Picking Apart Story Salads
Paper • 1810.13391 • Published
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307 | Abraham Lincoln | [
"Abraham Lincoln ( February 12 , 1809 - April 15 , 1865 ) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 .",
"Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War -- its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral , ... | 324 | Academy Awards | [
"The Academy Awards , also known as the Oscars , are a set of 24 awards for artistic and technical merit in the American film industry , given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership .",... | [
"The sculpture was created by George Stanley .",
"Its equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music and recording - are modeled after the Academy Awards .",
"Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 , Lincoln promoted rapid mode... | [
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593 | Animation | [
"Animation is a dynamic medium in which images or objects are manipulated to appear as moving images .",
"In traditional animation the images were drawn ( or painted ) by hand on cels to be photographed and exhibited on film .",
"Nowadays most animations are made with computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) .",
"C... | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | [
"Afroasiatic ( Afro-Asiatic ) , also known as Afrasian and traditionally as Hamito-Semitic ( Chamito-Semitic ) or Semito-Hamitic , is a large language family of about 300 languages and dialects .",
"It includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia , North Africa , the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel ... | [
"It includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia , North Africa , the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel .",
"The stop motion technique where live actors are used as a frame-by-frame subject is known as pixilation .",
"Arabic has around 290 million native speakers , who are concentrated primarily in ... | [
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305 | Achilles | [
"In Greek mythology , Achilles or Achilleus ( , ; , `` Akhilleus '' ) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer 's `` Iliad '' .",
"His mother was the immortal nereid Thetis , and his father , the mortal Peleus , was the king of the Myrmidons .",
"Achilles ' most... | 340 | Alain Connes | [
"Alain Connes ( ; born 1 April 1947 ) is a French mathematician , currently Professor at the College de France , IHES , Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University .",
"He was an Invited Professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et metiers ( 2000 ) .",
"Alain Connes studies operator algebras .",
"I... | [
"Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the `` Iliad '' , other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris , who shot him in the heel with an arrow .",
"Following this he made contributions in operator K-theory and index theory , which culminated in the Baum-Connes conje... | [
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569 | Anthropology | [
"Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies .",
"Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies .",
"Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life .",
"Biological or physical anthropology studies the biolog... | 339 | Ayn Rand | [
"Ayn Rand ( ; born Alisa Zinov ` yevna Rosenbaum , ; - March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American novelist , philosopher , playwright , and screenwriter .",
"She is known for her two best-selling novels , `` The Fountainhead '' and `` Atlas Shrugged '' , and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivi... | [
"Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion .",
"She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism .",
"It began to be used in English , possibly via French ' , by the early 18th century .",
"Their New Latin ' derived from the combining forms o... | [
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580 | Astronomer | [
"An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth .",
"They look at stars , planets , moons , comets and galaxies , as well as many other celestial objects -- either in observational astronomy , in analyzing the data ,... | 344 | Allan Dwan | [
"Allan Dwan ( 3 April 1885 - 28 December 1981 ) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director , producer and screenwriter .",
"Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Dwan , was the younger son of commercial traveller of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan ( 1857-1917 ) and his... | [
"Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include : planetary science , solar astronomy , the origin or evolution of stars , or the formation of galaxies .",
"There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole .",
"At the University of Notre Dame ,... | [
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308 | Aristotle | [
"Aristotle ( ; `` Aristoteles '' , ; 384-322 BC ) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical Greece .",
"His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian .",
"At s... | 330 | Actrius | [
"Actresses ( Catalan : Actrius ) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play `` E.R. '' by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet .",
"The film has no male actors , with all roles played by females .",
"The film was produced in 1996 .",
"In... | [
"He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of many of his hundreds of books , which were written on papyrus scrolls .",
"Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies .",
