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Part five of the Ghanaian Handicraft series. As in many cultures, pottery is made from clay in Ghana. Yet as a craft it is hard to find here, largely because it is considered utilitarian, with a market that’s almost completely domestic. People use the pots, bowls, and vessels in everyday life. Unlike other handicraft that is created at some distance from the source of the raw materials, potting happens close to the river banks that provide the clay, presumably because it’s a pain to move large quantities of the dense, wet material. We visited the tiny village of Nfensi and were taken to their river. It was one of those glad-I-took-my-malaria-meds moments. (Luckily we were there during the daytime, before the virus-toting Anopheles skeeters come out.) Once hauled up from the water the clay is pounded repeatedly to loosen it up. (The pounder uses the same tool that smashes open yam and cassava for fufu, incidentally.) There’s a further step of kneeding, then the potter slices off as much clay as he’ll need and slaps it on the wheel. The potter’s wheel is completely manual. One guy cranks it while the master shapes the clay. It happens so quickly and effortlessly — probably not surprising given that they turn out approximately 1,000 items every three days. Once dried, the clay objects are prepared for the igloo-shaped kiln. It’s infernally hot around the oven which the artisans actually walk into to stack the clay pots. Then the “door” to the oven is bricked up and the fire is allowed to go for a few days. The door gets broken back down and out come the finished, though unadorned pieces. There is an export market that consumes larger, more finely decorated pieces, but it is overshadowed by the more “traditional” wooden export market. To many Westerners, Africa means wood carvings (masks, statues, etc). But those consumers who are interested in owning the most “real” African goods — what one study calls “authenticity buyers” — might look to pottery as an alternative. More clay pottery video here.

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Facts about Owosso, Michigan Owosso is a city in Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 15,194 at the 2010 census. The city is located on the eastern side of Owosso Township, but is politically independent. The city was named after Chief Wasso, an Ojibwa leader of the Shiawassee area.. Owosso is the largest city in Shiawassee County. Alfred L. and Benjamin O. Williams were early settlers to the town. They drew Elias Comstock, who built the first permanent home in the settlement. Owosso was incorporated as a city in 1859 at which time it had 1000 people. It had never had a period as a village. The town's first mayor was Amos Gould, a judge originally from New York. In 1876, it organized its fire department. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.37 square miles (13.91 km²), of which 5.23 square miles (13.55 km²) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km²) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,194 people, 6,161 households, and 3,779 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,905.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,121.7/km²). There were 6,823 housing units at an average density of 1,304.6 per square mile (503.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 0.8% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population. Serving Owosso, Michigan Bio-One services all types of trauma, distressed property, and biohazard scenes in communities throughout the Detroit Area. We partner with local authorities, communities, emergency services personnel, victim services groups, hoarding task forces, apartment complexes, insurance companies and others to provide the most efficient and superior service possible. We are your crime scene cleaners dedicated to assisting law enforcement, public service agencies and property owners/managers in restoring property that has been contaminated as a result of crime, disaster or misuse. - We have fielded thousands of calls and recovered just about any situation out there in a professional and compassionate matter. - We are Licensed, Bonded, and Insured. - We maintain strict adherence to OSHA rules and regulations to ensure the safety of our workers, the public, and of you and your family. - We are proud to have a great working relationship with the Police, Fire, and most Insurance Agencies.

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If you have Coronavirus symptoms… If you have been tested for Coronavirus and have a positive result, or have symptoms (as per those below), you must self isolate for 10 days. If you can, use a separate bathroom and do not mix with others in your household. Family members in your house must also self isolate for 14 days. As a reminder, the symptoms are as follows: - a new continuous cough - loss or change in your normal sense of smell or taste Like the common cold, coronavirus infection usually occurs through close contact with a person with novel coronavirus via cough and sneezes or hand contact. A person can also be infected by touching contaminated surfaces if they do not wash their hands. Everyone is being reminded to follow Public Health England advice to: - Always carry tissues with you and use them to catch your cough or sneeze. Then bin the tissue, and wash your hands, or use a sanitiser gel. - Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after using public transport. Use a sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available. - Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands. - Avoid close contact with people who are unwell. You can find the latest information and advice from Public Health England at www.gov.uk/coronavirus The public has a crucial role to play in containing the spread of the virus. Washing your hands more often, for 20 seconds. Use soap and water or a hand sanitiser when you: get home of into work, blow your nose, sneeze or cough, eat or handle food. Protect yourself and others. So in summary, you should only leave your home: - to shop for basic essentials – when you really need to - to exercise – such as a run, walk or cycle, alone or with other people you live with - for any medical need – for example, to visit a pharmacy or deliver essential supplies to a vulnerable person - to work if it is safe to do so and you cannot work from home And always stay 2 metres apart. You can follow our Coronavirus Doncaster updates on social media – for the latest information from all organisations in Doncaster:

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Article body copy “Can you see anything?” Henry Carter was asked in 1923 as he peered into King Tutankhamun’s tomb. “Yes,” he replied, “wonderful things.” This column explores other wonderful things—intriguing artifacts or technologies that give insight into coastal cultures. Around the turn of the 20th century, an unscrupulous American sea captain acquired this unusual blue hunter’s hat on Kodiak Island, just off the southern Alaska coast. D.F. Tozier was an officer in the US Revenue Service, and, according to reports, he amassed a large collection of Northwest Coast artifacts, often by stealing the things he coveted or intimidating reluctant sellers. No one knows just how Tozier laid hands on this hunter’s hat, now in the collection of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC. The Alutiiq people of Kodiak Island were masters of northern coastal waters: they speared sea lions and hunted whales with poison-tipped harpoons. They passed down their hunting hats from one generation to the next as cherished family heirlooms. Whoever made this particular hat adorned it with beautiful things from the sea. Long white dentalium shells gleam from the brim, and two small bundles of sea lion whiskers perch below the crown, a reminder of the intimate connection between the hunter and his prey. But the most stunning part of this hat is its rich royal-blue color. Where did the Alutiiq find this dye? Melonie Ancheta, a Washington State artist who specializes in the study of Northwest Coast Native pigments and paints, says that the Alutiiq and many of their coastal neighbors traditionally used vivianite, a blue clay found along the Northwest Coast. But the hunter’s hat bears no trace of that substance, Ancheta says. Instead, the maker chose something completely different: a laundry bluing product, such as Reckitt’s or Mrs. Stewart’s, which had a blue dye that made dingy whites appear as cleaner and brighter. “On this hat it was probably used full strength to provide such a saturated color,” writes Ancheta in an email to Hakai Magazine. Early foreign merchants or traders likely brought laundry bluing to Kodiak Island, and the Alutiiq were quick to see a new, useful purpose for the product. They had learned long before that the key to survival along the Alaska coast lay in adaptability. In this hunter’s hat, they simply adapted again.

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When our three-year-old daughter, Jane, was diagnosed with stage IV Wilms tumor (a pediatric kidney cancer), our eyes were opened to some harsh realities:* Cancer kills more kids than all other diseases combined. One in 285 children in the US will be diagnosed with cancer before they’re 20 years old. Nearly 700 children every single day are diagnosed with cancer worldwide. About thirty-five percent of children diagnosed with cancer will die within 30 years of diagnosis. Add 30 years to your child's age -- is that long enough? Yet pharmaceutical companies spend almost nothing on research and development because there aren't enough sick kids to make it profitable. And there is scant government funding. The NIH allocates less than 4% of cancer research budget to childhood cancers -- and that's for ALL childhood cancers. We realized children battling cancer need some magic. Magic born from the dreams, hard work and dedication of the visionary doctors and scientists at Seattle Children’s Hospital. Immunotherapy offers kids a better cure. One free of life-long chronic and possibly fatal health challenges brought on by the toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation. Working in the most collaborative research community in the country, our team believe they have the science and the track record, all they lack are the funds to bring this treatment to more young patients. ImmunoMomentum! was founded to accelerate this world-class immunotherapy research.

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Lead and Copper Rule The purpose of the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is to protect public health by minimizing lead and copper levels in drinking water. Lead and copper enter drinking water mainly from corrosion of lead and copper containing plumbing materials. The rule establishes action levels (AL) for lead and copper based on a 90th percentile level of tap water samples. An action level exceedance is not a violation but triggers other requirements to minimize exposure to lead and copper in drinking water, including water quality parameter monitoring, corrosion control treatment, source water monitoring/treatment, public education, and lead service line replacement. All community water supplies and nontransient noncommunity water supplies are subject to the LCR requirements. Lead and Copper Tap Sampling Sample Site Selection Site selection criteria were updated in 2018 to place more emphasis on sites with lead service lines. Review the updated sample site selection criteria to confirm the sites in your sampling pool still meet proper tiering criteria. Lead and Copper Sampling Plan (Sampling Pool) Water supplies must submit to EGLE a Sampling Plan that contains a pool of properly tiered lead and copper tap sampling sites. Sampling Plan Instructions and Guidance - Steps for Completing the Lead and Copper Sampling Plan (PDF) - March 2019 - Site Selection and Sampling Plan Memo (PDF) Sampling Plan Forms Tap Sampling Checklist To avoid missing steps or deadlines, use this checklist as you prepare for and conduct lead and copper tap sampling and report results to EGLE. Samples MUST be collected according to very specific instructions. Water supplies may use the following instructions to inform operators and/or homeowners on proper sample collection Sites WITHOUT lead service lines Sites WITH lead service lines Lead and Copper Report and Consumer Notice Certificate - Form A - Supplies WITH lead service lines: Form A (PDF) and Form A (Word) - Form B - Supplies WITHOUT lead service lines: Form B (PDF) and Form B (Word) Water Quality Parameter (WQP) Tap Sampling Use these WQP report templates to report sampling results to EGLE. Choose the appropriate template based upon whether or not your system has corrosion control treatment. - Water Quality Parameter Report for Systems WITH Corrosion Control Treatment (Word) - Water Quality Parameter Report for Systems WITHOUT Corrosion Control Treatment (Word) Distribution System Materials Inventory (DSMI) Preliminary DSMI Information Preliminary DSMI Videos Preliminary DMSI Forms Complete DSMI Information Service Line Information Building owner/occupant service line material notification - Service line material notification guidance - Template notice of KNOWN lead service line: Notice 1 (PDF) Notice 1 (Word) - Template notice of LIKELY lead service line: Notice 2 (PDF) Notice 2 (Word) - Template of UNKNOWN service line material: Notice 3 (PDF) Notice 3 (Word) - Template Enclosure - Reducing Potential Exposure to Lead: PDF Word - LCR Overview and Changes (PDF) - LCR Distribution System Materials Inventory (PDF) - LCR Service Line Replacement (PDF) - LCR Site Tiering and Sampling Pool (PDF) - LCR Monitoring (PDF) - LCR Reporting (PDF) Please visit Michigan.gov/MILeadSafe for information on exposure to lead in drinking water, the latest drinking water test results and more. - EGLE's Lead and Copper in Drinking Water for other reference materials for water supplies and the public. - For more information on the EPA Lead and Copper Rule, including the final rules and the Quick Reference Guide visit the Web site of the U.S. EPA at https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/lead-and-copper-rule. - University of Michigan's "What you need to know about Michigan's 2018 Lead and Copper Rule"

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3.1 Community development and the role of social work Community development can be seen as building or releasing social capital for collective benefit. It supports networks that foster mutual learning and develop shared commitments and a common vision so that people can work and live together in relatively stable communities. Since this period the role of community development workers has declined. However, the importance of understanding the needs and aspirations of people within geographic locations continues to be important for practice. Barr (2015) suggests that social work still makes a valuable contribution to community development in partnership-based initiatives, working with members of communities and colleagues from a range of professional and organisational backgrounds.

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What is the potential for AI in construction? A drone comes into view and hovers over your construction site. Moments later, the tablet you are holding lights up with several observations the drone has made: a labourer in section B is not wearing his helmet. Four of your diggers are underutilised. A dark patch of earth in section D suggests the area is becoming waterlogged. This kind of useful information is the promise of AI in construction. Right now, no Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is anywhere near offering this level of functionality. Nevertheless, there are numerous businesses currently trying to train AI systems that could make the construction industry work better. What is the current state of AI in construction, and what is the potential of this new technology? What is AI in construction? Artificial Intelligence is a term used to describe how machines can be trained to imitate human cognitive functions – spotting patterns, learning from experience or understanding images. AI in construction involves using these technologies to make building sites safer, reduce waste and boost efficiency. AI in construction is one of several major innovations in construction technology to have emerged in recent years. And while the technology is still relatively new and not yet widely used, it is expected to grow. Indeed, one forecast reckons the building AI market will reach USD $4.5 billion by 2026. However, AI construction technologies face a handful of key obstacles to wider adoption: - AI machines require large amounts of data to ‘train’ algorithms to spot patterns. For example, an AI system that is trained to see if labourers are wearing helmets would need to view millions of photos of people of different heights and at different distances to know when to sound the alarm. Without enough data, this kind of training isn’t possible. - In the sectors which most successfully use AI (such as tech or financial services), the sheer scale of the companies means they have access to troves of data. However, most construction businesses are relatively small in size (at least compared to an Amazon or an HSBC) – so they do not hold anywhere near as much data to train their algorithms. - There is a shortage of data scientists and they tend to command extremely high salaries. Only the biggest firms can attract top AI talent. While these obstacles are important, the potential benefits of AI in construction are significant and make it an opportunity worth exploring. And, as the following examples demonstrate, there are several scenarios where construction AI is already in use – or could be in the coming years. 5 use cases for AI in construction The following examples give some insight into the ways AI could be used in construction: - Generative design One of AI’s greatest strengths is its ability to explore many different variations of a model to find the best option – this is known as ‘generative design’. Generative design has already been used in manufacturing and companies like Alice Technologies are trying to bring it to the construction sector too. Generative design could be useful for designers using BIM technology. AI would take a BIM model and explore tens of thousands of minor and major design changes to make a design safer, more stable, or simply cheaper and faster to build. For a human to explore all these possibilities would require months – an AI engineering programme could do so in hours. - Predictive maintenance AI is very effective at analysing historical data and using this to create likely forecasts of future events. While no technology has yet been designed to do this, the data that apps like PlanRadar collect could feasibly be used to train a machine to spot patterns in maintenance issues and locations. Picture an AI system which assesses hundreds of thousands of damage or issue reports for different kinds of buildings over time, as well as information from IoT sensors. Eventually, it could plausibly begin to predict when certain surfaces, fittings or materials will become damaged or worn and alert maintenance teams to this. - Project management Construction projects frequently become delayed or experience cost overruns – even with skilled project managers overseeing them. However, academic research into AI forecasting algorithms has proven highly accurate in estimating cost overruns of projects. Project managers could use AI-enhanced PPM software that identifies how likely their plans are to be delayed. This could help them revise projects and find ways to manage time and resources better. AI construction robotics represent an exciting possibility for saving time and reducing risk. We’re still a long way from a world of autonomous robot bricklayers, yet firms like Built Robotics are already providing bulldozers and excavators which can be given defined tasks and work alone. This kind of technology could save enormous sums of money and make projects progress faster. Imagine a project in a remote location that it is difficult to get workers to – remote diggers could work 24/7 clearing sites and get the work done much faster. - AI-enhanced drones Drones are already being used on construction sites to give builders new perspectives on projects and progress. And now, firms like Skycatch are training drones to ‘understand’ what they are seeing. The applications here are enormous – from spotting dangerous activity to monitoring productivity levels, intelligent drones could help make sites safer, more efficient and productive. The promise of AI in construction How would your firm go about using Artificial Intelligence? In an article on the potential of AI in construction, analysts at McKinsey recommend builders identify high impact use cases that are relevant to their activities. If, for instance, you hold extensive project management data, this would be the place to start. Or, if you have conducted thousands of maintenance reports, a building AI solution that crunches through that data would make sense. At present, AI in construction remains a relatively little used technology. Nevertheless, with the correct execution, it could have a major influence on how your firm works. PlanRadar was founded in 2013 and provides innovative mobile-first software solutions to the construction and real estate industries. Our app is available on all iOS, Android and Windows devices and has helped more than 7,000 customers in over 44 countries to digitise their workflow.

