)\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/vi_vn/home/\">\n Việt Nam – Tiếng Việt\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/el_gr/home/\">\n Ελλάδα – Ελληνικά\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ru_by/home/\">\n Беларусь – Русский\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/bg_bg/home/\">\n България – Български\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ru_kz/home/\">\n Казахстан – Русский\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ru_ru/home/\">\n Россия – Русский\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/sr_rs/home/\">\n Србија – Српски\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/uk_ua/home/\">\n Україна – Українська\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/iw_il/home/\">\n ישראל – עברית\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ar_ae/home/\">\n الإمارات العربية المتحدة – العربية\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ar_dz/home/\">\n الجزائر – العربية\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ar_sa/home/\">\n المملكة العربية السعودية – العربية\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ar_tn/home/\">\n تونس – العربية\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ar_eg/home/\">\n مصر – العربية\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/hi_in/home/\">\n भारत – हिन्दी\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/th_th/home/\">\n ไทย – ไทย\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ko_kr/home/\">\n 대한민국 – 한국어\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/zh-TW_tw/home/\">\n 台灣 – 中文（繁體中文）\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/ja_jp/home/\">\n 日本 – 日本語\n </option>\n <option value=\"/intl/zh-TW_hk/home/\">\n 香港 – 中文（繁體中文）\n </option>\n </select></span>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </footer>\n <script src=\"//www.gstatic.com/external_hosted/picturefill/picturefill.min.js\"></script> \n <script src=\"//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.5.9/angular.min.js\"></script> \n <script src=\"//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.5.9/angular-animate.min.js\"></script> \n <script src=\"//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.5.9/angular-messages.min.js\"></script>\n \n <script async data-gtmid=\"GTM-DJXNX\" src=\n \"//www.google.com/ads/js/peitho2/peitho2.min.js\"></script> \n <script src=\"../home/js/adwords.rs.min.js\"></script>\n </body>\n</html>"
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"\n\nNourishes & conditions hair & skin, leaving a lustrous, silky look\n\nProtein-enriched formula strengthens hair, reducing breakage\n\nMoisturizes to help eliminate itching & scaling caused by common external irritants"
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[
"Q:\n\nAdvance Python Scheduler and SQLAlchemyJobStore\n\nI am using sqlalchemy job store in APS . ",
"Jobs are added too cron using the function add_cron_job. ",
"But no entry is made in database table. ",
"Pls help me out: following is the code\nimport time\nimport logging\nfrom threading import Timer\nfrom threading import Lock\nfrom gadgetplatform.classes.utils.utilities import import_module\nfrom apscheduler.scheduler import Scheduler\n\nfrom apscheduler.jobstores.sqlalchemy_store import SQLAlchemyJobStore\n\nclass SchedulerManager(object):\n _instance = None\n _initialised = False\n lock = Lock()\n log = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n jobDict=[]\n\n def __new__(cls):\n\n if not cls._instance or not cls._initialised:\n cls.lock.acquire()\n if not cls._instance:\n cls.log.info(\"creating instance\")\n cls._instance = super(SchedulerManager, cls).__new__(cls)\n cls._initialised = True\n cls._instance.init()\n cls.log.info(\"instance created\")\n cls.lock.release()\n cls.log.info(\"lock released\")\n cls.log.info(\"returning instance\")\n return cls._instance \n\n def init(self):\n self.sched=Scheduler()\n self.sched.add_jobstore(SQLAlchemyJobStore('mysql://root@localhost/mygola?charset=utf8&use_unicode=0'), 'apschedulerJobs') \n\n def addToCron(self,source,time):\n self.log.info(\"called to add schedular\")\n\n time = time.split(' ')\n\n m=str(time[0]) \n h=str(time[1]) \n d=str(time[2]) \n mnth=str(time[3]) \n yr=str(time[4])\n\n func=self.convertStringToFunction(source)\n self.sched.add_cron_job(func, year=yr, month=mnth, day=d, hour=h, minute=m) \n self.jobDict.append(source)\n\n self.log.info(\"added with the time\") \n\n def removeFromCron(self,source): \n func=self.convertStringToFunction(source)\n self.sched.unschedule_func(func)\n\n def start(self):\n self.sched.start()\n self.log.info(\"Schedular Started\")\n\n def stop(self):\n self.sched.shutdown()\n\n def getRunningJobs(self):\n return self.jobDict\n\n def convertStringToFunction(self,source):\n strArr = source.rsplit('.",
"',1)\n mod = import_module(strArr[0])\n func = getattr(mod, strArr[1])\n return func\n\nA:\n\nI have never used APScheduler, but from the docs, it looks as if you have to specify what job store to add a job to.",
"\nYou can either make sure that the SQL Alchemy job store is the default one by giving it the special name default:\nself.sched.add_jobstore(SQLAlchemyJobStore('...'), 'default')\n\nOr you can specify the job store name when adding a job:\nself.sched.add_cron_job(func, \n jobstore=\"apschedulerJobs\", \n year=yr, month=mnth, day=d, hour=h, minute=m)\n\n"
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[
"Culture conditions for induction of suppressor cells in vitro.",
"\nCulture conditions have been established for optimal generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). ",
"The responder cell concentration was found to be most critical. ",
"In general the more active the proliferation was, the lower was the optimum for CTL generation. ",
"Optimal proliferation was usually found to occur at lower cell concentrations than optimal CTL generation. ",
"Above the optimal CTL generation proliferation also decreased, most likely due to overcrowding. ",
"These observations were made on both unpurified and nylon wool-passaged spleen cells, though the latter generally produced higher levels of cytotoxic activity per equal number of harvested cells. ",
"Cells prestimulated for 2 or 4 days in the absence or presence of antigen (M-locus differences) were unable to mount an effective response when restimulated with another antigen presenting an H-2 difference. ",
"This hyporesponsiveness was not due to the exhaustion of the culture medium or the presence of dead cells (since these were removed before restimulation). ",
"A high degree of hyporesponsiveness was also induced in the absence of antigen during prestimulation which rendered antigenic competition highly unlikely. ",
"Overcrowding could be excluded since the observed inhibition could not be diluted out by lowering the responder cell concentrations. ",
"A carry-over of CTL destroying newly added antigen (Fitch et al., ",
"1975) could not account for our observations since in the system utilized (M-locus stimulation) there was no generation of CTL (Festerstein, 1973; Röllinghoff et al., ",
"1975). ",
"The development of suppressor cells would seem the most likley explanation of the data."
] | {
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"Q:\n\nVBA: copying the first empty cell in the same row\n\nI am a new user of VBA and am trying to do the following (I got stuck towards the end):\nI need to locate the first empty cell across every row from column C to P (3 to 16), take this value, and paste it in the column B of the same row.",
"\nWhat I try to do was:\n\nFind non-empty cells in column C, copy those values into column B.\nThen search for empty cells in column B, and try to copy the first non-empty cell in that row.",
"\n\nThe first part worked out fine, but I am not too sure how to copy the first non-empty cell in the same row. ",
"I think if this can be done, I might not need the first step. ",
"Would appreciate any advice/help on this. ",
"There is the code:\nPrivate Sub Test()\n\nFor j = 3 To 16\nFor i = 2 To 186313\n If Not IsEmpty(Cells(i, j)) Then\n Cells(i, j - 1) = Cells(i, j)\n\n End If\nsourceCol = 2\n\n'column b has a value of 2\nRowCount = Cells(Rows.",
"Count, sourceCol).End(xlUp).Row\n\n'for every row, find the first blank cell, copy the first not empty value in that row\nFor currentRow = 1 To RowCount\n currentRowValue = Cells(currentRow, sourceCol).Value\n If Not IsEmpty(Cells(i, 3)) Or Not IsEmpty(Cells(i, 4)) Or Not IsEmpty(Cells(i, 5)) Or Not IsEmpty(Cells(i, 6)) Then\n Paste\n\n~ got stuck here\n\n Next i\n Next j\nEnd Sub\n\nA:\n\nYour loop is really inefficient as it is iterating over millions of cells, most of which don't need looked at. ",
" (16-3)*(186313-2)=2,422,043. ",
"\nI also don't recommend using xlUp or xlDown or xlCellTypeLastCell as these don't always return the results you expect as the meta-data for these cells are created when the file is saved, so any changes you make after the file is saved but before it is re-saved can give you the wrong cells. ",
"This can make debugging a nightmare. ",
" Instead, I recommend using the Find() method to find the last cell. ",
" This is fast and reliable. ",
"\nHere is how I would probably do it. ",
" I'm looping over the minimum amount of cells I can here, which will speed things up. ",
"\nYou may also want to disable the screenupdating property of the application to speed things up and make the whole thing appear more seemless. ",
"\nLastly, if you're new to VBA it's good to get in the habit of disabling the enableevents property as well so if you currently have, or add in the future, any event listeners you will not trigger the procedures associated with them to run unnecessarily or even undesirably. ",
"\nOption Explicit\n\nPrivate Sub Test()\n Dim LastUsed As Range\n Dim PasteHere As Range\n Dim i As Integer\n\n Application.",
"ScreenUpdating=False\n Application.",
"EnableEvents=False\n\n With Range(\"B:B\")\n Set PasteHere = .Find(\"*\", .Cells(1, 1), xlFormulas, xlPart, xlByRows, xlPrevious, False, False, False)\n If PasteHere Is Nothing Then Set PasteHere = .Cells(1, 1) Else: Set PasteHere = PasteHere.",
"Offset(1)\n End With\n For i = 3 To 16\n Set LastUsed = Cells(1, i).EntireColumn.",
"Find(\"*\", Cells(1, i), xlFormulas, xlPart, xlByRows, xlPrevious, False, False, False)\n If Not LastUsed Is Nothing Then\n LastUsed.",
"Copy Destination:=PasteHere\n Set PasteHere = PasteHere.",
"Offset(1)\n End If\n Set LastUsed = Nothing\n Next\n\n Application.",
"ScreenUpdating=True\n Application.",
"EnableEvents=True\nEnd Sub\n\n"
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"Recording has become a key feature of modern interaction-related environments and/or systems. ",
"For example, systems used for operating call centers, banks, academic institutions, government agencies, health care facilities and/or web based shopping may all comprise some form of recording capacities and/or systems. ",
"Interactions involving customers, clients, constituents or any other users associated with various respective industries, organizations and companies may all be recorded or may be selectively recorded according to various criteria. ",
"Recording of calls or sessions may be mandatory for some organizations, used as voice receipt or used for tracking, logging or other purposes.",
"\nRecording of customer interactions or calls may be performed by the customer or caller. ",
"For example, a computer application may record calls made by a caller using an internet protocol (IP) phone or built-in recorders in a telephone device may record calls. ",
"Additionally, telephony vendors or carriers may record telephone calls. ",
"However, such solutions may not be available or feasible for various scenarios as they may require installation of additional hardware or software and/or may not provide a solution that is customer centric rather than device or infrastructure centric.",
"\nAlternatively, calls may be recorded by an organization associated with the call. ",
"However, recording of interactions or calls performed by an organization comprises storing the recorded calls or interactions on devices that are typically internal to the organization or enterprise associated with the interaction. ",
"Accordingly, recorded information is only readily available to personnel or other entities of the organization but not to the customer, caller or other, external to the organization, entities.",
"\nIt will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. ",
"For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. ",
"Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements."
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"Minnesota Democratic Rep. Ilhan Omar once spoke to an audience segregated by gender in her native Somalia, as she praised the country's efforts empowering women and sought to contrast that with America's.",
"\n\nAccording to a translation of the remarks, though, she did not raise the matter of the audience's segregation during that 2016 speech.",
"\n\nOmar, the embattled freshman Democrat who’s faced numerous controversies over comments decried as anti-Semitic and other statements, appeared on the “Deprani show,” a Somali news show, following her election to Minnesota’s House of Representatives.",
"\n\nCAMPAIGN DONATIONS FROM ILHAN OMAR REJECTED BY AT LEAST 2 DEMS\n\nThe show, which celebrated Omar’s victory, was filmed at Puntland State University in December 2016 and featured prominent shots of women and men seated separately.",
"\n\nDuring her remarks, Omar praised Puntland, the semi-autonomous regional territory of Somalia, for setting the goal of a 30 percent quota for women in legislative positions.",
"\n\n“There in America [we are] yet to achieve that, so, we're looking for that justice and the same justices for the different races, genders and everything,” she said, according to the translation.",
"\n\n“There in America [we are] yet to achieve that, so, we're looking for that justice and the same justices for the different races, genders and everything.” — ",
"Ilhan Omar\n\nBut Omar's appearance at the event and lack of comments about the segregation in the room were striking considering her image as a barrier-breaking politician who fights for women’s rights everywhere.",
"\n\n“I stand in solidarity with everyone who is fighting to protect the rights of women and girls, domestically and internationally,” she tweeted in March.",
"\n\nOmar has been critical of other countries over human rights violations, often criticizing Saudi Arabia for its women’s rights record.",
"\n\nILHAN OMAR RAISES NEARLY $1M AFTER CONTROVERSIES, TOPS OTHER PROGRESSIVE DEMS LIKE AOC, TLAIB\n\n“The Saudi government might have been strategic at covering up the daily atrocities carried out against minorities, women, activists and even the #YemenGenocide, but the murder of #JamaKhashoggi should be the last evil act they are allowed to commit,” she tweeted last October.",
"\n\nIn response to a tweet accusing her of not speaking out for women’s rights in Saudi Arabia, Omar insisted that she did and reiterated that “we need to collectively fight for women's rights around the world!”",
"\n\nBut the same criticism hasn’t been extended to Somalia where she wields influence due to her political success in the U.S.\n\nA U.N. report several years ago described gender inequality as a serious problem in Somalia, citing violence against women and \"extremely limited\" women participation in \"politics and decision-making spheres.\"",
"\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\nOmar’s office did not respond to Fox News’ requests for comment for this report."
