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Part five of the Ghanaian Handicraft series. As in many cultures, pottery is made from clay in Ghana. Yet as a craft it is hard to find here, largely because it is considered utilitarian, with a market that’s almost completely domestic. People use the pots, bowls, and vessels in everyday life. Unlike other handicraft that is created at some distance from the source of the raw materials, potting happens close to the river banks that provide the clay, presumably because it’s a pain to move large quantities of the dense, wet material. We visited the tiny village of Nfensi and were taken to their river. It was one of those glad-I-took-my-malaria-meds moments. (Luckily we were there during the daytime, before the virus-toting Anopheles skeeters come out.) Once hauled up from the water the clay is pounded repeatedly to loosen it up. (The pounder uses the same tool that smashes open yam and cassava for fufu, incidentally.) There’s a further step of kneeding, then the potter slices off as much clay as he’ll need and slaps it on the wheel. The potter’s wheel is completely manual. One guy cranks it while the master shapes the clay. It happens so quickly and effortlessly — probably not surprising given that they turn out approximately 1,000 items every three days. Once dried, the clay objects are prepared for the igloo-shaped kiln. It’s infernally hot around the oven which the artisans actually walk into to stack the clay pots. Then the “door” to the oven is bricked up and the fire is allowed to go for a few days. The door gets broken back down and out come the finished, though unadorned pieces. There is an export market that consumes larger, more finely decorated pieces, but it is overshadowed by the more “traditional” wooden export market. To many Westerners, Africa means wood carvings (masks, statues, etc). But those consumers who are interested in owning the most “real” African goods — what one study calls “authenticity buyers” — might look to pottery as an alternative. More clay pottery video here.

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Facts about Owosso, Michigan Owosso is a city in Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 15,194 at the 2010 census. The city is located on the eastern side of Owosso Township, but is politically independent. The city was named after Chief Wasso, an Ojibwa leader of the Shiawassee area.. Owosso is the largest city in Shiawassee County. Alfred L. and Benjamin O. Williams were early settlers to the town. They drew Elias Comstock, who built the first permanent home in the settlement. Owosso was incorporated as a city in 1859 at which time it had 1000 people. It had never had a period as a village. The town's first mayor was Amos Gould, a judge originally from New York. In 1876, it organized its fire department. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.37 square miles (13.91 km²), of which 5.23 square miles (13.55 km²) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km²) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,194 people, 6,161 households, and 3,779 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,905.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,121.7/km²). There were 6,823 housing units at an average density of 1,304.6 per square mile (503.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 0.8% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population. Serving Owosso, Michigan Bio-One services all types of trauma, distressed property, and biohazard scenes in communities throughout the Detroit Area. We partner with local authorities, communities, emergency services personnel, victim services groups, hoarding task forces, apartment complexes, insurance companies and others to provide the most efficient and superior service possible. We are your crime scene cleaners dedicated to assisting law enforcement, public service agencies and property owners/managers in restoring property that has been contaminated as a result of crime, disaster or misuse. - We have fielded thousands of calls and recovered just about any situation out there in a professional and compassionate matter. - We are Licensed, Bonded, and Insured. - We maintain strict adherence to OSHA rules and regulations to ensure the safety of our workers, the public, and of you and your family. - We are proud to have a great working relationship with the Police, Fire, and most Insurance Agencies.

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If you have Coronavirus symptoms… If you have been tested for Coronavirus and have a positive result, or have symptoms (as per those below), you must self isolate for 10 days. If you can, use a separate bathroom and do not mix with others in your household. Family members in your house must also self isolate for 14 days. As a reminder, the symptoms are as follows: - a new continuous cough - loss or change in your normal sense of smell or taste Like the common cold, coronavirus infection usually occurs through close contact with a person with novel coronavirus via cough and sneezes or hand contact. A person can also be infected by touching contaminated surfaces if they do not wash their hands. Everyone is being reminded to follow Public Health England advice to: - Always carry tissues with you and use them to catch your cough or sneeze. Then bin the tissue, and wash your hands, or use a sanitiser gel. - Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after using public transport. Use a sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available. - Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands. - Avoid close contact with people who are unwell. You can find the latest information and advice from Public Health England at www.gov.uk/coronavirus The public has a crucial role to play in containing the spread of the virus. Washing your hands more often, for 20 seconds. Use soap and water or a hand sanitiser when you: get home of into work, blow your nose, sneeze or cough, eat or handle food. Protect yourself and others. So in summary, you should only leave your home: - to shop for basic essentials – when you really need to - to exercise – such as a run, walk or cycle, alone or with other people you live with - for any medical need – for example, to visit a pharmacy or deliver essential supplies to a vulnerable person - to work if it is safe to do so and you cannot work from home And always stay 2 metres apart. You can follow our Coronavirus Doncaster updates on social media – for the latest information from all organisations in Doncaster:

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Article body copy “Can you see anything?” Henry Carter was asked in 1923 as he peered into King Tutankhamun’s tomb. “Yes,” he replied, “wonderful things.” This column explores other wonderful things—intriguing artifacts or technologies that give insight into coastal cultures. Around the turn of the 20th century, an unscrupulous American sea captain acquired this unusual blue hunter’s hat on Kodiak Island, just off the southern Alaska coast. D.F. Tozier was an officer in the US Revenue Service, and, according to reports, he amassed a large collection of Northwest Coast artifacts, often by stealing the things he coveted or intimidating reluctant sellers. No one knows just how Tozier laid hands on this hunter’s hat, now in the collection of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC. The Alutiiq people of Kodiak Island were masters of northern coastal waters: they speared sea lions and hunted whales with poison-tipped harpoons. They passed down their hunting hats from one generation to the next as cherished family heirlooms. Whoever made this particular hat adorned it with beautiful things from the sea. Long white dentalium shells gleam from the brim, and two small bundles of sea lion whiskers perch below the crown, a reminder of the intimate connection between the hunter and his prey. But the most stunning part of this hat is its rich royal-blue color. Where did the Alutiiq find this dye? Melonie Ancheta, a Washington State artist who specializes in the study of Northwest Coast Native pigments and paints, says that the Alutiiq and many of their coastal neighbors traditionally used vivianite, a blue clay found along the Northwest Coast. But the hunter’s hat bears no trace of that substance, Ancheta says. Instead, the maker chose something completely different: a laundry bluing product, such as Reckitt’s or Mrs. Stewart’s, which had a blue dye that made dingy whites appear as cleaner and brighter. “On this hat it was probably used full strength to provide such a saturated color,” writes Ancheta in an email to Hakai Magazine. Early foreign merchants or traders likely brought laundry bluing to Kodiak Island, and the Alutiiq were quick to see a new, useful purpose for the product. They had learned long before that the key to survival along the Alaska coast lay in adaptability. In this hunter’s hat, they simply adapted again.

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When our three-year-old daughter, Jane, was diagnosed with stage IV Wilms tumor (a pediatric kidney cancer), our eyes were opened to some harsh realities:* Cancer kills more kids than all other diseases combined. One in 285 children in the US will be diagnosed with cancer before they’re 20 years old. Nearly 700 children every single day are diagnosed with cancer worldwide. About thirty-five percent of children diagnosed with cancer will die within 30 years of diagnosis. Add 30 years to your child's age -- is that long enough? Yet pharmaceutical companies spend almost nothing on research and development because there aren't enough sick kids to make it profitable. And there is scant government funding. The NIH allocates less than 4% of cancer research budget to childhood cancers -- and that's for ALL childhood cancers. We realized children battling cancer need some magic. Magic born from the dreams, hard work and dedication of the visionary doctors and scientists at Seattle Children’s Hospital. Immunotherapy offers kids a better cure. One free of life-long chronic and possibly fatal health challenges brought on by the toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation. Working in the most collaborative research community in the country, our team believe they have the science and the track record, all they lack are the funds to bring this treatment to more young patients. ImmunoMomentum! was founded to accelerate this world-class immunotherapy research.

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Lead and Copper Rule The purpose of the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is to protect public health by minimizing lead and copper levels in drinking water. Lead and copper enter drinking water mainly from corrosion of lead and copper containing plumbing materials. The rule establishes action levels (AL) for lead and copper based on a 90th percentile level of tap water samples. An action level exceedance is not a violation but triggers other requirements to minimize exposure to lead and copper in drinking water, including water quality parameter monitoring, corrosion control treatment, source water monitoring/treatment, public education, and lead service line replacement. All community water supplies and nontransient noncommunity water supplies are subject to the LCR requirements. Lead and Copper Tap Sampling Sample Site Selection Site selection criteria were updated in 2018 to place more emphasis on sites with lead service lines. Review the updated sample site selection criteria to confirm the sites in your sampling pool still meet proper tiering criteria. Lead and Copper Sampling Plan (Sampling Pool) Water supplies must submit to EGLE a Sampling Plan that contains a pool of properly tiered lead and copper tap sampling sites. Sampling Plan Instructions and Guidance - Steps for Completing the Lead and Copper Sampling Plan (PDF) - March 2019 - Site Selection and Sampling Plan Memo (PDF) Sampling Plan Forms Tap Sampling Checklist To avoid missing steps or deadlines, use this checklist as you prepare for and conduct lead and copper tap sampling and report results to EGLE. Samples MUST be collected according to very specific instructions. Water supplies may use the following instructions to inform operators and/or homeowners on proper sample collection Sites WITHOUT lead service lines Sites WITH lead service lines Lead and Copper Report and Consumer Notice Certificate - Form A - Supplies WITH lead service lines: Form A (PDF) and Form A (Word) - Form B - Supplies WITHOUT lead service lines: Form B (PDF) and Form B (Word) Water Quality Parameter (WQP) Tap Sampling Use these WQP report templates to report sampling results to EGLE. Choose the appropriate template based upon whether or not your system has corrosion control treatment. - Water Quality Parameter Report for Systems WITH Corrosion Control Treatment (Word) - Water Quality Parameter Report for Systems WITHOUT Corrosion Control Treatment (Word) Distribution System Materials Inventory (DSMI) Preliminary DSMI Information Preliminary DSMI Videos Preliminary DMSI Forms Complete DSMI Information Service Line Information Building owner/occupant service line material notification - Service line material notification guidance - Template notice of KNOWN lead service line: Notice 1 (PDF) Notice 1 (Word) - Template notice of LIKELY lead service line: Notice 2 (PDF) Notice 2 (Word) - Template of UNKNOWN service line material: Notice 3 (PDF) Notice 3 (Word) - Template Enclosure - Reducing Potential Exposure to Lead: PDF Word - LCR Overview and Changes (PDF) - LCR Distribution System Materials Inventory (PDF) - LCR Service Line Replacement (PDF) - LCR Site Tiering and Sampling Pool (PDF) - LCR Monitoring (PDF) - LCR Reporting (PDF) Please visit Michigan.gov/MILeadSafe for information on exposure to lead in drinking water, the latest drinking water test results and more. - EGLE's Lead and Copper in Drinking Water for other reference materials for water supplies and the public. - For more information on the EPA Lead and Copper Rule, including the final rules and the Quick Reference Guide visit the Web site of the U.S. EPA at https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/lead-and-copper-rule. - University of Michigan's "What you need to know about Michigan's 2018 Lead and Copper Rule"

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3.1 Community development and the role of social work Community development can be seen as building or releasing social capital for collective benefit. It supports networks that foster mutual learning and develop shared commitments and a common vision so that people can work and live together in relatively stable communities. Since this period the role of community development workers has declined. However, the importance of understanding the needs and aspirations of people within geographic locations continues to be important for practice. Barr (2015) suggests that social work still makes a valuable contribution to community development in partnership-based initiatives, working with members of communities and colleagues from a range of professional and organisational backgrounds.

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What is the potential for AI in construction? A drone comes into view and hovers over your construction site. Moments later, the tablet you are holding lights up with several observations the drone has made: a labourer in section B is not wearing his helmet. Four of your diggers are underutilised. A dark patch of earth in section D suggests the area is becoming waterlogged. This kind of useful information is the promise of AI in construction. Right now, no Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is anywhere near offering this level of functionality. Nevertheless, there are numerous businesses currently trying to train AI systems that could make the construction industry work better. What is the current state of AI in construction, and what is the potential of this new technology? What is AI in construction? Artificial Intelligence is a term used to describe how machines can be trained to imitate human cognitive functions – spotting patterns, learning from experience or understanding images. AI in construction involves using these technologies to make building sites safer, reduce waste and boost efficiency. AI in construction is one of several major innovations in construction technology to have emerged in recent years. And while the technology is still relatively new and not yet widely used, it is expected to grow. Indeed, one forecast reckons the building AI market will reach USD $4.5 billion by 2026. However, AI construction technologies face a handful of key obstacles to wider adoption: - AI machines require large amounts of data to ‘train’ algorithms to spot patterns. For example, an AI system that is trained to see if labourers are wearing helmets would need to view millions of photos of people of different heights and at different distances to know when to sound the alarm. Without enough data, this kind of training isn’t possible. - In the sectors which most successfully use AI (such as tech or financial services), the sheer scale of the companies means they have access to troves of data. However, most construction businesses are relatively small in size (at least compared to an Amazon or an HSBC) – so they do not hold anywhere near as much data to train their algorithms. - There is a shortage of data scientists and they tend to command extremely high salaries. Only the biggest firms can attract top AI talent. While these obstacles are important, the potential benefits of AI in construction are significant and make it an opportunity worth exploring. And, as the following examples demonstrate, there are several scenarios where construction AI is already in use – or could be in the coming years. 5 use cases for AI in construction The following examples give some insight into the ways AI could be used in construction: - Generative design One of AI’s greatest strengths is its ability to explore many different variations of a model to find the best option – this is known as ‘generative design’. Generative design has already been used in manufacturing and companies like Alice Technologies are trying to bring it to the construction sector too. Generative design could be useful for designers using BIM technology. AI would take a BIM model and explore tens of thousands of minor and major design changes to make a design safer, more stable, or simply cheaper and faster to build. For a human to explore all these possibilities would require months – an AI engineering programme could do so in hours. - Predictive maintenance AI is very effective at analysing historical data and using this to create likely forecasts of future events. While no technology has yet been designed to do this, the data that apps like PlanRadar collect could feasibly be used to train a machine to spot patterns in maintenance issues and locations. Picture an AI system which assesses hundreds of thousands of damage or issue reports for different kinds of buildings over time, as well as information from IoT sensors. Eventually, it could plausibly begin to predict when certain surfaces, fittings or materials will become damaged or worn and alert maintenance teams to this. - Project management Construction projects frequently become delayed or experience cost overruns – even with skilled project managers overseeing them. However, academic research into AI forecasting algorithms has proven highly accurate in estimating cost overruns of projects. Project managers could use AI-enhanced PPM software that identifies how likely their plans are to be delayed. This could help them revise projects and find ways to manage time and resources better. AI construction robotics represent an exciting possibility for saving time and reducing risk. We’re still a long way from a world of autonomous robot bricklayers, yet firms like Built Robotics are already providing bulldozers and excavators which can be given defined tasks and work alone. This kind of technology could save enormous sums of money and make projects progress faster. Imagine a project in a remote location that it is difficult to get workers to – remote diggers could work 24/7 clearing sites and get the work done much faster. - AI-enhanced drones Drones are already being used on construction sites to give builders new perspectives on projects and progress. And now, firms like Skycatch are training drones to ‘understand’ what they are seeing. The applications here are enormous – from spotting dangerous activity to monitoring productivity levels, intelligent drones could help make sites safer, more efficient and productive. The promise of AI in construction How would your firm go about using Artificial Intelligence? In an article on the potential of AI in construction, analysts at McKinsey recommend builders identify high impact use cases that are relevant to their activities. If, for instance, you hold extensive project management data, this would be the place to start. Or, if you have conducted thousands of maintenance reports, a building AI solution that crunches through that data would make sense. At present, AI in construction remains a relatively little used technology. Nevertheless, with the correct execution, it could have a major influence on how your firm works. PlanRadar was founded in 2013 and provides innovative mobile-first software solutions to the construction and real estate industries. Our app is available on all iOS, Android and Windows devices and has helped more than 7,000 customers in over 44 countries to digitise their workflow.

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January 27, 1756 was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s birthday. Happy 262th birthday Herr Mozart! Likely you have a favorite piece or work composed by Mozart. Maybe it’s The Magic Flute or The Marriage of Figaro. Or perhaps Mozart a piano sonata or symphony resonates with you? I can’t count the number of times I have heard, accompanied, or helped with violins playing Twinkle Twinkle Little Star and variations. With over 600 compositions to his credit, Mozart has become a significant part of the landscape of Western Art Music. But would Mozart’s musical genius have been recognized, celebrated and remembered so profoundly if he hadn’t had help along the way? I think about, throughout Mozart’s life, who helped him along the way? We know that his father Leopold was his teacher and planned his extensive tours of Europe as a child prodigy. We know that Johann Sebastian Bach was an influential mentor in Mozart’s early adulthood. We know that Mozart benefited from a position in the Salzburg court. And we know some, although arguably far too little, about his sister Maria Anna also called Nannerl. Sister Nan helped to write the first biographies of Wolfgang and she was a brilliant performer in her own right. It’s thought that through watching her music lessons with their father, Wolfgang was inspired to take up music himself. They toured together as children performers. History records that Wolfgang wrote pieces for Nannerl to perform, but I suspect the compositional relationship went both ways. We just don’t learn about women composers as equals to their male counterparts in our history textbooks. The point is Mozart did not exist in isolation. Mozart wouldn’t have been Mozart if he hadn’t had helpful relationships with people around him. So as we remember the musical legacy of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart this week, perhaps we can also remember the helpers. I can think of many people in my life who have helped me along the way: teachers, friends, mentors, ministers, my own children, my spouse, colleagues, students, and more. I’m sure you can think of many helpers in your life’s journey too. I am grateful for the time spent, the encouragement and the lessons learned from all of the helpers in my life. I know I wouldn’t be me without them. And we also have the ability to be a helper in someone else’s life. Another way to say this might be that we are all cathedral builders, quietly working behind the scenes to create something wonderful in a person we love and value. I love this version of the poem, The Invisible Mom. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YU0aNAHXP0 Certainly moms are often undervalued and should be mentioned in the title, but I think you could also substitute the words ‘dad’, ‘teacher’, ‘coach’ or ‘helper’. For many, Mozart’s works represent a glorious musical cathedral … who were the cathedral builders for Mozart? Who are the cathedral builders in your life? For whom do you have the privilege of building cathedrals?