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January 27, 1756 was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s birthday. Happy 262th birthday Herr Mozart! Likely you have a favorite piece or work composed by Mozart. Maybe it’s The Magic Flute or The Marriage of Figaro. Or perhaps Mozart a piano sonata or symphony resonates with you? I can’t count the number of times I have heard, accompanied, or helped with violins playing Twinkle Twinkle Little Star and variations. With over 600 compositions to his credit, Mozart has become a significant part of the landscape of Western Art Music. But would Mozart’s musical genius have been recognized, celebrated and remembered so profoundly if he hadn’t had help along the way? I think about, throughout Mozart’s life, who helped him along the way? We know that his father Leopold was his teacher and planned his extensive tours of Europe as a child prodigy. We know that Johann Sebastian Bach was an influential mentor in Mozart’s early adulthood. We know that Mozart benefited from a position in the Salzburg court. And we know some, although arguably far too little, about his sister Maria Anna also called Nannerl. Sister Nan helped to write the first biographies of Wolfgang and she was a brilliant performer in her own right. It’s thought that through watching her music lessons with their father, Wolfgang was inspired to take up music himself. They toured together as children performers. History records that Wolfgang wrote pieces for Nannerl to perform, but I suspect the compositional relationship went both ways. We just don’t learn about women composers as equals to their male counterparts in our history textbooks. The point is Mozart did not exist in isolation. Mozart wouldn’t have been Mozart if he hadn’t had helpful relationships with people around him. So as we remember the musical legacy of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart this week, perhaps we can also remember the helpers. I can think of many people in my life who have helped me along the way: teachers, friends, mentors, ministers, my own children, my spouse, colleagues, students, and more. I’m sure you can think of many helpers in your life’s journey too. I am grateful for the time spent, the encouragement and the lessons learned from all of the helpers in my life. I know I wouldn’t be me without them. And we also have the ability to be a helper in someone else’s life. Another way to say this might be that we are all cathedral builders, quietly working behind the scenes to create something wonderful in a person we love and value. I love this version of the poem, The Invisible Mom. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YU0aNAHXP0 Certainly moms are often undervalued and should be mentioned in the title, but I think you could also substitute the words ‘dad’, ‘teacher’, ‘coach’ or ‘helper’. For many, Mozart’s works represent a glorious musical cathedral … who were the cathedral builders for Mozart? Who are the cathedral builders in your life? For whom do you have the privilege of building cathedrals?

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The recent development of genome modification technologies such as TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) and the CRISPR-Cas9 system has allowed unprecedented modification of eukaryotic genomes. TALENs are a sequence-specific nuclease comprised of TALE DNA binding domains fused to the FokI nuclease. CRISPR-Cas9 consists of the Cas9 nuclease plus two small RNAs: one that base-pairs with a 19 bp target (crRNA) and another that activates Cas9 (trcRNA). This system can be simplified by making a synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA), a hybrid of the two small RNAs. Both systems are used to make DNA double-strand breaks at desired genomic locations. At the recent International C. elegans meeting, we presented in a workshop about harnessing these technologies to edit the nematode genome. We have summarized the workshop and describe the reagents and protocols we anticipate distributing to the community. The presentations covered a broad range of successful approaches: A.E.F. (Church lab), J.C., and Y.T. (Colaiàcovo lab) presented their system for targeted mutagenesis, which involved injecting a cocktail of three vectors: a worm codon optimized Cas9 driven by the eft-3 promoter, an sgRNA driven by a U6 promoter, and an mCherry marker driven by the myo-3 promoter (Friedland et al., 2013). Targeting four different genes with this system, they recovered mutant progeny with random inserts and deletions at the expected loci. Progeny of these F1 animals were screened and also carried these mutant alleles, indicating that the targeted disruptions are heritable. Reagents are available on Addgene at http://www.addgene.org/crispr/calarco/. By co-injecting an engineered homologous recombination template and a single Cas9+sgRNA expression plasmid, D.J.D. (Goldstein lab) and J.D.W. (Yamamoto lab) inserted gfp into endogenous genes, resulting in GFP “knock-in” fusion proteins expressed under the control of all native regulatory elements. They also made multiple targeted point mutations in endogenous genes. The unc-119(+) marker used to select for recombinants can be excised with Cre recombinase, allowing complicated genome edits to be made with minimal “scarring.” Knock-in strains took less than 1 month to produce (about 2 days total hands-on time) and cost about $200 (mainly the cost of PCR primers). Plasmids will be distributed via Addgene after acceptance of the manuscript. J.L. reported work from Jihyun Lee (his lab) and S.W. Cho (J.S. Kim lab); they generated gene-specific heritable mutations by germline injection of Cas9 protein complexed with sgRNA. X-linked genes dpy-3 and unc-1 were selected for targeting to facilitate identifying mutations through their visible phenotypes in homozygotes and hemizygotes. Indels at target sites were successfully confirmed in F1 animals by T7E1 assay and sequencing in both cases. Surprisingly, visible F1 mutants were often observed, and one Dpy mutant turned out to be a trans-heterozygote of two independent mutations in dpy-3, demonstrating the high efficiency of the method. RNA-based (CRISPRs and TALENs) H.C. and H.S. (Sternberg lab) injected in vitro-synthesized RNAs into the C. elegans germline: a capped and polyadenylated mRNA for humanized Cas9 and an sgRNA. F2 progeny were inspected for phenotypic homozygous mutants. Mutants were recovered at varying frequencies, up to one allele for every five P0s. A majority of mutations were large deletions (>1 kbp). Analysis of high-throughput sequencing of two closely related but independent dpy-11 mutants did not identify off-target changes to the genome, suggesting CRISPR mutagenesis was highly specific for targeted gene disruption. T.W.L. (Meyer lab) reported on highly effective strategies using TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases to create heritable, precise insertion, deletion, or substitution mutations at specific DNA sequences at targeted endogenous loci. This was achieved by germline injection of nuclease mRNAs and single-strand DNA templates. They created nucleotide changes both close to and far from double-strand breaks to gain and lose genetic function, to tag proteins made from an endogenous gene, and to excise entire loci through targeted FLP-FRT recombination. These methodologies were effective across nematode species divergent by 300 million years: hermaphroditic and gonochoristic species within Caenorhabditis (elegans and species 9) and P. pacificus. Thus, genome-editing tools now exist to transform non-model nematode species into genetically tractable model organisms. The adoption of these modification technologies promises to transform nematode genetics. Going forward, the rules of CRISPR targeting must be better elucidated, the kinetics of insertion/deletion and homologous recombination events can be optimized, and high-throughput screening strategies must be developed. The workshop highlighted the diversity of techniques successfully developed for nematode genome modification, with the best technique depending on the desired experimental outcome. Articles submitted to the Worm Breeder's Gazette should not be cited in bibliographies. Material contained here should be treated as personal communication and cited as such only with the consent of the author.

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|Academic Learning Coach| Our apples, bananas, bread, and potatoes come from many parts of the world. Many of the foods we love do not grow near our town or even our country. Many of our ancestors traveled with certain foods, crossing oceans, and they introduced them to the places we live in today. Follow this presentation to discover the history of where our food comes from. Discover who provides our food, how certain foods are grown, how others are processed, and finally how the food gets to us. Earn EXTRA INCOME! Sign up for FREE:Teachers Pay Teachers Valerie Bourbour is a certified educator and past Co-Director of The Academy of Ormond Beach. Ms. Bourbour has experience in online learning platforms and aims for student success.

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In the modern landscape design, the rockery is the main view, or the rockery is the main body. The flowers and trees, the fish pond and the buildings are all based on the rockery, and they are decorated with the beauty of the rockery. Most of the rockery is a stone as the main material, according to a certain rule, using various techniques to splice a piece of stone into a rockery, which is derived from nature but higher than nature. The mountain is the main purpose of making the landscape as the main purpose, fully combined with the function of many other aspects, with the natural landscape as the blueprint of the art generalization, with the artificial reengineering of the landscape of landscape. Gardens are often divided into scenic spots according to the characteristics of the whole garden and functions of various parts, so as to facilitate visitors to tour. It is natural and flexible to use the rockery to divide space and organization space. While using the rockery to separate the space, it also controls the sight of the sightseeing to a certain extent. Because of the undulating terrain created by the rockery, the visual effects of the invisible and invisible appearance of the scenery also cause the curiosity and the sense of desire of the tourists. The highlights of this article are from the production of rockery in Ji'nan. Please click on our official website: http://www.sdjnjingguan.com thank you for coming.

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Tetraploidy can arise from various mitotic or cleavage defects in mammalian cells and inheritance of multiple centrosomes induces aneuploidy when tetraploid cells continue steadily to routine. marker geminin. Arrest isn’t because of DNA harm as the γ-H2AX DNA harm marker continues to be at control amounts after tetraploidy induction. Imprisoned tetraploid cells become senescent as dependant on SA-β-galactosidase activity finally. Tetraploid arrest would depend on p16INK4a appearance as siRNA suppression of p16INK4a bypasses tetraploid arrest permitting principal cells to be aneuploid. We conclude that tetraploid principal cells may become senescent without DNA harm which induction of senescence is crucial to tetraploidy arrest. Methyl Hesperidin Launch During cell proliferation maintenance of the integrity from the genome is certainly of paramount importance. Because of this multiple cell routine checkpoints assure the correct conclusion of preceding levels from the cell routine before the following stage ensues. These regulatory systems protect cells from the results of DNA harm early termination of DNA replication and development into anaphase before chromosomes are correctly aligned and under stress on the metaphase dish. Of identical importance to preservation of euploidy cells must correctly complete cytokinesis to make sure appropriate distribution of chromatin to little girl cells. Despite these handles aneuploidy and chromosomal instability are quality of almost all of human malignancies (Cahill DNA articles after 24-h contact with either DCB or blebbistatin as examined by stream cytometry whereas Methyl Hesperidin fifty percent had 2DNA articles (Statistics 1 and ?and2)2) as previously confirmed (Lohez peak and lack of DNA replication exist during DCB exposure because as previously demonstrated even minimal suppression of actin assembly induces a transient and reversible G1 (2profile and exhibited a strong BrdU arc between 2and 4and 4cells were largely unable to proceed to 8and showed little BrdU incorporation. The 4population thus remained arrested after DCB release whereas the transiently arrested 2population reestablished the proliferating populace. A small 8peak appeared during the first 24 h of drug exposure suggesting that an initial 4bypass Methyl Hesperidin created a small 8subpopulation that did not go on to divide (Physique 3 and Supplemental Video S1). After DCB release the population exhibited many binucleate cells not present before treatment (Physique 1A right). Physique 3: Quantitation of mitosis in mononucleate and binucleate cells. (A) REF52 cells were either untreated or exposed to 10 μM DCB for 24 h and then released from drug. Cells had been documented by DeltaVision deconvolution video microscopy at 400× after that … The results with blebbistatin (Body 2A) was equivalent at length to outcomes with Methyl Hesperidin DCB. During medications many 2cells didn’t move forward in the cell routine whereas the others failed in cleavage and gathered being a 4population. The transient 2arrest with either DCB or blebbistatin shows that suppressed lamellipodial motility instead of suppression of actin set up by itself Rabbit Polyclonal to LIMK2 (phospho-Ser283). induced euploid G1 cell routine arrest in nontransformed cells (Dang and Gautreau 2012 ). These outcomes contrast using the declare that blebbistatin will not induce transient G1 arrest in euploid principal cells (Krzywicka-Racka and Sluder 2011 ). The raising prominence from the 2peak during recovery signifies the Methyl Hesperidin fact that transiently imprisoned 2cells recover and reestablish a euploid inhabitants. Primary individual foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) at low passing taken care of immediately DCB (Body 2B) in a fashion that paralleled the response of low-passage REF52 cells (Lohez euploid inhabitants was restored 7 d after discharge from DCB. The 4population continued to be imprisoned as ungated stream cytometry indicated that few cells acquired >4DNA content at the moment and the lack of a <2population in ungated stream cytometry indicated no appreciable cell loss of life. Video recordings of principal cells released from DCB after 24-h publicity and documented in the initial 24 h of recovery suggest that binucleate cells are abundant. However the cells are healthful and motile they don't go through mitosis (Supplemental Video S1). Worth focusing on video recordings had been performed in the lack of blue light recognized to hinder cell routine development (Uetake and Sluder 2004 ). In stunning contrast.

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Utah State University Extension The velvet longhorned beetle is an invasive wood-boring pest that is native to Asia and Russia. It infests fruit, forest, and ornamental trees, as well as green and dry wood, such as timber and lumber. This fact sheet provides a description, and information on life history, plant hosts, injury symptoms, monitoring, and management. Rodman, Taryn M.; Spears, Lori R.; Alston, Diane G.; Cannon, Cami; Watson, Kristopher; and Caputo, Joey, "Velvet Longhorned Beetle (Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann)" (2020). All Current Publications. Paper 1957.

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Recommendations for eye health The view is one of our most important and sensitive way. The eye care, therefore, is a must. In this sense, they should bear in mind a number of tips related to eye health. First, our eyes work better if we follow a balanced diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants. Having a healthy lifestyle is essential for this sense does not suffer. In fact, get enough rest, both at bedtime and through activities that require fixation of sight, it is essential to avoid eye fatigue. Not only have to watch these bodies but also their protectors. For example, glasses and contact lenses, which have to be in optimum condition and be approved with the models recommended by medical professionals. We must also avoid deficient or excessive lighting conditions indoors or overexposure to the sun, since it forces the view. Eye care in times of year colder requires further attention. The use of heating causes dry eyes cold. Given this problem, the use of eyedrops is recommended wetting. We also participate in activities that involve risk to the eye, such as reading or using computers. Caring eye with computer in front depends posturing and appropriate distances, as it can dry out if not frequently flashes. Hygiene, like food, is basic. When you rub your eyes with your hands, we risk getting infected in these sensitive organs. The problems associated with eye health increases with age. All the more reason to periodically visit specialized in eye care doctors. Undoubtedly, the view is the sense we most need to perform our daily activities, we must preserve it.

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In a recent science article recently published by the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences in the Ecological Economic Reviews issue entitled “Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal” by Paul R. Epstein and eleven other authors, several startling new facts regarding the mining practice of mountaintop removal were outlined. First, mountaintop removal is the relatively recent practice of leveling mountains and filling streams to gain access to and remove coal seams. Mountaintop removal has been completed on five hundred sites in Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Virginia. This means that there are five hundred mountains and ridges that no longer exist. In addition, 2,000 miles of streams have been buried and rerouted. The effluent from the coal mining sites is estimated to be polluting 2,500 miles of additional downstream rivers and streams. A total of 1.4 acres of forest have also been removed. In West Virginia alone, there are 110 billion gallons of coal slurry in impoundments. These impoundments are associated with coal refining plants. Fifty-three of Appalachia impoundments have already failed, including one that spilled 309 million gallons in 2000. The article also outlines the health risk to the local communities caused by the air and water contamination. However, reports of cancer clusters admittedly needs further study.