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a scheme for GUI (graphical user interface) using a polygonal-line-shaped slider that serves as an interface for enabling a user to intuitively manipulate and playback spatio-temporal media data such as video data and animation data continuously in time in correspondence to user input with respect to interactive manipulation and playback of the spatio-temporal media data.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Background Art\nOne of conventional interfaces for interactively manipulating data is a slider. ",
"FIG. ",
"1 shows one conventional slider. ",
"The slider comprises a segment having a start point 91 and an end point 93, and a thumb 92, where the thumb 92 moves along the segment. ",
"A user uses a pointing device such as a mouse or a touch panel to manipulate the thumb 92. ",
"A value between the start point 91 and the end point 93 is set in accordance with the movement of the thumb 92. ",
"The value corresponding to the position of the thumb 92 is entered into a personal computer. ",
"In FIG. ",
"1, the thumb 92 can be moved between a value 0 assigned to the start point 91 and a value 100 assigned to the end point 93 and is presently positioned at a value 45.",
"\nThe slider is usually displayed at a lower part of a monitor screen and serves as a cursor (anchor) moving along a time axis. ",
"The slider is used to indicate the relative position of a currently playbacked image frame and functions as an interface for realizing variable-speed playback of video data such as random playback, fast forward, and reverse mode. ",
"A technique of employing a slider to interactively manipulate data is disclosed in xe2x80x9cA Magnifier Tool for Video Dataxe2x80x9d by M. Mills et al., ",
"CHI \"\"92 (Human factors in computing systems), pp. ",
"93 to 98, 1992.",
"\nThe conventional slider may continuously manipulate image frames of video data according to the movements of the thumb. ",
"This conventional slider, however, linearly projects the time axis of video data onto the slider regardless of the contents of the video data such as the movements of an object contained in the video data. ",
"Therefore, the manipulation of the slider does not always agree with playbacked video data intuitively. ",
"For example, an object in playbacked video data may move to the left although the thumb of the slider is moved to the right. ",
"The conventional slider is unable to continuously follow the complicated trajectory of moving objects, waveforms, or routes in maps while inputting continuous values, because the conventional slider is incapable of spatially relating the video data to the slider, so that video data manipulation is difficult.",
"\nAnother conventional technique for interactive manipulation of video data is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. ",
"No. ",
"09/099,189. ",
"This technique employs a function for mapping input X-Y coordinates to frame numbers of the images with regard to an object moving along a trajectory that can be linearly mapped. ",
"The function is used to playback a frame image corresponding to input coordinates. ",
"This technique, however, is also unable to manipulate video data that involve an complicated trajectory.",
"\nAn object of the present invention is to provide a scheme for GUI (Graphical User Interface) using a polygonal-line-shaped slider that enables a user to intuitively manipulate and playback spatio-temporal media data such as video data and animation data without deteriorating the temporal continuity of the data in interactive manipulation and playback of the spatio-temporal media data.",
"\nAnother object of the present invention is to resolve the difficulty of manipulation due to the polygonal line shape of the slider, and to improve the handling of the polygonal-line-shaped slider by properly adjusting the position of the thumb of the slider to input coordinates even if user is incapable of tracing the polygonal line or the thumb of the polygonal-line-shaped slider.",
"\nIn order to accomplish the above objects, an aspect of the present invention provides a method of entering data corresponding to specified coordinates. ",
"The method includes the steps of (a) storing coordinates of vertexes which define a polygonal line shaped slider that is composed of a polygonal line formed by at least one segment and a coordinates indicator to be moved along the polygonal line, (b) storing input coordinates, and (c) mapping the input coordinates onto a point on the polygonal line and positioning the coordinate indicator at the point.",
"\nAnother aspect of the present invention provides a method of interactively manipulating video data. ",
"The method includes the steps of (l) sliding a coordinate indicator along a polygonal line formed by at least one segment using a polygonal line shaped slider composed of the polygonal line and the coordinate indicator according to input coordinates, and (m) presenting the video data of an image frame corresponding to the position of the slid coordinates indicator.",
"\nStill another aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for entering data corresponding to specified coordinates. ",
"The apparatus has (a) a unit for storing coordinates of vertexes which define a polygonal line shaped slider that is composed of a polygonal line formed by at least one segment and a coordinates indicator to be moved along the polygonal line, (b) a unit for storing input coordinates, and (c) a unit for mapping the input coordinates onto a point on the polygonal line and positioning the coordinate indicator at the point.",
"\nStill another aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for interactively manipulating video data. ",
"The apparatus has (l) a unit for receiving input coordinates, (m) a unit for sliding a coordinate indicator along a polygonal line formed by at least one segment using a polygonal line shaped slider composed of the polygonal line and the coordinate indicator according to the input coordinates, and (n) a unit for presenting the video data of an image frame corresponding to the position of the slid coordinate indicator.",
"\nStill another aspect of the present invention provides a computer readable recording medium for causing the computer to execute processing for entering data corresponding to specified coordinates, the processing including: (a) a process for storing coordinates of vertexes which define a polygonal line shaped slider that is composed of a polygonal line formed by at least one segment and a coordinate indicator to be moved along the polygonal line, (b) a process for storing Input coordinates, and (c) a process for mapping the input coordinates onto a point on the polygonal line and positioning the coordinate indicator at the point.",
"\nStill another aspect of the present invention provides a computer readable recording medium for causing the computer to execute processing for interactively manipulating video data, the processing including: (l) a process for sliding a coordinate indicator along a polygonal line formed by at least one segment using a polygonal line shaped slider composed of the polygonal line and the coordinate indicator according to input coordinates and (m) a process for presenting the video data of an image frame corresponding to the position of the slid coordinate indicator.",
"\nOther features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.",
"\nFIG. ",
"1 is a diagram view showing a conventional slider;\nFIG. ",
"2 is a diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider according to the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"3 is a block diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"4 is a diagram showing exemplary vertex data stored in a vertex storage unit of the apparatus according to the first embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"5 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by the apparatus according to the first embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"6 Is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of a mapping unit of the apparatus according to the first embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"7 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out in step S30 of FIG. ",
"5 according to the first embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"8 is a diagram showing a technique for finding a ratio according to the first embodiment:\nFIG. ",
"9 is a diagram showing a technique for finding the coordinates of a perpendicular foot, an interior division ratio, and a distance according to the first embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"10 and 11 are diagrams showing relationships between input coordinates and a thumb according to the first embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"12 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of a mapping unit according to the second embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"13 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out in step S30 of FIG. ",
"5 according to the second embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"14 is a diagram showing a technique for calculating an interior division ratio for a segment according to the second embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"15 is a diagram showing a technique for generating a perpendicular line and a bisector line according to the second embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"16 is a diagram showing a technique of judging whether or not two points are on the same side of a given line;\nFIGS. ",
"17A and 17B are diagrams showing relationships between input coordinates and a thumb according to the second embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"18A and 18B are diagrams showing ranges of input coordinates to move a thumb;\nFIG. ",
"19 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of a mapping unit according to the third embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"20 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out in step S30 of FIG. ",
"5 according to the third embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"21 is a diagram showing a technique for calculating an interior division ratio for a segment according to the third embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"22A and 22B are diagrams showing a technique for calculating a parallel line of a given segment and an intersection point of input coordinates and a thumb according to the third embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"23 is a diagram showing a relationship between input coordinates and a thumb according to the third embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"24 is a block diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"25 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by the apparatus of FIG. ",
"24 according to the fourth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"26 is a diagram showing an exemplary polygonal-line-shaped slider provided by an output unit according to the fourth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"27 is a block diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider apparatus according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"28 is a diagram showing vertex data stored in a vertex storage unit according to the fifth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"29 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by the apparatus according to the fifth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"30 is a diagram showing an exemplary output provided by an interior division value output unit according to the fifth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"31 is a block diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider apparatus according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"32 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by the apparatus according to the sixth embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"33A and 33B are diagrams showing an exemplary case of polygonal line selection provided by a polygonal line selection unit according to the sixth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"34 is a diagram showing the movement of a thumb according to the sixth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"35 is a block diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider apparatus according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"36 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by the apparatus according to the seventh embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"37 is a diagram showing vertex data stored in a vertex storage unit of the apparatus according to the seventh embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"38 is a diagram showing an exemplary case of merging two sliders according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"39 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by an apparatus according to the eighth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"40 is a block diagram showing a polygonal-line-shaped slider apparatus according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"41 is a flow chart showing a processing carried out by the apparatus according to the ninth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"42 is a diagram showing a slider editing provided by an editing unit according to the ninth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"43 is a diagram showing an exemplary case of a polygonal line generated by a polygonal line generation unit according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"44 is a block diagram showing a polygonal line shaped slider apparatus according to the tenth embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"45A and 45B are diagrams showing exemplary cases of the vertex dividing carried out by a polygonal line correction unit according to the tenth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"46 is a flow chart showing a vertex dividing processing carried out by polygonal line correction unit according to the tenth embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"47A and 47B are diagrams showing the vertex dividing carried out by polygonal line correction unit according to the tenth embodiment;\nFIG. ",
"48 is a flow chart showing a vertex merging processing carried out by a modification of polygonal line correction unit according to the tenth embodiment;\nFIGS. ",
"49A and 49B are diagrams showing an exemplary case of vertex merging carried out by polygonal line correction unit according to the tenth embodiment:\nFIGS. ",
"50A and 50B are diagrams showing one exemplary case of video playback control using the polygonal-line-shaped slider of the present invention;\nFIGS. ",
"51A and 51B are diagrams showing another exemplary case of video playback control using the polygonal-line-shaped slider of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"52 is a diagram showing another exemplary case of video playback control using the polygonal-line-shaped slider of the present invention;\nFIG. ",
"53 is a diagram showing an exemplary case of map information guidance using the polygonal-line-shaped slider of the present invention;\nFIGS. ",
"54A and 54B are diagrams showing an exemplary case of animation data playback using the polygonal-line-shaped slider of the present invention; and\nFIGS. ",
"55A and 55B are diagrams showing hardware structures for realizing the polygonal-line-shaped slider of the present invention."
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"System Change Not Climate Change\n\nThe Ecosocialist Coalition\n\nJOIN US AT THE\n\nLeft Forum\n\n\n\nJune 7-9 in NYC\n\nThe Left Forum, June 7-9th at Pace University\n\nThis year’s theme, Mobilizing for Ecological/Economic Transformation, will feature dozens of presentations centered around Marxism, the environment and revolutionary change. ",
"Organizers are expecting thousands of radicals to attend and participate.",
"\n\nOur group, newly renamed System Change Not Climate Change, the Ecosocialist Coalition (or SCNCC if you are in a hurry) will have a table at the conference. ",
"We encourage everyone to help build SCNCC by handing out flyers, staffing our table, and talking to everyone about the need for organized ecosocialists in the Climate Justice Movement.",
"\n\nTo volunteer for tabling, contact Jamie: jamunro6@gmail.com\n\nConference registration\n\nSchedule\n\n………………\n\nNational Organizing Call\n\nPlease join us for our monthly organizing call. ",
"This summer we will likely see dozens of regional actions against climate change and Obama’s pending approval of the Keystone XL. ",
"350.org and others have called for Summer Heat, a civil disobedience campaign in July, while Idle No More organizes for Sovereignty Summer. ",
"In addition to regional actions, ecosocialists should be gather our forces and holding teach-ins. ",
"We have much to say about capitalism and the climate crisis. ",
"Let’s get the word out!",
"\n\nMonday, June 3rd @ 7:30-8:30pm EST\n\nConference Dial-in Number: (605) 475-4825\n\nParticipant Access Code: 679592#\n\nItems: 400ppm & summer actions, Left Forum, San Francisco teach-in & building local SCNCC chapters\n\n………………\n\nBuilding SCNCC\n\nAfter changing our moniker from the Ecosocialist Contingent (February 17 demo) to the Ecosocialist Conference (April), we had to figure out what to call ourselves. ",
"The group was evenly split and merged the two competing ideas into a compromise: System Change Not Climate Change: the Ecosocialist Coalition. ",
"It’s a bit long, but the name captures our unified perspective.",
"\n\nWe are in the process of building a toolkit of ideas and resources that will allow people to know what we are about and get involved. ",
"Here’s what is in the works:\n\nPoints of unity (updating our February 17th statement);\n\nMission statement, explaining our collaboration and where we want to go;\n\nTalking points, explaining ecosocialism and the nature of the climate crisis.",
"\n\nMore resources, like articles, video and audio\n\nThese are under development and will be circulated soon. ",
"Everything will eventually live on the website, joining the audio and video captured during our April conference. ",
"If you have ideas you would like to develop for the group, or you would like to join our national listserv discussions, please get in touch with Michael: michaelware1205@gmail.com.",
"\n\nOur hope is that we will grow these resources and meet more people through activism and events. ",
"Come the fall, SCNCC will be ready to grow on campuses and union halls through September teach-ins.",
"\n\nSolidarity!"