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The recent development of genome modification technologies such as TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) and the CRISPR-Cas9 system has allowed unprecedented modification of eukaryotic genomes. TALENs are a sequence-specific nuclease comprised of TALE DNA binding domains fused to the FokI nuclease. CRISPR-Cas9 consists of the Cas9 nuclease plus two small RNAs: one that base-pairs with a 19 bp target (crRNA) and another that activates Cas9 (trcRNA). This system can be simplified by making a synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA), a hybrid of the two small RNAs. Both systems are used to make DNA double-strand breaks at desired genomic locations. At the recent International C. elegans meeting, we presented in a workshop about harnessing these technologies to edit the nematode genome. We have summarized the workshop and describe the reagents and protocols we anticipate distributing to the community. The presentations covered a broad range of successful approaches: A.E.F. (Church lab), J.C., and Y.T. (Colaiàcovo lab) presented their system for targeted mutagenesis, which involved injecting a cocktail of three vectors: a worm codon optimized Cas9 driven by the eft-3 promoter, an sgRNA driven by a U6 promoter, and an mCherry marker driven by the myo-3 promoter (Friedland et al., 2013). Targeting four different genes with this system, they recovered mutant progeny with random inserts and deletions at the expected loci. Progeny of these F1 animals were screened and also carried these mutant alleles, indicating that the targeted disruptions are heritable. Reagents are available on Addgene at http://www.addgene.org/crispr/calarco/. By co-injecting an engineered homologous recombination template and a single Cas9+sgRNA expression plasmid, D.J.D. (Goldstein lab) and J.D.W. (Yamamoto lab) inserted gfp into endogenous genes, resulting in GFP “knock-in” fusion proteins expressed under the control of all native regulatory elements. They also made multiple targeted point mutations in endogenous genes. The unc-119(+) marker used to select for recombinants can be excised with Cre recombinase, allowing complicated genome edits to be made with minimal “scarring.” Knock-in strains took less than 1 month to produce (about 2 days total hands-on time) and cost about $200 (mainly the cost of PCR primers). Plasmids will be distributed via Addgene after acceptance of the manuscript. J.L. reported work from Jihyun Lee (his lab) and S.W. Cho (J.S. Kim lab); they generated gene-specific heritable mutations by germline injection of Cas9 protein complexed with sgRNA. X-linked genes dpy-3 and unc-1 were selected for targeting to facilitate identifying mutations through their visible phenotypes in homozygotes and hemizygotes. Indels at target sites were successfully confirmed in F1 animals by T7E1 assay and sequencing in both cases. Surprisingly, visible F1 mutants were often observed, and one Dpy mutant turned out to be a trans-heterozygote of two independent mutations in dpy-3, demonstrating the high efficiency of the method. RNA-based (CRISPRs and TALENs) H.C. and H.S. (Sternberg lab) injected in vitro-synthesized RNAs into the C. elegans germline: a capped and polyadenylated mRNA for humanized Cas9 and an sgRNA. F2 progeny were inspected for phenotypic homozygous mutants. Mutants were recovered at varying frequencies, up to one allele for every five P0s. A majority of mutations were large deletions (>1 kbp). Analysis of high-throughput sequencing of two closely related but independent dpy-11 mutants did not identify off-target changes to the genome, suggesting CRISPR mutagenesis was highly specific for targeted gene disruption. T.W.L. (Meyer lab) reported on highly effective strategies using TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases to create heritable, precise insertion, deletion, or substitution mutations at specific DNA sequences at targeted endogenous loci. This was achieved by germline injection of nuclease mRNAs and single-strand DNA templates. They created nucleotide changes both close to and far from double-strand breaks to gain and lose genetic function, to tag proteins made from an endogenous gene, and to excise entire loci through targeted FLP-FRT recombination. These methodologies were effective across nematode species divergent by 300 million years: hermaphroditic and gonochoristic species within Caenorhabditis (elegans and species 9) and P. pacificus. Thus, genome-editing tools now exist to transform non-model nematode species into genetically tractable model organisms. The adoption of these modification technologies promises to transform nematode genetics. Going forward, the rules of CRISPR targeting must be better elucidated, the kinetics of insertion/deletion and homologous recombination events can be optimized, and high-throughput screening strategies must be developed. The workshop highlighted the diversity of techniques successfully developed for nematode genome modification, with the best technique depending on the desired experimental outcome. Articles submitted to the Worm Breeder's Gazette should not be cited in bibliographies. Material contained here should be treated as personal communication and cited as such only with the consent of the author.

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|Academic Learning Coach| Our apples, bananas, bread, and potatoes come from many parts of the world. Many of the foods we love do not grow near our town or even our country. Many of our ancestors traveled with certain foods, crossing oceans, and they introduced them to the places we live in today. Follow this presentation to discover the history of where our food comes from. Discover who provides our food, how certain foods are grown, how others are processed, and finally how the food gets to us. Earn EXTRA INCOME! Sign up for FREE:Teachers Pay Teachers Valerie Bourbour is a certified educator and past Co-Director of The Academy of Ormond Beach. Ms. Bourbour has experience in online learning platforms and aims for student success.

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In the modern landscape design, the rockery is the main view, or the rockery is the main body. The flowers and trees, the fish pond and the buildings are all based on the rockery, and they are decorated with the beauty of the rockery. Most of the rockery is a stone as the main material, according to a certain rule, using various techniques to splice a piece of stone into a rockery, which is derived from nature but higher than nature. The mountain is the main purpose of making the landscape as the main purpose, fully combined with the function of many other aspects, with the natural landscape as the blueprint of the art generalization, with the artificial reengineering of the landscape of landscape. Gardens are often divided into scenic spots according to the characteristics of the whole garden and functions of various parts, so as to facilitate visitors to tour. It is natural and flexible to use the rockery to divide space and organization space. While using the rockery to separate the space, it also controls the sight of the sightseeing to a certain extent. Because of the undulating terrain created by the rockery, the visual effects of the invisible and invisible appearance of the scenery also cause the curiosity and the sense of desire of the tourists. The highlights of this article are from the production of rockery in Ji'nan. Please click on our official website: http://www.sdjnjingguan.com thank you for coming.

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Tetraploidy can arise from various mitotic or cleavage defects in mammalian cells and inheritance of multiple centrosomes induces aneuploidy when tetraploid cells continue steadily to routine. marker geminin. Arrest isn’t because of DNA harm as the γ-H2AX DNA harm marker continues to be at control amounts after tetraploidy induction. Imprisoned tetraploid cells become senescent as dependant on SA-β-galactosidase activity finally. Tetraploid arrest would depend on p16INK4a appearance as siRNA suppression of p16INK4a bypasses tetraploid arrest permitting principal cells to be aneuploid. We conclude that tetraploid principal cells may become senescent without DNA harm which induction of senescence is crucial to tetraploidy arrest. Methyl Hesperidin Launch During cell proliferation maintenance of the integrity from the genome is certainly of paramount importance. Because of this multiple cell routine checkpoints assure the correct conclusion of preceding levels from the cell routine before the following stage ensues. These regulatory systems protect cells from the results of DNA harm early termination of DNA replication and development into anaphase before chromosomes are correctly aligned and under stress on the metaphase dish. Of identical importance to preservation of euploidy cells must correctly complete cytokinesis to make sure appropriate distribution of chromatin to little girl cells. Despite these handles aneuploidy and chromosomal instability are quality of almost all of human malignancies (Cahill DNA articles after 24-h contact with either DCB or blebbistatin as examined by stream cytometry whereas Methyl Hesperidin fifty percent had 2DNA articles (Statistics 1 and ?and2)2) as previously confirmed (Lohez peak and lack of DNA replication exist during DCB exposure because as previously demonstrated even minimal suppression of actin assembly induces a transient and reversible G1 (2profile and exhibited a strong BrdU arc between 2and 4and 4cells were largely unable to proceed to 8and showed little BrdU incorporation. The 4population thus remained arrested after DCB release whereas the transiently arrested 2population reestablished the proliferating populace. A small 8peak appeared during the first 24 h of drug exposure suggesting that an initial 4bypass Methyl Hesperidin created a small 8subpopulation that did not go on to divide (Physique 3 and Supplemental Video S1). After DCB release the population exhibited many binucleate cells not present before treatment (Physique 1A right). Physique 3: Quantitation of mitosis in mononucleate and binucleate cells. (A) REF52 cells were either untreated or exposed to 10 μM DCB for 24 h and then released from drug. Cells had been documented by DeltaVision deconvolution video microscopy at 400× after that … The results with blebbistatin (Body 2A) was equivalent at length to outcomes with Methyl Hesperidin DCB. During medications many 2cells didn’t move forward in the cell routine whereas the others failed in cleavage and gathered being a 4population. The transient 2arrest with either DCB or blebbistatin shows that suppressed lamellipodial motility instead of suppression of actin set up by itself Rabbit Polyclonal to LIMK2 (phospho-Ser283). induced euploid G1 cell routine arrest in nontransformed cells (Dang and Gautreau 2012 ). These outcomes contrast using the declare that blebbistatin will not induce transient G1 arrest in euploid principal cells (Krzywicka-Racka and Sluder 2011 ). The raising prominence from the 2peak during recovery signifies the Methyl Hesperidin fact that transiently imprisoned 2cells recover and reestablish a euploid inhabitants. Primary individual foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) at low passing taken care of immediately DCB (Body 2B) in a fashion that paralleled the response of low-passage REF52 cells (Lohez euploid inhabitants was restored 7 d after discharge from DCB. The 4population continued to be imprisoned as ungated stream cytometry indicated that few cells acquired >4DNA content at the moment and the lack of a <2population in ungated stream cytometry indicated no appreciable cell loss of life. Video recordings of principal cells released from DCB after 24-h publicity and documented in the initial 24 h of recovery suggest that binucleate cells are abundant. However the cells are healthful and motile they don't go through mitosis (Supplemental Video S1). Worth focusing on video recordings had been performed in the lack of blue light recognized to hinder cell routine development (Uetake and Sluder 2004 ). In stunning contrast.

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Utah State University Extension The velvet longhorned beetle is an invasive wood-boring pest that is native to Asia and Russia. It infests fruit, forest, and ornamental trees, as well as green and dry wood, such as timber and lumber. This fact sheet provides a description, and information on life history, plant hosts, injury symptoms, monitoring, and management. Rodman, Taryn M.; Spears, Lori R.; Alston, Diane G.; Cannon, Cami; Watson, Kristopher; and Caputo, Joey, "Velvet Longhorned Beetle (Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann)" (2020). All Current Publications. Paper 1957.

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Recommendations for eye health The view is one of our most important and sensitive way. The eye care, therefore, is a must. In this sense, they should bear in mind a number of tips related to eye health. First, our eyes work better if we follow a balanced diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants. Having a healthy lifestyle is essential for this sense does not suffer. In fact, get enough rest, both at bedtime and through activities that require fixation of sight, it is essential to avoid eye fatigue. Not only have to watch these bodies but also their protectors. For example, glasses and contact lenses, which have to be in optimum condition and be approved with the models recommended by medical professionals. We must also avoid deficient or excessive lighting conditions indoors or overexposure to the sun, since it forces the view. Eye care in times of year colder requires further attention. The use of heating causes dry eyes cold. Given this problem, the use of eyedrops is recommended wetting. We also participate in activities that involve risk to the eye, such as reading or using computers. Caring eye with computer in front depends posturing and appropriate distances, as it can dry out if not frequently flashes. Hygiene, like food, is basic. When you rub your eyes with your hands, we risk getting infected in these sensitive organs. The problems associated with eye health increases with age. All the more reason to periodically visit specialized in eye care doctors. Undoubtedly, the view is the sense we most need to perform our daily activities, we must preserve it.

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In a recent science article recently published by the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences in the Ecological Economic Reviews issue entitled “Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal” by Paul R. Epstein and eleven other authors, several startling new facts regarding the mining practice of mountaintop removal were outlined. First, mountaintop removal is the relatively recent practice of leveling mountains and filling streams to gain access to and remove coal seams. Mountaintop removal has been completed on five hundred sites in Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Virginia. This means that there are five hundred mountains and ridges that no longer exist. In addition, 2,000 miles of streams have been buried and rerouted. The effluent from the coal mining sites is estimated to be polluting 2,500 miles of additional downstream rivers and streams. A total of 1.4 acres of forest have also been removed. In West Virginia alone, there are 110 billion gallons of coal slurry in impoundments. These impoundments are associated with coal refining plants. Fifty-three of Appalachia impoundments have already failed, including one that spilled 309 million gallons in 2000. The article also outlines the health risk to the local communities caused by the air and water contamination. However, reports of cancer clusters admittedly needs further study.

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America and the Kurds Much of the outrage and frustration for the U.S. withdrawal from Syria focused on America’s long-standing relationship with the Kurds, without differentiating between Kurdish groups. While America’s relations with Syria’s Kurds are in flux, as a matter of foreign policy, America should increase its support for the Kurds of Iraq, a clear and reliable long-term partner in this historically contested region. The Kurds, an ethnic group living on the borderlands between Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, have figured prominently in American strategy in the Middle East for three decades. The 1990 Gulf war focused mainly on rolling back Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait. It also led America to impose a no-fly zone on oil-rich northern Iraq. This drove the Kurds to set up their own autonomous government structure, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). This “regional framework” grew stronger following America’s invasion of Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein. As a second order effect, the KRG became the most stable, reliable, and U.S.-friendly part of the country. While two rival factions have competed for power in the KRG, the 2005 Iraqi constitution recognized the region’s laws and autonomous government. This paved the way for the region, while remaining part of federal Iraq, to establish relations with foreign governments, including attracting foreign investment and developing its energy resources. By contrast, the main force purporting to represent the Kurds of Turkey has been the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), a Marxist-Leninist organization that both America and the EU consider a terrorist group. The PKK has routinely targeted civilians during its decades-long struggle against the Turkish government. This highlights one of the challenges with America’s Syria policy because the Syrian Kurds are loosely acknowledged to be an extension of the PKK. The United States military partnership with a group affiliated alongside terrorist linked organizations remains politically tenuous. NATO ally Turkey did not and does not see the fight against Islamic State as a priority. Appearances are that Ankara is more concerned with the Kurdish challenge and its ill-conceived efforts to topple the Assad regime and install a Muslim Brotherhood regime in Damascus. This week’s visit to the White House by Turkish President Erdogan will be telling in the political discussion of the above relationships. Still, there is no love lost between the KRG and PKK: the Iraqi Kurds loathe the PKK, whose Leninist ideology they fear, and have repeatedly sought to prevent the PKK from using its territory to stage attacks against Turkey. One of the authors’ (LTG(R) Bednarek) experiences and recurring discussions with our Kurdish / Peshmerga warrior partners between 2013-2015 bear this out. In fact, the U.S. has acknowledged that back in 2017, it contributed to help rebrand the Syrian Kurds into the “Syrian Democratic Forces” to make America’s partnership with them more in line with the US led coalition against ISIS. But the idea that America could build its Syria policy on this group after Islamic State was nearly defeated was incorrect. Going forward, the United States must take stock of how its relationships with Kurdish factions relates to its key regional priorities. The first priority must be to roll back Iranian expansionism in the region while reinforcing America’s presence and assistance in Iraq and boost Israel’s security. This also means upping the game in Iraq to counter Iran’s pervasive influence. America maintains a small, but formidable military presence in Iraq and enjoys strong ties with the KRG. But America is not alone. Both Russia and Iran have worked hard to establish themselves in northern Iraq. Russian energy companies have invested heavily in northern Iraq, providing the KRG with much-needed cash to stay afloat. Moscow even helped the KRG relieve $1 billion of debt, an indication of its willingness to step into the void left by the United States. As for Iran, General Qassem Soleimani, the head of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Quds force, has been a frequent visitor to the KRG. Iran made its influence clear when it urged the Kurds to withdraw from Kirkuk, a disputed northern Iraqi city, and endorsed an offensive by Iraqi forces and pro-Iranian militias on the city. Kurdish politicians have learned that they cross Iran at their own peril. By 2017, KRG leader Masoud Barzani, a legendary Peshmerga fighter, had already threatened to re-evaluate his reliance with Washington and move closer to Moscow and Tehran. The Trump administration’s withdrawal from northern Syria has put in question America’s credibility, its trust as a reliable partner, and its foreign policy in a region fraught with tension. If America wants to bolster its influence in the Middle East, a good place to solidify our position is through our US consulate in Erbil, the capital of the KRG, and obviously our US Embassy in Baghdad. Unlike the SDF, Turkey cannot and will not object to America’s ties to the KRG, as it has close ties with the KRG itself. America already spends millions of dollars in military support to the KRG, and for years American diplomacy has been key in mending fences between the KRG and Baghdad. However, this region is also at the crossroads of Turkish, Iranian and Russian interests. America could quickly lose its vital strategic position and leverage in the region unless it strengthens its relationship with Iraq’s Kurds. LTG. John “Mick” Bednarek, USA (ret.), is the former Senior Defense Official in Iraq and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA). Svante E. Cornell is Director of the American Foreign Policy Council’s Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, co-founder of the Institute for Security and Development Policy, and a Policy Advisor to JINSA’s Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy.