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America and the Kurds Much of the outrage and frustration for the U.S. withdrawal from Syria focused on America’s long-standing relationship with the Kurds, without differentiating between Kurdish groups. While America’s relations with Syria’s Kurds are in flux, as a matter of foreign policy, America should increase its support for the Kurds of Iraq, a clear and reliable long-term partner in this historically contested region. The Kurds, an ethnic group living on the borderlands between Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, have figured prominently in American strategy in the Middle East for three decades. The 1990 Gulf war focused mainly on rolling back Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait. It also led America to impose a no-fly zone on oil-rich northern Iraq. This drove the Kurds to set up their own autonomous government structure, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). This “regional framework” grew stronger following America’s invasion of Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein. As a second order effect, the KRG became the most stable, reliable, and U.S.-friendly part of the country. While two rival factions have competed for power in the KRG, the 2005 Iraqi constitution recognized the region’s laws and autonomous government. This paved the way for the region, while remaining part of federal Iraq, to establish relations with foreign governments, including attracting foreign investment and developing its energy resources. By contrast, the main force purporting to represent the Kurds of Turkey has been the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), a Marxist-Leninist organization that both America and the EU consider a terrorist group. The PKK has routinely targeted civilians during its decades-long struggle against the Turkish government. This highlights one of the challenges with America’s Syria policy because the Syrian Kurds are loosely acknowledged to be an extension of the PKK. The United States military partnership with a group affiliated alongside terrorist linked organizations remains politically tenuous. NATO ally Turkey did not and does not see the fight against Islamic State as a priority. Appearances are that Ankara is more concerned with the Kurdish challenge and its ill-conceived efforts to topple the Assad regime and install a Muslim Brotherhood regime in Damascus. This week’s visit to the White House by Turkish President Erdogan will be telling in the political discussion of the above relationships. Still, there is no love lost between the KRG and PKK: the Iraqi Kurds loathe the PKK, whose Leninist ideology they fear, and have repeatedly sought to prevent the PKK from using its territory to stage attacks against Turkey. One of the authors’ (LTG(R) Bednarek) experiences and recurring discussions with our Kurdish / Peshmerga warrior partners between 2013-2015 bear this out. In fact, the U.S. has acknowledged that back in 2017, it contributed to help rebrand the Syrian Kurds into the “Syrian Democratic Forces” to make America’s partnership with them more in line with the US led coalition against ISIS. But the idea that America could build its Syria policy on this group after Islamic State was nearly defeated was incorrect. Going forward, the United States must take stock of how its relationships with Kurdish factions relates to its key regional priorities. The first priority must be to roll back Iranian expansionism in the region while reinforcing America’s presence and assistance in Iraq and boost Israel’s security. This also means upping the game in Iraq to counter Iran’s pervasive influence. America maintains a small, but formidable military presence in Iraq and enjoys strong ties with the KRG. But America is not alone. Both Russia and Iran have worked hard to establish themselves in northern Iraq. Russian energy companies have invested heavily in northern Iraq, providing the KRG with much-needed cash to stay afloat. Moscow even helped the KRG relieve $1 billion of debt, an indication of its willingness to step into the void left by the United States. As for Iran, General Qassem Soleimani, the head of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Quds force, has been a frequent visitor to the KRG. Iran made its influence clear when it urged the Kurds to withdraw from Kirkuk, a disputed northern Iraqi city, and endorsed an offensive by Iraqi forces and pro-Iranian militias on the city. Kurdish politicians have learned that they cross Iran at their own peril. By 2017, KRG leader Masoud Barzani, a legendary Peshmerga fighter, had already threatened to re-evaluate his reliance with Washington and move closer to Moscow and Tehran. The Trump administration’s withdrawal from northern Syria has put in question America’s credibility, its trust as a reliable partner, and its foreign policy in a region fraught with tension. If America wants to bolster its influence in the Middle East, a good place to solidify our position is through our US consulate in Erbil, the capital of the KRG, and obviously our US Embassy in Baghdad. Unlike the SDF, Turkey cannot and will not object to America’s ties to the KRG, as it has close ties with the KRG itself. America already spends millions of dollars in military support to the KRG, and for years American diplomacy has been key in mending fences between the KRG and Baghdad. However, this region is also at the crossroads of Turkish, Iranian and Russian interests. America could quickly lose its vital strategic position and leverage in the region unless it strengthens its relationship with Iraq’s Kurds. LTG. John “Mick” Bednarek, USA (ret.), is the former Senior Defense Official in Iraq and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA). Svante E. Cornell is Director of the American Foreign Policy Council’s Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, co-founder of the Institute for Security and Development Policy, and a Policy Advisor to JINSA’s Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy.

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From 1970 to 2010, reports showed that short-eared owl had been lost from nearly half of its former UK breeding range . There was a similar 50 per cent decrease in the breeding population. Moreover, the breeding range of black-headed gulls has shrunk by 52% since 1970. We studied the trophic ecology of Arctic Terns breeding at a colony located in Nunavut, High Arctic Canada, close to the northern limit of their breeding range (Mallory et al., 2017). Their summer breeding range runs from Portugal and Ireland in the West across to China and Siberia in the East. Their breeding range is known to be expanding south. Its breeding range extends from western Europe through central Asia to south-central Siberia and northern China, and the bulk of the population spends the winter throughout Europe, north Africa, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas and Asia (Kear 2005). It is well known that from 19thcentury the cattle egret has extended its breeding range from Africa to Europe, Asia, America and Australasia (Maddock and Geering, 1993; Parejo et al., 2010). All were in recently burned forest, illustrating the importance of this habitat to Northern Hawk Owls in this area near the southern perimeter of their breeding range , and consistent with findings from east-central Alberta, Canada (Hannah and Hoyt 2004). The ruddy shelduck's breeding range stretches from south-eastern Europe to western China, with some established populations in Africa. Brewer's (Spizella breweri) and sagebrush (Artemisiospiza nevadensis) sparrows are obligate to landscapes dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia species) on their breeding range (Martin and Carlson, 1998; Rotenberry et al., 1999). Elsewhere in the West Indies breeding range , Mattila and Clapham's 1985-86 surveys found that humpback sightings peaked in mid- to late-February on Virgin Bank and Anguilla Bank, with an overall mean of 0.044 whales/[nmi.sup.2] (sd = 0.029) on Virgin Bank. Destruction of their ancient woodland habitat has seen the number of dormice half in their breeding range over the last 100 years.

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Explaining the appeal of bad news: A critical test of three theories Date of Completion The uses and gratifications perspective posits individual needs for stimulation and information vary systematically. These needs can affect which media content is chosen by the individual. This study seeks to determine what motivates people to watch bad news. The theories of emotional education, morbid curiosity and social comparison are pitted against one another in a critical test to determine which is the best predictor of attraction to bad news stories. Participants viewed emotional and gory news clips of the accidental NATO bombing of a Kosovar refugee convoy and responded to items assessing viewing motivations and personality traits. Results showed that Buck's (1998) concept of emotional education was the best predictor of attraction to bad news. Here viewers were attracted to the bad news story because they liked the experience of feeling emotion regardless of the valence. Social comparison and disgust measures were negatively related to positive evaluations of the news story offering little support for morbid curiosity and social support as explanations for the appeal of bad news. Personality traits had little influence on viewing motivations for the appeal of bad news and gender differences were found for various emotions. Women felt more disgust, compassion and negative affect when compared to men. Implications and direction for future research are also discussed. ^ Pulaski, Michelle Mary, "Explaining the appeal of bad news: A critical test of three theories" (2001). Doctoral Dissertations. AAI3008135.

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Do you know there are lakes, waterfalls, and even rivers in the ocean? Read amazing facts about the ocean and know how it is different from other water bodies. You might know about earth facts, the universe, and animals. But do you know the ocean itself is a vast subject and share several facts that are not known to many? For instance, water at the bottom of the ocean is extremely hot. Five oceans cover the earth’s surface. The Pacific Ocean is the biggest in the world and covers over 30% of the earth’s surface. The ring of fire, located in the pacific ocean, has a string of active volcanoes. Therefore, the world’s major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are experienced in this region. Do you know 8th June is celebrated as Ocean’s day? The day promotes conservation efforts and preserves five crucial areas, including Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Southern, and their inhabitants. Let us know some ocean facts that would let you understand this water body deeply. Have you ever wondered what makes the ocean look blue? The color is the result of the sun’s different wavelengths (red and orange) that are absorbed by the surface, and its blue wavelength penetrating deeper while giving away blue color. The wavelengths that travel farther down the ocean look blue the lower you go. The Mariana Trench is considered to be the deepest part of the world’s ocean and also the deepest point on earth. It is located in the Western Pacific Ocean, about 124mi east of the Mariana Islands. It is crescent-shaped and measures about over 70km in width and 2550km in length. The Mariana Trench is also a part of the Izu- Bonin-Marian subduction system that forms the boundary between the tectonic plates. The movement of Pacific and Mariana plates is responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. With other microorganisms, gigantic single-celled amoebas with a size of 10 cm were also observed. Inside the Trench, there is a valley known as Challenger Deep that extends 7 miles below the surface. It was in 2019 when Victor Vescovo made a record by becoming the first person to reach the deepest point. Yes, you read it right! There are around 20 million tons of gold dispersed in the ocean. The ocean floor has undissolved gold embedded in it. It is believed that if the ocean’s gold is distributed with humans, each of us would have nine pounds of gold. So, if you wish to find a fortune, then we have shown you the way. Did you know about this one of the hidden ocean facts before? You won’t believe it, but the majority of volcanic eruptions went unnoticed by people on earth. Do you know why? Because they are erupting underwater. Over 1 million volcanoes release molten hot lava beneath the ocean’s surface. Researchers believe that the area has several species that are invulnerable to the harsh environment, which includes a temperature of up to 750 degrees. You can find several animals on the land. But, it is estimated that nearly 90% of life on earth is found under the ocean. The highest tides in the world can be noticed at the Bay of Fundy, which separates New Brunswick from Nova Scotia. Sea animals like zooplankton are so tiny that they can only be seen with a microscope. Over 200,000 marine species are documented, ranging from phytoplankton (0.02 meters) to huge cetaceans. Marine invertebrates exhibit a range of modifications to survive in waters, including breathing tubes. The skin of fish is protected by scales, and they use fins to stabilize themselves in the water. Out of the 95% of species present in the ocean, scientists estimate that they do not know anything about 86% of species. You might find this shocking, but nearly 8 million tons of garbage, including plastics, end up in the ocean every year. Floating plastic debris is the most abundant item of litter found in the ocean. You can detect plastic on the shorelines of the continents and in densely populated areas. Plastic pollution is the major problem affecting the marine environment and also threatens food safety and quality. Furthermore, it also contributes to climate changes and coastal tourism. Therefore, we must find a way to control pollution to save everyone’s life. The majority of white sharks hunt in the parts off the coasts of California and Hawaii. But every year, at a spot between North America and Hawaii, the sharks converge. The scientists identified the zone with a radius of 250kms. The White Shark Cafe is a remote mid-Pacific Ocean area that is considered as a winter and spring habitat of coastal great white sharks. Earlier, it was believed that the area had little food for the animals, but later, it was found that there is a food chain to be detected by satellites that provide food for sharks. Do you know the ocean is responsible for producing over 70% of the oxygen that we breathe? The ocean transports the heat from the equator and regulates the climate and weather patterns. Marine photosynthesizers like phytoplankton use carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the sun and release oxygen while they make food for themselves. Also, the iceberg could supply drinking water to millions of people for five years. One of the lesser-known Ocean facts is about Blue-Ringed Octopus. This deadly creature is considered to be the highly venomous species of octopus that can be found in tide pools and coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans. You can identify Blue-ringed octopuses with their yellowish skin and blue and black rings that change color when the animal is threatened. They eat shrimp, hermit crabs, and other small animals. Sometimes, they also eat small injured fish and use their horny beak to pierce the crab releasing their venom. These creatures spend their time hiding in crevices while displaying their camouflage patterns with their chromatophore cells. They can also change their shape, which helps them to squeeze into crevices. If they are provoked, they change their color and turn themselves yellow, with each 50-60 rings flashing bright blue within a third of a second. The fangtooth fish is a nightmare with long razor teeth and a maximum length of 16cms. Its head is small and appears with mucous cavities by edges and covered by a thin skin. Its eyes are small, and the entire head is black and more slender towards the tail. The pelagic fangtooths are the deepest living fish and are commonly found between 600-6560 ft deep in the ocean. They have the largest teeth compared to the body size of any fish and can kill fish larger than themselves. It can be seen in a range of colors from black to dark brown and light gray. The fangtooth can be noticed around the world in temperate marine waters. They live in tropical waters from the western Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. It is carnivores and can hunt alone or in a group. Their large heads allow them to swallow prey whole and eat fish 1/3rd of their size. It is located around the South Pole across the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere off Antarctica. The Southern Ocean is home to Penguins and Wandering Albatross and is also a favorite destination for tourists. The Wandering Albatross is one of the largest and most studied birds in the world. They are majorly known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times, covering over 75,000 mi in a year. Emperor Penguins, on the other hand, are the tallest and the heaviest of living Penguin species with a streamlined body and wings flattened into flippers. Emperor Penguins spend their lives in Antarctica, where the temperature can drop to as low as -60 degrees. The Ocean is home to varieties of animals from the animal kingdom. It has cute creatures like starfish and also the deadliest ones like the blue whale. These were some of the amazing facts about Ocean that you might not have read in science books. "I can't really face small, irregularly or asymmetrically placed holes, they make me like, throw up in my mouth, cry a little bi... A lefty or left-handed uses his left hand more naturally and dominantly than the right hand. And the righty or right-handed is o... Watching celestial objects is a true delight. It is still fun to catch a sight of shooting stars when we grow up. A second of th...

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About Safer School Travel (SST) The Safer School Travel Plan is a program developed to assist Parent Advisory Committees (PAC’s) in developing School Road Safety Plans. Every school should have a Road Safety Plan. A realistic and balanced approach is required between providing for the safety of children and the mobility of vehicles. The road safety plans should address: - identifying all issues in the walk/cycle limits of a school - strategies for all modes of transportation - vehicle reduction initiatives - engineering, education and enforcement measures - parent and community initiatives It is envisioned that a PAC subcommittee will be responsible for developing the School Road Safety Plan (SRSP). This would be undertaken in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders. Click here for the brochure Overview of the Safer School Travel Plan: Step 1 (Set-Up): comittee is established; timelines are devloped Step 2 (Data Collection & Problem Identification): family surveys; mapping; site visit; traffic counts; issues summarized; Stakeholder meeting Step 3 (Action Plan): Safer School Travel Road Safety Plan created; Best Walking Routes Map developed Step 4 (Implementation): Stakeholders take on assigned tasks developed from Road Safety Plan. Step 5 (Ongoing Monitoring): Follow-up data (family surveys) to evaluate progress and any new issues; Safer School Travel Road Safety Plan and Best Walking Route map adjustments. |Safer School Travel Brochure||2013-06-28||348KB|

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Types of Ignorance As a teacher, I am always pained when I hear “ignorant” used as an insult. ignorance: n. lack of knowledge Everyone is born ignorant into the world. The word ignorance is from Latin ignorantia. The prefix in– means “not”; Old Latin gnarus means “aware, acquainted with.” Mere ignorance is nothing to be ashamed of. Ignorant is not a synonym for “stupid.” Catholic theology recognizes three categories of ignorance: invincible ignorance: lack of knowledge that a person has no way to obtain vincible ignorance: lack of knowledge that a rational person is capable of acquiring by making an effort nescience: lack of knowledge that doesn’t matter in the circumstances (from Latin ne-, “not” plus scire, “to know.” In Catholic theology, invincible ignorance, “whether of the law or the fact, is always a valid excuse and excludes sin.” In the secular realm, however, all ignorance is seen as “vincible.” For logicians, the term “invincible ignorance” means “the fallacy of insisting on the legitimacy of one’s position in the face of contradictory facts.” If the facts are presented, there’s no excuse to refuse to acknowledge them. The law likewise does not allow for a category of information unavailable to the lawbreaker that would forgive the breach of the law: ignorantia juris non excusat, “ignorance of the law does not excuse.” Here’s a lengthier definition of the secular take on invincible ignorance from Wikipedia: invincible ignorance: a deductive Fallacy of Circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It’s not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word, the method instead being to make assertions with no consideration of objections. Fitness expert Greg Glassman has this recommendation for dealing with invincible ignorance: some simply cannot be swayed toward your way of thinking, so don’t try. …you’re probably best to walk away from a pointless debate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below: Stop making those embarrassing mistakes! Subscribe to Daily Writing Tips today! - You will improve your English in only 5 minutes per day, guaranteed! - Subscribers get access to our archives with 800+ interactive exercises! - You'll also get three bonus ebooks completely free!

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Channeling climate and environmental finance to smallholder farmers Smallholder farmers are on the frontline of climate change. They inhabit some of the most vulnerable landscapes, such as hillsides, rangelands, semi-arid and arid lands, deltas and flood plains, and rely on climate-sensitive natural resources to make a living. As a result, they are at significant risk from increasing temperatures, erratic rainfall, pest infestations, rising sea levels, and extreme events such as floods, droughts, landslides, typhoons and heat waves. Smallholders often lack secure land tenure and resource rights, and access to markets and finance. They are often overlooked in global and national policy debates on climate change issues despite the fact that poor rural communities bear the brunt of the impact of climate change and are key to the solution. Since climate change exacerbates existing threats, development organizations must devise new financial and programming instruments to address complex emerging problems. The Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) is IFAD’s flagship programme for channeling climate and environmental finance to smallholder farmers. The programme is incorporated into IFAD’s regular investment processes and benefits from rigorous quality control and supervision systems. Thanks to the joint efforts and generous support of 10 donors, ASAP has received US$300 million in contributions. It has helped five million vulnerable smallholders in 41 countries cope with the impact of climate change and build more resilient livelihoods. In the future, ASAP will ensure that approaches for addressing climate-related risks are integrated into all of IFAD’s portfolio of loans and grants. The ASAP fund allows IFAD country programmes to design projects from a climate-informed perspective and leverage resources for technical assistance. ASAP funds activities that focus on: - policy engagement –supporting agricultural institutions in IFAD Member States seeking to achieve international climate change commitments and national adaptation priorities; - climate risk assessment – facilitating the systematic use of climate risk information when planning investments to increase resilience; - women’s empowerment – increasing the participation of women in, and their benefits from, climate-change adaptation activities; - private-sector engagement – strengthening the participation of the private sector and farmer groups in climate change adaptation and mitigation activities; - climate services – enhancing the use of climate information for when planning investments to increase resilience; - natural resource management and governance – strengthening the participation and ownership of smallholder farmers in decision-making processes; and improving technologies for the governance and management of climate-sensitive natural resources; - knowledge management – enhancing the documentation and dissemination of knowledge on approaches to climate-resilient agriculture. Statement of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) at the twenty-third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 23) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Mid-term review of IFAD’s Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme This mid-term review assesses the extent to which the design and results to date of the Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) are relevant for farmers facing climate change.