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"The Globalists will do anything to stop Trump\n\nThose arch enemies of Americanism; of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, the globalists, are in a panic state.",
"\n\nThose arch enemies of the middle class and prosperity, those diabolical enemies of God who make Machiavelli look like an altar boy are at it again.",
"\n\nLike evil elves working non-stop in Lucifer’s Village, the globalists are plotting ten thousand and one ways to stop President-elect Trump from ever serving a day in office.",
"\n\nTheir ruthlessness and treason knows no bounds.",
"\n\nAs the final vote tallies came in on the night of November 8th and Trump won the election, as Hillary went into a boxed wine induced rage and took a swing at Podesta; the globalist phone networks across the world began to light up. ",
"Everything had failed to stop Trump. ",
"But, it wasn’t over yet.",
"\n\nThe elite contacted their chief financial officer of mayhem, the Goldfinger of the Globalists, George Soros.",
"\n\nSoros began to write checks. ",
"He pumped money into Black Lives Matter and other nationwide anarchist groups; professional protesters, who, when not bagging groceries at the co-op, or swigging a bottle of Jack Daniels in front of a McDonald’s are more than happy to turn a police car into a Duraflame log.",
"\n\nThe protests began. ",
"They were packed with the usual array of naïve leftists: public school teachers, freeze dried hippie Jerry Rubin wannabes and the left’s newest weapon of terror, the special snowflake.",
"\n\nWithin 24 hours, the marches began, the crying commenced and the #NotMyPresident hash tags wafted through social media like a dense mustard gas at the Somme.",
"\n\nAs extreme close up shots of teary eyed liberals filled CNN’s screens, the left wing pundits all speculated how the impossible could have happened and how Trump must be toppled before he ever parks his keister in the Oval Office.",
"\n\nBut, the protests began to lose steam. ",
"The rioters ran out of Molotov Cocktails and the Millennials pooped out and returned to their safe spaces, juice and Play Doh.",
"\n\nPlan Bravo went into action.",
"\n\nInstantly, the mainstream media was all too happy to inform us 1000 times a day that Hillary had won the popular vote. ",
"Since Trump had won the election by winning the electoral vote, 240 years of the American electoral college process was now obsolete and needed to be changed, and as quickly as possible, to allow Brunhilda to ascend to the thrown on Pennsylvania Avenue.",
"\n\nThe Democrats paraded Nancy Pelosi, Bernie Sanders, Charlie Rangel and Barbara Boxer out on stage. ",
"A so called Boxer Bill would be rushed through Congress. ",
"Sure, it was unfair that California and New York would decide the Presidency, but what is illegal immigration for, if not for stacking the Democratic Party with unskilled laborers who want free benefits from the guv mint.",
"\n\nWith a little help from Congress, the genius of the Founding Fathers would be jettisoned like an empty fuel pod and the good old USA would be just as screwed up as those solid bastions of European democracy like Italy and the Ukraine.",
"\n\nBut, that ran out of gas too.",
"\n\nOn to Plan Charlie…\n\nThe globalists’ and their willing lackeys in corruption, the Democrats next move is the recount.",
"\n\nJill Stein, an apparent nemesis of Hellary, who once claimed Mrs. Clinton would ignite a nuclear war, seems all too excited to file requests for recounts in Blue Wall states Trump won.",
"\n\nStein is motivated by the limelight she now has and never had before and the millions of dollars flowing in from globalist donors. ",
"No doubt a six or seven figure check has been handed to Stein as well.",
"\n\nStrangely, the Democrats are remaining silent on recounts in the Blue states that Hillary won. ",
"Are they afraid that a recount might show how much Hillary cheated in states like Virginia, Minnesota, New Mexico and Colorado?",
"\n\nWhen the recount efforts blow up in their faces, the globalists will be pushed further into a very small corner.",
"\n\nTheir next move probably includes pushing the fragile, wounded world financial markets over a very steep cliff. ",
"A market meltdown could take place before Obama leaves office. ",
"Perhaps, the situation would be so chaotic that the inauguration would be delayed or cancelled until the situation was stabilized.",
"\n\nThese are desperate, ruthless people. ",
"The globalists know their days of corruption, cheap labor, market manipulation, jimmy-rigging trade deals, endless, unwinnable wars and the fleecing of the average American are coming to an abrupt end on January 20th.",
"\n\nThey will do everything they can to stop Trump from taking the oath of office. ",
"If those measures fail, they will stop at nothing to end his Presidency any way they can.",
"\n\nThere have been four presidents assassinated that we know of. ",
"I think there’s been five if you include the American Cincinatus, Zachary Taylor whose daughter believed him to have been poisoned. ",
"Lincoln, McKinley, Garfield and Kennedy. ",
"All were for protectionist tariffs. ",
"And now Trump is for protectionist tariffs that will defend American industrial might. ",
"Beware Donald. ",
"The snake still has fangs.",
"\n\nUnfortunately, this piece is absolutely correct. ",
"The globalists will need to be dealt with just as much as Islamic terrorism and illegal immigration need to be taken care of. ",
"The Trump “movement” must hang together to give him the support he will need. ",
"And, the Secret Service must be ultra diligent.",
"\n\nObama is a slippery slimy turd. ",
"His days are numbered by hours. ",
"The stench of Hillary’s rotting flesh makes the entire world gag. ",
"President Trump will have at least 4 years to Make America great again, and hopefully another great 4 years. ",
"Dems should commit suicide, or better yet, SEWERCIDE\n\nPerhaps the collectivists want Trump? ",
"He is a zionist. ",
"He had a lot from the jews to build his empire. ",
"His children are married to jews. ",
"The jew controllers knew the hildabeast was damaged goods. ",
"Like all politicos he will have a short leash. ",
"We will see proof in who he picks as his elves. ",
"Abolish the jew owned fed?? ",
"O yeah, lots o luck on that.",
"\n\nWHEN you boys hear they’ve declared a CURFEW,and your ordered to stay in your homes,ITS OPEN SEASON ON THE CRIMINALS,if you don’t when the CURFEW is lifted,america will have ended forever,FOREIGN TROOPS will be gin searching the country for patriots,ex-military,christians and all resisters of the new world order,,and IF YOU THINK they won’t be coming to your house to take anything they want,well go back to sleep…YOU’LL BE DEAD SOON,or in a FEMA DEATH CAMP…….",
"\n\nSo I would ask, why are those who everyone considers the Globalist Elite not already dead? ",
"If it was really as bad as all that, they would have been taken out years ago.",
"\nMy belief is, that there is more to the story than we are being told because being on the “Right” I also have my own agenda, and that is to be free of the slavery those Globalist have induced us to participate in.",
"\nAs I have said before; Where are some good Ninjas when you need them.",
"\n\nBut, you know, America has fallen over the edge, into chaos and judgement… the immoral have elevated themselves to be the Arbiters of Morality, The Little Book of Revelation 10 is their primary tool…\n“Sweet words on the tongue, like honey, that grow bitter in the belly”… the most perfect definition of political correctness I’ve ever read…"
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"Phil Kaye\n\nPhil Kaye is an Japanese-American poet. ",
"He is the co-director of Project VOICE, and writes and performs as a spoken word artist both in solo and group projects. ",
"Kaye is the author of two books, A Light Bulb Symphony (2011) and Date & Time (2018).",
"\n\nEarly life\nPhil Kaye is originally from California, and began performing spoken word poetry at the age of seventeen. ",
"He is currently the co-director of Project VOICE. ",
"He later also made the National Poetry Slam Finals.",
"\n\nSpoken word\nPhil Kaye writes and performs both solo spoken word pieces and duets with partners including Sarah Kay. ",
"In 2015 Kaye performed with the Dalai Lama as a part of his 80th birthday celebration. ",
"He has also performed on NPR and at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. ",
"As of 2017 Kaye has performed in fifteen countries across several hundred events. ",
"His poetry has also appeared printed on a clothing line by Uniqlo. ",
"In addition to his poetry, Kaye has worked as a filmmaker and as the head coordinator of the Space in Prisons for the Arts and Creative Expression.",
"\n\nBooks\nKaye released his first poetry collection A Light Bulb Symphony in 2011, which covered themes including his family life, ancestry, and stories from his grandfathers. ",
"In 2018, Kaye’s second book Date & Time was ranked on an Amazon bestseller list.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American spoken word artists\nCategory:American spoken word poets\nCategory:21st-century American poets\nCategory:Poets from California\nCategory:American people of Japanese descent\nCategory:American poets of Japanese descent\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"
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"An image-capture apparatus is capable of taking still images and/or videos, and thus can play an important role in people's daily life. ",
"From traditional film type to the present digital type, and from traditional manual focusing to the present eye-control tracking, continually improving techniques relating with the image-capture apparatus have brought us more and more conveniences. ",
"However, even so, traditional image-capture apparatuses may have shortcomings and be inconvenient to use in certain aspects. ",
"For example, image-capture-scope of an image-capture apparatus cannot be known in cases such as noted below, resulting in inconvenience for the photographer, as well as a person inside or outside the image-capture-scope.",
"\nFor instance, when a photographer takes a self-image, a remote controller or a timer may be used to take the picture. ",
"Generally, the photographer may estimate a position through a lens of the image-capture apparatus, and then leave the image-capture apparatus to the vicinity of the estimated position; however, once the photographer leaves the image-capture apparatus, the current image-capture-scope is uncertain, and thus errors may occur.",
"\nAs another example, a person inside or outside an image-capture-scope cannot know the current image-capture-scope, and so they cannot determine their own relative positions to the image-capture-scope.",
"\nIn above-noted cases, the photographer, or the person inside or outside the image-capture-scope, would benefit from a convenient and fast way to determine a current image-capture-scope."
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"1. ",
"Technical Field\nThe present disclosure relates generally to autographing and more specifically to techniques and systems for embedding autographs in electronic books.",
"\n2. ",
"Introduction\nWith the growth in the sheer number of computers and tablet PCs, electronic versions of paper media products such as books, magazines, and newspapers are now commonly available. ",
"These electronic versions can be enjoyed on electronic devices such as computers, laptops, tablet PCs, and mobile phones through electronic book reader applications. ",
"The electronic versions have some advantages over paper media products such as containing additional content, are user interactive, are cheaper to purchase, and are more convenient to carry around. ",
"However, some users still prefer paper media products for the physical attributes of paper media products, which include the ability to have a copy of a book personalized. ",
"For example, a user can go to a book signing and get his copy of the book autographed by the author. ",
"The autographed copy can hold some special meaning to the reader.",
"\nThus, there is a need for improved techniques for embedding autographs in electronic books."
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"Pages\n\nThursday, 11 July 2013\n\nJuly 11: Schedule a \"Me\" Day\n\n31 Days of Self LoveDay 11: Schedule a \"Me\" Day\n\nPeople who with little self-love rarely have time for themselves and the activities they enjoy because they’re so fixed on doing what others want. ",
"This is very unloving! “",
"ME time” is important for your happiness! ",
"Every time you make a little time to do something just for you is a lovely act of self-love. ",
"Try taking ME time to the next level!",
"\n\nSchedule a “ME day”—a whole day that’s ALL about YOU—to say a big loud “I love me!” ",
"Go to your calendar and choose a day that will work for you. ",
"A whole day! ",
"Weekends can be easier but it’s also fun to take a day off from work to play. ",
"No chores or errands. ",
"Just for things you’d enjoy. ",
"Plan your day ahead of time. ",
"Think about what you’d like to do. ",
"Write it down and look forward to it. ",
"Don’t tell anyone your plans, unless it’s someone you trust to be happy for you.",
"\n\nMake plans with YOU as important as those with other people to say “I love me!”",
"\n\nNaBloPoMo From BlogherThursday, July 11, 2013: If you were trapped in an elevator, which three bloggers would you most want with you in that situation?",
"\n\nI have never thought about it but #1 would have to be Chris Dean ... she is a survivor and she is funny both of which would be good if I'm trapped in an elevator. ",
"Speaking of funny and kinda corny sweet she has a post up right now about how she realized she was in love with her husband.",
"\n\nI don't read anyone else so I guess that's it.",
"\n\n365 Photo ChallengeDay 11. ",
"On The Street\n\nTaken from my third floor window\n\nPhoto A Day Challenge11. ",
"I wore this!: ",
"What is something you wore today? ",
"You could share your whole outfit, or just a small part of it."
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[
"Q:\n\nLibGDX Vector3 Lerp issue\n\nI am using LibGDX and trying to lerp between two Vector3s... however, when I do this, its not linear, its sort of easing it in an exponential way. ",
"I do not want this, I want it purely linear!",
"\nThis is so my model can follow a set of Vector3s, like following a path.",
"\nA code snippet of my update method is here:\npublic void update(float delta) {\n if (!",
"this.pathQueue.isEmpty() && this.currentDestination == null) {\n this.currentDestination = this.pathQueue.poll();\n this.alpha = 0;\n }\n\n Vector3 position = new Vector3();\n position = this.model.transform.getTranslation(position);\n\n if (this.currentDestination !",
"= null) {\n this.alpha += this.speed * delta; \n if (this.alpha >= 1) {\n this.currentDestination = this.pathQueue.poll();\n this.alpha = 0;\n }\n System.out.println(alpha);\n\n //position.interpolate(this.currentDestination.getPosition(), this.alpha, Interpolation.linear);\n position.lerp(this.currentDestination.getPosition(), this.alpha);\n //I have tried interpolate and lerp, same effect.",
"\n this.model.transform.setTranslation(position.x, 0, position.z);\n }\n}\n\nThanks!",
"\nEdit:\nI've changed my code to an even simpler problem, and using a FIXED new Vector3(5,0,5) vector:\n public void update(float delta) {\n\n if (!",
"this.pathQueue.isEmpty() && this.currentDestination == null) {\n this.currentDestination = this.pathQueue.poll();\n this.alpha = 0;\n }\n\n if (this.currentDestination !",
"= null) {\n this.alpha += this.speed * delta; \n\n this.currentPosition.lerp(new Vector3(5,0,5), this.alpha);\n this.model.transform.setTranslation(this.currentPosition.x, 0, this.currentPosition.z);\n }\n}\n\nIt still causes problems. ",
"Same thing happens! ",
"I'm so boggled.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI think your problem is this:\nposition.lerp(this.currentDestination.getPosition(), this.alpha);\n\nYou are updating from position to destination, after each frame you update position, so on the next frame, you're effectively interpolating from your new position to the end. ",
" (Thus as you get closer to the destination you have a smaller difference between positions to interpolate between.)",
"\nI think you're updating alpha correctly, so you want to interpolate from your start to your destination on each frame. ",
" So, I think resetting the \"position\" vector to the start before interpolating between start and end should give you the behavior you want.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nFile custom field type in jBPM6\n\nActually, I am trying to add a file field type to the task form in which the user will be able to upload a file in the task form.",
"\nI do the corresponding procedure:\n1) ant clean.demo\n2) add \"File Input\": new org.jbpm.formModeler.core.fieldTypes.file.",
"FileCustomType() tp the jBPM-installer/conf/META-INF/ CustomWorkItemHandlers.conf\n3) add cutomFieldType.jar (which include the build of following https://github.com/droolsjbpm/jbpm-form-modeler/tree/master/jbpm-form-modeler-sample-custom-types/jbpm-form-modeler-custom-file-type. ) ",
" to the WEB/lib\n4) ant install.demo\n5) ant start.demo\nBUT unfortunately I faced with deployment failed\nhere is the error:\n2015-01-23 11:52:35,578 ERROR [org.jboss.msc.service.fail] (MSC service thread 1-8) MSC000001: Failed to start service jboss.deployment.unit.",
"\"jbpm-console.war\".",
"WeldStartService: org.jboss.msc.service.",