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From 1970 to 2010, reports showed that short-eared owl had been lost from nearly half of its former UK breeding range . There was a similar 50 per cent decrease in the breeding population. Moreover, the breeding range of black-headed gulls has shrunk by 52% since 1970. We studied the trophic ecology of Arctic Terns breeding at a colony located in Nunavut, High Arctic Canada, close to the northern limit of their breeding range (Mallory et al., 2017). Their summer breeding range runs from Portugal and Ireland in the West across to China and Siberia in the East. Their breeding range is known to be expanding south. Its breeding range extends from western Europe through central Asia to south-central Siberia and northern China, and the bulk of the population spends the winter throughout Europe, north Africa, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas and Asia (Kear 2005). It is well known that from 19thcentury the cattle egret has extended its breeding range from Africa to Europe, Asia, America and Australasia (Maddock and Geering, 1993; Parejo et al., 2010). All were in recently burned forest, illustrating the importance of this habitat to Northern Hawk Owls in this area near the southern perimeter of their breeding range , and consistent with findings from east-central Alberta, Canada (Hannah and Hoyt 2004). The ruddy shelduck's breeding range stretches from south-eastern Europe to western China, with some established populations in Africa. Brewer's (Spizella breweri) and sagebrush (Artemisiospiza nevadensis) sparrows are obligate to landscapes dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia species) on their breeding range (Martin and Carlson, 1998; Rotenberry et al., 1999). Elsewhere in the West Indies breeding range , Mattila and Clapham's 1985-86 surveys found that humpback sightings peaked in mid- to late-February on Virgin Bank and Anguilla Bank, with an overall mean of 0.044 whales/[nmi.sup.2] (sd = 0.029) on Virgin Bank. Destruction of their ancient woodland habitat has seen the number of dormice half in their breeding range over the last 100 years.

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Explaining the appeal of bad news: A critical test of three theories Date of Completion The uses and gratifications perspective posits individual needs for stimulation and information vary systematically. These needs can affect which media content is chosen by the individual. This study seeks to determine what motivates people to watch bad news. The theories of emotional education, morbid curiosity and social comparison are pitted against one another in a critical test to determine which is the best predictor of attraction to bad news stories. Participants viewed emotional and gory news clips of the accidental NATO bombing of a Kosovar refugee convoy and responded to items assessing viewing motivations and personality traits. Results showed that Buck's (1998) concept of emotional education was the best predictor of attraction to bad news. Here viewers were attracted to the bad news story because they liked the experience of feeling emotion regardless of the valence. Social comparison and disgust measures were negatively related to positive evaluations of the news story offering little support for morbid curiosity and social support as explanations for the appeal of bad news. Personality traits had little influence on viewing motivations for the appeal of bad news and gender differences were found for various emotions. Women felt more disgust, compassion and negative affect when compared to men. Implications and direction for future research are also discussed. ^ Pulaski, Michelle Mary, "Explaining the appeal of bad news: A critical test of three theories" (2001). Doctoral Dissertations. AAI3008135.

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Do you know there are lakes, waterfalls, and even rivers in the ocean? Read amazing facts about the ocean and know how it is different from other water bodies. You might know about earth facts, the universe, and animals. But do you know the ocean itself is a vast subject and share several facts that are not known to many? For instance, water at the bottom of the ocean is extremely hot. Five oceans cover the earth’s surface. The Pacific Ocean is the biggest in the world and covers over 30% of the earth’s surface. The ring of fire, located in the pacific ocean, has a string of active volcanoes. Therefore, the world’s major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are experienced in this region. Do you know 8th June is celebrated as Ocean’s day? The day promotes conservation efforts and preserves five crucial areas, including Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Southern, and their inhabitants. Let us know some ocean facts that would let you understand this water body deeply. Have you ever wondered what makes the ocean look blue? The color is the result of the sun’s different wavelengths (red and orange) that are absorbed by the surface, and its blue wavelength penetrating deeper while giving away blue color. The wavelengths that travel farther down the ocean look blue the lower you go. The Mariana Trench is considered to be the deepest part of the world’s ocean and also the deepest point on earth. It is located in the Western Pacific Ocean, about 124mi east of the Mariana Islands. It is crescent-shaped and measures about over 70km in width and 2550km in length. The Mariana Trench is also a part of the Izu- Bonin-Marian subduction system that forms the boundary between the tectonic plates. The movement of Pacific and Mariana plates is responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. With other microorganisms, gigantic single-celled amoebas with a size of 10 cm were also observed. Inside the Trench, there is a valley known as Challenger Deep that extends 7 miles below the surface. It was in 2019 when Victor Vescovo made a record by becoming the first person to reach the deepest point. Yes, you read it right! There are around 20 million tons of gold dispersed in the ocean. The ocean floor has undissolved gold embedded in it. It is believed that if the ocean’s gold is distributed with humans, each of us would have nine pounds of gold. So, if you wish to find a fortune, then we have shown you the way. Did you know about this one of the hidden ocean facts before? You won’t believe it, but the majority of volcanic eruptions went unnoticed by people on earth. Do you know why? Because they are erupting underwater. Over 1 million volcanoes release molten hot lava beneath the ocean’s surface. Researchers believe that the area has several species that are invulnerable to the harsh environment, which includes a temperature of up to 750 degrees. You can find several animals on the land. But, it is estimated that nearly 90% of life on earth is found under the ocean. The highest tides in the world can be noticed at the Bay of Fundy, which separates New Brunswick from Nova Scotia. Sea animals like zooplankton are so tiny that they can only be seen with a microscope. Over 200,000 marine species are documented, ranging from phytoplankton (0.02 meters) to huge cetaceans. Marine invertebrates exhibit a range of modifications to survive in waters, including breathing tubes. The skin of fish is protected by scales, and they use fins to stabilize themselves in the water. Out of the 95% of species present in the ocean, scientists estimate that they do not know anything about 86% of species. You might find this shocking, but nearly 8 million tons of garbage, including plastics, end up in the ocean every year. Floating plastic debris is the most abundant item of litter found in the ocean. You can detect plastic on the shorelines of the continents and in densely populated areas. Plastic pollution is the major problem affecting the marine environment and also threatens food safety and quality. Furthermore, it also contributes to climate changes and coastal tourism. Therefore, we must find a way to control pollution to save everyone’s life. The majority of white sharks hunt in the parts off the coasts of California and Hawaii. But every year, at a spot between North America and Hawaii, the sharks converge. The scientists identified the zone with a radius of 250kms. The White Shark Cafe is a remote mid-Pacific Ocean area that is considered as a winter and spring habitat of coastal great white sharks. Earlier, it was believed that the area had little food for the animals, but later, it was found that there is a food chain to be detected by satellites that provide food for sharks. Do you know the ocean is responsible for producing over 70% of the oxygen that we breathe? The ocean transports the heat from the equator and regulates the climate and weather patterns. Marine photosynthesizers like phytoplankton use carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the sun and release oxygen while they make food for themselves. Also, the iceberg could supply drinking water to millions of people for five years. One of the lesser-known Ocean facts is about Blue-Ringed Octopus. This deadly creature is considered to be the highly venomous species of octopus that can be found in tide pools and coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans. You can identify Blue-ringed octopuses with their yellowish skin and blue and black rings that change color when the animal is threatened. They eat shrimp, hermit crabs, and other small animals. Sometimes, they also eat small injured fish and use their horny beak to pierce the crab releasing their venom. These creatures spend their time hiding in crevices while displaying their camouflage patterns with their chromatophore cells. They can also change their shape, which helps them to squeeze into crevices. If they are provoked, they change their color and turn themselves yellow, with each 50-60 rings flashing bright blue within a third of a second. The fangtooth fish is a nightmare with long razor teeth and a maximum length of 16cms. Its head is small and appears with mucous cavities by edges and covered by a thin skin. Its eyes are small, and the entire head is black and more slender towards the tail. The pelagic fangtooths are the deepest living fish and are commonly found between 600-6560 ft deep in the ocean. They have the largest teeth compared to the body size of any fish and can kill fish larger than themselves. It can be seen in a range of colors from black to dark brown and light gray. The fangtooth can be noticed around the world in temperate marine waters. They live in tropical waters from the western Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. It is carnivores and can hunt alone or in a group. Their large heads allow them to swallow prey whole and eat fish 1/3rd of their size. It is located around the South Pole across the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere off Antarctica. The Southern Ocean is home to Penguins and Wandering Albatross and is also a favorite destination for tourists. The Wandering Albatross is one of the largest and most studied birds in the world. They are majorly known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times, covering over 75,000 mi in a year. Emperor Penguins, on the other hand, are the tallest and the heaviest of living Penguin species with a streamlined body and wings flattened into flippers. Emperor Penguins spend their lives in Antarctica, where the temperature can drop to as low as -60 degrees. The Ocean is home to varieties of animals from the animal kingdom. It has cute creatures like starfish and also the deadliest ones like the blue whale. These were some of the amazing facts about Ocean that you might not have read in science books. "I can't really face small, irregularly or asymmetrically placed holes, they make me like, throw up in my mouth, cry a little bi... A lefty or left-handed uses his left hand more naturally and dominantly than the right hand. And the righty or right-handed is o... Watching celestial objects is a true delight. It is still fun to catch a sight of shooting stars when we grow up. A second of th...

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About Safer School Travel (SST) The Safer School Travel Plan is a program developed to assist Parent Advisory Committees (PAC’s) in developing School Road Safety Plans. Every school should have a Road Safety Plan. A realistic and balanced approach is required between providing for the safety of children and the mobility of vehicles. The road safety plans should address: - identifying all issues in the walk/cycle limits of a school - strategies for all modes of transportation - vehicle reduction initiatives - engineering, education and enforcement measures - parent and community initiatives It is envisioned that a PAC subcommittee will be responsible for developing the School Road Safety Plan (SRSP). This would be undertaken in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders. Click here for the brochure Overview of the Safer School Travel Plan: Step 1 (Set-Up): comittee is established; timelines are devloped Step 2 (Data Collection & Problem Identification): family surveys; mapping; site visit; traffic counts; issues summarized; Stakeholder meeting Step 3 (Action Plan): Safer School Travel Road Safety Plan created; Best Walking Routes Map developed Step 4 (Implementation): Stakeholders take on assigned tasks developed from Road Safety Plan. Step 5 (Ongoing Monitoring): Follow-up data (family surveys) to evaluate progress and any new issues; Safer School Travel Road Safety Plan and Best Walking Route map adjustments. |Safer School Travel Brochure||2013-06-28||348KB|

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Types of Ignorance As a teacher, I am always pained when I hear “ignorant” used as an insult. ignorance: n. lack of knowledge Everyone is born ignorant into the world. The word ignorance is from Latin ignorantia. The prefix in– means “not”; Old Latin gnarus means “aware, acquainted with.” Mere ignorance is nothing to be ashamed of. Ignorant is not a synonym for “stupid.” Catholic theology recognizes three categories of ignorance: invincible ignorance: lack of knowledge that a person has no way to obtain vincible ignorance: lack of knowledge that a rational person is capable of acquiring by making an effort nescience: lack of knowledge that doesn’t matter in the circumstances (from Latin ne-, “not” plus scire, “to know.” In Catholic theology, invincible ignorance, “whether of the law or the fact, is always a valid excuse and excludes sin.” In the secular realm, however, all ignorance is seen as “vincible.” For logicians, the term “invincible ignorance” means “the fallacy of insisting on the legitimacy of one’s position in the face of contradictory facts.” If the facts are presented, there’s no excuse to refuse to acknowledge them. The law likewise does not allow for a category of information unavailable to the lawbreaker that would forgive the breach of the law: ignorantia juris non excusat, “ignorance of the law does not excuse.” Here’s a lengthier definition of the secular take on invincible ignorance from Wikipedia: invincible ignorance: a deductive Fallacy of Circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It’s not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word, the method instead being to make assertions with no consideration of objections. Fitness expert Greg Glassman has this recommendation for dealing with invincible ignorance: some simply cannot be swayed toward your way of thinking, so don’t try. …you’re probably best to walk away from a pointless debate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below: Stop making those embarrassing mistakes! Subscribe to Daily Writing Tips today! - You will improve your English in only 5 minutes per day, guaranteed! - Subscribers get access to our archives with 800+ interactive exercises! - You'll also get three bonus ebooks completely free!

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Channeling climate and environmental finance to smallholder farmers Smallholder farmers are on the frontline of climate change. They inhabit some of the most vulnerable landscapes, such as hillsides, rangelands, semi-arid and arid lands, deltas and flood plains, and rely on climate-sensitive natural resources to make a living. As a result, they are at significant risk from increasing temperatures, erratic rainfall, pest infestations, rising sea levels, and extreme events such as floods, droughts, landslides, typhoons and heat waves. Smallholders often lack secure land tenure and resource rights, and access to markets and finance. They are often overlooked in global and national policy debates on climate change issues despite the fact that poor rural communities bear the brunt of the impact of climate change and are key to the solution. Since climate change exacerbates existing threats, development organizations must devise new financial and programming instruments to address complex emerging problems. The Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) is IFAD’s flagship programme for channeling climate and environmental finance to smallholder farmers. The programme is incorporated into IFAD’s regular investment processes and benefits from rigorous quality control and supervision systems. Thanks to the joint efforts and generous support of 10 donors, ASAP has received US$300 million in contributions. It has helped five million vulnerable smallholders in 41 countries cope with the impact of climate change and build more resilient livelihoods. In the future, ASAP will ensure that approaches for addressing climate-related risks are integrated into all of IFAD’s portfolio of loans and grants. The ASAP fund allows IFAD country programmes to design projects from a climate-informed perspective and leverage resources for technical assistance. ASAP funds activities that focus on: - policy engagement –supporting agricultural institutions in IFAD Member States seeking to achieve international climate change commitments and national adaptation priorities; - climate risk assessment – facilitating the systematic use of climate risk information when planning investments to increase resilience; - women’s empowerment – increasing the participation of women in, and their benefits from, climate-change adaptation activities; - private-sector engagement – strengthening the participation of the private sector and farmer groups in climate change adaptation and mitigation activities; - climate services – enhancing the use of climate information for when planning investments to increase resilience; - natural resource management and governance – strengthening the participation and ownership of smallholder farmers in decision-making processes; and improving technologies for the governance and management of climate-sensitive natural resources; - knowledge management – enhancing the documentation and dissemination of knowledge on approaches to climate-resilient agriculture. Statement of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) at the twenty-third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 23) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Mid-term review of IFAD’s Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme This mid-term review assesses the extent to which the design and results to date of the Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) are relevant for farmers facing climate change.

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Marian Hope Children’s Learning Center provides a nurturing environment where children feel safe and loved. Marian Hope Center offers a plethora of classes and services for the array of differential learners and learning diagnoses, including: autism spectrum disorders, childhood apraxia & other speech disorders, Down syndrome & other genetic disorders, dyslexia & other reading disorders, the varying specific language & learning disabilities, feeding disorders, sensory integration disorders, & motor disorders. We service all special needs, focusing on the individual child and building individual plans to help each reach their God-blessed potential. Why Marian Hope Children’s Learning Center? - The dynamic gifts of Marian Hope therapists and educators - Our parent/education and training to ensure skills are being generalized outside of therapy classes - The blending of children with and without special needs - The 1:2 staff to student ratio Below is a list of our Spring 2021 scheduled classes. Other classes can be created on an “as needed” basis. For further information, please contact Heather Ruoff at 816-695-1255 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Language Through Play – Speech-language pathologists will guide the children as they practice communicating with peers. The specific areas addressed will vary according to the needs of the children in each group and may include initiating and participating in conversation, maintaining appropriate eye contact, asking and responding to questions, and turn-taking. Children will practice the social skills while participating in a variety of activities including role playing, outdoor games, board games, crafts, and conversation. Social Language & Motor Development – This class is similar to the Language Through Play classes with an extra 45 minutes to allow more time for motor activities. This class is intended to improve both social communication and physical skills of young children. Mini Social Motor – Speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists will guide children ages 1-2 in learning early social skills, basic play skills, and enhancing motor development. Language Enrichment Classes – These classes provide intensive speech, language, and occupational therapy as well as sensory integration techniques. Books, fine and gross motor activities, and speech/language activities focus on different themes each month; however, the curriculum is modified to meet the needs of each individual child. Students participate in circle time, small group and/or individual therapy settings, gross motor exploration, snack time with gluten- and casein-free snacks, and therapist-directed free play. The ratio of therapist/paraprofessional to child is 1 to 2. Improving Communication with Technology – This class utilizes augmentative communication devices to provide non-verbal children ways to communicate their wants and needs as well as giving them appropriate ways to play with toys. Strategies and techniques are also implemented to improve verbal communication and receptive language. Socialization is also encouraged through the use of augmentative communication devices and through play-based therapy. Social Skills Challenge – Speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists will guide the children as they practice communicating with peers. The specific areas addressed will vary according to the needs of the children in each group and may include initiating and participating in conversation, maintaining appropriate eye contact, asking and responding to questions, and turn-taking. Children will practice the social skills while participating in a variety of activities including role playing, outdoor games, board games, crafts, and conversation. Life Enrichment – Children will practice every day self-help skills with peers. A speech-language pathologist and occupational therapist will guide the children through activities such as going to a restaurant, grocery shopping, writing checks, making change, and doing laundry. The main objective is to improve daily living skills while also helping children to make friends and to interact more appropriately with others.