"In `` Movie - Film - Review '' , `` Daily Mail '' staffer Christoph... | [
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336 | Altruism | [
"Altruism or selflessness is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others .",
"It is a traditional virtue in many cultures and a core aspect of various religious traditions and secular worldviews , though the concept of `` others '' toward whom concern should be directed can vary among cultures ... | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | [
"The Austroasiatic languages , in recent classifications synonymous with Mon-Khmer , are a large language family of Mainland Southeast Asia , also scattered throughout India , Bangladesh , Nepal and the southern border of China , with around 117 million speakers .",
"The name `` Austroasiatic '' comes from the La... | [
"The validity of this argument depends on whether intrinsic rewards qualify as `` benefits '' .",
"Much debate exists as to whether '' `` true '' '' altruism is possible in human psychology .",
"The rest of the languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status .",
"Altruism can be distinguis... | [
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39 | Albedo | [
"Albedo ( ) ( Latin `` albedo , '' `` whiteness '' ) is the measure of diffusive reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by a body , for example a planetary body such as Earth .",
"It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from zero ( corresponding to a black body that absorbs al... | 332 | Animalia (book) | [
"Animalia is an illustrated children 's book by Graeme Base .",
"It was originally published in 1986 , followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996 , and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012 .",
"Over three million copies have been sold .",
"A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also publishe... | [
"Albedo ( ) ( Latin `` albedo , '' `` whiteness '' ) is the measure of diffusive reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by a body , for example a planetary body such as Earth .",
"Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom ( A is for alligator , B is for butterfl... | [
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358 | Algeria | [
"Algeria ( ' ; , ' ; ) , officially the People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria , is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast .",
"The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country .",
"With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world... | 586 | ASCII | [
"ASCII ( ) , abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a character encoding standard for electronic communication .",
"ASCII codes represent text in computers , telecommunications equipment , and other devices .",
"Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII , althou... | [
"The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country .",
"Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria .",
"Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999 .",
"ASCII is one of a 1963 List of IEEE milestones .",
"Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6 , 196... | [
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594 | Apollo | [
"Apollo ( Attic , Ionic , and Homeric Greek : , `` Apollon '' ( ) ; Doric : , `` Apellon '' ; Arcadocypriot : , `` Apeilon '' ; Aeolic : , `` Aploun '' ; ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology .",
"The ideal of the `` ... | 309 | An American in Paris | [
"An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by the American composer George Gershwin , written in 1928 .",
"Inspired by the time Gershwin had spent in Paris , it evokes the sights and energy of the French capital in the 1920s and is one of his best-known compositions .",
"Gershwin composed `` An... | [
"Hermes created the lyre for him , and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo .",
"As the patron of Delphi ( `` Pythian Apollo '' ) , Apollo was an oracular god -- the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle .",
"Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo , whether through the god himself or medi... | [
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359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | [
"This is a list of characters in Ayn Rand 's novel `` Atlas Shrugged . ''",
"The following are major characters from the novel .",
"Dagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel .",
"She is Vice-President in Charge of Operations for Taggart Transcontinental , under her brother , James Taggart .",
"Given Jam... | 595 | Andre Agassi | [
"Andre Kirk Agassi ( ; born April 29 , 1970 ) is an American retired professional tennis player and former World No. 1 who was one of the sport 's most dominant players from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s .",
"Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all tim... | [
"Dagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel .",
"Agassi returned to World No. 1 in 1999 and enjoyed the most successful run of his career over the next four years .",
"Francisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in `` Atlas Shrugged '' , an owner by inheritance of the world 's largest copper mining ... | [
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572 | Agricultural science | [
"<onlyinclude>",
"Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact , natural , economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture .",
"( Veterinary science , but not animal science , is often excluded from the definit... | 334 | International Atomic Time | [