"StartException in service jboss.deployment.unit.",
"\"jbpm-console.war\".",
"WeldStartService: Failed to start service\n at org.jboss.msc.service.",
"ServiceControllerImpl$StartTask.run(ServiceControllerImpl.java:1904) [jboss-msc-1.2.2.Final.jar:1.2.2.Final]\n at java.util.concurrent.",
"ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145) [rt.jar:1.7.0_67]\n at java.util.concurrent.",
"ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615) [rt.jar:1.7.0_67]\n at java.lang.",
"Thread.run(Thread.java:745) [rt.jar:1.7.0_67]\nCaused by: org.jboss.weld.exceptions.",
"DeploymentException: WELD-001414: Bean name is ambiguous. ",
"Name fdch resolves to beans: \n - Managed Bean [class org.jbpm.formModeler.fieldTypes.document.handling.",
"FileDownloadHandler] with qualifiers [@Default @Named @Any],\n - Managed Bean [class org.jbpm.formModeler.core.fieldTypes.file.",
"FileDownloadHandler] with qualifiers [@Default @Named @Any]\n at org.jboss.weld.bootstrap.",
"ConcurrentValidator$5.doWork(ConcurrentValidator.java:134)\n at org.jboss.weld.bootstrap.",
"ConcurrentValidator$5.doWork(ConcurrentValidator.java:130)\n at org.jboss.weld.executor.",
"IterativeWorkerTaskFactory$1.call(IterativeWorkerTaskFactory.java:60)\n at org.jboss.weld.executor.",
"IterativeWorkerTaskFactory$1.call(IterativeWorkerTaskFactory.java:53)\n at java.util.concurrent.",
"FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:262) [rt.jar:1.7.0_67]\n ... 3 more\n\nCould you help me if I am missing something???",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis problem occure because there two bean with the same name (fdch )in two different jar\n(jbpm-form-modeler-custom-file-type.jar) and your jar (cutomFieldType.jar) \nyou need to change the name of bean for this class to be another name for example (@Named(\"mybean\"))\nhttps://github.com/droolsjbpm/jbpm-form-modeler/blob/master/jbpm-form-modeler-sample-custom-types/jbpm-form-modeler-custom-file-type/src/main/java/org/jbpm/formModeler/core/fieldTypes/file/FileDownloadHandler.java\nor you can remove the jbpm-form-modeler-custom-file-type.jar from web-inf\\ib\n\n"
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"Category Archives: Optics\n\n(The sight in question is a Trijicon TA01NSN scope, the model we had on our M4A1 in Afghanistan. ",
"It’s a traditional four-power scope with a tritium-illuminated reticle and bullet-drop compensation for the M855 round from a 14.5″ barrel. ",
"It’s not a red dot).",
"\n\nWe used them mostly just like this, with the backup iron sights, although some guys ran them with a Docter or RMR red dot mounted on top of the scope for servicing both close and distant targets.",
"\n\nThe sad part of it is, the story is pretty good. ",
"Especially when you consider what the author is trying to do, provide some primary education to gun-shop clerks about red dots so that they can better serve their customers.",
"\n\nYou’d think they could have found a picture of a red dot sight to illustrate it. ",
"This is the Aimpoint Comp M2 aka the M68, the contemporary of the ACOG shown above. (",
"We pulled these pics off of GunBroker, where this optic is currently up for bid).",
"\n\nThe Comp M2 has a feature most don’t need, along with several degrees of visible-light brightness the dot has night-vision-compatible settings. (",
"The NV “red dot” looks green through your PVS-7s, but then, so does everything).",
"\n\nIn 1967, the Army got the idea to study whether, how, and how effectively different units were using snipers in Vietnam. ",
"They restricted this study to Army units, and conventional units at that; if SF and SOG were sniping, they didn’t want to know (and, indeed, there’s little news either in the historical record or in conversations with surviving veterans that special operations units made much use of precision rifle fire, or of the other capabilities of snipers).",
"\n\nMeanwhile, of course, the Marines were conducting parallel development in what would become the nation’s premier sniper capability, until the Army got their finger out in the 1980s and developed one with similar strength. ",
"The Marines’ developments are mentioned only in passing in the study.",
"\n\nSpecific Weapons\n\nThe study observed several different sniper weapons in use:\n\nordinary M16A1 rifles with commercial Realist-made scopes. ",
"This is the same 3×20 scope made by Realist for commercial sale under the Colt name, and was marked Made in USA. (",
"Image is a clone, from ARFCOM).",
"\n\nWinchester Model 70s in .30-06 with a mix of Weaver and Bushnell scopes, purchased by one infantry brigade;\n\ntwo versions of the M14 rifle. ",
"One was what we’d call today a DMR rifle, fitted with carefully chosen parts and perhaps given a trigger job, and an M84 scope. ",
"The other was the larva of the M21 project: a fully-configured National Match M14 fitted with a Leatherwood ART Automatic-Ranging Telescope, which was at this early date an adaptation of a Redfield 3-9 power scope. (",
"Image is a semi clone with a surplus ART, found on the net).",
"\n\nThe scopes had a problem that would be unfamiliar to today’s ACOG and Elcan-sighted troopies.",
"\n\nThe most significant equipment problem during the evaluation in Vietnam was moisture seepage into telescopes. ",
"At the end of the evaluation period, 84 snipers completed questionnaires related to their equipment. ",
"Forty-four of the snipers reported that their telescopes developed internal moisture or fog during the evaluation period. ",
"In approximately 90 percent of the cases, the internal moisture could be removed by placing the telescope in direct sunlight for a few hours.",
"\n\nThe leaky scopes ranged from 41% of the ARTs to 62% of the Realists. ",
"The Realist was not popular at all, and part of the reason was its very peculiar reticle. ",
"How peculiar? ",
"Have a look.",
"\n\n(A later version of this scope, sold by Armalite with the AR-180, added feather-thin crosshairs to the inverted post. ",
"The British Trilux aka SUIT used a similar inverted post, but it never caught on here).",
"\n\nThe theory was that the post would not obscure the target, the way it would if it were bottom-up. ",
"That’s one of the ones you file away in the, “It seemed like a good idea at the time,” drawer. ",
"Theory be damned, the troops hated it.",
"\n\nThe use of the rifles varied unit by unit. ",
"Two units contemptuously dismissed the scoped M16s, and wouldn’t even try them (remember, this was the era of M193 ammo, rifles ruined by “industrial action,” and somewhat loose acceptance standards; the AR of 20145 is not the AR of 1965). ",
"The proto-M21s came late and not every unit got them. ",
"It’s interesting that none of the weapons really stood out, although the NATO and .30-06 guns were the ones used for the longest shots.",
"\n\nNone of the weapons was optimum, but in the study authors’ opinion, the DMR version of the M14 was perfectly adequate and available in channels. ",
"The snipers’ own opinions were surveyed, and the most popular weapon was the M14 National Match with ART scope, despite its small sample size: 100% of the surveyed soldiers who used it had confidence in it. ",
"On the other hand, the cast scope rings were prone to breakage.",
"\n\nThe biggest maintenance problem turned out to be the COTS Winchester 70 rifles, and the problem manifested as an absence of spare parts for the nonstandard firearm, and lack of any training for armorers.",
"\n\nLooking at all the targets the experimental units engaged, they concluded that a weapon with a 600 meter effective range could service 95% of the sniper targets encountered in Vietnam, and that a 1000 meter effective range would be needed to bag up to 98%. (",
"Only one unit in the study engaged targets more distant than 1000 m at all).",
"\n\nSnipers were generally selected locally, trained by their units (if at all), and employed as an organic element of rifle platoons. ",
"A few units seem to have attached snipers to long-range patrol teams, or used the snipers as an attached asset, like a machine-gun or mortar team from the battalion’s Weapons Company.",
"\n\nAn appendix from the USAMTU had a thorough run-down on available scopes, and concluded with these recommendations (emphasis ours):\n\nRecommendations:\na. That the M-14, accurized to National Match specifications, be used as the basic sniping rifle.",
"\n\nb. That National Match ammunition be used in caliber 7.62 NATO.",
"\n\nc. That a reticle similar to Type “E” be used on telescopic sights of fixed power.",
"\n\nd. That the Redfield six power “Leatherwood” system telescope be used by snipers above basic unit level.",
"\n\ne. That the Redfield four power (not mentioned previously) be utilized by the sniper at squad level.",
"\n\nf. That serious consideration be given to the development of a long range sniping rifleusing the .50 caliber machine gun cartridge and target-type telescope.",
"\n\n(NOTE: It is our opinion that the Redfield telescope sights are the finest of American made telescopes.)",
"\n\nNote that the Army adopted the NM M14 with ART (as the M-21 sniper system) exactly as recommended here, but that it did not act on the .50 caliber sniper system idea. ",
"That would take Ronnie Barrett to do, quite a few years later.",
"\n\nThe Effects of Terrain\n\nTerrain drives weapons employment, and snipers need, above all, two elements of terrain to operate effectively: observation and fields of fire. ",
"Their observation has to overlook enemy key terrain and/or avenues of approach. ",
"Without that, a sniper is just another rifleman, and snipers were found to be not worth the effort in the heavily vegetated southern area of Vietnam.",
"\n\nIn the more open rice fields and mountains, there was more scope for sniper employment. ",
"But sniper employment was not something officers had been trained in or practiced.",
"\n\nThe Effects of Leadership\n\nIn a careful review of the study, we found that the effects of leadership, of that good old Command Emphasis, were greater than any effects of equipment or even of terrain. ",
"The unit that had been getting good results with the Winchesters kept getting good results. ",
"One suspects that they’d have continued getting good results even if you took their rifles away entirely and issued each man a pilum or sarissa.",
"\n\nUnits that made a desultory effort got crap for results. ",
"Some units’ snipers spent a lot of time in the field, but never engaged the enemy. ",
"Others engaged the enemy, but didn’t hit them, raising the question, “Who made these blind guys snipers?” ",
"Sure, we understand a little buck fever, but one unit’s snipers took 20 shots at relatively close range and hit exactly nothing. ",
"Guys, that’s not sniping, that’s fireworks.",
"\n\nThe entire study is a quick read and it will let you know just how dark the night for American sniping was in the mid-1960s: there were no schools, no syllabi, no type-standardized sniper weapons, and underlying the whole forest of “nos” was: no doctrine to speak of.",
"\n\nIron sights are obsolete. ",
"Britain saw this one, and acted on it, before the United States did. (",
"So did Germany, even earlier; but then they backed off). ",
"The plain truth is that iron sights are obsolete, outdated, dead; they’re not just resting or pining for the fjords. ",
"They’ve shuffled off their mortal coil and joined the Choir Invisible.",
"\n\nThey’re dead, Jim.",
"\n\nAs a shooter, you should still understand and be able to use the many kinds of iron sights that have been used on rifles, pistols, and machine guns over the last few centuries. ",
"The shooting fundamentals work the same (with the self-evident exception of sight picture and sight alignment) regardless of what kind of sight you’re using, but the iron sight imposes physical, temporal and human factors obstacles that optical sights do not.",
"\n\nThe most important of these factors is that an optical sight, whether it’s a traditional telescope, a red-dot, or a holographic sight, puts the aiming point and the target in the same focal plane. ",
"How important is this? ",
"It’s vital. ",
"It reduces the time spent to align the shot (more than compensating for the initial delay imposed by a magnified sight with a limited field of view, it lightens the shooters neurocognitive load, and it reduces hit dispersion downrange.",
"\n\nIt’s the nature of a human eye that, unlike a camera, its an extremely complicated piece of hardware that is normally used in pairs to collect a dynamic and changing amount of light that is resolved, not upon the focal plane of a retina, but by the software of a brain resolving, merging and interpolating light data.",
"\n\nUnlike a camera, where the focal plane is just that, a plane, a retina is curved. ",
"Unlike a camera, where one pixel receptor of a charge-coupled device (or traditionally, one chemical grain of film coating) resolves the same shades or colors and responds the same to a given amount of light towards the periphery as its companion does at the center, our retinal cells are not all the same. ",
"The different kinds, which respond differently to light and color, are distributed unevenly. ",
"Unlike a camera, the human visual mechanism with its two eyes, brain, and “software”-driven focus is, at once, a wide-angle lens (with pretty lousy off-axis resolution, but good for movement) and a telephoto (which can perceive great detail, but only straight on).",
"\n\nAnd unlike a camera, human depth of field is not variable, although the location of focus is. ",
"What this means is that you can’t simultaneously focus on the front sight, the rear sight, and the target. ",
"Well the most important of those three items is the target, with iron sights you’re likely to miss it if you don’t focus on the front sight. ",
"Shooters must be trained (and must practice) to focus on the front sight like that.",
"\n\nSo the eye is an awesome piece of engineering (or engineered hardware/software integrated system, really). ",
"But it has its limits. ",
"In optic land, your aiming point (whether it’s a dot or a crosshair) is superimposed on your target, in a single focal plane. ",
"Again, you must train for this, but it takes less training, and it leads to a more rapidly acquired sight.",
"\n\nThe aiming point can be a crosshair, another reticle, or an illuminated dot. ",
"Each has its pros and cons. ",
"For rapid training it’s very difficult to beat the red dot. ",
"For distance shooting, numerous compensated reticles are available. ",
"Some sights try to provide both: any sight with a complicated reticle rewards study, understanding, and practice.",
"\n\nThe military forces of the world have been slow in seeing this and issuing optics on a general, wide-scale basis. ",
"In fact, it’s taken most of a century for them to catch on worldwide. ",
"Before they were able to do so, of course, optics needed to improve: first they needed to be weather-sealed and fog-resistant (first achieved just before WWII), then needed coated optics for improved light transmission, and finally they needed to be ruggedized, or grunt-proofed, if you will. ",
"This last is not a small task, as the grunts of any army you could name take a perverse pride in their ability to destroy flimsy gear, and their definition of “flimsy” is eye-opening, if you are not a grunt.",
"\n\nNow, the armies of the world understood the benefits of optics for various artillery, aviation, and even machine-gun uses. (",
"The US issued a dreadful Warner & Swasey telescopic sight for the Benet-Mercié Machine Rifle of 1909; the Imperial Japanese Army had scopes for the Type 92 (1932) medium and Type 96 (1936) light machine guns.",
"\n\nGermany started to do it in World War II, but they lost the war before they could universalize their general-purpose infantry optic, the ZF41. (",
"ZF41, seen here on an FG42, was more common on G.43 and MP/STG.44 type weapons).",
"\n\nAfter the war, the Federal Republic was slow to adopt optics again, but by the 1960s was issuing a Hensoldt scope to designated marksmen. ",
"The current G.36 has its issues, but is optics-ready and issued with a range of optical sights.",
"\n\nBritain, bruised by international opinion, introduced a low-magnification, lighted-reticle optic in 1973, first in Northern Ireland for designated marksmen, then throuhgout the British Army. ",
"It never achieved universal issue, but its successor, the SUSAT for the problematical SA.80 rifle, did.",
"\n\nThis SUIT (Trilux) sight appears identical to the UK model, but is marked in Hebrew. ",
"Gee, wonder who used it?",
"\n\nMeanwhile, in 1977 the Austrian Army adopted the revolutionary Stg.77, known to the world as the AUG (Armee Universal-Gewehr), its trade name. ",
"The AUG was a bullpup design with a 1.5 power optic in an M16-like carrying handle, with rude backup sights on top of the scope housing. (",
"Later AUGs used standard, rail-mounted modular optics).",
"\n\nIn the 1980s, Canada issued the domestic Elcan C79 as standard on their new rifle, the Diemaco (later Colt Canada) C7, and the C9 general purpose machine gun. ",
"The US Army, whose motto in small arms sometimes seems to be “First? ",
"Us? ",
"Never!” ",
"adopted this sight as the M145 Machine Gun Optic (MGO). ",
"US SOF drove the adoption of optics in the 1990s, formalizing what had been a lot of single-unit experiments with the circa 2000 SOPMOD initiative. ",
"SOPMOD I saw the first version of the Aimpoint M68 and the Trijicon ACOG adopted. (",
"General purpose forces adopted these optics, or improvements on them, very quickly thereafter).",
"\n\nRussian and Chinese forces are seen more and more frequently with optics and with modular sighting equipment.",