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This volume is the first illustrated comprehensive reference book to all butterfly and skipper species known to occur in the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, and Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)). All species are figured in colour (about 1200 images, including many type specimens from historical and famous private collections). Many type specimens figured for the first time. Twenty-five colour plates and the dust jacket represent landscapes and photos of butterflies in nature. The book includes information on distribution, habitats, flight period, complete synonymy, type material, distribution maps of 182 species of Rhopalocera belonging to 5 families.

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When you’re making delicious meals for yourself and your kids, you’ll need to use many tools, utensils, pots, and pans. Things can quickly become hectic as you carry out the many steps involved with preparing food, and without strong organization, you or your children may get hurt from an unintentional mishap. Take note of these ways to prevent accidents in the kitchen so that everyone in your family can stay safe. Messy counters and floors are big contributors to accidents in the kitchen. Make an effort to keep these surfaces nice and tidy to reduce the dangers they could potentially pose. Clear away pots, pans, and dishes that pile up during the course of your cooking, as these can easily topple over and hit someone or shatter into sharp pieces. Whenever a spill of any kind happens, address it immediately. Spills can lead to slips and serious injuries if you leave them alone. As a mom, you’re probably already well aware of the problems that can occur when children touch something they shouldn’t out of curiosity. If you have younger kids, makes sure to keep potential hazards out of their reach. This could include the handles of pots full of hot food; sharp tools such as scissors and knives; and fragile glass containers. As you cook, only take out the items you need while keeping the rest securely tucked away in a high or locked cabinet. You should also turn pot handles away from the edges of the counters and stove so the kids don't accidently grab them or pull a hot pot down on themselves trying to see what's for dinner. Any instrument you use can become a danger if you don’t care for it properly, so a way to prevent accidents in the kitchen is to maintain the condition of your tools. A pan might fall apart while you’re gripping it by the handle if the screws are loose, and a pot with an uneven bottom can become more prone to tipping over while you’re heating it up. Handle your wares gently and store them carefully so that they last for a very long time. Kitchen knives are not only expensive to replace, but a dull blade is so frustrating! It’s smart to learn about the common knife care mistakes people make and how to keep your knife sharp and free of rust. Blunt knives have a tendency to slip, and you don’t want rust to transfer to food.

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Does your child suffer from night terrors? Here are some expert tips to help you navigate this night-time difficulty. what is a night terror? Those of you who have witnessed a child's night terror will know how they came to be named. The child wakes abruptly from sleep in a confused and very frightened state, showing physical signs of panic such as rapid breathing, sweating and an elevated heart rate. Often the child will thrash around, scream, appear very distressed and seem unaware of their surroundings or of your efforts to comfort them. They may not even recognise you and this is because, even though their eyes are open, your child is actually still deeply asleep. These episodes can last for as long as forty minutes before the child returns to a restful sleep with no memory of the event the following day. Night terrors appear so frightening however that you as a parent are often left shocked and wide-eyed for considerably longer. It's important to reassure yourself that night terrors are common and are not at all harmful for your child. Night terrors also appear in adults who also experience sleep paralysis, and these experiences can have some psychological effects. This can be due to the brain still being active and awake during rest, so the person wakes up, but the body is still inactive. Some adults who experience this may speak with their doctors about medication that can help them sleep better or buy edibles online or through cannabis dispensaries in an effort to promote a better night's sleep. With children, parents will have to take a different approach to them with their night terrors, as there are many factors. Night terrors sometimes run in families. They occur most often in the 2- to 7-year age group and more often in boys, although can also occur in girls and in older children. Episodes seem to occur more frequently when children also have a sleep disorder, such as obstructive sleep apnoea. Night terrors differ from nightmares and are not as common. Night terrors are episodes of arousal occurring during ‘deep sleep' or ‘slow wave sleep'. Because we get most of our deep sleep early in the night, episodes generally occur during the first few hours of the night. In contrast, nightmares occur during rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep or ‘dream sleep') much later – generally in the early hours of the morning. Sometimes it's possible to identify triggers such as high fevers, being overtired and emotional stress the previous day. These are useful to consider since, for some kids, addressing these triggers prevents further episodes. In general though, night terrors do not usually require further investigation or treatment, and there is no association between childhood night terrors and future mental health problems. Most often kids simply grow out of them as their sleep develops and matures. how you can best help your child Because your child is still asleep during a night terror, it's best not to wake them up, but instead simply keep them safe. Some children will run out of their beds during an episode, so you'll need to make sure that they don't inadvertently hurt themselves by bumping into things. Just gently guide them back towards their bed, tuck them in, reassure and comfort them and they will soon settle back to sleep. If your child won't let you comfort them, be sure to still sit nearby to soothe them with your words and presence while making sure they remain safe. If a child is woken during an episode, they may take longer to settle as they will wake disorientated and confused. If your child's night terrors are occurring frequently and at the same time each night and you've tried addressing possible triggers, it might be worth trying ‘scheduled awakening' – waking your child 15- to 30-minutes before you're expecting an episode. Keeping your little one awake for a few minutes for a quiet chat, song or drink of water before letting them go back to sleep may help to disrupt your child's sleep cycle enough to prevent another episode. As always though, if you're still concerned about your child's night terrors, seek the advice of your General Practitioner.View full article

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This year, more than any other, epitomized the dawn of human-driven climate disasters. While every recent year is a record-breaker, 2020 was exceptional: it had the most named Atlantic storms and hurricanes of any year and the worst wildfire season the Western US has ever seen. Whether hiding from the smoke or sheltering in place thousands of miles away from it, Americans doomscrolled their way through the latest evidence that climate change is real, here, and happening now. For Dr. Daniel Swain, climate scientist at UCLA, weather is an obvious inroad into engaging people on climate change, as people are way more likely to respond to a fire or flood at their doorstep than a chart of rising emissions. “People talk about the weather day to day, but they don't talk about climate change day to day,” Swain said. Swain studies climate science now, but he self-identifies as a “weather geek.” Through childhood and into college, he thought his obsession with the atmosphere would lead him to become a weather forecaster. Along the way, he found his sweet spot: the intersection of climate and weather. Climate is, of course, not weather, which is why it can snow in New York while the world is, on average, heating up. But climate change does influence the weather, in part by making extreme weather events more common. Swain studies why extreme events are changing, how we’re experiencing them, and what we can do to adapt to a new, disaster-prone world. This year, he released papers tying flood exposure and autumn wildfires in California to climate change, which is difficult and crucial research for constraining the complex effects of climate on weather. Looking forward, he’s interested in identifying ways to live with a changing climate and preparing communities to mitigate risk. “We don’t have to completely fix the problem overnight,” Swain said. “There’s a lot we can do in the meantime to make people’s lives better.” When he’s not tinkering with models, he’s tweeting his insights, blogging about Western US weather, or speaking to journalists and politicians. He started his blog, Weather West, long before his career as a scientist: he was a high-schooler looking to learn and build community around weather. He had no idea it would get so popular, or become a valuable tool for engaging with the public. In an age where climate science is particularly politicized, Swain believes in the importance of consistent science communication. With disinformation spreading as quickly as the Western wildfires, Swain thinks scientists must become more proactive about defending science. Earlier this year, for example, President Donald Trump blamed California’s unprecedented blazes on the state’s forest mismanagement, claiming that “it’ll start getting cooler” and that he didn’t think the “science knows” for sure about climate change. While forest management can help mitigate disaster, there is no question that climate change is contributing to the fires, Swain said. The state is exposed to hotter and drier conditions for longer periods of time, as the rains come later each year. Science has become partisan, but Swain holds hope that it can transcend politics. His audience comes from across the political spectrum, he said, and the conversation has stayed constructive and inviting. Swain’s ability to give context to our experience of a changing world is due to his unique job description: he’s a climate science researcher at UCLA, a research fellow at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and the California Climate Fellow at the Nature Conservancy. It’s hard to get that sort of institutional support to invest in communication, and the societal barriers are even higher for women and other underrepresented groups in science. Swain hopes that more researchers will have the opportunity to build public platforms. It’ll make humans better at understanding science, he said, but it will also makes the science more human. “These days, I try to ask physical science questions in addition to the more basic ones about how humans can adapt,” Swain said. “A lot of the work I do today is informed by conversations with strangers on the bus.”

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In this difficult year, loneliness has been one of the trials to overcome for many people. Some have become used to it, others experience it more badly, to the point where it can affect their mental health – including mental health professionals. “Exasperation, anger, irritability and depression; the lack of social support affects everyone, including professionals whose job it is to help us get better ”. This is what the professor of the psychology department and director of the laboratory summarizes. Trauma and resilience from the University of Quebec in Montreal, Pascale Brillon. She carried out research aimed at measuring the level of distress among these professionals – psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, psychoeducators, aid workers – compared to that of the general population, in these times of Covid. As depressed as the rest of the population Soon to be published, this study shows that professionals are as depressed and anxious as everyone else. But in the red zones, they are more so than the general population. They also say they are more often the victims of irritation in Montreal than in the regions. “They generally do better because they know the resources. And yet, in high-risk areas, they are also doing poorly, because they experience significant stress factors, starting with the reorganization of remote work, ”emphasizes the researcher. On the side of loneliness, she finds that the majority of the 618 professionals participating in the study feel even more lonely than the other 712 respondents, no matter in which area. Those in Montreal also have lower resilience rates than their colleagues in the regions. The research was conducted with colleagues from the Department of Psychology at UQAM, the Douglas Research Center and the University Institute of Mental Health of Montreal. The imprint of loneliness in the brain Even the brain displays a physical signature in those who feel loneliness acutely, reveals another Montreal team. Their recent study, published on December 15 in Nature Communications, shows a strong activation of certain regions of the brain called “brain default network” – areas dedicated to recalling the past and evoking memories related to socialization. An activity in which single people engage more often. “It’s a kind of compensation in the absence of daily stimulation. There are many who are using CBD vapes to keep themselves at their best, you can also choose the best CBD vape for you right here. But, when we miss people, we dive into our imaginations to relive moments. ” The researchers noticed that this brain activity was stronger “in the elderly and in men”, summarizes Nathan Spreng, associate professor of the Brain and Cognition Laboratory at the Montreal Neurological Institute. By observing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 40,000 participants aged 40 to 69, the researchers still note a very large number of signal exchanges between this network and the hippocampus, an important structure of memory. They point to differences in neural connections and the volume of the brain network by default. The integrity of this network would be affected – gray matter, white matter and connectivity. However, there is no causal link with isolation. The researchers believe that this study sheds light on the changes that occur in the brains of isolated people. The feeling of exacerbated loneliness is recognized as a predictor of many health problems, from weakened immune response to mental disorders. Stay connected with loved ones However, before coming to the aid of a loved one, Pascale Brillon emphasizes the importance of checking what the other needs. There must be “an adequacy between the desire to receive and what is received as attention.” Some people say they don’t need it, ”she recalls. On the other hand, it is no longer true that “it will be fine”. We should rather affirm today, after 10 months of the pandemic, that “we will go through this together and extend our social support to those who need it”, underlines the specialist in trauma and resilience. She notes that social support for victims of trauma and bereaved generally lasts three months, a short period and often insufficient. Because the negative effects of this loneliness risk having long-term impacts on those most isolated from the pandemic, starting with the elderly. “We were already facing a pandemic of loneliness before COVID-19. It is extremely important to feel socially connected, it is urgent to recognize it and act at our level by taking news by phone or videoconference from the most lonely people of our family or our friends ”, remarks Nathan Spreng . Breaking out of isolation linked to COVID-19 will be easier for some people, the researcher believes. But vulnerable populations may need additional support. “We have to be kind to others and to ourselves. And even if things are less well, we must continue to maintain our social network, ”thinks Pascale Brillon. Focusing on others and cultivating a bit of self-mockery would also help get through this troubled time. “It’s easier when we put what happens to us into perspective, because we are all together in the face of adversity.”

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If you think the question in the title of this article is perfectly okay, it’s time you did an exercise about prepositions. What are prepositions? Prepositions are the little words such as: on, at, in, for, from, of, to, over, under, above, behind, etc. In the exercise you will find some common expressions that you really need to know (I think!). Fill in: at, with, on, in, of, for, etc. |1. He’s good ___________ football. He’s the top scorer at his club.| |2. Don’t laugh __________ me. I’m only a beginner.| |3. My teenage daughter has just slammed the door. I think she’s angry __________ me.| |4. I’m dependent _______ my colleague to give me input about the article that I’ve written.| |5. She was disappointed ____________the 3D version of the film.| |6. Are you afraid __________ spiders?| |7. I can’t meet you ____________ lunch, because I have a client visiting me.| |8. What are you doing __________ the weekend?| |9. Mr. Peterson needs some more information ___________ the accommodations in the Wild Nature Resort.| |10. One ____________ every eight men are colour blind.| |11. Sandra is working __________the research department.| |12. Darren is happy ___________ his new girlfriend.| |13. As a tour guide, he’s responsible __________ getting his group of twenty travellers safely home.| |14. ____________ my opinion, Annette is wrong.| |15. _____________ the one hand, I think you have a point. _____________ the other hand, I think you should look at it differently.| Want to do more preposition exercises?

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Malachite is an Ural gemcolor, having amazing beauty and high quality. Found a stone in the 18th century on the territory of Russia. Almost immediately, mining began. For many years Russia began to be considered a malachite country. From the gems were able to create amazing beauty products. The history of stone was originally mined in the development of copper deposits. Malachite struck with its beauty all. It began to be actively bought, deified. Virtually the entire Ural has gone mad from this self-color. Over time, stone began to be used not only in the manufacture of decorations, but also for other purposes. For example, stone turned out beautiful vases, watches. Malachite began to be added to the dyes. And some wealthy residents of the country made whole rooms of malachite. In many years, if the stone was not in the room at all, it means it was impossible to accept representatives of high society. Savings were out of the question. It got to the point that from malachite made paths to the house. All this caused deposits of stone to gradually disappear. If earlier in the mine could find a self-color weighing up to a few tons, then after wasteful use the mineral almost completely disappeared. At the present stage, there is only one deposit left in the Urals, which have been discovered relatively recently. Mining of the mineral goes on Altai. Malachite finally began to be treated carefully. The leader in malachite mining is Congo. It is this country that is engaged in the export of mineral, which has quite high quality and original pattern. In addition, stone is not only mined in the subsoil of the earth, but also synthesized in laboratories. The artificial mineral weighs lighter. The magical properties Malachite have not only beauty, but also magical properties. - In old times there were legends that the gems are able to fulfill innermost desires. - He defended against evil spirits. For these purposes, the sun was carved out of the mineral. - Helped protect himself from the bite of poisonous animals. - Stones were used by thieves and crooks, because it was thought that it helps to become invisible. - If you drink water, from the malachite bowl, you can understand what birds and animals are talking about. - At the present stage stone is used, as a means to achieve longevity. Formerly from malachite tried to create the elixir of youth. But nothing worked out. - The stone will help get rid of the negative, calm down. - Malachite is recommended to wear Taurus, Lights and Lions. Giving up stone costs Scorpions, Raks and Virgins. Malachite have therapeutic properties. With it, wounds heal much faster. Self color contributes to strengthening immunity. According to lithotherapists, the use of the mineral is necessary in the fight against cancer. Will help malachite cope with joint problems.

