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Join the Conversation To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Tips to begin exercising if you're overweight or out of shape I have been a physical therapist for about 20 years, and worked primarily with individuals with obesity problems for more than 10 years. When someone has excess weight or has not exercised in a long time, it can cause issues such as joint pain, limited range of motion, fatigue, and shortness of breath; which makes exercise more challenging. Therefore, an exercise program that takes this into consideration will be more effective by limiting stress to the body, while providing the right movements to help burn fat, build muscle, and ultimately shed the pounds.The following principles can help when beginning an exercise program to lose weight: Muscles burn more calories than fat. - Most people think of using aerobic conditioning to get the heart rate up to burn calories. Although, this is true, one must also incorporate strength training into their programs as well. Muscles weigh more than fat, so when beginning an exercise program, you may not lose weight at first; but you will lose inches. Since your muscles burn more calories, your overall metabolism will increase; allowing for more lasting weight loss results in the long term. - The "American Heart Association" recommends 150 minutes a week of moderate activity in order to improve overall health. This is about 30 minutes of exercise 5 days a week. For best results, the 30 minutes should combine strength training and elevating your heart rate. As you get conditioned, you can increase the time spend exercising to more than 150 minutes a week for even faster results. Low impact exercises reduce the stress on joints in the knees and back. - Exercising in a pool is the best way to reduce the weight bearing stress on your joints. The buoyancy of the water can reduce the weight on your joints as much as 80% when standing in "shoulder height" water. Also, exercising in an upright position in the pool, as opposed to swimming horizontally, can reduce your heart rate by 12-15 beats per minute; reducing the risk of getting short of breath. - If you do not have access or desire to workout in a pool, then chair or bed exercises are the next best way to reduce weight bearing compression on the knees and spine. There are many bed or chair exercises that can strengthen and condition aerobically to allow for a total body workout. Most fitness gyms will offer a chair exercise class for senior individuals. And there are also aerobic, chair workout videos on the market. Hand weights or ankle weights can add to the strengthening component of your workout in a chair or bed. - Recumbent bikes are good to provide support to the spine, while also allowing for not much weight bearing stress to the knees. However, most recumbent bikes only allow for weights up to 300 pounds. An elliptical machine also has less compression forces to the knee and spine. If you are large in the middle section of your body, exercising the legs only on an elliptical machine tends to be more comfortable. But remember, these machines are more aerobic in nature and do not provide much in the way of strengthening. Therefore, adding strength training "in addition" to the use of these machines, is recommended. - If you like to walk, then look for a local school with a track that has rubber tracking to allow for reduced stress on the knees and spine. Adopt a positive mental attitude. - Work at your own pace. If you need a break - take it! If you cannot keep up with the instructor, then work at your own pace and just keep moving. Eventually, you will improve. - Getting an accountability partner, even if only by phone or internet, is always a good way to be consistent. - Set weekly goals and reward yourself for meeting those goals. - It can make exercise fun when you add music. - If you have a bad week, do not feel bad about it. Focus on what you can do today. If it causes pain - do not do it! - The rule of "no pain, no gain," does not apply to a personal workout program. Pain is one of the ways your body tells you that something is not good for it. - However, if your doctor has cleared you to exercise, then continue to exercise by modifying the exercises so that they don't hurt. For example, if it hurts your back to raise your knee up "past" your waist; then just raise your knee and stop "at the waist" so it does not cause pain. - Remember to drink plenty of water to reduce soreness with a new workout program. I have learned a lot from my patients over the years. Through this experience, I have created my first exercise DVD, "Getting Back Into Life." This exercise DVD alternates between the muscle groups: working on upper body, lower body, and core; to allow for toning. It also keeps the heart rate elevated. This exercise DVD is a great place to begin for someone who is struggling with weight, joint pain. or has mobility problems. It starts with a bed exercise routine, then progresses to a chair exercise routine, and then to a standing routine. The bed and chair routines are designed to provide exercises for weight loss without adding weight bearing stress on the knees or back. These routines have two levels of intensity and feature 'Goldie Eacholes' performing the routines with me; demonstrating the exercises as a person with a larger body type. ObegoneFitness DVD can be found on Amazon.com or purchased locally for $15 at Patterson PT by calling 731.300.4950 in Jackson or 731.784.7771 in Three Way or if you are a patient of Patterson PT you can receive a complimentary copy. Whatever you do, do not give up. Find out what works for you and keep at it. Increasing your physical activity level will not only help you to lose weight, but it will help in reducing aches and pains while giving you more energy and improved overall health.

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Captive Breeding of Purplemask Angelfish 19 Apr, 2014 By Karen Brittain Courtesy Rising Tide Conservation Updates Blog Larval rearing trials began with the spawning of a Centropyge venusta pair in the summer of 2013. (Ed: This species was formerly known as Paracentropyge venusta and Centropyge venustus, no longer valid names.) The first successful larval rearing trial started with a small spawn on November 13, 2013. This was the fifth larval run with this species and the focus was on food density and consumption at different developmental phases. The diet consisted of both cultured copepods and wild collected plankton with all food items being less than 100 microns in size. To assess consumption rates, five random samples were taken for initial food counts at the start of each test period. All food items added to the larval tank during the test period were counted while maintaining a density of 1 to 2 food items per ml in the water column. At the end of the time period counts were again done to determine larval consumption. At this point a 75% water change was carried out. I was surprised at the amount of food these little larvae could put away and as an example, at day 28 days post hatch the larvae consumed approximately 2,150 food items each over a 12 hour period, (5:00am to 5:00pm). At one month of age the larvae started targeting larger prey items and ignored the food items less than 100 microns in size. At this point newly hatched and enriched Artemia were added to the diet along with adult cultured copepods. The larvae also began to display benthic behavior by associating with the corners of the tank, the air stone and airline tubing. A piece of dried coral rubble was added where the larvae took shelter. The larvae continued to grow and develop; they were moved into a growout tank at 57 days old. At this point we had 17 larvae remaining which equates to 6% survival from hatch. The development of juvenile colors came slowly. On day 95 they had black pigment on parts of their fins and tail. A month later at 130 days old they were the beautiful blue and yellow of the adults. Larval rearing of this species proved relatively “easy” in their first few weeks of the larval stage after which point larval development and growth seemed to slow. This could be attributed to the type and amount of wild plankton collected and fed out at that time. I feel that the larval phase could be shortened and improved upon in the area of diet. After metamorphosis the larvae were again slow to develop with a reluctance to accept non-living food items and this is also another area for improvement. The Reef Frenzy and Herbivore Frenzy frozen foods were the first choice of the juveniles when they began to accept non-living food. Currently these juveniles are fairly bold and are consuming frozen and dry foods with gusto. About the Author Karen Brittain is a marine biologist at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii – Manoa. She lives in Kailua and is a participant in the Rising Tide Conservation Initiative.

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So what exactly is gum disease and can I explain it easily enough for anyone to understand? I think so. I'm sure you have heard of plaque and tartar. It's mentioned in all the toothpaste ads. Plaque is the soft stuff on your teeth that can come off with a toothbrush. Tartar ( or what we dentists call "calculus"- not the math by the way) is the hard stuff you cannot brush off. It's found above the gum line where you can see it and below where you cannot. Tartar...to put it indelicately... has to be scrapped off. We dentists call this "scaling". Now bacteria live in the plaque and tartar. They produce among other things toxins that break down the gum tissue attachment to the teeth and cause the bone that holds the teeth to shrink away. As it becomes more severe, your teeth become loose and you if left untreated the affected teeth will be lost. That in a nut shell is gum disease. It is generally painless. Bleeding swollen red gums are often seen. Some times you cannot tell you suffer from it to look at your gums. So how do we dentists know it's there?

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Another Disease (almost) Eradicated Nearly 30 years after smallpox was eradicated from the face of the earth, it still stands alone as the only pathogen to have been deliberately eliminated (Though efforts on guinea worm and polio are getting close). Catching up on back issues of Science, I was surprised to learn that, at long last, there is now another virus very close to eradication. Rinderpest. The only catch: it doesn't affect humans. But that doesn't make the prospect of rinderpest eradication any less stunning. Quick background: Rinderpest is a viral disease that afflicts livestock, mainly cattle. It is brutal, often killing a third of a herd. A century ago, it spread throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, but various efforts, culminating in a sustained international campaign, begun in 1994, has driven it to isolated patches in Africa. Lately, it's been confined to Kenya, and now may be even gone from there. Just because it's a bovine disease, though, doesn't mean it doesn't have human impact. Consider this passage from the Science story (subscription required), describing an outbreak in South African in 1897 that killed about 90% of the cattle population, as well as other livestock and local game: With herding, farming, and hunting all but gone, mass starvation set in. An estimated one-third of the population of Ethiopia and two-thirds of the Maasai people of Tanzania died of starvation. The rinderpest epizootic also altered the continent's ecological balance by reducing the number of grazing animals, which had kept grasslands from turning into the thickets that provide breeding grounds for the tsetse fly. Human sleeping sickness mortality surged." More recent outbreaks have likewise proven devasting to cattle and human populations alike; a particularly virulent outbreak in Sudan in the late 1980s killed 80% of calves, and with cow milk unavailable, human children began to starve, resulting in a horrible famine. Another example of how we're just a part of one big ecosystem. Eradication is on target for 2010. Can't wait to toast this one.

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Recent reports have exposed a dangerous trend among teenagers and young adults concerning the intentional abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. Vicks® wants to help protect teens from the dangers of medicine abuse, but needs your help as parents to accomplish this goal. Experts report that medicine abuse can be prevented with a good child-parent relationship. In fact, teens who talk to their parents about medicine abuse are half as likely to engage in this behavior. Because OTC drugs are legal and accessible, young people might not realize how effective they can be. It’s important to know the facts about OTC drugs and warn your children. Let them know that OTC products are not "safer" to misuse simply because they are legal, have a legitimate purpose, and are easy to buy. Other ways you can protect your children include: - Monitoring the OTC drugs in your home, and keeping track of how much medicine is in each bottle. - Avoiding overstocking OTC drugs in your home. - Not allowing your child to keep OTC drugs in his bedroom, backpack, or school locker. - Monitoring your child's Internet use and watching out for sites your child might be visiting that promote OTC drug abuse. - Being a role model for responsible use of OTC and prescription medications. Talking with your child about the responsible use of OTC drugs is one of the best ways to keep your child safe. Teach your child how to read and follow directions on the labels of all OTC drugs, and always monitor your child's use of these medications. OTC drugs are meant to help people, not hurt, so ensure your child knows the health risks of abusing medicines.View sources Vicks® products should only be used as directed for their intended purpose. For more information, check out this information about the safety of over-the-counter medications.

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By Charline Rodrigue. Electrical Wiring. Publised at Sunday, August 13th 2017, 20:57:13 PM. Wiring diagrams show the connections to the controller. Wiring diagrams, sometimes called “main” or “construction” diagrams, show the actual connection points for the wires to the components and terminals of the controller. By Charline Rodrigue. Engine Wiring. Published at Sunday, January 21st 2018, 06:08:32 AM. The starter solenoid is a relay switch that contains 2 circuits and has 3 or 4 wires connecting to and from it. Two of these wires are heavy gauge, and the remaining are smaller gauge. The two heavy gauge wires are connected to your starter and to your battery. The remaining small gauge wires are connected to the small terminals on the starter solenoid and lead to the ignition switch and to the common ground. If your starter solenoid only has one small wire or terminal, the ground is through the solenoid’s mounting bracket. By Claudie Ulysse. Engine Wiring. Published at Sunday, January 21st 2018, 02:18:55 AM. They are heavy. In most applications today their power to weight ratio is not considered impressive. But when they power 4 wheeled machines such as Lawn and Garden Tractors, Skidsteers, and Road Grading Machines, you want that weight to aid in delivering that power to the ground. By Blandine Honorine. Electrical Wiring. Published at Sunday, January 21st 2018, 01:42:33 AM. Electrical equipment uses a wide variety of wire and cable types and it is up to us to be able to correctly identify and use the wires which have been specified. The wrong wire types will cause operational problems and could render the unit unsafe. By Babette Benjamine. Engine Wiring. Published at Sunday, January 21st 2018, 01:03:18 AM. To measure AC voltage for example on your engine’s stator, you first locate the two wires coming from the stator. Turn your DMM to AC Voltage. Place the red probe onto one of the wires, and the black probe on the other wire. You should read about 24 to 30 VAC. By Charline Rodrigue. Electrical Wiring. Published at Saturday, January 20th 2018, 23:55:13 PM. For grounded control circuits, you may use a green (with or without one or more yellow stripes) or a bare conductor to connect the transformer terminal to a grounding terminal on the control panel. By Claudie Ulysse. Engine Wiring. Published at Saturday, January 20th 2018, 22:59:05 PM. Measuring resistance can indicate the health of a component. For example we can determine if an ignition coil is healthy or not by measuring the resistance of its windings. To measure resistance, set your meter to Ω ohms resistance. If you need to select a range, select the smallest range normally 200 ohms. Place the red probe onto one of the small terminals of the ignition coil, and the black one on the remaining small terminal. Your resistance will then display. A normal ignition coil should read about 3.5 to 4 ohms. If your meter reads a much higher resistance it means your ignition coil may have a short and is faulty. By Charline Rodrigue. Electrical Wiring. Published at Saturday, January 20th 2018, 19:16:24 PM. Connections should be secured against accidental loosening. Correctly tighten terminal screws and where a connecting plug is fitted, use the clamps or screws provided to secure it to its mating socket. D-42 - Engine Wiring Diagram Specialist Copyright © 2003 - 2018 Domain Media. All sponsored products, company names, brand names, trademarks and logos arethe property of their respective owners.

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My friend shared a post on my Facebook page about 10 Questions to ask when you read a story about science or medicine. I like what Steve Buist of the Hamilton Spectator has to say and to be sure, this is a good, simple guide that will get most people under way. However, I would argue there are four questions that are of greater importance in current science reporting: - How many steps is this reporting away from the original science? A great deal of science “reporting” currently involves looking at a press release about a scientific study, or at times, a story about a press release about a study, or, as I have come to find out when trying to chase down a story’s origins, a story about a story about a press release about a study. Unfortunately, key details about the study are frequently omitted in the repetition of the information, rendering the science meaningless and misguiding. Equally when information is simplified or paraphrased for a new audience, nuance and important critical elements can be distorted to suggest things other than the point of the study. - How many cherry picked results have been conflated into a single story? Reporters will often try to make a point about an idea, so they will look at several press releases about a single scientific topic, and choose results they believe will support a particular narrative. Of course, we all do this to a certain extent, with the exception that in science, you must not. You must take all of the results, and try to understand them in aggregate. Frequently the picture is complex and muddy, and this makes for a terrible story, but great science. - Does the reader understand the topic in the study? Did the reporter understand the topic they were paraphrasing? It is easy to assume that just because we can parse all of the words in a sentence that we will necessarily understand what the author is trying to communicate. I can typically understand all of the individual words from a paper in an economics journal, but I would be hard pressed to explain the ideas to anyone. Some ideas, especially about cellular biology or neuroscience can be very complex, and although I am a neuroscientist, I can spend a lot of time trying to figure out exactly what a study showed, if anything. This can be particularly true if the technique or brain area or behaviour is unfamiliar to me. - Do you have any clue what the statistics mean? Yes, more people in a study generally is better, but with a large enough group you can begin to find an effect for anything, and this is confusing unless you understand how hypothesis testing works, and what an effect size is. I am not saying you need to be statistical consultant, but in the words of Mark Twain, “There are three types of mendacity I can’t abide: Lies, damned lies, and statistics.” The bottom line is that statistics can be made to say many things and unless you are familiar with what test is allowed in a given circumstance, it can be hard to tell whether or not the result is as solid as it sounds. Overall, if you are writing science stories, you are obliged to follow the advice of Einstein, who said “You do not really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother”. This involves the work of reading the ORIGINAL study, not the press release, and not someone’s paraphrase. It also involves reading any important supporting or contradictory background research. If you are unfamiliar with the techniques or ideas, it involves learning more about them. With respect to statistics, if you don’t understand them, in my view you are obliged at bare minimum to confess that lack of understanding. The big point here is that with the “copy/paste” world we live in, we have an additional responsibility to be cautious when telling readers what to believe. Deliberate misinformation and misguided crusades in the name of weak or terrible science have been repeated to the point where the fiction is accepted as truth, resulting in misfortune and even death. The way of science is difficult, and fraught with enough peril and error— and at times, even deliberate deception. If you are going to report on science, at least do the hard work of thinking the issues through before you repeat them to someone else.

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The Petit Trianon Eleanor Jourdain (1864-1924) Charlotte Anne Moberly (1846-1937) Portrait of Marie Antoinette by Wertmüller. The figure that Charlotte Anne Moberly saw near the Petit Trianon bore a strong resemblance to the Queen as depicted in this picture The Ghosts of Versailles On August 10, 1901 two English women visited the gardens of the Petit Trianon near Versailles. The controversy over exactly what these women saw there on that day would linger on for decades. The two women were Anne Moberly and Eleanor Jourdain, both academics, principal and vice-principal respectively of St. Hugh's College, Oxford. They were on vacation in France and decided to spend a day at Versailles. They first toured the palace and then agreed to explore the grounds in search of the Petit Trianon. Here is a rough account of what happened next: They began searching for the Petit Trianon but became lost. As they wandered, they passed a deserted farmhouse and noticed an old plough lying by the side of the road. Immediately, they both began to feel strange, as if a heavy mood was oppressing their spirits. Two men dressed in "long greyish-green coats with small three-cornered hats" passed them. The women asked these men the way to the Petit Trianon and were directed down a path directly in front of them. They proceeded down this path until they came upon a gazebo shaded by trees. The dark mood hung even heavier over them here. Everything was very still. A repulsive looking man, his face pitted with small-pox was standing by the gazebo, and he stared unpleasantly at them. Just then someone came rushing up behind them and warned them that they were going the wrong way. They were told to cross a small bridge, and when they did so they arrived at what they assumed to be the Petit Trianon. Here a woman was sitting on a stool, sketching. She wore an old-fashioned dress, covered with a pale green scarf. Again, they experienced a sensation of intense gloom. Suddenly a footman came rushing out of a nearby building, slamming the door behind himself. The footman told them that the entrance to the Petit Trianon was on the other side of the building, and so they walked around the house where they found a wedding party waiting to tour the rooms. The dark mood lifted, and nothing else unusual happened. Three months later, back in England, Moberly happened to mention the sketching woman to Jourdain. Jourdain declared that she had not seen such a woman. They were intrigued by this element of mystery. How could one of them have seen a figure and not the other? When they further compared recollections they both remembered feeling that something strange had occurred in the garden, so they decided to each write down a separate account of what they had seen and compare notes. It turned out that there were a number of figures whom Moberly had seen whom Jourdain had not, but on other details they agreed. Investigating further, Jourdain discovered that the day on which they had visited the palace was the anniversary of the sacking of the Tuileries in 1792, when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had witnessed the massacre of their Swiss Guards and had been imprisoned in the Hall of the Assembly. The two began to wonder if they had somehow seen the ghost of Marie Antoinette, or rather, if they had somehow telepathically entered into one of the Queen's memories left behind in that location. As if to confirm their suspicion, Moberly came across a picture of Marie Antoinette drawn by the artist Wertmüller. To her astonishment it depicted the same sketching woman she had seen near the Petit Trianon. Even the clothes were the same. Intrigued by the growing mystery, Jourdain returned to Versailles in January 1902 and discovered that she was unable to retrace their earlier steps. The grounds seemed mysteriously altered. She then learned that on October 5, 1789 Marie Antoinette had been sitting at the Petit Trianon when she first learned that a mob from Paris was marching towards the palace gates. Jourdain and Moberly decided that Marie Antoinette's memory of this terrifying moment must have somehow lingered and persisted through the years, and it was into this memory that they had inadvertently stumbled. This explained the sensation of dark depression they had felt at the time. The two women sent a letter to the Society for Psychical Research declaring their discovery that the Trianon was haunted. But the Society deemed their claims unworthy of investigation. Thereupon the two women decided to conduct a full-scale investigation of their own to prove that they had seen the ghost of Marie Antoinette. The accounts of Versailles they wrote in 1901 were the corner-stone of this investigation. They sought to prove that in these accounts they had accurately described what Versailles looked like in 1789. Their argument was that because they did not possess any knowledge of eighteenth-century Versailles when they wrote these accounts, it would have been impossible for them to produce such detailed descriptions unless the scene they had witnessed really was Marie Antoinette's memory of 1789 Versailles that they had somehow stumbled into. The result of their investigation was the publication in 1911 of a book titled An Adventure. They published it under the pseudonyms of Miss Morison and Miss Lamont. This is some of the evidence they unearthed: An Adventure provoked an outpouring of public interest, selling 11,000 copies by 1913. But it also attracted a great deal of criticism. Critics argued that the two women either simply got lost, or their memories of what they had seen were mistaken. The two women defended themselves, and published the accounts of their experience that they had each written in November 1901 as proof that they had seen things which they later discovered corresponded exactly to what the grounds of Versailles looked like in 1789. They argued that there was no way they could have known about such details. After the women died (Jourdain in 1924, Moberly in 1937) their identities were revealed. The revelation that they were respected academics created further interest in the case, and a series of studies of the case followed. The most damaging analysis of their claims appeared in 1950, written by W.H. Salter. Salter concluded, based upon a close review of Jourdain and Moberly's correspondence with the Society for Psychical Research, that many details included in the accounts they had (supposedly) written in 1901 had actually been added at a much later date, in 1906, after the women had conducted extensive historical research. This discovery cast serious doubt upon their claims, because their entire case had rested upon the impossibility of the two of them, in 1901, being able to give an accurate description of 1789 Versailles. It is likely that the two women sincerely believed that they saw something mysterious on their visit to Versailles in 1901. But they so badly wanted others to believe that they had seen something that, whether consciously or not, they embellished their evidence. In this way they managed to reassure themselves of the reality of their ghost sighting and simultaneously persuaded a significant portion of the public to share their belief.

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COBE's Infrared View of the Universe These three pictures are maps of the full sky as seen in infrared light. The top two are composite images taken in wavelengths of 60, 100, and 240 micrometers. The 60-micrometer brightness is shown in blue, the 100- micrometer brightness in green, and the 240-micrometer brightness in red. The bottom image shows just the 240-micrometer brightness after foreground light from the solar system and Galaxy has been removed. The images were compiled from data taken between December 1989 and September 1990 by the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) on board NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE). They illustrate the steps scientists used to find the cosmic infrared background, which is a radiative fossil containing cumulative starlight which now appears in the infrared due to the cosmic redshift and by absorption and re-emission by dust in the universe since the Big Bang. The top picture represents the brightness of the full sky as seen in infrared light. The bright yellow-orange line across the center of the image arises from interstellar dust in the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy, with the center of the Galaxy at the center of the image. The red color above and below this line shows additional wispy clouds of interstellar dust. The blue S-shaped color arises from interplanetary dust in the solar system. The middle picture represents a view of the sky after the foreground glow of the solar system dust has been extracted. This image is dominated by emission from interstellar dust in the Milky Way Galaxy. The two bright objects in the center of the lower right quadrant are nearby galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. After the infrared light from our solar system and galaxy has been removed, what remains is a uniform cosmic infrared background. The line across the center is an artifact from removal of galactic light. The DIRBE team reports detection of this cosmic background light also at 140 micrometers, and has set limits to its brightness at eight other infrared wavelengths from 1.25 to 100 micrometers.

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Free causal argument papers, essays, and research papers. Bestessaywriterscom is a professional essay writing causal argument the most convincing kind of causal argument identifies every link in the causal chain. Now try to think of a topic that you're interested in and would like to write a causal chain essay about some possible topics are: - poverty. Exemplification essay sports mass murderers throughout history essay quotes used in essay writing name money is the root of all evil essay do you agree with euthanasia. View this essay on wal-mart integration - causal chains and strategy walmart's emergence as a global leader of mass merchandising and discount retailing is. The causal analysis academic essay allows us to begin to understand the how to write a causal analysis essay views illustrating the chain of events in the. Read this essay on integration - casual chains and strategy come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to. Causal chain essay what is causal chain what does causal chain mean causal chain meaning, definition & explanation - duration: 2:06. Looking for some good cause and effect essay topics check out this list of the top 40 interesting and provocative topics. A causal essay is much like a cause and effect essay, but there is a subtle difference in the minds of some instructors the causal essay might address. The causal analysis essay “why did it happen what caused it or the writer may decide the most appropriate organizational pattern is the causal chain. Causal chain essay examples - essays & researches written by top quality writers no more fs with our high class writing services receive the necessary coursework. Hey, it’s easy (the search) if you search in the right places – those are mostly closed websites demanding registration try this one: studentshare, they cla. What is a causal argument what are some examples update cancel answer wiki 4 answers john d hemsley what are some causal chain essay examples. Chain essays - see the list of causal chain essay, supply chain management essay, chain of command essay. The causal analysis essay an overview be aware of any causal chains in which one event causes another event, which causes another, and so forth. Check out our top free essays on causal argument essay to help you write your own essay. How to write a cause and effect essay: format, structure, topics, outline, examples custom-essaysorg custom essay writing service causal chain (domino effect. Causal essay - diversify the way you do your assignment with our appreciated service get started with term paper writing and write greatest college research paper. The causal essay might address more complex topics, while the cause and effect essay may address smaller or more straightforward topics. Read this essay on causal essay the complex causal chain argument rube goldberg, a cartoonist, engineer, and inventor, gave us cartoons of many. The purpose of a casual analysis essay is to define the reasons of the things that happen in our life how to write a causal analysis essay the casual chain. Guidelines for writing the cause/effect essay typed mla formatted cause/effect essay, 4 pages of text causal chain–this is complicated. Causal chain essay examples - benefit from our cheap custom research paper writing service and benefit from perfect quality professional writers, exclusive services. Causal chain essay - no fails with our high class writing services professional writers, top-notch services, fast delivery and other benefits can be found in our.

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Sealants can be a valuable preventive service for children soon after their adult molars erupt. They are a safe and proven way to seal the grooves of teeth in order to prevent future cavities. Many molars develop with grooves and pits that are sometimes deep and very difficult to clean. You can see a mild example of these grooves in the picture above on the left. These areas are ideal for bacteria to hide in and avoid the bristles of your tooth brush. Think of these pits as caves for the bacteria to live in, eat the food that you eat, and build fortresses of plaque leaving the tooth helpless against the acid they produce which causes cavities. On top of that, these molars erupt when kids are 6 years old and again at 12 when they are probably not brushing as well as they should, and they are snacking all day on cookies, crackers, and Mountain Dew. Even with the best habits though, these grooves can be nearly impossible to keep clean and free of bacteria. Thankfully, we have an easy way to protect these teeth, which has been proven over many years to be an effective method to prevent cavities in these grooves. Sealants can be done with no anesthesia and all 4 molars, or even all 8, can be done in a single short appointment. A sealant is a plastic resin material that we place into the grooves and pits after cleaning the tooth. It is bonded to the tooth, preventing bacteria from entering and creating a smooth surface that is easier to keep clean. You can do nothing and hope for the best. With proper diet and hygiene techniques there is a chance that the teeth don’t get cavities. If and when they do we can try to catch it early and restore the tooth with a filling. The cost of not getting sealants is usually just the cost of a small filling per tooth if they develop a cavity, however if you miss a few 6 month check-ups those cavities might get deeper and need more expensive treatment like a root canal or a crown. Also, a filling removes tooth structure, even small fillings, and that is another cost to consider. It’s always better to prevent the damage than to repair it. We see cavities in these areas all the time because without sealants they are just too hard to clean. If your dentist recommends sealants it is usually a better option than doing nothing. Do all kids need sealants? No. Some teeth develop with totally fused grooves and are basically sealed already. Some teeth develop with very deep grooves, and most teeth fall somewhere in between. In this figure, the 2 teeth on the right should have sealants. The lower left might be questionable, but the upper left tooth should be fine on its own. After the teeth erupt into the mouth (around age 6 for 1st molars and age 12 for 2nd molars), your dentist will decide whether they need sealants or not. It’s a good idea to ask your dentist and discuss it during your child’s appointment. Will my insurance pay for sealants? Many insurances do pay for sealants and they are often covered at 100% as preventive coverage. However, every plan is different so we would have to check your individual benefit plan. Sometimes there is an age limit and insurances will only pay for sealants up to age 9 for 1st molars and age 14 for 2nd molars. You may want to check your personal plan before doing sealants, however regardless of insurance payment, sealants are still a helpful and cost-effective way to protect your child’s teeth.

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How to write an informal letter? An informal letter is a letter you would write to a friend, a family member or an acquaintance. The classic informal letter has five parts as follows: |1.||Address Block||Includes your return address and the date of writing the letter. This block is usually right-justified.| |2.||Opening Salutation||This is the opening greeting; typically "Dear John". Left-justify this block.| |3.||Body Block||This is your actual letter content (introduction + main parts + final paragraphs). It can be anywhere from a few paragraphs in length up to multiple pages. In the exam the length of the letter will be defined in the task (usually somewhere between 120 and 180 words). The body paragraphs should be left justified.| |4.||Closing Salutation||This is where you say goodbye. Typically, closing salutations for informal letters include such phrases as: "Yours truly,", "Your friend,", "All the best,", Take care,". These days, more informal closing salutations are also acceptable, such as: "See you soon,", "Don't be a stranger,", etc. Left-justify the closing salutation.| |5.||Signature Block||Since it is an informal letter to someone who knows you reasonably well, just sign your first name. Also left-justify this block.| For writing informal letters use informal English:a)Use short forms like isn’t, won’t, it’s, I’ve instead of is not, will not, it is, I have, etc. This is because we tend to use these forms when we are speaking, and using them in written English makes it sound more informal. b)Sometimes miss out words in a sentence - In letter writing, it is often quite common to miss out the word ‘I’. For example, at the end of a letter you might write ‘Hope to hear from you soon’ instead of ‘I hope to hear from you soon’. Other common expressions are ‘Wish you were here’ and ‘Having a great time here’. Including these gives the impression of a letter or email being written quickly and informally. c)Use informal intensifiers – In spoken English, we often use words like really and incredibly meaning really nice, really good. We often also use some of the more extreme intensifier + adjective combinations such as completely fantastic, absolutely awful, etc. d)Use simple vocabulary - In English there is often a choice between a simpler word or phrasal verb and a longer more complex word. In informal English it is better to choose the simpler form, so you would say get off the boat rather than disembark from the boat. When you have finished, always go back and look at your work again. Don’t just read it three or four times – look for something specific each time. For example, if you know you sometimes make mistakes with word order, check each sentence for word order. If you have problems with prepositions, go back and check each one carefully. Remember that grammatical accuracy is very, very important. 13 Liverpool Road, 5th November 2010 Oh, how I missed being with you during the holidays this year! Everything in London is so different from Spain that I don't know if I'll ever get used to living here. I'm so glad that my father's job at the Spanish Embassy will only last until June. Then we will come home, and you and I can spend the summer on the beach. (I hope you'll spend your holiday in Spain, as usual.) I've already made some very nice friends, but don't worry - no one could ever replace you as my best friend! After school, I sometimes go to my friend Fiona's house. She enjoys listening to the same music and watching the same clips that you and I like. In fact, Fiona and I have tickets for Bon Jovi's concert next month. I wish you were coming with us! Life is very different here. Would you believe that we have to wear a uniform to go to school? It's awful! A blue skirt and blazer, a white blouse and a ridiculous checked tie, not to mention a pair of horrible, long, white socks. Besides, there is nothing to do in the evening. All the shops close by 4.30 p. m. and pubs are only open till 11 p. m. That's all for now. I must start my homework for my English class tomorrow. The teacher wants us to write an informal letter to a friend and I don't even know where to begin! Please write soon and tell me all the news. I miss you.

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Purpose Of The Database And Study Design: ASD is a national surveillance project that collects demographic, clinical, behavioral, laboratory, health care use, and other related data on HIV positive individuals 13 years of age and older. ASD provides a method for monitoring the full spectrum of HIV-related illnesses and evaluating trends in those illnesses. Although advances in HIV/AIDS therapy are reducing the number of HIV positive persons advancing to AIDS, many non-AIDS-defining illnesses (e.g., pneumonia) continue to occur. ASD defines the spectrum and magnitude of those non-AIDS-defining illnesses, as well as AIDS-related illnesses. Nature Of The Data Collected: Longitudinal medical record reviews conducted to study a natural cohort of HIV positive adults Unit Of Analysis: Individual patients treated at hospital-based outpatient clinics and community-based clinical practices. Data Collection Methods: ASD uses an observational cohort study design and is conducted through cooperative agreements with health departments in Los Angeles, New York City, Atlanta, Detroit, Denver, Houston, San Antonio, New Orleans, Seattle, and Puerto Rico. Cases are drawn from hospital inpatient and outpatient facilities, infectious disease practitioners specializing in HIV infection, private practice medical groups, HIV treatment facilities, and HMOs. About two-thirds of the cohort receive care in public facilities. ASD follows HIV/AIDS patients accessing care at participating sites to retrieve clinical, treatment, and laboratory data from medical records at six-month intervals, beginning with the entry of the patient into the ASD database and ending with the patient’s death or loss to follow-up. ASD provides risk information and provides surveillance of HIV-related illnesses. ASD data are recorded using standardized software. Information is sent to CDC without personal identifiers. Data analysis is performed at participating State and local health departments and at the CDC. General Attributes: From the inception of ASD in 1990 to June 1999, over 47,000 patients diagnosed with HIV or AIDS have been observed. Major Data Constructs And Key Data Elements: Demographic characteristics; mode of HIV exposure; AIDS-defining conditions; other clinical conditions, diagnostic, immunologic, and virologic test results; treatment and prophylaxis; hospitalization dates and discharge diagnoses; date and cause of death; and social data. Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Study Design And Database: Since its inception, ASD has been the primary source of information for monitoring OIs; served as a sentinel surveillance system for new OIs; provided the data necessary to revise the AIDS case definition in 1993; provided the data necessary to develop the “smearing forward” method of evaluating immunologically-diagnosed AIDS cases over time; and contributed to CDC’s ability to statistically adjust incident AIDS diagnoses to account for the change in the AIDS case definition. The number of records and the diversity of the patient population contained in the database has made ASD data the primary source of information for current PHS HIV treatment guidelines by demonstrating the impact of various treatment regimens on changing patterns of morbidity in the HIV positive population. ASD data represent a diverse group of HIV positive individuals. The database, however, is facility-based and does not represent the HIV positive population in the US. Gaps In The Data Collected And Factors Leading To The Gaps: CDC is now piloting an ASD-related, population-based surveillance project to monitor preventable OIs and access to care and treatment. Feasibility Of Linking With Other Databases: Linkage is feasible at the local level. Process To Access The Database And Contact Person: For more information contact: Chief, Surveillance Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance, and Epidemiology, CDC, Mailstop E-47, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta GA 30333; (404) 639-2050. Jones JL, Hanson DK, Dworkin MS, Alderton DL, et al. Surveillance for AIDS-defining opportunistic infections, 1992-1997. MMWR. 48(SS-2): 1-22, 1999. Sullivan, PS, Hanson DL, Chu SY, Jones JL, et al. Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: results from the multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project. Blood. 91: 301-308, 1998. Smith D. The HIV Epidemiology Research Study, HIV Outpatient Study, and the Spectrum of Disease Studies. Journal of AIDS and Human Retrovirology. 17(Supple. 1): S17-S19, 1998. McNaghten AD, Hanson DL, Jones JL, Dworkin MS, et al. The effects of antiretroviral therapy and year of AIDS diagnosis on survival.International Conference on AIDS. 10(1): 311 (Abstract No. PC0173), 1994. Dworkin MS, Wan PC, Jones WJ. Recent patterns of antiretroviral prescriptions among HIV positive patients in care in the United States.International Conference on AIDS. 12: 146 (Abstract No. 13303), 1998. Davidson AJ, Bertram SK, Lezotte DC, Marine WM, et al. Comparison of health status, socioeconomic characteristics, and knowledge and use of HIV-related resources between HIV positive women and men. Medical Care. 36(12): 1676-1684, 1998.