"International Atomic Time ( TAI , from the French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth 's geoid .",
"It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time ( except for a fixed offset of epoch ) .",
"It is also the basis for Coordinated U... | [
"<onlyinclude>",
"It is also the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth 's surface .",
"Specifically , both Julian Dates and the Gregorian calendar are used .",
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"The 37 seconds results from the initial difference of 10 seconds ... | [
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290 | A | [
"A ( named , plural `` As '' , `` A 's '' , `` a `` s , `` a 's '' or `` aes '' ) is the first letter and the first vowel of the ISO basic Latin alphabet .",
"It is similar to the Ancient Greek letter alpha , from which it derives .",
"The upper-case version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle , cr... | 573 | Alchemy | [
"Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe , Africa and Asia .",
"It aimed to purify , mature , and perfect certain objects .",
"Common aims were chrysopoeia , the transmutation of `` base metals '' ( e.g. , lead ) into `` noble metals '' ( particularly gold ) ; the cr... | [
"The lower-case version can be written in two forms : the double-storey a and single-storey a .",
"It aimed to purify , mature , and perfect certain objects .",
"Common aims were chrysopoeia , the transmutation of `` base metals '' ( e.g. , lead ) into `` noble metals '' ( particularly gold ) ; the creation of ... | [
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615 | American Football Conference | [
"The American Football Conference ( AFC ) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the highest professional level of American football in the United States .",
"This conference and its counterpart , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) , currently contain 16 teams each , making ... | 12 | Anarchism | [
"Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions .",
"These are often described as stateless societies , although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations .",
"Anarchism holds the... | [
"This conference and its counterpart , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) , currently contain 16 teams each , making up the 32 teams of the NFL .",
"The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions .",
"Since 2002 , the AFC has 16 teams , organized into four divisions each wit... | [
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600 | Andorra | [
"Andorra ( ; , ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate in Southwestern Europe , located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by France in the north , and the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia... | 303 | Alabama | [
"Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States .",
"It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west .",
"Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states .",
"With a... | [
"Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States .",
"The official language is Catalan , although Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken .",
"The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia .",
"It is not a member of the European Union , but th... | [
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621 | Amphibian | [
"Amphibians are ectothermic , tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia .",
"Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia .",
"They inhabit a wide variety of habitats , with most species living within terrestrial , fossorial , arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems .",
"Thus amphibians typically start out as la... | 620 | Animal Farm | [
"Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell , first published in England on 17 August 1945 .",
"According to Orwell , the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union .",
"Orwell , a democratic socialist , was a critic of Jo... | [
"Other titular variations include subtitles like '' `` A Satire '' '' and '' `` A Contemporary Satire '' '' .",
"According to Orwell , the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union .",
"In a letter to Yvonne Davet , Orwell described ... | [
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612 | Arithmetic mean | [
"In mathematics and statistics , the arithmetic mean ( , stress on third syllable of `` arithmetic '' ) , or simply the mean or average when the context is clear , is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection .",
"The collection is often a set of results of an experimen... | 25 | Autism | [
"Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication .",
"Often there is also restricted and repetitive behavior .",
"Parents usually notice signs in the first two or three years of their child 's life .",
"These signs often develop gradually , though some ch... | [
"Often there is also restricted and repetitive behavior .",
"The arithmetic mean is defined as being equal to the sum of the numerical values of each and every observation divided by the total number of observations .",
"In addition to mathematics and statistics , the arithmetic mean is used frequently in field... | [
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663 | Apollo 8 | [
"Apollo 8 , the second manned spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program , was launched on December 21 , 1968 , and became the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth orbit , reach the Earth 's Moon , orbit it and return safely to Earth .",