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Chamomilla of the homeopathic material medica is the German variety, the Chamomilla matricaria. The common name of the plant is Corn-Fever-Few, as it grows in uncultivated fields, among wheat and corn. The homeopathic Chamomilla medicine is prepared from the whole plant when in flower. Chamomilla acts best upon patients with a morbidly sensitive nervous system. Slight impressions produce distress and anguish of mind; pains often result in fainting. Chamomilla is especially applicable when such type of symptoms appears after long continued use of narcotics. There is great hypersensitivity to pain and an angry, almost accusatory response to that pain. Often the patient seems to complain of more discomfort than could possibly be felt from the exciting condition. In every disease in which Chamomilla is indicated, we notice this peculiar excitability. The patient, whether it is a child or adult, a woman in labor or with toothache, is cross and excitable. Unless this mental state is present, Chamomilla will most likely fail you. Chamomilla is most commonly used as a remedy of childhood acute disorders. Whether it is diarrhea, fever or any other teething trouble, there is great irritability is always found with it. Chamomilla child is so snappish that nobody likes its company. These Chamomilla patients do not know what they want; they are unhappy and they make everybody else around them so. Chamomilla child is so peevish that it is very difficult to please him. Capriciousness; various things are wanted that are not to be had, and which when offered, are refused with discourtesy. Chamomilla is a great remedy for dentition in children, and as such it bears a certain amount of resemblance to Belladonna. The baby starts during sleep, and is quite restless. Twitching of the muscles of face and hands are also prominent. These symptoms though suggesting belladonna should be looked into more minutely, and then it will be found that the face lacks the uniform congestion of the belladonna. It is true that the one cheek is flushed and that the head is covered with hot sweat and that certain amount of fever, but still the intense erythrism of belladonna will be found lacking everywhere. Chamomilla has a number of gastric symptoms. It is useful in biliousness produced by anger. We find it also indicated in gastralgia, especially when the food eaten seems to lie like a load in the stomach. There is distension of the hypochondria, the tongue is coated yellowish-white, and there is bitter taste in the mouth; there is colicky pain in the abdomen, which is relieved by drinking a cup of coffee. Chamomilla produces a diarrhea with hot, yellowish green stool, looking like chopped eggs, and often mixed with bile, causing soreness in the anus, and having an odor of suppurated hydrogen; it is worse toward evening; it is apt to occur during dentition. Chamomilla is also a valuable remedy for the cases of rheumatism. Rheumatic pains drive the patient out of bed and compel him to walk about. He is thirsty, hot, with red cheeks and almost beside himself with anguish. It is one of our best pain killing remedies wherever it may be tooth, ear, abdomen and heart but must be present with characteristic excitability. Chamomilla is our great stand -by in some of those labor cases where there is great rigidity of the os prevents parturition. Labor pains are pressing upward and are most spasmodic and distressing. The patient is extremely hysterical, snappish. These long continued labor cases respond immediately to Chamomilla. Again it is very useful in the cases of threatened abortion caused by anger. There is discharge of dark blood, frequent urination, restlessness and characteristic excitability with pain. Chamomilla prescribed on these indications can stop miscarriage. Chamomilla also acts on mucous membranes, causing symptoms of catarrh. It is indicated in the catarrh of children, when the nose is “stopped up”, and yet there is dropping of hot, watery mucus from the nostrils; there are sneezing and inability to sleep; and with these a dry, teasing cough, which keeps the child awake, there is rattling cough, as though the bronchi were full of mucus. Here Chamomilla is especially suited when cold brought on by cold windy days. Chamomilla is another valuable remedy, proved by our master, Hahnemann. And long time experience of various homeopaths with it in so many acute childhood disorders describes its importance. One must always keep in his mind that calmness, gentleness, sluggish and constipated bowels are always contraindicating the use of Chamomilla.

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Aerobic treatment requires supplying enough oxygen to support aerobic bacteria. The amount of aeration needed (in increasing order) depends on whether it is desired to just reduce odor, or completely remove the oxygen demand of the organic matter, or to supply enough oxygen for nitrification of ammonia to nitrate. Advantages of aeration can be reduced odor, nitrification of ammonia to nitrate (thus potentially reducing ammonia emissions and also having a nitrogen form that is readily crop-available but also more prone to leaching), and reduction of greenhouse gases (especially methane) compared to anaerobic treatment. Disadvantages include higher capital cost for aeration equipment, higher operating cost (particularly energy for pumps or aerators), higher maintenance requirements, and possibly monitoring requirements for checking the dissolved oxygen level in the liquid. There are various methods and types of equipment for aeration, and selecting the most efficient equipment and methods may be difficult. Consultation with knowledgeable professionals is advisable. Aeration has not been used much in treatment of liquid manure primarily because of the increased expense. For more information on aerobic treatment and other treatment options, see: LPES Lesson on Biological Processes for Controlling Emissions Author: Phil Westerman, North Carolina State University

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In the past year alone, Sikhs have made headlines across the world. There was the first U.S. army officer who filed a lawsuit and was allowed to wear a turban under his helmet. Then there was Waris Ahluwalia, a New Yorker who was stopped at an airport because he refused to unravel his hair for authorities. And now, Sikhs are being celebrated in a beautiful exhibition launching stateside in September. Despite so much conversation around Sikhs, there remain many misconceptions and judgments unfairly placed upon the religious demographic. Indeed, since 9/11, there have been countless hate crimes against Sikh, Arab, Muslim and South Asian Americans. According to the Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund, there have been over 800 hate crimes investigated by the FBI since the 2001 terrorism attacks. But a separate report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that as of 2005, hate crimes against these people were 15 times higher than what the FBI had reported. To empower Sikhs everywhere, the London-based photographers Amit and Naroop came together and photographed 40 Sikhs from around the U.S. The duo had already documented 36 Sikh British in 2013, but were asked by The Sikh Coalition, based out of New York City, to replicate the project with Sikh Americans. "It became a collection of images that symbolized the power of identity," the duo said in an email to Mashable. "The strength of looking unique and having pride in your appearance no matter your race, gender, age or sexuality. Here [is] a group of people who wear turbans on their heads and don't cut their hair. They do this with pride. It is not a fashion accessory, it is fundamental to who they are." For Sikhs, the photographers explained, this symbolism is multifaceted, encompassing discipline, strength, unity, equality. The photographers quickly discovered just how different Americans and British Sikhs were. "In the U.K., there is no confusion between Sikhs and other religions," they said. "In the U.S., we were shocked to see how little people knew about Sikhs. They were misunderstood and, to a certain degree, feared. "The Sikhs we have photographed have all faced abuse — some verbal, some physical — and yet their resolve to be keep their identity [anonymous]," they said. "Yes, we obviously want to break the ignorant stereotypes made in the U.S that all Sikhs look like terrorists. Even writing those words makes us angry. In this day and age, with all the technology, information and resources available to us, for someone to still make that assumption is unbelievable. But yet it happens. It’s shocking." Ultimately the duo hopes to portray Sikhs to Americans unfamiliar with them in a new light. "Sikhs are kind, caring people who believe in equality and serving others before themselves," they said. "If people can begin to stop judging people by appearance, but instead look at their actions and character, then the U.S. can start to understand the value Sikhs bring to their country." The Sikh Coalition will be holding the exhibition in downtown NYC from September 16 - 25

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Therapy and Treatment - Explain how people with psychological disorders have been treated throughout the ages and discuss deinstitutionalization For much of history, the mentally ill have been treated very poorly. It was believed that mental illness was caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, or an angry god (Szasz, 1960). For example, in medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was possessed by demons. If someone was considered to be possessed, there were several forms of treatment to release spirits from the individual. The most common treatment was exorcism, often conducted by priests or other religious figures: Incantations and prayers were said over the person’s body, and she may have been given some medicinal drinks. Another form of treatment for extreme cases of mental illness was trephining: A small hole was made in the afflicted individual’s skull to release spirits from the body. Most people treated in this manner died. In addition to exorcism and trephining, other practices involved execution or imprisonment of people with psychological disorders. Still others were left to be homeless beggars. Generally speaking, most people who exhibited strange behaviors were greatly misunderstood and treated cruelly. The prevailing theory of psychopathology in earlier history was the idea that mental illness was the result of demonic possession by either an evil spirit or an evil god because early beliefs incorrectly attributed all unexplainable phenomena to deities deemed either good or evil. From the late 1400s to the late 1600s, a common belief perpetuated by some religious organizations was that some people made pacts with the devil and committed horrible acts, such as eating babies (Blumberg, 2007). These people were considered to be witches and were tried and condemned by courts—they were often burned at the stake. Worldwide, it is estimated that tens of thousands of mentally ill people were killed after being accused of being witches or under the influence of witchcraft (Hemphill, 1966) By the 18th century, people who were considered odd and unusual were placed in asylums (Figure 1). were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders. Often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten, chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers. In the late 1700s, a French physician, Philippe Pinel, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. He suggested that they be unchained and talked to, and that’s just what he did for patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris in 1795 (Figure 2). Patients benefited from this more humane treatment, and many were able to leave the hospital. In the 19th century, Dorothea Dix led reform efforts for mental health care in the United States (Figure 3). She investigated how those who are mentally ill and poor were cared for, and she discovered an underfunded and unregulated system that perpetuated abuse of this population (Tiffany, 1891). Horrified by her findings, Dix began lobbying various state legislatures and the U.S. Congress for change (Tiffany, 1891). Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States. Despite reformers’ efforts, however, a typical asylum was filthy, offered very little treatment, and often kept people for decades. At Willard Psychiatric Center in upstate New York, for example, one treatment was to submerge patients in cold baths for long periods of time. Electroshock treatment was also used, and the way the treatment was administered often broke patients’ backs; in 1943, doctors at Willard administered 1,443 shock treatments (Willard Psychiatric Center, 2009). (Electroshock is now called electroconvulsive treatment, and the therapy is still used, but with safeguards and under anesthesia. A brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Controversy continues over its effectiveness versus the side effects.) Many of the wards and rooms were so cold that a glass of water would be frozen by morning (Willard Psychiatric Center, 2009). Willard’s doors were not closed until 1995. Conditions like these remained commonplace until well into the 20th century. Starting in 1954 and gaining popularity in the 1960s, antipsychotic medications were introduced. These proved a tremendous help in controlling the symptoms of certain psychological disorders, such as psychosis. Psychosis was a common diagnosis of individuals in mental hospitals, and it was often evidenced by symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, indicating a loss of contact with reality. Then in 1963, Congress passed and John F. Kennedy signed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, which provided federal support and funding for community mental health centers (National Institutes of Health, 2013). This legislation changed how mental health services were delivered in the United States. It started the process of , the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally. In 1955, there were 558,239 severely mentally ill patients institutionalized at public hospitals (Torrey, 1997). By 1994, by percentage of the population, there were 92% fewer hospitalized individuals (Torrey, 1997). Link to Learning View this timeline showing the history of mental institutions in the United States. Licenses and Attributions (Click to expand) CC licensed content, Shared previously - Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/16-1-mental-health-treatment-past-and-present. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally

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Over 85% of cat owners feed kibble, but just because everyone else is doing it doesn't make it right. When choosing the best food for your cat, the first fact to consider is that cats are not just carnivores; they are obligate carnivores. Cats must eat meat to survive. Their bodies are designed to get all their nutritional needs from animal flesh. In fact, their bodies have a very difficult time extracting any nutritional value from any ingredients other than meat, organ, and bone. Go ahead and look at the ingredients of what you are feeding your cat right now. Every ingredient other than meat, organ, and bone is filler. Your cat is getting absolutely nothing from it. You are paying for poop - and stinky poop, at that, because the cat's body does not have the enzymes needed to digest ingredients that do not come from animals; therefore, plant-based ingredients ferment while working their way through the body. But the fact that dry kibble includes ingredients that the cat's body can't digest isn't the biggest problem with kibble. The biggest problem with kibble is that it is dry; it has minimal moisture content. All domestic cats find their roots in the cats of the African desert. Water in North Africa is scarce, so the cat's body was designed to get its water from its food. Feeding kibble not only doesn't give the cat the water that its body needs, but it also increases the body's need for water, which makes kibble double trouble. Now, the body needs more water than normal for it to metabolize this unnatural dry food into something from which it can extract nutrients. An average cat needs 200 ml of water a day - that equals 4/5th of a cup of water. Look at the water in the cup. That is how much a cat should drink each day. It is doubtful that a cat, who does not have a strong instinctual drive to drink water, is drinking 4/5ths of a cup of water each day. Most cats, especially those on kibble diets, live in a constant state of low-grade dehydration, and their owners never know it because dehydration is rarely apparent. So what exactly are the problems with a cat living in a constant state of dehydration? Unfortunately, most of the negative side effects often aren't seen until later in life. More and more veterinarians conclude that processed pet food is the number one cause of illness and premature death in cats. Processed pet foods suppress the immune system making the cat more vulnerable to infection and illness. Also, it is linked to liver, kidney, and heart disease along with diabetes. Feeding non-processed food will protect your cat's health into old age. A study in Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, showed that young cats fed dry kibble would start out living normal, healthy lives. But once they reach adulthood, the rate at which they age and develop degenerate diseases increases at an abnormal rate. In contrast, cats fed a non-processed, natural diet did not age as quickly and, most importantly, did not develop ANY degenerate diseases. Are you killing your cat with kibble? The chances are, yes, you are. While it may not be immediately apparent, kibble food will decrease your cat's life expectancy. It is never too late to switch to either a balanced raw diet or a canned food diet. For more information on Jon and Robyn and our Bengals, visit our website at www.quality-bengal-kittens.com Appel, Athena. "What You Can’t See Won’t Hurt Your Pet?"Cats and Dogs Naturally. 4 March 2013. http://catsndogsnaturally.com Becker, Karen. "Pets, Protein, Dry Food, and Disease." Healthy Pets. 7 July 2009. http://healthypets.mercola.com/sites/healthypets/archive/2009/07/07/pets-protein-dry-food-and-disease.aspx Gates, Margarate. "Answers: What exactly is an Obligate Carnivore?" Feline Nutrition Foundation. 17 January 2016. http://feline-nutrition.org/answers/answers-what-exactly-is-an-qobligate-carnivoreq Lutz, Angela. "Does Your Cat Have a Drinking Problem?" Catster. 19 February 2013. http://www.catster.com/lifestyle/cats-drinking-problems Munkevics, Signe and Maris. "Would you know if your cat is dehydrated?" Pet-happy. 4 March 2015. https://www.pet-happy.com/would-you-know-if-your-cat-is-dehydrated/ Ohlund, M. Et al. "Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 1 December 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvim.14618/full

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Last Updated on January 20, 2020 by Sagar Aryal It is an infectious disease caused by poliovirus which affects the spinal cord and brain stem, it leads to paralysis and even leads to death. - Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis. - Children under 5 years of age are more susceptible to this disease. - Reservoir Human. - Spread through feces. - Contaminated food and water. - So, it spread in the communities with poor infrastructure. - Poor sanitation. - Crowded living conditions. - Young children are particularly at risk of infection. History and epidemiology - Poliovirus was first described by MICHAEL UNDERWOOD in 1789. - The first outbreak described in the U.S in 1843. - 21000 paralytic cases were reported in the U.S in 1952. - Polioviruses are distributed globally before the availability of immunization, almost 100% of the population in developing countries before the age of 5. - The availability of immunization and the poliovirus eradication campaign has eradicated poliovirus in most regions of the world except in the Indian subcontinent and Africa. - In 1908 transmission of polio to a monkey by Landsteiner was confirmed. The virus was grown on tissue culture in 1949. - Three types of poliovirus were isolated and identified in 1951. - Trials of Salk vaccine: The first large scale trial of Salk was performed in 1954. The use of Sabin in 1958 first general use of Sabin was done. - As a result of the massive global vaccination campaign over the past 20 years, polio exists only in a few countries in Africa and Asia. In the Philippines, the last case was reported in 1993 and in 2000 the Philippines was certified as a polio-free country. Types of polio vaccine Inactivated Polio Vaccine - Synonyms for IPV vaccine - Salk vaccine - IPV is a trivalent (strains 1,2,3) vaccine. Salk Polio Vaccine – Jonas firstly developed the Salk vaccine 2) Non-reversion (this inactivated polio vaccine cannot revert back, np side effect and safe to use). 3) types of poliovirus grown in monkey kidney tissue culture. Procedure for preparation - Standard virulent strains used. - 3 types of polio vaccines grown separately in MKTC. - Adequate titer filtered to remove debris and clumps. - Inactivated with formalin at 37 degrees for 12-15 days. - Stringent tests to ensure complete inactivation - Issued for use. - In 1954 the whole USA was vaccinated against polio and 80-90% population was protected. - In 1955 100 cases of poliomyelitis were reported due to the insufficiently inactivated vaccine. - IPV produces antibodies in the blood to all three types of poliovirus. - As IPV is not a live vaccine, it carries no risk of VAPP. - IPV triggers an excellent protective immune response in most people. • Shipping and transport are easy. - IPV is over 5 times more expensive than OPV - A booster regime is required. - Do not stimulate local and mucosal immunity - Administering the vaccine requires trained workers, as well as sterile injection, equipment, and procedure. Oral Polio Vaccine - Trivalent oral polio vaccine. - A synonym is the Sabin vaccine. - Developed by Albert Sabin in 1961. - It is a live attenuated virus vaccine. - Oral administration of vaccine yields a local gastrointestinal infection. - A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. - Attenuated by a passage in the foreign host (MKC) - Selection to grow in new in host makes viruses. - Less sited to the original host. - Stabilizers such as sucrose or trehalose or arginine hydrochloride may be added to retain the antigenicity. - Inactivation is carried out by adding formalin at 0.025% concentration. - Incubation at 37centigrade up to 48 hours and then at 23 centigrade up to 12 days. - Test for free formaldehyde content after 12 hours consistent inactivation of the virus is monitored and verified. - Oral polio vaccines are easily administered, with no need for highly trained. - Induce both humoral and systemic immunity. - Antibodies quickly produce as 1 or 2 doses of oral vaccine can give 90-100% results. - Instability at high temperature. - Very small residual neurovirulence in OPV. - Frequent vaccine failure even with fully potent. Storage of polio vaccine (OPV and IPV) - OPV is a heat sensitive vaccine. - Stored at -20 degrees. - Having shelf life… - 2 years at -20 degree - 6 months at 2-8 degree - 1-3 days at room temp. - 16% – https://www.slideshare.net/Muhammadiqbal583/polio-vaccine-85407875 - 6% – https://judoctor2011.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lecture-3.pdf - 3% – https://www.slideshare.net/leehimangsu13/poliomyelitis-53216812 - 3% – https://quizlet.com/85252674/mc_f2-flash-cards/ - 3% – http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-prevention/the-vaccines/ipv/ - 2% – https://www.medicinenet.com/polio_facts/article.htm - 2% – http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0193478.html - 1% – https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types - 1% – https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/health/your-kids-health/polio-outbreak-philippines-a00228-20190922-lfrm - 1% – https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/poliomyelitis - 1% – https://medlineplus.gov/polioandpostpoliosyndrome.html - 1% – http://www.allindianpatents.com/patents/231047-a-process-for-the-preparation-of-polio-vaccine - <1% – http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Polio%20vaccine/en-en/

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N’Djamena is the capital and largest city of Chad. It was founded in 1900 following the French Army’s defeat of Rabih Al-Zubayr, a slave trader, in the Battle of Kousseri. Following the military victory, the French named the settlement Fort Lamy after Amédée-François Lamy, a French army officer, who died in the battle. Located at the convergence of the Logone and Chari rivers, N’Djamena is close to Chad’s border with Cameroon and 50 miles south of Lake Chad. In 2002 an estimated 600,000 people resided in N’Djamena. Islam is the major religion in N’Djamena as 95% of the population is Muslim. During the late nineteenth century, Rabih sought to establish sovereignty over Central Africa. By the 1890s he had captured most of the present-day Central African Republic. The French army’s victory in the Battle of Kousseri enabled the French to establish a foothold in the region. As a result, Chad became a part of French Equatorial Africa. The French established Fort Lamy as the colonial capital. Although France established the region as a colony, certain regions of Chad enjoyed near autonomy. For example, the northern region of Chad remained nearly independent and influenced by the Sanusiya, the Muslim theocracy. Following World War II, France granted more autonomy to its African colonies. For example, Chad and other French colonies gained representation in the French National Assembly. During this period, political parties such as the Union Démocratique Tchadienne (UDT) and Parti Progressiste Tchadien (PPT) formed in Chad. The PPT advocated for independence from France. Chad gained its independence from France in August 1960. François Tombalbaye, a PPT leader, became the first president of independent Chad. Fort Lamy remained a small town throughout the colonial period. Following independence, however, it experienced rapid growth rising from an estimated 53,000 in 1958 to 130,000 by 1972. In addition, the presence of the cotton, livestock, and fishing industries transformed Fort Lamy into the cultural and commercial center of Chad. In September 1973, Tombalbaye changed the capital’s name from Fort Lamy to N’Djamena as part of his mission to “Africanize” all French destination names. N’Djamena derived its name from Am-Djamena, a small Kotoko fishing village in Chad. In 1975, President Tombalbaye was assassinated in a military coup. Although Chad experienced civil unrest and authoritarian rule through the late twentieth century, N’Djamena’s population grew through the 1970s and 1980s. Meat processing is the leading industry in N’Djamena. The city is also an important transportation hub for Chad’s transportation networks. Idriss Déby became the president of Chad in 1990 and remains in power. Déby has continued the autocratic rule of his predecessors. The long-standing instability and strife heavily damaged the infrastructure in N’Djamena. Chad remains one of the poorest countries in the world.