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What is an ethical will? What are ethical wills? Basically they are a letter, or a document similar in form. Quite focused, often they are only a page or two long, and specifically communicate one’s values, often with the hope that one’s descendents will also hold to those values. In addition to values, a typical ethical will include the writer’s lessons learned in this life, and ideally — and importantly — will include offers of and requests for forgiveness. They include expressions of love and care and do so with the intention of offering that gift to someone in the next generation, usually, but not always, the writer’s children. Some share their ethical wills with extended family and close friends. People write ethical wills for many purposes. For example: new parents write ethical wills to communicate to their child’s designated guardian the values they would like instilled in their child if the parents pass away unexpectedly. This sort could be written in the context of general financial planning and Last Will & Testament preparations, and included with those legal documents. (Of course, providing a copy to the child’s guardian is not a bad idea, either!) A slightly edited version of this ethical will, specifically addressed to the child or children, would be a lovely idea — especially if some words of love and hopes for the child’s future are included in a way that helps the child feel the parents’ care and concern. Another example: an elderly person with a terminal illness, coming to terms with life and its winding down, and wanting to say some important things to family that may have been especially learned through the illness. And one more example: a military person about to be deployed overseas to a war zone, with a young family at home, writes an ethical will to be delivered in the unhappy event the soldier does not survive the deployment. Military chaplains can facilitate such efforts, if needed. There are as many versions of ethical wills as there are people with the heart and soul and the wish to share them. With a history going back at least to Old Testament times, their use and popularity have waxed and waned over the centuries. Barry K. Baines, MD, in Minneapolis, Minnesota is the person largely credited with the resurgence of interest in ethical wills in this baby boomer generation. He seems initially to have used them in his work with hospice patients and has expanded their use from there. IN SUMMARY: ethical wills generally are one- or two-page letters in which the writer gives her or his values, and lessons learned in life, for the benefit of the next generation. Including words of forgiveness and love make them especially powerful. UP NEXT: in the next post we’ll discuss a longer version, or variant, of an ethical will, that we call a Lifespan Legacy letter.

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Breaking the Heartland: The Civil War in Georgia History & Philosophy The Civil War was arguably the watershed event in the history of the United States, forever changing the nature of the Republic and the relationship of individuals to their government. The war ended slavery and initiated the long road toward racial equality. The United States now stands at the sesquicentennial of that event, and its citizens attempt to arrive at an understanding of what that event meant to the past, present, and future of the nation. Few states had a greater impact on the outcome of the nation’s greatest calamity than Georgia. Georgia provided 125,000 soldiers for the Confederacy as well as thousands more for the union cause. Many of the Confederacy’s most influential military and civilian leaders hailed from the state. Georgia was vital to the Confederate war effort because of its agricultural and industrial output; the Confederacy had little hope of winning without the farms and shops of the state. Moreover, the state was critical to the Southern infrastructure because of the river and rail links that crossed it and connected the Western Confederacy to the eastern half. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the war was arguably decided in North Georgia with the Atlanta Campaign and Lincoln’s subsequent reelection. This campaign was the last forlorn hope for the Southern Republic and the Union’s greatest triumph. Despite the state’s importance to the Confederacy and the war’s ultimate outcome, not enough has been written concerning Georgia’s experience during those turbulent years. The essays in this volume attempt to redress this dearth of scholarship. They present a mosaic of events, places, and people, exploring the impact of the war on Georgia and its residents and demonstrating the importance of the state to the outcome of the Civil War. Fowler, J. D., & Parker, D. B. (2011). Breaking the Heartland: The Civil War in Georgia. Macon, GA.; Mercer University Press.

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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries? 1(of paper, fabric) tira femenino(of paper, fabric) trozo masculino(of tobacco) brizna femenino(of tobacco) hebra femeninonot a (single) shred of evidence — ni una (sola) prueba - without a shred of proof — sin la más mínima prueba - not a shred of truth — ni pizca de verdad - Tear one of the shreds of licorice off the big licorice stick. - This paper is not exhaustive and has only covered some of the areas in which the Constitution has been violated and its ideology torn to shreds. - The form-book has certainly been torn to shreds in the play-off stages of this fascinating intermediate championship. - The hard copies have often been torn to shreds, but if a poem made it to my web site it has usually remained. - What kind of sport is it that accepts one animal being torn to shreds by another? - Its wooing of such a company, in the eyes of many, shredded public confidence in the agency. - Most cities had been leveled, economies were shattered, resources completely depleted, and societies torn to shreds. - In death, Dorris's reputation was torn to shreds. - The first half saw the Waterford defence torn to shreds with just Karl O'Keeffe and Paul Houlihan keeping the home side in the game at times. - Rick curled his lip in disgust, slumped in a corner a body, torn to shreds by shrapnel and bullet wounds. - By the sides of the road, triangular signs warned us presence of wind socks, but those that we saw had been torn to shreds by the Atlantic gale, and so posed no risk to anyone. - His nerves could easily have been torn to shreds following a series of false starts which led to the Greek being disqualified. - ‘They weren't eaten, there was no sign of a hungry animal here, they were just torn to shreds by dogs looking for fun,’ says James. - At one point, the flags were literally torn to shreds. - I assume your values are against seeing people torn to shreds by car bombs. - The very fabric of modern society rent asunder, all we hold dear torn to shreds and flushed down the lavatory. - Yet the real battle for England is hoping its cricket revival is not going to be torn to shreds in this game by a rampant Aussie team who simply refuse to show any mercy to the old enemy. - Bits of dog harness torn to shreds were scattered about. - The waves fling themselves at my feet, water torn to shreds - white ribbons thrown across the rocks. - The feathers came from Kathy's parka, torn to shreds. - Her heart ached as the coldness gripped her and tore the dress to pieces, only shreds of innocent cloth lingering between her forsaken fingers. - The federal Liberals have been more responsible for shredding the social safety net than any other government. - At the film's end, Harry is left alone in his destroyed apartment, torn to shreds in a vain search for a planted microphone. - The hunter is doomed to being transformed by the vain goddess of hunting into a stag, to be pursued and torn to shreds by his own hounds. - They found his robes all torn to shreds in one of the upper levels. - The policeman noted that there were multiple pieces of the curtains torn to shreds. - We want the British constitution torn to shreds and reformulated in the interests of working people. - A hare is be given a short head start to blaze a trail, marking his devious way with shreds of paper, soon to be pursued by a shouting pack of harriers. - The form book was torn to shreds, however, at Walsh Park on Saturday as the Carrickbeg men totally outplayed a ragged Dunhill side to clinch their semi-final place. verbo transitivoshredding, shredded 1(lettuce/cabbage) cortar en tiras(carrots) cortar en juliana(grate) rallar(documents) destruir(documents) triturar - Corsham Town Council is opposing a landowner who wants to use his industrial land for shredding motor tyres. - How they all seem so cool and brave, but each of them is nervously shredding the labels on their beer. - I looked closer and it ended up being that half the fan belt had shredded itself and torn off. - You place them into a box and no sooner is your back turned than they've shredded the box and disappeared. - Anyhow, I ducked out earlier to plant the new arrivals before the cats shredded them in their packaging. - You may want to consider shredding the leaves and use it as winter mulch. - Timber would be shredded to produce wood chips for the production of mulch, chipboard or compost. - After delivery to the nursery it is shredded, and then stacked in long piles in an adjacent glasshouse. - I run my tongue over it gently, shredding it before grinding it between my well-developed teeth. - When I met the other guys for the first time I nervously shredded two beer coasters. - In a small bowl mix the juice of the lime with the fish sauce, sugar and the very finely shredded lime leaves. - The skin of the oranges is peeled and the peels are shredded into small pieces. - The garden shredder also aids in shredding debris from punning your hedges. - It will then be shredded and spread across the borough's parks to suppress weeds and put nutrients back into the soil. - The tender inside leaves can be shredded finely for tasty salads and braised red cabbage is fantastic. - They will be taken to a waste site in Bury where they will be shredded and prepared as compost for farmland across Lancashire. - All of the recycled trees will be shredded and turned into mulch, which will be used to fertilise woodlands in the region. - The cabbage was shredded and packed in layers with salt, juniper and barberries, pepper, and spices. - I poked it gently with the knife, even though I could see that it had been shredded, it had given its life for the family. - They are shredded and used again to surface playgrounds and horse training tracks. English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages. Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence? As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.

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Springback is the tendency of a cold worked metallic part to partially return to its original shape after the removal of the forming force. It is a very common phenomenon in sheet metal forming due to the elastic nature of any metal. It depends not only on the mechanical properties of the metal, but also on the geometrical features like bend radius, thickness, bend angle and the moment of inertia of the shape created. High speed forming operations have been found to reduce or eliminate springback. There are many hypotheses regarding the reason for this phenomenon and the essential physics are still a matter of debate.

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Activity: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock: Best practices and Emerging Options The goal of this activity is to discuss the internationally recognized practices that would contribute to reducing emissions from Livestock Operations. - Please identify yourself in the Table below and read the details of the options you have been assigned to. - Then, write at least one short entry on the appropriate "discussion board" highlighting from your perspective the relative merit of the option for organic milk producers and conventional milk producers (use one post per "main idea" if the 500 character limit is constraining). Is this an option we should recommend in our case-study report? Would the option be of equal value for both system or would it give a (competitive?) advantage to a system versus the other? - Discussion board for Feed and Nutrition - Discussion board for Animal Genetics and Breeding - Discussion board for Rumen Modification - Discussion board for Animal Health - Discussion board for Manure Management - Discussion board for Grassland Management - Please come to class prepared to explain how this option would reduce emission, and justify your assessment of its relative merit for organic and conventional dairy producers. |Adeline Wells||Grassland Management||Pages 28-30| |Fei Sun||Feed and Nutrition||Pages 8-11| |Jordan Ebert||Animal Genetics and Breeding||Pages 12-15| |Jeremy Latournel||Rumen Modification||Pages 16-18| |Tim Allen||Animal Health||Pages 20-22| |Chelsea Zegler||Manure Management||Pages 24-26| |Alisha Bower||Grassland Management||Pages 28-30| |Douglas Lee||Feed and Nutrition||Pages 8-11| |Jordan DeLong||Animal Genetics and Breeding||Pages 12-15| |Will Mulhern||Rumen Modification||Pages 16-18| |Gabriel Orduna||Animal Health||Pages 20-22| |Aida Farrokh||Manure Management||Pages 24-26| |Di Liang||Grassland Management||Pages 28-30| |Ryan Horsen||Feed and Nutrition||Pages 8-11| |Soo Kim||Animal Genetics and Breeding||Pages 12-15| |Claire Campbell||Rumen Modification||Pages 16-18| |Monica Daane||Animal Health||Pages 20-22| |Rachel Carlson||Manure Management||Pages 24-26| |Nicole Cancel||Grassland Management||Pages 28-30| |Julia Prieto||Feed and Nutrition||Pages 8-11|

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The hypothetical scenario is frightening. You’re enjoying a relaxing ride in your automated car. Windows down, soft rock on the radio, chowing on a cheeseburger without a care in the world. Your smart car has safely navigated you to and from work a thousand times, and you trust it implicitly. But one day, something in the car’s CPU goes haywire, and it doesn’t recognize a detoured area until it’s far too late. The car suddenly computes that it will have to sharply turn left or right since braking hard would cause a rear-end accident. The only problem is that to the left is a crowd of tourists taking pictures of a statue, and to the right is a single mother carrying her child. What does the car do? How can a car choose between endangering the lives of people behind you, or choosing to veer into the path of pedestrians? When there is no avoiding a potentially-deadly accident, what implications does that have for an automated vehicles? Although technology has advanced to a point where fully-automated cars are now being rolled out into the busy streets of major cities all over the world – including Boston’s South Shore – it has not advanced to a point where we can design computers to weigh the heavy burden of making complex moral choices. Computers do not yet have a conscious after all. The dilemma is sure to cause much tension as more and more driverless cars take to the roadways, and will only get more intense in the likely event that these cars eventually cause bodily harm to their drivers or pedestrians on the streets. Surrendering control for safety? The proponents of automated vehicles argue that if every car drove itself – according to carefully-designed algorithms that process their surrounding environments and connect with other vehicles – the roads would actually be much safer than with purely human drivers at the wheel. After all, over 35,000 people died in traffic accidents in 2015, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Although this number has dropped since the days when cars were made of heavy steel, had no airbags and no seatbelts, the fact remains that driving – even in today’s safety-conscious world – is still a very dangerous activity. If cars operated autonomously, in harmony with one another, able to instantly process risk and navigate out of danger, it would remove the unpredictability of daily commutes that cause so many accidents – such as coffee spilling on a lap, texting while driving and falling asleep at the wheel. But the conundrum is that people currently feel as if they are safer by having total control over their vehicle. Giving total control up to a computer when your life is on the line is by no means an easy thing to do, especially given the decades of societal conditioning that has taught us that technology will always fail eventually. Will society one day come to a point where we feel comfortable enough giving up control of our vehicles? If the numbers prove the theory that roads will be safer, perhaps. But the morality question will likely linger. As more driverless cars hit the roads, it is important to have a team of professionals behind you to navigate the complex and constantly-changing legal landscape behind automated driving. The legal professionals at Altman & Altman LLP have over 40 years of experience dealing with every variation of automobile accident, and the future of driverless cars is an area we strive to stay on top of and monitor closely. Should you get into an accident or be victimized by a driverless car, we’ll work tirelessly to figure out your rights and get you financial compensation whenever and however possible. Call us for a free consultation today at 617-492-3000 or toll-free at 800-481-6199. We are available 24/7

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5G ‘sharing’ proposed following trials at University of Sussex Ultra-fast 5G frequencies will need to be shared by telecoms providers in order to bring high-speed mobile broadband to all corners of the UK, according to researchers at the University of Sussex. The radical model being investigated by the team would harness the latest advances in wireless networks and cognitive radio techniques to intelligently share out frequencies ‘on demand’. This would be a significant departure from 4G, where the spectrum was carved up and frequencies auctioned off for exclusive use by individual companies. But in order to support things like ultra-high-definition video and virtual reality on mobile phones across the UK, much higher frequencies are needed for 5G. Although there is much more bandwidth available, these higher frequency ranges could become very ‘crowded’ with 5G taking off, meaning that the only future-proof solution is to share. Professor Maziar Nekovee, Head of Engineering and Design at the University of Sussex, said: “These millimetre-wave frequencies are already used for satellites, military applications, radio astronomy and mobile backhaul (the ultra-high capacity links that are used by mobile operators to connect thousands of 4G masts to their network). “Using the same approach for 5G as we did for 4G would be hugely wasteful of a precious resource and could cause problems for existing users of these ultra-high frequencies.” Dr Falah Ali, Leader of the Communications Research Group at the University of Sussex, said: “The mmWave is the next frontier in wireless communications to meet the future demand for more bandwidth and capacity, driven by the expected massive increase in connected devices and mobile data traffic.” The team have been working with UK spectrum experts Plum Consulting to conduct highly sophisticated radio-channel measurements in the 26-30 GHz frequency range, which are aimed at showing how well 5G could ‘nicely’ share the spectrum with other services. The initial results from this work, which show the importance of accounting for signals reflected from buildings, vehicles and other objects in the environment, have already been used to validate new models being standardised by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in Geneva. Dr Richard Rudd, of Plum, commented “Sussex University has provided an ideal testbed environment to investigate and quantify some of these effects.” With industry working intensely on writing the standard for 5G radio and network technologies by 2018, these measurements will help inform OFCOM in the UK, and the ITU globally, in developing and allocating frequencies. The UK Government has pledged to make the UK a world leader in 5G and just last month announced it was investing £16m in testbeds and trials. Professor Nekovee, former head of 5G research at Samsung, believes that the entertainment space is likely to be the first major beneficiary. He said “5G phase one is really focused on giving us ultra-fast mobile broadband. “With technologies like virtual reality and augmented reality racing ahead, we really need 5G in order for our infrastructure to catch up. From 2020, VR and AR will become commonplace on mobile devices and will deliver the first big transformation of the 5G era. “Then we’ll see an explosive growth in the Internet of Things from around 2025. Things like smart cities, automation and smart grids for factories of the future will become a reality. This is a brave new world.” The research team in the University’s School of Engineering and Informatics are now planning a series of projects looking at future applications, such as robotics and self-driving vehicles, drawing on the School’s research expertise in 5G mobile communications, Artificial Intelligence and autonomous systems engineering. Sussex is the only UK university which was invited to be a member of the 5G Infrastructure Association, the European industry-led think tank behind the European Commission’s 1.2-billion-Euro 5G Public Private Partnership (5G PPP).

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Breastfeeding in Hot Weather Probably the question that is most frequently asked by breastfeeding mothers during hot weather, is “does my breastfed baby need water?,” and the simple answer is No, not if they are exclusively breastfed. Breastmilk is 88% water so will supply all of an exclusively breastfed baby’s fluid needs during hot weather. It is a living fluid which is constantly changing to meets your baby’s needs, even in response to the weather! According to The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, “During the first 6 months of age, even in hot climates, water and juice are unnecessary for breastfed infants and may introduce contaminants or allergens.” Giving water to exclusively breastfed babies can also interfere with breastfeeding. If a baby fills up with water, this will mean less breastfeeding and fewer calories, and this could in turn negatively impact on the mother’s milk supply. What exclusively breastfed babies may need during hot weather, however, is more frequent, shorter feeds. In the same way that we drink more fluids more often during hot weather, babies may need to come to the breast more often for short feeds to quench their thirst. So think in terms of giving your baby little snacky feeds throughout the day, in addition to longer feeds. And keep yourself hydrated! Hot weather plus extra breastfeeding means you will have to increase your fluid intake. So just have a drink to hand whenever you are feeding and drink to thirst. Older babies who have started solids, can be given extra drinks of water between breastfeeds, in addition to some extra feeding at the breast. To ensure that your baby is getting enough milk and is adequately hydrated keep an eye on nappies – dark coloured urine that smells of ammonia is an indication that baby is dehydrated and needs more breastmilk. You also want to see that your baby is happy and alert and interested in feeding. If you have any concerns about your baby, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice. Caoimhe Whelan IBCLC http://www.Latch.ie Almroth S, Bidinger PD. No need for water supplementation for exclusively breast-fed infants under hot and arid conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:602-604. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2091363?dopt=Abstract Ashraf RN, Jalil F, Aperia A, Lindblad BS. Additional water is not needed for healthy breast-fed babies in a hot climate. Acta Paediatr. 1993 Dec; 82(12): 1007-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8155914?dopt=Abstract

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We all can relate to how our mind can take over and make us eat something we didn’t want to, or lash out at a friend when we were feeling shame or hurt. We can feel different emotions in our body, in our tummy we may feel fear and love, in our throat we can feel tension and communication stress, and in our back we can feel the weight of the world. The mind-body connection is based on the principle that the nature of the mind is reflected in the state of the body. It explains why every body is different. No two minds are the same and neither will you find two bodies the same. Our physical constitution is created something like this… Genetic traits from the family bloodline: - Physical Activity - Environmental and Social Conditions - Nutrition and Economical Status - Mental and Emotional Activity and Interaction = Our physical state Much of society is focused on the first four factors in this equation. The final and highly influential factor – our emotional and mental state – is the basis of the mind-body connection. The word psychosomatic (psyche-soma) means mind-body. It refers to the connection between the body and the mind. Some people have physical symptoms that are related to their emotional state and well being. Many people have never given thought to the idea that happiness is determined more by state of mind than external events. It’s not necessarily about what happens, but is instead about how it’s dealt with it. Many people don’t realize that this mind/body connection is directly related to their emotions and their well being. People with good emotional health feel good about themselves. They enjoy healthy relationships, are aware of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors, and have learned healthy ways to deal with the normal stresses of life. Not so good and good events can have an impact that results in a disruption of their emotional health. From death of a loved on to having a new baby, from financial stress to getting a job promotion, from losing your home to moving to a new home or city, or divorce to getting married can cause emotional stress. Some common mind/body reactions include stomach ulcers and high blood pressure, weakened immune systems, back pain, headaches, low energy and fatigue. In this state, people have a tougher time taking care of themselves, when this is the most important time to. They tend to distract themselves with other people’s problems, or take care of others before themselves. What to do when you are feeling disconnected and unbalanced: - Let it out: It’s important to express feelings and not keep them bottled up inside. Keeping things pent up often leads to even more emotional imbalances. - Calm yourself: This could be an ideal time to start exercising, beginning yoga classes or other forms of meditation. - Healthy eating: Be cautious to eat too much or too little of food when you are feeling stressed. Your body needs nourishment to heal and ground during stressful events. - Quality Sleep: I use to believe you can not catch up on sleep since all the science suggests it, however, at least you can try. If you have a few days of low quality sleep, make sure you try to schedule in a day where you can give your body a break and attempt to catch up. Regular and routine sleeping habits are definitely better, but that is if you live life like an angel:) - Exercise: Move your body. Even if it is just 3 pushups or stretching. If you are too busy to move, than we have to reassess your priorities. Stay Calm & Let it out! Heather Fleming, C.C.N. Photo by: Nickolai Kashirin

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by Dr. Heidi Moawad, MD If you are a parent of a young child, you may have wondered whether your child has attention deficit disorder, ADD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD. Other parents, relatives, babysitters, teachers and coaches often casually mention these terms when discussing children. Many normal children display some of the characteristics of either ADD or ADHD, but do not actually have either disorder. A mislabeled child will be at a disadvantage, while children who actually have ADD or ADHD generally do better with early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, if you are concerned, it is important to accurately evaluate your child. What are ADD and ADHD? ADD is characterized by inattention, while ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Children with ADHD often get into trouble due to the hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, while ADD is more likely to be ignored because it does not cause as many behavioral problems. Boys are more likely to have ADHD and girls are more likely to have ADD, but these are not hard and fast rules. Parents become concerned based on some common triggers, including: “My child is extremely smart and could do better, he must have ADD. If he is given proper attention, I’m sure he will shine. “ “A friend or relative who does not have children thinks my daughter is abnormally active.” “My older child was much calmer.” “My daughter doesn’t sit still, and I am exhausted.” “My son never finishes what he starts. He gets bored once puzzles become challenging.” “I think my spouse (or myself) has undiagnosed ADHD.” “The teacher says my daughter keeps interrupting and does not wait her turn.” Any of these situations may or may not be an indication that your child has ADD or ADHD. It is important to discuss the issue with your child’s pediatrician. The doctor can observe your child’s behavior and can give you feedback. Because you spend more time with your child, your child’s pediatrician will ask for your observation of your child’s behavior and for your descriptions of what teachers, coaches and babysitters have been telling you. Generally, feedback from people who have experience and regularly spend time with children your child’s age is more reliable than feedback from people who do not have an understanding of kids. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a child must have symptoms for 6 or more months and to a degree that is greater than other children of the same age. Symptoms of inattention include: *Inability to complete tasks, trouble with follow through when tasks or even fun activities become challenging *Fickle, frequently moving from one activity to another, bored by activities *Lack of attention compared to peers *Trouble following instructions *Losing things and having a hard time keeping track of items Symptoms of hyperactivity include: *Constant undirected moving *Grabbing many objects without any specific purpose However, these characteristics should be considered as part of the big picture. For example, it is normal for a child to pay attention to things he enjoys, rather than things he is not interested in. It is normal to participate in an activity that is fun and to want to turn away when it becomes difficult. Is your child interested in some activities? Can he focus on challenging games or sports? Can he follow directions when he wants a reward? Many of the behaviors associated with ADD and ADHD only occur in select situations in all children, and kids might focus when they are interested. This may simply be a sign of lack of maturity, which develops with age. If your child seems to consistently demonstrate these problems, however, a professional evaluation can accurately diagnose the cause. Treatment for ADD and ADHD is often a combination of behavioral therapy, cooperation from adults and sometimes medication. Often, the disorder improves as children mature, and some adolescents and even adults require long-term treatment for effective control of symptoms. Heidi Moawad MD is a Neurologist and a medical writer. Dr. Moawad is a graduate of Case Western Reserve school of Medicine and trained at University of Chicago Hospitals. Dr. Moawad is the author of “Careers Beyond Clinical Medicine” and she teaches human physiology and global health at John Carroll University in Cleveland, Ohio. Information in this article is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended to provide medical consultation or serve as a substitute for medical advice provided by a physician or qualified medical professional.

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Human tendency is to find shortcuts for anything and almost everything is a widely held belief. Everyone would like learning, doing, performing an act in the shortest time possible. Researchers at HRL laboratories are working on the same lines and are equipped to find a way to amplify learning with ease through the brain stimulation. The researchers are basically trying to make the on- screen sci- film Matrix kind of learning a reality. In the classic sci- fi film Matrix, knowledge is fed directly into the brain with less effort. Researchers claim that they have developed a simulator that can embed knowledge directly into one’s brain. Thereby enabling humans to learn skills in the shortest time. The researchers at HRL believe it as the first step in developing advanced software that can make instant learning a possibility. The researchers studied the electric signals in the brain of a trained pilot and then fed the data into novice subjects as they learned to pilot an airplane in a realistic flight simulator. The study performed by the HRL researchers was published in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. It is revealed in the study that subjects who received brain stimulation via electrode-embedded head caps improved their piloting abilities and learned the task 33 per cent better than a placebo group. Dr. Matthew Phillips, one of the researchers explained, “Our system is one of the first of its kind. It’s a brain stimulation system.” “It sounds kind of sci-fi, but there’s large scientific basis for the development of our system. The specific task we were looking at was piloting an aircraft, which requires a synergy of both cognitive and motor performance.” “When you learn something, your brain physically changes. Connections are made and strengthened in a process called neuro-plasticity. It turns out that certain functions of the brain, like speech and memory, are located in very specific regions of the brain, about the size of your pinky.” Dr. Matthews firmly believes that brain stimulation could eventually be implemented for tasks like learning to drive, exam preparation and language learning. He further added, “What our system does is it actually targets those changes to specific regions of the brain as you learn.” “Your brain is going to be very different to my brain when we perform a task. What we found is … brain stimulation seems to be particularly effective at actually improving learning.”

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Coerced sterilization is a shameful part of America’s history, and one doesn’t have to go too far back to find examples of it. Used as a means of controlling “undesirable” populations – immigrants, people of color, poor people, unmarried mothers, the disabled, the mentally ill – federally-funded sterilization programs took place in 32 states throughout the 20th century. Driven by prejudiced notions of science and social control, these programs informed policies on immigration and segregation. As historian William Deverell explains in a piece discussing the “Asexualization Acts” that led to the sterilization of more than 20,000 California men and women,“If you are sterilizing someone, you are saying, if not to them directly, ‘Your possible progeny are inassimilable, and we choose not to deal with that.’” According to Andrea Estrada at UC Santa Barbara, forced sterilization was particularly rampant in California (the state’s eugenics program even inspired the Nazis): Beginning in 1909 and continuing for 70 years, California led the country in the number of sterilization procedures performed on men and women, often without their full knowledge and consent. Approximately 20,000 sterilizations took place in state institutions, comprising one-third of the total number performed in the 32 states where such action was legal. (from The UC Santa Barbara Current) “There is today one state,” wrote Hitler, “in which at least weak beginnings toward a better conception [of citizenship] are noticeable. Of course, it is not our model German Republic, but the United States.” (from The L.A. Times) Researcher Alex Stern, author of the new book Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in America, adds: “In the early 20th century across the country, medical superintendents, legislators, and social reformers affiliated with an emerging eugenics movement joined forces to put sterilization laws on the books. Such legislation was motivated by crude theories of human heredity that posited the wholesale inheritance of traits associated with a panoply of feared conditions such as criminality, feeblemindedness, and sexual deviance. Many sterilization advocates viewed reproductive surgery as a necessary public health intervention that would protect society from deleterious genes and the social and economic costs of managing ‘degenerate stock’.” Eugenics was a commonly accepted means of protecting society from the offspring (and therefore equally suspect) of those individuals deemed inferior or dangerous – the poor, the disabled, the mentally ill, criminals, and people of color. … Thank goodness “we’ve” learned from “our” mistakes! Now the govt only wants to “help” us with vaccines and fake food! Nothing to see here … Does anyone seriously believe the nazi’s lost WWII?