"The three-astronaut crew -- Commander Frank Borman , C... | 657 | Asphalt | [
"Asphalt ( ) , also known as bitumen ( UK English : , US English : ) is a sticky , black , and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum .",
"It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product , and is classed as a pitch .",
"Before the 20th century , the term asphaltum was also used ."... | [
"This meant Borman 's crew was scheduled to fly two to three months sooner than originally planned , leaving them a shorter time for training and preparation , thus placing more demands than usual on their time and discipline .",
"The primary use ( 70 % ) of asphalt is in road construction , where it is used as t... | [
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665 | A Modest Proposal | [
"A Modest Proposal For preventing the Children of Poor People From being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country , and For making them Beneficial to the Publick , commonly referred to as A Modest Proposal , is a Juvenalian satirical essay written and published anonymously by Jonathan Swift in 1729 .",
"Swift sugges... | 675 | Affirming the consequent | [
"Affirming the consequent , sometimes called converse error , fallacy of the converse or confusion of necessity and sufficiency , is a formal fallacy of inferring the converse from the original statement .",
"The corresponding argument has the general form :",
"An argument of this form is invalid , i.e. , the c... | [
"Since `` P '' was never asserted as the `` only '' sufficient condition for `` Q '' , other factors could account for `` Q '' ( while `` P '' was false ) .",
"Swift goes to great lengths to support his argument , including a list of possible preparation styles for the children , and calculations showing the fina... | [
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656 | Acid | [
"An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron ( proton or hydrogen ion H ) , or , alternatively , capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair ( a Lewis acid ) .",
"The first category of acids is the proton donors or Bronsted acids .",
"In the special case of aqueous solutions , proton ... | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola comprises :",
"There are three separate railway lines in Angola :",
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"The Benguela Railway already connects to the Democratic Republic of the Congo .",
"In April 2012 , the ... | [
"Bronsted and Lowry generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents .",
"Transport in Angola comprises :",
"There are three separate railway lines in Angola :",
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655 | Abacus | [
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"The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown .",
"Today , abaci are often construc... | 670 | Alphabet | [
"An alphabet is a standard set of letters ( basic written symbols or graphemes ) that is used to write one or more languages based upon the general principle that the letters represent phonemes ( basic significant sounds ) of the spoken language .",
"This is in contrast to other types of writing systems , such as... | [
"This is in contrast to other types of writing systems , such as syllabaries ( in which each character represents a syllable ) and logographies ( in which each character represents a word , morpheme , or semantic unit ) .",
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659 | American National Standards Institute | [
"The American National Standards Institute ( ANSI , ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products , services , processes , systems , and personnel in the United States .",
"The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international stan... | 700 | Arthur Schopenhauer | [
"Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ; 22 February 1788 - 21 September 1860 ) was a German philosopher .",
"He is best known for his 1818 work `` The World as Will and Representation '' ( expanded in 1844 ) , wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will .",
"Proce... | [
"The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide .",
"The present name was adopted in 1969 .",
"Ducha 47 ) , the son of Johanna Schopenhauer ( nee Trosiener ) and Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer , both descendants of wealthy German patri... | [
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680 | Aardvark | [
"The aardvark ( ; `` Orycteropus afer '' ) is a medium-sized , burrowing , nocturnal mammal native to Africa .",
"It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata , although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known .",
"Unlike other insectivores , it has a long pig-like snout , wh... | 627 | Agriculture | [
"Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life .",
"Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created ... | [
"Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare , environmental damage ( such as massive drainage of resources such as water and feed fed to the animals , global warming , rainforest destruction , leftover waste... | [
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690 | Aruba | [
"Aruba ( ; ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea , located about west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and north of the coast of Venezuela .",
"It measures long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and across at its widest point ."... | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"The Economy of Angola is one of the fastest-growing in the world , with reported annual average GDP growth of 11.1 percent from 2001 to 2010 .",