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To understand canine Addison’s Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism), we need to first understand the functions of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located in the dog’s abdomen just above the kidneys. The glands are made up of two distinct layers. The interior layer (called the medulla) is responsible for producing hormones similar to adrenaline. The outer layer (called the cortex) is responsible for producing corticosteroids, which are hormones that enable animals to adapt to stress physiologically. Corticosteroids are divided into two groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. In a fight-or-flight situation, they help get the body ready to burn fuel for energy. Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balances – sodium and potassium. In a fight-or-flight situation, sodium is conserved in preparation for possibility of blood loss. As sodium is conserved, potassium is lost as a result. In short, corticosteroid hormones are essential for animals to physically adapt and adjust to situations that are stressful. Without these hormones, even a small stressful situation could result in serious physical damage. What is Canine Addisons Disease Addison’s disease in dogs is caused by the inability of the adrenal glands to produce enough glucocorticoidss and mineralocorticoids. Specially, in Addison’s disease, the two hormones that are most commonly deficient are cortisol (part of the glucocorticoid group of hormones) and aldosterone (part of the mineralocorticoid group of hormones). Cortisol helps the dog’s body deal with stress, converses food into energy, and manages the immune system’s inflammatory response. Aldosterone helps maintain proper blood pressure, and allows the kidneys to keep a proper balance of sodium and potassium in the dog’s body. Canine Addisons disease is the opposite of Cushing’s disease in dogs, in which the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroids. Canine Addison’s disease occurs less commonly than Cushing’s disease, but it still occurs quite frequently in dogs, especially among young to middle-aged female dogs. The average age is about 4 years old. There may be a genetic predisposition in Bearded Collies, Portuguese Water Dogs, and Standard Poodles. Different Forms of Canine Addisons Disease Addison’s disease in dogs come in three different forms. They are: Primary Addison’s Disease This form of Addison’s disease is an autoimmune disease and is by far the most common form. It is characterized by an abnormal response of the immune system which causes the dog’s body to attack its own tissue. As a result, the adrenal glands are damaged and fail to produce sufficient corticosteroid hormones. A tumor of the adrenal gland can also cause primary Addison’s disease. Secondary Addison’s Disease This form of canine Addisons disease is caused by an insufficient amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is secreted by the pituitary gland. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to work. A lack of ACTH therefore results in underworking of the adrenal glands and consequently a deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones. Secondary Addison’s disease can also be caused by a reduced production of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by the hypothalamus. CRF is a hormone that controls the adrenal glands. Failure of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus is usually a result of a tumor, inflammation, or injury. Atypical Addison’s Disease Atypical Addison’s is similar to Primary Addison’s in that the adrenal glands are not working properly. In Atypical Addison’s, the adrenal glands fail to secrete the glucocorticoid hormones only. Therefore, generally speaking, dogs with Atypical Addison’s have normal electrolyte balances. Symptoms of Canine Addisons Disease The symptoms of canine Addisons disease are very vague. As a result, many dogs may have symptoms for a long time before the disease is diagnosed. To make diagnosis even more difficult, many of the symptoms in Addison’s disease may wax and wane over a period of time. Some of the more common symptoms include: - Muscle weakness - Appetite loss - Vomiting and diarrhea - Weak pulses and sometimes a slow, irregular heart rate Beware of “Addisonian Crisis” Sometimes Addison’s disease may manifest itself in an “Addisonian Crisis” in which the poor dog collapses in a state of shock due to an imbalance of electrolytes and metabolism during a period of stress. This results in extremely low blood sugar and high potassium levels. In addition, the dog’s heart rate slows down, and irregular heart beat (arrhythmias) may result. In some cases, a dog in an Addisonian crisis cannot survive. Diagnosis and Treatment A definitive diagnois can be made using a blood test called the ACTH stimulation test. As mentioned above, the symptoms of canine Addisons disease are vague and varied. Therefore, generally, a series of other tests will have been done to rule out other causes before the ACTH test is being given. In an ACTH test, the dog is given an injection of the adrenal stimulating hormone ACTH. In a normal healthy dog, the response will be an increase in blood cortisol. In a dog with Addison’s disease, there will NOT be an increase in blood cortisol and the diagnosis of Addison’s disease is confirmed. Dogs with Addison’s disease require in-hospital treatment and long-term treatment. Dogs who are very sick with severe symptoms need to be hospitalized. They receive intensive treatment which includes intravenous fluids, cortisol-like drugs, and drugs that neutralize the effects of potassium on the heart. Long-term treatment involves replacing the mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in the body. This can be done by giving the dog hormones either orally or by injection, about every 25 days. The oral form of medication most commonly used is Florinef (fludrocortisone). Florinef is usually given twice a day. The injection type of drug is called DOCP. DOCP has been tested widely and intensively; it has been proven to give better electrolyte regulation than Florinef. A small, maintenance dose of prednisone may also be given to some dogs being treated with DOCP. Dogs with canine Addisons disease are unable to produce extra cortisol in response to stress, so if your dog is suffering from this disease, try not to expose him to stress if possible. The dog may need an extra amount of hormones during periods of stress (e.g. boarding, surgery, etc.).

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Should I Get a Low-Dose 3-D Mammogram? What is low-dose 3-D mammography? Standard mammography relies upon two-dimensional X-ray images of the breast to detect possible areas of concern. 3-D mammography, or breast tomosynthesis, is a process that incorporates many X-ray images taken from a range of angles to create a three-dimensional image of the breast that can be closely examined a millimeter at a time. C-View, a low-dose 3-D form of mammography, allows for quicker procedure times and lower radiation doses than previously possible. How is it different from traditional mammography? The computer can translate 3-D tomosynthesis images into 2-D images that are clearer and more detailed than images from a traditional 2-D mammogram. This allows radiologists to view a much clearer picture of structures within the breast tissue. The appearance of linear structures, radiating lines, and bright spots, which can be indicative of particular breast conditions, is enhanced with tomosynthesis.</P What are the advantages of low-dose 3-D mammography? 3-D mammography allows for more accurate diagnosis of masses, distortions, and variations in density than standard mammograms, especially in women with dense breasts—those having a higher proportion of brous or glandular tissue in relation to fatty tissue. Research has linked higher breast density with higher breast cancer risk, so increased vigilance in detection is even more vital in women with denser breasts. Getting the clearest picture possible is especially important for women with dense breasts because both dense breast tissue and tumors appear white on traditional x-rays. As a result, cancerous abnormalities can be missed. Also, many benign conditions appear on mammograms; dense tissue can more frequently appear to be suspicious, resulting in many costly (and often stress-inducing) additional tests, such as biopsies. Using 3-D mammography, practitioners have been found to make 20–40% fewer callbacks for diagnostic procedures while detecting invasive cancers at an approximately 41% higher rate compared with digital mammography alone,and the rate of false positives has been shown to be 15% lower with the addition of tomosynthesis. Low-dose 3-D mammograms are both faster and safer. The procedure requires just 3.7 seconds of breast compression time and delivers a radiation dose that is comparable to 2-D exams and well below the maximum safe dose set by the FDA.

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A dental crown is a laboratory made tooth that covers over your prepared tooth. It helps to reduce the chances of a heavily filled or weak tooth from fracturing during mastication. Because a dental crown covers over all filling and weak tooth structure, there is no chance for the tooth to flex under load, therefore reducing the chances of a filling or tooth breaking over time. In affect, crowns add strength, durability and stability. A dental crown is made of either a precious metal covered in porcelain (porcelain fused to metal crown), gold or all porcelain. Crowns are also used to attach bridges, and to cover implants. They can also have an aesthetic use to cover stained or chipped teeth. If you are missing one or several teeth a dental bridge is an alternative to a partial dentures. A dental bridge is usually defined as a laboratory made fixed prosthesis which incorporates 2 crowns supported by 2 natural teeth (abutments) either side of a gap, with a fake tooth (pontic) joined in between the two crowns. Bridges can replace 1 or more missing teeth, however the longer the span or larger the bridge, the weaker it is as more pressure is placed on the 2 abutment teeth. For dental bridges to be strong and reliable the abutment teeth must be solid, with plenty of tooth and boney support. Bridges are natural-looking artificial teeth that can replace a section of missing teeth. Because they are custom-made, bridges are barely noticeable and can restore the natural contour of teeth as well as the proper bite relationship between upper and lower teeth. A combination of porcelain and gold alloy materials are usually used to make a bridge. Having a custom bridge can serve 4 main functions. - Protect the anchoring teeth if they have been weakened by large fillings or decay - Prevent tooth movement of the anchoring and opposing teeth - Improve the aesthetics by filling the space from the missing tooth - Create a more stable bite surface, which helps with chewing FAQs about dental crowns Q. When is a dental crown indicated? Existing large fillings and extensive tooth decay can weaken teeth to the point where cracking can occur, which can lead to a more serious fracture. While broken teeth can sometimes be temporarily patched up with a simple composite resin filling, ideally a stronger material needs to be considered to replace the lost tooth structure and prevent further extensive cracking. More extensive fractures can approach the nerve resulting in a lot of pain to the patient, which then requires root canal therapy to save the tooth. Unfortunately some fractures can extend right down into the root and no option of a filling or even root canal therapy can then save the tooth. This also causes a lot of pain and the tooth will require extraction. A simple crown could have prevented this tooth loss if it had been placed earlier. Q. What is the difference between porcelain fused to metal crowns (PFM), gold and all porcelain crowns? PFM crowns have an inner metal core and an outer porcelain layer which are fused together. The metal component gives the dental crown great strength while the porcelain component gives the crown great aesthetics. PFM crowns are especially useful in masking severely stained teeth. Gold crowns are made of gold alloy. They are considered the gold standard as they are inert and extremely difficult to break. Because gold can be made very thin, less tooth needs to be removed during a crown preparation. The only disadvantage is its gold colour. All porcelain crowns are the most aesthetic. At Just Dental Care we use a laboratory that creates all porcelain crowns out of Zirconia. Zirconia crowns are an extremely hard material and also very fracture resistant. Q. How many appointments do I need to have a dental crown? Generally 2 appointments are required. One appointment to prepare your tooth, after which an impression is taken and then this impression is sent to the technician for crown fabrication. In the interim a temporary crown is placed to protect your tooth. The second appointment is usually after another 5-10 working days where the crown is permanently cemented in place. Q. What is a temporary crown? A temporary dental crown or bridge is a temporary cap over the prepared tooth or teeth and it may look and feel like your original tooth. It is placed to protect your teeth and gum tissues while a custom permanent restoration is being created for you in a dental laboratory. In addition, this temporary crown or bridge will help prevent the adjacent teeth from shifting, ensuring that your final crown or bridge will fit. Temporary cement will be used to hold the restoration in place. Q. Where are our crowns made? All our crowns are Aussie made, and we are proud to support Australian companies. The laboratory we use is Sunshine Coast Dental Laboratory on the Sunshine Coast.

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https://www.justdentalcare.com.au/dental-health-services/cosmetic-dentistry/dental-crown/

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Water that falls during a rainstorm or comes from melting snow is stormwater. Kirkland has many hard surfaces like roads, parking lots, rooftops, and driveways. These are called impervious surfaces and do not allow this water to soak into the ground. Water that falls on these surfaces becomes stormwater runoff. Stormwater runoff picks up pollutants like oil, chemicals, fertilizer, pet waste, and soap. It carries these pollutants to the nearest storm drain. In Kirkland, all storm drains lead to the nearest creek, wetland, or Lake Washington. Stormwater runoff is not cleaned or filtered before it reaches our waterways. It can damage habitat and water quality. Learn how you can keep stormwater clean and prevent water pollution Stormwater runoff runs off developed land during the rainy season. As a result, this water can flood homes, businesses, and roads. Stormwater can also flood and damage creeks and wetlands needed for fish and other wildlife habitat. Manage drainage and flooding around your property

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https://www.kirklandwa.gov/Government/Departments/Public-Works-Department/Storm-Surface-Water

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THE endangered dusky hopping mice has an unlikely ally in the outback dingo, which is helping to keep feral cat populations down, new research has found. University of New South Wales scientists discovered the Australian native rodent was “happiest” living around dingoes, because more dingoes meant fewer feral cats. The mice, studied on outback South Australian and Queensland properties, were also found to be less timid when foraging in areas were dingoes were common. University of New South Wales’ School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Associate Professor Mike Letnic, who conducted the study, said the dingo was “an uncomfortable ally”. “It’s the idea that the enemy is my friend for the dusky hopping mouse and the dingo,” he said. “Dingoes do eat hopping mice too, they’re just not as good as it as feral cats. “The dusky hopping mouse’s biggest enemies are cats and foxes … but it was surprising to see they do quite well in the areas were dingoes are common.” He said the study, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B journal, also revealed apex predators could “alleviate the risk of predation perceived by a small prey species”. “We looked at the dusky hopping mouse’s behaviour and it was less fearful in areas where there were dingoes,” Prof Letnic said. “We measured that by how readily they consumed food and they were much happier to eat food in potentially dangerous habitats where there were dingoes and less cats.” The dusky hopping mouse is a nocturnal rodent specialised for the deep desert, characterised by its long, narrow hind feet and long tail with a dark brush on the end. The native is classified as vulnerable, now only found in a small number of locations in the Strzelecki Desert and nearby regions in the South Australia-Queensland border area. Prof Letnic said Australia needed to protect its native species. “We need to create environments for the dusky hopping mice where there aren’t foxes and cats,” he said. “The ecosystems are really complex … but we can’t afford to lose anymore of them from outback Australia. “Large predators are uncomfortable to lives with for us as people, but they are vital parts of a healthy ecosystem, which is why we need to learn to live with them side by side. “Just like the great white shark, the dingo has positives for the environment, we just need to learn how to balance that.” The State Government’s Natural Resources South Australia does have recovery strategies in place for the dusky hopping mouse, including protecting native vegetation and population research.