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Rice stripe virus Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Disease described by Kuribayashi (1931a). Virus characterized by S. Toriyama (1982a, A virus with filamentous particles, of undetermined length but only c. 8 nm wide. The particles sediment as three components and contain four RNA species and a single type of protein. Non-structural protein material is produced abundantly in infected cells. Mechanical inoculation is difficult. The virus is transmitted by Laodelphax striatellus and three other planthopper species in a persistent manner; it is transmitted through the egg to about 90% of progeny insects. It infects many species of Gramineae but is not known to infect plants in other families. It occurs in rice-growing areas of Asia and the USSR, and causes significant reduction in rice yield. In rice the virus causes chlorotic stripes, chlorosis, moderate stunting and loss of vigour (Fig.1 ); in severe infections the leaves develop brown to grey necrotic streaks and die. Diseased plants produce few or no panicles; those produced carry whitish to brown discoloured malformed spikelets (Fig.3 infection of rice causes significant loss of yield (Yasuo, Ishii & Yamaguchi, 1965 late infection also reduces yield by retarding ear emergence and ripening (Yasuo et al., 1965 ). In maize and wheat the virus causes chlorotic stripes, chlorosis and stunting. The disease was first recognized in the early 1900s in central Japan, where severe damage was caused to rice crops. Since the 1950s the extension of early planting favoured the occurrence of the disease in Japan (Yasuo et al., 1965 ) and Korea ). In Japan c . 200,000 ha of rice is affected each year. Damage in rice has also been reported in China ) and the USSR (Reifman, Pinsker & Krylova, 1978 Host Range and Symptomatology The virus occurs naturally in rice, maize, wheat, oat, foxtail millet and wild grasses such as Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria adscendens, D. violascens, and Setaria viridis. The virus is reported to infect 37 species of the family Gramineae but no species in other families. The main type of symptom induced is chlorotic striping Yamada & Yamamoto, 1956 The virus is readily transmitted to test plants by the planthopper, but is difficult to transmit mechanically. Okuyama & Asuyama (1959) obtained infection in 6% of plants that were injected with crude extracts made from diseased plants with 0.01 M cysteine-HCl, and infection in 0.9% of plants that were injected with extracts of viruliferous Oryza sativa (rice). Seedlings of most Japanese paddy varieties are highly susceptible to infection (See Notes). Chlorotic stripes, mostly with light yellowish broken streaks (Fig.1), develop on systemically infected leaves 10 to 25 days after inoculation by planthoppers (L. striatellus). Characteristically, limp chlorotic leaves emerge without unfolding, elongate, droop and wilt (Fig.2). Yellowing and moderate stunting also occur. Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Zea mays (maize) (cv. Golden Cross Bantam). Symptoms in these species are similar to those in O. sativa. Wheat plants may produce whitish, rolled, fine leaves that quickly droop. Rice, wheat and maize are used to maintain cultures and as a source of virus for purification. Young rice seedlings are readily killed, and so care must be taken to use the appropriate growth stage and varieties, e.g. third leaf stage of rice cv. Norin No. 8 or Kinmaze. When maize seedlings are used, wheat, barley or rice plants must also be planted, or the planthoppers will die within 2-3 days. Young rice and wheat seedlings are suitable for assaying transmission by insect An isolate that causes mild symptoms on rice (Ishii & Ono, 1966 ) and two variants that differ in symptoms induced in wheat and in insect transmissibility are reported but there are no detailed studies of these isolates. Transmission by Vectors The most active vector in the field is the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus ); three other planthopper species, Unkanodes sapporona ), U. albifascia ) and Terthron albovittatum ) also transmit. The proportion of active transmitters of L. striatellus is about 20% Although the shortest acquisition feeding period is 15 min, best transmission is obtained with planthoppers that acquire the virus by feeding for 1 day. The incubation period of the virus in L. striatellus ranges from 5 to 21 days but incubation is complete within 5 to 10 days for most individuals. Minimum inoculation feeding time is 3 min: about half or more of the infective planthoppers infect rice seedlings after feeding for 1 h (Yamada & Yamamoto, 1955 Ability of the insects to transmit the virus decreases markedly with age. Females of L. striatellus efficient transmitters than males ). The virus passes through a high percentage of eggs to progeny, about 90% in L. striatellus Yamada & Yamamoto, 1954 was selected and bred for high or low ability to acquire and transmit the virus (50-60% and less than 10% of the insects transmitting, respectively), and this was correlated with the frequency of transmission of the virus through the eggs ). Evidence of virus multiplication in L. striatellus has been obtained by repeated passage through the eggs for 6 years through 40 generations ), by serial transfer of the virus from insect to insect by injection (Okuyama, Yora & Asuyama, 1968 and by detection of virus particle antigen in various organs of viruliferous insects with the fluorescent antibody staining technique (Kitani, Kiso & Yamamoto, 1968 Transmission through Seed None found in rice (Kuribayashi, 1931b The virus is a good immunogen. Rabbit antisera with titres of 1/512 to 1/1024 in precipitin tests are readily obtained. In agar gel diffusion tests, it is necessary to disrupt virus particles in purified preparations or crude sap of infected tissues by treatment with 0.5% SDS. The haemagglutination test was used to detect the virus particle antigen at high dilutions in vectors or plants (Saito & Iwata, 1964 Yasuo & Yanagita, 1963 Sonku & Sakurai, 1973b The virus is serologically related to maize stripe virus (Gingery, Nault & Bradfute, 1981 but not to rice hoja blanca virus (Yasuo, Yanagita & Yamaguchi, 1961 The particle structure of these three viruses is similar (S. Toriyama, 1982b In recent work (H. Hibino, personal communication) a filamentous virus purified from rice with grassy stunt disease was found to be distantly serologically related to rice stripe virus. Stability in Sap Assayed by observing transmission by injected insects. Dilution end-point: in extracts from viruliferous insects and in sap from diseased leaves. Thermal inactivation point (5 min): 50-55°C. Longevity: 4 days in extracts of viruliferous insects kept at 4°C, 8-12 months in viruliferous insects and diseased rice plants kept at -20°C, and 1-2 months in purified preparations kept at -20°C (Kiso, Yamamoto & Kitani, 1974 (S. Toriyama, 1982a Grind infected leaves in 0.1 M containing 10 mM DIECA, and adjust to pH 7.2 with solid ascorbic acid. After clarification by treatment with 20% chloroform, collect the virus by centrifugation for 2 h at 123,000 g precipitation from 8% polyethylene glycol. Resuspend the virus in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and purify by repeated low and high speed centrifugation. Host plant impurities can be precipitated by adding solid ammonium sulphate to 30% saturation. The preparation can be further purified by centrifugation in 10-40% linear sucrose density gradients. The infective component (nB) aggregates readily and sediments to the bottom of sucrose gradient tubes; it may be necessary to resuspend the pellet and repeat the density gradient centrifugation. The yield of virus is 20-30 mg per 100 g fresh leaves. Addition of , EDTA or bentonite to the buffer did not improve preservation of the virus particles (S. Toriyama, unpublished data). Properties of Particles The virus particles sediment as three main components: middle (M), bottom (B) and nB component (Fig.5 (S. Toriyama, 1982a ). A top component also occurs but consists of degraded particles (S. Toriyama, 1982a Sedimentation coefficients (s20,w) determined on a preparation with A260= 10: 72 S (M) 65 S (M), 80 S (B) and 98 S (nB) (S. Toriyama, unpublished data). A260/A280: 1.49, determined on an unfractionated preparation (Koganezawa, Doi & Yora, 1975). Absorbance at 260 nm (1 mg/ml, 1 cm light path): 4.4, determined on an unfractionated preparation; not corrected for light-scattering (S. Toriyama, unpublished data). Buoyant density in caesium chloride: 1.282 g/cm3 (all components) (S. Toriyama, unpublished data) Isoelectric point: particles precipitate at around pH 4.5 (S. Toriyama, unpublished data). The virus was formerly thought to have spherical particles (Koganezawa et al., 1975 ) but it is now known that the particles are filamentous, and only c. 8 nm wide (Fig.8 (S. Toriyama, 1982b In negatively stained dip preparations, the virus is mostly observed as apparently branched structures. The length of particles of M component (including length of branches) was 400 nm (Koganezawa et al., 1975 ). The branched appearance is caused by supercoiling: completely unfolded particles possess a helical structure 3 nm wide which in turn form secondary coils about 8 nm wide (S. Toriyama, 1982b Particle CompositionNucleic acid: RNA, single-stranded. Four species, of M. Wt ) 1.9, 1.4, 1.0 and 0.9 (S. Toriyama, 1982a two smallest RNA species occur in M component (which is a mixture of two components), the 1.4 x 106 M. Wt RNA occurs in B component and the 1.9 x 106 M. Wt RNA in nB component (Fig.4 ). Only the nB component particles are infective. The RNA constitutes about 12% of the particle weight, as judged by the A260 value of purified preparations. The three RNA species from M and B components are linear molecules about 0.7-1.0 µm long (S. Toriyama, 1982a Protein: One species, of M. Wt 3.2 x 104 S. Toriyama, 1982b). Amino acid composition: asp 25 residues; thr 28; ser 21; glu 22; pro 5; gly 21; ala 23; cys ?; val 14; met 8; ileu 14; leu 24; tyr 9; phe 8; lys 27; his 5; arg 7; trp ? (S. Toriyama, unpublished data). Other components: No significant amounts of lipid or polyamine are found in purified preparations (S. Toriyama, unpublished data). Relations with Cells and Tissues Large inclusions, shaped like rings, rods or figures of eight, are present in infected cells Hirai et al., 1964 Reifman et al., 1978 The inclusions usually contain many granules, but some have no granules and resemble crystalline inclusions. The inclusions probably consist of the non-structural protein which is serologically unrelated to the coat protein and is produced abundantly in infected cells of plants with severe symptoms but less so or not at all in infected cells of tolerant or resistant varieties. The isoelectric point is pH 5.4. Purified non-structural protein forms needle crystals at pH 4-5. Its sedimentation coefficient (s20,w ) is 3 (Kiso & Yamamoto, 1973 One polypeptide species, of M. Wt 2 x 104 was reported by Amino acid composition: asp 19 residues; thr 11; ser 11; glu 18; pro 12; gly 8; ala 4; cys ?; val 5; met 4; ileu 6: leu 20; tyr 6; phe 8; lys 13; his 7; arg 4; trp ? (S. Toriyama, unpublished data; see also Kiso & Yamamoto, 1973 In sections of infected plant cells (Koganezawa, 1977), recognition of individual filamentous virus particles is difficult but granular regions, sometimes enclosed by membranes, can be observed in the cytoplasm. These regions are possibly formed from virus aggregates. Virus particle antigen was detected in phloem tissue and mesophyll of infected wheat leaves by fluorescent antibody staining (Kiso et al., 1974). The virus moves downwards in the phloem at a rate of 25-30 cm/h at 30°C and multiplies when young tissues are reached (Sonku & Sakurai, 1973a, Rice stripe is readily distinguished from other viruses infecting rice, wheat and maize by its characteristic symptoms and its transmissibility by The resistance of rice (Oryza sativa) virus has been extensively studied. Most Japanese paddy varieties are highly susceptible but Japanese upland varieties and indica- type rice varieties are resistant and/or tolerant. Inheritance of resistance appears to be governed by multiple alleles with various levels of resistance: gene St2 Japanese upland varieties and gene St2i varieties. A gene St1 at another locus as well as St2 essential for resistance in Japanese upland varieties. Resistant Japanese paddy varieties (Chugoku No. 31 and Mineyutaka) have been bred (Yamaguchi, Yasuo & Ishii, 1965 Sakurai & Ezuka, 1964 Washio et al., 1967 K. Toriyama, 1969 K. Toriyama et al., 1966 - Amano, J. Pl. Prot., Tokyo 24: 774, 1937. - Chen, Chekiang agric. Sci. 3: 123, 1964. - Gingery, Nault & Bradfute, Virology 112: 99, 1981. - Hirai, Suzuki, Kimura, Nakazawa & Kashiwagi, Phytopathology 54: 367, 1964. - Hirao, Jap. J. appl. Ent. Zool. 12: 137, 1968. - Iida, in The Virus Diseases of the Rice Plant, p. 3, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969. - Ishii & Ono, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 32: 83, 1966. - Kawai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 9: 97, 1939. - Kisimoto, Proc. Conf. on Relationships between Arthropods and Plant-Pathogenic Viruses (mimeo), Tokyo, p. 73, 1965. - Kisimoto, Virology 32: 144, 1967. - Kiso & Yamamoto, Rev. Pl. Prot. Res. 6: 75, 1973. - Kiso, Yamamoto & Kitani, Bull. Shikoku agric. Exp. Stn 27: 1, 1974. - Kitani, Kiso & Yamamoto, Bull. Shikoku agric. Exp. Stn 18: 117, 1968. - Koganezawa, Symp. Virus Dis. trop. Crops, Trop. Agric. Res. Ser. No.10, p. 151, Trop. Agr. Res. Cent. Japan, 1977. - Koganezawa, Doi & Yora, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 41: 148, 1975. - Kuribayashi, Bull. Nagano agric. Exp. Stn 2: 45, 1931a. - Kuribayashi, J. Pl. Prot., Tokyo 18: 565, 636, 1931b. - Lee, in The Virus Diseases of the Rice Plant, p. 67, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969. - Lee, Taiwan Agric. 11: 95, 1975. - Okuyama, Doct. Thesis, Univ. Tokyo, 155 pp., 1959. - Okuyama & Asuyama, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 24: 35, 1959. - Okuyama, Yora & Asuyama, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 34: 255, 1968. - Reifman, Pinsker & Krylova, Arch. Phytopath. PflSchutz. 14: 273, 1978. - Saito, Rev. Pl. Prot. Res. 10: 83, 1977. - Saito & Iwata, Virology 22: 426, 1964. - Sakurai, in The Virus Diseases of the Rice Plant, p. 275, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969. - Sakurai & Ezuka, Bull. Chugokunatn. agric. exp. Stn A 10: 51, 1964. - Shinkai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 18: 169, 1954. - Shinkai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 20: 100, 1955. - Shinkai, Bull. natn. Inst. agric. Sci. Tokyo C 14: 1, 1962. - Shinkai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 32: 317, 1966. - Shinkai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 36: 375, 1970. - Sonku, Bull. Chugoku natn. agric. exp. Stn E 8: 1, 1973. - Sonku & Sakurai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 39: 53, 1973a. - Sonku & Sakurai, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 39: 109, 1973b. - Sugiyama, Ann. phytopath. Soc Japan 32: 83, 1966. - K. Toriyama, in The Virus Diseases of the Rice Plant, p. 313, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969. - K. Toriyama, Rev. Pl. Prot. Res. 5: 22, 1972. - K. Toriyama, Sakurai, Washio & Ezuka, Bull. Chugoku natn. agric. exp. Stn A 13: 41, 1966. - K. Toriyama, Washio, Sakurai, Ezuka, Shinoda, Sakamoto, Yamamoto, Morinaka & Sekizawa, Bull. Chugoku natn. agric. exp. Stn A 21: 1, 1972. - S. Toriyama, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 48: 482, 1982a. - S. Toriyama, J. gen. Virol. 61: 187, 1982b. - Washio, Ezuka, Sakurai & K. Toriyama, Jap. J. Breed. 17: 91, 1967. - Washio, K. Toriyama, Ezuka & Sakurai, Jap. J. Breed. 18: 96, 1968a. - Washio, K. Toriyama, Ezuka & Sakurai, Jap. J. Breed. 18: 167, 1968b. - Yamada & Yamamoto, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 18: 169, 1954. - Yamada & Yamamoto, Spec. Bull. Okoyama pref. Agric. Exp. Stn 52: 93, 1955. - Yamada & Yamamoto, Spec. Bull. Okayama pref Agric. Exp. Stn 55: 33, 1956. - Yamaguchi, Yasuo & Ishii, J. cent. agric. Exp. Stn 8: 109, 1965. - Yasuo, in The Virus Diseases of the Rice Plant, p. 167, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969. - Yasuo & Yanagita, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 28: 84, 1963. - Yasuo, Yanagita & Yamaguchi, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 26: 68, 1961. - Yasuo, Ishii & Yamaguchi, J. cent. agric. Exp. Stn 8: 17, 1965. Chlorotic stripe symptoms on infected leaves of rice (Oryza sativa) compared with a healthy leaf (extreme left). Drooping and wilting symptoms in young seedlings of O. sativa (cv. Norin No. 8). Malformed and immature ears, and chlorotic stripes on flag-leaves, of rice plants infected at a late growth stage. Ribonucleic acid species on polyacrylamide gels: (left), three RNA segments from M + B components; (right), four RNA segments in a preparation from nB component, all except the uppermost being caused by contamination with M + B components. Bands formed by rice stripe virus after sedimentation in a sucrose gradient column: middle component (M), bottom component (B) and nB component (nB). Partially and completely unfolded virus particles. Bar represents 100 nm. Completely unfolded particles c. 3 nm wide. Note that they still retain a coiled appearance. Bar represents 100 nm. Filamentous particles, c. 8 nm wide, seen in purified nB component. Bar represents 100 nm.

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By Julia Wickes “None of the manuscripts I’d been illustrating featured any black kids—except for token blacks in the background. My book would have him there simply because he should have been there all along.” – Ezra Jack Keats Every fall, three year-olds at SCCS begin the school year by reading the books of Ezra Jack Keats– The Snowy Day, Peter’s Chair, and Whistle for Willie. Published in the 1960s these books blazed a trail simply by featuring an African American boy as a main character in a child’s picture book– something that was unprecedented at that time. Of course, when our three year-olds read these books, they just enjoy the story itself and are not aware of anything especially controversial or trailblazing about Peter and his ordinary boyhood adventures. They also learn about the life of author Ezra Jack Keats and how he came to make a living as an artist. He was not black himself, but the child of immigrants–Polish Jews living in New York. Fearing discrimination in America, his family changed their surname from Katz to Keats in order to disguise their origin. These stories are presented to our kids without any explicit conclusions or moralizing about discrimination or skin color. The characters– both the fictional character of Peter, and the non-fictional life story of Ezra Jack Keats–are simply there. As our students move up through the grade levels at SCCS, they will encounter many other fictional and nonfictional characters of color or minority status who are there because they should be there– their story is one part of a balanced and honest view of history. This February, after thoughtful discussions among teachers, board members, and staff, SCCS made a decision to incorporate Black History Month into our classrooms for the first time since our school was founded. Black History Month has been celebrated in public schools since the late 1970s, so it may seem like an oversight or an afterthought that we have not done this before. But if you look closely at our curriculum, you will see that it has been carefully crafted to honor diversity with a there all along approach. Black History Month can be done well, but it could be said to function more as an intense spotlight on the experience of African Americans, rather than a balanced, holistic inclusion. For this reason, it has its detractors. Critics say that it is problematic because it compartmentalizes the story of African Americans, superimposing their experience, contributions, and story as if it is something extraneous to regular history. Moreover, it can tacitly suggest that once February is over, students can direct their attention away from the African American experience the until the following year. A February 2016 Atlantic Monthly article discussing the pros and cons of Black History Month quotes a fourth grade teacher who says that an ideal history curriculum should have “slavery and racism ingrained within it, just as it is in American society. It would not be discussed as a side issue.” At SCCS, while we can see the value of celebrating Black History Month, we can also say with confidence that diversity–including, at certain grade levels, a focused attention on slavery, segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement–is unambiguously ingrained within our overall curriculum. But most of the time this diversity–though real and intentional–is presented with subtlety and balance. Our PreK-4 classes, for example, read the books and study the illustrations of Jerry Pinkney, a prolific children’s book illustrator who is a person of color. They closely observe and discuss many of his amazing books, see a picture of his kind face, and learn a little about his life as an award-winning artist. Kindergarteners will encounter a fictional girl named Molly in the book Molly’s Pilgrim. Molly is a little girl who has immigrated to America from Russia and is teased for her accent and old fashioned clothes. When she and her classmates learn about Thanksgiving they realize that she is very similar to the first pilgrims, who also came to America seeking religious freedom. First graders study the real historical characters of Pocahontas and Squanto. They will also read The Hundred Dresses–a chapter book about a first generation Polish-American girl who is poor and struggles to fit in at school but harbors an unusual talent for drawing. In third grade, students will encounter the fictional but realistic story of a French family of gypsies who suffer from classism in turn of the century Paris in the book The Family Under the Bridge. Women scientists are also strongly represented in the SCCS curriculum. First graders learn about Jane Goodall and fourth graders delve deeply into the life and writings of Rachel Carson– a groundbreaking environmental scientist who also advocated for women in science. As part of their picture study, fourth graders will study the African-American artist Faith Ringgold, in works like Tar Beach. Other diverse artists that our students will study over the years include Diego Rivera (Mexican), Makato Fujimura (Japanese-American), and Brian Collier (African-American). Fifth graders study the life and paintings of Marc Chagall, who was among the artists in Europe targeted by Hitler and forced to flee to America for asylum. In the spirit of Ezra Jack Keats, who delighted to create whimsical illustrations that introduced Peter to the world in the form of gentle stories about an ordinary boy, when we look at history and culture with a broad lens, we acknowledge that the stories and contributions of individuals–both extraordinary and ordinary–are diverse and should be known and honored. As a Charlotte Mason school, we believe that this learning should be delightful, mimicking a table set for a big feast, so we try to abstain from force feeding children morality lessons, ideologies, or dry, disconnected historical facts. We present ideas, vivid biographies, works of art, and living stories that have the potential to capture a child’s innate moral imagination, curiosity, and empathy. Writing from a time and place that pre-dates the pluralistic societies we now inhabit in the West, Charlotte Mason nevertheless advocated for an education that had the power to humanize and familiarize the other: To leave off or even to begin with the history of our own country is fatal. We cannot live sanely unless we know that other peoples are as we are with a difference, that their history is as ours, with a difference, that they too have been represented by their poets and their artists, that they too have their literature and their national life. The books we read and people we study through the grades at SCCS have been carefully selected to reflect a broad sampling of history and culture. But there is also a time and place for students to encounter more explicit history lessons about race and discrimination. SCCS second graders spend a significant amount of time learning about the Civil Rights Movement and its heroes, Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, and Ruby Bridges. They learn about the Underground Railroad and also read the works of naturalist George Washington Carver. Sixth graders will learn about the Little Rock Nine and read the Lions of Little Rock— a chapter book set in 1960s Arkansas that deals with the issue of public school segregation and friendship across racial lines. In Middle School, our students circle back again to these topics–particularly the Civil War, reconstruction, and segregation–with a more age-appropriate attention the complexities and atrocities that still blight our society. In our treatment of American history and the humanities in general, we strive to honor diversity in both subtle and– when the time is right– not-so-subtle ways. In A Philosophy of Education Charlotte Mason says: It is a great thing to possess a pageant of history in the background of one’s thoughts. We may not be able to recall this or that circumstance, but the imagination is warmed; we know that there is a great deal to be said on both sides of every question and are saved from crudities in opinion and rashness in action. The present becomes enriched for us with the wealth of all that has gone before. The goal of a Charlotte Mason education is always, in the end, character. In our Portrait of a Graduate, we envision our students being able to “actively integrate and synthesize knowledge, ideas, and possibilities.” We know that our kids are growing up in a world where they will be called upon to understand and address many issues relating to pluralism, race, and what it means, in particular, to be American (or some other nationality). This will require empathy, the ability to see things from multiple angles, compassion, and a knowledge of the past. We hope that that our social studies curriculum and the time our students spend in contact with a broad range of stories, art, and the experiences of people from different walks of life will empower them to avoid the fatal pitfalls of bigotry, racism, self-centeredness, and shallow reasoning. These stories, forming a “pageant” in the background of our thoughts, have the power to help us see the world with the eyes of equity and love.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

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Last year, Xiaomi unveiled one product to keep everyone cool in summer. The upgraded USB fan? No. It’s a smart air conditioner. It’s a quite self-explanatory series of home appliance including the air purifier and TV. This smart air conditioner automatically optimizes temperature and humidity levels. Also, this smart AC can sync with the Miband. So when you enter the room wearing the Miband, the AC will automatically switch on. Moreover, the smart AC automatically changes to “Bad time mode” when the person falls asleep, and keep switches the mode according to the person’s sleep pattern. The connection between air conditioner, smartphone, and wearable devices is what we call “The Internet of things (IoT).” The Internet of things? The internet of things, also known as IoT is the network connection of objects that enable to collect and exchange data. Our smartphone, iPad, iPod, and the car are connected to various networks such as Wifi, NFC, and Bluetooth to create, gather, and share the information to use it with applications. For examples, Thermostat from Google’s Nest detects the user’s pattern and collect the data to provide best internal temperature. Even if the house is not connected to the internet, you can control the house temperature by PC or smartphone application. Hold on for a minute! As “Things” collect the data from sensors, data will be stored and stored to become a big data. Those huge piles of data need a space to be saved and the computer to be managed or analyzed. However, most companies are not capable of adopting the solution because it costs a lot. But no worries. The new technology which connects between IoT and Cloud platform called CoT (Cloud of Things) is receiving many attentions. Cloud reduces the cost and time to build infrastructure and platform for IoT service, which allows you to invest resources in business to provide better services. IoT is already changing how we live and work. Other than the temperature control, it can do the laundry before you arrive or tell you which vegetables need to be filled in the refrigerator. At work, you can grant a permission to access or share tasks. In the closing hour, it detects whether a person is present or not to turn off the lights and AC. We can’t imagine how IoT will change the world! Cloud and IoT, We look forward to seeing how this combination will create a better future with unprecedented.

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Basic Movement Components What is a Watch Movement A watch movement is the internal mechanism of a watch that keeps time. In modern day horology it is not uncommon to find the same movement in a number of watches that are produced by the same company. However, high end, luxury, Swiss watchmakers design their watches with movements specific to the watch function. For example, Rolex Yacht-Master II has a regatta chronograph, a brand new movement designed by Rolex specifically to keep track of the starting sequence of a yacht race. While a Rolex Milgauss is designed with an antimagnetic hairspring which allows it to keep accurate time even in highly magnetic environment. Simple Mechanical Watch Movement A manual watch movement consists of the following components: A mainspring is a power source in the mechanical movement. Winding (or turning) the crown coils the mainspring. Gradual unwinding of the mainspring turns the gears inside of the watch mechanism. A gear train consists of a number of wheels or gears that transmit stored energy from the mainspring to the escapement to drive the balance wheel. A gear train (or train) has two functions: 1) it scales up the speed of rotation of the mainspring. This allows for the use of a very strong and slow turning mainspring to be used that will keep tension without the need of being wound for days. 2) Allows for the rotation of the escape wheel to be divided into units of time (seconds, minutes, hours). An escapement is a part of the movement that transfers energy from the mainspring through the use of the gear train to the time keeping element (the balance wheel) in equal, regular increments. A balance wheel is a weighted wheel that receives energy from the escapement which is driven by the gear train. A balance wheel rotates back and forth and is returned to its center position by a hairspring. Each rotation of the balance wheel is called a “tick” or a “beat” and allows the gear train to advance by a set amount which in turn allows the dial train to move. Depending on the need, a watchmaker can adjust the balance wheel to make the watch run faster or slower. Dial Train is also known as the handsetting train. It is a set of gears that translate the energy from the balance wheel and transfer it to the hands of the watch allowing them to move and show accurate time. An Automatic Movement or a Self-Winding Movement is a mechanical movement in which the mainspring is wound automatically through the natural movement of the wearers hand or winding box. A Self-Winding Movement contains an eccentric weight (or a rotor) which turns on a pivot. The natural movement of the wearer’s wrist causes the rotor to move. This motion translates into a circular motion of the rotor, which winds the mainspring. Most watches with automatic movements have enough reserve energy to keep the watch running for 48 hours. This allows the watch to remain running while it is stationary overnight. Because the self-winding mechanism continues to work even after the watch was fully wound up, measures had to be taken to prevent the mechanism from putting access pressure on the mainspring. To prevent overwinding a slipping clutch (or a bridle) is installed. A bridle transfers additional force from the fully wound mainspring allowing it to maintain proper tension. Quartz or Kinetic Movement The first Quartz movement was developed by Seiko. In this particular movement a rotor turns a small electrical generator. The generator charges a battery or a capacitor which powers the movement. This removes the need for the traditional, routine battery replacement. Flyback feature is an additional feature that appears in some chronograph watches that enables the wearer to start, stop, and reset the stop watch independently of all other chronograph functions. A Quickset date allows the wearer to adjust the date by simple turning the crown of the watch until the correct date appears on the date wheel. Rolex wanted to produce a hairspring that was resistant to magnetic fluctuations as well as shock. After years of experimentation, Rolex finally developed a metal alloy that fit their needs. A combination of Niobium and Zirconium was fused together in a high vacuum at 2400 °C and electrified by 5, 000 volts. After the metal is removed from the furnace, it reacts with atmospheric oxygen and turns blue. Rolex called this metal alloy Parachrome. Parachrome Blue Hairsprings are used in Rolex Milgauss, Rolex GMT-Master II and a number of other watches. Refers to the number of jeweled bearings used in a watch movement. Originally jewel bearings were made out of naturally occurring gems such as diamonds, garnets, ruby, and sapphires. Today, most jeweled bearings are made out of synthetic sapphire or ruby. Jeweled bearings is a bearing in which a metal spindle turns in a jewel-lined pivot hole. Jewel lined bearings are used predominantly in watch movements and precision instruments due to their small size and weight, low, predictable friction, temperature stability, and the ability to operate without lubrication. All of these factors increase the accuracy of a watch movement or a precision instrument while cutting down on maintenance cost and frequency. Manufactures use the number of jeweled bearings used as a point of advertisements on their timepieces. The most common number of jewels found in a watch is 17, however the more complex the movement, the greater the number of jewels being used. Caliber or Caliber is a term used in horology to describe the movement of the timepiece. Originally, this term was used to refer to the size of the movement, however, now it is used to refer to a specific model of a movement. Shop Mens Rolex Shop Ladies Rolex Shop Vintage Watches Sell My Watch

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The word 'psychology' is derived from two Greek words: 'psyche' meaning 'the mind or soul' and 'logos' meaning 'the study of' Psychology was developed from the area of philosophy which explains why there are a number of philosophical issues present It was only in 1879 that psychology began to be considered as a science following the setting up of the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt This module will consider the validity of various beliefs and concepts in the area of psychology. These are referred to as philosophical issues or debates. The debates will include: Free Will vs. Determinism Nature vs. Nurture (Nativism vs. Empiricism) Holsim vs. Reductionism Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Debates also considers the following questions... - Is psychology a science or should it even aspire to be a science? - How can psychology be considered alongside physics, biology and chemistry when it does not have a definable subject matter, lacks precision in procedures and is just 'common sense'? - If it is a science then it should always be objective, but is objectivity always the best way to study behaviour?

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A boat that is converted to sail power will never sail as well as a boat that was designed to sail, but sails can still add a little extra power to a human-powered vessel or provide a low-cost and green alternative to a motor. In order to convert a boat to sail power you will need to solve four problems: selecting a hull, keeping the boat from sliding sideways, mounting the sails, and steering the boat. Perform all calculations before you make any modifications to your boat. Selecting a Hull Evaluate your hull shape. Many of your decisions will be affected by the boat that you are trying to convert. In general, boats designed for sailing are efficient displacement hulls, although some light sailboats are able to rise up on plane given the right conditions. Dedicated sailboats are usually fairly wide with fine entries — they come to a very sharp point at the water line. In addition, dedicated sailboats will have deep keels or some other way of helping the boat resist the pressure of the wind. Most human-powered boats are very narrow with fine entries and exits, like the shape of canoes and kayaks. Row boats usually have the same fine shape at the water line, although they may have more flare and width above the water. Displacement-hull power boats also have smooth shapes. Planing hulls, like the hulls of most small powerboats, are very wide in the stern in order to ride the water pressure and rise up on plane. In the bow, a planing hull will rise up most efficiently if it is wide and shallow, like a Carolina skiff or jon boat, while it will take waves and chop most readily if both the bow of the boat and the front of the hull are sharply v-shaped. In other words, both the bow and stern of a planing powerboat are designed to be effective at high power and high speed, and are very inefficient at sailing speed. Use your hull shape to determine how large your sail should be. A canoe, kayak, or rowing boat converted to sail will be unstable, but will not need a lot of power. A planing powerboat in displacement mode will be sluggish and require larger masts and bigger sails to go as fast as displacement hulls of the same length. A displacement-hull powerboat will perform best, so look for one of these if you are acquiring a boat to convert. Calculate the amount of square footage you will need in your sails by using your boat width and its sailing characteristics. Using conservative sail-area ratios, your sail area, in square feet, should be between 1/6 and 1/4 of your boat's weight in pounds. Remember to include the weight of cargo and crew in this calculation. So a 60-pound rowing boat with 200 pounds of captain and cargo would need 260/6 or about 42 square feet of sail — a surprisingly small sail. A 1,500 pound powerboat with 500 pounds of captain, crew, and gear would require up to 500 square feet of sail. When in doubt, use the smaller sail. Plan for how you will recover your boat when — not if — it capsizes. You will want to be able to right the boat and bail it out or have it bail itself out. If you can't do this, then the boat is not self-rescuing and should not be used in rough water or without a chase boat. Small boats, such as canoes and rowing boats, can be righted with only the captain's weight. Large boats, such as converted powerboats, may not be able to right themselves when they go over. Keeping the Boat from Sliding Sideways Determine what you will use to keep the boat from moving sideways. When the sails press on the boat it will move both away from the wind and perpendicular to the face of the sail. This is fine if the wind is behind the boat, but if it is to the side or on a forward angle, then the boat will get pushed downwind. In order to keep the boat going forward, not sideways, you will need some way to resist this pressure. Deep displacement sailboats, like the tall ships, simply had deep hulls shaped to resist the water sideways while slipping through the water fore and aft. Modern sailboats use a thin flat extension from the hull to serve this function. It can either be a fixed keel attached to the boat, a centerboard that swings up and down in a box mounted inside the boat, a daggerboard that slides up and down in a box mounted inside the boat, or a leeboard mounted on the side of the hull. Of these, the easiest to add to a conversion hull is a leeboard. Identify where to mount your board. If you are using a leeboard, it must go at the widest point in the hull. If the hull has a long straight section, as in a jon boat, then it can go anywhere near the middle of the boat. A centerboard or daggerboard can be mounted in a variety of places. Measure your boat and divide it into quarters. Place most or all of the centerboard or daggerboard in the second quarter of the hull, just forward of the mid-line. Size your board. It should be about 6% the area of your sails. The board can be made out of plywood, with steel weights at the bottom to help sink it, and covered with fiberglass and epoxy. The board should be foil-shaped or fairly thin. Round the front or leading edge of the board and taper the rear. Mount your daggerboard or centerboard by cutting a hole in the hull for the board, then building a box inside the hull to hold the board and keep the water out. If possible, bring the top of the box up to the height of the gunwales so as to minimize the chance of water slopping into the hull when it is swamped after a capsize. The box can be built out of anything watertight. Building a frame of sticks with sides of plywood, and attaching the whole in a bed of epoxy, is a good solid construction method. The board does not have to be located in the center of the boat, and having an off-center board makes only a trivial difference in boat performance. Mount your leeboard by attaching it on a pivot or in a slide on the outer hull of the boat. Make sure that the board can be raised and lowered from the captain's position. You can run ropes through pulleys to the front and back of the board, which will allow you pull the board both forward and backward and thus move it up or down. Pivoting leeboards can be moved forward and aft to adjust sailing performance, and are superior if your hull allows you to mount the board that way. Mounting the Masts Decide how many sails you will use. Single sails are more efficient but harder to place, and put more tipping force on the boat. Multiple sails can be used to balance the boat, but require more masts and more strings to pull. For most conversions a two-sail rig such as a cat ketch is easy and convenient. Measure your sails and identify the center point of each sail. The sails will push sideways on the boat with a force proportional to the sail area and concentrated at the middle of the sail. In order for the boat to balance, that force needs to land near the center of lateral resistance. For most boats this will be right about at the location of the board. Use the size and force of each sail to determine where its mast should be located. A cat ketch rig gives you the opportunity to mount the main mast in a location where it can be well supported. You can then fine-tune the location of the lighter mizzen mast to ensure that the boat will balance. Build a mast step for each mast. This must include a strong point on the hull to keep the force of the mast from driving the mast down through the boat. It must also include strong lateral resistance. For smaller boats, the old standby of a step mounted to the hull and a thwart with a hole in it is a good solution. For a larger boat, build a sturdy tabernacle for the mast. The masts do not have to be located on the center line, and can easily be built into the side of the boat, but if you use two masts try to put one on each side. Test the rigging by attaching the standing rigging to the masts, mounting the masts on the boat, attaching the sails, and raising them. Make sure that you can perform all of these tasks easily when you launch or use your boat. Take the masts down and adjust any fittings until all works well. Check the layout of the boat and build or adjust seats in the proper location for sailing. In general, you will want to sit in the back of the boat on the windward side, and be able to change sides quickly. Use this seating location when determining what sort of tiller or other steering apparatus to use. Calculate your required rudder size by taking about 2% of the sail area. If you are converting a displacement boat you may be able to simply enlarge the existing rudder, but you will probably want to use special brackets and pins to attach a rudder to the back of the boat. These brackets — called gudgeons — and pins — or pintles — can be purchased at any marine-supply shop. As with the centerboard, make the rudder out of plywood or thin wood, and coat it with a layer of fiberglass. Round the front or leading edge and taper the back or trailing edge. Attach a tiller to the rudder and make sure that it will reach to the captain's seat. The actual design of the tiller will depend on the size and shape of your boat, but a basic piece can be made by smoothing a 1-by-2-inch piece of wood with a plane so that it fits in your hand. If you will need to sit forward in the boat for balance, consider using a push-pull tiller, steering ropes, or even foot pedals to control the rudder. Varnish all your woodwork. You can keep the ropes from getting tangled by making eyes — small blocks of wood with holes drilled through them — and running all the rigging through these eyes. Add cleats to tie off loose lines. Ensure that your boat has sufficient flotation and that all passengers and crew are wearing life jackets at all times. Go sailing! Items you will need - Fiberglass cloth - Pintles and gudgeons - Ted Brewer Explains Sailboat Design, Ted Brewer, 1985 - The Nature of Boats, Dave Gerr, 1992 - Boatbuilding for Beginners, Jim Michalak, 2002 - Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images

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One of the three basic measurements to understand regarding very basic electricity, and how it relates to solar power system design, is Volts. The other two are Amps and Watts. Think of volts as pressure. When you open a water faucet or hose, the reason that water flows out is because it is under pressure. Volts is the basic unit of measurement for electrical pressure. There are technical definitions that precisely define the volt, but for the sake of keeping it very simple, just remember that it is ‘pressure’. Photovoltaic solar panels are available in a variety of voltages. A typical solar panel is actually made up of an array of smaller individual solar cells which are are wired together (internally). Depending on how they are internally connected will provide a given ‘voltage’ at the output (with full sunlight shining on the panels of course). Batteries also have a voltage rating. They too are often configured with multiple individual internal ‘cells’ that combine to present a given voltage output. The typical typical heavy duty deep-cell battery used in solar systems is ’12-volt’ (the same voltage as a typical car battery, although a solar power system battery is a different type of battery than an automotive battery). Actually, a fully charged ’12-volt’ battery of this type is more like 12.8 volts. There also are heavy duty deep cell batteries that are rated at 6-volts that are sometimes used in solar power systems. The batteries themselves can be connected together (battery bank) in ways that result in higher voltages (series-connection), or even lower voltages (parallel-connection), each with their own advantages and disadvantages (to be discussed in a follow-on article). A voltage measurement (the number itself) requires that there are two points or sources of reference. To measure water pressure (pounds per square inch), the number is typically referenced to ‘zero’. To measure electrical voltage, the number is referenced to some point in an electrical circuit (which can be zero, or something else). When measuring battery voltage and solar panel voltage, we are measuring between 2 locations, typically positive and negative (red and black). The negative or ‘black’ terminal is usually the ‘zero’ potential, or reference point. Also, when measuring batteries and solar panels, we are making a ‘DC’ measurement (as opposed to ‘AC’). Without getting into it (another article), ‘DC’ stands for Direct Current, and is the type of electrical circuit that is found in the front end of solar power systems. Some systems will convert the ‘DC’ to ‘AC’ at the very end, in order to provide the same type of circuit that is common in most homes and appliances used within the home. In order to measure volts, you need a volt meter. There are lots of them available. ‘Fluke’ has always been a top brand name. Even Radio Shack makes some decent meters. It is an absolute essential tool when working with solar panel electrical systems. So, the very basic intention here is to get across that… VOLTS is like PRESSURE. Simple as that. Survival preparedness and self-reliance is a life style that encompasses many things, including the topic of energy. One of my many interests is alternative energy, namely, solar power. This article along with others in this titled series, is intended to provide simple, basic, easy to understand instructions, methods, tips, and examples for those who are interested in a series of helpful ‘101’ type information in this area. Remember though… electricity can be dangerous. Consult a professional. Do your own due-diligence regarding any information contained within this page 😉

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Data: Trends and Patterns of Differences in Chronic Respiratory Disease Mortality Among US Counties, 1980-2014; Maps: Lazaro Gamio / Axios Deaths from chronic respiratory disease rose by almost 30% from 1980 through 2014 in the U.S., with a large portion occurring in the Appalachia and Mississippi Valley, according to county-specific data study published Tuesday. The researchers examined the deaths of 80 million Americans, and found 4.6 million died from a chronic respiratory disease. Biggest concern: The majority of those deaths was due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in central Appalachia but can be found in other states in the southern half of the U.S. as far west as Colorado. David Mannino, who co-wrote an editorial about the study, pointed out mortality tended to occur in places where there is a high concentration of low-income, white individuals with current or historic tobacco use. Why this matters: Chronic respiratory diseases became the fifth leading cause of death in 2015 and resulted in approximately $132 billion in health spending in 2013, the study stated. With county-level data, public health directives can be more targeted and, some experts hope, more effective in cutting death rates from the disease.