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Marian Hope Children’s Learning Center provides a nurturing environment where children feel safe and loved. Marian Hope Center offers a plethora of classes and services for the array of differential learners and learning diagnoses, including: autism spectrum disorders, childhood apraxia & other speech disorders, Down syndrome & other genetic disorders, dyslexia & other reading disorders, the varying specific language & learning disabilities, feeding disorders, sensory integration disorders, & motor disorders. We service all special needs, focusing on the individual child and building individual plans to help each reach their God-blessed potential. Why Marian Hope Children’s Learning Center? - The dynamic gifts of Marian Hope therapists and educators - Our parent/education and training to ensure skills are being generalized outside of therapy classes - The blending of children with and without special needs - The 1:2 staff to student ratio Below is a list of our Spring 2021 scheduled classes. Other classes can be created on an “as needed” basis. For further information, please contact Heather Ruoff at 816-695-1255 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Language Through Play – Speech-language pathologists will guide the children as they practice communicating with peers. The specific areas addressed will vary according to the needs of the children in each group and may include initiating and participating in conversation, maintaining appropriate eye contact, asking and responding to questions, and turn-taking. Children will practice the social skills while participating in a variety of activities including role playing, outdoor games, board games, crafts, and conversation. Social Language & Motor Development – This class is similar to the Language Through Play classes with an extra 45 minutes to allow more time for motor activities. This class is intended to improve both social communication and physical skills of young children. Mini Social Motor – Speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists will guide children ages 1-2 in learning early social skills, basic play skills, and enhancing motor development. Language Enrichment Classes – These classes provide intensive speech, language, and occupational therapy as well as sensory integration techniques. Books, fine and gross motor activities, and speech/language activities focus on different themes each month; however, the curriculum is modified to meet the needs of each individual child. Students participate in circle time, small group and/or individual therapy settings, gross motor exploration, snack time with gluten- and casein-free snacks, and therapist-directed free play. The ratio of therapist/paraprofessional to child is 1 to 2. Improving Communication with Technology – This class utilizes augmentative communication devices to provide non-verbal children ways to communicate their wants and needs as well as giving them appropriate ways to play with toys. Strategies and techniques are also implemented to improve verbal communication and receptive language. Socialization is also encouraged through the use of augmentative communication devices and through play-based therapy. Social Skills Challenge – Speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists will guide the children as they practice communicating with peers. The specific areas addressed will vary according to the needs of the children in each group and may include initiating and participating in conversation, maintaining appropriate eye contact, asking and responding to questions, and turn-taking. Children will practice the social skills while participating in a variety of activities including role playing, outdoor games, board games, crafts, and conversation. Life Enrichment – Children will practice every day self-help skills with peers. A speech-language pathologist and occupational therapist will guide the children through activities such as going to a restaurant, grocery shopping, writing checks, making change, and doing laundry. The main objective is to improve daily living skills while also helping children to make friends and to interact more appropriately with others.

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This volume is the first illustrated comprehensive reference book to all butterfly and skipper species known to occur in the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, and Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)). All species are figured in colour (about 1200 images, including many type specimens from historical and famous private collections). Many type specimens figured for the first time. Twenty-five colour plates and the dust jacket represent landscapes and photos of butterflies in nature. The book includes information on distribution, habitats, flight period, complete synonymy, type material, distribution maps of 182 species of Rhopalocera belonging to 5 families.

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When you’re making delicious meals for yourself and your kids, you’ll need to use many tools, utensils, pots, and pans. Things can quickly become hectic as you carry out the many steps involved with preparing food, and without strong organization, you or your children may get hurt from an unintentional mishap. Take note of these ways to prevent accidents in the kitchen so that everyone in your family can stay safe. Messy counters and floors are big contributors to accidents in the kitchen. Make an effort to keep these surfaces nice and tidy to reduce the dangers they could potentially pose. Clear away pots, pans, and dishes that pile up during the course of your cooking, as these can easily topple over and hit someone or shatter into sharp pieces. Whenever a spill of any kind happens, address it immediately. Spills can lead to slips and serious injuries if you leave them alone. As a mom, you’re probably already well aware of the problems that can occur when children touch something they shouldn’t out of curiosity. If you have younger kids, makes sure to keep potential hazards out of their reach. This could include the handles of pots full of hot food; sharp tools such as scissors and knives; and fragile glass containers. As you cook, only take out the items you need while keeping the rest securely tucked away in a high or locked cabinet. You should also turn pot handles away from the edges of the counters and stove so the kids don't accidently grab them or pull a hot pot down on themselves trying to see what's for dinner. Any instrument you use can become a danger if you don’t care for it properly, so a way to prevent accidents in the kitchen is to maintain the condition of your tools. A pan might fall apart while you’re gripping it by the handle if the screws are loose, and a pot with an uneven bottom can become more prone to tipping over while you’re heating it up. Handle your wares gently and store them carefully so that they last for a very long time. Kitchen knives are not only expensive to replace, but a dull blade is so frustrating! It’s smart to learn about the common knife care mistakes people make and how to keep your knife sharp and free of rust. Blunt knives have a tendency to slip, and you don’t want rust to transfer to food.

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Does your child suffer from night terrors? Here are some expert tips to help you navigate this night-time difficulty. what is a night terror? Those of you who have witnessed a child's night terror will know how they came to be named. The child wakes abruptly from sleep in a confused and very frightened state, showing physical signs of panic such as rapid breathing, sweating and an elevated heart rate. Often the child will thrash around, scream, appear very distressed and seem unaware of their surroundings or of your efforts to comfort them. They may not even recognise you and this is because, even though their eyes are open, your child is actually still deeply asleep. These episodes can last for as long as forty minutes before the child returns to a restful sleep with no memory of the event the following day. Night terrors appear so frightening however that you as a parent are often left shocked and wide-eyed for considerably longer. It's important to reassure yourself that night terrors are common and are not at all harmful for your child. Night terrors also appear in adults who also experience sleep paralysis, and these experiences can have some psychological effects. This can be due to the brain still being active and awake during rest, so the person wakes up, but the body is still inactive. Some adults who experience this may speak with their doctors about medication that can help them sleep better or buy edibles online or through cannabis dispensaries in an effort to promote a better night's sleep. With children, parents will have to take a different approach to them with their night terrors, as there are many factors. Night terrors sometimes run in families. They occur most often in the 2- to 7-year age group and more often in boys, although can also occur in girls and in older children. Episodes seem to occur more frequently when children also have a sleep disorder, such as obstructive sleep apnoea. Night terrors differ from nightmares and are not as common. Night terrors are episodes of arousal occurring during ‘deep sleep' or ‘slow wave sleep'. Because we get most of our deep sleep early in the night, episodes generally occur during the first few hours of the night. In contrast, nightmares occur during rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep or ‘dream sleep') much later – generally in the early hours of the morning. Sometimes it's possible to identify triggers such as high fevers, being overtired and emotional stress the previous day. These are useful to consider since, for some kids, addressing these triggers prevents further episodes. In general though, night terrors do not usually require further investigation or treatment, and there is no association between childhood night terrors and future mental health problems. Most often kids simply grow out of them as their sleep develops and matures. how you can best help your child Because your child is still asleep during a night terror, it's best not to wake them up, but instead simply keep them safe. Some children will run out of their beds during an episode, so you'll need to make sure that they don't inadvertently hurt themselves by bumping into things. Just gently guide them back towards their bed, tuck them in, reassure and comfort them and they will soon settle back to sleep. If your child won't let you comfort them, be sure to still sit nearby to soothe them with your words and presence while making sure they remain safe. If a child is woken during an episode, they may take longer to settle as they will wake disorientated and confused. If your child's night terrors are occurring frequently and at the same time each night and you've tried addressing possible triggers, it might be worth trying ‘scheduled awakening' – waking your child 15- to 30-minutes before you're expecting an episode. Keeping your little one awake for a few minutes for a quiet chat, song or drink of water before letting them go back to sleep may help to disrupt your child's sleep cycle enough to prevent another episode. As always though, if you're still concerned about your child's night terrors, seek the advice of your General Practitioner.View full article

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This year, more than any other, epitomized the dawn of human-driven climate disasters. While every recent year is a record-breaker, 2020 was exceptional: it had the most named Atlantic storms and hurricanes of any year and the worst wildfire season the Western US has ever seen. Whether hiding from the smoke or sheltering in place thousands of miles away from it, Americans doomscrolled their way through the latest evidence that climate change is real, here, and happening now. For Dr. Daniel Swain, climate scientist at UCLA, weather is an obvious inroad into engaging people on climate change, as people are way more likely to respond to a fire or flood at their doorstep than a chart of rising emissions. “People talk about the weather day to day, but they don't talk about climate change day to day,” Swain said. Swain studies climate science now, but he self-identifies as a “weather geek.” Through childhood and into college, he thought his obsession with the atmosphere would lead him to become a weather forecaster. Along the way, he found his sweet spot: the intersection of climate and weather. Climate is, of course, not weather, which is why it can snow in New York while the world is, on average, heating up. But climate change does influence the weather, in part by making extreme weather events more common. Swain studies why extreme events are changing, how we’re experiencing them, and what we can do to adapt to a new, disaster-prone world. This year, he released papers tying flood exposure and autumn wildfires in California to climate change, which is difficult and crucial research for constraining the complex effects of climate on weather. Looking forward, he’s interested in identifying ways to live with a changing climate and preparing communities to mitigate risk. “We don’t have to completely fix the problem overnight,” Swain said. “There’s a lot we can do in the meantime to make people’s lives better.” When he’s not tinkering with models, he’s tweeting his insights, blogging about Western US weather, or speaking to journalists and politicians. He started his blog, Weather West, long before his career as a scientist: he was a high-schooler looking to learn and build community around weather. He had no idea it would get so popular, or become a valuable tool for engaging with the public. In an age where climate science is particularly politicized, Swain believes in the importance of consistent science communication. With disinformation spreading as quickly as the Western wildfires, Swain thinks scientists must become more proactive about defending science. Earlier this year, for example, President Donald Trump blamed California’s unprecedented blazes on the state’s forest mismanagement, claiming that “it’ll start getting cooler” and that he didn’t think the “science knows” for sure about climate change. While forest management can help mitigate disaster, there is no question that climate change is contributing to the fires, Swain said. The state is exposed to hotter and drier conditions for longer periods of time, as the rains come later each year. Science has become partisan, but Swain holds hope that it can transcend politics. His audience comes from across the political spectrum, he said, and the conversation has stayed constructive and inviting. Swain’s ability to give context to our experience of a changing world is due to his unique job description: he’s a climate science researcher at UCLA, a research fellow at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and the California Climate Fellow at the Nature Conservancy. It’s hard to get that sort of institutional support to invest in communication, and the societal barriers are even higher for women and other underrepresented groups in science. Swain hopes that more researchers will have the opportunity to build public platforms. It’ll make humans better at understanding science, he said, but it will also makes the science more human. “These days, I try to ask physical science questions in addition to the more basic ones about how humans can adapt,” Swain said. “A lot of the work I do today is informed by conversations with strangers on the bus.”

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In this difficult year, loneliness has been one of the trials to overcome for many people. Some have become used to it, others experience it more badly, to the point where it can affect their mental health – including mental health professionals. “Exasperation, anger, irritability and depression; the lack of social support affects everyone, including professionals whose job it is to help us get better ”. This is what the professor of the psychology department and director of the laboratory summarizes. Trauma and resilience from the University of Quebec in Montreal, Pascale Brillon. She carried out research aimed at measuring the level of distress among these professionals – psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, psychoeducators, aid workers – compared to that of the general population, in these times of Covid. As depressed as the rest of the population Soon to be published, this study shows that professionals are as depressed and anxious as everyone else. But in the red zones, they are more so than the general population. They also say they are more often the victims of irritation in Montreal than in the regions. “They generally do better because they know the resources. And yet, in high-risk areas, they are also doing poorly, because they experience significant stress factors, starting with the reorganization of remote work, ”emphasizes the researcher. On the side of loneliness, she finds that the majority of the 618 professionals participating in the study feel even more lonely than the other 712 respondents, no matter in which area. Those in Montreal also have lower resilience rates than their colleagues in the regions. The research was conducted with colleagues from the Department of Psychology at UQAM, the Douglas Research Center and the University Institute of Mental Health of Montreal. The imprint of loneliness in the brain Even the brain displays a physical signature in those who feel loneliness acutely, reveals another Montreal team. Their recent study, published on December 15 in Nature Communications, shows a strong activation of certain regions of the brain called “brain default network” – areas dedicated to recalling the past and evoking memories related to socialization. An activity in which single people engage more often. “It’s a kind of compensation in the absence of daily stimulation. There are many who are using CBD vapes to keep themselves at their best, you can also choose the best CBD vape for you right here. But, when we miss people, we dive into our imaginations to relive moments. ” The researchers noticed that this brain activity was stronger “in the elderly and in men”, summarizes Nathan Spreng, associate professor of the Brain and Cognition Laboratory at the Montreal Neurological Institute. By observing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 40,000 participants aged 40 to 69, the researchers still note a very large number of signal exchanges between this network and the hippocampus, an important structure of memory. They point to differences in neural connections and the volume of the brain network by default. The integrity of this network would be affected – gray matter, white matter and connectivity. However, there is no causal link with isolation. The researchers believe that this study sheds light on the changes that occur in the brains of isolated people. The feeling of exacerbated loneliness is recognized as a predictor of many health problems, from weakened immune response to mental disorders. Stay connected with loved ones However, before coming to the aid of a loved one, Pascale Brillon emphasizes the importance of checking what the other needs. There must be “an adequacy between the desire to receive and what is received as attention.” Some people say they don’t need it, ”she recalls. On the other hand, it is no longer true that “it will be fine”. We should rather affirm today, after 10 months of the pandemic, that “we will go through this together and extend our social support to those who need it”, underlines the specialist in trauma and resilience. She notes that social support for victims of trauma and bereaved generally lasts three months, a short period and often insufficient. Because the negative effects of this loneliness risk having long-term impacts on those most isolated from the pandemic, starting with the elderly. “We were already facing a pandemic of loneliness before COVID-19. It is extremely important to feel socially connected, it is urgent to recognize it and act at our level by taking news by phone or videoconference from the most lonely people of our family or our friends ”, remarks Nathan Spreng . Breaking out of isolation linked to COVID-19 will be easier for some people, the researcher believes. But vulnerable populations may need additional support. “We have to be kind to others and to ourselves. And even if things are less well, we must continue to maintain our social network, ”thinks Pascale Brillon. Focusing on others and cultivating a bit of self-mockery would also help get through this troubled time. “It’s easier when we put what happens to us into perspective, because we are all together in the face of adversity.”

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If you think the question in the title of this article is perfectly okay, it’s time you did an exercise about prepositions. What are prepositions? Prepositions are the little words such as: on, at, in, for, from, of, to, over, under, above, behind, etc. In the exercise you will find some common expressions that you really need to know (I think!). Fill in: at, with, on, in, of, for, etc. |1. He’s good ___________ football. He’s the top scorer at his club.| |2. Don’t laugh __________ me. I’m only a beginner.| |3. My teenage daughter has just slammed the door. I think she’s angry __________ me.| |4. I’m dependent _______ my colleague to give me input about the article that I’ve written.| |5. She was disappointed ____________the 3D version of the film.| |6. Are you afraid __________ spiders?| |7. I can’t meet you ____________ lunch, because I have a client visiting me.| |8. What are you doing __________ the weekend?| |9. Mr. Peterson needs some more information ___________ the accommodations in the Wild Nature Resort.| |10. One ____________ every eight men are colour blind.| |11. Sandra is working __________the research department.| |12. Darren is happy ___________ his new girlfriend.| |13. As a tour guide, he’s responsible __________ getting his group of twenty travellers safely home.| |14. ____________ my opinion, Annette is wrong.| |15. _____________ the one hand, I think you have a point. _____________ the other hand, I think you should look at it differently.| Want to do more preposition exercises?