"It is still recovering from 27 years of the civil war that plagued the country from its independence in 1975 to 2002 .",
"Despite extensive oil and gas resources , d... | [
"Since 2002 , when the 27-year civil war ended , the nation has worked to repair and improve ravaged infrastructure and weakened political and social institutions .",
"It lies outside Hurricane Alley .",
"This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm , sunny weather .",
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691 | Articles of Confederation | [
"The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution .",
"It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Contine... | 701 | Angola | [
"Angola ( ) , officially the Republic of Angola ( ; Kikongo , Kimbundu and Umbundu : `` Repubilika ya Ngola '' ) , is a country in Southern Africa .",
"It is the seventh-largest country in Africa , bordered by Namibia to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Zambia to the east , and the ... | [
"That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the `` Continental Congress '' , since its organization remained the same .",
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676 | Andrei Tarkovsky | [
"Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky ( ; 4 April 1932 - 29 December 1986 ) was a Soviet filmmaker , writer , film editor , film theorist , theatre and opera director .",
"Tarkovsky 's films include `` Ivan 's Childhood '' ( 1962 ) , `` Andrei Rublev '' ( 1966 ) , `` Solaris '' ( 1972 ) , `` Mirror '' ( 1975 ) , and `` S... | 628 | Aldous Huxley | [
"Aldous Leonard Huxley ( ; 26 July 1894 - 22 November 1963 ) was an English writer , novelist , philosopher , and prominent member of the Huxley family .",
"He graduated from Balliol College at the University of Oxford with a first class honours in English literature .",
"The author of nearly fifty books , he w... | [
"Mid career and later , he published travel writing , film stories , and scripts .",
"He directed the first five of his seven feature films in the Soviet Union ; his last two films , `` Nostalghia '' ( 1983 ) and `` The Sacrifice '' ( 1986 ) , were produced in Italy and Sweden , respectively .",
"His work is ch... | [
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682 | Adobe | [
"Adobe ( , ; ) is a building material made from earth and other organic materials .",
"Adobe means mudbrick in Spanish , but in some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage , the term is used to refer to any kind of earth construction .",
"Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed ea... | 677 | Ambiguity | [
"Ambiguity is a type of uncertainty of meaning in which several interpretations are .",
"It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning can not be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps .",
"( The '' - '' part of the term reflects an idea of `... | [
"This could mean one actually spoke to the apothecary ( pharmacist ) or went to the apothecary ( pharmacy ) .",
"One could say `` I bought herbs from the apothecary '' .",
"In dry climates , adobe structures are extremely durable , and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world .",
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640 | Appellate procedure in the United States | [
"United States appellate procedure involves the rules and regulations for filing appeals in state courts and federal courts .",
"The nature of an appeal can vary greatly depending on the type of case and the rules of the court in the jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted .",
"There are many types of standa... | 683 | Adventure | [
"An adventure is an exciting or unusual experience .",
"It may also be a bold , usually risky undertaking , with an uncertain outcome .",
"Adventures may be activities with some potential for physical danger such as traveling , exploring , skydiving , mountain climbing , scuba diving , river rafting or particip... | [
"Adventurous experiences create psychological arousal , which can be interpreted as negative ( e.g. fear ) or positive ( e.g. flow ) .",
"An adventure is an exciting or unusual experience .",
"An appellate court is a court that hears cases on appeal from another court .",
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634 | Analysis of variance | [
"Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) is a collection of statistical models and their associated procedures ( such as `` variation '' among and between groups ) used to analyze the differences among group means .",
"ANOVA was developed by statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher .",
"In the ANOVA setting... | 651 | America the Beautiful | [
"`` America the Beautiful '' is an American patriotic song .",
"The lyrics were written by Katharine Lee Bates , and the music was composed by church organist and choirmaster Samuel A. Ward at Grace Episcopal Church in Newark , New Jersey .",
"Bates originally wrote the words as a poem , `` Pikes Peak '' , firs... | [
"Bates originally wrote the words as a poem , `` Pikes Peak '' , first published in the Fourth of July edition of the church periodical `` The Congregationalist '' in 1895 .",
"The song is one of the most popular of the many American patriotic songs .",
"In its simplest form , ANOVA provides a statistical test ... | [
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653 | Assistive technology | [
"Assistive technology is an umbrella term that includes assistive , adaptive , and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and also includes the process used in selecting , locating , and using them .",