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How Did the Margarita Pizza Get It’s Name? Reception and Year 1 girls went to Pizza Express and had great fun making their own pizzas! The girls were given the pizza base which they had to make a crust for and then to put the margarita toppings on. The pizzaiolo then showed them how he makes the base by throwing it in the air (a skill the girls still need to perfect!). Not only did they learn how to make pizza but they also found out how the well known margarita pizza got its name; after the Queen of Italy, Margherita of Savoy. Did you know the colours of the Italian flag are represented in the pizza? Red tomato sauce, white cheese and green basil! Check out the full gallery

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Birth Control: Your Contraceptive Questions Answered Medically reviewed on Apr 23, 2018 by C. Fookes, BPharm. How Long Do You Bleed After Mirena Is Inserted? Mirena is an interuterine device that contains levonorgestrel, a progestin hormone. Mirena provides contraceptive protection for up to five years. Mirena works by decreasing the quality and volume of cervical mucus, preventing the migration of sperm through the cervix and uterus. In some women, Mirena may prevent ovulation, but usually only during the first year of use. As well as being an effective contraceptive, Mirena is also approved for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, and to protect the endometrium during estrogen replacement therapy. Unfortunately, bleeding following Mirena insertion is common. More than 67% of women experience irregular bleeding, and more than 22% experience prolonged heavy bleeding in the first 90 days following Mirena insertion. However, within a year, bleeding significantly diminishes in most women, with 16% reporting no bleeding at all (amenorrhea) and 57% reporting infrequent bleeding. Even though the unpredictable nature of this bleeding is a nuisance, studies have shown that overall it is much less than a period. Most women who choose to continue with Mirena eventually stop bleeding. But how long this takes varies. I Took Contraceptive Pills For Only Two Days Before Having Unprotected Sex. Chances Of Pregnancy? Your chances of pregnancy depend at what point in your menstrual cycle you were at when you started taking the combined oral contraceptive (contains both estrogen and progestin). If you took the contraceptive from the first day of your period, and continued taking it after having unprotected sex two days later, your chances of being pregnant are virtually nil. Starting the pill within five days of your period protects you immediately. However, if you started taking the contraceptive pill towards the end of your menstrual cycle (around day 6) or later, then had sex two days later, there is a risk you may have got pregnant, particularly if you are prone to short menstrual cycles of around 21 days (also called being an early ovulator). It takes seven days of continuous pill taking to fully protect you from pregnancy if you start taking the pill midcycle. Once you have been taking the pill for more than three weeks, you should theoretically not get pregnant during your placebo week; however, no pill is 100% effective. The time it takes to protect against pregnancy for progestin-only pills is much shorter - just two days of continuous pill taking before you are protected. This is because progestin only pills work on disrupting cervical mucus and sperm mobility. I Got My Period While On The Active Pills. Is This Normal? The combined oral contraceptive pill "tricks" your body into thinking it is pregnant. However, some women experience bleeding mid-cycle, even though they may not have missed any active pills or have always taken their pills at the same time each day. This "break-through" bleeding may be light (often referred to as "spotting"), but in some women it can be heavy, like a period. However, it has nothing to do with your menstrual cycle and tends to be a sign that your body is adjusting to the extra hormones it is receiving through the contraceptive pill. It more commonly occurs within the first few months of starting the oral contraceptive and usually resolves spontaneously. Smokers are especially prone to break-through bleeding. Break-through bleeding can also occur as a result of taking medications that may interact with the pill, with sexually transmitted infections, during pregnancy, or with some other gynecological illnesses. If the bleeding persists, see your doctor. How Likely Is It To Get Pregnant While On Nexplanon? Nexplanon contains etonogestrel, a progestin that releases slowly from the implant over time. Nexplanon is inserted under the skin of your upper arm, and provides continuous contraception for up to three years. Trials have shown that Nexplanon is over 99% effective, provided the implant is correctly inserted and remains in place. That means that for every 100 women who use Nexplanon, no more than one will become pregnant. However, it is important to note that many trials failed to include women who were overweight, and it is possible that effectiveness may be reduced in these women. If correctly inserted within five days of a woman's menstrual period, Nexplanon is effective right away. If Nexplanon was inserted at any other time during the menstrual cycle, it can take at least seven days before it is fully effective, and other methods of birth control, such as condoms, will need to be used over this time. Many women report changes in their menstrual cycle patterns with Nexplanon, such as longer or shorter cycles, or no bleeding at all, and these may be confused with being pregnant. Is Abdominal Pain Normal While Taking The Pill? Many women report a dramatic reduction or elimination of period pain once they go on birth control pills. A Cochrane review suggested that this was probably due to the hormones that make up the combined oral contraceptive (OC) pill suppressing ovulation, which in turn reduces the amount of prostaglandins produced by the lining of the uterus. This results in a reduction in blood flow and cramps. However, experts concluded that more research needs to be done. Conversely, some few women report abdominal cramps soon after starting the combined oral contraceptive. Experts aren't exactly sure why this is, but some research points to estrogen increasing the permeability of the gut, making it prone to a wide range of digestive issues. Studies have shown an increased incidence of Crohn's disease in women taking OCs. Hormonal birth control has also been linked to gallstones, gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. Nausea is another common side effect of the pill and many women report changes in their bowel movements. In most women, abdominal cramping is temporary and resolves after a few months of being on the OC. If pain persists, or if worrying symptoms such as blood in the stools or vomiting occur, see your doctor. I Have A Lot Of Questions About Sex And How To Prevent Pregnancy. Where Can I Go For Help? The United States still has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the world. Many teens are ill-informed about what sexual practices actually lead to pregnancy and the best type of prevention against not only pregnancy, but also sexually transmitted infections. Which is why it is so important to find an accurate, informative, and teen-friendly site. Check out StayTeen for comprehensive information about birth control options, sex, and relationships. Love is respect also talks about the importance of healthy relationships and mutual respect. Drugs.com also has expertly written information about birth control and sexually transmitted infections. Finished: Birth Control: Your Contraceptive Questions Answered - Mirena Adverse Effects. Mirena.com. http://www.mirena.com/en/professional/indications/contraception/adverse_effects/index.php - Eagleson H. Your Odds of Conceiving at Every Point in Your Cycle. Parents.com http://www.parents.com/getting-pregnant/trying-to-conceive/ovulation-getting-pregnant/ - The Pill: myths and misconceptions. Women's Health. Queensland Wide. http://womhealth.org.au/conditions-and-treatments/the-pill-myths-and-misconceptions - What is NEXPLANON (etonogestrel implant)? Nexplanon.com http://www.nexplanon.com/what-is-nexplanon/ - Wong CL, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Proctor M. Oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD002120. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002120.pub3. - Khalili H, Higuchi LM, Ananthakrishnan AN, et al. Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2013;62(8):1153-1159. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302362. - State Policies on Sex Education In Schools. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-policies-on-sex-education-in-schools.aspx Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

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The province of Alberta alone holds 173 billion barrels of crude. Some government analysts say that's enough to supply U.S. petroleum needs for 24 years. This Canadian crude doesn't gush from the ground. The tarlike oil is mixed with sand and has to be extracted using heat. The process emits more carbon dioxide that conventional drilling. Environmentalists, who've yet to see any oil they like, consider it dirty oil. A Sierra Club official hysterically calls tar sands the "dirtiest form of energy in the world." James Hansen, the NASA scientist who is chiefly responsible for the global warming scare and is never shy about embellishing, suggests that continued production of Canada's tar sands "would be disastrous for life on our planet." Obama has said the tar sands can be made clean. But that's not enough to relieve worried tar sand producers. He has taken a hard line on carbon emissions and publicly lamented "that oil sands create a big carbon footprint." The tar sand interests are justifiably troubled that the man who a year ago promised while campaigning that anyone who built a new coal-fired power plant would be bankrupted by government rules is going to demand regulations that will wall off tar sand imports. Already California has proposed environmental standards that would block from the state oil made from Canada's tar sands. Barring tar sand imports would be all cost and no benefit. Taking an abundant reservoir of oil off the market will force prices higher. That would be with no environmental advantage. Carbon dioxide is neither a pollutant nor a creator of global warming. Though it might make up a growing portion of our atmosphere, CO2 is still a mere 0.038% of the gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth, and only 3% of that thin slice is released by man. Despite its media-driven reputation as a killer, it is a weak and ineffective greenhouse gas. If Canada is the Saudi Arabia of tar sands, then the U.S., as many have said before, is the Saudi Arabia of coal. We have the world's largest reserves with 263 billion short tons, more than 27% of the Earth's coal. At current consumption rates, that's enough to supply the country for more than 200 years. The Energy Department projects coal's importance will increase in coming years. Coal already provides about half of the nation's electrical power today and is expected to supply 60% by 2031. That's only if it's not banned. During a campaign stop last year, Joe Biden promised an activist there'd be "no coal plants in America." Al Gore, who has great influence on those who make public policy, has urged young Americans to engage in civil disobedience to stop building coal plants that don't capture carbon emissions. Meanwhile, faceless, unelected bureaucrats in the Environmental Protection Agency, under orders from the administration, will review rules regulating CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. Should the EPA place restrictions on carbon, the supply of electricity will fall as power generation is cut to comply with new regulatory limits. The electricity providers that aren't satisfied with cutting production will pass on to consumers the costs of buying expensive gear designed to capture CO2 emissions. In the longer term, the private sector won't be able to keep up with increases in demand because it has been virtually forbidden by regulatory fiat from building new power plants. The New York Times reports that even before Washington has acted, plans for 83 new coal plants have been blocked by state regulators or voluntarily withdrawn over just the last 30 months. Meanwhile, a new coal-fired plant comes on line each week in China. The unpleasant outcome of all this will be higher electricity costs for consumers that will act as a tax increase, which will, as all tax hikes do, hurt the economy. Blocking tar sand oil and weakening the country's ability to generate electricity because it's politically correct to oppose CO2 would be foolish. It would dilute our quality of life, restrain economic growth and increase our dependence on hostile regimes. That's not the change that voters were hoping for in November.

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This course is an entry level course in theatre history, its practice, and the creation of the theatrical event, exploring theatre's role as a central, social communication event. Through group and individual presentations, students will also explore as well as the roles of the various artists who collaborate to create theatre, how ideas are reflected in conception and reading of a play, and explore how ideas about interpretation and aesthetic can be reflected in production. Students will be required to attend live Theater performances. |The following courses must be taken prior to this course| |ENG 010A - Basic Writing or ENG 011 - Basic Writing II or ESL 011 - Basic Writing II| |REA 011 - Fundamentals of College Reading or REA 017 - Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension Development II| |No Sections Available|

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EXPERT REACTION: Is a pesticide, not Zika virus, causing microcephaly? Organisation/s: Australian Science Media Centre These comments have been collated by the Science Media Centre to provide a variety of expert perspectives on this issue. Feel free to use these quotes in your stories. Views expressed are the personal opinions of the experts named. They do not represent the views of the SMC or any other organisation unless specifically stated. Adjunct Professor Andrew Bartholomaeus is a consultant toxicologist from the School of Pharmacy, University of Canberra and the Therapeutic Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Queensland Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator with a mechanism of action that is highly specific to insects. Pyriproxyfen is used on a wide variety of crops and is recommended by the WHO for addition to drinking water storage vessels to prevent the spread of deadly diseases such as malaria. Studies in rats and rabbits have shown pyriproxyfen to have no reproductive or developmental effects at doses up to at least 100 mg per kg of body-weight every day. This intake would be equivalent to an average human female consuming 6 grams of the compound per day. The acceptable daily intake of pyriproxyfen set by the WHO is 100 micrograms per kg of body-weight per day for a lifetime. This equates to approximately 6 mg per person per day. By contrast the WHO recommended addition of pyriproxyfen to drinking water storage is a maximum of 10 micrograms per litre which would deliver a daily dose of 20 micrograms. A microgram is one millionth of a gram. Thus, the intake of pyriproxifen in Brazil from treated drinking water is of the order of 300 times lower than the safe limit set by the WHO. All of this information is readily available to any genuine scientist looking dispassionately at the potential causes of the Zika virus outbreak or the rise in malformations in Brazil. Also readily available is the knowledge that the use of pyriproxifen is driven by WHO recommendations and not the marketing activity of any multinational or other corporation. The potential human health consequences of discouraging the use of pyriproxyfen in drinking water storage and other mosquito-reduction programs is catastrophic with potential deaths and serious disease from otherwise avoidable malaria, dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases numbered in at least the hundreds of thousands. If these reports and suggestions are motivated by anything other than ignorance and poor scholarship they are deserving of the most strident condemnation. Journalists covering this story would do well to research the background of those making and reporting the claims as the underlying story and potential public health consequences may be far more newsworthy than the current headlines The recent expansion of the range of Zika virus, coupled with its linkage to the rise of microcephaly in Brazil, where babies are born with very small heads, is the focus of international concern. However, a recent report from the group “Physicians in the Crop-Sprayed Villages” has claimed that the outbreak of microcephaly is due to a pesticide used to control the mosquitoes that carry Zika virus. This claim is not plausible. The pesticide in question is pyriproxyfen, a replacement for the organophosphate pesticides that the mosquitoes are becoming resistant to. Pyriproxyfen acts by interfering with the hormonal control growth cycle of insects from hatching, to larvae, to pupa. This hormone control system does not exist in organisms with backbones, such as humans, and pyriproxyfen has very low toxicity in mammals as a result. An adult human would need to eat a teaspoon full of the raw pesticide to reach the threshold levels for toxicity seen in animals. In terms of how much is present in water reservoirs that have been sprayed with pyriproxyfen to control mosquito larvae, a person would have to drink well over 1,000 litres of water a day, every day, to achieve the threshold toxicity levels seen in animals. The effect of pyriproxyfen on reproduction and fetal abnormalities is well studied in animals. In a variety of animal species even enormous quantities of pyriproxyfen do not cause the defects seen during the recent Zika outbreak. Pyriproxyfen is poorly absorbed by humans and rapidly broken down so even the minute amounts humans would be exposed to via water treatment would be reduced even further. As well, pyriproxyfen is relatively rapidly removed from the environment as well, so overall exposure will be low. The “Physicians in the Crop-Sprayed Villages” only evidence for the role of pyriproxyfen is that spraying began in 2014. While the evidence that Zika virus is responsible for the rise in microcephaly in Brazil is not conclusive, the role of pyriproxyfen is simply not plausible. Pyriproxyfen is a widely used chemical in agriculture and in the pet industry and has been around for a while. It is a growth inhibitor of insect larvae. There is no direct evidence that it is associated with human birth defects – insect development is quite different to human development and involves different hormones, developmental pathways and sets of genes, so it cannot be assumed that chemicals affecting insect development also influence mammalian development. Chemicals can be effective in local Aedes mosquito control, but it is true that the effects often are quite temporary because new mosquitoes will emerge as larvae develop and emerge from breeding containers. This is one reason why public health campaigns often focus on reducing the number of breeding sites around the home, which can be quite an effective control mechanism. A variety of other options are currently being explored to control mosquitoes or to inhibit their ability to spread disease. The GM mosquito approach represents only one of several possible approaches – for instance, it is also possible to suppress mosquitoes by releasing males that are sterile or incompatible with females from natural populations, without the use of GM. Another possibility is to introduce Wolbachia strains of mosquitoes that reduce viral transmission. Media contact details for this story are only visible to registered journalists.

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A comprehensive guide of 102 English lesson plans implementing the TPR (Total Physical Response) approach to teaching language. An excellent tool for teaching beginning and intermediate students of ANY age level. Ten thematic units contain the essential vocabulary needed for survival and success in English. Each of the 10 thematic units contains: A teacher's manual for student books is also included and contains extensive guidelines, ideas and samples. |Author:||Berty Segal Cook| |Year of publication:||1999 (9th edition)| |CERF level (Common European Reference Framework):||A1| |Includes TPRS instruction:||Total Physical Response instruction| |Language of instruction:||English|

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://www.thecibookshop.com/en/teaching-english-through-action.html

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A desktop replacement computer (DTR) is a personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a desktop computer while remaining mobile. They are often larger, bulkier laptops. Because of their increased size, this class of computer usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally used in smaller portable computers and can have a relatively limited battery capacity (or none at all). Some use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance at the expense of battery life. These are sometimes called desknotes, a portmanteau of the words "desktop" and "notebook", though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general. Other articles related to "desktop replacement computer, desktop replacements, computers, desktop": ... Modern desktop replacements generally perform better than traditional laptop-style computers as their size allows the inclusion of more powerful components ... However, these advantages generally come at a price premium, with many computers in this class costing as much as two desktop computers with similar specifications ... Using a laptop form factor, however, desktop replacements still often suffer from limitations similar to those of more mobile laptops ... Famous quotes containing the words computer and/or replacement: “The analogy between the mind and a computer fails for many reasons. The brain is constructed by principles that assure diversity and degeneracy. Unlike a computer, it has no replicative memory. It is historical and value driven. It forms categories by internal criteria and by constraints acting at many scales, not by means of a syntactically constructed program. The world with which the brain interacts is not unequivocally made up of classical categories.” —Gerald M. Edelman (b. 1928) “Not even the visionary or mystical experience ever lasts very long. It is for art to capture that experience, to offer it to, in the case of literature, its readers; to be, for a secular, materialist culture, some sort of replacement for what the love of god offers in the world of faith.” —Salman Rushdie (b. 1947)

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http://www.primidi.com/desktop_replacement_computer

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South Africa’s natural and cultural heritage have become tightly inter-woven with no less than four heritage sites located inside national parks. Thulamela is a stone-walled site situated in the Far North region of the Kruger National Park (KNP), and dates back to approximately 450 – 500 years before present (BP). This late Iron Age site forms part of what is called the Zimbabwe, culture which is believed to have started at Mapungubwe. Mapungubwe’s decline coincided with the increase of Great Zimbabwe’s importance. When Great Zimbabwe was abandoned about 300 years later, possibly due to political break down, several groups moved south across the Limpopo river into the North Eastern areas of South Africa (and Northern Kruger) and established new smaller chiefdoms such as Thulamela

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https://allaboutworldheritage.com/2017/09/24/in-pics-4-heritage-sites-in-sa-parks-christelle-du-toit-enca/

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A refrigerator requires a compressor to keep the interior cold. The thermostat inside the refrigerator tells the compressor when to turn on and turn off to maintain safe cooling levels. When the temperature inside the refrigerator rises above the current thermostat settings, the thermostat sends an electrical signal to the relay switch to start the compressor. Should the temperature inside the unit begin to rise and you hear a clicking noise coming from beneath the refrigerator, it could be a failed compressor relay switch. Test the refrigerator relay switch to determine if it needs replacing. Access Relay Switch Move the refrigerator out from the wall to access the rear of the appliance. Disconnect the refrigerator power cord from the wall receptacle. Turn off the water supply to the ice maker and use an adjustable wrench to remove the supply line from the water valve. Put the end of the supply line in a container to catch any water in the line. Unscrew the connectors holding the access panel to the bottom rear of the refrigerator. Remove the access panel from the appliance. Follow the wires from the side of the compressor to find the metal terminal box connected to either side of the refrigerator compressor. Grab the terminal box cover with your fingers and pull it off the box to access the relay switch. Test Relay Switch Pull the female wire connector off the male terminal on the side of the relay switch. Grab the relay with your fingers. Pull it from the terminal box, disconnecting the two female terminals from the stationary male terminals inside the box. Look for any corrosion on the copper windings. Use a wire brush to remove any obvious corrosion. Position the relay where the two female terminals are on a work surface, with the male terminal on the side facing down. If your refrigerator relay switch is solid plastic without any copper windings, it is considered a solid state relay. Test the solid state relay by shaking it. If it sounds like something rattles inside, the relay is damaged and needs replacing. Continue testing for relays with copper windings. Failure of any of the following tests indicates the relay is defective and needs replacing. Turn the dial on a multimeter to "Ohms X1." Insert both the probes from the multimeter into the two female terminals on the relay. The display on a digital multimeter should read zero, or the needle should sweep across the face of the display to zero on the far right on an analog multimeter. Flip the relay over, leaving the probes in the relay. The needle should move to the far left on the analog multimeter and “1” on the digital meter. Flip the relay back over to its original position. Leave the red probe in the left female terminal. Touch the male terminal with the black probe. The display on the digital multimeter should read zero, or the needle should sweep to zero on the analog multimeter. Flip the relay over, leaving the probes in position. The needle should move to the far left on the analog multimeter, and “1” should appear the display of the digital meter. Return the relay to its original position. Insert the red probe into the right female terminal. Leave the black probe touching the male terminal. The analog multimeter needle should sweep to the far right of the display; a “0” should appear on the digital display. Turn the relay over once again with the probes in position. The digital meter should display “0” and the analog meter should sweep to the far left. Things You Will Need - Adjustable wrench - Wire brush - Digital or analog multimeter - PhotoObjects.net/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images

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https://homeguides.sfgate.com/test-refrigerator-relay-switch-33986.html

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The burden of soft tissue injuries affects athletes, manual workers, aging individuals, and many others with different anatomic vulnerabilities. The economic costs are variable and often very high. Biological and mechanical homeostatic mechanisms are commonly impaired in orthopedic sports medicine: musculoskeletal tissues are subjected to high stresses and injuries occur. Major athletic injuries often lead to chronic problems, such as osteoarthritis, for which effective treatments still elude us. Various acute and chronic injuries increase the need to identify novel biological therapies to improve the quality of life and the long-term musculoskeletal health in athletes and active individuals. Regenerative medicine aims to exploit the potential of biological healing by promoting mechanisms to reestablish the functionality of tissue. Controlling and enhancing the regeneration of musculoskeletal tissue is not just a matter of throwing a few cells at the lesion. Molecules, cells, and mechanical forces are hardwired and cooperate in healing mechanisms. Just consider platelet-rich plasma (PRP): an autologous regenerative technology. It is based on the delivery of a pool of growth factors and cytokines with tissue healing potential, and has been widely used in orthopedic sports medicine to enhance tissue healing. Both PRPs and adult mesenchymal stem cells are physiological means to combat injury. In this context, regenerative medicine seeks to enhance these endogenous resources to help tissue homeostasis prevail over hostile microenvironments. Stem cell therapies are available in centers around the world. They have applications not just for athletes, but also for cerebral palsy, Alzheimer disease, and multiple sclerosis among others. Stem cell therapies are still in their initial stages of implementation, and much research is necessary before they can meet the hopes placed on them. This issue of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review provides an update for health care professionals interested in regenerative therapies. Leaders in this field from both hemispheres were recruited to address what is known about the composition and use of cell-based products, other differentiated cell therapies, their combination with PRP, and the assumptions upon which to base their mechanisms of action. A robust scientific understanding of how these powerful novel therapies work is needed. We acknowledge that clinical evidence supporting specific indications takes time and resources to develop and as yet are not available. We are at the cutting edge of orthopedic sports medicine. In an era where many therapies are in the hands of unscrupulous practitioners preying on patients’ desperate need to get better, it is our duty to advance scientifically sound and clinically relevant research. This issue of SMAR goes a long way toward this aim.

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https://journals.lww.com/sportsmedarthro/Fulltext/2018/06000/Biological_Therapies_in_Orthopedic_Sports_Medicine.1.aspx

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Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children and Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day are essentially concerned with man's quest for his identity, and both authors relate the quest of their individual hero or heroine to the past of their lives. However, Rushdie and Desai proceed very differently as a glance at their understanding of the terms 'history' and 'the past' shows. The former makes his narrator, Saleem Sinai, move in time and space: Covering the years from 1915 to 1978, Saleem narrates the fate of his family over three generations. Along with his grandparents he takes us from Kashmir via Amritsar to Agra where their five children are born. His parents settle temporarily in Delhi, move to Bombay where Saleem is born exactly on the stroke of midnight of India's independence, and finally emigrate to Rawalpindi in Pakistan where they perish in the 1965 India-Pakistan war. Saleem subsequently lives in the border area of Pakistan, is sent to Bangla Desh just before East Pakistan declares its independence in 1971, returns to Delhi, is taken to Benares by force and finally settles in Bombay to write his book because, as he says, he wants to preserve memory and save it 'from the corruption of the clocks'. Riemenschneider, Dieter, History and the Individual in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children and Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day, Kunapipi, 6(2), 1984.

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https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol6/iss2/10/

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Sakoku in Japanese “ country in chains” or “ lock up of country” was the foreign relations policy of under which no foreigner or Japanese could enter or leave the country on penalty of death. This policy which in affect lasted for 218 years from 1635 to 1853, under the late great Tokugawa Iemitsu, kept Japan in peace and harmony for centuries. Of course there was Nagasaki, which was the only port accessible to foreigners, and maybe even Hakodate in Hokkaido...? How effective were such isolationist policies in preserving the cultural and spiritual integrity of the Japanese nation ? Japan The reemergence of cultural intolerance in Japan is on the rise again with some Japanese wanting a return to the old ways of Sakoku(ism), but not from a lack of cultural homogeneity or language, but from an excess of foreign ideals and rampant capitalism – Japan is not yet overrun with foreign immigrants who suck up all the jobs, like in the case of England, Germany and North America – instead, rather, the people of Japan lack job security and a clearer vision of the future of the country from its leaders which in turn is creating a xenophobic knee-jerk reaction to foreigners who are, for the most part are here in Japan legally and are abiding by the rules and paying their taxes, in spite of not even having the right to vote. At least in North America there’s an ongoing debate now on whether “illegal immigrants” should be allowed to vote. At least in North America we give these undocumented workers (illegal as hell immigrants) a tax ID number, but without representation from local government. In Japan, such considerations as ‘foreigner rights’ is under stricter scrutiny as many of Japan’s leaders are confused between whether or not to impose more restrictive measures on what foreigner nationals and long term residence should be permitted to do, or allow more lax rules and freedoms and equality. On one hand, government officials want more tourism and foreign labor in order to shore up the huge imbalances in the labor market due to ’s staggeringly low birthrate. These leaders seem to be only capable of seeing what they want for Japan in terms of international appeal and prestige, to be a symbol of distinction (** because Japan is unique**) for all the world to see – this is what the government wants. On the other hand, the will of the government seems to be in direct opposition to the needs of the Japanese people, as many are worried about the rising cost of living and the decline in Japanese standards (…i.e. rising crime rate, suicides). I mean, what’s important here? Is it the needs of the Japanese, or the needs of the foreign masses? Whose country are we in? If the locals are unhappy then how can the foreign visitor be happy ? Japan Take isolationism as an example, a policy which has been practiced in many countries throughout history - not just . Japan and the China had institutionalized similar policies which had served these countries in ways that prevented them from forming alliances with other countries. The intention behind these seclusive policies were meant to preserve resources and other markets – nothing new. China, as an example, being one of the first major asian countries to ever get raped and pillaged by western powers was once the bastion of civilization for centuries until the heavy hand of western domination rested its bloody palms over her sacred institutions and governance's, and destroying everything it could get its grip on and thereby subjugating its people through economic oppression through drug distribution and re-distribution through every echelon of its society on down. They tried to resist forming trade relations with Western powers, but in the end failed miserably and in the end lost everything. But, one thing is for sure, the Chinese know who they are today, and they are proud of who they've become. Unfortunately, the same can’t be said about United States where national identity and patriotism are foreign concepts in this country as well as common sense. (“You have to protect your women; you have to protect your markets; you have to protect your children; you have to protect your language; you have to protect your culture; you have to protect your interest”). The Chinese do all of these things naturally. What happened to Japan ? Japan , on one hand, has probably been around for a little over 200 years and yet had managed to be not only the bulwark of isolationism, but perhaps the only nation in the world whose foreign policy was defined by isolationism for over a quarter century even according to today’s standards. People like Thomas Paine, Anglo-American political philosopher, was a staunch advocate of isolationism whose efforts saw through both the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution(1789-1799). United States of America According to Goerge in his Farewell Address he said: “The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Washington Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.” How effective were such exclusionary policies will depend largely on whether or not these policies benefited the respective countries in terms of racial harmony and or economic hegemony. – only time will tell or maybe time has already told us, or on us. If we were to fast forward a bit after George Washington, let’s say 1945, American senator Robert Rice, who was an unabashed isolationist and Anglophobe, whose foreign policy position alienated him from Delano Roosevelt, advocated strict limits on immigration, by 90%, and the registration of all aliens because he feared that loose immigration laws would threaten the security of the job market in the U.S. American politician Pat Buchanan who was runner up in the 2000 presidential election was another infamous modern day isolationist who advocated policies such as “America First” which would’ve lifted trade barriers while using the federal government to protect American jobs and other interest. In addition, he also wanted to cut foreign economic assistance and punish other countries who had poor human rights records like , for example. These policies had proven very unpopular amongst his constituencies including the Democratic Party and the then Clinton Administration that favored free trade with China and Canada . Mexico “In great cities men are brought together by the desire of gain. They are not in a state of co-operation, but of isolation, as to the making of fortunes; and for all the rest they are careless of neighbors. Christianity teaches us to love our neighbors as ourselves; modern society acknowledges no neighbor [Benjamin Disraeli former Prime Minister of England]. It seems the more depends on foreign trade the less it’s able to sustain itself within itself. Here in Japan they have relied heavily on foreign influences for centuries which has helped shape their perceptions of the world around them; R&D; Industry, and so forth and so on. As an example, in the case of poor Carib/African island nations the need for foreign aid and food has grown dramatically because of globalization to the point where these small countries have become debtor nations forever! Many owe the IMF and World Bank billions of dollars and many of these countries will never ever be able to repay these enormous debts. These small island nations weren’t always indebted to western powers. They are today with no end in sight. I have often wondered whether isolation was more beneficial in the long run vs. the opening of markets… Again, I reiterate in the case of Japan , having a semi - open foreign/trade policy has allowed its economy to grow by leaps and bounds, and has aided in the development of commerce, innovation and the manufacturing of new technologies. Open policies in trade has also helped develop new markets in agriculture and trade through exports of high quality foods such as Fuji Apples and Aomori garlic, and even grains. And while all of this may sound good to the western capitalist, I often wonder whether its quality will decrease because of the need for demand …Should Japan just fling her doors wider open and allow its rice and fruit markets to be exploited while allowing the quality of its products to diminish ? Or should it keep its markets locked shut and safe from foreign competition? Japan fought to protect its culture; it capitulated and allowed the western dregs of capitalist expansion to scourge its purity with their doctrines of death, with their bombs and with their guns and their democratic system of governance. Now, we live in a society that has been struggling with what democracy really means exactly. Sixty years later, most Japanese have no idea what a democracy is or what it means in practice, or even care for that matter because most live as if the Meiji constitution is still in place, and that’s exactly why the current constitution carries no weight. We have politicians in office today who can’t even decide how to run their own country, let alone make simple policy decisions like supporting the war against terror, or whether to support its own stance politically without the tacit approval or disapproval of the United Snakes of America. It’s high time Japan stepped up to the plate and stand accounted as a first rate nation and world leader in the 21st century. Ever since the 19th Century Japan has been quite good at double hegemony, but their methods have been getting sloppy nowadays because they can’t decide whether to fight America’s enemies or shake hands with Iran over a multi-billion dollar oil deal for “Japans own oil interest for the Japanese.” Sort of reminds me of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance back in 1902 when Britian forged an alliance with Japan which primarily benefited Britain whereas Japan benefited very little from it. Japan needed Britain to contain Japan and protect British commerce interest in Russia . In turn, China would gain status in the international community for allying with a rich white nation. This alliance also made Japan Britain’s partner during WW1 which forced Japan to attack German targets during the Seige of Tsingtao in 1914. And then subsequently the Japanese switched sides and allied with Japan because they weren’t accepted by the international community as a super power – how ironic…. And all of this was done under Emperor Meiji. (“ And they think that that’s how friendships and alliances work?”). Germany

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As strange as it sounds, research has named Pantone 448 C as the ugliest colour in the world and tasked it with discouraging people from smoking. A “drab, dark brown” also called “opaque couché,” was specifically selected after three months and multiple studies by research agency GfK. Described as “death,” “dirty” and “tar,” it’s not just plain ugly. It also has an important job to discourage people from smoking. The agency was hired by the Australian government to find a colour that was so repugnant that if it was on tobacco products, it would dissuade people from smoking. The colour was later adopted by the country for all tobacco packaging along with graphic health warnings. Other countries in Europe, such as, United Kingdom, Ireland and France are now following Australia’s example and have passed “plain packaging” laws as well, using mockups using the same murky color. This article originally appeared on TIME. Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments.