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Malachite is an Ural gemcolor, having amazing beauty and high quality. Found a stone in the 18th century on the territory of Russia. Almost immediately, mining began. For many years Russia began to be considered a malachite country. From the gems were able to create amazing beauty products. The history of stone was originally mined in the development of copper deposits. Malachite struck with its beauty all. It began to be actively bought, deified. Virtually the entire Ural has gone mad from this self-color. Over time, stone began to be used not only in the manufacture of decorations, but also for other purposes. For example, stone turned out beautiful vases, watches. Malachite began to be added to the dyes. And some wealthy residents of the country made whole rooms of malachite. In many years, if the stone was not in the room at all, it means it was impossible to accept representatives of high society. Savings were out of the question. It got to the point that from malachite made paths to the house. All this caused deposits of stone to gradually disappear. If earlier in the mine could find a self-color weighing up to a few tons, then after wasteful use the mineral almost completely disappeared. At the present stage, there is only one deposit left in the Urals, which have been discovered relatively recently. Mining of the mineral goes on Altai. Malachite finally began to be treated carefully. The leader in malachite mining is Congo. It is this country that is engaged in the export of mineral, which has quite high quality and original pattern. In addition, stone is not only mined in the subsoil of the earth, but also synthesized in laboratories. The artificial mineral weighs lighter. The magical properties Malachite have not only beauty, but also magical properties. - In old times there were legends that the gems are able to fulfill innermost desires. - He defended against evil spirits. For these purposes, the sun was carved out of the mineral. - Helped protect himself from the bite of poisonous animals. - Stones were used by thieves and crooks, because it was thought that it helps to become invisible. - If you drink water, from the malachite bowl, you can understand what birds and animals are talking about. - At the present stage stone is used, as a means to achieve longevity. Formerly from malachite tried to create the elixir of youth. But nothing worked out. - The stone will help get rid of the negative, calm down. - Malachite is recommended to wear Taurus, Lights and Lions. Giving up stone costs Scorpions, Raks and Virgins. Malachite have therapeutic properties. With it, wounds heal much faster. Self color contributes to strengthening immunity. According to lithotherapists, the use of the mineral is necessary in the fight against cancer. Will help malachite cope with joint problems.

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Chamomilla of the homeopathic material medica is the German variety, the Chamomilla matricaria. The common name of the plant is Corn-Fever-Few, as it grows in uncultivated fields, among wheat and corn. The homeopathic Chamomilla medicine is prepared from the whole plant when in flower. Chamomilla acts best upon patients with a morbidly sensitive nervous system. Slight impressions produce distress and anguish of mind; pains often result in fainting. Chamomilla is especially applicable when such type of symptoms appears after long continued use of narcotics. There is great hypersensitivity to pain and an angry, almost accusatory response to that pain. Often the patient seems to complain of more discomfort than could possibly be felt from the exciting condition. In every disease in which Chamomilla is indicated, we notice this peculiar excitability. The patient, whether it is a child or adult, a woman in labor or with toothache, is cross and excitable. Unless this mental state is present, Chamomilla will most likely fail you. Chamomilla is most commonly used as a remedy of childhood acute disorders. Whether it is diarrhea, fever or any other teething trouble, there is great irritability is always found with it. Chamomilla child is so snappish that nobody likes its company. These Chamomilla patients do not know what they want; they are unhappy and they make everybody else around them so. Chamomilla child is so peevish that it is very difficult to please him. Capriciousness; various things are wanted that are not to be had, and which when offered, are refused with discourtesy. Chamomilla is a great remedy for dentition in children, and as such it bears a certain amount of resemblance to Belladonna. The baby starts during sleep, and is quite restless. Twitching of the muscles of face and hands are also prominent. These symptoms though suggesting belladonna should be looked into more minutely, and then it will be found that the face lacks the uniform congestion of the belladonna. It is true that the one cheek is flushed and that the head is covered with hot sweat and that certain amount of fever, but still the intense erythrism of belladonna will be found lacking everywhere. Chamomilla has a number of gastric symptoms. It is useful in biliousness produced by anger. We find it also indicated in gastralgia, especially when the food eaten seems to lie like a load in the stomach. There is distension of the hypochondria, the tongue is coated yellowish-white, and there is bitter taste in the mouth; there is colicky pain in the abdomen, which is relieved by drinking a cup of coffee. Chamomilla produces a diarrhea with hot, yellowish green stool, looking like chopped eggs, and often mixed with bile, causing soreness in the anus, and having an odor of suppurated hydrogen; it is worse toward evening; it is apt to occur during dentition. Chamomilla is also a valuable remedy for the cases of rheumatism. Rheumatic pains drive the patient out of bed and compel him to walk about. He is thirsty, hot, with red cheeks and almost beside himself with anguish. It is one of our best pain killing remedies wherever it may be tooth, ear, abdomen and heart but must be present with characteristic excitability. Chamomilla is our great stand -by in some of those labor cases where there is great rigidity of the os prevents parturition. Labor pains are pressing upward and are most spasmodic and distressing. The patient is extremely hysterical, snappish. These long continued labor cases respond immediately to Chamomilla. Again it is very useful in the cases of threatened abortion caused by anger. There is discharge of dark blood, frequent urination, restlessness and characteristic excitability with pain. Chamomilla prescribed on these indications can stop miscarriage. Chamomilla also acts on mucous membranes, causing symptoms of catarrh. It is indicated in the catarrh of children, when the nose is “stopped up”, and yet there is dropping of hot, watery mucus from the nostrils; there are sneezing and inability to sleep; and with these a dry, teasing cough, which keeps the child awake, there is rattling cough, as though the bronchi were full of mucus. Here Chamomilla is especially suited when cold brought on by cold windy days. Chamomilla is another valuable remedy, proved by our master, Hahnemann. And long time experience of various homeopaths with it in so many acute childhood disorders describes its importance. One must always keep in his mind that calmness, gentleness, sluggish and constipated bowels are always contraindicating the use of Chamomilla.

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Aerobic treatment requires supplying enough oxygen to support aerobic bacteria. The amount of aeration needed (in increasing order) depends on whether it is desired to just reduce odor, or completely remove the oxygen demand of the organic matter, or to supply enough oxygen for nitrification of ammonia to nitrate. Advantages of aeration can be reduced odor, nitrification of ammonia to nitrate (thus potentially reducing ammonia emissions and also having a nitrogen form that is readily crop-available but also more prone to leaching), and reduction of greenhouse gases (especially methane) compared to anaerobic treatment. Disadvantages include higher capital cost for aeration equipment, higher operating cost (particularly energy for pumps or aerators), higher maintenance requirements, and possibly monitoring requirements for checking the dissolved oxygen level in the liquid. There are various methods and types of equipment for aeration, and selecting the most efficient equipment and methods may be difficult. Consultation with knowledgeable professionals is advisable. Aeration has not been used much in treatment of liquid manure primarily because of the increased expense. For more information on aerobic treatment and other treatment options, see: LPES Lesson on Biological Processes for Controlling Emissions Author: Phil Westerman, North Carolina State University

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In the past year alone, Sikhs have made headlines across the world. There was the first U.S. army officer who filed a lawsuit and was allowed to wear a turban under his helmet. Then there was Waris Ahluwalia, a New Yorker who was stopped at an airport because he refused to unravel his hair for authorities. And now, Sikhs are being celebrated in a beautiful exhibition launching stateside in September. Despite so much conversation around Sikhs, there remain many misconceptions and judgments unfairly placed upon the religious demographic. Indeed, since 9/11, there have been countless hate crimes against Sikh, Arab, Muslim and South Asian Americans. According to the Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund, there have been over 800 hate crimes investigated by the FBI since the 2001 terrorism attacks. But a separate report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that as of 2005, hate crimes against these people were 15 times higher than what the FBI had reported. To empower Sikhs everywhere, the London-based photographers Amit and Naroop came together and photographed 40 Sikhs from around the U.S. The duo had already documented 36 Sikh British in 2013, but were asked by The Sikh Coalition, based out of New York City, to replicate the project with Sikh Americans. "It became a collection of images that symbolized the power of identity," the duo said in an email to Mashable. "The strength of looking unique and having pride in your appearance no matter your race, gender, age or sexuality. Here [is] a group of people who wear turbans on their heads and don't cut their hair. They do this with pride. It is not a fashion accessory, it is fundamental to who they are." For Sikhs, the photographers explained, this symbolism is multifaceted, encompassing discipline, strength, unity, equality. The photographers quickly discovered just how different Americans and British Sikhs were. "In the U.K., there is no confusion between Sikhs and other religions," they said. "In the U.S., we were shocked to see how little people knew about Sikhs. They were misunderstood and, to a certain degree, feared. "The Sikhs we have photographed have all faced abuse — some verbal, some physical — and yet their resolve to be keep their identity [anonymous]," they said. "Yes, we obviously want to break the ignorant stereotypes made in the U.S that all Sikhs look like terrorists. Even writing those words makes us angry. In this day and age, with all the technology, information and resources available to us, for someone to still make that assumption is unbelievable. But yet it happens. It’s shocking." Ultimately the duo hopes to portray Sikhs to Americans unfamiliar with them in a new light. "Sikhs are kind, caring people who believe in equality and serving others before themselves," they said. "If people can begin to stop judging people by appearance, but instead look at their actions and character, then the U.S. can start to understand the value Sikhs bring to their country." The Sikh Coalition will be holding the exhibition in downtown NYC from September 16 - 25

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Therapy and Treatment - Explain how people with psychological disorders have been treated throughout the ages and discuss deinstitutionalization For much of history, the mentally ill have been treated very poorly. It was believed that mental illness was caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, or an angry god (Szasz, 1960). For example, in medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was possessed by demons. If someone was considered to be possessed, there were several forms of treatment to release spirits from the individual. The most common treatment was exorcism, often conducted by priests or other religious figures: Incantations and prayers were said over the person’s body, and she may have been given some medicinal drinks. Another form of treatment for extreme cases of mental illness was trephining: A small hole was made in the afflicted individual’s skull to release spirits from the body. Most people treated in this manner died. In addition to exorcism and trephining, other practices involved execution or imprisonment of people with psychological disorders. Still others were left to be homeless beggars. Generally speaking, most people who exhibited strange behaviors were greatly misunderstood and treated cruelly. The prevailing theory of psychopathology in earlier history was the idea that mental illness was the result of demonic possession by either an evil spirit or an evil god because early beliefs incorrectly attributed all unexplainable phenomena to deities deemed either good or evil. From the late 1400s to the late 1600s, a common belief perpetuated by some religious organizations was that some people made pacts with the devil and committed horrible acts, such as eating babies (Blumberg, 2007). These people were considered to be witches and were tried and condemned by courts—they were often burned at the stake. Worldwide, it is estimated that tens of thousands of mentally ill people were killed after being accused of being witches or under the influence of witchcraft (Hemphill, 1966) By the 18th century, people who were considered odd and unusual were placed in asylums (Figure 1). were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders. Often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten, chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers. In the late 1700s, a French physician, Philippe Pinel, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. He suggested that they be unchained and talked to, and that’s just what he did for patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris in 1795 (Figure 2). Patients benefited from this more humane treatment, and many were able to leave the hospital. In the 19th century, Dorothea Dix led reform efforts for mental health care in the United States (Figure 3). She investigated how those who are mentally ill and poor were cared for, and she discovered an underfunded and unregulated system that perpetuated abuse of this population (Tiffany, 1891). Horrified by her findings, Dix began lobbying various state legislatures and the U.S. Congress for change (Tiffany, 1891). Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States. Despite reformers’ efforts, however, a typical asylum was filthy, offered very little treatment, and often kept people for decades. At Willard Psychiatric Center in upstate New York, for example, one treatment was to submerge patients in cold baths for long periods of time. Electroshock treatment was also used, and the way the treatment was administered often broke patients’ backs; in 1943, doctors at Willard administered 1,443 shock treatments (Willard Psychiatric Center, 2009). (Electroshock is now called electroconvulsive treatment, and the therapy is still used, but with safeguards and under anesthesia. A brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Controversy continues over its effectiveness versus the side effects.) Many of the wards and rooms were so cold that a glass of water would be frozen by morning (Willard Psychiatric Center, 2009). Willard’s doors were not closed until 1995. Conditions like these remained commonplace until well into the 20th century. Starting in 1954 and gaining popularity in the 1960s, antipsychotic medications were introduced. These proved a tremendous help in controlling the symptoms of certain psychological disorders, such as psychosis. Psychosis was a common diagnosis of individuals in mental hospitals, and it was often evidenced by symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, indicating a loss of contact with reality. Then in 1963, Congress passed and John F. Kennedy signed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, which provided federal support and funding for community mental health centers (National Institutes of Health, 2013). This legislation changed how mental health services were delivered in the United States. It started the process of , the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally. In 1955, there were 558,239 severely mentally ill patients institutionalized at public hospitals (Torrey, 1997). By 1994, by percentage of the population, there were 92% fewer hospitalized individuals (Torrey, 1997). Link to Learning View this timeline showing the history of mental institutions in the United States. Licenses and Attributions (Click to expand) CC licensed content, Shared previously - Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/16-1-mental-health-treatment-past-and-present. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally

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Over 85% of cat owners feed kibble, but just because everyone else is doing it doesn't make it right. When choosing the best food for your cat, the first fact to consider is that cats are not just carnivores; they are obligate carnivores. Cats must eat meat to survive. Their bodies are designed to get all their nutritional needs from animal flesh. In fact, their bodies have a very difficult time extracting any nutritional value from any ingredients other than meat, organ, and bone. Go ahead and look at the ingredients of what you are feeding your cat right now. Every ingredient other than meat, organ, and bone is filler. Your cat is getting absolutely nothing from it. You are paying for poop - and stinky poop, at that, because the cat's body does not have the enzymes needed to digest ingredients that do not come from animals; therefore, plant-based ingredients ferment while working their way through the body. But the fact that dry kibble includes ingredients that the cat's body can't digest isn't the biggest problem with kibble. The biggest problem with kibble is that it is dry; it has minimal moisture content. All domestic cats find their roots in the cats of the African desert. Water in North Africa is scarce, so the cat's body was designed to get its water from its food. Feeding kibble not only doesn't give the cat the water that its body needs, but it also increases the body's need for water, which makes kibble double trouble. Now, the body needs more water than normal for it to metabolize this unnatural dry food into something from which it can extract nutrients. An average cat needs 200 ml of water a day - that equals 4/5th of a cup of water. Look at the water in the cup. That is how much a cat should drink each day. It is doubtful that a cat, who does not have a strong instinctual drive to drink water, is drinking 4/5ths of a cup of water each day. Most cats, especially those on kibble diets, live in a constant state of low-grade dehydration, and their owners never know it because dehydration is rarely apparent. So what exactly are the problems with a cat living in a constant state of dehydration? Unfortunately, most of the negative side effects often aren't seen until later in life. More and more veterinarians conclude that processed pet food is the number one cause of illness and premature death in cats. Processed pet foods suppress the immune system making the cat more vulnerable to infection and illness. Also, it is linked to liver, kidney, and heart disease along with diabetes. Feeding non-processed food will protect your cat's health into old age. A study in Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, showed that young cats fed dry kibble would start out living normal, healthy lives. But once they reach adulthood, the rate at which they age and develop degenerate diseases increases at an abnormal rate. In contrast, cats fed a non-processed, natural diet did not age as quickly and, most importantly, did not develop ANY degenerate diseases. Are you killing your cat with kibble? The chances are, yes, you are. While it may not be immediately apparent, kibble food will decrease your cat's life expectancy. It is never too late to switch to either a balanced raw diet or a canned food diet. For more information on Jon and Robyn and our Bengals, visit our website at www.quality-bengal-kittens.com Appel, Athena. "What You Can’t See Won’t Hurt Your Pet?"Cats and Dogs Naturally. 4 March 2013. http://catsndogsnaturally.com Becker, Karen. "Pets, Protein, Dry Food, and Disease." Healthy Pets. 7 July 2009. http://healthypets.mercola.com/sites/healthypets/archive/2009/07/07/pets-protein-dry-food-and-disease.aspx Gates, Margarate. "Answers: What exactly is an Obligate Carnivore?" Feline Nutrition Foundation. 17 January 2016. http://feline-nutrition.org/answers/answers-what-exactly-is-an-qobligate-carnivoreq Lutz, Angela. "Does Your Cat Have a Drinking Problem?" Catster. 19 February 2013. http://www.catster.com/lifestyle/cats-drinking-problems Munkevics, Signe and Maris. "Would you know if your cat is dehydrated?" Pet-happy. 4 March 2015. https://www.pet-happy.com/would-you-know-if-your-cat-is-dehydrated/ Ohlund, M. Et al. "Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 1 December 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvim.14618/full