"\n\nIf you’re still aiming with a peep or open rear sight and a bead or post up front, good for you. ",
"It’s great for marksmanship basics. ",
"But small arms history is leaving you behind. ",
"It’s time to scope out some scopes.",
"\n\nLike phantom smoke arising from a dead campfire, Weatherby Imperial Scopes were appearing magically in the advertisements of national magazines (and in stores) where they had never been before. ",
"And they were priced so low it led you to believe they were obtained as prizes in Cracker-Jack boxes. ",
"Of course they disappeared faster than a buck in a tamarack swamp. (",
"Imagine what would happen if the Crown Jewels went on sale in a dime store.)",
"\n\nAs you know, Roy Weatherby believes in the fine art of hunting. ",
"And he also holds that every serious hunter should have a Weatherby Imperial Scope with its exclusive binocular-type focusing and precision optics for greater luminosity. ",
"But not to the extent that he was altogether delighted to see products as superior as the Weatherby Imperial being sold below cost … at a profit to people who weren’t even Weatherby Dealers. ",
"There was a bear in the barnyard somewhere. ",
"So we started tracking down the mysterious “shipments.”",
"\n\nBack in the long shadows of the warehouse there were telltale, empty spaces. ",
"The sturdy cases, carrying the precision-made Imperials, were missing. ",
"Not just one or two scopes had skipped … but hundreds of them. ",
"Vanished! ",
"The hounds lit out on the trail, found the “fence” and tracked down the felons.",
"\n\nUnderstandably, a great many hunters profited by being able to buy the incomparable Weatherby Imperial Scope at a price that was, to say the least, philanthropic. (",
"When you steal something, it’s not hard to sell it at a profit.) ",
"But we think hunters would be more than willing to pay what a Weatherby Imperial is worth. ",
"After all, you can’t make an Imperial with all its features, such as dual-dial adjustments for windage and elevation, for less than the starting price of $69.95. ",
"Especially when you consider the Lifetime Guarantee against defects, backed by Roy Weatherby himself. (",
"Naturally, he can’t guarantee any of the hi-jacked scopes. ",
"He didn’t deliver them to an authorized Weatherby Dealer.)",
"\n\nWe grant that a Weatherby Imperial Scope is enough of a prize to tempt thieves. ",
"But we disapprove of this method of distribution. ",
"We’d rather you bought one the regular way … from your Weatherby Dealer. ",
"This way, the guarantee is good, your dealer makes a profit…and Roy Weatherby can afford to keep producing this most wanted (even stolen) telescopic sight in the world. ",
"See all five models at your Weatherby Dealer.",
"\n\nThis ad ran 50 years ago, in 1964. ",
"For example, it’s on Page 16 of the October, 1964 Guns magazine. ",
"Those old magazines are a trip, and an education: a trip in time travel, and an education in how much the gun culture has changed in a half-century.",
"\n\nIt’s a general commonplace that the stories in magazines tend to be more descriptive, and the ads tend to be aspirational. ",
"In 1964, Weatherby was a premium brand, as the price of $70 in dollars that predate the guns-and-butter inflation of the LBJ 1960s and the gross economic mismanagement of all three of the 1970s Presidents. ",
"According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ inflation calculator, the 2014 equivalent of that scope’s list price is $532.86, so in real purchasing-power terms, the price of a quality scope hasn’t changed much.",
"\n\nOf course, the $500 scope of today will be better than a Weatherby Imperial of the LBJ years on several axes of measurement. ",
"The 1960s scope most often has a very fine crosshair reticle, which evaporates in low light.",
"\n\nThe Imperial scope had some unusual features that were unique then and are still a bit odd by today’s standards. ",
"It had two turrets, both at 12 o’clock and so close as to be conjoined, almost siamesed, with nested knobs or rings in the forward turret for fine adjustments (inner was windage, outer elevation) and one knob in the after turret for focus. ",
"Gross adjustments were done with the scope base screws when setting the scope up, so as not to use up too much travel and/or get the reticle out of center of the scope whilst getting sighted-in.",
"\n\nWeatherby never made scopes themselves, but they had private brand scopes made with the Weatherby name for 40 years, from 1954 to 1994. ",
"In 1954, Roy Weatherby himself selected Hertel & Reuss of Kassel, West Germany; after visiting several other scope factories, he thought the Kassel company had the best handle on producing quality optics.",
"\n\nThe Imperial scope was made in several magnification ranges by Hertel & Reuss from 1954 to 1973, when it was replaced by the Premier line, made by Asia Optical in Japan. ",
"The Premier scopes were renamed Supreme in 1983. ",
"Asia Optic also made the Mark XXI scope from 1964 to 1989.",
"\n\nHertel & Reuss was founded by Otto Hertel and Eduard Reuss in 1927. ",
"As a maker of all kinds of optics, it survived the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and its defeat, and the rocky dawn of the Federal Republic — even German Reunification in 1992. ",
"But the company had left the rifle-scope market well before it ceased trading in 1995. ",
"A successor company owns the Hertel & Reuss trademark and applies it to opera glasses made in the old university town of Marburg. ",
"The original Hertel & Reuss plant, where the Weatherby riflescopes and other precision optics were made, now is a European call center for the schlock TV sales outfit, QVC.",
"\n\nThis sharp .300 Weatherby Magnum was sold from South Gate, California, and is a German Mauser action topped by an Imperial scope in Buehler mounts. ",
"It has (in our humble opinion) much more classic lines and trim than some of the more over-the-top Weatherbys. ",
"A well-used elk gun, but still beautiful; this picture is from a closed auction at GunAuction.com. (",
"Our basic training drill sergeant, Vietnam vet Antenor “Tony” Arguello, was a Weatherby fan. ",
"Wonder how he’s doing these days?)",
"\n\nWeatherby Imperials are the most-sought Weatherby scopes by Weatherby collectors. ",
"You may hear the sentiment that a German Weatherby rifle ought to have a German Weatherby scope. ",
"But the scopes are not worth a king’s ransom; a used, good-condition Imperial sells for $200-300, max. ",
"One not in good condition is just about worthless.",
"\n\nGilbert Parson of Parson’s Scope Service (aka Parson’s Optical Manufacturing) in Ross, Ohio can still service the Imperial scopes; ABO Inc, in Miami, can handle Weatherby’s Japanese scopes. ",
"But given the advances in the last 50 years and the high cost of skilled repairs, it may be wiser to replace rather than repair these old warhorses.",
"\n\nWe leave answering the question as an exercise for the reader after watching this video, about 15 minutes long. ",
"Here you see the 1989-90 contenders for the Advanced Combat Rifle, a program that would have replaced the issue M16A2 rifle which was still being fielded into some low-priority units, replacing 20-25 year old M16A1s, at the time.",
"\n\nThe video begins with a rather sloppy three-minute history of American infantry weapons (you’ll cringe at the assertion that the first Army bolt-action was “made by Krag-Jorgensen,” or that the 1903 Springfield “wasn’t much better than the Krag.” ",
"The video also makes a curious claim — one not seen in the doctrinal literature — that the M16A2 had an effective range of 550 meters.",
"\n\nThe reason for the program is explained: the actual combat accuracy of the rifle in soldiers’ hands degrades far below its mechanical potential. ",
"So the ACR program was hoping to double the real-world effectiveness of the individual weapon.",
"\n\nThe four vendors trying to grab the contractual brass ring were:\n\nAAI, with a flechette-firing M16 cousin, complete with early ACOG;\n\nColt, with a product-improved M16, including an adjustable carbine-like stock, four-position selector, duplex (two-bullet) ammunition, and an available Elcan scope (similar to the model later adopted as the M145 machine-gun optic);\n\nH&K, with an Americanized version of their ill-fated caseless G11; and,\n\nAt about 10 minutes in, the video presents the modifications made to Buckner Range on Fort Benning to evaluate the novel weapons.",
"\n\nIn the end, none of them was sufficiently superior to the issue M16A2, or sufficiently well-developed already, to justify further development.",
"\n\nWe thought for sure we’d put this video up before, but while we’ve talked about some other boneheaded procurement events — like in this post on the Objective Family of Weapons two years ago — we don’t appear to have actually done it.",
"\n\nWe don’t know how we missed this guy, PrecisionRifleBlog.com, until now. ",
"As long time readers know, we have always admired the empirical, side-by-side A-B testing, like the tests that Andrew Tuohy carried out on his own website, Vuurwapen blog, and later at the sadly moribund Lucky Gunner Labs and The Firearm Blog (just search for his name on those sites — if he did it, it’s good. ",
"He’s a young man, but he has his stuff in one bag). ",
"It reminds us of a scientific experiment. ",
"In the same vein, we have enjoyed some of the experiments that Phil Dater PhD did with barrel length, muzzle velocity, and sound pressure levels. ",
"Science FTW!",
"\n\nNow, wouldn’t it be neat if somebody did something like that with rifle scopes, among other precision rifle data sets? ",
"Turns out, somebody has; his name is Cal Zant and his website, Precision Rifle Blog, promises “a data-driven approach” to long-range, precision shooting. ",
"Cal delivers that, in spades. ",
"That’s why he’s the Wednesday Weapons Website of the Week.",
"\n\nLet’s show you one example of his coolest recent research, an incredible comparison test of high-end rifle scopes. ",
"These are the sort of scopes you’d apply to a precision rifle for target, hunting, or war. ",
"He has conducted a well-planned and thorough battery of tests of 18 high-end scopes, side-by-side, using a pretty solid array of methodologies. ",
"Then, he ranked the scopes according to a weighting scheme that he worked out based on what respondents to a survey said was important.",
"\n\nEvery step of his way, he shows his work. ",
"Disagree with his weighting scheme? ",
"All the data are there; you can draft your own and see how that changes the ranks. ",
"Some features are not important to you? ",
"Delete them from the weighting scheme and recalculate. ",
"The data are all there, and will cost you only the considerable time needed to read and consider them.",
"\n\nBut those alone don’t tell the whole story, because he’s also included in-depth links and all his methodologies. ",
"Not surprising in the STEM world, especially in engineering, the end of STEM furthest from all the theory. ",
"And even if you read all the links, you may have further questions, especially if you’re not well-versed in optics terminology. (",
"We thought we were; the site disabused us of that notion right smartly). ",
"So he provides an extremely useful online glossary. ",
"Confused by the difference between miliradian-based (Mil) and minute-of-angle (MOA) reticles? ",
"He’s not, and you won’t be either, if you read his page on the subject. (",
"Short version: if you’re a yards-and-inches guy, you might be happier with MOA, if you’re metricated, you’ll want a mil reticle and turrets).",
"\n\nYou can quibble with the weighting scheme, or bellyache that your favorite scope was not included, but we’re still just struggling with the disbelief of the whole thing: that someone would do all this work for nothing but the pleasure of doing it, and then bestow it on the rest of us.",
"\n\nAt this point, you might think that Precision Rifle is all about scopes, and it’s not. ",
"That’s just an example of what he’s got for you over there. ",
"Here’s another example — a chart from a long article on the calibers most used by National Championships’ top 50 competitive shooters. ",
"It’s interesting that the question of caliber is now down to 6 or 6½ millimeters, at least among top 50 competitors. ",
"We didn’t know that before reading it on Precision Rifle.",
"\n\nWe think the guys running TrackingPoint know what they have to do. ",
"In fact, we think they’re already doing these things. ",
"But here’s what, from our point of view, is missing from the current iteration of TrackingPoint hardware and software for real penetration into the upper tier SOF market.",
"\n\nSo, Who Do You Hit First?",
"\n\nIf we were their marketing consultants (we use our MBA, but not like that), we’d also press them to focus on sell-in to certain SOF elements that are image leaders in the international SOF community. ",
"Sell, for example, to SAS, and you will have Peru, the UAE, the Netherlands, and many other nations very interested in your product line (Indeed, sell to SAS or to their US counterparts, and you’ll get sale after sale, worldwide). ",
"It’s important, also, not to over-discount the stuff to your lead customers: confidentiality agreements are fine and good, but they probably can’t keep, say, American shooters from telling the foreign shooters they’re training with or competing against, what a good deal you gave ’em.",
"\n\nAnother possible launch customer is FBI HRT. ",
"As their history of reckless shots and whacked non-targets shows, they could use the marksmanship boost. ",
"Meanwhile, despite their record, they’re very influential on local police procurement. ",
"Tag/track/release technology is just the ticket for police marksmen who never get enough time for training, and yet have to make more consequential and more constrained shots than a lot of military snipers. (",
"A military sniper, outside of some rarefied CT or HR gigs, almost always has the option to no-shoot. ",
"FBI or police sniper, scope-on a crim threatening a hostage, might lack that luxury).",
"\n\nWho Don’t You Hit?",
"\n\nWhile the Marine Scout Snipers could use the hell out of this thing, it’s too foreign to Marine marksmanship culture, which is a master-and-apprentice culture that demands effort, even hardship, and eschews automation or corner-cutting of any kind. ",
"So we’d put these excellent Marine precision marksmen way down the list, right now. ",
"We’ve worked with enough 8541s to know that they like to do things the hard way, and they take particular joy in doing it the hard way faster than an Army guy can do it the easy way, and take a positively indecent glee in breaking the dogface’s easy-way technology. ",
"Bringing this to the Marines first means that they will use their considerable intellect and energy to break your machine and send you away with a duffel bag of expensive pieces (so they’re great for finding unimagined points of failure — there is that). ",
"Bringing it to them after selling it to the Army is not a panacea. ",
"It might be even harder, because they will be energized to demonstrate that the Army did Something Stupid, because if Marines believe three things about the Army it’s that: we have too much money, too little guts, and way too little brains.",
"\n\nYou’ll probably need a Marine sniper on board to sell to Marine snipers. ",
"Once you do, you won’t get quite the global reach that you do by selling to SAS or its American counterparts. ",
"But you get in with the world’s greatest military image machine, and there is that.",
"\n\nYou have to be very careful about selling in to Hollywood. (",
"One TrackingPoint precision guided rifle is already in the hands of the most successful firm that supplies movie and TV weapons and armorers). ",
"The reason is that an inept display of your product can hurt sales. (",
"It would be very Hollywood to put the TrackingPoint system in the hands of a villain, to be overcome by someone like a Marine sniper or James Bond willing to use superior skill and old school firearms).",
"\n\nWhat’s Missing From 1st-Gen Tracking Point\n\nWhile the extant system has undeniable SOF applications, it also has limits, and some technical improvements — none of which are impossible or require TrackingPoint engineers to schedule an invention — would increase its marketability in military precision riflery circles.",
"\n\nEmission Control / Encryption / ECCM\n\nIt’s great that you have a computer in a scope, and it’s the wave of the future. ",
"But the computer can be located by enemy SIGINT. ",
"The video and wifi links need strong encryption, and in addition they need to be controllable so that emissions can be closed down. ",
"Even third world enemies often use electronic support measures these days, and so you need some RF low-observability measures, and you also need to have electronic counter countermeasures to ensure usability of the system in an electronic environment.",
"\n\nTwo-way communications\n\nThis one engenders some risk, but there should be a capability for the opetator to hand off control of the PGM’s optoelectronic systems to someone’s telepresence from a support station. ",
"Or even from another field station.",
"\n\nIntelligence gathering MASINT capability\n\nThere is everything in this weapons system that’s needed, for instance, to remotely measure a prison camp or a suspected SS-20 missile TEL. ",
"This capability would also tie in beautifully with the improved communications and encryption capabilities mentioned above.",
"\n\nA Ballistic Development Interface, SDK or App\n\nNow that we have that in-scope computer, fully integrated with the hardware of the firearm, we need to have a way to make it more adaptable to different ammunition loadings, including one-time, single-mission loads. ",