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https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/the-dingo-is-helping-the-endangered-dusky-hopping-mice-by-keeping-feral-cat-population-down/news-story/0faec0c25625f8d4cbe265d5d1994ccd

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Definitions of Milestones, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Milestones, analogical dictionary of Milestones (English) n. 1. Milestone definition, a stone functioning as a milepost. Search milestone and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. Learn more. They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.They are alternatively known as mile markers, mileposts or mile posts (sometimes abbreviated MPs).Mileage is the distance along the road from a fixed commencement point. What are synonyms for milestone? This is the British English definition of milestone.View American English definition of milestone.. Change your default dictionary to American English. Synonyms for 'milestone': turning point, peak, climax, highlight, watershed, crossroads, breaking point, the moment of truth, the point of no return A stone marker set up on a roadside to indicate the distance in miles from a given point. 2. 1 synonym for milestone: milepost. Synonyms for milestones include mileposts, markers, signposts, wayposts, indicators, landmarks, marks, signs, turning points and climacterics. See more. A milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile. Antonyms for milestone. Top synonyms for milestone achievement (other words for milestone achievement) are outstanding achievement, significant achievement and significant … Milestone Achievement synonyms. milestone synonyms, milestone pronunciation, milestone translation, English dictionary definition of milestone. Synonyms for milestone in Free Thesaurus. Definition and synonyms of milestone from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education.. Define milestone. project goal ( programmers in washington state make milestone ) Synonyms and Antonyms of Milestones. milestone definition: 1. a stone or post at the side of the road that shows the distance to various places, especially to…. Learn synonyms, antonyms, and opposites of Milestones in English with Spanish translations of every word. Case Western Reserve University Student System, Lance Stewart Family, The Hills Oakland Membership Cost, Private Island Bahamas, City Of Derry Airport Parking, Lying To Yourself Synonym, Fernhill House Clonakilty Weddings, Object Show Parts,

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A wattmeter is a professional instrument designed to measure the current flow through high-capacity lines. Actually, it’s usually that. You could use the term “wattmeter” for something like this Kill-A-Watt. It measures the electricity flow at the outlet, but generally it refers to a professional quality instrument. And so I need to go back a little bit further. A watt is a measure of power that gives an electrician a fairly complete picture of how much energy is being used. I could go into deep detail on how this all goes, but instead I’ll send you over to this really good video: which you can watch in your spare time. Or, you can just trust me that watts is a pretty good way to know how much power you have. For those who don’t have 7 minutes to watch, a watt is a measure of how many volts and how many amps are flowing. One watt = one volt x one amp. So, if you’re a commercial power company employee or even someone who works in a broadcast tower, you need to know what’s going on in your high-capacity lines. You need to know if it’s flowing the way that it should. And, possibly more importantly, you need to do this without actually killing yourself. Enter the wattmeter That’s where one of these commercial wattmeters comes in. They’re super-over-built so that they can take the really high voltage and high load. That’s important if you’re working with wires before they come into your home. This is the kind of power that would blow up a plain old outlet tester and probably you with it. So, even if you’re a real fan of measuring devices (as I am), you probably don’t need a wattmeter. Unless, of course, you’re going to be messing around with large amounts of electricity. What you really need instead is a multimeter, which can do a whole lot of things including reading volts and amps from batteries or even outlets if you’re super careful. But, let’s say for a minute that you are that sort of person that uses a wattmeter. Solid Signal has a surprisingly massive selection of wattmeters and elements. Most of these commercial wattmeters have interchangeable elements so they can be used in different scenarios safely, and you can configure your wattmeter so it works properly for your specific need safely. And yeah, I know I said regular people don’t need a wattmeter, but now I really want one. I don’t know why, I just do.

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Adjectives describe or modify the meaning of nouns and pronouns to make them more specific. Her elderly neighbor spent an hour every day tending to his vibrant garden. elderly = adjective being used to describe the neighbor neighbour = noun vibrant = adjective being used to describe the garden garden = noun vibrant definition: bright, lively Here is another example Sharon disliked scented candles. scented = adjective being used to describe the noun candles = noun Note: It’s extremely important that you know how to correctly pronounce a word. Google a word that you don’t know how to pronounce. Usually, there will be a megaphone next to the Googled word. Click on the megaphone to listen to the word’s correct pronunciation. 1. Select the adjective word group 2. Use Google or a dictionary to learn each adjective word definition 3. Write (2) compound sentences for each of the (3) three listed adjectives 4. A compound sentence is (2) two (or more) independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or semicolon. A. unhappiness • underdog • ugliness (nouns) B. unabashedly • unambiguously • uproariously (adverbs) C. usher • underestimate • utilize (verbs) D. unconscionable • untimely • ubiquitous (adjectives) Here is an example of how your answer should be written: D. This is the adjective word group. His actions were unconscionable, so they fired him. (Compound Sentence) The government’s response to the crisis was insufficient, and the world found it unconscionable. (Compound Sentence) Larissa’s comment was untimely, but she was easy to forgive. (Compound Sentence) The storm was quite untimely, and Paul glumly packed up his picnic. (Compound Sentence) Everyone had always made fun of her for her style, but now it was popular and ubiquitous. The raccoons in the area were ubiquitous, so he always made sure the garbage was shut tightly. (Compound Sentence) Now, it’s time to play the game. A.vicariously • vibrantly • vehemently B.validate • vilify • vocalize C.vehicle • vicar • verdict D.verdant • valiant • voracious A.wellness • wonderment • wreckage B.wretched • winsome • warped C.wishfully • wrongfully • watchfully D.whistle • worship • wager Pay it forward. Please share your sentences in the Leave a Reply/Leave a Comment section below (keep scrolling down). In the comment section below, a member of our teaching staff will provide helpful feedback on the answers and sentences you provide. If you have any questions related to this workshop, please feel free to post them below. Please review The 4 Types of Sentences workshop in our Basic Rules of Grammar category. At the very bottom of this page, you will find a search bar section where you can type in the words The 4 Types of Sentences. This will direct you to this and other helpful workshops. We hope you enjoyed this reading and writing workshop. Keep up to date with each of our free online writing workshops. Follow us on Twitter @dfoww_edu Follow us on Facebook @dfoww Follow us on Instagram @dfoww_edu Follow us on LinkedIn @dfoww © Copyright 2020 dfoww, Incorporated All Rights Reserved

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Phase 1 vaccine trial of Pvs25H: A transmission blocking vaccine for Plasmodium vivax malaria Clinical trial; Plasmodium vivax; Transmission blocking vaccine Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria cases outside of Africa, and results in substantial morbidity. Transmission blocking vaccines are a potentially powerful component of a multi-faceted public health approach to controlling or eliminating malaria. We report the first phase 1 clinical trial of a P. vivax transmission blocking vaccine in humans. The Pvs25H vaccine is a recombinant protein derived from the Pvs25 surface antigen of P. vivax ookinetes. The protein was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, purified, and adsorbed onto Alhydrogel®. Ten volunteers in each of three dose groups (5, 20, or 80 μg) were vaccinated by intramuscular injection in an open-label study at 0, 28 and 180 days. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were observed. The majority of adverse events causally related to vaccination were mild or moderate in severity. Injection site tenderness was the most commonly observed adverse event. Anti-Pvs25H antibody levels measured by ELISA peaked after the third vaccination. Vaccine-induced antibody is functionally active as evidenced by significant transmission blocking activity in the membrane feeding assay. Correlation between antibody concentration and degree of inhibition was observed. Pvs25H generates transmission blocking immunity in humans against P. vivax demonstrating the potential of this antigen as a component of a transmission blocking vaccine. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Malkin, E., Durbin, A., Diemert, D., Sattabongkot, J., Wu, Y., Miura, K., Long, C., Lambert, L., Miles, A., Wang, J., Stowers, A., Miller, L., & Saul, A. (2005). Phase 1 vaccine trial of Pvs25H: A transmission blocking vaccine for Plasmodium vivax malaria. Vaccine, 23 (24). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.019

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International, systematic project reveals recommended dose of weekly exercise For decades, the main message to keep the general population healthy was for everyone to get active. In fact, the World Health Organization laid out specific guidelines (150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise each week) on how much physical activity was required for people to maintain a healthy lifestyle. However, UBC Okanagan researcher Kathleen Martin Ginis says while the recommendations were well-meaning, a particular group of people was excluded. “These guidelines were never specifically tailored for people with spinal cord injuries (SCI),” says Martin Ginis. “Not only were people with SCI essentially excluded from the systematic review that came up with these specific physical activity guidelines, but the potential risks to the SCI population—including upper body over-use, skin breakdown, autonomic dysreflexia (sudden high blood pressure), and overheating—were not considered.” Now, an international committee, led by Martin Ginis, has come up with exercise recommendations for the SCI population that will be presented at the International Spinal Cord Society Annual Scientific Meeting in Dublin, Ireland this week. “These guidelines represent an important step toward international harmonization of exercise guidelines for adults with SCI,” says Martin Ginis. “At the same time, they are a clear foundation for developing exercise policies and programs for people with SCI around the world.” It is recommended that to improve fitness, adults with SCI should engage in at least 20 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise two times week and three sets of moderate strengthening exercise for each major functional muscle groups two times per week. To improve cardiometabolic health, at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise is needed, three times per week. It’s a specific dose, she adds, for a reason. Cardiometabolic illnesses—cardiovascular disease, diabetes and even obesity—are among the leading causes of death in adults with SCI and addressing cardiometabolic health is extremely valuable, she adds. “These exercise guidelines have been systematically developed,” says Martin Ginis. “And we are now able to say, that this specific dose of exercise is safe and can have significant fitness and cardiometabolic health benefits for adults with spinal cord injuries.” To determine the exact prescription, the international team looked at more than 200 previously published studies; all of which examined the effects of exercise interventions (e.g., cardio, strength-training) on cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, bone health, body composition and cardiovascular risk factors for people with spinal cord injury. Stakeholder groups, people with SCI, and exercise scientists were also consulted. The study was partially funded by the Rick Hansen Institute (RHI), a Canadian-based not-for-profit organization that drives innovation in spinal cord injury research and care. Hansen, a three-time Paralympic gold medalist, says these guidelines will make a significant difference to the lives of many people. “The Rick Hansen Foundation created the RHI to support leading and applied research that would produce tangible results that when applied will improve lives of people with spinal cord injury,” says Hansen. “By applying these guidelines, people with SCI can expect to reach closer to normal health outcomes and lead full and meaningful lives. I am very proud of the work produced by Dr. Martin Ginis and her dedicated team.” The research is published this week in the journal Spinal Cord. Other funders include Loughborough University, the UK Higher Education Institute, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. About UBC's Okanagan campus UBC’s Okanagan campus is an innovative hub for research and learning in the heart of British Columbia’s stunning Okanagan Valley. Ranked among the top 20 public universities in the world, UBC is home to bold thinking and discoveries that make a difference. Established in 2005, the Okanagan campus combines a globally recognized UBC education with a tight-knit and entrepreneurial community that welcomes students and faculty from around the world. For more visit ok.ubc.ca.

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https://news.ok.ubc.ca/2017/10/26/ubc-researcher-prescribes-specific-exercise-dosage-for-those-with-spinal-cord-injury/

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By combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with sequencing, ChIP sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful method for identifying genome-wide DNA binding sites for transcription factors and other proteins. The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to ChIP has revealed insights into gene regulation events that play a role in various diseases and biological pathways, such as development and cancer progression. ChIP-Seq enables thorough examination of the interactions between proteins and nucleic acids on a genome-wide scale. Common targets for ChIP-seq - Transcription factors - Histone methylation - Histone acetylation - Histone ubiquitination Advantages of ChIP-Seq - Captures DNA targets for transcription factors or histone modifications across the entire genome of any organism - Defines transcription factor binding sites - Reveals gene regulatory networks in combination with RNA sequencing and methylation analysis - Offers compatibility with various input DNA samples Following ChIP protocols, DNA-bound protein, such as histones, is immunoprecipitated using a specific antibody. The bound DNA is then coprecipitated, purified, and sequenced on of our Illumina sequencers. The resulting sequencing reads are mapped back to the reference genome. This will effectively give you an idea of where your target protein-DNA interactions occur throughout the entire genome. The technical quality of the sequencing run is monitored in real time. Sequencing data can be transferred to you via the Illumina BaseSpace platform or our own server (FTP download). For more information, please contact us.

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https://nxtgnt.ugent.be/chip-seq/

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In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body’s ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases.

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Clouds are part of the Earth's water cycle. Formed naturally due to the cooling of water vapor within the Earth's atmosphere, clouds are made up of billions of water particles. Clouds take on many shapes and forms, dependent on local weather systems and local terrain. Some of the most common cloud types include cirrus, cumulus and stratus. Light from the sun hits the surface of the earth. A large part of the solar radiation is absorbed by the ground and gradually heats it up. Constant heat reaching the surface of the ground causes air to heat up. The heated air becomes lighter, which causes it to rise above the cooler air which lies above it. This process is called convection. Rising hot air is pushed further upward by wind blowing over terrain such as mountains, or over cliffs onto land from the sea. This process is called Orographic uplift. Wetter areas are generally found near high terrain features, as the air cools at a quicker rate around these areas. Air is also forced to rise at a weather front. This is due to the differing air masses of the two weather fronts. At cold fronts, cold air is pushed under warm air, forcing it upward and at a warm front, warm moist air is forced up and over the cold air. This process is called convergence or frontal lifting. Clouds begin to develop in any air mass that becomes saturated. Saturation point is reached when the air reaches its frost point. At this point, air gradually cools, preventing it from rising any further. Water vapor molecules within air begin to clump together. Water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets or ice crystals. This can be at various heights, which creates a variety of different cloud systems. Clouds contain millions of droplets of water or ice, depending on the temperature, which are suspended in the air.

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Continent Australia started to break away from Gondwanaland and Antartica more than 100 million years ago and finally seperated 50 million years ago to make its journey north towards the equator. Continent Australia, which includes Papua-New Guinea slowly drifted north until 20 million years ago it crashed into the Pacific Plate which is moving westward. This movement westward sliced off segments of Continent Australia and inserted them into the Indonesian archipelago, the continued northward movement (at around 7 cm per year) has thrust up the mountains of Papua-New Guinea and it is this continued movement which has caused the recent earthquakes there. Sabin Zahirovic of the University of Sydney has produced a brilliant animation showing the amazing voyage of Continent Australia over 150 million years. To view please follow the link below and it is recommended to watch in full screen mode. What is equally remarkable is that 50 years before Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift and 100 years before the science of plate tectonics, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace had already deduced in 1856, from his observations of the birds and animals of the eastern Indonesian archipelago, that Australia had collided with Asia. To read more about ‘Where Australia Collides with Asia’, Alfred Russel Wallace, the Wallace Line and the biogeographic region of Wallacea please follow the link below:

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https://spiceislandsblog.com/2018/04/10/where-australia-collides-with-asia-an-animation-of-the-amazing-voyage-of-continent-australia/

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How people act, their attitude towards safety and how they interact with others to perform their tasks at work significantly affects their organisation’s safety performance. People can be the source of errors, but they are also integral to avoiding, mitigating and recovering adverse situations. Safety improvements come from understanding how people contribute to safety, considering both what goes wrong and what normally goes right. Organisational factors can also significantly influence people’s performance, both positively and negatively. The management team are an important factor in overall safety performance and can positively contribute to safety by implementing a well-developed safety management system and fostering a proactive safety culture.