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Last Updated on January 20, 2020 by Sagar Aryal It is an infectious disease caused by poliovirus which affects the spinal cord and brain stem, it leads to paralysis and even leads to death. - Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis. - Children under 5 years of age are more susceptible to this disease. - Reservoir Human. - Spread through feces. - Contaminated food and water. - So, it spread in the communities with poor infrastructure. - Poor sanitation. - Crowded living conditions. - Young children are particularly at risk of infection. History and epidemiology - Poliovirus was first described by MICHAEL UNDERWOOD in 1789. - The first outbreak described in the U.S in 1843. - 21000 paralytic cases were reported in the U.S in 1952. - Polioviruses are distributed globally before the availability of immunization, almost 100% of the population in developing countries before the age of 5. - The availability of immunization and the poliovirus eradication campaign has eradicated poliovirus in most regions of the world except in the Indian subcontinent and Africa. - In 1908 transmission of polio to a monkey by Landsteiner was confirmed. The virus was grown on tissue culture in 1949. - Three types of poliovirus were isolated and identified in 1951. - Trials of Salk vaccine: The first large scale trial of Salk was performed in 1954. The use of Sabin in 1958 first general use of Sabin was done. - As a result of the massive global vaccination campaign over the past 20 years, polio exists only in a few countries in Africa and Asia. In the Philippines, the last case was reported in 1993 and in 2000 the Philippines was certified as a polio-free country. Types of polio vaccine Inactivated Polio Vaccine - Synonyms for IPV vaccine - Salk vaccine - IPV is a trivalent (strains 1,2,3) vaccine. Salk Polio Vaccine – Jonas firstly developed the Salk vaccine 2) Non-reversion (this inactivated polio vaccine cannot revert back, np side effect and safe to use). 3) types of poliovirus grown in monkey kidney tissue culture. Procedure for preparation - Standard virulent strains used. - 3 types of polio vaccines grown separately in MKTC. - Adequate titer filtered to remove debris and clumps. - Inactivated with formalin at 37 degrees for 12-15 days. - Stringent tests to ensure complete inactivation - Issued for use. - In 1954 the whole USA was vaccinated against polio and 80-90% population was protected. - In 1955 100 cases of poliomyelitis were reported due to the insufficiently inactivated vaccine. - IPV produces antibodies in the blood to all three types of poliovirus. - As IPV is not a live vaccine, it carries no risk of VAPP. - IPV triggers an excellent protective immune response in most people. • Shipping and transport are easy. - IPV is over 5 times more expensive than OPV - A booster regime is required. - Do not stimulate local and mucosal immunity - Administering the vaccine requires trained workers, as well as sterile injection, equipment, and procedure. Oral Polio Vaccine - Trivalent oral polio vaccine. - A synonym is the Sabin vaccine. - Developed by Albert Sabin in 1961. - It is a live attenuated virus vaccine. - Oral administration of vaccine yields a local gastrointestinal infection. - A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. - Attenuated by a passage in the foreign host (MKC) - Selection to grow in new in host makes viruses. - Less sited to the original host. - Stabilizers such as sucrose or trehalose or arginine hydrochloride may be added to retain the antigenicity. - Inactivation is carried out by adding formalin at 0.025% concentration. - Incubation at 37centigrade up to 48 hours and then at 23 centigrade up to 12 days. - Test for free formaldehyde content after 12 hours consistent inactivation of the virus is monitored and verified. - Oral polio vaccines are easily administered, with no need for highly trained. - Induce both humoral and systemic immunity. - Antibodies quickly produce as 1 or 2 doses of oral vaccine can give 90-100% results. - Instability at high temperature. - Very small residual neurovirulence in OPV. - Frequent vaccine failure even with fully potent. Storage of polio vaccine (OPV and IPV) - OPV is a heat sensitive vaccine. - Stored at -20 degrees. - Having shelf life… - 2 years at -20 degree - 6 months at 2-8 degree - 1-3 days at room temp. - 16% – https://www.slideshare.net/Muhammadiqbal583/polio-vaccine-85407875 - 6% – https://judoctor2011.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lecture-3.pdf - 3% – https://www.slideshare.net/leehimangsu13/poliomyelitis-53216812 - 3% – https://quizlet.com/85252674/mc_f2-flash-cards/ - 3% – http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-prevention/the-vaccines/ipv/ - 2% – https://www.medicinenet.com/polio_facts/article.htm - 2% – http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0193478.html - 1% – https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types - 1% – https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/health/your-kids-health/polio-outbreak-philippines-a00228-20190922-lfrm - 1% – https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/poliomyelitis - 1% – https://medlineplus.gov/polioandpostpoliosyndrome.html - 1% – http://www.allindianpatents.com/patents/231047-a-process-for-the-preparation-of-polio-vaccine - <1% – http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Polio%20vaccine/en-en/

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N’Djamena is the capital and largest city of Chad. It was founded in 1900 following the French Army’s defeat of Rabih Al-Zubayr, a slave trader, in the Battle of Kousseri. Following the military victory, the French named the settlement Fort Lamy after Amédée-François Lamy, a French army officer, who died in the battle. Located at the convergence of the Logone and Chari rivers, N’Djamena is close to Chad’s border with Cameroon and 50 miles south of Lake Chad. In 2002 an estimated 600,000 people resided in N’Djamena. Islam is the major religion in N’Djamena as 95% of the population is Muslim. During the late nineteenth century, Rabih sought to establish sovereignty over Central Africa. By the 1890s he had captured most of the present-day Central African Republic. The French army’s victory in the Battle of Kousseri enabled the French to establish a foothold in the region. As a result, Chad became a part of French Equatorial Africa. The French established Fort Lamy as the colonial capital. Although France established the region as a colony, certain regions of Chad enjoyed near autonomy. For example, the northern region of Chad remained nearly independent and influenced by the Sanusiya, the Muslim theocracy. Following World War II, France granted more autonomy to its African colonies. For example, Chad and other French colonies gained representation in the French National Assembly. During this period, political parties such as the Union Démocratique Tchadienne (UDT) and Parti Progressiste Tchadien (PPT) formed in Chad. The PPT advocated for independence from France. Chad gained its independence from France in August 1960. François Tombalbaye, a PPT leader, became the first president of independent Chad. Fort Lamy remained a small town throughout the colonial period. Following independence, however, it experienced rapid growth rising from an estimated 53,000 in 1958 to 130,000 by 1972. In addition, the presence of the cotton, livestock, and fishing industries transformed Fort Lamy into the cultural and commercial center of Chad. In September 1973, Tombalbaye changed the capital’s name from Fort Lamy to N’Djamena as part of his mission to “Africanize” all French destination names. N’Djamena derived its name from Am-Djamena, a small Kotoko fishing village in Chad. In 1975, President Tombalbaye was assassinated in a military coup. Although Chad experienced civil unrest and authoritarian rule through the late twentieth century, N’Djamena’s population grew through the 1970s and 1980s. Meat processing is the leading industry in N’Djamena. The city is also an important transportation hub for Chad’s transportation networks. Idriss Déby became the president of Chad in 1990 and remains in power. Déby has continued the autocratic rule of his predecessors. The long-standing instability and strife heavily damaged the infrastructure in N’Djamena. Chad remains one of the poorest countries in the world.

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To understand canine Addison’s Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism), we need to first understand the functions of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located in the dog’s abdomen just above the kidneys. The glands are made up of two distinct layers. The interior layer (called the medulla) is responsible for producing hormones similar to adrenaline. The outer layer (called the cortex) is responsible for producing corticosteroids, which are hormones that enable animals to adapt to stress physiologically. Corticosteroids are divided into two groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. In a fight-or-flight situation, they help get the body ready to burn fuel for energy. Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balances – sodium and potassium. In a fight-or-flight situation, sodium is conserved in preparation for possibility of blood loss. As sodium is conserved, potassium is lost as a result. In short, corticosteroid hormones are essential for animals to physically adapt and adjust to situations that are stressful. Without these hormones, even a small stressful situation could result in serious physical damage. What is Canine Addisons Disease Addison’s disease in dogs is caused by the inability of the adrenal glands to produce enough glucocorticoidss and mineralocorticoids. Specially, in Addison’s disease, the two hormones that are most commonly deficient are cortisol (part of the glucocorticoid group of hormones) and aldosterone (part of the mineralocorticoid group of hormones). Cortisol helps the dog’s body deal with stress, converses food into energy, and manages the immune system’s inflammatory response. Aldosterone helps maintain proper blood pressure, and allows the kidneys to keep a proper balance of sodium and potassium in the dog’s body. Canine Addisons disease is the opposite of Cushing’s disease in dogs, in which the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroids. Canine Addison’s disease occurs less commonly than Cushing’s disease, but it still occurs quite frequently in dogs, especially among young to middle-aged female dogs. The average age is about 4 years old. There may be a genetic predisposition in Bearded Collies, Portuguese Water Dogs, and Standard Poodles. Different Forms of Canine Addisons Disease Addison’s disease in dogs come in three different forms. They are: Primary Addison’s Disease This form of Addison’s disease is an autoimmune disease and is by far the most common form. It is characterized by an abnormal response of the immune system which causes the dog’s body to attack its own tissue. As a result, the adrenal glands are damaged and fail to produce sufficient corticosteroid hormones. A tumor of the adrenal gland can also cause primary Addison’s disease. Secondary Addison’s Disease This form of canine Addisons disease is caused by an insufficient amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is secreted by the pituitary gland. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to work. A lack of ACTH therefore results in underworking of the adrenal glands and consequently a deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones. Secondary Addison’s disease can also be caused by a reduced production of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by the hypothalamus. CRF is a hormone that controls the adrenal glands. Failure of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus is usually a result of a tumor, inflammation, or injury. Atypical Addison’s Disease Atypical Addison’s is similar to Primary Addison’s in that the adrenal glands are not working properly. In Atypical Addison’s, the adrenal glands fail to secrete the glucocorticoid hormones only. Therefore, generally speaking, dogs with Atypical Addison’s have normal electrolyte balances. Symptoms of Canine Addisons Disease The symptoms of canine Addisons disease are very vague. As a result, many dogs may have symptoms for a long time before the disease is diagnosed. To make diagnosis even more difficult, many of the symptoms in Addison’s disease may wax and wane over a period of time. Some of the more common symptoms include: - Muscle weakness - Appetite loss - Vomiting and diarrhea - Weak pulses and sometimes a slow, irregular heart rate Beware of “Addisonian Crisis” Sometimes Addison’s disease may manifest itself in an “Addisonian Crisis” in which the poor dog collapses in a state of shock due to an imbalance of electrolytes and metabolism during a period of stress. This results in extremely low blood sugar and high potassium levels. In addition, the dog’s heart rate slows down, and irregular heart beat (arrhythmias) may result. In some cases, a dog in an Addisonian crisis cannot survive. Diagnosis and Treatment A definitive diagnois can be made using a blood test called the ACTH stimulation test. As mentioned above, the symptoms of canine Addisons disease are vague and varied. Therefore, generally, a series of other tests will have been done to rule out other causes before the ACTH test is being given. In an ACTH test, the dog is given an injection of the adrenal stimulating hormone ACTH. In a normal healthy dog, the response will be an increase in blood cortisol. In a dog with Addison’s disease, there will NOT be an increase in blood cortisol and the diagnosis of Addison’s disease is confirmed. Dogs with Addison’s disease require in-hospital treatment and long-term treatment. Dogs who are very sick with severe symptoms need to be hospitalized. They receive intensive treatment which includes intravenous fluids, cortisol-like drugs, and drugs that neutralize the effects of potassium on the heart. Long-term treatment involves replacing the mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in the body. This can be done by giving the dog hormones either orally or by injection, about every 25 days. The oral form of medication most commonly used is Florinef (fludrocortisone). Florinef is usually given twice a day. The injection type of drug is called DOCP. DOCP has been tested widely and intensively; it has been proven to give better electrolyte regulation than Florinef. A small, maintenance dose of prednisone may also be given to some dogs being treated with DOCP. Dogs with canine Addisons disease are unable to produce extra cortisol in response to stress, so if your dog is suffering from this disease, try not to expose him to stress if possible. The dog may need an extra amount of hormones during periods of stress (e.g. boarding, surgery, etc.).

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Should I Get a Low-Dose 3-D Mammogram? What is low-dose 3-D mammography? Standard mammography relies upon two-dimensional X-ray images of the breast to detect possible areas of concern. 3-D mammography, or breast tomosynthesis, is a process that incorporates many X-ray images taken from a range of angles to create a three-dimensional image of the breast that can be closely examined a millimeter at a time. C-View, a low-dose 3-D form of mammography, allows for quicker procedure times and lower radiation doses than previously possible. How is it different from traditional mammography? The computer can translate 3-D tomosynthesis images into 2-D images that are clearer and more detailed than images from a traditional 2-D mammogram. This allows radiologists to view a much clearer picture of structures within the breast tissue. The appearance of linear structures, radiating lines, and bright spots, which can be indicative of particular breast conditions, is enhanced with tomosynthesis.</P What are the advantages of low-dose 3-D mammography? 3-D mammography allows for more accurate diagnosis of masses, distortions, and variations in density than standard mammograms, especially in women with dense breasts—those having a higher proportion of brous or glandular tissue in relation to fatty tissue. Research has linked higher breast density with higher breast cancer risk, so increased vigilance in detection is even more vital in women with denser breasts. Getting the clearest picture possible is especially important for women with dense breasts because both dense breast tissue and tumors appear white on traditional x-rays. As a result, cancerous abnormalities can be missed. Also, many benign conditions appear on mammograms; dense tissue can more frequently appear to be suspicious, resulting in many costly (and often stress-inducing) additional tests, such as biopsies. Using 3-D mammography, practitioners have been found to make 20–40% fewer callbacks for diagnostic procedures while detecting invasive cancers at an approximately 41% higher rate compared with digital mammography alone,and the rate of false positives has been shown to be 15% lower with the addition of tomosynthesis. Low-dose 3-D mammograms are both faster and safer. The procedure requires just 3.7 seconds of breast compression time and delivers a radiation dose that is comparable to 2-D exams and well below the maximum safe dose set by the FDA.