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https://tribune.com.pk/story/1117167/can-worlds-ugliest-colour-stop-smoking/

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Benny Wenda is a West Papuan Independence leader, Chairperson for the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP), and founder of the Free West Papua Campaign. He lives in exile in the United Kingdom. In 2003 he was granted political asylum by the British Government following his escape from custody while on trial in West Papua for politically motivated charges. As a young child in the 1970s, Benny Wenda’s world was his village in the remote highlands of West Papua. Life consisted of tending gardens with his mother among the Lani people who, he says, ‘lived at peace with nature in the mountains’. In 1977 that life changed dramatically. That year, the military appeared in his village. Now, every morning on the way to their gardens, Benny and his mother and aunties would be stopped and checked by Indonesian soldiers. Often the soldiers would force the women to wash themselves in the river before brutally raping them in front of their children. Many young women, including three of Benny’s aunties, died in the jungle from the trauma and injuries inflicted during these attacks, which often involved genital mutilation. Every day Papuan women had to report to the military post to provide food from their gardens, and to clean and cook for the soldiers. Violence, racism and enforced subservience became part of daily routine. I asked myself ‘Why?’ Who are these people? And why do they do this to us? Why do they kill my people? Why do they rape my aunties? Later that year, and in response to military violence towards Papuans, 15,000 Lani people rebelled. In retaliation, Indonesian military aircraft bombed many Lani villages in the highlands, including Benny’s village. Benny remembers an attack where their huts and crops were burned and many of his family were killed or injured. Benny too suffered in the attack: his leg was badly injured and left untreated because his family was forced to flee into hiding in the jungle, leaving him with one leg significantly shorter than the other and an awkward limp. More than twenty years later the scars, the pain and the difficulty in walking remain. Childhood in the jungle Between 1977 and 1983 Benny and his family, along with thousands of other highlanders, lived in hiding in the jungle. Life was hard. Food and shelter were scarce, and the weak struggled to survive the harsh conditions. Violence from the military remained a constant threat. In one particularly harrowing incident, soldiers happened across Benny’s family in the jungle. The soldiers ripped Benny’s two year old cousin from his aunty’s arms and threw her to the ground with so much force that the child’s back was broken. They then raped his aunty, forcing Benny to watch. His small cousin died two weeks after the attack; his aunty sometime later from her own injuries. Benny could not understand why the Indonesian military was doing this and, still, he had no knowledge of the context in which this violence took place. After five years in the jungle, everyone else from his village had succumbed to the conditions and surrendered to the Indonesians. Only his family remained in the jungle. To surrender, Papuans had to present themselves to the local military post carrying an Indonesian flag, which signalled their loyalty to Indonesia and their willingness to live in the community under Indonesian rule. When Benny’s grandmother died, largely due to conditions in their jungle hideout, their family decided it was time to surrender for the sake of the children. Having already lost so many, Benny’s grandfather insisted that the children be taken back, telling his mother that Benny’s well-being was important, so that one day he will know what happened to us and why… and one day he will act. After his family surrendered, Benny went to school. His education was entirely about Indonesia. He learned about Indonesia’s independence from the Dutch and celebrated it on the anniversary of 17 August 1945. He learned about buffalos instead of pigs and of rice paddies instead of the Papuan-style gardens that he had grown up working in with his family. He was told to eat rice instead of sweet potato, the staple for Papuans. Indonesian teachers and students alike called Benny and the other Papuan students ‘stupid’, ‘primitive’, and ‘dirty’ because they ate pork and their parents were ‘indecent’, with the men wearing nothing but the traditional koteka (penis gourd). Benny still could not understand why Indonesians treated him this way. He constantly went to his mother with questions: Why did I grow up in the jungle? Why am I different to the others? Why do they call me stupid? He would ask. His mother refused to answer his questions. ‘One day I will tell you the whole story’, was all she would say. In senior high school Benny was one of only two Papuan students in the class. The others were children of Javanese and Sulawesi transmigrants. One day, the teacher directed him to sit next to a Javanese girl. He smiled and respectfully greeted her as he sat down. She turned, scowled, and spat on him. He wiped her spit from his face, feeling terrible. ‘Maybe I really do smell’, he thought. ‘I disgust her. I must not be clean enough. That must be why she doesn’t like me.’ Assuming the problem was his, and desperate to please this girl, Benny went to the shop after school to buy an extra bar of soap. He washed himself three times over. The following day, he walked confidently into the class and sat down, smiling and greeting the girl with respect. But this time she stood up, attracted the attention of the entire class, and spat on him again. The class laughed. Finally, it dawned on Benny: this had nothing to do with his cleanliness. This was racism. Benny stood up, enraged: You think that because I am black, because I am Papuan, that I am dirty!?! I have eyes, I have hands… I am human – just like you! We are both human and we both deserve to be treated the same. With respect. Events such as these drove Benny to take on a leadership role in the Papuan community. His motivation sprang not from politics, but from the desire to assert and celebrate Papuan identity, and to encourage other Papuans to do the same. Benny went on to complete a degree in sociology and politics in Jayapura. While at university, he initiated discussion groups for Papuan students in Jayapura – of all ages and from all tribes from both the highlands and coastal regions – so they could come together and talk about what it was to be Papuan. Above all, Benny wanted to change the mindset of Papuan children, children who had been brought up being told they were primitive, dumb and dirty, to teach them that they should be proud of being Papuan. Searching for the truth But for Benny, questions remained. While he could speak of his own terrible experiences, he still understood very little of the broader conflict and context in which his personal suffering – and that of his village – had taken place. Frustrated with the lack of information he was provided in school, and his mother’s refusal to answer his questions, he sought out information about Papuan history. He searched the school library, the public library, the university library. But he found nothing. ‘Why do we only study Indonesian history? The history of Java, Sumatra and Bali? Where is the history of Papua?’ he asked. During the 1980s, and even into the early 1990s, there was very little written history or discussion about the circumstances of Papua’s incorporation into Indonesia or the events that followed. Eventually, through story-telling, Benny came to learn how the Dutch had retained control of the province after 1945 and promised independence. He found out about the declaration of Papuan sovereignty on 1 December 1961, about the West Papuan flag (the Bintang Kejora), the national anthem (Hai Tanahku Papua), the Indonesian invasion and the 1969 ‘Act of Free Choice’ when a small group of hand-picked Papuans were intimidated into voting for integration with Indonesia. Finally he understood the root causes of why the Indonesians treated West Papuans as they did. Yet at that time, Benny recalls that no one was allowed even to use the word ‘Papua’ or ‘West Papua’, only ‘Irian Jaya’, let alone discuss publicly Papuan history, culture or identity. Books were censored. But knowing the historical origins of the oppression was enough. Of the decades of violence, discrimination and oppression, Benny needed no written record: he had first hand experience. Demmak and the ‘Papuan Spring’ After the fall of Suharto, the relaxation of military control and the independence of East Timor in 1999, demonstrations and flag raisings occurred across Papua, with Papuans demanding their own referendum on independence. In the period between 1999 and 2000, known as the ‘Papuan Spring’, Jakarta held dialogue with Papuan leaders and the Presidium of the Papuan Council (PDP) was formed to represent the Papuan nationalist movement and to negotiate Papua’s future. It was during this period that Benny became leader of Demmak (Dewan Musyawarah Masyarakat Koteka), the Koteka Tribal Assembly. Demmak was established by tribal elders with the goal of working towards recognition and protection of the customs, values and beliefs of the tribal people of West Papua. It advocates independence from Indonesia, and rejects special autonomy or any other political compromise offered by the Indonesian government. As Secretary-General of Demmak, Benny represented the council of elders. The organisation supported PDP negotiations with Jakarta to the extent that they represented the aspiration of the Papuan people, which was independence from Indonesia. But when Megawati became President in July 2001 policy on Papua changed. A compromised version of special autonomy was the only politically viable option. The Papuan Spring was over and the military crackdown on known ‘separatists’ began. In November 2001, Theys Eluay, leader of the PDP, was assassinated by soldiers. But Benny stood firm to Demmak’s aim: full independence. Political persecution… and escape The political freedom to express aspirations for independence quickly evaporated. Once again, it became dangerous to support independence. Secret documents later discovered by human rights organisations named specific organisations and individuals that had to be ‘dealt with’, including the PDP and Demmak. On 6 June 2002 Benny was arrested and detained in Jayapura. His home was ransacked without a warrant and the police refused to inform him of the charges brought against him. He was tortured by police and held in solitary confinement for several months. Sometime later he was charged with inciting an attack on a police station and burning two shops in the small township of Abepura on 7 December 2000, which left a policeman and a security guard dead. For his political views, Benny was being charged with a crime he did not commit These charges related to the infamous, ‘Abepura incident’, in which violent acts of retaliation by Indonesian police were committed against the Papuan community, resulting in the arrest of over 100 people, police violence and torture in detention and the death of at least three students in the days following. Two police officers were prosecuted for crimes against humanity before the Human Rights Court in 2005 for these events, but were acquitted. Benny faced criminal prosecution for the initial attack on the police station, for inciting acts of violence and arson and was likely to receive up to 25 years in prison. Yet he was not even in the country at the time the alleged planning and execution of the attacks took place. For his political views, Benny was being charged with a crime he did not commit. His trial commenced on 24 September 2002 and lasted for several weeks. Armed policemen surrounded the courtroom each day, as Benny’s many supporters turned out in a show of support for their leader. Facing the judges he was stoic and resolute in proclaiming his innocence. To his supporters he was warm and encouraging, smiling and shaking hands with those who lined his path between the courtroom and police vehicle. The trial was flawed from the outset. The prosecutor and judge requested bribes from Benny’s defence team, but were refused. The persons named as key prosecution witnesses could not be identified and failed to attend court to be cross examined on their statements. Defence counsel for Benny insisted that the witness statements be thrown out on the basis they were fabricated by police to implicate Benny in the attack. But the judge, who appeared biased and hostile to Benny throughout the proceedings, accepted the evidence. It was obvious that Benny would not receive a fair trial. Rumours were rife that military intelligence would kill him in detention before the judge rendered a decision Meanwhile, inside the prison, Benny was physically attacked several times by prison guards. On the advice of his lawyers, he did not eat the food provided in prison because of the risk of poisoning. Because the evidence against him in court was so weak, rumours were rife that military intelligence would kill him in detention before the judge rendered a decision. The court was adjourned pending a decision. Conviction – or death – seemed certain. Then, in miraculous circumstances that he does not want to explain for fear of endangering the persons who helped him, Benny escaped from Abepura prison on 27 October 2002. The Indonesian police allegedly issued a shoot to kill order. But aided by West Papua independence activists, Benny was smuggled across the border to PNG and later assisted by a European NGO group to travel to the UK where he was granted political asylum. In 2003, Benny and his wife Maria were reunited in England, where they now live with their children. Benny holds a deep and enduring belief that justice will eventually prevail, and he sees his remarkable escape from persecution in Indonesia as testament to that fact. He recognises that other freedom fighters, like Arnold Ap, Theys Eluay and Bill Tabuni, have not been so lucky. But this only strengthens his resolve. ‘While my people continue to suffer and continue to die, nothing will stop my campaign’, he says. For him, there is only one way to stop the killing, and ensure that Papuans enjoy the same freedoms that people elsewhere in the world already enjoy: Papua must be independent. And to that end he continues his campaign. In 2011, the Indonesian Government issued an International Arrest Warrant for Benny’s arrest through Interpol. This move was widely attacked, as a ploy to silence Benny and prevent him from travelling overseas to campaign for West Papua self-determination. Fair Trials International led an appeal to have the Red Notice removed so that Benny could once again travel freely. In August 2012, in a landmark case Interpol removed the Red Notice against Benny, after an investigation concluded that the Indonesian Government had abused the system in a politically motivated attempt to silence Benny. In 2013 Benny joined his lawyer Jennifer Robinson on stage at the Sydney Opera House, Australia during her TEDx speech. Jennifer’s moving speech detailed Benny’s life and ongoing work to free his people in the face of attempts by the Indonesian Government to silence him. In the same year he opened the first official Free West Papua Campaign office in Oxford, UK. This prompted a diplomactic row between the UK and Indonesia, with the Indonesian Government summoning the UK Ambassador to Indonesia to explain why the office had been allowed to open. United Liberation Movement for West Papua In a historic gathering of West Papuan leaders in Vanuatu on 7th December 2014, different factions of the independence movement united to form a new body called the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP). Benny was appointed as International Spokesman for this body, and to the present day works tirelessly with other Papuan leaders to bring about the means for an internationally supervised vote so that the people of West Papua can finally exercise their right to self-determination. History was made in June 2015 when ULMWP was granted Observer status by the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) sub-regional bloc. The Pacific winds of change have made it impossible for Melanesian leaders to ignore rapidly growing support for West Papua. The next focus for ULMWP is applying for full membership of the MSG and eventually forcing the issue of West Papua to the United Nations. Also in 2015, Benny embarked on his first official tour to South Africa, aimed at building support for the self-determination struggle in occupied West Papua met with a number of the leaders of the revolution against apartheid in South Africa, including Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu and other as well as current politicians and family members of the late Nelson Mandela. In December 2017, following a restructure, Benny Wenda was elected as the Chairman of the United Liberation Movement for West Papua. Video of Benny Wenda’s moving speech at the Oslo Freedom Forum.

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What does spinal stenosis mean? Spinal Stenosis refers to narrowing (stenosis) of the spinal canal. The spine is made of multiple vertebrae (bone) which are stacked on one another. Between these vertebrae are flexible discs. This structure allows our spine to move in various directions. In the center of this structure is a canal for nerves from the brain to travel down to the rest of the body. As we age, our discs and bones start to wear away (arthritis). This occurs in everyone, and the rate at which this happens can vary depending on many factors. As our discs and bones wear away the channel for our nerves and spinal cord narrows, and eventually the spinal cord or spinal nerves can become pinched and put under significant pressure. This compression will cause specific symptoms depending on the location where it occurs. Spinal stenosis most commonly affects the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions of the spine. What does spinal stenosis in the lower back cause? Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is a common cause of lower back pain and leg pain that is most frequently encountered in individuals older than 50. The classic symptoms include progressive back, buttock or leg pain, and lower extremity numbness or weakness which worsens with standing and walking. While not as serious as cervical spinal stenosis (which affects the neck) lumbar spinal stenosis is still a great burden to those who suffer from it. Since the pain can prevent one from performing activities of daily living, it can seriously inhibit independence. Spinal stenosis is position dependent meaning that individuals will usually are more symptomatic with standing and notice relief with sitting or lying down. Why does this happen? With upright positioning the diameter of the spinal canal is narrowed, resulting in compression of the spinal cord and nerves. These symptoms are typically relieved by changing to a seated or forward flexed position (like when leaning on a counter or shopping cart) since this forward flexed position increases the diameter of the spinal canal. Stenosis is a multifactorial degenerative process. It reaches a critical impact when the spinal canal narrows due to any combination of disc degeneration, spondylolisthesis (forward slippage of one vertebra over the one below it), thickening of the para-spinal ligaments, or facet joint arthritis. The condition can affect an individual’s ability to perform daily activities, thereby lowering their quality of life and ultimately threatening their independence. How do we treat spinal stenosis? Surgery should not be the first resort! Most patients experience relief from much less invasive treatment such as medications, activity modification, physical therapy and epidural steroid injections. These are the mainstay of conservative care for spinal stenosis. Spinal stenosis isn’t a life-threatening condition and, accordingly, it is not unreasonable to consider simply having the patient spend more time in a seated position. Studies show that in the majority of patients, the symptoms are likely to remain unchanged over time and that fewer than 20% of people will actually get worse. When is Surgery Required for Spinal Stenosis? Spinal stenosis is a mechanical problem, so patients might fail to achieve sustained relief with conservative therapy. These treatment options do not alter the anatomical/mechanical pathology that causes the compression. This is why surgery cannot be ruled out entirely. Patients with persistent symptoms who fail to respond to conservative management are generally offered spinal stenosis surgery, though there are many surgical options. The goal of surgery is to alleviate the pressure on the spinal cord and nerves while preserving the stability of the spine. The conventional surgical treatment for spinal stenosis is a lumbar laminectomy where the bone is removed from the posterior portion of the spinal canal in order to decompress the spinal cord and exiting nerve roots. If the symptoms are strictly one-sided, a unilateral hemilaminectomy or foraminotomy may be performed to limit the amount of bone that is removed. A spinal fusion may be recommended along with the decompression if your surgeon feels that removing the bone that is contributing to the stenosis will result in destabilization of that portion of the spinal column.

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Leg venography is a procedure where contrast material is injected through a catheter in a vein to help visualize the internal structures by using x-rays. The test is used to identify and locate thrombi (blood clots) in the veins of the extremity that is affected. Ken Levin, MD, private practice specializing in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Allentown, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.

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Washington, Nov 16 (PTI) NASA has renewed its search for Antarctic meteorites to help learn more about the primitive building blocks of the solar system and answer questions about Earths neighbours like the Moon and Mars. NASA, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Smithsonian Institution (SI) recently renewed their agreement to search for, collect and curate Antarctic meteorites in a partnership known as Antarctic Search for Meteorites Programme (ANSMET). The signing of this new joint agreement advances the programme for an additional decade, replacing an earlier agreement signed in 1980, NASA said. "Antarctic meteorites are posing new questions about the formation and early history of our solar system. Some of these questions are spurring new exploration of the solar system by NASA missions," Smithsonian meteorite scientist Tim McCoy said. Since the US began searching for meteorites in Antarctica in 1976, the ANSMET programme has collected more than 23,000 specimens, dramatically increasing the number of samples available for study from the Moon, Mars and asteroids. Among them are the first meteorites discovered to come from the Moon and Mars, and the well-known ALH 84001 Martian meteorite, which helped renew interest in Mars exploration in the 1990s. Meteorites are natural objects that fall to Earth from space and survive intact so they can be collected on the ground, or - in this case - on ice. Antarctica provides a unique environment for the collection of meteorites, because the cold desert climate preserves meteorites for long periods of time, NASA said. Movements of the ice sheets can concentrate meteorites in certain locations, making them relatively easy for scientists to find. To search for meteorites, ANSMET deploys small field parties during the Antarctic summer (winter in the northern hemisphere). Even in summer conditions are harsh, with temperatures dropping to well below minus 18 degrees Celsius. The ANSMET teams are flown to remote areas, where they live in tents on the ice and search for meteorites using snowmobiles or on foot. Meteorites come from a variety of places in the solar system. Most meteorites originated on asteroids, which are remnants of the materials from which the planets formed. Impacts of asteroids on the ancient Earth and other bodies in the solar system also may have played a significant role in the delivery of volatiles (like water) and organic molecules (such as amino acids) to planetary bodies, which, in turn, could have been important to the development of life. A few meteorites originated on the Moon and Mars - blasted off the surfaces by large asteroid impacts and later falling to Earth. The lunar meteorites may come from parts of the Moon not visited by astronauts in the 20th century, and they extend our knowledge of Earths companion and how it formed. Martian meteorites are humankinds only specimens of rocks known to be from another planet. PTI SAR SAR

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This day in History: March 7 by Staff Reports | March 7, 2018 12:13 am Last Updated: March 2, 2018 at 2:48 pm 322 BC The Greek philosopher Aristotle dies. 161 On the death of Antoninus at Lorium, Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor. 1774 The British close the port of Boston to all commerce. 1799 In Palestine, Napoleon captures Jaffa and his men massacre more than 2,000 Albanian prisoners. 1809 Aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard — the first person to make an aerial voyage in the New World — dies at the age of 56. 1838 Soprano Jenny Lind (“The Swedish Nightingale”) makes her debut in Carl Maria von Weber’s opera Der Freischuetz. 1847 U.S. General Winfield Scott occupies Vera Cruz, Mexico. 1849 The Austrian Reichstag is dissolved. 1862 Confederate forces surprise the Union army at the Battle of Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, but the Union is victorious. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone. 1904 The Japanese bomb the Russian town of Vladivostok. 1906 Finland becomes the third country to give women the right to vote, decreeing universal suffrage for all citizens over 24. However, it barred those persons who are supported by the state. 1912 French aviator, Henri Seimet flies non-stop from London to Paris in three hours. 1918 Finland signs an alliance treaty with Germany. 1925 The Soviet Red Army occupies Outer Mongolia. 1927 A Texas law that bans Negroes from voting is ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. 1933 The board game Monopoly is invented. 1933 The film King Kong premieres in New York City. 1935 Malcolm Campbell sets an auto speed record of 276.8 mph in Florida. 1936 Hitler sends German troops into the Rhineland, violating the Locarno Pact. 1942 Japanese troops land on New Guinea. 1951 U.N. forces in Korea under General Matthew Ridgeway launch Operation Ripper, an offensive to straighten out the U.N. front lines against the Chinese. 1968 The Battle of Saigon, begun on the day of the Tet Offensive, ends. 1971 A thousand U.S. planes bomb Cambodia and Laos. 1979 Voyager 1 reaches Jupiter. Born on March 7 1707 Stephen Hopkins, signer of the Declaration of Independence. 1872 Piet Mondrian, Dutch abstract painter; he was the leader of the movement known as “de Stijl.” 1875 Maurice Ravel, composer (“Bolero”). 1887 Helen Parkhurst, educator; she developed a technique later known as the Dalton Plan. 1904 Reinhard Heydrich, German SS leader and architect of the “Final Solution.” 1907 Rolf Jacobsen, Norwegian poet. 1908 Anna Magnani, Italian actress.

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- provide a fun and social form of entertainment - encourage teamwork and cooperation when played with others - make kids feel comfortable with technology—particularly important for girls, who don’t use technology as much as boys - increase children’s self-confidence and self-esteem as they master games - provide points of common interest and opportunities for socialization - develop skills in reading, math, technology and problem-solving - encourage participation in related offline activities, such as reading or sports - encourage civic participation - improve hand-eye co-ordination and fine motor skills Video games can also teach important skills or address serious issues, organizations such as Games For Change promote the use of games for education and social action, and often involve young people in the creation of games they can use to express themselves on important issues and current events. Some medical professionals, such as Doctor Kourosh Dini, also feel that “age appropriate multi-player video games can allow children to learn how other people think - a key aspect of empathy. Games can also help a child become more comfortable with new and ever progressing technology.” Recent studies have shown that video games can have a positive or negative effect on how players behave, depending on the content. Pro-social games can increase empathy, co-operation, helping and emotional awareness, while violent games can diminish these traits. Check out the Choosing Good Video Games tip sheet for help in finding great games for kids. Dini, Kourosh, M.D.. Video Game Play and Addiction: A Guide for Parents. iUniverse, 2008. Jacobs, Tom. “Video Games Can Encourage Positive Behavior, Too.” Miller-McCune, June 7 2009.

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Mulching the larger pepper plants. The mulch has a wide range of benefits including stabilizing soil, suppressing weeds, retaining moisture, and increasing the organic matter content of the soil. We avoid mulching very small plants as our compost at times can be quite “coarse”, but having said that, the effects on the crops we mulch with our compost can be quite spectacular. I often admire the plants a few weeks after they have been mulched and ask myself what is it that makes them respond so well? Courgette plants basking on their compost mulch. Could it be the humus? This makes up a large portion of the dark material in compost and is very valuable for improving the chemical and physical quality of the soil. Humic substances are a large range of complex molecules, but you can actually buy soluble “humic acids” from the chemical companies, sold as wonder potions for intensive crop production. In my previous career as a crop productionist I used them, but never found them to work. Our compost; much more than a single component. To me these soluble humic acids produced by the multinationals are rather like the “wonder health food additives” such as; eggs with Omeg 3, milk with added Calcium, yogurt with Danacol etc. May be the scientists trying to isolate the latest wonder molecule should look at my cabbages mulched with compost! So often it’s not a single factor which constitutes to the health of a plant or person but it is the result of all the different components of a complex natural system, working together, and this is what we should come to respect and appreciate

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Net energy is a simple concept really. Once you understand that it takes energy to get energy, the basic math is clear. To calculate the net energy available from an energy resource, you add up the energy used to find, extract, process and deliver that resource and then subtract that amount from the amount of energy the resource contains. But global reserves for finite energy resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and uranium are estimated using measures such as tons, barrels, cubic feet and pounds. These measures tell us little about the ultimate usable energy content of each type of resource. Nor is it of much use to compare the relative gross energy values of these resources, though such comparisons are readily available. To see some examples, check out this one showing the oil equivalence of nuclear fuel, this one for oil and natural gas, and this table containing a variety of equivalences including two comparing coal and oil. Even conversions into British Thermal Units, or BTUs, don't really help us. As the world moves ever closer to the time when vital, finite energy resources begin to decline, we need to know not how much oil, natural gas, coal or uranium is left; rather, we need to know how much usable energy is left in these resources. A recent illustration of the problem we face in understanding usable energy supplies came in the form of a 60 Minutes story on the Canadian oil sands. The program reported that "the reserves are so vast in the province of Alberta that they will help solve America’s energy needs for the next century." Nowhere does the reporter explain how much energy it takes to mine and refine the bitumen--it's not actually oil. In fact, it takes two barrels of oil equivalent to obtain three barrels of usable oil from the oil sands. (This is a far lower return than we get from conventional oil which can provide 20 times the energy consumed for older oil discoveries and eight times the energy consumed for newer oil discoveries.) By this standard we should reduce the generally accepted 180 billion barrels of reserves in the Canadian oil sands by 40 percent. Now, not all of the energy used to mine and process the oil sands comes from petroleum. Of course, the huge mining trucks and other equipment run on diesel fuel. But, the processing plants are heavy users of natural gas, both to heat water for the separation process and to provide a source of hydrogen to transform the bitumen into a flowing, light oil. But, this shows why we need to know about the total universe of finite fuels since each one increasingly interacts with the others during processing, and one fuel may be called upon to substitute for the another as each resource peaks and then declines in availability. Some say that peak oil production is already upon us. The rate of production for conventional natural gas, which many experts tout as a substitute for declining oil supplies, may peak by mid-century. And, while there are claims that the world has enough coal for 300 years, it is important to note that such figures are always followed by the phrase "at current rates of consumption." Naturally, if we had to rely more and more on coal, not only for electricity, but also for heat and liquid fuels, its rate of consumption would rise dramatically. Even more worrisome, the net energy of coal is declining. Richard Heinberg reports in his book The Party's Over that on the current trajectory the net energy from coal could go negative by mid-century as coal grades continue to decline. As for uranium, information on its future supply is sketchy at best. Oil is facing its own foreshortened depletion trajectory with peak production predictions ranging from last year all the way to 2037 (a date which seems far too optimistic). Increasingly large amounts of energy are needed to find new oil. This is only logical since 1) the easiest oil to find, extract and process has been used first, 2) the new finds tend to be in more remote places such as the Arctic and 3) the new finds tend to be in smaller reservoirs. In addition, new oil is also often more energy intensive to refine because it tends to be of a lower quality. The oil sands are a prime example. To get the total picture of our finite energy reserves, we need to know at least four important things beyond the raw amounts left: 1) the net energy available from each resource given today's technology and given projected improvements in that technology over time, 2) the rate at which each resource is likely to be extracted over time, again adjusting for improvements in technology--even a very dense energy resource is of little use if it can only be extracted at a trickle--3) the current and projected interchangibility of finite fuels and their renewable replacements and 4) the time it would take to move toward a new energy infrastructure to accommodate such substitutions. For instance, if coal liquids are going to be substituted for declining supplies of refined oil products, the equation for our energy resources will change dramatically. And, the time it would take to ramp up such production will be an important consideration in its feasibility. (This example does not attempt to address the implications for global warming which need somehow to be considered.) Modeling these four new pieces of information together with estimates of raw reserves may seem daunting. But, it is actually considerably less daunting than the problems already tackled by those who sought to model future economic constraints in Limits to Growth, the excellent study of resource and pollution constraints on industrial expansion. Given the gravity of the energy challenges we face, can we afford not to try?

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Halftone screening, also sometimes called halftoning, screening or dithering, is effectively a technique to reliably produce optical illusions that fool the eye into seeing tones and colours that are not actually present on the printed matter. Most printing technologies are not capable of printing a significant number of different levels for any single colour. Offset and flexo presses, for instance can only place ink or no ink. Halftone screening is a method to make it look as if many more levels of gray are visible in the print, by laying down ink in some areas and not in others, but using such a small pattern of dots that the individual dots cannot be seen at normal viewing distance. The conventional halftone screening process breaks a continuous tone black and white image into a series of dots of varying sizes and places these dots in a rigid grid pattern. Smaller dots give lighter tones and the dot sizes within the grid are increased in size to give progressively darker shades until the dots grow so large that they overlap with adjacent dots to form a solid of maximum density (100%). This concept, of varying the dot sizes on a fixed-pitch grid, is generally called “conventional screening,” or more technically, amplitude modulation (AM). The Amplitude Modulation terminology (and Frequency Modulation, described below) are familiar terms from the world of radio. At longer wavelengths (long wave and medium wave), the strength of the signal (the amplitude) varies while the frequency remains constant. At shorter wavelengths (FM radio) the strength of the signal remains constant, but the frequency is varied in other words, is modulated. The amount of detail that can be shown is controlled by changing the screen ruling, or the constant distance between the dot centers, measured in lines per inch. The closer the dots in a particular screen (the higher the screen ruling), the better the representation of image detail, but the more difficult it may be to print or reproduce. For a colour image it is common to break the colours down into the process colour inks – usually cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (a process known as separation). Each of these is screened separately using techniques designed to minimize any interaction between the colourants. Halftone screening for digital print Although these AM screens made the transition to high resolution laser film and plate imagers very well, they are less applicable to digital printing systems, as those have entirely different imaging characteristics. To generalize, digital presses tend to print at lower resolutions but with a greater ability to reproduce very small (“highlight”) imaging spots. Screens therefore needed to be developed for digital printing to take best advantage of these limitations and benefits. In production printing, these digital screens are mostly the Frequency Modulation (FM) type, also called stochastic screens. In very basic terms, an FM screen uses dots that are all the same size, but the distance between them is varied to give lighter or darker tones. There is no regular grid placement (unlike conventional AM screens). In fact the placement is more or less randomized (which is what the word ‘stochastic’ means), but truly random placement leads to a very ‘noisy’ result with uneven tonality, so the placement algorithms are carefully set to avoid this. FM screening has the benefit that it avoids moiré patterning when using multiple colours of ink on top of each other, which can be a problem with AM screens. An AM screen can retain more detail and tonal subtlety when rendered at higher line screens and higher resolutions … at least until the physical capabilities of reproduction on the printing press hide those gains, or even lose the smaller halftone dots completely. On the other hand, FM screening can retain more detail and tonal subtlety than AM screening can at the same resolution. This makes FM screens particularly relevant to single-pass inkjet presses, which tend to have lower resolutions than the imaging methods used on, say, offset lithography. An AM screen at 600 dots per inch (dpi) would be very visible from a reading distance of less than a metre or so, while an FM screen can use dots that are sufficiently small that they produce the optical illusion that there are no dots at all, just smooth tones. Global Graphics has developed an advanced FM screening technology that is already widely used in offset lithography and screen printing. The Global Graphics Harlequin Dispersed Screening™ (HDS) a second-generation FM screening algorithm that provides a high quality alternative to conventional screening in many situations. Modern single-pass inkjet presses Inkjets work, as the name suggests, by projecting ink. Current print heads generate drops of ink with very fine control over their size/volume. Originally all inkjet print heads were binary, meaning they only generate one, consistent size of drop. Binary in this case means all or nothing – there’s a full-sized drop on the media, or nothing at all. More recently, many print head developers have created multi-level print heads that can place any one of several different amounts of ink at a single location on the media. This can be done by generating single drops of different sizes, or by jetting multiple drops onto the same location. Different heads and different configurations can deliver a variety of different amounts of ink; from two levels upwards, although the maximum common number is about five. The main effect is that for the same nozzle pitch, native resolution and speed, it is possible to print drops that give different image densities on the substrate. Assuming a coloured ink, small drops generate “light” tones and larger drops generate “darker” tones. A common industry description for multi-level print heads is “grayscale heads,” which describes the effect of printing black ink with different sized drops: the smaller drops appear gray, and larger drops give progressively darker grays until black is reached. However, note that grayscale heads can be used to print any colour, or indeed clear, white and other ink types. Selecting drop sizes With multi-level screens, the smallest ink drop sizes are used for the lightest tones, and the largest drops for the dark tones through to solids. Simply dividing the tonal range from 0 to 100% ink coverage by the number of drop sizes the heads can deliver doesn’t yield good results, however. In practice 100% coverage of the lightest drops usually produces a tone that’s darker than 50% of the tonal range, sometimes up to 80%. If three or four drop sizes are used, then the three larger sizes will normally all be used for the tones that are darker than 50 to 60%. The tonal range for which each drop size is used is also overlapped fairly broadly, with some coverage of the larger sized drops being introduced before the maximum coverage of the smallest drop size is reached. If the tonal ranges are not overlapped there can be a visible change in texture at the point of transition from one drop size to the next.

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Quick cat facts – Both humans and cats have identical regions in the brain responsible for emotion. – A cat’s brain is more similar to a man’s brain than that of a dog. – Cats do not have a collarbone, so they can fit through any opening the size of their head. – Cats have 32 muscles that control the outer ear (compared to human’s 6 muscles each). A cat can rotate its ears independently 180 degrees, and can turn in the direction of sound 10 times faster than those of the best watchdog. Cats’ hearing is much more sensitive than humans and dogs. – In relation to their body size, cats have the largest eyes of any mammal. Most cats do not have eyelashes. They see about 6 times better than a human at night, and need 1/6 the amount of light that a human does due to a layer of extra reflecting cells which absorb light. Recent studies have shown that cats can see blue and green, but there is disagreement as to whether they can see red. A cat’s field of vision is about 185 degrees. – Cats purr at the same frequency as an idling diesel engine, about 26 cycles per second. Domestic cats purr both when inhaling and when exhaling. – A domestic cat can sprint at about 31 miles per hour. – The heaviest cat on record weighed 46 lbs. A kitten will typically weigh about 3 ounces at birth. The typical male housecat will weigh between 7 and 9 pounds, slightly less for female housecats. – Normal body temperature for a cat is 102 degrees F. A cat’s normal pulse is 140-240 beats per minute, with an average of 195. – Cats lose almost as much fluid in the saliva while grooming themselves as they do through urination. – Almost 10 percent of a cat’s bones are in its tail, and the tail is used to maintain balance. The domestic cat is the only species able to hold its tail vertically while walking. You can also learn about your cat’s present state of mind by observing the posture of his tail. – If a cat is frightened, the hair stands up fairly evenly all over the body; when the cat threatens or is ready to attack, the hair stands up only in a narrow band along the spine and tail. David the Dogman

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Physical abuse takes place when an individual physically hurts, tries to physically damage or makes threat to physically hurt the target. Instances of physical abuse consist of striking, hitting, biting, strangling, pinching, torching, slapping or even kicking the target. In addition, physical harm can happen when the abuser utilizes restrains to restrict the target versus his/her will. Tossing things and breaking the target’s home is another indication of physical abuse. In addition, physical abuse can happen when a senior target is declined medication or has his/her glasses broken. Targets of physical violence might have inexplicable swellings and other physical indications of abuse. They might declare to have actually fallen when it was never ever an issue just before. They might end up being afraid when the abuser is near. Character changes might likewise take place, like a formerly extroverted individual ending up being sullen and withdrawn. Sexual assault happens when generally there is undesirable sexual contact in between the target and the abuser. The abuser might rape or attack the target. Lots of senior people have certain degree of incapacitation and also might not only have the ability to lawfully grant any sexual contact. Indications of sexual assault consist of unforeseen bleeding, indications of bleeding on underwears and the invoice of sexually transmitted diseases. Mental abuse is any kind of psychological or psychological abuse which is suggested to manage the target. It consists of name-calling, deteriorating the target, blaming the target for things that are not only his/her fault, shouting, yelling, openly embarrassing the target, disrespecting the target or taking other action created to mentally injure the target. Senior targets of this kind of abuse might show that this abuse is taking place by unexpectedly not only wishing to be around the wrongdoer, ending up being withdrawn or appearing to dream of household around regularly. Senior ladies might likewise be targeted for their resources and earnings. Financial abuse happens when an abuser benefits from the target in order to persuade them to sign over home that the target has, to compose deceptive checks in his/her name or triggers the target to alter his/her will so that the abuser gain from it. Member of the family might find monetary abuse by observing drained pipes bank accounts, seeing costs that are now late when there was never ever an issue like that prior to or the recognizing the target has actually ended up being separated from household. Overlook might happen when the abuser cannot supply look after the target. This might happen when the abuser does not only effectively feed the target, does not only guarantee that the target has heat, does not only drive the target to medical professional consultations, does not only follow physician’s suggestions involving care or does not only clothe the senior target properly. Weight-loss, bed sores that suggest the target is not only being carried on his/her bed or regular health problems are a couple of indications that overlook is happening. In addition to the indications pointed out above, there are typically other indicators that abuse or overlook is taking place. Abusers typically aim to misguide the target’s household about the target’s scenario, typically specifying that the target is even worse off than she or he is. It is likewise typical for the abuser to aim to separate the target so that household will not only understand exactly what is taking place. A member of the family might be rejected access to the senior target. Furthermore, the abuser might restrict contact by phone, mail or e-mail. A household might observe that the abuser starts to inhabit a growing number of considerable function in the target’s life as time passes, potentially at the exemption of others. When the abuser takes the target to other locations such as the medical professional’s workplace or the bank, she or he might begin to promote the target instead of speaking on behalf of the target. She or he might likewise begin making all significant choices for the target.