"And that has to be done at the unit level; otherwise you’ve got a potential breach of compartmentation.",
"\n\nThis is a sales stopper with top tier units. ",
"They develop their own long range capabilities, including, at times, loads, and they do it because they think they, like benchrest shooters, can handload a more consistent, higher-precision round than even premium ammo suppliers can do.",
"\n\nDemonstrated, Documented Durability\n\nThe running joke is that a soldier or marine can break a ball from a ball-bearing — just leave him alone in a room with it, and you’re a half hour from looking at a broken ball, and hearing, “Uh, I dunno, sarge. ",
"It just broke!” (",
"Bearing-ball, hell, these guys could do that with a wrecking ball). ",
"You want your machine to be wrecking-ball strong.",
"\n\nDemonstrated “Fail Safe” mode.",
"\n\nThe capability of the system has to degrade gracefully. ",
"If you’re sneakin and peekin’ on Day 38 of a “14-day mission,” dead batteries can’t leave you in shoot-randomly mode (let alone, can’t-shoot mode). ",
"Even an ACOG, which is probably harder to break than the gun it’s atop, has cast-in backup sights. ",
"But with a TrackingPoint gun’s scope being dependent on a CCD display at the shooter end, you can’t afford to have dead batteries.",
"\n\nFull Auto Stabilization Mode\n\nWe can’t be the only ones who looked at this and thought, “tag, track & x-act really could up the game of a door gunner and/or Boat Guy.” ",
"Hell, those Chenoweth sandrails might come back from the dead, if the gunners in them could actually hit things instead of just contribute morale-raising decibels to a fight. ",
"Imagine this Hollywood concoction, except real, and with the boost in hit probability than TrackingPoint promises.",
"\n\nYou know you want one (more on the movie gun soon).",
"\n\nNote that these are just for the military employment of tracking point, as combat weapons technology. ",
"We haven’t even addressed the utility of tracking point for big game hunting, which is what the thing was developed for in the first place. ",
"Its applications for everything from African plains game to heliborne predator control seem self-evident. ",
"We haven’t even hinted at the potential for a rimfire TrackingPoint squirrel slaughter system, something that would sell itself once the price comes down.",
"\n\nAs we all know, the guys running TrackingPoint are not stupid. ",
"They are probably thinking of most if not all of these things already. ",
"If not, hey, our rates are reasonable; drop us a line.",
"\n\nTrackingPoint has refreshed its AR lineup in three calibers (5.56, 7.62, and .300 Win Mag) and also offers three things calculated to increase the appeal of their precision-guided firearms: lower prices, financing, and a virtual reality glass device, the Shotglass.",
"\n\nIf you ever wanted to break the last taboo and enjoy a shotglass while shooting, now’s your chance. ",
"This one doesn’t hold a precise measure of amber nectar brewed by Scotsmen, though:\n\nThe Shotglass can be used to aim and fire the weapon from complete concealment cover. ",
"It can record video. ",
"It’s most likely use in the real world, though, is as a way for the spotter to direct the sniper on target. ",
"We expect we will see more of these used with TrackingPoint’s long-range bolt action rifles than with its ARs, but time will tell. ",
"If you buy a TrackingPoint PGF by 30 November 2014, the Shotglass is free; after that, it’s an additional $1k. ",
"We’ll probably discuss it in greater depth when TP puts up their Shotglass video; for now, we can’t imagine anyone who wants or has the gun turning the Shotglass down.",
"\n\nThe lower prices are relative — they’re still nosebleed-high, just not arterial-nosebleed-high any more. ",
"For example, the 5.56 AR is $7,495.",
"\n\nFor that, Tracking Point offers:\n\nPerfect impact on targets out to 0.3 miles, moving as fast as 10 miles per hour.",
"\n\nThe same Tag-and-Shoot™ technology found in fighter jets\n\nAdvanced target tracking technology\n\nComprehensive, purpose-built shooting system.",
"\n\nWe’ve discussed the TrackingPoint technology before, but the implementation in the ARs differs from that in the bolt guns. ",
"First place, you don’t need the guided-firearm voodoo to just shoot. ",
"The optic comes up with a crosshair reticle with mil-dots and a red dot at center. ",
"Different TP releases have called this “Standard” or “Traditional” mode. ",
"Note that the interface does give you range in this mode, but not wind speed or direction.",
"\n\nNext up is “Freefire” mode, which is present, so far as we know, only in the gas guns, not the bolt guns. ",
"In this mode, you range something near a group of targets, and the scope adapts to that range and to the atmospherics (note that the wind speed is displayed in this mode). ",
"The reticle cues you that the Freefire Mode has been selected, and it eliminates the mildots. ",
"Those are not necessary in this mode, because your point of aim is computer adjusted to equal your point of impact. ",
"In “Freefire” mode, the Guided Trigger is not activated: the trigger works like any AR trigger.",
"\n\nIn Advanced mode, the reticle changes yet again. ",
"In this case, it takes several shapes depending on whether and where the Tag has been applied. ",
"In advanced mode, the tag is applied with the red button, and then the reticle changes color and shape. ",
"The illustration below shows a tag applied to the running coyote. ",
"The blue reticle indicates that the shooter is not ready to take the shot: he is not holding the trigger back. ",
"When he holds the trigger to the rear, the color changes to red, and the weapon will fire when it is in proper alignment. ",
"At any point, the shooter can safe the gun by releasing the trigger.",
"\n\nAdvanced mode does something that was considered impossible for centuries: it removes most sources of human error from marksmanship. ",
"This is the sort of thing that becomes possible, when you embed a complete Linux computer in a rifle optic, and tie it in to the physical rifle several different ways.",
"\n\nYou’ve probably noticed that TrackingPoint expresses distances in decimal tenths of a mile, rather than the yards or meters common in the shooting world, which suggests that they may see their customer base as coming from outside the present limits of the shooting world. (",
"To which we say: welcome! ",
"While it’s cool to have a gun that can calculate all this, it’s incredibly empowering to have a head that can calculate all this, and yet, it is possible and available to you. ",
"So may your new TrackingPoint firearm be a gateway drug to a new plane of existence for you).",
"\n\nIn any event, 0.3 mile is about 480 meters (which the US Army considers the effective range of the individual rifle platform) and 530 yards.",
"\n\nThe guns each have a limited effective range which seems like it was programmed into the weapon as a maximum “lock range” (the system has an integrated rangefinder and environmental sensors). ",
"This may be intended to ensure that shooters have a positive experience with the precision-guided firearm, but it may also serve to ensure that the ARs don’t cannibalize the higher-end sniper and hunting rifles.",
"\n\nThe top of the AR line, the .300 Win Mag monster, offers the same claimed benefits as the 5.56 version, except that it offers “perfect impact on targets out to 0.5 miles, moving as fast as 20 miles per hour,” for a more-than-your-pickup-truck $18,995. (",
"Our pickup, anyway: 4-banger, 2 wheel drive). (",
"Half a mile is 800 meters or 880 yards). ",
"Unfortunately, now that somebody’s actually built an AR that’s perfectly sized as a bayonet handle, there’s no bayonet lug.",
"\n\nThe 7.62 AR offers slightly less performance (0.5 mi, moving targets to 15 mph) for slightly less money: $14,995. ",
"If these prices seem high for ARs, well, they are, but no other ARs do these things, this well.",
"\n\nWhen TrackingPoint first announced the AR line this spring, there was a .300 Blackout version available. ",
"A prototype, using a Daniel Defense upper, was clearly visible in their first AR video, but the gun is not on their price list today. ",
"The TrackingPoint technology offers the potential to have a firearm that automatically corrects its zero for the Point of Impact shift common with suppressors; it can also, potentially, store several load profiles. (",
"The ballistics-adapting capability of the weapon depends on it being fired consistently with a load whose performance parameters are known to the software).",
"\n\nThe bolt-action rifles, which have not been updated, offer similar performance, actually, in similar calibers. ",
"Only the mighty .338 LM extends range to 0.75 miles (1200m — 1320 yards). ",
"The bolts are priced differently than their semi-auto kin, a little lower in 7.62 but the highest-price version of the .338 is near-as-dammit $28,000. ",
"With great power comes great liabilities, Spider-man. ",
"In addition to that, you might want to think hard about budgeting for the extended warranty and the software maintenance contract — software maintenance alone is a stiff $2k/year.",
"\n\nThe electricity to drive all this juju comes from batteries in compartments in the stock or the AR and in integral battery compartments in the optics of the bolt guns.",
"\n\nTrackingPoint’s managers are keenly aware that the prices of these guns are an obstacle to sales, and so they have a financing program with decent terms: 10% down, 36 months, 10% interest. (",
"They don’t say how it’s compounded or what the APR is). ",
"There’s also a 30-day, no questions asked, money back guarantee, “You can feel completely confident that TrackingPoint stands behind its products.”",
"\n\nWe’re not sure it’s really, in their words, “the most incredible shooting system known to mankind.” ",
"But we are sure want one of these pretty badly. ",
"Just not $18-30k badly. ",
"Yet.",
"\n\nFor $2k you can spend the day at TrackingPoint in Pflugerville, Texas, meet the staff, see the plant and fire the gun. ",
"If nothing else, you’d learn how to pronounce, “Pflugerville,” and maybe even who Pfluger was.",
"\n\nSandia National Labs is better known for playing around with things that go boom and make entire grid squares vanish, than it is for small arms. ",
"But the RAZAR scope (Rapid Adaptive Zoom for Assault Rifles) is right in our wheelhouse:\n\nSandia operates two laboratories for the Department of Energy, but has been known to turn its talents to DOD work.",
"\n\nSandia says: “RAZAR adaptive zoom is a revolutionary method whereby true optical zoom is accomplished by cooperatively varying the focal lengths of multiple active optical elements in the system.” ",
"In effect, this gives you at a minimum the dual magnification of the Elcan SPECTR we’ve used, but without having to take your hand off the rifle. ",
"It also offers all intermediate magnifications and fields of view between its extremes. ",
"Sandia, again:\n\nRAZAR, and its component lenses, are market leaders from a performance standpoint. ",
"It can zoom in milliseconds and perform 10,000 actuations on two AA batteries. ",
"The weight, power, and speed requirements for mechanical zoom make them pro- hibitive. ",
"RAZAR allows target engagement at diverse ranges and provides several distinct advantages including speed and high resolution at varying distances.",
"\n\nThe interface at present is a plus arrow and a minus arrow, fitted on the forearm rail much like a vane switch used with a light. ",
"A better interface, if you had a RAZAR with a very wide range of magnification, would be four buttons: plus or minus increment buttons like the current design, plus zoom-to-the-max and -min buttons.",
"\n\nThe RAZAR is actually only one of several Sandia optics developments that are highly interesting. ",
"Foveated lenses are another; they developed these to give UAVs a light, compact wide-angle lens but it’s not hard to think of ground forces applications for such a device. ",
"And then there are variable radius synthetic mirrors… you can see an overview of these technologies in this promotional PDF from Sandia.",
"\n\nHat tip: Thanks to John in the comments for getting us started on this.",
"\n\nGot a phone call yesterday from a friend at a range in West Virginia. ",
"Three guys including a former SF man, a former SEAL (range officer), and a dealer/gunsmith/armorer without military service cracked the box on a new TrackingPoint .300 WM rifle on a long range.",
"\n\nBest packaged gun any of them had ever seen. ",
"In the gunsmith’s experience, that’s out of thousands of new guns.",
"\n\nFavorably impressed with the quality of the gun and the optic. ",
"It “feels” robust.",
"\n\nIt’s premium priced, but with premium quality. ",
"Rifle resembles a Surgeon rifle. “",
"The whole thing is top quality all the way, no corners cut, no expense spared.” ",
"They throw in an iPad. ",
"The scope itself serves its images up as wifi.",
"\n\nFirst shot, cold bore, no attempt to zero, 350 meters, IPSC sized metal silhouette: “ding!” ",
"They all laughed like maniacs. ",
"It does what the ads say.",
"\n\nHere’s how the zero-zero capability works: they zero at the factory, no $#!",
"+, and use a laser barrel reference system to make automatic, no-man-in-the-loop, corrections. ",
"Slick.",
"\n\nThe gun did a much better job of absorbing .300WM recoil than any 300WM any of them have shot. ",
"With painful memories of developmental .300WM M24 variants, that was interesting. “",
"Seriously, it’s like shooting my .308.”",
"\n\nBy the day’s end, the least experienced long-range shooter, who’d never fired a round at over 200 meters, was hitting moving silhouettes at 850 yards. ",
"In the world of fiction where all snipers take head shots at 2000m with a .308, that’s nothing, but in the world of real lead on target, it’s huge.",
"\n\nIt requires you to unlearn some processes and learn some new ones, particularly with respect to trigger control. ",
"But that’s not impossible, or even very hard.",
"\n\nThey didn’t put wind speed into the system, and used Kentucky windage while placing the “tag.” ",
"This worked perfectly well.",
"\n\nAn experienced sniper or long range match shooter, once he gets over the muscle memory differences, will get even more out of the TrackingPoint system than a novice, but…\n\nA novice can be made very effective, very fast, at ranges outside of the engagement norm, with this system.",
"\n\nEverybody is really impressed with the Tracking Point system. ",
"No TP representative was there and as far as we know this is the first report on a customer gun in the field, not some massaged handpicked gunwriter version. ",
"And as far as we know this is the first report on a customer’s experience with both experienced school-trained snipers and an inexperienced long-range shooter. ",
"The key take-away is the novice’s ringing of the 850m bell on moving targets. ",
"That’s Hollywood results without the special effects budget, and with real lead on real target. ",
"No marketing, no bullshit, just hits.",
"\n\nWe asked about robustness. ",
"This isn’t like the ACOG you can use as a toboggan on an Afghan stairway and hold zero (don’t ask us how we know that one). ",
"But it seemed robust to the pretty critical gang shooting it Friday.",
"\n\nWe wish Chris Kyle were here to see this. ",
"Maybe he already has!",
"\n\nStand by for more on TrackingPoint, and on more on this range complex when the principals are willing to have some publicity.",
"\n\nPost navigation\n\nAbout WeaponsMan\n\nWeaponsMan is a blog about weapons. ",
"Primarily ground combat weapons, primarily small arms and man-portable crew-served weapons. ",
"The site owner is a former Special Forces weapons man (MOS 18B, before the 18 series, 11B with Skill Qualification Indicator of S), and you can expect any guest columnists to be similarly qualified.",
"\n\nOur focus is on weapons: their history, effects and employment. ",
"This is not your go-to place for gun laws or gun politics; other people have that covered.",
"\n\nWhy WeaponsMan?",
"\n\nA lot of nonsense is written about weapons, especially on the Net. ",
"Rather than rail at the nonsense, we thought we'd talk sense instead, and see how that catches on."
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[
"Changes in cancer-related risk perception and smoking across time in newly-diagnosed cancer patients.",
"\nWe examine the bidirectional relationships between cancer risk perceptions and smoking behavior among newly diagnosed cancer patients (N=188) during hospitalization for surgical resection, and at three and 12 months subsequently. ",
"Those with higher perceptions of risk for developing another cancer at three months were most likely to abstain from smoking by twelve months. ",
"Patients were relatively accurate in their cancer risk perceptions, with relapsers and continuous smokers reporting higher levels of risk perceptions at twelve months. ",
"Finally, those who quit smoking by 12 months felt at lower risk for developing cancer by 12 months. ",
"None of these relationships were significant between baseline and three months. ",
"Results indicate that perceived risk of cancer recurrence may be clinically useful in motivating smoking cessation after the acute cancer treatment phase is over. ",
"This study justifies an expanded theoretical framework attending to the distinct, prospective influences of illness risk perceptions on health behavior, and of health behavior on illness risk perceptions."