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A dental crown is a laboratory made tooth that covers over your prepared tooth. It helps to reduce the chances of a heavily filled or weak tooth from fracturing during mastication. Because a dental crown covers over all filling and weak tooth structure, there is no chance for the tooth to flex under load, therefore reducing the chances of a filling or tooth breaking over time. In affect, crowns add strength, durability and stability. A dental crown is made of either a precious metal covered in porcelain (porcelain fused to metal crown), gold or all porcelain. Crowns are also used to attach bridges, and to cover implants. They can also have an aesthetic use to cover stained or chipped teeth. If you are missing one or several teeth a dental bridge is an alternative to a partial dentures. A dental bridge is usually defined as a laboratory made fixed prosthesis which incorporates 2 crowns supported by 2 natural teeth (abutments) either side of a gap, with a fake tooth (pontic) joined in between the two crowns. Bridges can replace 1 or more missing teeth, however the longer the span or larger the bridge, the weaker it is as more pressure is placed on the 2 abutment teeth. For dental bridges to be strong and reliable the abutment teeth must be solid, with plenty of tooth and boney support. Bridges are natural-looking artificial teeth that can replace a section of missing teeth. Because they are custom-made, bridges are barely noticeable and can restore the natural contour of teeth as well as the proper bite relationship between upper and lower teeth. A combination of porcelain and gold alloy materials are usually used to make a bridge. Having a custom bridge can serve 4 main functions. - Protect the anchoring teeth if they have been weakened by large fillings or decay - Prevent tooth movement of the anchoring and opposing teeth - Improve the aesthetics by filling the space from the missing tooth - Create a more stable bite surface, which helps with chewing FAQs about dental crowns Q. When is a dental crown indicated? Existing large fillings and extensive tooth decay can weaken teeth to the point where cracking can occur, which can lead to a more serious fracture. While broken teeth can sometimes be temporarily patched up with a simple composite resin filling, ideally a stronger material needs to be considered to replace the lost tooth structure and prevent further extensive cracking. More extensive fractures can approach the nerve resulting in a lot of pain to the patient, which then requires root canal therapy to save the tooth. Unfortunately some fractures can extend right down into the root and no option of a filling or even root canal therapy can then save the tooth. This also causes a lot of pain and the tooth will require extraction. A simple crown could have prevented this tooth loss if it had been placed earlier. Q. What is the difference between porcelain fused to metal crowns (PFM), gold and all porcelain crowns? PFM crowns have an inner metal core and an outer porcelain layer which are fused together. The metal component gives the dental crown great strength while the porcelain component gives the crown great aesthetics. PFM crowns are especially useful in masking severely stained teeth. Gold crowns are made of gold alloy. They are considered the gold standard as they are inert and extremely difficult to break. Because gold can be made very thin, less tooth needs to be removed during a crown preparation. The only disadvantage is its gold colour. All porcelain crowns are the most aesthetic. At Just Dental Care we use a laboratory that creates all porcelain crowns out of Zirconia. Zirconia crowns are an extremely hard material and also very fracture resistant. Q. How many appointments do I need to have a dental crown? Generally 2 appointments are required. One appointment to prepare your tooth, after which an impression is taken and then this impression is sent to the technician for crown fabrication. In the interim a temporary crown is placed to protect your tooth. The second appointment is usually after another 5-10 working days where the crown is permanently cemented in place. Q. What is a temporary crown? A temporary dental crown or bridge is a temporary cap over the prepared tooth or teeth and it may look and feel like your original tooth. It is placed to protect your teeth and gum tissues while a custom permanent restoration is being created for you in a dental laboratory. In addition, this temporary crown or bridge will help prevent the adjacent teeth from shifting, ensuring that your final crown or bridge will fit. Temporary cement will be used to hold the restoration in place. Q. Where are our crowns made? All our crowns are Aussie made, and we are proud to support Australian companies. The laboratory we use is Sunshine Coast Dental Laboratory on the Sunshine Coast.

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https://www.justdentalcare.com.au/dental-health-services/cosmetic-dentistry/dental-crown/

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Water that falls during a rainstorm or comes from melting snow is stormwater. Kirkland has many hard surfaces like roads, parking lots, rooftops, and driveways. These are called impervious surfaces and do not allow this water to soak into the ground. Water that falls on these surfaces becomes stormwater runoff. Stormwater runoff picks up pollutants like oil, chemicals, fertilizer, pet waste, and soap. It carries these pollutants to the nearest storm drain. In Kirkland, all storm drains lead to the nearest creek, wetland, or Lake Washington. Stormwater runoff is not cleaned or filtered before it reaches our waterways. It can damage habitat and water quality. Learn how you can keep stormwater clean and prevent water pollution Stormwater runoff runs off developed land during the rainy season. As a result, this water can flood homes, businesses, and roads. Stormwater can also flood and damage creeks and wetlands needed for fish and other wildlife habitat. Manage drainage and flooding around your property

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https://www.kirklandwa.gov/Government/Departments/Public-Works-Department/Storm-Surface-Water

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THE endangered dusky hopping mice has an unlikely ally in the outback dingo, which is helping to keep feral cat populations down, new research has found. University of New South Wales scientists discovered the Australian native rodent was “happiest” living around dingoes, because more dingoes meant fewer feral cats. The mice, studied on outback South Australian and Queensland properties, were also found to be less timid when foraging in areas were dingoes were common. University of New South Wales’ School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Associate Professor Mike Letnic, who conducted the study, said the dingo was “an uncomfortable ally”. “It’s the idea that the enemy is my friend for the dusky hopping mouse and the dingo,” he said. “Dingoes do eat hopping mice too, they’re just not as good as it as feral cats. “The dusky hopping mouse’s biggest enemies are cats and foxes … but it was surprising to see they do quite well in the areas were dingoes are common.” He said the study, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B journal, also revealed apex predators could “alleviate the risk of predation perceived by a small prey species”. “We looked at the dusky hopping mouse’s behaviour and it was less fearful in areas where there were dingoes,” Prof Letnic said. “We measured that by how readily they consumed food and they were much happier to eat food in potentially dangerous habitats where there were dingoes and less cats.” The dusky hopping mouse is a nocturnal rodent specialised for the deep desert, characterised by its long, narrow hind feet and long tail with a dark brush on the end. The native is classified as vulnerable, now only found in a small number of locations in the Strzelecki Desert and nearby regions in the South Australia-Queensland border area. Prof Letnic said Australia needed to protect its native species. “We need to create environments for the dusky hopping mice where there aren’t foxes and cats,” he said. “The ecosystems are really complex … but we can’t afford to lose anymore of them from outback Australia. “Large predators are uncomfortable to lives with for us as people, but they are vital parts of a healthy ecosystem, which is why we need to learn to live with them side by side. “Just like the great white shark, the dingo has positives for the environment, we just need to learn how to balance that.” The State Government’s Natural Resources South Australia does have recovery strategies in place for the dusky hopping mouse, including protecting native vegetation and population research.

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https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/the-dingo-is-helping-the-endangered-dusky-hopping-mice-by-keeping-feral-cat-population-down/news-story/0faec0c25625f8d4cbe265d5d1994ccd

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Definitions of Milestones, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Milestones, analogical dictionary of Milestones (English) n. 1. Milestone definition, a stone functioning as a milepost. Search milestone and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. Learn more. They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.They are alternatively known as mile markers, mileposts or mile posts (sometimes abbreviated MPs).Mileage is the distance along the road from a fixed commencement point. What are synonyms for milestone? This is the British English definition of milestone.View American English definition of milestone.. Change your default dictionary to American English. Synonyms for 'milestone': turning point, peak, climax, highlight, watershed, crossroads, breaking point, the moment of truth, the point of no return A stone marker set up on a roadside to indicate the distance in miles from a given point. 2. 1 synonym for milestone: milepost. Synonyms for milestones include mileposts, markers, signposts, wayposts, indicators, landmarks, marks, signs, turning points and climacterics. See more. A milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile. Antonyms for milestone. Top synonyms for milestone achievement (other words for milestone achievement) are outstanding achievement, significant achievement and significant … Milestone Achievement synonyms. milestone synonyms, milestone pronunciation, milestone translation, English dictionary definition of milestone. Synonyms for milestone in Free Thesaurus. Definition and synonyms of milestone from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education.. Define milestone. project goal ( programmers in washington state make milestone ) Synonyms and Antonyms of Milestones. milestone definition: 1. a stone or post at the side of the road that shows the distance to various places, especially to…. Learn synonyms, antonyms, and opposites of Milestones in English with Spanish translations of every word. Case Western Reserve University Student System, Lance Stewart Family, The Hills Oakland Membership Cost, Private Island Bahamas, City Of Derry Airport Parking, Lying To Yourself Synonym, Fernhill House Clonakilty Weddings, Object Show Parts,

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A wattmeter is a professional instrument designed to measure the current flow through high-capacity lines. Actually, it’s usually that. You could use the term “wattmeter” for something like this Kill-A-Watt. It measures the electricity flow at the outlet, but generally it refers to a professional quality instrument. And so I need to go back a little bit further. A watt is a measure of power that gives an electrician a fairly complete picture of how much energy is being used. I could go into deep detail on how this all goes, but instead I’ll send you over to this really good video: which you can watch in your spare time. Or, you can just trust me that watts is a pretty good way to know how much power you have. For those who don’t have 7 minutes to watch, a watt is a measure of how many volts and how many amps are flowing. One watt = one volt x one amp. So, if you’re a commercial power company employee or even someone who works in a broadcast tower, you need to know what’s going on in your high-capacity lines. You need to know if it’s flowing the way that it should. And, possibly more importantly, you need to do this without actually killing yourself. Enter the wattmeter That’s where one of these commercial wattmeters comes in. They’re super-over-built so that they can take the really high voltage and high load. That’s important if you’re working with wires before they come into your home. This is the kind of power that would blow up a plain old outlet tester and probably you with it. So, even if you’re a real fan of measuring devices (as I am), you probably don’t need a wattmeter. Unless, of course, you’re going to be messing around with large amounts of electricity. What you really need instead is a multimeter, which can do a whole lot of things including reading volts and amps from batteries or even outlets if you’re super careful. But, let’s say for a minute that you are that sort of person that uses a wattmeter. Solid Signal has a surprisingly massive selection of wattmeters and elements. Most of these commercial wattmeters have interchangeable elements so they can be used in different scenarios safely, and you can configure your wattmeter so it works properly for your specific need safely. And yeah, I know I said regular people don’t need a wattmeter, but now I really want one. I don’t know why, I just do.

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Adjectives describe or modify the meaning of nouns and pronouns to make them more specific. Her elderly neighbor spent an hour every day tending to his vibrant garden. elderly = adjective being used to describe the neighbor neighbour = noun vibrant = adjective being used to describe the garden garden = noun vibrant definition: bright, lively Here is another example Sharon disliked scented candles. scented = adjective being used to describe the noun candles = noun Note: It’s extremely important that you know how to correctly pronounce a word. Google a word that you don’t know how to pronounce. Usually, there will be a megaphone next to the Googled word. Click on the megaphone to listen to the word’s correct pronunciation. 1. Select the adjective word group 2. Use Google or a dictionary to learn each adjective word definition 3. Write (2) compound sentences for each of the (3) three listed adjectives 4. A compound sentence is (2) two (or more) independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or semicolon. A. unhappiness • underdog • ugliness (nouns) B. unabashedly • unambiguously • uproariously (adverbs) C. usher • underestimate • utilize (verbs) D. unconscionable • untimely • ubiquitous (adjectives) Here is an example of how your answer should be written: D. This is the adjective word group. His actions were unconscionable, so they fired him. (Compound Sentence) The government’s response to the crisis was insufficient, and the world found it unconscionable. (Compound Sentence) Larissa’s comment was untimely, but she was easy to forgive. (Compound Sentence) The storm was quite untimely, and Paul glumly packed up his picnic. (Compound Sentence) Everyone had always made fun of her for her style, but now it was popular and ubiquitous. The raccoons in the area were ubiquitous, so he always made sure the garbage was shut tightly. (Compound Sentence) Now, it’s time to play the game. A.vicariously • vibrantly • vehemently B.validate • vilify • vocalize C.vehicle • vicar • verdict D.verdant • valiant • voracious A.wellness • wonderment • wreckage B.wretched • winsome • warped C.wishfully • wrongfully • watchfully D.whistle • worship • wager Pay it forward. Please share your sentences in the Leave a Reply/Leave a Comment section below (keep scrolling down). In the comment section below, a member of our teaching staff will provide helpful feedback on the answers and sentences you provide. If you have any questions related to this workshop, please feel free to post them below. Please review The 4 Types of Sentences workshop in our Basic Rules of Grammar category. At the very bottom of this page, you will find a search bar section where you can type in the words The 4 Types of Sentences. This will direct you to this and other helpful workshops. We hope you enjoyed this reading and writing workshop. Keep up to date with each of our free online writing workshops. Follow us on Twitter @dfoww_edu Follow us on Facebook @dfoww Follow us on Instagram @dfoww_edu Follow us on LinkedIn @dfoww © Copyright 2020 dfoww, Incorporated All Rights Reserved

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Phase 1 vaccine trial of Pvs25H: A transmission blocking vaccine for Plasmodium vivax malaria Clinical trial; Plasmodium vivax; Transmission blocking vaccine Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria cases outside of Africa, and results in substantial morbidity. Transmission blocking vaccines are a potentially powerful component of a multi-faceted public health approach to controlling or eliminating malaria. We report the first phase 1 clinical trial of a P. vivax transmission blocking vaccine in humans. The Pvs25H vaccine is a recombinant protein derived from the Pvs25 surface antigen of P. vivax ookinetes. The protein was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, purified, and adsorbed onto Alhydrogel®. Ten volunteers in each of three dose groups (5, 20, or 80 μg) were vaccinated by intramuscular injection in an open-label study at 0, 28 and 180 days. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were observed. The majority of adverse events causally related to vaccination were mild or moderate in severity. Injection site tenderness was the most commonly observed adverse event. Anti-Pvs25H antibody levels measured by ELISA peaked after the third vaccination. Vaccine-induced antibody is functionally active as evidenced by significant transmission blocking activity in the membrane feeding assay. Correlation between antibody concentration and degree of inhibition was observed. Pvs25H generates transmission blocking immunity in humans against P. vivax demonstrating the potential of this antigen as a component of a transmission blocking vaccine. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Malkin, E., Durbin, A., Diemert, D., Sattabongkot, J., Wu, Y., Miura, K., Long, C., Lambert, L., Miles, A., Wang, J., Stowers, A., Miller, L., & Saul, A. (2005). Phase 1 vaccine trial of Pvs25H: A transmission blocking vaccine for Plasmodium vivax malaria. Vaccine, 23 (24). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.019

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International, systematic project reveals recommended dose of weekly exercise For decades, the main message to keep the general population healthy was for everyone to get active. In fact, the World Health Organization laid out specific guidelines (150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise each week) on how much physical activity was required for people to maintain a healthy lifestyle. However, UBC Okanagan researcher Kathleen Martin Ginis says while the recommendations were well-meaning, a particular group of people was excluded. “These guidelines were never specifically tailored for people with spinal cord injuries (SCI),” says Martin Ginis. “Not only were people with SCI essentially excluded from the systematic review that came up with these specific physical activity guidelines, but the potential risks to the SCI population—including upper body over-use, skin breakdown, autonomic dysreflexia (sudden high blood pressure), and overheating—were not considered.” Now, an international committee, led by Martin Ginis, has come up with exercise recommendations for the SCI population that will be presented at the International Spinal Cord Society Annual Scientific Meeting in Dublin, Ireland this week. “These guidelines represent an important step toward international harmonization of exercise guidelines for adults with SCI,” says Martin Ginis. “At the same time, they are a clear foundation for developing exercise policies and programs for people with SCI around the world.” It is recommended that to improve fitness, adults with SCI should engage in at least 20 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise two times week and three sets of moderate strengthening exercise for each major functional muscle groups two times per week. To improve cardiometabolic health, at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise is needed, three times per week. It’s a specific dose, she adds, for a reason. Cardiometabolic illnesses—cardiovascular disease, diabetes and even obesity—are among the leading causes of death in adults with SCI and addressing cardiometabolic health is extremely valuable, she adds. “These exercise guidelines have been systematically developed,” says Martin Ginis. “And we are now able to say, that this specific dose of exercise is safe and can have significant fitness and cardiometabolic health benefits for adults with spinal cord injuries.” To determine the exact prescription, the international team looked at more than 200 previously published studies; all of which examined the effects of exercise interventions (e.g., cardio, strength-training) on cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, bone health, body composition and cardiovascular risk factors for people with spinal cord injury. Stakeholder groups, people with SCI, and exercise scientists were also consulted. The study was partially funded by the Rick Hansen Institute (RHI), a Canadian-based not-for-profit organization that drives innovation in spinal cord injury research and care. Hansen, a three-time Paralympic gold medalist, says these guidelines will make a significant difference to the lives of many people. “The Rick Hansen Foundation created the RHI to support leading and applied research that would produce tangible results that when applied will improve lives of people with spinal cord injury,” says Hansen. “By applying these guidelines, people with SCI can expect to reach closer to normal health outcomes and lead full and meaningful lives. I am very proud of the work produced by Dr. Martin Ginis and her dedicated team.” The research is published this week in the journal Spinal Cord. Other funders include Loughborough University, the UK Higher Education Institute, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. About UBC's Okanagan campus UBC’s Okanagan campus is an innovative hub for research and learning in the heart of British Columbia’s stunning Okanagan Valley. Ranked among the top 20 public universities in the world, UBC is home to bold thinking and discoveries that make a difference. Established in 2005, the Okanagan campus combines a globally recognized UBC education with a tight-knit and entrepreneurial community that welcomes students and faculty from around the world. For more visit ok.ubc.ca.