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The House Cricket - Acheta domesticus In German, this little insect is known as Heimchen, in Dutch Huiskrekel, in French Le Grillon Domestique, and in English The House Cricket. To Carl Linnaeus and his scientific kin, it is known as Acheta domesticus, and to the MSNH it is known as the Taxon of the Month. As I write, I am listening to roughly 500 house crickets chirping in my apartment. It is a chilly late-April evening, 51°F outside. It is a bit warmer in my apartment, but the crickets are still not chirping very fast. They would prefer if it was in the high 70s, or even 80s. I am able to single out one cricket’s chirps amidst the chorus and count how many chirps he makes in fourteen seconds: twenty. I add the number forty to this, which tells me that it is roughly 60°F in my apartment. This equation for figuring out the temperature based on crickets was published in The Farmer’s Almanac, starting in the late 1800s. I started raising house crickets in my Brooklyn apartment in December 2016. Since then, I’ve raised six generations of crickets, with an average colony size of 1000 crickets. I raise crickets to eat, to educate and inspire people, and to hold cricket-listening concerts. I also write essays and poetry about them. One of my goals is to open up a storefront living-museum where people can step off of the city street and into an oasis of cricket songs. I hope this happens soon, because my apartment is getting crowded. My appreciation for these amazing, often unnoticed creatures, has inspired me to learn more about their origins, diversity, behavior, ecology, thereby creating this Taxon of the Month post. Origins and Distribution The origin of the house cricket is debated among scientists. They may have originated in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. It is thought that they arrived to Europe in the Middle Ages, through the spice trade. Once in Europe, they became a common housemate to humans, taking advantage of the year-round warmth of homes, hearths, and garbage dumps. House crickets arrived to North America in the 18th century and have since spread across the continent, establishing populations in southern Canada, eastern United States (except the Florida peninsula), southern California, and northern Mexico. Much of the recent spread of house crickets is thought to be a result of feral populations that have escaped from cricket farms where they are bred for reptile-feed, a high volume industry, which ships millions of crickets to pet stores and zoos each week. Appearance House crickets are yellowish-brown, with a distinctive dark band between their eyes, and an additional dark spot between their long antennae (emerging beneath their eyes), which I think looks like a dog nose. Their bodies are countershaded, which means that their backs are darker than their undersides. A series of symmetrical, geometric patterns adorn the top of their abdomens. Along the midline, these patterns resemble a pair of abutting keystones, which decrease in size until reaching the cerci. They have two compound eyes and grinding mouthparts. Before reaching maturity, they molt between eight and ten times. Each phase of molting is called an instar. On emerging from a molt, their skin is often whitish and translucent. Once they reach maturity, both males and females develop four wings, two tough forewings that protect two softer hindwings on the thorax. They do not use these wings to fly. Rather, the males use their wings to chirp. Like all insects they have three pairs of legs. The hindmost legs are the most noticeable, since they are adapted for jumping. Crickets rarely jump as a means of decisive locomotion, but rather do so as a response to fear or agitation. Crickets also have two sensory appendages called cerci at the tip of the abdomen. The cerci looks like a flying V. Mature females have an ovipositor, a needle-like egg-laying organ, between the cerci, and are very easy to identify for this reason. Songs Crickets use sounds and vibrations to communicate with each other. They have tympanic membrane on their front legs. This "ear" is like a human eardrum, and is very sensitive to sound vibrations. Only male crickets can stridulate, or chirp. They have a file and scraper body part on their wings, with which they produce their songs. They do not use their legs to chirp. Caelifera, the other suborder of Orthoptera which includes grasshoppers, do use their legs for chirping. Crickets have different songs for different purposes. The chirping that is most common is that of a male trying to attract females. It is rhythmic and quite loud. Temperature affects the rate at which they chirp. Often, male crickets will lock into rhythms with one another as they collectively attract females. Once a female approaches a male cricket, he woos her with a courting song that is very quiet and sweet sounding, almost like a purring cat. Once the male and female crickets have finished mating, he sings another song to keep her nearby and guard her from being mated with another male. When one male invades another male's territory and they encounter one another, they produce an aggressive song, which is a loud trill. This song is often made before or after an instance of combat. Mating It is worth noting that a female cricket mounts the male cricket and remains on top throughout copulation. Mating is concluded when the male emits a spermatophore, a whitish gelatinous capsule that contains sperm, and deposits the capsule under the female’s genital opening. Once the pair have separated, the female rips the spermatophore open, by herself, at which point the sperm travel toward her reproductive organs. Within a few days, she will begin laying her fertilized eggs in any available, damp substrate. Estimates vary widely on how many eggs a female cricket will lay in her lifetime, with numbers ranging between 100 and 700. Cricket paralysis virus Throughout the eighties and into the early aughts, a "cricket paralysis virus" was reported to be involved in catastrophic collapses in American and European cricket rearing facilities. This virus killed an estimated 90 percent of all A. domesticus crickets in breeding facilities. There is some debate as to whether the disease in question was, in fact, a DNA containing virus called Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDNV), as opposed to the RNA virus referred to a CrPV. Regardless, over 60 million crickets died as a result. Crickets and Humans I'm not the only Brooklynite who loves crickets. The connection between human and crickets extends across the globe. For example, crickets were once ubiquitous residents of the Paris subway system, but in recent years their presence diminished. “The Protection League for the Crickets of Paris Metro” was established in 1992 and blamed transit strikes for decimating the population, saying that service freezes led to actual freezing temperatures, which the crickets could not endure. They also blamed increased sanitation for depriving the crickets of food. Additionally, they claimed that a smoking ban in the metro deprived crickets of a prime food source, cigarette butts, though this claim has been contested. "Ideally, we'd like the two Metro lines where there are the most crickets to be declared a Natural Park for them," said the president of the Protection League. Crickets and Entomophagy I began farming crickets with the intention of spreading the gospel of entomophagy. Crickets are a viable food source for humans, and require significantly less food and water than vertebrate livestock. Crickets even require less water than most kinds of plant-based protein. Growing one pound of almonds require 1,929 gallons of water. Growing one pound of lentils require 704 gallons. One pound of cricket requires <drumroll please> 1/2 gallon of water. And don’t forget greenhouse gases. Crickets aren’t running tiny furnaces inside of their bodies to stay warm, which means they don’t fart as much as warm-blooded livestock. And let's not forget about land use. Crickets can fit into small spaces; cows, not so much. What do I suggest then? Become a cricket farmer. Small is beautiful. Do it yourself! Supplement your diet with crickets, while sharing your home with a fascinating creature that will fill your heart with songs and your mind with cool thoughts about animal behavior, evolution, cultural taboos and insect sex. All you need is : A container (I bend sheet cardboard into a tube, see picture) Some housing material (I use egg flats that I pick up from outside of bakeries) Food (I feed my crickets oat bran, flax meal, and veggie scraps, though I plan on shifting to an entirely waste-stream diet soon) Water (crickets drown easily, so I often use a shallow dish with rice in it when they’re small) & some kind of heating element if your house runs cold. I’ll be authoring something more thorough about home cricket farming in the future. Until then, stay in touch with me via my poorly-updated website : www.cricketfarm.org or my more frequently updated instagram : www.instagram.com/bkcrickets or email me at : firstname.lastname@example.org. About the Author Adam Brody has been farming crickets in his Brooklyn apartment since 2016. His cricket project explores inter-species relationships, crickets as an accessible and environmentally low-impact food source, and the therapeutic benefit of cricket songs. He performs music with his crickets along with fellow cricket farmer Jude Tallichet. Brody has presented his crickets at The Free Library of Philadelphia, Spring Sessions Residency, The Jordan National Gallery of Fine Art, Dixon Place and Open Source Gallery. You can more about his work at: www.adamchadbrody.com. Marshall, J.A. 1983. The orthopteroid insects described by Linnaeus, with notes on the Linnaean collection. Zoological journal of the Linnean Society 78: 375–396. McGavin, G.C. 2001. Essential Entomology: An Order-by-Order Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 20. Otte, D. 1992. Evolution of Cricket Songs. Journal of Orthoptera Research 1: 25–49. Pener, M.P. 2016. Allergy to Crickets: A Review. Journal of Orthoptera Research 25: 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1665/034.025.0208 Resh, V.H. & R.T. Cardé. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-08-092090-0

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The Mago national park (21,620 sq.km) is situated with in the Great Rift valley system in the south Nation, Nationalities and people regional state. East of the Omo River, stretching to the south, towards the chew bahir basin, Mago national park is rich in wildlife with few human inhabitants. The Altitude Ranges from 450-2528 above sea level and temperature is 14-41 Fauna:- 81 mammal species are known to exist in the park; mostly consisting of large herds of elephants, buffalos, Grant’s gazelle, greater and lesser kudus. 217 bird species have also been recorded.

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For my final research journal entry I would like to wrap up the learning I have inadvertently done whilst learning about automated testing tools in preparation for my PRJ701 course. This learning is about the Test-Driven Development (TDD) framework which comes under the Extreme Programming (XP) Agile framework. As I have discussed in multiple previous blog posts (‘How can Agile methods and DevOps improve IT project success rates?’, ‘What is DevOps? and how does it relate to Agile methods?’, ‘What is Agile methods, Scrum, and Kanban?’ blogs) Agile methods is a mindset (you could also refer to it as a way of thinking) based on four values and 12 principles outlined in the Agile Manifesto which was written in 2001 (see here for the principles and values https://www.smartsheet.com/comprehensive-guide-values-principles-agile-manifesto). The methodologies that follow the Agile mindset are called frameworks and XP is a framework. XP is very much a technology focused framework due to its use of Peer programming, Test-Driven Development, Refactoring and Continuous Integration; all of these practices are software specific, as opposed to Scrum which can be applied to non-IT projects. Test Driven Development is where the developer writes unit tests (these test a small chunk of the code for example a single function or small piece of functionality) before actually writing the code that will be tested. When I say the developer writes the test, this will be in a testing environment such as Selenium and these are automated tests plans. At this stage the test will fail because there is no code written yet for it to test. The benefits of writing the test before starting the development phase are that it forms part of an executable documentation i.e. it is documenting the user requirements because each unit test is based on the user requirements being broken down to their smallest component. So by writing the unit tests you are also documenting the user requirements at the same time. Secondly you are ensuring that all software will be tested because the test is written before the feature itself is written meaning the developer can test as they go, they do not have to find time to write a test after the feature has been written. And thirdly you ensure that the user requirements documented in the automated unit tests are met and no extra unnecessary code of features are added. This benefit of the TDD is basically keeping development time and costs down by focusing the development team. Another thing to keep in mind with TDD is that refactoring takes place after the developer has written the code, and the unit test successfully passes. Whereas BDD (as I discussed in my blog ‘What is the Behat Framework and the Repository design pattern?’) concentrates more heavily on the client rather than the development team and their agility. BDD does this by attempting to make the on-going intra-team and inter-team communication (i.e. inside the development team and between the development team and the stakeholder specifically the client) easier through the development of a common glossary of terms known as the Ubiquitous Language. These terms are already familiar to the client (because they are based on the problem domain that the system is being built for) but it is useful for the development team to use them so when developers with different levels of knowledge and experience in the problem domain collaborate or communicate they have a common set of terminology which they all understand. I would say that this is especially useful in a remote team, because I know having terms documented in the Koha Wiki (I work in the Koha team at Catalyst in Wellington) is incredibly helpful with my remote work because I can understand what people say without having to send a clarifying message or email which takes longer to get a reply from than if your are doing face-to-face communication. In BDD the developer writes BDD behavior tests before the coding begins and these tests record a larger set of functionality than the unit tests written in TDD and the trouble with these tests is they are like a black box; you put in a specific input and expect a particular output and if you don’t get that particular output value then the test fails but you don’t know which function failed. Whereas the TDD unit tests are more useful in troubleshooting because they are more fine grained and so it is easier to identify what is causing the error to be thrown. That being said unit tests are not the only automated tests written in TDD also Integration Tests are written to test if large parts of the system integrated together work as intended. The combination of Unit and Integration Tests in TDD is a great advantage from a troubleshooting point of view because you have both the fine grained and big picture tests provided. So in conclusion in my opinion TDD is more development focused by making the troubleshooting failed tests easier through the combination of unit and integrated tests whilst BDD is more client focused and the troubleshooting following a failed behavior test is slightly harder to perform. Thanks very much for reading, and thanks to Clare (hope you feel better soon) and Belma for teaching RES701 I have really enjoyed the thought-provoking topics and I am really glad I choose to take this paper 🙂 Farcic, V. (2013, December 20). Test Driven Development (TDD): Example Walkthrough | Technology Conversations. Retrieved June 8, 2017, from https://technologyconversations.com/2013/12/20/test-driven-development-tdd-example-walkthrough/ Kumar, M. (2012, November 5). What is TDD, BDD & ATDD ? – Assert Selenium. Retrieved June 8, 2017, from http://www.assertselenium.com/atdd/difference-between-tdd-bdd-atdd/ Test-driven development – Wikipedia. (2017, April 21). Retrieved May 29, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development

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St John Ogilvie (1579 – 1615) St John was born into a wealthy Calvinist family near Keith, Scotland. St John was educated in Europe by the Benedictines and Jesuits. He became a Roman Catholic at a time of much European political turmoil and later, following further studies, was ordained a Catholic Priest. St John secretly returned to Scotland to minister to the remaining but forbidden Roman Catholic followers in Glasgow. Unfortunately, he was soon discovered and, at the age of 36yrs, “He was paraded through the streets of Glasgow, hanged and disembowelled” for practising his Catholic faith and performing his Priestly duties among his Glasgow people. St John’s Feast Day is 10th March, the day of his hanging. St John Ogilvie: Pray for us that we will remain faithful to the teachings of Jesus Christ. Glory be to the…

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About this series We live in an era where forms of education designed to win the consent of students, teachers, and the public to the inevitability of a neo-liberal, market-driven process of globalization are being developed around the world. In these hegemonic modes of pedagogy questions about issues of race, class, gender, sexuality, colonialism, religion, and other social dynamics are simply not asked. Indeed, questions about the social spaces where pedagogy takes place—in schools, media, corporate think tanks, etc.—are not raised. When these concerns are connected with queries such as the following, we begin to move into a serious study of pedagogy: What knowledge is of the most worth? Whose knowledge should be taught? What role does power play in the educational process? How are new media re-shaping as well as perpetuating what happens in education? How is knowledge produced in a corporatized politics of knowledge? What socio-political role do schools play in the twenty-first century? What is an educated person? What is intelligence? How important are socio-cultural contextual factors in shaping what goes on in education? Can schools be more than a tool of the new American (and its Western allies’) twenty-first century empire? How do we educate well-informed, creative teachers? What roles should schools play in a democratic society? What roles should media play in a democratic society? Is education in a democratic society different than in a totalitarian society? What is a democratic society? How is globalization affecting education? How does our view of mind shape the way we think of education? How does affect and emotion shape the educational process? What are the forces that shape educational purpose in different societies? These, of course, are just a few examples of the questions that need to be asked in relation to our exploration of educational purpose. This series of books can help establish a renewed interest in such questions and their centrality in the larger study of education and the preparation of teachers and other educational professionals.

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Bludenz is a city in Vorarlberg. About 14,000 people live there. Bludenz was first named in a document from 830. Archeological findings suggest that there was a settlement from the Bronze age, probably relating to the La Tène culture. Today, Bludenz is an important railway hub, at the point where the Klostertal, Brandnertal and Montafon join. It is the start of the railway line that links Vorarlberg to Tyrol, over a mountain pass called Arlberg. In the year 1274, Bludenz was awarded city rights.

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Scientists in Australia took out a full-page ad in The Courier Mail today in an attempt to draw attention to the plight of the Great Barrier Reef. They said there was a lack of coverage in the media and especially in the Courier Mail, the largest newspaper in the state of Queensland, which is home to the reef. “The Great Barrier Reef is at a crisis point,” the letter in the ad, signed by a group called the Climate Council and 56 scientists who study the reef, reads. “Its future depends on how much and how quickly the world, including Australia, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit ocean warming.” Yesterday, a report from the National Coral Bleaching Taskforce found that 93% of the reef has been affected by coral bleaching as a result of climate change-driven warming ocean temperatures and industrial pollution. That's an even more extreme figure than scientists had previously estimated. The Great Barrier Reef is a UNESCO World Heritage Area–the Australian government has committed to preserving it, putting together a plan to prevent it from being listed as endangered by UNESCO. But scientists say the government needs to take more decisive action to slow climate change if the reef is to have any chance of survival. “One of the reasons we placed the ad in the Courier Mail was that we’ve seen very little coverage of the coral bleaching event in that paper and in fact there was a front-page story that said the coral bleaching event had been wildly exaggerated,” Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, told The Guardian. The federal and state environment ministers held an emergency phone meeting after the Taskforce report was published, the Courier Mail reported. But whether any specific action to improve conditions for the reef will come out of that remains to be seen.

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Pollen grains and the embryo sac A bit equivalently to mammalian sexual reproduction, sexual reproduction in plants involves complementary gamete cells that join to create a zygote that further develops into a new organism of that species. In plants, pollen grains are equivalent to spermatozoa in mammals, while the embryo sac is equivalent to the ovum. Instead of forming a blastocyst where the embryo starts developing inside a developing placenta, they form a zygote inside a seed that also contains nutrients that the little zygote can use once it starts growing. Yes, we are about to learn about plant reproduction and the events that lead to seeds! In terms of the formation of pollen grains and embryo sacs, the sequence of meiosis and mitosis between precursor stages of development is similar to that in mammals. Instead of mammalian testes and ovaries, plants have equivalent structures called anthers and ovules. You might notice the ovule is inside a structure also called ovary. The flower ovary is what later develops into fruit. You know, apples, pears, etc. Their seeds are what is created as a result of the processes about to be outlined, inside the ovule. Another point to note is that both reproductive structures, anthers and ovules are present in the same flower. There are species that only have one or the other, but it’s common for them to have both. Hence, self-pollination versus cross-pollination – by the same flower, or between separate flowers. Pollination is the journey of the pollen grain from the anther down the style of the ovary to reach the ovule. But first, how are pollen grains and embryo sacs developed? Similarly to mammalian gametes, precursor pollen cells undergo meiosis to form 4 offspring cells that become the mature pollen grains. These have specific structure that take part in different aspects of fertilisation, namely the generative nucleus which gives rise to the male gametes proper and contributes to the final zygote once in the ovule, as well as the tube nucleus whose function is to transport the pollen to the embryo sac in the ovule. The development of the embryo sac involves many divisions. The first is meiosis which results in one inner cell that develops further and 3 other cells that degenerate (remember polar cells in ovum development in mammals? same thing!). This is now the embryo sac. and it undergoes mitosis three times. The final mitosis of a 4-nucleus cell results in the embryo sac having 8 nuclei. That’s a lot of nuclei. One of them develops into the ovum or egg cell proper, while two nuclei become polar nuclei and will later contribute to the nutrients in the seed, alongside one of two of the pollen grain’s gametes arising from its generative nucleus. The remaining two cells either side of the egg are the synergids which are thought to assist the pollen nucleus reach the egg, while the opposing 3 cells on the other end of the embryo sac are the antipodal cells which may contribute to embryo nutrition. Pollination and fertilisation Finally, the fun part! The pollen grain makes its way towards the embryo sac down the style of the ovary. The tube nucleus develops into a pollen tube which with the help of digestive enzymes that can break away through the style travels down towards the embryo sac. Once the two pollen gametes reach the embryo sac, one of them fertilises the egg to create the zygote which will develop into the actual new plant, while the other pollen nucleus has a threesome with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm which provides the nutrients for the zygote later in development. And then this little thing is a seed! And there may be many of them within an ovary which then grows into apples and pears and etc.! Such fun.

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https://thealevelbiologist.co.uk/edexcel-as-cells-viruses-reproduction/sexual-reproduction-in-plants/

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A Strategy For Improving Learning The concepts of alignment, effectiveness, and efficiency have been used for decades as a framework for managing and measuring corporate functions, including Learning. If we look at these outcomes through three lenses—the business, the learner, and the function—we can formulate a strategy for improving corporate learning. Business alignment requires investment in those people (roles, groups) and skills that are most important to executing business strategy. For example, if a company's growth strategy is to focus on emerging markets, this can justify and, indeed, necessitate differential investment in developing the skills of employees in those countries. If a company is relying on a new product or service to drive growth, then investment in learning opportunities for people responsible for developing and delivering that new product or service should be prioritized. Learner alignment means learning is assigned to individuals and groups on the basis of their skill gaps for current roles. In addition, we align with the personal career aspirations and interests of the individual by providing access to optional opportunities to build a broad range of skills. For example, a learner can have a prescribed learning plan and open access to entire digital content libraries. Function alignment means standardizing the infrastructure and operations across the function. For example, a Learning function can be decentralized but have strong internal alignment through common platforms, processes and team roles. Business effectiveness results from cloning or replicating the behavior of highest performers. The more learning content covers the thinking and practices of the highest performers in this particular company, rather than general content about the domain, the more effective learning will be for the business. Learner effectiveness is driven by the instructional design of the content—that is, the amount and type of information, demonstrations, practice, feedback, and reflection activities that are included. The more learning content incorporates methods that have learning science to support them, such as authentic practice, for example, the more people will learn and apply what they learn. Function effectiveness is determined by the competence of the Learning professionals who work in it. The more those professionals are specialists in areas such as instructional design or learning technology, the more effective the function will be. Business efficiency is about minimizing the costs to define, design, develop, and deliver learning. For example, we can cut delivery costs by converting from classroom to online delivery of content. Learner efficiency is about minimizing the time taken to learn. For example, using self-paced delivery for elements of learning that are best done alone can reduce the overall time taken to learn as each individual can spend as little or as much time as he or she needs to complete it. Embedding short learning objects such as reference guides and video demonstrations in workflow to support performance means learning happens "just in time" rather than "just in case." The efficiency of the Learning function is influenced by resource optimization. For example, moving learning administration tasks to shared services and automation increases the efficiency of the function. Ultimately, prioritizing activities with the biggest influence on alignment, effectiveness, and efficiency for the business, the learner, and the Learning function is a practical strategy for improvement. Brenda Sugrue is Global Chief Learning Officer for EY, a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction, and advisory services. EY is a TrainingTop 10 Hall of Famer. The views reflected in this article are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the global EY organization or its member firms.

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https://trainingmag.com/trgmag-article/strategy-improving-learning

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In August 14, 2014 Flint, Michigan announced the first appearance of coliform bacteria in the water used by the residents on the west side of Flint. According to the New York State Department of Health, coliform bacteria doesn’t lead to serious illness, however, there are some rare strains of E.coli that, when mixed with coliform bacteria, can result in fatal illnesses. On the West side of Flint, the first ‘boil water’ advisory was announced and was lifted by August 20, 2014, but later the ‘boil water’ advisory was then reinforced again by September 5, 2014. One year after the initial announcement of the coliform bacteria, people are still affected by the contaminants. The coliform bacteria has been the cause for some of the resident’s illnesses which were reported to be Shigellosis, Legionnaire, Anemia, Kidney Failure, and many other infections. Shigellosis averagely affects 20 people each year, in Flint 76 people were diagnosed of Shigellosis as of 2015. As of February 26, 2015 they found lead also in the water. On September 24, 2015 a research led by Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha from the Hurley Medical Center released a study of children with elevated lead levels in their blood nearly doubled after the city switched its water source. In the most severe parts of Flint with the most contamination the numbers tripled (CNN 2017). Lead can affect the brain development, nervous system, high blood pressure, and kidney damage at any age but can be most deadly when it’s a minor. Recently there has been more action towards the lead tainted pipes the mayor of Flint Karen Weaver reported that there‘s 20,000 lead tainted pipes that need to be replaced but she hopes that 6,000 pipes will be replaced by the end of this year with the help of the State and Federal Government. “March 17, 2017 the EPA announces that it has awarded $100 million to Flint for drinking water infrastructure upgrades” (NBC 2017). Flint's water conditions were terrible however many people are able to install water filters thanks to the nonprofit groups that have been helping the residents of Flint and they are now able to use the water to some extent. The water crisis sadly hasn’t come to an end even with everyone's efforts.

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Anyone a fan of the dentist? Not many people are. As for your dog, your vet is usually also their dentist, so it's a rare dog whose tail wags at the prospect of an oral exam. Therefore, it makes absolute sense on so many levels to look after their teeth and prevent problems. A problem said to be on the rise amongst dogs is dental caries or tooth decay. Until recently, dental decay was thought to only affect about 5% of the canine population. It might be that more vets are on the alert for this problem, but anecdotally the incidence is on the rise. Tooth decay comes about because of the dynamic nature of tooth enamel. Far from being inert once a tooth has erupted, the enamel is constantly replenished by minerals in the saliva. When the mouth environment is altered in an unhealthy way, such as acid-producing bacteria feeding on food debris, the end result is holes in the tooth. What Nature gives, she also takes away, and when oral health tips in the opposite direction the result is tooth decay. Preventative Oral Health Care How many times a day do you brush your teeth? A dog's teeth are no different and require regular brushing. Not to do so in inviting trouble. Tooth Brushing: Use a soft child's brush or a pet toothbrush to clean your best buddy's gnashers on a daily….yes, daily….basis. If this sounds difficult, know that your best ally is pet toothpaste. These taste scrumptious to dogs and will have them seriously keen to get the brush in their mouth. (Never use human toothpaste: the fluoride content is toxic for dogs.) Oral hygiene products: Oral rinses and gels can reduce the amount of acid-producing bacteria in your dog's mouth. Look for a pet product containing chlorhexidine, or speak to your vet for recommendations. These are super simple to use and often just involves applying the gel to a cotton swab and wiping it over the outer surface of the teeth. Food or Water Additives: Ideally, look for a product with the VOHC (Veterinary Oral Health Council) seal of approval. These additives work by manipulating the pH of saliva to make it more hostile to bacteria, plus break up sticky plaque that clings to teeth. Add the recommended amount to fresh drinking water or food on a daily basis. Diet and Chews Sugary snacks damage our teeth. Similarly, food impacts on a dog's dentition. Oral Care Foods: Manufacturers such as Hills, Royal Canin, and Purina make dental care diets. These are dry kibble foods that have fiber aligned in the biscuit so that when the dog chomps down it has a brushing effect on the crown. Again, look for the VOHC seal of approval to know the food has a proven benefit Dental Chews and Chew Toys: Chewing is a healthy activity for dogs. It scours away plaque and strengthens the teeth in the socket. Providing a regular daily dental chew can remove the food that caries-producing bacteria feed on. Professional Dental Checkups When is your next dental checkup due? Don't forget the dog’s… Vet Health and Dental Check Up: A healthy adult dog needs a minimum of a yearly checkup. A senior dog should be seen at least twice a year. This once-over includes dental health and is a chance to spot caries early. This is important because a small area of caries can be filled, whereas a large cavity means tooth removal. Veterinary Dental Specialists: Most vet clinics would refer a dog with an early caries lesion to see a vet dental specialist. Much like a human dentist, they have all the facilities and equipment to drill and fill small areas of dental decay and save the tooth. Preventing dental caries is not difficult, but does require daily commitment and a little forethought and planning. At least give tooth brushing a try, especially with the secret weapon of pet toothpaste. You may well be pleasantly surprised. In addition, little touches such as a daily dental chew plus a water additive, really get things going in your dog's favor. Remember, a small investment in time could prevent painful caries in your dog's mouth. In turn, sore teeth mean an expensive trip to the vet to get the problem corrected. So save yourself money and the dog distress by looking after their teeth as best you can. Say "Cheese", anyone?

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This summer, if all goes well, a robotic geologist will arrive on Mars to try out a new strategy for searching for life beyond Earth. Rather than hunt for microbes like the Viking missions of the 1970s, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, a wheeled rover nicknamed Curiosity, will look for places that could have hosted and preserved life. "The term 'life-detection' is so ill-defined and so hard to ascertain it doesn't make a good starting point," said geologist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology, who is the lead scientist for the Curiosity mission. Instead, NASA's new Mars mission, scheduled for landing on Aug. 6, is primarily a geological expedition to an intriguing piece of real estate called Gale Crater, located just south of the Martian equator. Scientists believe the crater formed some 3.5 billion to 3.8 billion years ago when Mars, Earth and the rest of the planets in the inner solar system were regularly bombarded by meteorites. Gale's most striking feature is not the 96-mile (154-km) wide pit in the ground, but a 3-mile-high a(5-km-high) mound of debris rising from the crater's floor. Scientists believe the mountain, located in the center of the basin, is the layered remains of sediment that once filled the crater. Over time and by a process not well understood, the sediment was carried away, leaving what is now known as Mount Sharp, which scientists hope will reveal the geological history of Mars like no similar formation can do on Earth. "There is no place on Earth you can go to get the whole history at once," Grotzinger told journalists during a field trip last month to California's Death Valley, one of the few places where chunks of Earth's geologic record covering large spans of time are exposed. "At Gale you don't need to reconstruct the layers. You can see how they go from older to younger. You've got time's arrow always pointed in the right direction. It's all laid out very simply," Grotzinger said. Preservation of life Previous missions to Mars revealed compelling evidence that the planet was once warmer and wetter than the cold, dry desert it is today. For example, NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers, one of which is still operating after more than seven years on the planet's surface, found minerals that on Earth form only in the presence of water. Liquid water is one of three key ingredients needed for life - at least life as we know it. Life's recipe also requires an energy source, such as solar or chemical, and a source of carbon. "One of the ingredients of life is water. We're now looking to see if we can find other conditions that are necessary for life," said Mary Voytek, director of NASA's astrobiology program. A key goal for the Mars Science Laboratory is to find organically produced carbon, a tricky proposition because almost every process that makes rock destroys organics. "Even on Earth finding signs of past life isn't easy. Whatever was happening biologically, if anything, for the first 4 billion years there is no record. For the first 3 billion years, there's no rock record either," Grotzinger said. One technique that has proven useful on Earth is to search for chemistry that can preserve life, a system scientists are adopting to hunt for signs of life on Mars as well. On early Earth for example, minerals, such as silica, are important because they preserved the record of carbon. "You pickle the organics early on," Grotzinger said. "Let's assume life did evolve on Mars. Where are the places that have habitable environments and the highest preservation potential?" he said. "If you do this as a random walk, you're doomed to failure because you only have so much time and the clock is ticking." If the Mars Science Laboratory touches down safely, which is by no means a given, scientists expect to have two years to collect information about Mount Sharp and the surrounding area. NASA hopes to land the rover on a flat surface as close as possible to the base of Mount Sharp using a first-of-a-kind, rocket-powered sky crane. The exact landing spot will depend on the craft's final steering maneuvers as it races toward Mars. Mission managers said on Monday they would aim for a 12- by 4-mile (20- by 7-km) patch of land, far smaller than original estimates, which would shave off months of drive time to reach the mound. The rover blasted off aboard an unmanned Atlas 5 rocket on Nov. 26 for a nine-month, 60-million mile voyage that is due to end at 1:30 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6. (Editing by Jane Sutton and Will Dunham)

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The birth of human intelligence, language and culture is very similar to the “chicken or egg” problem. Did our distant ancestors emerge with vocal communication, bringing about culture, community and intelligence – or was language a consequent invention of tribal behaviour? Are there clues in the evolution of language or how we learn it? The Greatest Achievement in Human History Language is regularly credited with being the greatest achievement of humankind. It allows us to communicate intricate, complex ideas and (even in the simplest terms) deep emotions, with very little effort. It seems so simple and basic, but it’s a power that each of us who can speak, read and write takes entirely for granted. No matter which language you speak, you have command over an ancient power that connects you with everyone who shares your language – the potential to exchange data in a way no computer can match, create bonds and friendships – or even forge mortal enemies. Of course, most of us will limit our use of language throughout our lives. Most of us won’t (thankfully) forge mortal enemies, but will make close bonds with other people. We’ll write when we need to, read when we want to and talk at leisure. But when you’re next ordering a cup of coffee, or trying to get your feelings out, or sending a group message on your phone – try to remember that you’re tapping into a primal force. Wait – is language really a primal force? Because as we’ve seen before, when people are isolated from human contact, language doesn’t develop at all. So, if language isn’t a built-in trait, and we all have to learn it from our cultural surroundings – what is it? Where did Language Come From? Language couldn’t strictly be called an invention – it’s very unlikely that one day, somebody woke up and decided that one sound means “tree” and another means “water”, and then somehow spread that around to everyone else in their tribe, without the means to communicate with them. The idea that language was a god-given human trait wasn’t contested until the 18th century. And still, there aren’t any solid theories to explain its exact origin. But each human is equipped to speak: huge parts of our brain are devoted to it, our mouths and tongues, vocal cords and airways are adapted to make distinct, specific sounds. We’re all built for it – but without exposure to it, we don’t learn how to speak. What’s most likely is that a large group of people collectively agreed that certain vocalisations and sounds meant certain things. This is a much more convoluted and drawn out process – but it’s overwhelmingly more likely. The process would be akin to evolutionary development: a collective, generational development, not a single technological invention. And as we evolved, so our speech evolved. Even though speech is a late addition to the human intelligence armoury, there appear to be adaptations specifically for better vocalisation that are unseen in other animals. Language could probably best be described as a consequence of evolution. Humans evolved with few physical defences, but compensated with intelligence and social bonds for protection. It’s almost inevitable that speech would arise in those conditions: bodies capable of complex sounds, minds with a keen sense of pattern recognition and a social structure that requires emotional bonds. But exactly how it happened remains a mystery. Theories range widely – but the fact remains that no other species that we know of has ever formed such a complex, intricate and nuanced way of communicating. Humans have found a way of encoding and decoding information – and it’s what got us where we are today. Want to Know More About Language? We’re a professional translation agency, so we know a thing or two about languages. Contact Kwintessential today – our qualified and experienced translators and interpreters are standing by. Call (UK +44) 01460 279900 or send a message to [email protected].

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https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/general-interest/language-invention-intrinsic-trait/

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(Photo Credit: SolaRoad) A bike path that connects two of Amsterdam's suburbs will soon be doing double duty. Next week, a 70-meter (230-foot) stretch between Krommenie and Wormerveer will open with solar cells embedded within, allowing the path to harness solar energy throughout the day. The Guardian reports that the crystalline silicon solar cells will be encased in concrete and covered with glass. The surface is slightly tilted and coated with a "non-adhesive" finish so that dirt will run off and keep the cells exposed to sunlight. They're not cheap—this length of the path will cost $3.8 million. But the solar bike path is a demonstration of what could be a powerful concept: Taking ordinary pathways and roads, which require lots of emissions-creating concrete to build, and doing something doubly useful with their enormous surface areas. Maybe we'll see solar roadways before we know it. Via The Guardian.