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[
"Q:\n\nProve or disprove $\\lim\\limits_{n→∞}\\frac{x_n-1}{x_n+1} = 0\\Rightarrow\\lim\\limits_{n→∞}x_n = 1$\n\nHow to prove or disprove that \n$$ \\lim_{n\\to \\infty}\\frac{x_n - 1}{x_n + 1} = 0 \\Longrightarrow \\lim_{n\\to \\infty}x_n = 1 ?",
"$$\nMy attempt is:$$\n0 < |x_n - 1| = \\left| (x_n - 1) · \\frac{x_n + 1}{x_n + 1} \\right| = \\left| \\frac{x_n - 1}{x_n + 1} · (x_n + 1) \\right|.",
"\n$$\nIs there any way to show that $x_n + 1$ is bounded?",
"\n\nA:\n\nCorrect me if wrong:\n$$\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} (1-\\frac{2}{x_n+1})= 0$$\n$$\\Downarrow$$\n$$\\lim_{n \\to \\infty}\\frac{2}{x_n+1}=1$$\n$$\\Downarrow$$\n$$\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} x_n=1.$$\nUsed: \n1) If $(a_n +b_n)$ and $(-b_n)$ converge,\nthen the sum converges and\n$\\lim( (a_n+b_n)+ (-b_n))= \\lim a_n.$\n2) If $c_n$ converges and $\\lim c_n \\not = 0$ then\n$1/c_n$ converges and\n$\\lim(1/c_n) = \\dfrac{1}{\\lim c_n}.$\n\n"
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"In an apparatus for producing a magnetic tape, photographic film, optical functional film or the like, a web is continuously fed from a whole roll. ",
"While the web is being fed out, a functional material such as a magnetic material, photosensitive material, optical functional material or the like is coated onto one surface of the web. ",
"The web is then dried and wound into a roll form again. ",
"Such a producing apparatus is provided with a plurality of rollers for guiding the running web along a predetermined passage.",
"\nA device that uses the magnetic tape, photographic film, optical functional film or the like has recently been miniaturized. ",
"Along with this trend, the web of these materials is desired to be thinned and smoothed. ",
"When the web is thinned and smoothed, however, the rollers slip with respect to the web while conveying the web, and the web may have scratches, wrinkles and the like. ",
"In addition, when the web just after being coated with the functional material is conveyed, roller marks may remain on the coated surface, which decreases the yield.",
"\nIn order to solve these problems, rollers having a peripheral face provided with a spirally extending groove and an upheaval part for conveying a thin web whose thickness is not more than 25 μm are proposed (see Japanese Patent Laid-open Publications No. ",
"8-175727 and 10-77146). ",
"In addition, a web guide roller having fine recessed parts is also proposed. ",
"An average depth of the recessed parts is 5 μm or more and 50 μm or less, and an occupation area rate of flat parts besides the recessed parts is 50% or more and 70% or less (see Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. ",
"2003-146505).",
"\nThe rollers disclosed in the Japanese Patent Laid-open Publications No. ",
"8-175727 and 10-77146 convey the web having the thickness of not more than 25 μm and on which no functional material is coated. ",
"Therefore, the publications do not consider the occurrence of the roller marks which may be generated just after the coating of the functional material on the web.",
"\nThe web guide roller disclosed in the Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. ",
"2003-146505 has the recessed parts formed on the peripheral face thereof by blasting. ",
"In the blasting, fine particles, such as aluminasol or glass beads, are blasted toward the roller, therefore the recessed parts may be dispersed randomly. ",
"Moreover, the fine particles have variation in size, therefore the depths of the recessed parts are not uniform. ",
"Furthermore, the roller cannot maintain the frictional force when the web conveying speed becomes high, and the roller may slip with respect to the web.",
"\nDuring the so-called film production, in which a film is produced from a polymer, the rollers slip with respect to the film while conveying the film, like the rollers slip with respect to the web during the coating process, and the film may have scratches, wrinkles and the like. ",
"In the film production according to the solution casting method, a film containing a solvent, a hot film being heated, or the like is conveyed. ",
"In the film production according to the melt extrusion method, a film having a temperature as high as approximately a melting point thereof, or the like is conveyed. ",
"During the film conveyance, the film itself may have roller marks. ",
"Note that the roller marks generated on the film itself during the film production is also referred to as “roller marks” in the following descriptions."
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"Ca2+-induced effect on mechanical properties of sulfatide-incorporated vesicles.",
"\nThe Ca(2+)-induced effect on the nanomechanical properties of vesicles prepared at a different ratio of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/sulfatide was studied using atomic force microscope (AFM) on a mica surface. ",
"Vesicles were prepared by extrusion and adsorbed on the mica surface. ",
"The forces, measured between an AFM tip and the vesicle, showed that the breakthrough of the tip into the vesicles occurred two times. ",
"Force data prior to the first breakthrough were fitted well with the Hertzian model to estimate Young's modulus and bending modulus of the vesicles. ",
"Sulfatide incorporation led to a decrease of around 90% in Young's modulus and bending modulus of the vesicles due to the hydration of the headgroups, while the addition of Ca(2+) induced dehydration to recover the properties. ",
"The change of the physical properties seems to be attributed to the headgroup packing order of the vesicles, which is determined by the interference with the hydration shell."
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"Q:\n\nBring a window to foreground without window handle\n\nI have a Windows CE embedded 6.0 application that opens another app in the background, and I want to bring the other app to the front. ",
"I first tried SetParent with the third party app's MainWindowHandle and it didnt work. ",
"I then tried SetActiveWindow on the same MainWindowHandle again and it didnt work. ",
"This led me to believe that the MainWindowHandle was messed up, and when I print it on the console, its always 0. ",
"This brings me to my first question: Is it possible that the dev for the app forgot to mention what the MainWindow is? ",
"Or is it assigned automatically in .NET?",
"\nSecondly, now that that approach failed, I tried to EnumWindows, then get the ID for each window and match it to the process Id I knew for my required program. ",
"This gave me an exception 0x80131515 saying \"EnumWindows\" is not supported. ",
"I have imported EnumWindows from CoreDll just fine. ",
"Second question: what could be the cause of this error? ",
"What am I doing wrong?",
"\nSorry! ",
"Here's some code (Assume VCProcess has already been started):\n [DllImport(\"coredll.dll\")]\nstatic extern int EnumWindows(CallbackDef callback, int lParam);\n\n [DllImport(\"coredll.dll\")]\n static extern int GetWindowThreadProcessId(IntPtr hWnd, int pid);\n\n static void Main()\n {\n callBackPtr = new CallBackPtr(Report); \n EnumWindows(callBackPtr, 0);\n }\n\n public static bool Report(int hwnd, int lParam)\n {\n int pid = 0;\n GetWindowThreadProcessId(hWnd, pid);\n if (pid == VCProcessId)\n {\n SetForegroundWindow(hWnd);\n }\n MessageBox.show(\"Window handle is \"+hwnd);\n return true;\n }\n\nA:\n\nYour OEM must not have included support for EnumWindows. ",
"You could try FindWindow instead.",
"\nI would probably P/Invoke SetForegroundWindow to do this. ",
"SetActiveWindow does not work if the application is in the background.",
"\n-PaulH\n\nEdit\nP/Invoking EnumWindows can't throw a System.",
"NotSupportedException (unless you throw it in your code) and GetLastError() wouldn't return an HRESULT COR_E_NOTSUPPORTED. ",
"There's something fishy in your code. ",
"\n\n"
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[
"The invention relates to a technology effective for application to a display driver device for driving a display panel, and a liquid crystal display driver device for driving a liquid crystal panel, and more particularly, to a technology effective for application to a liquid crystal driver (semiconductor integrated circuit for driving liquid crystals) for driving source lines of, for example, a TFT color liquid-crystal panel.",
"\nA liquid crystal display, as one of displays, is comprised of a liquid crystal display panel (hereinafter referred to also as a liquid crystal panel) as a display panel, a liquid crystal display controller (liquid crystal controller) as a display controller, a liquid crystal display driver device (liquid crystal driver) as a display driver, for driving the liquid crystal display panel under control by the controller, and so forth. ",
"There have thus far been proposed various types of the liquid crystal panels such as a passive type panel, an active-matrix type panel, and so forth.",
"\nAmong those, a TFT liquid crystal panel, as one of the active-matrix type panels, has a construction in which a plurality of gate lines (scanning lines), and a plurality of source lines (signal lines) are disposed so as to intersect each other, an electrode serving as a pixel, and a transistor for applying a voltage to the electrode are disposed at respective crossover points, and liquid crystals are sandwiched between the respective electrodes, and a common opposite electrode. ",
"A source driver sequentially applies a pixel signal to the source lines of the liquid crystal panel, constructed as described, in sync with select actions of the respective gate lines line by line on a time-sharing basis.",
"\nAs a source driver for driving a large screen TFT liquid crystal panel, use is made of a multi-output liquid crystal driver having a plurality of output terminals. ",
"The multi-output liquid crystal driver outputs a drive signal for the liquid crystal panel in sync with a line output signal inputted in order to give timing for impressing a voltage to the respective source lines. ",
"With the conventional multi-output liquid crystal driver, all the output terminals outputs the drive signal at the same timing, so that currents for driving the liquid crystal panel are converged, thereby causing a problem that a large current instantaneously flows, and the large current causes a spike-like noise to occur to a power source line and the signal lines, and a power source voltage to drop.",
"\nIn general, as the radio wave environment becomes more complex, there arises the need for taking into account EMI (electromagnetic interference) of not only electronic equipment alone, but also a system made up of the same. ",
"With a liquid crystal display device using the conventional multi-output liquid crystal driver, since the source lines of the liquid crystal panel are concurrently driven, a large current instantaneously flows, and the large current causes a spike-like noise to occur to the power source line and the signal lines, thereby raising the risk of occurrence of EMI. ",
"It is necessary to prevent currents for driving the liquid crystal panel from being converged in order to reduce the EMI for one thing.",
"\nAccordingly, the inventor et al, have developed the invention relating to the source driver designed so as to deter occurrence of the EMI, wherein a plurality of source outputs are divided into two groups, for example, the right half and left half, to thereby avoid convergence of currents by staggering respective output timings as shown in FIG. ",
"1, and have already submitted the application for the invention (Patent Document 1). ",
" Patent Document 1: JP-A No. ",
"233358/2003"
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"Despite not playing since September because of injury, the playmaker was called up to the national team but the Blancos coach insists he will not go if he is unfit\n\nReal Madrid coach Rafael Benitez has insisted that James Rodriguez will not feature for the Colombian national side due to injury, despite being called up by boss Jose Pekerman.",
"\n\nJames has been out of action since injuring his left thigh in a friendly match with Peru in September and Goal understand that Real had been mystified by the Colombia coach’s decision to include the playmaker in the squad, although respecting the South American nation’s right to call-up the 24-year-old.",
"\n\nBenitez had revealed on Saturday that James picked up a knock in training, aggravating the thigh injury that has prevented him from appearing in a Real shirt since August, and the Spanish manager insisted that the 24-year-old will not fit to play for Colombia.",
"\n\nJames will also miss Sunday’s La Liga clash between Real and Atletico Madrid, representing a blow for Los Blancos as they take on their city rivals.",
"\n\n“James was hit last Thursday during the training session in the injury zone [his thigh area], and has pain. ",
"He is not ready for the derby, nor the Colombian games,” the former Napoli and Inter coach said.",
"\n\nThe Real boss also explained that the Colombian national team doctor and Pekerman were in Madrid to recieve the news, further emphasising that James will not be fit to play.",
"\n\n“Fortunately, the [Colombia national team] doctor Carlos Ulloa and the coach Pekerman are here in Madrid and have received all the information,” Benitez added."
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"Q:\n\nЧем отличаются эти записи?",
"\n\nПравильно ли я их понимаю??",
"\n1)$query=\"select pass from userlist where name='$_SERVER[PHP_AUTH_USER]'\";\n\n2)$query=\"select pass from userlist where name=$_SERVER[PHP_AUTH_USER]\";\n\n3)$query=\"select pass from userlist where name=$_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER']\";\n\n1) Это проверка значения переменной массива?",
"\n2) Не понимаю какое значение проверялось бы в name\n3) Не понимаю почему не правильно\n\nA:\n\nПо синтаксису строк в PHP можно почитать в официальной документации (разделы \"Простой синтаксис\", \"Сложный синтаксис\");\nЕсли поле name в таблице имеет текстовый тип, в запросе его значение необходимо обрамлять кавычками. ",
"Поэтому вариант 1 будет рабочим, а вариант 2 - ошибочным.",
"\nТретий вариант кроме кавычек, о которых я уже написал, имеет синтаксическую ошибку согласно\nприведенной документации (ключ массива выделен кавычками, где этих кавычек не ожидается).",
"\nКроме этого, в PHP есть ряд инструментов для безопасного формирования запросов, это\n\nprepare() для mysqli\nprepare(), bindParam(), bindValue() для PDO\n\nпользоваться лучше ими.",
"\n\n"
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"Abstract Core A has 5 specific aims. ",
"Specific Aim 1 is to provide the component projects with daily administrative support such as assistance with manuscript submissions, receiving and recording orders from the component projects and Core B, placing orders with the appropriate vendors, tracking and recording delivery of the orders and returning those that are incorrect or damaged. ",
"Specific Aim 2 is to provide notice of due dates and assistance with submissions to the Animal Research Committee, the Radiation and Biosafety Offices. ",
"This Core will also maintain the required safety records for each component laboratory and assist in the preparation of standard operating procedures, scheduling of regulatory visits, maintenance of records regarding chemical and hazardous materials including radioactivity, and maintenance of records of required training for laboratory personnel. ",
"Specific Aim 3 is to initiate and keep records of all maintenance contracts and arrange for periodic service as specified under the contracts. ",
"Specific Aim 4 is to provide daily bookkeeping and monthly, quarterly and yearly financial reports and projections and maintain all personnel records for members of the component projects and Core B. Specific Aim 5 is to schedule the weekly PPG meetings, the Project and Core Leader meetings, the Internal Advisory Board meetings, and the yearly External Advisory Board Meeting. ",
"This Core will also provide assistance with travel arrangements and reimbursement of expenses. ",
"Specific Aim 6 is to provide assistance with the financial and scientific reports that must be submitted to the NHLBI each year."
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"Temporary and conditional, the “power” of female sexuality is granted by men and swiftly revoked once your sexual novelty wears off or you gain some weight or get too old, whichever makes a pornsick boner go down first.",
"\n\nThink about the so-called “power” you get from performing feminine sexuality in the first place.",
"\n\nAttention? ",
"Applause?",
"\n\nSome money, an expensive little gift, a favor, an agreement or promise?",
"\n\nSomething a man gives you in exchange for sex, or at least the promise of it.",
"\n\nThat is all.",
"\n\nOnce sex is over or you’re not attractive anymore, where is your “power?”",
"\n\nFemale sexuality as something “powerful” is a lie. ",
"That “power” is a favor that men grant women only until their balls are emptied. ",
"It is temporary and comes with conditions. ",
"And it’s not bestowed at all, ever, on women who are not considered viable sex objects to the majority of men, who all suffer to a degree of porn-sickness: women past a certain age, over a certain weight, not white, disabled, you get the idea.",
"\n\n“Feminists” promoting sexuality as a form of empowerment do a disservice to all women.",
"\n\nAs feminist women we have a responsibility to cultivate our lives beyond the patriarchal values of “beauty” and “sexuality.” ",
"It takes time and work to go to school, acquire knowledge, build a career or community, gain experience, contribute to a field, become wise. ",
"True power comes from those endeavors.",
"\n\nToo many women take the primrose path to “empowerment” by pandering to men’s facile desires, and find it’s a short path to a dead end. ",
"Consider Judge Judy’s quote, “Beauty fades, but dumb is forever.” ",
"Have some long-term vision for yourself.",
"\n\nSpinster Threat Lifestyle blog for women who embrace radical feminism. ",
"Topics involve opting out of marriage, being childfree, going vegan, letting go of religion, simple living, appearance, and anything else women can do in their daily lives to undermine Patriarchy."