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https://news.ok.ubc.ca/2017/10/26/ubc-researcher-prescribes-specific-exercise-dosage-for-those-with-spinal-cord-injury/

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By combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with sequencing, ChIP sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful method for identifying genome-wide DNA binding sites for transcription factors and other proteins. The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to ChIP has revealed insights into gene regulation events that play a role in various diseases and biological pathways, such as development and cancer progression. ChIP-Seq enables thorough examination of the interactions between proteins and nucleic acids on a genome-wide scale. Common targets for ChIP-seq - Transcription factors - Histone methylation - Histone acetylation - Histone ubiquitination Advantages of ChIP-Seq - Captures DNA targets for transcription factors or histone modifications across the entire genome of any organism - Defines transcription factor binding sites - Reveals gene regulatory networks in combination with RNA sequencing and methylation analysis - Offers compatibility with various input DNA samples Following ChIP protocols, DNA-bound protein, such as histones, is immunoprecipitated using a specific antibody. The bound DNA is then coprecipitated, purified, and sequenced on of our Illumina sequencers. The resulting sequencing reads are mapped back to the reference genome. This will effectively give you an idea of where your target protein-DNA interactions occur throughout the entire genome. The technical quality of the sequencing run is monitored in real time. Sequencing data can be transferred to you via the Illumina BaseSpace platform or our own server (FTP download). For more information, please contact us.

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https://nxtgnt.ugent.be/chip-seq/

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In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body’s ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases.

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Clouds are part of the Earth's water cycle. Formed naturally due to the cooling of water vapor within the Earth's atmosphere, clouds are made up of billions of water particles. Clouds take on many shapes and forms, dependent on local weather systems and local terrain. Some of the most common cloud types include cirrus, cumulus and stratus. Light from the sun hits the surface of the earth. A large part of the solar radiation is absorbed by the ground and gradually heats it up. Constant heat reaching the surface of the ground causes air to heat up. The heated air becomes lighter, which causes it to rise above the cooler air which lies above it. This process is called convection. Rising hot air is pushed further upward by wind blowing over terrain such as mountains, or over cliffs onto land from the sea. This process is called Orographic uplift. Wetter areas are generally found near high terrain features, as the air cools at a quicker rate around these areas. Air is also forced to rise at a weather front. This is due to the differing air masses of the two weather fronts. At cold fronts, cold air is pushed under warm air, forcing it upward and at a warm front, warm moist air is forced up and over the cold air. This process is called convergence or frontal lifting. Clouds begin to develop in any air mass that becomes saturated. Saturation point is reached when the air reaches its frost point. At this point, air gradually cools, preventing it from rising any further. Water vapor molecules within air begin to clump together. Water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets or ice crystals. This can be at various heights, which creates a variety of different cloud systems. Clouds contain millions of droplets of water or ice, depending on the temperature, which are suspended in the air.

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Continent Australia started to break away from Gondwanaland and Antartica more than 100 million years ago and finally seperated 50 million years ago to make its journey north towards the equator. Continent Australia, which includes Papua-New Guinea slowly drifted north until 20 million years ago it crashed into the Pacific Plate which is moving westward. This movement westward sliced off segments of Continent Australia and inserted them into the Indonesian archipelago, the continued northward movement (at around 7 cm per year) has thrust up the mountains of Papua-New Guinea and it is this continued movement which has caused the recent earthquakes there. Sabin Zahirovic of the University of Sydney has produced a brilliant animation showing the amazing voyage of Continent Australia over 150 million years. To view please follow the link below and it is recommended to watch in full screen mode. What is equally remarkable is that 50 years before Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift and 100 years before the science of plate tectonics, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace had already deduced in 1856, from his observations of the birds and animals of the eastern Indonesian archipelago, that Australia had collided with Asia. To read more about ‘Where Australia Collides with Asia’, Alfred Russel Wallace, the Wallace Line and the biogeographic region of Wallacea please follow the link below:

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https://spiceislandsblog.com/2018/04/10/where-australia-collides-with-asia-an-animation-of-the-amazing-voyage-of-continent-australia/

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How people act, their attitude towards safety and how they interact with others to perform their tasks at work significantly affects their organisation’s safety performance. People can be the source of errors, but they are also integral to avoiding, mitigating and recovering adverse situations. Safety improvements come from understanding how people contribute to safety, considering both what goes wrong and what normally goes right. Organisational factors can also significantly influence people’s performance, both positively and negatively. The management team are an important factor in overall safety performance and can positively contribute to safety by implementing a well-developed safety management system and fostering a proactive safety culture.

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Su Causeway is one of three causeways around West Lake. It has a length of 2.8 kilometers.When talking about su causeway we have to mention Su Dongpo. In the fourth of Yuanyou during the Northern Song Dynasty(1089AD), and in his term of office as an official of Hangzhou, Su Dongpo noticed that West Lake was dry with overgrowth of weeds. In the following year, he presented a report to the imperial court to request the dredging of West Lake. He raised fund for the project by selling 100 Buddhist certificates issued by the government. As a result Su Dongpo employed over 200,000 labors to clear the lake and build the long north-south causeway from Xixia Hill to Nanping Hill with the removed weeds and mud. In order to cherish the memory of his achievements, the causeway was named Su Causeway. Su Dongpo, also named Su Shi or Su Zizhan, came from Meishan, Sichuan province. He was among the greatest poets of the Northern Song Dynasty. Bing a brilliant man of wide learning, he made great achievements in prose, poetry, calligraphy, painting and gastronomy. He was later revered as literary giant of his generation. He severed twice in Hangzhou: the first time was for three years as the vice governor from 1071-1074. The second occasion was between 1089-1091, when he served as the governor for two years. Consequently he was always referred to as the old mayor of Hangzhou. People here worshiped him not only for his literary taltent, buts also for his devotion to his work and love for the people. The old mayor left us" a lake, a dike, a masterpiece of peom and a famous dish". The lake is of course West Lake, the dike is Sugong Causeway, also called Su Causeway; the masterpiece of poem is " Drinking by the sunny West Lake after a Rain", whose lines, " West Lake may be compared to the beauty Xizi at her best, it become her to be richly adored or painly dressed" are widely known. The famous dish is Dongpo Pork, which is fat but not greasy. In Hangzhou, there are not only Dongpo Pork and Scholar Road, but also Su Dongpo Memorial Hall in memory of him, which shows how much people of Hangzhou revere him. With its charming scenery and quiet environment, Su Causeway is commonly known as the " Lovers causeway". It is a good place for lovers take leisurely walks together. Six stone arch bridges were built on the causeway from the south to north. They are Yingbo Bridge, Suolan Bridge, Wangshan Bridge, Yadi Bridge, Dongpu Bridge and Kuahong Bridge. During the Southern Song Dynasty, pavilions, terraces, and open halls were built on the causeway, making it a lively place to visit. Flanking the causeway were a variey of flowers and trees, mainly willions and peaches. As a folk proverb puts it,"The best view at West Lake is the six bridges with willows and peaches planted at intervals". The scene wa known as " Willows in the Mist on the Six Bridges" among the one of the "Ten Views on Qian Tang" in Yuan Dynasty. The scenery on Su Causeway changes with seasons, especially in spring when the display is the most facinating. Due to its unique geographical location, the willows here sprout earlier that elsewhere on West Lake . Thus it becomes the messenger of nature to tell people of the arrival of spring. When Emperor Kangxi was apprasing the " Ten Views on West Lake" during his inspection tour to Hangzhou, he selected a few painting of the Southern Song Dynasty. After changing a few words them, he listed the " Spring Dawn at Su Causeway" as the first of the ten. Walking on the causeway and standing on the bridges admist the wonderful scenery of the lake and hills has various way to delight the people who visit here。 Tour The Su Causeway with Hangzhou Private Tour We design private and tailor-made Hangzhou Tours customized to your style of travel at affordable local prices. We will provide a private & spacious car and a local professional tour guide with over 5 years guiding experience only work for you or your group. Transport, ticket, and dining (We find the most authentic dishes popular with locals) all we will arrange for you according your requirements. Please check our most popular Hangzhou Tours including The Su Causeway as below: Are the above sample tour programs not suitable for you? We have more Hangzhou Tours. Our tours can be tailor-made based on your requirements and budget to create unique Hangzhou experiences that allow you to interact with the local people and culture. We are Hangzhou travel experts who know what your guidebook and foreign agencies don't. Our enthusiastic tour expert will promptly reply you in details within 24 hours. Duration：6 - 8 Hours Attractions(Cities)：The hangzhou Westlake(including a boat cruise), Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond, Guo Garden, Drangon Well Tea Plantation, Bamboo lined path at Yunqi, Qinghefang Ancient Street Tour Style：Accompanied by your private knowledgeable guide over 5+ years guiding experience and skillful driver over 10+ years driving experience, explore the best of Hangzhou on a full-day tour. Take a boat ride on West Lake to stay away from the crowds. the placid waters of which have been immortalized throughout history in literature and poetry. Experience a Chinese tea ceremony at Longjing Green Tea Plantation; walk through the Bamboo lined path at Yunqi to fully experience the serenity and beautiful nature of Hangzhou. Duration：6 - 8 Hours Attractions(Cities)：The hangzhou Westlake(including the boat cruise), Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond, Lingyin Temple and Meijiawu Tea Plantation, Anmanfayun Village, The Song Dynasty Imperial Street Tour Style：This comprehensive Skip-The-Line full day tour of Hangzhou is perfect for you. Take a boat ride around the UNESCO-listed West Lake, view elegant landscapes at Fish Viewing at Flower Park, visit the secluded Zen monastery of Lingyin Temple, sip tea at Meijiawu Tea Vollage and stroll Song Dynasty Imperial Street. This guided tour lets you skip those queues and head straight into each scenic spot, which make your trip hassel-free and time well spent. Attractions(Cities)：The hangzhou Westlake(including a boat cruise), Lingyin Temple, Meijiawu Tea Plantation, Qinghefang Street, Impression WestLake Show Tour Style：Discover the famous Paradise City Hangzhou on a fully customized sightseeing day trip from Shanghai by bullet train. Accompanied by your private guide, stroll around Flower Harbor Park and take a relaxing boat on the West Lake. Visit the famous Lingyin temple; See the traditional Meijiawu tea mountain; wonder along the old Hefang Street and enjoy the magnificent Impression Westlake show. Local lunch and dinner, tea tasting at Meijiawu, round trip bullet train tickets, private guide and private vehicle service are inclusive. Attractions(Cities)：West Lake(Private rowing boat cruise), Guo's Villa, Lingyin Temple, Meijiawu Tea Plantation, Cheng Huang Pavilion Tour Style：Independent travelers will love the flexibility of this private door to door day tour. This is the ideal tour for travelers with limited time in Hangzhou. Take the stress out of booking train tickets from Shanghai to Hangzhou and planning an itinerary by having everything arranged for you. Accompanied by your knowledgeable guide over 5+ years guiding experience and skillful driver over 10+ years driving experience, you'll immerse yourself in its world renowned natural, historical and cultural features. Duration：2 Days, 1 Night Attractions(Cities)：The West Lake(including boat cruise on the lake),Guo Garden,China National Tea Museum,Dragon Well Tea Plantation (Meijiawu Tea Village),Leifeng Pagoda,The Song Dynasty Imperial Street,Six Harmonies pagoda, Fish Viewing Flower Pond,Lingyin Temple, etc Tour Style：As one of seven ancient capitals in China, the rich history and the splendid culture endow Hangzhou with profoundness. Come with us to discover Hangzhou's top attractions in two days. You'll enjoy boat ride on West Lake (Landmark of Hangzhou), Guo Garden, Leifeng Pagoda, etc. On the second day, explore Lingyin Temple, Longjing Tea Plantation (Best Green Tea & China national tea), Bamboo Forest & Ancient street. Take your VIP seat for the Impression West Lake Show. Certificate of Excellence China Private Tours-Day Tour (Your Privacy is Protected) 1 to 1 tailor-made service from our professional travel advisors for the most sophisticated Constantly excellent reviews for attraction, hotel and service Competitive price Local experts provide quality tours Best selected knowledgeable local guides Authentic local restaurants 7*24 hours available to create you a worry-free tour. No Hidden Fees and absolutely no pressure to buy. Secured

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Historically, there is very little knowledge about the history. Moreover, the early history of the district is not so clear. Natives of the district believe that earlier it was well-known as Kanaurra or Kinnaura. The region was ruled by the Magadha kingdom, Mauryan Empire (6th century) and Guge kingdom of Tibet (9th and 12th century). At the very beginning of the 14th century the whole place of Kinnaur was divided into seven different parts, which locally called as sat khund. During the medieval era, some of the hilly places namely Kangra, Chamba and Sirmaur were continuously attacked by the Mughals. Later, it was divided into seven parts named Sat Khand. After sometime numerous small chiefdoms emerged as the result of conflicts in the region. Labrang, Moorang, and Kamru are some of the forts which tell the history of this part. The Kinnaur valley (Chini Tehsil) also had played an influential role. After that, it was merged in the Mahasu district. The region has a tribal culture. Geographically, the district has a total 6,401 sq km. area and occupies the rank 3rd in State and 153rd in India on the bases of this size. It lies at 31065'N latitude, 78048'E longitude and 2758 m Altitude. In the year 2019, there was a total 10.09% forest area of total geographical area. The district has long winters. But the climate of this place remains pleasant throughout the year. Most of its rainfall occurs in the monsoon season. The actual rainfall in the district was 408.5 mm in the year of 2018-19. Administrative wise, the district is divided into 6 sub-districts and 660 villages. There is no town in the district. Hindi is its official language. In the state of Himachal Pradesh with an allotted district code of 34 the district of Kinnaur came into existence on the 1st May, 1960. Its district headquarters is located at Reckong Peo which is situated at a distance of 223 km. from the State Capital. Demographically, according to the 2011 census, the district has a total number of 19,535 households with a total population of 84,121 comprising 46,249 are males and 37,872 are females which causing it to rank 11th in the state and 619th in India. The density of population of the district is 13 persons per sq km. The sex ratio is pegged at 819 (females per 1000 males) while the child ratio stands at 963 (females per 1000 males). The population growth rate during 2001-2011 was 7.39% including 9.66% were males and 4.73% were females. As per 2011 census the major religions in the district are Hindu and Buddhist with 76.95% and 21.50%. As per 2011 census the principal languages in the district are Kinnauri and Hindi with 72.05% and 16.65%. In the year 2017 the number of live births in the district was 650 out of which 349 were males and 301 were females. In the same year the number of deaths in the district was 174 out of which 101 were males and 73 were females. Economically, agriculture is the prime source of income for the people of the district. In the year 2015-2016 the gross domestic product in the district was Rs. 2,34,268 lakh at current price in the year 2011-2012. In the year 2015-16 the net domestic product in the district was Rs. 1,90,922 lakh at current price in the year 2011-2012. In the year 2015-2016 the Per Capita Income was in Rs. 2,17,993 at Current Price in the year 2011-2012. Education wise, according to the 2011 census, the literacy rate is 80% including 87.27% are males and 70.96% are females. The total literate population of the district is 60,699 out of which 36,697 are males and 24,002 are females. The district has several educational institutes including schools and colleges. Jagat Singh Negi was born on 2nd February, 1957. He is the Member of the Legislative Assembly from Kinnaur, India. He is the Deputy Speaker of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly. He is an Indian politician and a member of Indian National Congress. The district has a numerous famous historical and religious places to visit. These places are Kalpa, Reckong Peo, Sangla, Chango, Chhitkul, Kothi, Leo, Lippa, Moorang, Nichar, Nako, Namgya, Pooh, Rakchham, Ribba, Lipa-Asrang Sanctuary, Rakchham-Chhitkul Sanctuary, Rupi-Bhaba Sanctuary, Chandika Temple Kothi, Rarang Monastery. It is famous for the Kailash Mountain which is close to the Tibetan border. In the year 2018, there were 2,28,320 domestic tourists and 3,028 foreign tourists who visited the above places. Kalpa is a small town which is situated in the Sutlej river valley. It is famous for appple orchards. Lipa-Asrang sanctuary has different species such as the Yak, Ibex, Leopard, Goral, Blue Sheep, Brown Bear, Musk Deer, Himalayan black Beer, etc. It was notified in the year 1962 and re-notified on 27th March 1974. It also includes dry alpine scrub, dry coniferous forest, dwarf juniper scrub, western Himalayan temperate forest, dry broad leaved and coniferous forest. Rakchham Chhitkul sanctuary is situated nearby town Reckong Peo. Leopard, blue Sheep, Himalayan black Bear, brown Bear, musk Deer and Goral etc species are found here. Rupi Bhabha sanctuary is located on the left bank of the Sutlej River. The species found in this sanctuary are blue sheep, red fox, musk deer, goral, ibex, Leopard, snow leopard, brown bear, Himalayan black bear, etc are found in this sanctuary.

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