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https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a11602/the-netherlands-is-building-the-worlds-first-solar-powered-bike-path-17394100/

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Rules to form plurals: 1) Add "s" to singular nouns as long as the "s" does not form another syllable. 2) Some singular nouns ending in "o" form their plurals by adding "es," and some can add either "s" or "es" 3) To form plurals of nouns ending with "y" with a consonant before the "y", change the "y" to "i" and add "es." 4) To form plurals of nouns ending with "y" with a vowel before the "y", add "s. 5) To form plurals of nouns ending in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add es. 6) For some nouns ending in f or fe, to form plurals change f to v and add es. 7) For many nouns in f, to form plurals just add s. 8) To form plurals of hyphenated nouns, add s to the first word. 9) To form plurals of some nouns, change man to men or woman to women. 10) Some nouns form plurals by a change in the form. We will serve ____ and ____. - potatos, carrots - potatoes, carrots - potato, carrot I heard ___ from the wall of the _____. - echo, cliff - echos, cliffs - echoes, cliffs For dessert we had ___ and ___. - strawberry, ice cream - strawberries, ice creams - strawberries, ice cream Both ____ needed new diapers. Click on a tag to see related content

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Description: Hundreds of thousands of bats are killed annually by colliding with wind turbines in the U.S., yet little is known about factors causing variation in mortality across wind energy facilities. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of bat collision mortality with wind turbines by reviewing 218 North American studies representing 100 wind energy facilities. This data set, the largest compiled to date, provides further support that collision mortality is greatest for migratory tree-roosting species (Hoary Bat [Lasiurus cinereus], Eastern Red Bat [Lasiurus borealis], Silver-haired Bat [Lasionycteris noctivagans]) and from July to October. Based on 40 studies meeting inclusion criteria and analyzed under a common statistical framework to account for methodological variation, we found support for an inverse relationship between bat mortality and percent grassland cover surrounding wind energy facilities. At a national scale, grassland cover may best reflect openness of the landscape, a factor generally associated with reduced bat activity and abundance that may also reduce turbine collisions. Ecologically informed decisions regarding placement of wind facilities involves multiple considerations, including not only factors associated with bat mortality, but also factors associated with bird collision mortality, indirect habitat-related impacts to all species, and overall ecosystem impacts. Purpose/Objective: Wind energy development is a rapidly growing technology within the U.S. economy and energy sector. However, wind turbines have been shown to kill both birds and bats. Thus, as wind energy continues to develop, proper understanding of the risks of turbines is critical for ecological risk assessment. This manuscript provides a meta-analysis of bat mortality at wind energy facilities across geographic regions of the US. The analysis and results will prove useful for local communities, ecological risk assessors and scientists interested in collision mortality. Thompson, M., J. Beston, M. Etterson, J. Diffendorfer, and S. Loss National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Biological Conservation, 215:241-245 (2017) This article is the work of the author(s) indicated. Any opinions expressed in it are not necessarily those of National Wind Watch. |Wind Watch relies entirely on User Funding

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https://www.wind-watch.org/documents/factors-associated-with-bat-mortality-at-wind-energy-facilities-in-the-united-states/

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from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. In Holland, a decaliter, equal to 2.64 United States gallons. Sorry, no etymologies found. Every acre of land, whether cultivated or not, pays a bushel, that is, one schepel and a fifth of wheat. The grain by this means fell still lower in price, and while we were there the people could not obtain more than four or five guilders in _zeewan_ for a schepel of fine wheat, that is, sixteen stivers or one guilder of Holland money. [

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This guide has been produced in order to give consumers and small and medium-sized enterprises, particularly those in developing countries, an introduction to disputes over domain names on the Internet. Domain names are the exclusive addresses used on the Internet to host services such as email and websites such as example.com. As businesses and consumers move online in greater numbers, they have a need to be informed of their rights and responsibilities in this new space in plain language. The Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy, or UDRP, is a policy that has been developed with input from governments, international institutions, businesses, and consumers to address the conflict between one kind of intellectual property right – trademarks – and domain names (example.com). The UDRP is a unique answer to a unique problem: While the UDRP shares many similarities with traditional legal disputes, it also has many novel features that are important to fully grasp if you are moving your business online or creating your own website. Photo © Emrah Turudu 2007

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By Colby Pastre, The Tax Foundation . . . The relationship between federal tax policy and the U.S. economy is one of the most contentious debates in American politics today. Often, the debate boils down to competing interpretations of U.S. economic history. Some analysts claim that past tax reforms had a significant impact on the economy, while others point to different reforms and claim they had little economic effect at all. Today (Sept. 14, 2016), the nonpartisan Tax Foundation released a new study that uses its Taxes and Growth model to analyze seven major tax reforms since the 1960’s, providing a baseline for how we can expect certain tax changes to affect the economy. Key findings of the report include: While the Tax Foundation typically uses the Taxes and Growth model to forecast the revenue and economic effects of proposed federal tax changes, the model can also be used to “backcast” the effects of past tax changes stretching back to the 1960s. Modeling the economic and revenue effects of past tax bills can shed light on recent U.S. economic history and the debate over the economic effects of tax reform. For instance, some economists have been puzzled by the fact that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 appears to have had little effect on the size of the U.S. economy. However, this is exactly the result that the Taxes and Growth model predicts. The model finds that the 1986 act — a mixture of tax cuts on labor and tax increases on capital — would lead to a negligible 0.2 percent decrease in the size of the economy. Although determining the actual macroeconomic effects of past tax changes is difficult, comparing the Taxes and Growth model results with observed economic data can serve as an imperfect test of the model’s reliability. For example, before the passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, many lawmakers predicted that the tax increases in the bill would cause significant economic damage. However, the Taxes and Growth model predicts that the negative economic effects of the 1993 tax changes would be relatively small, shrinking the long-run size of the U.S. economy by only 1.5 percent. The historical evidence appears to offer greater sup-port to the predictions of the Taxes and Growth model. The exercise of modeling the economic and revenue effects of past changes can provide con-text for the current predictions of the Taxes and Growth model. For instance, it becomes clear that several of the tax plans proposed by 2016 presidential candidates would create historically unprecedented economic effects. For each of the following reforms, we calculate topline economic and revenue effects as well as walkthrough detailed model results for individual tax provisions: The Revenue Acts of 1962 and 1964 (the “Kennedy tax cuts”), The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA, the “Kemp-Roth tax cut,” or the “Reagan tax cut”), The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA 86, or the “Reagan tax reform”), The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (the “Clinton tax increase”), The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (the “Clinton tax cut”), The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, or “the 2001 Bush tax cut”), and The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA, or “the 2003 Bush tax cut”) “Some economists point to the Kennedy or Reagan tax cuts as examples of tax changes that spurred the economy, while others highlight the Clinton tax increases as evidence that taxes have little economic effect,” notes Tax Foundation Analyst, Scott Greenberg. “But, to properly evaluate the relationship between taxes and the economy, it is not enough to survey the empirical effects of past tax changes. It is also necessary to develop some set of rules for how we expect each tax change to affect the economy, to which our historical observations can be compared.” Full Report: Modeling the Economic Effects of Past Tax Bills Source: The Tax Foundation, the nation’s leading independent tax policy research organization. Since 1937, our principled research, insightful analysis, and engaged experts have informed smarter tax policy at the federal, state, and local levels.

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Characteristics of epithelial tissue the human body consists of four types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous epithelial tissue covers the. This lesson will cover the different shapes and structures of epithelial tissue, including simple, columnar, cuboidal, stratified, transitional. Epithelium (epi-+ thele + -ium) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue epithelial tissues. Epithelial tissue i b types of epithelia there are three types of epithelia, each distinguished by the number of cell layers comprising the epithelial membrane. Epithelia tissue cells differentiate thus epithelia tissues are composed of cells that specialize to carryout the function three types of chrondrocytes. Epithelial tissue, or epithelium, has the following general characteristics: epithelium consists of closely packed figure 1 types of epithelial tissues. Study flashcards on anatomy and physiology - tissue types w/pictures at cramcom quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more cramcom makes it easy to get the. Figure 1 four types of tissue: body the four types of tissues are exemplified in nervous tissue, stratified squamous epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and. Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity two forms occur in the human body: between other epithial types. Epithelial tissues types, squamous, cuboidal, columnar functions of each tissue type and their locations in the body. Epithelium study guide epithelial tissue comprises one of the four basic tissue types the others are connective tissue (support cells, immune cells, blood. Characteristics of the 4 primary tissue types since epithelial tissue always has one unattached surface, a polarity is established between its free side. Epithelial tissue is a really important tissue in our bodies epithelial tissue lines all our body surfaces both inside and out and it also forms glands. The four types of tissue in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous epithelial tissue is made of layers of cells that cover the surfaces of the body. Looking for online definition of epithelial tissue in the medical dictionary epithelial tissue whose nature gives each type of connective tissue its. Eight types of epithelial tissue by antranik 16 comments first name of tissue indicates number of cell layers simple—one layer of cells stratified—more than. Animal tissues are grouped into four basic types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial collections of tissues joined in structural units to serve a common. Type location a simple (one layer) 1 squamous endothelium of all blood vessels blood capillaries endocardium pericardium, peritoneum, pleura lymph capillaries. Welcome to the site that will help you prepare for the what is the tissue type b what is its function protect the other types of tissues found in your body. Classification of tissues the form and function of the different types of tissues in the human body the epithelial tissue previously discussed. There are two major types of epithelia: nutrients and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues these epithelia are usually simple squamous type. Check out our session on animal tissues & its types it covers an overview of animal tissues , its types & functions following are the different types of. It holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues loose connective tissue is named based on the weave and type of its constituent. Learn about animal tissue, structure and functions of epithelial tissue and connective tissue with vibrant video lessons at byju’s. Types of epithelial tissue diseases epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells what is human body tissue - definition, types & examples related study. Best answer: structure epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body it is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers this. Lab exercise 4 epithelial tissues connective tissue proper be able to identify each type of epithelial tissue on a microscope slide (or photo) and give.

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This interesting name derives from Jack, a pet form of the personal name John (from the Hebrew "Yochanan" meaning "Jehovah has favoured me with a son") plus "cock", a suffix which was added to the nickname of the baptismal name to indicate the pertness of lusty and swaggering youth. The surname from this source is first recorded in the early half of the 14th century (see below). One John Jecok appears in the 1375 Court Rolls of the Borough of Colchester, and a John Jecokes in the 1381 Assize Court Rolls of Warwickshire. The development of the name is as follows: Jack-Cock was abbreviated to Jacock and this was transposed to Jeacock. In 1712 the marriage of one James Sharples and an Elizabeth Jeacock was recorded in St. James Church, Clerkenwell, London. Modern varinats of the name are shown as Jeacock(e), Jacox, Jecock, Jaycocks and Jaycox. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Jacok, which was dated 1327, in the "Subsidy Rolls of Suffolk", during the reign of King Edward 111, known as "The Father of the Navy" 1327 - 1377. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.

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Basic essay format note: this document should only be used as a reference and should not replace assignment guidelines library 208 • 801-863-8936 • wwwuvuedu. Essay introduction structure our essay editing experts are available any time of the day or night to help you get better grades on your essays and become a better. Structure and organization are integral components of an effective persuasive essay no matter how intelligent the ideas, a paper lacking a strong introduction, well. Structuring an introduction will be about 10% of the final essay and will include some or grid below to help you structure your introduction. Essay structure essay structure what are the three essential parts of an essay introduction: one – few paragraphs at the beginning of the essay. Learn the rules of structuring your essay check if your essay contains the main components: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion check our essay examples. The introduction should be designed to attract the reader's attention and give her an idea of the essay's focus begin with an attention grabber the attention. Learn how to write a strong essay introduction with recommendations from essay introductions write an introduction that interests the paragraph structure. In order to 'build' that perfect essay, follow the essay structure below, making sure to 'support' your argument with textual evidence. Persuasive essay structure when you’re trying to convince your audience of an idea or argument introduction • hook – interesting first sentence. How to write an essay introduction this wikihow will teach you how write an essay introduction briefly summarize the structure of your paper. Ten steps for writing an essay after the plan has been written it should be clear where the essay is going write the introduction structure essay writing. Traditional essay diagram tsmith begin by using an introduction strategy to introduce the topic and grab your reader’s attention: try a provocative. The introduction to an essay has three primary objectives: explain the context of the essay, give the response to the question or the overall focus of the essay (the. Academic essay structures & formats standard american argumentative essays begin with an introduction that gives a main point (thesis) the thesis is supported by a. Writing essays is a fundamental part of academic learning at every level, yet many students lose valuable marks by failing to structure their essays clearly. Essay help - essay structure this is because all essays begin with an introduction and end with a conclusion and the other three paragraphs therefore form the. First section the introduction presents the essay and often contains a thesis statement a thesis statement states the main argument or point and what the essay aims. 1 outline structure for literary analysis essay i catchy title ii paragraph 1: introduction (use hatmat) a hook b author c title d main characters. The introduction of the essay the function of the introduction is to serve as a 'map' of the essay, outlining to your reader the main argument and points which you. Stage 45 a basic essay structure using a table to make an initial assignment plan basic report structure (you might also have done this in your introduction. This resource is intended to help students develop skills to write case reports in psychological medicine. Simply superb this step by step elaboration is very helpful for everyone to create an effective essay outline template many thanks for more unique techniques visit. Writing introductions and conclusions for essays paragraphs with special requirements writing an essay is not like writing a mystery novel with. Studying at college and university exciting, yet difficult there are numerous academic writing assignments to do explore the argumentative essay structure.

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Transitional words to aid in composition: (english/spanish) 1 time after, afterward = después (de) already = ya always = siempre as soon as = en cuanto, tan pronto. Transition words and phrases are important tools to help you create an outstanding essay without them, your essays would sound boring or awkwardly connected. Transitional words and phrases list it is always advisable to have a list of transition words for essays with you at the time of writing the essays. Easy words to use as sentence starters to write better essays to your essay can often make to use same transitions again and again in a paragraph. Tips for students on writing a narrative / descriptive essay while this guide is not comprehensive, it does provide enough information for to students to follow and. Checklist for revising paragraphs: does that purpose serve the overall idea or argument of the essay and natural transitions is the paragraph linked to the. Using transitional words in an argumentative essay the purpose of the argumentative mode, paragraph, between ideas and before source information illustration. A list of transition words they improve the connections and transitions transition words can also be placed at the beginning of a new paragraph. Transition words and phrases size transitions: second paragraph first, to begin with, my first reason. Basic transition words to connect the third paragraph to the fourth: do not use the same transitions all the time mix and match. Descriptive essay by mrmrtz the use of transitional words for descriptive essays-a handy list of transitional words. Tucker, kristine list of transitional words for essay writing accessed june 07, good transitions for a conclusion paragraph. Body paragraphs video lecture each of these topic sentences will start a body paragraph in the essay in the first body paragraph, i added the transitions. Paragraph transitions: making connections view worksheet when you are writing an essay or paper, your paragraphs do not function in a vacuum, and because of this.One way to do this is by using transitions check the following list of words to find those that will pull your for the final points of a paragraph or essay. How to write an effective 5-paragraph essay: formulas for 5-paragraph essay how to write an effective essay: paragraph transitions & connections. Transition words for analysis essays - franklin jones i went for transitions not essay convert your outline plan into a for essay - list the main. Keep in mind that adequate transitions cannot simply be added to the essay without planning without a good reason for the sequence of your paragraphs , no. Paragraph transitions help the reader understand the connections between the paragraphs' ideas they also help to clarify essay example. The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development,. Structure, paragraphs, and transitions essay structure writing: considering structure and organization (dartmouth) paragraph unity and coherence coherence. If you have strong evidence in each paragraph, transitions may simply mark the of thought will improve an essay hamilton college 198 college. Transition words transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next transitions also show the relationship within a paragraph. List of transitional words for writing essays first paragraph of the essay the start of a new body paragraph) the transitions in the following list. Instead of writing transitions that could connect any paragraph to any other paragraph, the joy luck club, skyrocketed up the bestseller list. Transitional words and phrases connect and relate ideas, sentences, and paragraphs they assist in the logical flow of ideas as they signal the relationship between. Transition strategies -- help writing admissions essays applicants often ignore transitions to their own detriment a good essay must use transitions within. Transitions worksheet transitions bridge the gap between (or through the last paragraph on have students go through the body paragraphs in an essay they. Online writing lab the following examples provide a paragraph without transitions, many students fail to use effective transitions, and the essay comes. It is often helpful to start by writing an outline of your essay to gain a paragraph transitions also help words and phrases like those in the list below.Download 2018. Term Papers.

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Powerful Benefits of Moringa Also known as drumstick tree, horseradish tree, benzoil tree and miracle tree, moringa oleifera is the widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa. It is a rapid growing and drought resistant tree native to the Himalayas of India. Over the years, it has been known for its medicinal and healing properties that it has become the treatment of choice for common skin and hair ailments. Even up to this time, it still exists as the/or one of the active ingredients in skin and hair care products. Its healing wonders has been known all over the world. It goes by in different names: arango, ben nut tree, benzolive, chinto borrego, clarifier tree, jacinto, kelor tree, perla de la India, terebinto and so much more. In the Philippines, it is commonly known as malunggay. Here are the three powerful Moringa benefits: Powerhouse of nutrients. The bark, roots, leaves, seeds, sap, and even flowers possess numerous nutrients and antioxidants. Often enough, it is always referred to as the ‘miracle tree’ for its exceedingly many health, skin, and hair benefits. It also possess all the essential amino acids needed by the body. The human body produces ten to twelve amino acids and the remaining eight have to be taken from food – the eight, of which, is in malunggay. The eight essential amino acids that malunggay contains include: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, metheonine, phenyalanine, threonine, trytohyan, and valine. Why are amino acids essential? Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and protein is essential in almost all biological processes in the human body. Cells, tissues, and muscles are made up of amino acids. Without it, cell cannot be repaired and maintained – this, in lieu, makes skin dry and susceptible to bacterial and fungal infection, and hair to breakage. Treatment of Choice for Wounds Malunggay has always been known in traditional medicine as antiseptic of choice. It is the emergency treatment of choice for wounds over the years – especially in farflung areas. This is due to its potent antiseptic and antimicrobial properties. In a recent study published in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, it was found out that malunggay has significant antimicrobial properties against common micro organisms – gram positive bacillus cereus, (bacteria commonly found in food and soil and is related to food borne illnesses), bacillus subtillis staphylococcus aureus (responsible for a wide range of infections from skin ailments to life threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, toxic shock symdrome, and even sepsis), gram negative escherichia coli (generally found in human feces and is related to foodborne diseases), and acid fast mycobacterium phlei (mycobacteria related to respiratory infections). Apart from its antimicrobial activity, malunggay is well known as an effective hand washing product. In a recent study it was found out that handwashing with malunggay is as effective as hand washing with soap. In fact, malunggay is a recommended alternative when soap is not readily available. Healthy Skin and Hair The use of malunggay, aside from being antiseptic treatment of choice for wounds, is a popular ingredient in skin and hair care products. As mentioned, it is rich in amino acids that is crucial in the production of protein. Protein, meanwhile, is important in the growth, repair, and maintenance of skin and hair. For Hair. Packed with vitamin A, malunggay ensures optimum delivery of oxygen and nutrients to hair follicles – making sure that every strand is nourished and oxygenated. It is also rich in zinc which strengthens the immune function of skin. Zinc and silica, together with vitamin A, makes sure that sebaceous glands are free of occlusion. Other nutrients beneficial to hair that malunggay has includes vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin C, vitamin E, and minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium to name a few. What hair problems can it cure? Its potent properties primarily makes hair healthy – this includes being a cure for hair breakage, split ends, dandruff, and even hair loss. For Skin. Malunggay is powered with vitamins A, B, C, D, E and minerals calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc. It has anti aging properties due to its collagen and keratin content. Collagen and keratin, along with elastin, are essential proteins that keep skin soft and supple. Malunggay is known for its anti aging properties that keeps the seven signs of skin aging at bay. To add, it is likewise known as a reliable protective barrier against pollution. Aside from the three Moringa benefits mentioned above, malunggay is known for its therapeutic benefits against health conditions and ailments. Malunggay, when consumed, is known to boost energy, improve the body’s immune system, fights against diabetes and bad cholesterol, improve metabolism, and excrete impurities with its natural detoxifier property. It is indeed a miracle element in improving overall health.

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The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) defines child neglect and abuse as: “Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.” FAILURE TO PROVIDE: •Physical—Not providing basic needs, including appropriate nutrition, shelter, hygiene, and clothing. •Medical and dental—Delaying or denying recommended health or dental care for a child. •Educational—Failure to enroll a child in school, or homeschool a child. Not addressing special education needs. Allowing chronic absenteeism from school. •Emotional—To ignore, or be emotionally unresponsive. Also, to deny adequate access to mental health care. FAILURE TO SUPERVISE: •Leaving a child unsupervised (based on length of time and the child’s age/maturity) and not providing appropriate caregivers. •Engaging in harmful behavior (including domestic violence and drug or alcohol abuse) in a child’s presence. •Not protecting a child from safety hazards (including hazards in the home). To find each state’s neglect laws visit: childwelfare.gov/topics/ systemwide/laws-policies/state/

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Children born to teenage mothers have greater healthcare needs than those born to mothers in their 20s and older, including higher rates of hospitalisation in childhood. We performed a cross-country comparison of maternal agerelated inequalities in infant outcomes in England, Scotland, Sweden, New South Wales (NSW; Australia) and Ontario (Canada). We used administrative hospital data capturing 3,002,749 singleton births surviving to discharge between 2010-2014 (2008-2012 for Sweden). We compared preterm birth (24-37 weeks of gestation), unplanned hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and mortality within 12 months of postnatal discharge, according to maternal age. Infants born to teenage mothers experienced higher rates of preterm birth, unplanned admissions, ED visits, and mortality compared with older mothers in all countries. Despite variation in the distribution of maternal characteristics between countries, inequalities according to maternal age were similar. Infants of teenage mothers were between 1.37 (95% CI for risk ratio 1.28-1.47, Sweden) and 1.56 (95% CI 1.49-1.64, NSW) times more likely to have 1 unplanned hospital admission and between 2.25 (95% CI 1.92-2.64, England) and 3.87 (95% CI 2.07-7.36, Sweden) times more likely to die, compared with those born to mothers aged 30-34. A similar excess of adverse outcomes was observed for teenage mothers in all five countries, despite different prevalence rates and support for young families. Public health strategies are needed to address these inequalities.

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LORE: Lunar origins and resource explorer The LORE Lunar Origins and Resource Explorer miniature payload is proposed for JAXA's Selene 2 landed lunar mission. LORE is designed to provide, for the first time, systematic exploration of the lunar surface and subsurface ice distribution, implanted H, dust, mineralogy and resources, using UV/VIS/MIR spectroscopy. Preliminary supporting laboratory investigations at the University of Winnipeg suggest that the UV region can provide new geological information unobtainable by other techniques, and in particular, abundances of ilmenite and related lunar oxides, key potential in situ resources for oxygen and solar wind-implanted hydrogen. The LORE stand-off measurement capabilities will be used to provide studies of lunar exospheric diurnal processes with high temporal resolution. The spectral differences between ilmenite and other lunar minerals in the ultraviolet region will be exploited for mapping ilmenite distribution and abundances on the lunar surface and subsurface. A miniature robotic drill with integral bore-hole probe will facilitate subsurface pristine mapping of the lunar polar regolith stratigraphy and condensed volatile content to elucidate prior impact history and trapped volatile content. |Conference||12th International Conference of Pacific-Basin Societies, ISCOPS| Kruzelecky, R.V. (R. V.), Wong, B. (B.), Zou, J. (J.), Haddad, E. (E.), Jamroz, W. (W.), Cloutis, E. (E.), … Ravindran, G. (Gita). (2010). LORE: Lunar origins and resource explorer. In Advances in the Astronautical Sciences (pp. 681–699).

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Biemiller (2004) offers this simple adjustment to the read-aloud process for helping children in grades K, 1, and 2 to acquire vocabulary. - Pre-select 8-10 words from a reading selection. Biemiller advises that you do not choose words that are extremely rare. - During reading, stop and simply explain the meanings of the pre-selected words. Do not expect students to retain all words and definitions. - (optional) After reading, go through the list of words asking if a student can tell you about the word. - Keep a list of the words that have been introduced (similar to the word wall concept).

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Bearings, Hardware & Parts Explained Bearings represent the inner workings of the wheel. Simply put, they make your wheels spin on your trucks' axles. There are two bearings per wheel. The more you spend on a set of bearings, the more you will get. The more expensive the set of bearings, the more perfect the ball bearings inside, and the faster and more durable the bearing will be. The ABEC scale is a standard for the tolerances of a ball bearing. Bearings used for skateboarding typically start with a class 5 tolerance, also known as ABEC 5, and go up to ABEC 9. The higher the ABEC class, the more precise, efficient, and faster a bearing will be. Higher rated bearings also typically last longer. Not every brand states their ABEC tolerance, but it can be easily determined by the price of the set of bearings. Bones Swiss bearings have long been the standard for high-performance skateboard bearings, while Bones Reds reign as the go-to bearing of choice for most skaters. Bearings are universal in size. Hardware is the nuts and bolts that hold the trucks to the deck. 1" is a standard bolt size for any basic street setup where risers aren't typically used. If you're wanting to put together a cruiser setup, or even if you just like to rock bigger wheels, you will want riser pads, which will require longer hardware. Typically, 1.25"-1.5" hardware will work with risers, depending on the thickness of the risers. Here's the general breakdown: No risers -> 7/8"-1" hardware 1/8" risers -> 1"-1 1/8" hardware 1/4" risers -> 1 1/4" hardware 1/2" risers -> 1 1/2" hardware From griptape to bushings to riser pads, they all serve their purpose. Griptape is ubiquitous in skateboarding. Your personal preference will determine what level of grit you want, or if you want to go with the standard black, some kind of funky color, or graphically-enhanced grip. Aftermarket bushings allow you to customize the feel of your trucks. Softer bushings make turning easier, and harder bushings make your trucks ride stiffer. Medium, of course, is for skaters who prefer something in the middle. Riser pads can be inserted between the skateboard trucks and deck to raise the overall height of the skateboard. They're used to avoid wheel bite. They also provide a certain level of dampening...and can help preserve your skateboard deck by reducing the occurrence stress cracks where the deck and the trucks meet. If you take bigger wheels, you'll probably need a set of risers.

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The future of fusion research has increased the importance of "renewable" energy sources. Among the most important of these sources are hydroelectric, solar, and wind. As you will see, renewable energy sources' main assets are their environmental cleanliness and their virtual inexhaustibility. Major drawbacks, however, are limited energy production. In most cases not suitable for large-scale power generation as well as relative costliness to build and maintain. In light of diminishing fossil fuels, however, renewable energy may end up as the energy of choice for the 21st century. There are a few types of renewable the sun is the sores of all energy. It sends energy in all directions. It is about 150 million km from earth. A large number of energy comes from the sun at the form of light. The temperature of the center of the sun is about 15,000,000 degree Celsius. At this temperature nuclear reactions are taking place the whole time and this are the whole of sun's energy. The sun does not shine one place all the time. There are differences between the amounts of energy reaching the earth's surface in different country. In the sunnier parts of the world sunlight is an important source of energy. Solar power is one of the cleanest methods of energy production because solar panels simply convert the energy of the sun into energy mankind can use, there are no harmful byproducts or threats to the environment. Recently Asked Questions - Given the demand function and the supply function , find the equilibrium price and quantity in this market. P*=6, Q*=12 P*=12, Q*=6 P*=10, Q*=5 - Jack MacLean has entered into a real estate development partnership with Bill Lyons and June Reese. Bill owns of the partnership, while June has a interest. - Given the following, calculate WACC for company XYZ: Debt: $600 M Equity: $700 M Cost on Debt: 5.0% Cost on Equity: 11.0% Tax Rate: 40.0% 7.69% 15.00% 6.27%

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Don’t’ wait until the last minute to prep everything you need for your spring gardening. Now is the time to get your gardens ready for the spring season and it all starts with soil. Soil is where life begins. Composed of minerals, water, air and organic matter, soil provides primary nutrient cycling for plant and animal life. It is alive, dynamic and vital. Yet the amount of fertile soil on the planet has been diminishing at an alarming rate. All soils, in any environment, depend on the right balance of microbes in order to grow healthy plants and fight toxins and disease. Bacteria are responsible for almost every essential process that occurs in soils and plants, including fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere (essential to plant growth), processing nutrition for plants to absorb, fighting disease and even photosynthesis. Compost reintroduces the diversity of microorganisms that ensure optimum nutrition delivery. Compost contains over 30,000 different species of microorganisms with many billions in a single handful. Many of these creatures are lacking in our soils today. These microbes can provide disease resilience, nutrient density, improved soil structure and most importantly, it provides food for earthworms. If we can reintroduce earthworms into our soils, then they will build humus. Humus houses the microbes that deliver essential minerals and produces a range of nutrients, including B vitamins, that support plant life. Earthworms can compost four times more rapidly than conventional plant decomposition in the soil. They are a critical key to fast-tracking carbon sequestration and compost is the greatest tool to create a disease resistant soil and resilient plants. Efficient Microbes Pro-Soil is a live, natural, microbial soil management solution containing enzymes, trace minerals, vitamins and the full range of live microbes necessary to influence and balance the soil ecology. The live microbes in Pro-Soil also support the growth of other beneficial organisms already present, bringing a natural balance back to the soil and creating a sustainable, fertile environment. Below is a success story from one of our happy customers who uses Pro-Soil: “I grow many fruits, vegetables, orchids, and many more. I have a garden with various plant species. I use the EM Microbial, or EM Pro-Soil as its fondly known, in conjunction with other organics. I wish I could see the little ones [microbes] at work. If only we could work as efficient as them. My plants love them.” Theo Efficient Microbes Pro-Soil can help reduce composting turning costs by up to 80% and prevent anaerobic, odor-causing decay. The key to efficient composting is to have healthy decomposition constantly occurring throughout the pile. In all conditions, including low oxygen and anaerobic environments, Efficient Microbes Pro-Soil facilitates healthy decomposition and increased production of stable organic matter particles (humus). It’s important to make sure your garden’s soil is ready for spring planting which is just a few months away…so get those little microbes into your soil to ensure a healthy ecosystem blooming into spring. Efficient Microbes Pro-Soil contains all of the beneficial microbes needed to replenish your soils, increase plant growth and minimize disease. Click here for more information on Efficient Microbes Pro-Soil.

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The Meaning of Literary Themes The Meaning of Literary Themes There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist must use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. to capture the interest of their readers. When reading literature, there are themes which are interpreted within the literary piece. Themes reflect innocence, experience, life, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc. Such themes present a point of a lesson learned or the particular meaning the piece was intended to communicate. The theme is usually the intended understanding of the literary piece. The theme is different from the subject or stated topic. The theme within a literary can be stated or implied as a reference to the topic or subject written about within the work that is being read. What is often mistakenly done is, the theme is misinterpreted as the subject in the literary piece, when it should be understood to be an opinion or statement of expression. Throughout this essay I will demonstrate how themes can be expressed and be identified as a reflection of expression of the author’s intent and thoughts. In addition, I will inform you of the types of themes that can be presented within a literary work. “Theme”, what is theme? Theme is the main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work. It is usually identified as a discussion, a discourse, a meditation or a composition; a unifying or dominant idea. It is important to know that not every literary work has a theme. When there is a theme within a literary work, the theme can be major or minor. The theme is reiterated over and over again by the author and can be expressed in more than one way from more than one perspective. Dominant themes might be expressed by innocence/experience, life/death, appearance/reality, free will/fate, madness/sanity, love/hate, society/individual, known/unknown. Themes may have a single, instead of a dual nature as well. The theme of a story may be a mid-life crisis, or imagination, or the duality of humankind (contradictions). A theme may be presented in more than one way in a single literary piece and it can be expressed in more than one way throughout several literary pieces. There are four ways in which an author can express themes within their literary work. The first way would be, themes are expressed and emphasized by the way the author makes us feel. In other words, by you as the reader sharing feelings of the main character you also share the ideas that go through the mind of the author. Secondly, themes are presented in thoughts and conversations. Authors put words in their character’s mouths only for good reasons. One of these reasons is to develop a story’s theme/s. Something to remember when searching for a theme within a literary piece would be, the things a person says are much on their mind. Look for thoughts that are repeated throughout the story. Another way in which theme may be expressed would be suggested through the characters of the story or composition. The main character usually illustrates the most important theme of the story. A good way to locate a theme within a literary work is to ask yourself the question, what does the main character learn throughout the course of the story? What are the course of actions that led to the conclusion and lesson learned? The actions or events in the story are used to suggest theme. People naturally express ideas and feelings through their actions. One thing authors think about is what an action will "say". In other words, how will the course of action express an idea or theme? Themes are found within short stories or novels, usually any sort of fiction. When developing a theme/s within a literary piece there are other... Cited: DiYanni, Robert. New York University, 2007. Literature, Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 6th Edition. Please join StudyMode to read the full document

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Amazing Facts about the Respiratory System The right lung is slightly larger than the left.Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as well as warming it. Sometimes you may find yourself panting after engaging in an activity that was barely.An unhealthy respiratory system deprives the body of the most important nutrient of all.The Respiratory System is a very important part of an organisms lifestyle.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a. or hypohydration as a risk factor of broncho-pulmonary disorders. the respiratory system:.In the lungs, oxygen from the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide.The respiratory system uses the lungs, blood, heart, veins and arteries to take in oxygen. The Lung in Chinese Medicine | Meridian PressOnline shopping for Respiratory and other natural vitamin supplements at the lowest price. respiratory system facts, information, picturesSign up for our Wellness Wire newsletter for all sorts of nutrition, fitness, and wellness wisdom.This lesson explores the digestive system, looks at where nutrients come from and their importance for particular tasks in the body. Dave's Respiratory Formula - Dave's Health & Nutrition Understanding Exercise, Diet and Lung Disease Respiratory System Labeling Interactive - PurposeGames.com Respiratory System Quizzes | Anatomy and PhysiologyRespiratory failure occurs when pulmonary system is unable to perform its functions. Get information, facts, and pictures about respiration at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about respiration easy with credible articles. An overview of the clinical impact of malnutrition in patients with cancer in.The major parts of the respiratory system. are the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs. Unit 1 — Animal Nutrition and Digestion.The respiratory system includes the nose, lungs and pipe-like organs which connect them enable breathing and removal of waste products like carbon dioxide.On Jun 1, 2001 A.M.W.J. Schols published: Nutrition and respiratory disease.Nutrition in Humans. Ventilation and respiration as contributing processes to human nutrition. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study.Your respiratory system is responsible for supplying your blood with oxygen.Respiration, Digestion, and Excretion questions for your custom printable tests and worksheets. The Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system.Study online flashcards and notes for Quick Reference- Nutrition in Respiratory Disease.doc including. and you need an active immune system in airways to protect.Im explain the function of respiratory system and excretory system.

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When asked to define jazz, both Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington independently responded that the only real dividing line between music is "good or bad." Jazz is the good kind of music. Born in New Orleans and nurtured by almost every region of the US and the globe, jazz originally combined African rhythm, European harmony, and the blues. Armstrong, an improvisational genius, defines the solo virtuoso in jazz, while Ellington stands as the quintessential bandleader/composer who balanced group interplay and personal expression. Jazz informed the swing era, the smaller bop groups and vocal stars of the 1950s and '60s, Latin and global jazz, '70s fusion, European improvisation, various avant-garde scenes, modern neo-bop and more.