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"Q:\n\nAligning float captions in ConTeXt\n\nThis is my code:\n\\usemodule[tikz]\n\\usetikzlibrary{positioning}\n\n\\starttext\n Some Text\n\n \\startcolumns[n=2]\n \\placefigure[force] {First Figure} {\n \\midaligned{\n\n \\starttikzpicture\n \\node[draw] {A};\n \\stoptikzpicture\n }}\n \\column\n \\placefigure[force] {Second Figure} {\n \\midaligned{\n\n \\starttikzpicture\n \\node[draw] (A) {A};\n \\node[draw,below=of A] (B) {B};\n \\draw[->] (A) -- (B);\n \\stoptikzpicture\n }}\n \\stopcolumns\n\n More Text\n\\stoptext\n\nIt outputs:\n\nI would like to align the captions of the two floats. ",
"The left picture may move down together with the caption. ",
"How can I do that?",
"\n\nA:\n\nUse floatcombination. ",
" I find it very convenient to use \\start...\\stop versions of all commands as you do not have to remember positional arguments (like for \\placefigure).",
"\n\\usemodule[tikz]\n\\usetikzlibrary{positioning}\n\\starttext\nSome Text\n\n\\startfloatcombination[distance=0pt]\n\n \\startplacefigure[title={First Figure}]\n \\startframed[frame=off,offset=none,width=.5\\textwidth]\n \\starttikzpicture\n \\node[draw] {A};\n \\stoptikzpicture\n \\stopframed\n \\stopplacefigure\n\n \\startplacefigure[title={Second Figure}]\n \\startframed[frame=off,offset=none,width=.5\\textwidth]\n \\starttikzpicture\n \\node[draw] (A) {A};\n \\node[draw,below=of A] (B) {B};\n \\draw[->] (A) -- (B);\n \\stoptikzpicture\n \\stopframed\n \\stopplacefigure\n\n\\stopfloatcombination\n\nMore Text\n\\stoptext\n\n"
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"The Lawless Roads\n\nThe Lawless Roads (1939) is a travel account by Graham Greene, based on his 1938 trip to Mexico, to see the effects of the government's campaign of forced anti-Catholic secularization and how the inhabitants had reacted to the brutal anti-clerical purges of President Plutarco Elías Calles via the uprisings known as the Cristero War.",
"\n\nA Catholic and conservative man himself, Greene travels to Mexico to see what the effects of the conflict on Catholicism there had been. ",
"His journey takes him from the northern border towns, then to San Luis Potosí, where he manages to get an audience with General Saturnino Cedillo, an agrarian warlord who had played a significant role in the conflict. ",
"He later travels to the more cosmopolitan urban environment of Mexico City, and then into the rural states of Puebla and Chiapas. ",
"His main interest was in Tabasco, home of the atheist activist and cacique of the state, Tomás Garrido Canabal.",
"\n\nThe voyage produced two books, the factual The Lawless Roads (published as Another Mexico in the U.S.), and the novel The Power and the Glory.",
"\n\nContext\nCalles Law\nCristero War\n\nReferences\n The Lawless Roads — \n Another Mexico — \n\nCategory:1939 books\nCategory:Books by Graham Greene\nCategory:British travel books\nCategory:Books about Mexico\nCategory:English non-fiction books"
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"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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"Effects of treadmill exercise on fuel metabolism in hepatic cirrhosis.",
"\nWe studied whole body and regional fuel metabolism before, during, and after 90 min of treadmill exercise at 50% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) in four subjects with hepatic cirrhosis and in four normal volunteers. ",
"Rates of endogenous glucose production (EGP) were measured using D-[6-3H]glucose infusions and fuel oxidation using indirect calorimetry. ",
"In the basal state, cirrhotic subjects had similar rates of EGP compared with controls. ",
"Forearm release of alanine and lactate was significantly greater in cirrhotic subjects (P less than 0.05), suggesting increased basal rates of gluconeogenesis. ",
"During exercise, EGP increased 2- to 2.5-fold in control subjects (P less than 0.01) but did not increase in cirrhotic subjects. ",
"Despite lower glucose concentrations in cirrhotic subjects, progressive hypoglycemia did not occur during exercise, probably because cirrhotic subjects demonstrated increased plasma concentrations of fat-derived substrates and derived a greater percentage of total energy requirement from fat oxidation than did controls (P less than 0.05) and because forearm muscle glucose extraction was significantly lower in cirrhotic subjects compared with controls (0.5 vs. 3.6%, respectively; P less than 0.05). ",
"During recovery, control subjects demonstrated significant increases in EGP rates compared with both the basal and exercise periods, but cirrhotic subjects showed no increase. ",
"In conclusion, cirrhotic subjects failed to demonstrate the normal increase in EGP during and after exercise. ",
"Significant hypoglycemia during exercise did not occur, possibly because of the increased availability of fat-derived fuels, which may spare the requirement for circulating glucose as an oxidative fuel for exercising muscle tissues."
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"Differing susceptibilities to cold preservation of rat atria and ventricles.",
"\nThe susceptibilities of atria and ventricles to cold preservation were studied in rat hearts. ",
"Rat hearts were stored in Collins' solution at 4 degrees C for 0, 12, or 24 hours, and the atrial and ventricular function was measured in a working heart model and in isolated atrial and papillary muscle preparations. ",
"In working heart preparations, cardiac output decreased to 0 ml/min and other parameters of ventricular function (systolic and end-diastolic pressure and dP/dt of the left ventricle) markedly deteriorated after 12 hours of preservation. ",
"After 24 hours, no contraction of the left ventricle was observed despite the presence of atrial contraction. ",
"In isolated atrial muscle preparations, the rate of spontaneous beating of the right atrium was not affected by cold preservation. ",
"The twitch contractions of right and left atria were attenuated but elicited after 24 hours. ",
"In electrically driven papillary muscles, twitch contractions were also markedly attenuated by 12 hours of preservation and were abolished after 24 hours. ",
"The positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was also markedly attenuated in the atrial preparations by cold preservation. ",
"However, the positive chronotropic response to isoproterenol and the negative chronotropic and inotropic responses to carbachol were little affected by cold preservation. ",
"Intramural cholinergic and adrenergic nerve stimulation produced first negative and then positive effects on the beating rate and twitch contraction in the isolated right atria. ",
"Cold preservation selectively attenuated and finally abolished the adrenergic responses. ",
"In the ventricles, the adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate content significantly decreased and the lactate content increased with an increase in the preservation period. ",
"On the other hand, changes of such metabolites in the atria were either not observed or were much smaller. ",
"These results suggest that atrial function is maintained better than ventricular function in the cold-preserved heart."
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"RSV vaccine development[unreadable] [unreadable] Early in the development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines severe disease occurred in some children after receipt of formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. ",
"The illnesses occurred in children who had not previously experienced RSV infection but had wild-type RSV infection in the winter season subsequent to vaccination. ",
"Live attenuated, intranasally administered vaccines offer the potential for a broadly based immune response and, by mimicking the response to natural infection, are unlikely to result in potentiated disease. ",
"The continuing efforts to develop an appropriately attenuated and immunogenic live RSV vaccine have provided an opportunity to give assurances that live vaccines are a safe approach to RSV immunization and to provide useful data on the optimal design of subsequent vaccine efficacy trials. ",
"Between 1996 and 2003 7 different RSV vaccines were given to 113 6-24 month old children seronegative to RSV at immunization and 2 vaccines to 62 RSV-nave infants 1-3 months of age. ",
"In total, 388 vaccinees, placebo recipients and age-matched controls were followed for respiratory illness during the subsequent winter. ",
"Nasal wash samples were cultured for RSV with each episode of respiratory disease. ",
"For purposes of analysis we focused on: 1) a comparison between all vaccinees and controls - an intent to treat analysis, and 2) for two vaccines given to both 6-24 month olds and 1-3 month olds - a comparison of those who had a response to vaccination (evidence of virus shedding or an immune response) versus controls - a vaccine efficacy analysis. ",
"Pre and post-season sera available on 122 of the infants and 143 of the children were examined for serologic evidence of RSV infection. ",
"In the intent to treat analysis the rate of RSV-associated upper respiratory tract illness was lower in vaccinated children than in controls (14% versus 20% in the 6-24 month old group and 16% versus 25% in infants). ",
"RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness was infrequent and there was no evidence that vaccination predisposed to more severe illness. ",
"The vaccine efficacy analysis of the two leading vaccine candidates (cpts 248404 and rA2cp 2484041030SH) revealed similar trends towards efficacy. ",
"RSV serologic rises over the ensuing winter were common in children (31%) and infants (21%) regardless of receipt of vaccine or placebo. ",
"This surveillance clearly demonstrated that infection with a live attenuated RSV vaccine did not result in enhanced disease upon infection with wild type RSV. ",
"The information on the impact of RSV in the young infants and children during the period of surveillance will assist in designing future efficacy studies with RSV vaccines. [",
"unreadable] [unreadable] Parainfluenza virus (PIV) vaccine development[unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable] HPIV3cp45 - Studies have been initiated with a human (H) recombinant(r) vaccine virus, designated rHPIV3cp45. ",
"Previously, biologically-derived HPIV3cp45 was shown to be satisfactorily attenuated, immunogenic, and genetically stable in the target population of HPIV3 nave subjects. ",
"Deriving a virus from a cDNA copy of the HPIV3 genome using defined materials and media generates a virus seed that is free of adventitious contaminants from the previous 45 passages of the virus in primary monkey kidney cultures. ",
"The present study was done to demonstrate the bioequivalence of the rHPIV3cp45 and the biologically-derived HPIV3cp45 and to define a dose of vaccine that is safe, infectious, and immunogenic in older and younger HPIV3 nave subjects. ",
"These studies are in progress and preliminary results indicate that the two versions of HPIV3cp45 vaccine are comparable.[unreadable] [unreadable] BHPIV3 Studies have been initiated with the chimeric recombinant virus that contains the HPIV3 HN and F protective antigens on a bovine (B) PIV3 backbone that contains multiple attenuating BPIV3 genes. [",
"unreadable] [unreadable] HPIV1 and HPIV2 Live attenuated HPIV1 and HPIV2 vaccine candidates have been identified in preclinical studies and clinical trial materials are being prepared. ",
"Trials with this vaccine should be initiated this coming year."
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"![](",
"edinbmedj74229-0021){#sp1 .981}\n\n![](",
"edinbmedj74229-0022){#sp2 .982}\n\n![](",
"edinbmedj74229-0023){#sp3 .983}\n\n![](",
"edinbmedj74229-0024){#sp4 .984}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"using Abot.",
"Core;\nusing Commoner.",
"Core.",
"Testing;\nusing NUnit.",
"Framework;\n\nnamespace Abot.",
"Tests.",
"Unit.",
"Core\n{\n [TestFixture]\n public class InMemoryCrawledUrlRepositoryTest : CrawledUrlRepositoryTest\n {\n public override ICrawledUrlRepository GetInstance()\n {\n return new InMemoryCrawledUrlRepository();\n }\n\n [Test]\n public void Dispose_SetsInnerCollectionToNull()\n {\n Assert.",
"IsNotNull(ValueHelper.",
"GetFieldValue(_unitUnderTest, \"_urlRepository\"));\n\n _unitUnderTest.",
"Dispose();\n\n Assert.",
"IsNull(ValueHelper.",
"GetFieldValue(_unitUnderTest, \"_urlRepository\"));\n }\n }\n}\n"
] | {
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"A new mouse model reveals a critical role for host innate immunity in resistance to Rift Valley fever.",
"\nRift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne viral disease repeatedly reported in many African countries and, more recently, in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. ",
"RVF virus (RVFV) primarily infects domesticated ruminants, resulting in miscarriage in pregnant females and death for newborns and young animals. ",
"It also has the ability to infect humans, causing a feverish syndrome, meningoencephalitis, or hemorrhagic fever. ",
"The various outcomes of RVFV infection in animals and humans argue for the existence of host genetic determinants controlling the disease. ",
"We investigated the susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to infection with the virulent RVFV ZH548 strain. ",
"Compared with classical BALB/cByJ mice, wild-derived Mus m. musculus MBT/Pas mice exhibited earlier and greater viremia and died sooner, a result in sharp contrast with their resistance to infection with West Nile virus and influenza A. Infection of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from MBT/Pas mice with RVFV also resulted in higher viral production. ",
"Microarray and quantitative RT-PCR experiments showed that BALB/cByJ MEFs displayed a significant activation of the type I IFN pathway. ",
"In contrast, MBT/Pas MEFs elicited a delayed and partial type I IFN response to RVFV infection. ",
"RNA interference-mediated inhibition of genes that were not induced by RVFV in MBT/Pas MEFs increased viral production in BALB/cByJ MEFs, thus demonstrating their functional importance in limiting viral replication. ",
"We conclude that the failure of MBT/Pas murine strain to induce, in due course, a complete innate immune response is instrumental in the selective susceptibility to RVF."
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"It is a normal situation that people have limited space at home. ",
"Especially, there is a constant need for a wall space, because the home entertainment units are growing all the time. ",
"The wide screen television techniques have almost totally replaced traditional cathode-ray tube televisions, which depth is directly proportional to the screen size. ",
"The wide screen televisions are lighter and thinner than the cathode-ray tube televisions, which enable to mount them to the wall. ",
"However, a wide screen television conquer a large space from a wall and still there is a need to have a place for CD:s, DVD:s, games, remote controls, photographs and all other items people want to keep in their living room. ",
"Among other things, a big black screen in a central place on the wall in a living room is just not pretty.",
"\nOne main problem, when fastening elements to a wall at home, is that many interior walls are not bearing walls. ",
"In practice, this means that these walls are made of some light material, such as gypsum plaster. ",
"The bearing capacity of these drywalls is limited and special fastening means is required to use when fastening elements to such wall.",
"\nDocument WO2011131838 A1 discloses an interior decoration element or piece of furniture to media hardware configuration, such as for example a television. ",
"The interior element or piece of furniture includes a body unit, which carries the whole mass of the media hardware configuration and makes a simple mounting of the media hardware configuration possible. ",
"For merging the media hardware configuration as part of interior decoration wholeness, the interior element or piece of furniture is provided with at least one door panel, which can be moved from a closed state, where the door panel covers a media hardware configuration behind the same, to the open state, where the media hardware configuration is visible. ",
"The body unit or frame of the interior element or piece of furniture includes a suspension or support structure, which can be attached to any wall or background structure, whereby, for mounting the media hardware configuration, the body unit or frame of the interior element or piece of furniture comprises a fastening part or profile, to which the media hardware configuration can be fixed, advantageously according to the most general standards.",
"\nUnfortunately, the solution disclosed in above mentioned document has disadvantages. ",
"Several different size body units are needed for installing different size of televisions or other elements to a wall. ",
"The body unit itself is heavy, which complicates the fastening of the elements to the wall or may even prevent the mounting of elements to a drywall, for example."
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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