"People who have disabilities often have difficulty performing activities of daily living ( ADLs ) ... | 698 | Atlantic Ocean | [
"The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans with a total area of about .",
"It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area .",
"It separates the `` Old World '' from the `` New World '' .",
"The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongate... | [
"` Sea of Atlantis ' ) and in `` The Histories '' of Herodotus around 450 BC ( Hdt .",
"A. R. 1 .",
"1.202.4 ) : `` Atlantis thalassa '' ( Greek : Atlantis thalassa ; English : ` Sea of Atlantis ' or ` the Atlantis sea ' ) where the name refers to `` the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles '' which is said to be... | [
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681 | Aardwolf | [
"The aardwolf ( `` Proteles cristata '' ) is a small , insectivorous mammal , native to East and Southern Africa .",
"Its name means `` earth wolf '' in Afrikaans and Dutch .",
"It is also called `` maanhaar jackal '' ( Afrikaans for '' jackal '' ) or `` civet hyena '' , based on its habit of secreting substanc... | 639 | Alkane | [
"In organic chemistry , an alkane , or paraffin ( a historical name that also has other meanings ) , is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon .",
"In other words , an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single .",
"Alkanes have the genera... | [
"In other words , an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single .",
"The aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa - open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs .",
"In organic chemistry , an alkane , or pa... | [
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649 | Arraignment | [
"Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant to inform the defendant of the charges against him or her .",
"In response to arraignment , the accused is expected to enter a plea .",
"Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdiction but they generally include `` guilty... | 642 | Answer (law) | [
"In law , an Answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something , and thus generally any counter-statement or defense , a reply to a question or response , or objection , or a correct solution of a problem .",
"In the common law , an Answer is the first pleading by a defendant , usuall... | [
"In a criminal case , there is usually an arraignment or some other kind of appearance before the defendant comes to court .",
"Generally speaking in private , civil cases there is no plea entered of guilt or innocence .",
"In the common law , an Answer is the first pleading by a defendant , usually filed and s... | [
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664 | Astronaut | [
"An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft .",
"Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , j... | 674 | Anatomy | [
"Anatomy ( Greek anatome , `` dissection '' ) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts .",
"Anatomy is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things .",
"It is an old science , having its beginnings in prehistoric tim... | [
"Anatomy ( Greek anatome , `` dissection '' ) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts .",
", a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached or more in altitude , of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond .",
"Anatomy and physiology , which study... | [
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
story-salads
Data from Picking Apart Story Salads by Su Wang, Eric Holgate, Greg Durrett and Katrin Erk (EMNLP 2018). A row is two Wikipedia articles cut into sentences and shuffled together, and the task is to split the mixture back into its two halves.
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("rustemgareev/story-salads", "wiki-hard")
wiki has 500,000 salads mixed from random article pairs, so the two narratives are often topically distant. wiki-hard has 50,369, drawn from 4,852 Wikipedia categories whose names contain war or conflict, with both articles pulled from the same one of them. That is what makes them hard. Word counts and topic-similarity scores for both are in Table 1 of the paper.
salad is the shuffled input. salad_source is the gold label (0 for doc_a, 1 for doc_b), and salad_index says where each sentence sits in its own article. doc_a and doc_b hold both sources in narrative order, with their ids and titles alongside. On wiki-hard, category records which category the row came from; on wiki, shard records which of the original 500 release files it came from.
The original JSON spelled every sentence out three times: in the source articles, in salad, and a third time inside answers. Here answers is replaced by those two index columns, which is enough to put every sentence back where it came from. All 550,369 rows were checked against the original JSON.
Expect PTB tokenization, never detokenized: Kaiser 's Finish is a 1918 American silent World War I drama film , directed by .... Around one sentence per thousand still carries wiki markup (<ref>, <nowiki>, <br>). There is no split column, and each source article appears in exactly one salad, so an 80/20 split of rows cannot leak across articles. wiki-hard lands at 50,369 here against 50,374 in the paper — five records short, with all 4,852 category files present and none empty.
NYT is not included. It reconstructs from LDC's English Gigaword 5, which is not redistributable; the public download ships only a builder script and sentence offsets, and the offsets hold no text.
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