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Pesticides are more potent at proper pH Have you ever had pesticides that seemed less than effective? It could be due to the pH of the carrier solution. Many greenhouse owners are very careful and deliberate when choosing which pesticides to use on pests. If they’ve chosen a product that has either been recommended by Michigan State University Extension or has been effective for many other greenhouse operations, but has not been very effective in their own operation, they may assume the pests in their greenhouse are resistant to the chosen chemistry. While this may certainly be the case, double check the pH of your water isn’t the real culprit. pH is a measure of the hydrogen ions in solution and is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral (Figure 1). A pH of less than 7 is acidic while a pH greater than 7 is basic or alkaline. If water is alkaline (greater than 7), then a process called alkaline hydrolysis may occur to pesticides or plant growth regulators mixed into it that breaks the active ingredient down, resulting in a product that is not as effective, or possibly even phytotoxic to plants. As a general rule, insecticides and miticides are more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis than are fungicides. The ideal water pH for most pesticides is between 5.0 and 6.5 (Figure 2). However, always read the pesticide label for precise recommendations for that specific chemistry. To modify the carrier water pH, add an acidifying or buffering agent to the water before adding the pesticide. Also, depending on your water source, the pH can change over a period of time (years or even within a season), so test the pH of your water frequently. To ensure mixed pesticides are as effective as they can be (i.e., to limit the risk of breaking down in solution), always use the mixture as soon as possible (within six hours). Like many pesticides, [this products] stability may be impacted by high pH and high temperature. For optimum performance, maintain spray mixtures containing [this product] within a range of pH 5.5 to 6.5. This product can be combined safely and effectively at recommended dosage rates with most commonly used fungicides and insecticides, with the exception of oil and strongly alkaline materials. Alkaline materials will reduce the fungicidal activity of this product.

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Hydrogen Iodide (HI) is a nonflammable gas that in aqueous solution forms a strong acid. It is formed from hydrogen and iodine vapor over a catalyst. It is toxic and acts as an irritant to skin. Its main uses are in the pharmaceutical industry. |Molecular weight:127.91||Critical temperature: 424 K| |Melting point: 222.4 K||Critical pressure: 8.3 MPa| |Normal boiling point: 237.6 K||Critical density: 976 kg/m3| |(Normal vapor density: 5.71 kg/m3 )| |(@ 0°C, 101.3 kPa)|

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How to Write a Speech for the Principles of Public Speaking DSST This page shows you how to write a speech for the Principles of Public Speaking DSST. If you've come here looking for that study guide, simply click on the name to go to the first page. For all you folks who just came from that page, let's get started! How the Speech Portion Works Once you're done with the question portion, the proctor will give you a speech topic as well as the audience you'll be responsible for influencing. Listing the actual topics that appear on the exam breaks quite a few rules, so I'm not going to do it. However, if you'd like to see some pretty close examples, you can find them on this very helpful InstantCert thread. The audience is also important, so be sure to get that information from your proctor. You'll get 10 minutes to prepare a 3 to 5 minute persuasive speech. That's not a whole lot of time, but I'll show you how to make the most of it in just a minute. You're going to give the speech into a recording device. What that device is depends on the testing center. As long as it's on a cassette tape, there doesn't seem to be any standard. So it may be a walkman, or a tabletop cassette player, or in one experience I read about, a microphone hooked to an AV deck. Once it's recorded, the speech is graded by a teacher at an accredited facility and is given a either a passing or failing grade. Here's how the speech itself is graded: |20%||Effect and Persuasiveness| |10%||Language and Style| If you look at the above list, you'll see that the actual speaking only counts for 35% of the total speech (Delivery and Language/Style). As long as you nail the preparation portion, you'll be well on your way to passing. If the idea of giving a speech worries you, just remind yourself that most of this portion relies on writing, not speaking. The fact sheet also mentions a few ways to automatically fail the speech portion. Let's take a look at those so we know what not to do. - Having a speech last less than 3 minutes or longer than 5 minutes. - Editing (By this I'm guessing they mean not following the speech outline) - Topic not addressed - Failure to take a position (After all, it's a persuasive speech) - Took several positions (Pick one position and stick with it) Pretty common sense stuff, right? Nothing to get too worried about. The time limit tends to worry people, but we're going to go over how to make that a non-issue in just a few minutes. For now, let's talk about that speech preparation. Unless you're a speed writer (or practice shorthand in your spare time) it's a safe bet that the 10 minutes will not be enough time for you to write out a good 3-5 minute speech. That's where the speech outline comes in. If you don't know how to make a speech outline, then you need to go back to the question portion and read those free resources. Seriously.. You'll likely get a few questions about them. How to Write a Speech There's plenty of advice on the Internet on how to write a speech outline. I'm going to share with you how I do it, but if you find a way that feels more naturally elsewhere, please feel free to use it. For the purposes of this study guide, the following topic and audience will be used: Topic - "Children should only be served pancakes, eggs and toast every morning for breakfast." Audience - A mixed gender audience of people in their 20's-30's. Yes, it's ridiculous but I wanted something easy. ;) Chances are good that your topic will be of a bit more serious slant. The first thing you'll need to do is to pick a side. You either agree with the above statement or not. Keep in mind your target audience. Try to think about how you can use their age, gender, education level, etc to come up with reasons to support your chosen side. Once you've got your side, you'll need to get writing. Breaking down the speech Anytime I'm given a large task, I try to break it down into smaller steps. In this case, our task is to give a 3-5 minute speech. To get started, let's break down the speech itself. Once again, this my way of doing this. If you already have a preferred method of how to write a speech, please feel free to disregard. Both my speeches and essays always follow the same format - - Body (Main Point 1) - Body (Main Point 2) - Body (Main Point 3) The three points in the body can take whatever shape the speech or essay calls for. For persuasive speeches, I try to make them my killer points. Remember, in a persuasive speech, just talking about the topic isn't going to be enough. You'll need to have those killer points to show why you're right, and the other view is wrong. Now that we've broken down the speech, we need to assign times to each section. Since we have between three and five minutes to give this speech, let's make 4 minutes our target. That gives us the largest buffer each way. If we wanted to assign the times equally, it would be 48 seconds for each part of our speech. We could do that, but for this I would suggest you just use 30 seconds for the Intro and Conclusion and give each body point a full minute. My reasoning is this - Most people, once they get going, tend to talk really fast during a speech. At the beginning it's easy to remember to speak slowly. At the end, you're watching the clock and trying to draw that conclusion out if you need to. It's always the middle that people end up burning through. Because of this, I've found it better to start with a full minute for each point. Even if you finish each main point in 45 seconds, you'll still be good on time and can milk the conclusion a bit to get closer to your target. Our timeline now looks like this: - Introduction - 30 seconds - Body (Main Point 1) - 1 minute - Body (Main Point 2) - 1 minute - Body (Main Point 3) - 1 minute - Conclusion - 30 seconds Grand Total - 4 Minutes All of the above doesn't count towards your time. If you know the length of the speech (and we do), and you know what type of speech (and we do), then you can figure out a timeline for each section of the speech before you ever walk into the testing center (and we did!) Preparing your speech Here's where you start getting timed. Once you have that topic and audience and the proctor says "Go!" you've got ten minutes worth of preparation. The good news? That's plenty of time. We're going to argue against the topic in this example. First step is going to be identifying our three main points. You may ask why not the intro and the conclusion first, but trust me on this. Intro's and conclusions are easy to come up with, and we want to give the body the time it deserves. Earlier I mentioned that the three main points are our killers. They're the main reason we're right and the other view is wrong. For that reason, they need to be well thought out and strong (hard to argue with). So now's the time to brainstorm - Why shouldn't we only serve pancakes, eggs, and toast every morning to our children? Hmm, let's see.... - Lack of Variety - Preparation time - Food shortages Okay, those were brainstormed in about the time that it took to type them. I took a few extra seconds on that last one, and I think it's obvious.. Food shortages? Really Justin? Thankfully, we only need three main topics, so we're going to choose the best of those listed. Let's go with Nutrition, Lack of Variety, and Preparation Time. All three are hard to argue with. Allergies could be grouped as a danger of Lack of Variety. The Preparation Time could be countered by someone saying "The children are worth the time!", but we'll counter that by offering healthier alternatives that are also quicker to prepare. Now that we've got our three main topics, it's time to flesh them out. This should be easy enough for everyone. If you find yourself lagging behind that minute mark on a topic, you can fill those missing seconds by either telling a personal story or confronting an argument that the other side would make against your point. For example - If you're on the Nutrition point and running out of steam, you can tell them about the time you ate a huge pancake breakfast at McDonalds and only afterwards found out how many calories were in those three, tiny pancakes. Oh the horror! Or, you can argue that while some may say there are healthy versions of the pancakes, eggs, and toast available, the cost of those are significantly higher than most people would be willing to pay when there are cheaper alternatives available... Fill that time! Once you get the three main points down, it's time for the introduction and conclusion sections. The introduction is the simplest part of the speech and super easy to fill 30 seconds. In a persuasive speech, you're going to want to introduce yourself, introduce the topic, and establish credibility or rapport with the audience. Wrap things up by identifying the three main topics in your body. I think you can get 30 seconds out of all that, don't you? Using our topic and audience from above, I'd probably start off like this - "Hello! My name is Justin and today I'll be talking about a very important topic. Now you may have heard of the recent views that we should serve children the same pancakes, eggs, and toast every morning for breakfast. I'm here to argue against that view, and hopefully persuade everyone here that there are better ways of serving breakfast to the children of the world. We were once children ourselves, and many of you here may have children of your own. It's a topic that touches all of us in one way or the other. Today I'm going to show you that serving only those foods to our children for breakfast is unhealthy, boring, and is an inefficient use of your time in the morning." I usually try to come up with an earth shattering statement at the beginning of these, just to wake up the audience. I have to admit, I came up blank on this topic. Hard to be earth shattering about pancakes in 30 seconds or less. :P If you can work in a sentence to make them sit up and take notice, please do. In the mean time, we introduced ourselves, introduced the topic, took our stand on the topic, and tried to establish rapport taking into account our audiences age (probably has young children). We also introduced our main points, and left us well-positioned to roll into that personal story for the first point. Simple stuff, right? The conclusion is the same as the intro. You want to review your points, give them a worse case scenario of what happens if your view isn't followed, a best case if it is, and then thank the audience for it's time. Another easy 30 seconds. Since I've already typed a small novel, here's another example. "Today I've shown you that nutritionally, our children need more than just those three foods to get them through the day. I've also shown you that our children need as much variety in foods as we can give them growing up. The food we introduce them to today may remain a favorite for years to come. Finally, I've shown that there are cheaper and more time-efficient ways of preparing a healthy, varied breakfast than serving the same three boring and unhealthy foods. In closing, I hope that everyone can agree that our children need, no, deserve more than just those three foods for breakfast. We don't want a world full of unhealthy, unhappy children do we? Of course not, we want our children to be healthy and living life to the fullest; and that's my goal here today. Please join me in making sure that happens. Thank you for your time. " Now you're probably thinking to yourself, "Man, he's so full of it!" and you'd be right. ;) Nobody says this can't be a fun thing to do. Ham it up! Be as eloquent or verbose as you want to. The fact that you're having fun will come across when you're recording the speech, and provided that your points are well thought out, can only help you when it comes to grading your language and style. That's it! We've created an outline for our speech in five or six minutes max. Here's what my outline would look like using the above. - Introduction - 30 seconds - Introduce Myself - Introduce Topic - Introduce Killer Points - Nutrition (Main Point 1) - 1 minute - Personal Story of McDonalds Horror! - Childhood Obesity in the US and need for nutrition - The Anti-Healthy Pancake Triad Argument - Lack of Variety (Main Point 2) - 1 minute - Personal story of loving pancakes when little but sick of them when too many are eaten. - Taste buds dying over lifetime, experience now! (Children allergic to one of those foods) - The Anti-Give them only what they want argument - Preparation Time (Main Point 3) - 1 minute - Give a scenario of getting kids ready for school in the morning. - Alternatives that are healthier, cheaper, and quicker to prepare. - The Anti-Children are worth the time argument - Conclusion - 30 seconds - Review Points - Worst Case Scenario - Best Case Scenario - Tie your points to it - Thank Audience Easy stuff! You'll get to practice yourself on the next page. I've set up some examples for you to use. Delivering Your Speech This will be a quick section, I promise. You probably want to practice on your own, so let me just hit a few things to watch out for, and I'll let you get to it. First of all, you're giving the speech to the recorder, not the proctor. You don't need to worry about rocking from side to side, hand gestures, or any of the other fun stuff that comes with a Toastmaster meeting. Knowing that, the only thing you really need to pay attention to is your time, talking points, and tone of voice. Most of this is going to be off-the-cuff which is fine as long as you stick to your talking points. Keep your voice conversational and friendly. Try to imagine your audience in front of you. You're just having a conversation with a bunch of people; trying to change their opinions on a certain subject. I'll spare you the suspense now.. Something is going to go wrong. It's a rare speech that something doesn't happen. You'll mix up your words, stumble, whatever. It doesn't matter. Just pick it up and act like it never happened. You'll get more points from your grader doing that than if you hesitate or just stop. Work it into your speech if you can. If you cough or sneeze, say something with a smile, like, "Excuse me, couldn't fight it off any longer"and then go right back into your speech. Remember! The body is where the money is. If you're approaching the 2 minute mark and are rolling into your third point, you need to slow down. Draw it out a little. Start using pauses in between sentences for effect. When you hit 3 minutes you can then go to your conclusion and be perfectly safe. Use the body to pace yourself. Whoa, long study guide! Trying to explain each step was probably overkill, but I see a lot of people having issues with this and I wanted to hopefully help. The end goal is to show you how to write a speech for this exam. If there's something here that you don't understand, please use the Contact Us form at the top and let me know. We'll tweak it as many times as we need to in order to meet that goal. Don't forget! Check out our practice page for this exam. It's nothing spectacular, but will hopefully give you the tools you need to do a few dry runs before the actual exam. Or, you can head back to the home page with the below link

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Improving Tuberculosis Detection in Democratic Republic of the Congo Nearly one in two cases of active tuberculosis (TB) went undetected in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2010, due to inadequate screening for the disease. In the province of Katanga, the health zone of Lubudi has low detection rate, which is attributed to a lack of involvement from community health volunteers in identifying local TB cases. Under the USAID-funded Democratic Republic of Congo-Integrated Health Project (DRC-IHP), led by Management Sciences for Health with partners the International Rescue Committee and Overseas Strategic Consulting, efforts are underway to improve the basic health conditions of the Congolese people in 80 health zones in four provinces, including increased care and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Recently, DRC-IHP offered training in the “Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course” (DOTS) approach – the globally endorsed approach by all major health organizations – for health workers in Lubudi health zone. The goal of the training was to strengthen the capacity of 32 health service providers and 59 community health volunteers, who serve a population of about 105,200 people. Through this training, 12 health facilities with trained health workers became designated centers for detection and treatment of TB, while the community volunteers were enlisted to provide support for transportation of sputum samples – part of the diagnostic test for TB – from villages that were distant from the health centers. At the conclusion of the formal training, participants were sent out to remote villages, to verify their capacity to correctly detect and identify TB cases. Seven kilometers from Lubudi, community health workers identified two young children who were likely infected with TB, a 20-month old and a 6-year-old. After sputum testing positively confirmed their illness, the children were able to begin treatment. ‘‘This is the first time we have been able to have good results from a sputum smear in a timely manner. To be able to immediately screen two cases during the period of our field testing was an excellent result,” said Dr. Robert Kabesya, the chief medical officer of the health zone. “We thank DRC-IHP for this support.’’ DRC-IHP is now supporting additional TB trainings in other health zones to strengthen the DOTS approach and integrate TB/HIV services.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://www.msh.org/news-events/stories/improving-tuberculosis-detection-in-democratic-republic-of-the-congo

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Although health is core business for hospitals, junk food and soft drinks have long dominated kiosks and vending machines that line hospital foyers and corridors. But now Queensland is leading the way with a long overdue move to ban these items, which are driving contributors to obesity, poor health and chronic disease. The ban is motivated by a call to reduce junk food advertising and availability to children. But other hospital goers will also benefit from moves to promote healthy food. Making these changes is not easy. The food and drink industry, which has long enjoyed binding contracts with hospitals, has complained that it was not consulted in the decision. Australian Beverages Council spokesperson, Geoff Parker, called the move “an insult to people’s intelligence,” arguing that “People don’t want governments snooping around in vending machines or hospital cafeterias.” But the world’s leading obesity researchers say making unhealthy foods less available is needed to address the global health crisis. The ubiquity of food that is energy dense and nutritionally poor is a clear contributor to its overconsumption. The executive summary of The Lancet’s 2015 obesity series argues that “Today’s food environments exploit people’s biological, psychological, social, and economic vulnerabilities, making it easier for them to eat unhealthy foods. “This reinforces preferences and demands for foods of poor nutritional quality, furthering the unhealthy food environments. “Regulatory actions from governments and increased efforts from industry and civil society will be necessary to break these vicious cycles.” Targeting individual behaviours does not work, the researchers contend. They say a broad environmental focus on ‘denormalising’ unhealthy food consumption is needed – much like campaigns to reduce smoking. That means changing social norms by creating an environment in which consuming unhealthy food and drinks becomes less attractive, less conventional and less accessible. When trialled, healthier vending machine food and drink options have produced successful outcomes in schools, workplaces, hospitals and health services. Evaluations of these initiatives not only reported that people bought healthier food items, but also that sales increased. Behavioural economics tells us that people don’t necessarily make decisions based on careful weighing of risks and benefits. Behaviours are influenced by emotions, identity and environment – including the options available to us. Based on this, contemporary research is considering how to ‘nudge’ people towards healthier behaviours and improve population health. When it comes to food, a grouped analysis of 42 trials in developed countries found that, on average, nudging strategies produced a 15.3% increase in healthier choices. Healthier options in hospital vending machines and kiosks may not benefit the processed food and sugary drink industry, but people’s health and wellbeing could surely profit.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://www.proportionfoods.com.au/banning-junk-food-in-hospitals/

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Hepatitis B is a type of virus that can infect the liver. Many people don’t realise they have been infected with the virus because the symptoms may not develop immediately, or even at all. It takes between 40 and 160 days for any symptoms to develop after exposure to the virus. How does hepatitis B spread? Hepatitis B can be spread through blood and body fluids such as semen and vaginal fluids, so it can be caught: *during unprotected sex, including anal and oral sex *by sharing needles to inject drugs such as heroin Hepatitis B in pregnancy A mother can also pass on the hepatitis B infection to her newborn baby, but the infection can be prevented if the baby is vaccinated immediately after birth. In England, people who are most at risk of contracting hepatitis B include: *people who inject drugs *people who change sexual partners frequently How is it diagnosed? Hepatitis B is diagnosed by a blood test that shows a positive reaction to hepatitis B surface antigen (the outer surface of the hepatitis B virus that triggers a response from your immune system). A positive result means your liver is releasing hepatitis B protein into your blood, which suggests chronic infection. Your GP may also request a liver function test. This is a blood test that measures certain enzymes and proteins in your bloodstream, which indicates whether your liver is damaged. It will often show raised levels if you are infected with the hepatitis B virus. Stages of infection In most cases, the hepatitis B virus will only stay in the body for around one to three months. This is known as acute hepatitis B. In around 1 in 20 cases in adults, the virus will stay for six months or longer, usually without causing any noticeable symptoms. This is known as chronic hepatitis B. Chronic hepatitis B is particularly common in babies and young children: 9 in 10 children infected at birth and around 1 in 5 children infected in early childhood will develop a long-term infection. People with chronic hepatitis B can still pass the virus on to other people, even if it is not causing any symptoms. Around 20% of people with chronic hepatitis B will go on to develop scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), which can take 10 to 20 years to develop, and around 1 in 10 people with cirrhosis will develop liver cancer. Who is affected? Hepatitis B is uncommon in England and cases are largely confined to certain groups, such as drug users, men who have sex with men, and certain ethnic communities (for example, South Asian, African and Chinese). There were 5,478 newly reported cases in England during 2011. In contrast, hepatitis B is common in other parts of the world, particularly east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization estimates that hepatitis B is responsible for 600,000 deaths a year worldwide. The vast majority of people infected with hepatitis B are able to fight off the virus and fully recover from the infection within a couple of months. Most people with chronic hepatitis B have very little liver damage. A small minority of people go on to develop cirrhosis of the liver and, in some cases, liver cancer. It’s therefore important to get yourself vaccinated if you fall into one of the high-risk groups for catching hepatitis B. Most people remain healthy without any symptoms while they fight off the virus. Some will not even know they have been infected. However, until the virus has been cleared from their body, they can pass it on to others. If there are any symptoms, these will develop on average 40 to 160 days after exposure to the virus and will usually pass within one to three months. Symptoms of hepatitis B include: - flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, general aches and pains, headaches and a high temperature of 38ºC (100.4ºF) or above - loss of appetite and weight loss - feeling sick - being sick Some people may experience more severe symptoms, including abdominal pain and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). Jaundice happens because your damaged liver is unable to remove bilirubin, a yellow substance in the blood that is a by-product of red blood cells. Bilirubin may also turn your urine very dark, and you may have pale stools (faeces). Chronic hepatitis B Hepatitis B is said to be chronic when you have been infected for longer than six months. The symptoms are usually much milder and tend to come and go. In many cases, people with chronic hepatitis B infection will not experience any noticeable symptoms. However, without treatment, chronic hepatitis B can lead to more serious conditions such as liver disease (inflammation) or cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) in a small number of people. Read more about complications of hepatitis B. How is it treated? If you are diagnosed with hepatitis B, it is likely that your GP or clinic will refer to you a specialist, usually a hepatologist (a liver specialist). Most people tend to be free of symptoms and recover completely within a couple of months, never going on to develop chronic hepatitis. There is usually no specific treatment for acute (short-term) Hepatitis B. Unless your symptoms are particularly severe, you should be able to manage them at home. You can take over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol and may be prescribed codeine if the pain is more severe. Nausea (feeling sick) can often be controlled with a medication called metoclopramide. If you are diagnosed as having a hepatitis B infection, you will be advised to have regular blood tests and physical check-ups. Once your symptoms get better, you will need further testing to check that you are free of the virus and have not developed chronic hepatitis B. Treating chronic hepatitis B If you have chronic hepatitis B, you will be symptom-free for much of the time. However, you may need to take medication to prevent liver damage, possibly for many years. There are now very effective medications that can suppress the virus over many years. These can slow down the damage being done to the liver, allowing the body to repair itself. However, it is unusual for this treatment to clear the virus permanently. You may also need regular tests to assess the state of your liver. This might include blood tests, an ultrasound or a FibroScan, which measures liver stiffness, and possibly a liver biopsy. This is to assess whether the virus is currently damaging the liver and how much damage has been done. The medication used to treat chronic hepatitis B will depend on whether there is evidence of ongoing liver damage. In some patients, their immune system suppresses the virus without causing damage. If your liver is shown to be working fairly well, the first treatment offered will be a drug called peginterferon alfa 2-a. Depending on the results of monitoring tests, you may need to take different medication at a later date. If your liver is showing signs of failing, or peginterferon alpha-2a is not suitable or not working for you, your doctor is likely to offer antiviral medication. This is usually tenofovir or entecavir. In some cases, treatment works well and it is possible for your immune system to regain control over hepatitis B. In this case your doctor may advise you to stop taking medication altogether. It is very important that you take your treatment as prescribed, even if you feel well or are finding side effects troublesome, as stopping treatment early can lead to drug resistance and could also lead to liver damage. Always speak to your doctor before you come off these drugs. Peginterferon alfa-2a can be used in the treatment of hepatitis B where there are very high levels of the virus. It stimulates the immune system (the body’s defence against infection) to attack the hepatitis B virus and regain control over it. The medication is usually given by injection once a week over 12 months. Your doctor will be able to tell whether the treatment is likely to work for you during tests at three and six months. They may suggest an alternative antiviral if the treatment is not working. It’s common to experience flu-like symptoms such as a high temperature and muscle and joint pain after beginning to take peginterferon alfa-2a. Taking paracetamol can often help relieve these side effects and they should get better with time. However, in some people peginterferon alfa-2a can cause a wide range of persistent and unpleasant side effects. This may mean that treatment needs to be withdrawn and an alternative antiviral will need to be used. If you start to feel any uncomfortable side effects, discuss this with your doctor or nurse. Tenofovir is available in tablet form and should usually be taken with food. Side effects of tenofovir include: - feeling sick - being sick - skin rash - feeling weak - in rare cases, kidney problems Entecavir is available as a tablet. Side effects of entecavir include: - being sick - feeling sick If you feel dizzy, avoid driving or using tools or machinery. A rare but serious side effect that can occur with tenofovir and entecavir is that the medication can cause a build-up of lactic acid in your blood. This is known as lactic acidosis and is potentially serious if left untreated. Initial warning signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis include: - feeling very weak or tired - having unusual muscle pain - breathing difficulties - having stomach pain, along with feeling or being sick - feeling unusually cold, especially in your arms and legs - feeling dizzy or lightheaded - having a fast or irregular heartbeat If you experience any of these warning signs and symptoms, contact the doctor in charge of your care for advice. Can it be prevented? There is a vaccine thought to be 95% effective in preventing hepatitis B. Because of the relative rarity of hepatitis B in England, the vaccine is not given as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule. Vaccination would usually only be recommended for people in high-risk groups, such as: *people who inject drugs or have a sexual partner who injects drugs *people who change their sexual partner frequently *people travelling to or from a part of the world where hepatitis B is widespread *healthcare workers who may have come into contact with the virus *Pregnant women are also screened for hepatitis B. If they are infected, their baby can be vaccinated shortly after birth to prevent them also becoming infected.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://www.sexualhealthknowsley.nhs.uk/stis/hepatitis-b/

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The Florida mouse and gopher tortoise have been in a serious relationship for thousands of years. Theirs is a commensal one: The Florida mouse uses the gopher tortoise’s burrow as shelter from the heat, but the tortoise gains nothing. Once a Florida mouse has found a gopher tortoise burrow, it will dig a side passageway or nest chamber off the main tunnel and make itself at home. Research does not always support these relationships lasting over long periods of time. But a recent study conducted by museum researchers and published in the Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History revealed that these two species have been linked for at least 1.35 million years…

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

http://www.tort-time.org/2017/10/10/odd-couple-florida-mouse-gopher-tortoise-have-been-rooming-for-centuries/

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One of our conservators, suited up for work. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. When you tell people that you work at the museum, most will assume that you are a curator. Little do they realise that there are many other career paths in the cultural sector. Indeed, few teenagers would be advised by their guidance counsellor to study materials science at university. But those unfortunate souls will never get the chance to wear a onesie at work. Object conservators specialise in the preservation, treatment and care of three-dimensional and mixed-media objects. In the collection, our conservators work on a wide range of objects including cannons, boats, model ships, swimsuits, canoes, glass-plate negatives, ethnographic items, marine archaeological objects and paintings. The diverse nature of the collection means our conservators often have to employ a range of preventative measures and treatment methodologies to look after a single collection item. Dismantling Shackleton: Escape from Antarctica was a normal day for our object conservators. The objects were on loan from Museum Victoria and they were wonderful additions to bring the story of Shackleton’s epic Antarctic escape to life. Several of the taxidermy specimens required the team to don filtered masks and hazmat suits. As one conservator called it, ‘the science onesie: which is the only acceptable type of onesie’. Albatross. Image: Kate Pentecost /ANMM. Seal. Image: Kate Pentecost /ANMM. Collection of penguins. Image: Kate Pentecost /ANMM. Detail of the taxidermy. Image: Kate Pentecost /ANMM. Dog. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. These specimens were over fifty years old and had been created with a series of treatments to keep insects away. Such treatments used hazardous chemicals including lead, arsenic, mercury and bromine. Decades later, these treatments are still rather effective at keeping the bugs away – and can still be harmful to humans if the proper safety precautions aren’t followed. Hence the need for a science onesie. After condition reporting the objects, our conservators suited up. Their Tyvek coveralls are made from a flash-spun, high-density polyethylene which provides a barrier against hazardous dry particles, aerosols and light liquid splashes. The outfits were completed by half-face respirators with particle filters. Removing the objects from display was a delicate and time-consuming job. Each step required planning and consideration of how best to move the objects from their plinths and sliding the objects into their specialised packing crates. Packing the seal into the custom crate. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. Careful movement of the specimens. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. Team work. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. More team work. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. Each create is specially made for the specimens. Images: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. Sliding the final specimen into its crate. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. Closing the crates. Image: Kate Pentecost / ANMM. Team work, coordination and communication are key qualities of an object conservator on jobs such as this, especially when you and your co-worker are handling a 100-year-old albatross while wearing a suit that doesn’t breathe, a mask which muffles your voice and cumbersome oversized gloves protecting your hands. But our conservators are talented professionals with great passion for their jobs. They ensured that the operation ran smoothly. The objects are now safely in their crates ahead of their return to Museum Victoria. Object conservation is a vital skill for the care of our collection. Materials science is an intriguing field of study with unique job opportunities. Suiting up to move a taxidermy penguin is certainly a fascinating day on the job. – Kate Pentecost, Digital Curator If you wish to get up close to our collection but without wearing a onesie, head over to our Google Cultural Institute page.

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This is a story about a young woman whose deeply bedded passion for geology led her on a journey of a lifetime. All her life she’s held an interest for rocks. Perhaps this is because her mother had a business called, Nature’s Treasure Chest, where she would sell agates, rocks, jewelry made out of crystals, and even clocks. Ah, yes, this little girl loved looking at rocks but she didn’t know much about them. Still she collected all the rocks she could at the beach, the lake, and even in parking lots from the planters. At first her parents thought it was cute until soon everything was filled with rocks! What they didn’t know was their little rock collector would find her way to Santorini, Greece collecting more rocks. Cape Mavropetra, Santorini is the place where she’d be. The beach littered with all the rock types seen throughout Santorini. Why is this? Keep reading and you’ll find out! From Washington D.C. she flew to Denmark then Athens all by herself. Leaving the port from Athens she embarked on a journey that would feed her love for geology and broaden her cultural horizons. Was she nervous? Of course, but that didn’t stop her for she had so much force. After nearly a month on Santorini her journal filled with content of the island’s volcanic history. It was as if she was reading a book, each new day brought one more new page to Santorini. Cape Mavropetra, located on the north shore of Thera, and one of the last pieces to the puzzle. She wrote down her notes as fast as she could, worried that the humidity would ruin the pages in her journal or that she might miss something the professor said. “Phase 4” she wrote down, the last phase of the Minoan eruption. It finally clicked to her what had caused all the destruction. “A phase represents different eruption characteristics. Changes in the vent of a volcano cause changes on the landscape.” She wrote. Phase 4 of the Minoan eruption represents the caldera collapse. Excitement filled her notebook as she wrote down every word. The phases leading up to this one are all unique, but for this girl, phase 4 hit the peak. To be more specific phase 4 is split into two. There are lumpers and splitters in geology, don’t ask why, it’s just what they do. Phase 4a contains more lithic fragments than any other phase. This is an indicator that the volcanic vent was being excavated and was on the verge of collapsing. All the different rock types found on the island can be pinpointed on north eastern shores of Thera. At first the young woman didn’t quite understand. How can plutonic rocks (rocks at considerable depth) be brought up to the surface? She was told to think of a soda bottle. If shaken vigorously the carbonation will fizz immensely once the cap is removed. Most of the soda is lost unfortunately but this analogy proved to be true. “Ah-ha!” She exclaimed. The reasoning for all the rock types found at Cape Mavropetra finally became clear. She was so thrilled that she might have even shed a tear. But the story wasn’t complete, there was much more to learn, for phase 4b took quite the turn. In phase 4b, the caldera collapses sending an eruption column of volcanic material presumably 50 km into the atmosphere. This was it, “the grand finale of the Minoan eruption,” she wrote. The hair on her arms sprung up as if she were in defense mode. Learning about phase 4b was like watching a suspenseful film. Her penmanship was legible only for the fact that she was sitting down while writing them. The explosion was caused by magmatic gases being fully exposed to atmospheric pressures due to the overlying material being blown out in phase 4a. This eruption, approximately 3600 years ago, is the second largest eruption in human history following Krakatoa in 1883. Rocks are no boring subject to this young woman. Once she learned the volcanic history of Santorini her whole perception of the Hellenic arc changed. Upon arriving at Cape Mavropetra she was given the task to collect all the different rock types that she could. Of course to her, there couldn’t have been a better task. Cape Mavropetra isn’t just any ordinary beach. The rocks littering this beach are full of meaning and significance to the Minoan eruption. As mentioned earlier, the rocks found at Cape Mavropetra are a representation of all the rocks throughout Santorini. This is why Santorini has many types of beaches, such as Red Beach which is made out of cinders. Without the collapse of the caldera the lithic lag forming Cape Mavropetra wouldn’t exist. “Each rock represents a phase and/or time of Santorini.” From the basement rock of limestone to the youngest basalt, it is all seen at Cape Mavropetra. Once asked to collect the different rock types there was no hesitation from her. Each step she took she bent down to pick up another rock. “Oh, look at this one!” She exclaimed at almost every rock. Not that she was talking to anyone but rather just thinking out loud. The look of amazement draped over her face as she picked up rocks that she had never seen outside of the classroom. After about 10 minutes of collecting the different rock types the class gathered and compared all the rocks. Scoria, schist, pumice, pumiceous rhyolite, limestone, andesite, bombs, breccia, conglomerates, basalt, and dacite were the rocks that the class came up with. What does this mean? What is so fascinating about this variety of rocks? Well, as any geologist or future geologist is born to say, rocks matter! Each one of these rocks has specific conditions in which it forms under such as pressure and temperature. When the caldera collapsed it forced out all of these rocks from those specific conditions and previous volcanic events. “Limestone is the basement rock of Santorini. In other words, it was the first rock to comprise Santorini before volcanism.” She wrote in her journal noting that it was one of her favorite rocks collected at Cape Mavropetra. Limestone forms in shallow marine environments and is preserved in the rock record. “The reason we see limestone at the top of Mt. Profitas Ilias, the highest point on Santorini, is because of the normal faults forming grabens and horsts.” Grabens and horsts can be thought of by three blocks undergoing extensional stress causing the two outer blocks to slip downward relative to the center block, Fig. 5. The sample of limestone that caught the young woman’s eye is angularly shaped with a mix of grey, white, and reddish pink hues. Fascinated by the limestone she made sure to set it aside for further examination. As she continued to hurry with her notes to not miss anything she emphasized on the definitions of breccia and conglomerate. Seeing how these two rocks are similar in many ways she didn’t want to get them mixed up. “Breccia, angular clasts within a matrix and conglomerate, rounded clasts within a matrix.” Seems simple but what else sets these two rocks apart from one another other than the shape of their clasts? Origins. Both Breccia and conglomerates are clastic sedimentary rocks but breccia can also have originated from igneous processes. Lastly, one rock she was having trouble identifying was green schist. As soon as she realized what rock specimen she was holding in her hand a large grin began to take over her face. Green schist is a low grade metamorphic rock meaning that it forms under low pressures and temperatures. On Santorini schist can be found under the Cape Riva Tuff. A steep yet rewarding hike down to Cape Plaka is an excellent place to view the schist. At the end of the day when the class departed Cape Mavropetra she couldn’t help but think how this was her favorite location on Santorini. To any other person this could have just been another ordinary beach, though it isn’t meant for swimming or tanning. There was a lithic lag outcrop measuring approximately 7.5 m high and a cobble beach. As the saying goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. The beauty of this beach is definitely in the eye of the young woman who measured its outcrop and gazed out to sea on the rocks representing all of Santorini’s history. “What force must have been fueling the Minoan eruption?” She thought. In ways it’s almost unimaginable to think of what it was like here on Santorini about 3600 years ago on the day of the Minoan eruption. The journey for her has come to an end now. Not sure of when or if she’ll return, one thing is certain, she’s got her journal and pockets full of rocks to bring back with her.

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