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Su Causeway is one of three causeways around West Lake. It has a length of 2.8 kilometers.When talking about su causeway we have to mention Su Dongpo. In the fourth of Yuanyou during the Northern Song Dynasty(1089AD), and in his term of office as an official of Hangzhou, Su Dongpo noticed that West Lake was dry with overgrowth of weeds. In the following year, he presented a report to the imperial court to request the dredging of West Lake. He raised fund for the project by selling 100 Buddhist certificates issued by the government. As a result Su Dongpo employed over 200,000 labors to clear the lake and build the long north-south causeway from Xixia Hill to Nanping Hill with the removed weeds and mud. In order to cherish the memory of his achievements, the causeway was named Su Causeway. Su Dongpo, also named Su Shi or Su Zizhan, came from Meishan, Sichuan province. He was among the greatest poets of the Northern Song Dynasty. Bing a brilliant man of wide learning, he made great achievements in prose, poetry, calligraphy, painting and gastronomy. He was later revered as literary giant of his generation. He severed twice in Hangzhou: the first time was for three years as the vice governor from 1071-1074. The second occasion was between 1089-1091, when he served as the governor for two years. Consequently he was always referred to as the old mayor of Hangzhou. People here worshiped him not only for his literary taltent, buts also for his devotion to his work and love for the people. The old mayor left us" a lake, a dike, a masterpiece of peom and a famous dish". The lake is of course West Lake, the dike is Sugong Causeway, also called Su Causeway; the masterpiece of poem is " Drinking by the sunny West Lake after a Rain", whose lines, " West Lake may be compared to the beauty Xizi at her best, it become her to be richly adored or painly dressed" are widely known. The famous dish is Dongpo Pork, which is fat but not greasy. In Hangzhou, there are not only Dongpo Pork and Scholar Road, but also Su Dongpo Memorial Hall in memory of him, which shows how much people of Hangzhou revere him. With its charming scenery and quiet environment, Su Causeway is commonly known as the " Lovers causeway". It is a good place for lovers take leisurely walks together. Six stone arch bridges were built on the causeway from the south to north. They are Yingbo Bridge, Suolan Bridge, Wangshan Bridge, Yadi Bridge, Dongpu Bridge and Kuahong Bridge. During the Southern Song Dynasty, pavilions, terraces, and open halls were built on the causeway, making it a lively place to visit. Flanking the causeway were a variey of flowers and trees, mainly willions and peaches. As a folk proverb puts it,"The best view at West Lake is the six bridges with willows and peaches planted at intervals". The scene wa known as " Willows in the Mist on the Six Bridges" among the one of the "Ten Views on Qian Tang" in Yuan Dynasty. The scenery on Su Causeway changes with seasons, especially in spring when the display is the most facinating. Due to its unique geographical location, the willows here sprout earlier that elsewhere on West Lake . Thus it becomes the messenger of nature to tell people of the arrival of spring. When Emperor Kangxi was apprasing the " Ten Views on West Lake" during his inspection tour to Hangzhou, he selected a few painting of the Southern Song Dynasty. After changing a few words them, he listed the " Spring Dawn at Su Causeway" as the first of the ten. Walking on the causeway and standing on the bridges admist the wonderful scenery of the lake and hills has various way to delight the people who visit here。 Tour The Su Causeway with Hangzhou Private Tour We design private and tailor-made Hangzhou Tours customized to your style of travel at affordable local prices. We will provide a private & spacious car and a local professional tour guide with over 5 years guiding experience only work for you or your group. Transport, ticket, and dining (We find the most authentic dishes popular with locals) all we will arrange for you according your requirements. Please check our most popular Hangzhou Tours including The Su Causeway as below: Are the above sample tour programs not suitable for you? We have more Hangzhou Tours. Our tours can be tailor-made based on your requirements and budget to create unique Hangzhou experiences that allow you to interact with the local people and culture. We are Hangzhou travel experts who know what your guidebook and foreign agencies don't. Our enthusiastic tour expert will promptly reply you in details within 24 hours. Duration：6 - 8 Hours Attractions(Cities)：The hangzhou Westlake(including a boat cruise), Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond, Guo Garden, Drangon Well Tea Plantation, Bamboo lined path at Yunqi, Qinghefang Ancient Street Tour Style：Accompanied by your private knowledgeable guide over 5+ years guiding experience and skillful driver over 10+ years driving experience, explore the best of Hangzhou on a full-day tour. Take a boat ride on West Lake to stay away from the crowds. the placid waters of which have been immortalized throughout history in literature and poetry. Experience a Chinese tea ceremony at Longjing Green Tea Plantation; walk through the Bamboo lined path at Yunqi to fully experience the serenity and beautiful nature of Hangzhou. Duration：6 - 8 Hours Attractions(Cities)：The hangzhou Westlake(including the boat cruise), Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond, Lingyin Temple and Meijiawu Tea Plantation, Anmanfayun Village, The Song Dynasty Imperial Street Tour Style：This comprehensive Skip-The-Line full day tour of Hangzhou is perfect for you. Take a boat ride around the UNESCO-listed West Lake, view elegant landscapes at Fish Viewing at Flower Park, visit the secluded Zen monastery of Lingyin Temple, sip tea at Meijiawu Tea Vollage and stroll Song Dynasty Imperial Street. This guided tour lets you skip those queues and head straight into each scenic spot, which make your trip hassel-free and time well spent. Attractions(Cities)：The hangzhou Westlake(including a boat cruise), Lingyin Temple, Meijiawu Tea Plantation, Qinghefang Street, Impression WestLake Show Tour Style：Discover the famous Paradise City Hangzhou on a fully customized sightseeing day trip from Shanghai by bullet train. Accompanied by your private guide, stroll around Flower Harbor Park and take a relaxing boat on the West Lake. Visit the famous Lingyin temple; See the traditional Meijiawu tea mountain; wonder along the old Hefang Street and enjoy the magnificent Impression Westlake show. Local lunch and dinner, tea tasting at Meijiawu, round trip bullet train tickets, private guide and private vehicle service are inclusive. Attractions(Cities)：West Lake(Private rowing boat cruise), Guo's Villa, Lingyin Temple, Meijiawu Tea Plantation, Cheng Huang Pavilion Tour Style：Independent travelers will love the flexibility of this private door to door day tour. This is the ideal tour for travelers with limited time in Hangzhou. Take the stress out of booking train tickets from Shanghai to Hangzhou and planning an itinerary by having everything arranged for you. Accompanied by your knowledgeable guide over 5+ years guiding experience and skillful driver over 10+ years driving experience, you'll immerse yourself in its world renowned natural, historical and cultural features. Duration：2 Days, 1 Night Attractions(Cities)：The West Lake(including boat cruise on the lake),Guo Garden,China National Tea Museum,Dragon Well Tea Plantation (Meijiawu Tea Village),Leifeng Pagoda,The Song Dynasty Imperial Street,Six Harmonies pagoda, Fish Viewing Flower Pond,Lingyin Temple, etc Tour Style：As one of seven ancient capitals in China, the rich history and the splendid culture endow Hangzhou with profoundness. Come with us to discover Hangzhou's top attractions in two days. You'll enjoy boat ride on West Lake (Landmark of Hangzhou), Guo Garden, Leifeng Pagoda, etc. On the second day, explore Lingyin Temple, Longjing Tea Plantation (Best Green Tea & China national tea), Bamboo Forest & Ancient street. Take your VIP seat for the Impression West Lake Show. Certificate of Excellence China Private Tours-Day Tour (Your Privacy is Protected) 1 to 1 tailor-made service from our professional travel advisors for the most sophisticated Constantly excellent reviews for attraction, hotel and service Competitive price Local experts provide quality tours Best selected knowledgeable local guides Authentic local restaurants 7*24 hours available to create you a worry-free tour. No Hidden Fees and absolutely no pressure to buy. Secured

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Historically, there is very little knowledge about the history. Moreover, the early history of the district is not so clear. Natives of the district believe that earlier it was well-known as Kanaurra or Kinnaura. The region was ruled by the Magadha kingdom, Mauryan Empire (6th century) and Guge kingdom of Tibet (9th and 12th century). At the very beginning of the 14th century the whole place of Kinnaur was divided into seven different parts, which locally called as sat khund. During the medieval era, some of the hilly places namely Kangra, Chamba and Sirmaur were continuously attacked by the Mughals. Later, it was divided into seven parts named Sat Khand. After sometime numerous small chiefdoms emerged as the result of conflicts in the region. Labrang, Moorang, and Kamru are some of the forts which tell the history of this part. The Kinnaur valley (Chini Tehsil) also had played an influential role. After that, it was merged in the Mahasu district. The region has a tribal culture. Geographically, the district has a total 6,401 sq km. area and occupies the rank 3rd in State and 153rd in India on the bases of this size. It lies at 31065'N latitude, 78048'E longitude and 2758 m Altitude. In the year 2019, there was a total 10.09% forest area of total geographical area. The district has long winters. But the climate of this place remains pleasant throughout the year. Most of its rainfall occurs in the monsoon season. The actual rainfall in the district was 408.5 mm in the year of 2018-19. Administrative wise, the district is divided into 6 sub-districts and 660 villages. There is no town in the district. Hindi is its official language. In the state of Himachal Pradesh with an allotted district code of 34 the district of Kinnaur came into existence on the 1st May, 1960. Its district headquarters is located at Reckong Peo which is situated at a distance of 223 km. from the State Capital. Demographically, according to the 2011 census, the district has a total number of 19,535 households with a total population of 84,121 comprising 46,249 are males and 37,872 are females which causing it to rank 11th in the state and 619th in India. The density of population of the district is 13 persons per sq km. The sex ratio is pegged at 819 (females per 1000 males) while the child ratio stands at 963 (females per 1000 males). The population growth rate during 2001-2011 was 7.39% including 9.66% were males and 4.73% were females. As per 2011 census the major religions in the district are Hindu and Buddhist with 76.95% and 21.50%. As per 2011 census the principal languages in the district are Kinnauri and Hindi with 72.05% and 16.65%. In the year 2017 the number of live births in the district was 650 out of which 349 were males and 301 were females. In the same year the number of deaths in the district was 174 out of which 101 were males and 73 were females. Economically, agriculture is the prime source of income for the people of the district. In the year 2015-2016 the gross domestic product in the district was Rs. 2,34,268 lakh at current price in the year 2011-2012. In the year 2015-16 the net domestic product in the district was Rs. 1,90,922 lakh at current price in the year 2011-2012. In the year 2015-2016 the Per Capita Income was in Rs. 2,17,993 at Current Price in the year 2011-2012. Education wise, according to the 2011 census, the literacy rate is 80% including 87.27% are males and 70.96% are females. The total literate population of the district is 60,699 out of which 36,697 are males and 24,002 are females. The district has several educational institutes including schools and colleges. Jagat Singh Negi was born on 2nd February, 1957. He is the Member of the Legislative Assembly from Kinnaur, India. He is the Deputy Speaker of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly. He is an Indian politician and a member of Indian National Congress. The district has a numerous famous historical and religious places to visit. These places are Kalpa, Reckong Peo, Sangla, Chango, Chhitkul, Kothi, Leo, Lippa, Moorang, Nichar, Nako, Namgya, Pooh, Rakchham, Ribba, Lipa-Asrang Sanctuary, Rakchham-Chhitkul Sanctuary, Rupi-Bhaba Sanctuary, Chandika Temple Kothi, Rarang Monastery. It is famous for the Kailash Mountain which is close to the Tibetan border. In the year 2018, there were 2,28,320 domestic tourists and 3,028 foreign tourists who visited the above places. Kalpa is a small town which is situated in the Sutlej river valley. It is famous for appple orchards. Lipa-Asrang sanctuary has different species such as the Yak, Ibex, Leopard, Goral, Blue Sheep, Brown Bear, Musk Deer, Himalayan black Beer, etc. It was notified in the year 1962 and re-notified on 27th March 1974. It also includes dry alpine scrub, dry coniferous forest, dwarf juniper scrub, western Himalayan temperate forest, dry broad leaved and coniferous forest. Rakchham Chhitkul sanctuary is situated nearby town Reckong Peo. Leopard, blue Sheep, Himalayan black Bear, brown Bear, musk Deer and Goral etc species are found here. Rupi Bhabha sanctuary is located on the left bank of the Sutlej River. The species found in this sanctuary are blue sheep, red fox, musk deer, goral, ibex, Leopard, snow leopard, brown bear, Himalayan black bear, etc are found in this sanctuary.

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Today marks the 114th birthday of Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as the beloved Dr. Seuss. Even decades after the publication of his first book, the whimsical writer and illustrator is still capturing the imagination of children – and adults – worldwide with his wacky themes, playful rhymes, and made-up words and creatures. To celebrate the man behind besties like the Grinch, the Sneetches, and the Lorax, let’s take a brief look at his life and work. The Dr. Seuss Timeline illustrates some of the major events and achievements in the life of the author, as well as a few of his most popular books, such as The Cat in the Hat or Green Eggs and Ham. While many have heard the interesting stories behind his major works, how the penname “Dr. Seuss” was born might not be that common-knowledge. It all started at Dartmouth, where Theodor (Ted) Geisel wrote for the university’s humor magazine and even rose to the rank of chief editor. That changed abruptly, though, when he was caught drinking gin in his dorm with a few friends. As punishment for violating Prohibition, Seuss was barred from writing for the magazine and stripped of his editorship too. To continue publishing, he hid behind a variety of pseudonyms, such as T. Seuss, D.G. Rosetti, or simply Seuss. Several other monikers appeared over the years, including the pompous “Dr. Theophrastus Seuss,” which the writer later shortened to the penname we know today. The Dr. Seuss chronology was created with Office Timeline, a simple-to-use PowerPoint plugin that enables users to quickly generate historical timelines, visual plans and schedules, Gantt charts, or other similar graphics. The image is free to copy and share and can be updated or restyled easily using the Plus version of the tool. Download the Dr. Seuss Timeline for PowerPoint here. Quickly turn project data into professional timelines Build stunning, uncomplicated timelines and Gantt charts that are easy to make and simple to communicate. Get the advanced features of Office Timeline Plus free for 14 days. GET FREE TRIAL

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Stargazing: Anyone up for a trip through a wormhole? Science fiction has long imagined wormholes as a means of traversing the great distances between the stars in short, by human standard, timespans. Such literary devices allow spaceships, in essence, to cover great distances in hours or days instead of centuries that normal space travel would require. Wormholes connect two points in space in a way that the distance between them through the wormhole is much shorter than the distance between them in normal space, like taking a cosmic shortcut. General relativity tells us that to make a wormhole requires enormous amounts of negative energy which, according to Albert Einstein’s equations, isn’t possible. But, the other grand realm of physics, quantum mechanics, says not so fast. In a study titled “Humanly traversable wormholes,” Juan Maldacena of the Princeton Institute of Advanced Study and Alexey Milekhin, a graduate of astrophysics student also at Princeton University, claim that we can make such wormholes. They base their calculations on the Randall-Sundrum II model, a theory that postulates a five-dimensional, warped geometry for the universe instead of the one we are familiar with that contains only normal four dimensions. Maldecena and Milekhin claim, using that theory, stable, person-sized wormholes could be created. You have to start, the researchers say, with a black hole that has a large magnetic charge. Such a special wormhole would allow spacefarers to traverse, say, 10,000 lightyears, one-tenth of the way across our galaxy, in a second. The only problem is that to the people at either end of the wormhole, that trip would appear to take 10,000 years, meaning these special wormholes really create shortcuts through time rather than space. I bet they could still find volunteers willing to take that trip. Where's the moon? Head outside about 10 p.m. on the Oct. 2. Find the moon in the east. That bright object next to it is Mars. The two are separated by roughly two moon diameters. It should make for an interesting astronomical sight in a pair of binoculars or a telescope at low power. The Orionid meteor shower occurs during the night of Oct. 20-21. This shower provides only a medium level of activity, with an average of one meteor every 3-4 minutes. But, what makes this one interesting is that these meteors come from Halley’s Comet. The comet won’t come around for another 41 years, but in the meantime, we can enjoy debris from the comet. Planet Visibility Report: In early October evenings, Mercury, in the west, and Jupiter and Saturn, both in the south, are all up at sunset, although Mercury will be tough to see in the evening twilight. Mars rises about 9 p.m. Venus remains the brilliant “Morning Star” all month. Mercury becomes lost in the evening twilight glow by the middle of the month. Jupiter and Saturn slowly creep closer together so that by month’s end, they sit barely a hand-width apart in the southwest at sunset, while Mars hangs around the western evening sky all month. Full Moon occurs on Oct. 1 followed by new Moon on Oct. 16. Because the Moon’s cycle is just under 30 days, and October contains 31 days, a second full Moon, the Blue Moon, haunts the Halloween night sky.

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Essay on Human Rights Read an essay on human rights in English in 300 words. Know more about human rights essay for students of class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Learn how to write essay on human rights in India for kids. Essay on Human Rights 300 Words Human rights are the fundamental rights of every citizen irrespective of their religion, caste, creed and gender. Such rights enable an individual to enjoy equal status and treatment in society. Hence, human rights are very essential to preserve and protect the welfare of the people in a country. Right from your birth, you are legally liable to possess the human rights that help you enjoy equality regardless of your gender or economic status in the society. Each and every human right plays an important role in the lives of people. This ultimately helps in the development of an individual as well as the country. Human rights such as Right to Equality, Freedom from Discrimination, Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security, Freedom from Slavery, The Right to Public Assembly, The Right to Democracy and much more are some of the basic human rights that help a person to live freely and happily in their life. For instance, right to life safeguards the life of human beings which states that no one has the authority to kill you on any grounds and if he does so, he will be punished by the court. Also, freedom of speech and expression helps the people to express the thought process that could be valuable for the nation and for themselves as well. Right to equality is another important fundamental right that ensures every citizen should be treated equally in matters of education, employment etc irrespective of their caste, religion or gender. In conclusion, there are various other human rights which preserve the respect and honour of a citizen. However, nowadays many of the basic human rights are sullied and the government should take some steps to help every individual in getting equal rights in society. This will ultimately ensure peace and happiness in the country.

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Montana Association of Conservation Districts Montana is supported by 58 conservation districts that address general natural resource issues. Conservation districts have an extensive history of conserving our state's resources by helping local producers match their needs with technical and financial resources, thereby getting improved conservation practices on the ground to benefit all of Montana. MACD created in 1942, is the conservation districts' private, nonprofit association. MACD is governed by a statewide board of district supervisors. They serve as a collective voice for policy and legislation that affect each conservation district, work with state agencies and legislature to help direct natural resource policy, and are an important clearinghouse for and between districts. MACD also raises public awareness of conservation districts' current activities. Visit the MACD website: www.macdnet.org

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The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea & (and) U.S. Ocean Environmental Practice: Are We Complying with International Law [ Page 912 ] Rather than implement a comprehensive national plan designed to comply with the new global "legal order" establishing marine protection, the United States maintains an ad hoc approach to ocean environmental regulation. The United States reacts to specific ecological problems when drafting domestic legislation and when negotiating international agreements. Far from being comprehensive, the U.S. scheme of ocean environmental protection is "scattered," problem-specific, and often contradictory.77 The United States' desire to assert national sovereignty over the ocean space is the basis for legislation regulating the use and protection of ocean resources.78 Its refusal to cooperate with neighboring countries in negotiating ocean environmental policies and access to ocean resources stems from an unwillingness to compromise that sovereignty.79 [ Page 913-914 ] Moreover, individual state sovereignty over coastal territory is a basic foundation of the U.S. political scheme. Additionally, "federal versus state control over the newly acquired territorial sea is one of the major controversies raised by the most recent legislative proposals."' If individual U.S. states maintain control over the territorial sea off their coasts, they will be responsible both financially and legally for pollution control and cleanup in that area. Such piecemeal regulation could result in "varying degrees of marine protection throughout the United States."81 The internal conflict over exercising state and national sovereignty in the ocean territory has taken precedence over international interests. As a result, U.S. policy is adverse to the UNCLOS mandate to harmonize resource use and conservation activities with other states to achieve uniformity in global environmental legislation.82 Moreover, when problems arise, the United States at times violates the UNCLOS spirit, and possibly its directives, by failing to cooperate with other states in addressing the problems. Rather, the United States elects to act unilaterally, thereby violating rights delegated to other states under UNCLOS.83 The U.S. government's policy of pursuing a "quick fix" to environmental issues by enacting ad hoc domestic legislation and failing to negotiate comprehensive international agreements conflicts with UNCLOS' goal of global cooperation. Moreover, the U.S. unilateral actions often encourage other states to retaliate by initiating their own trade restrictions.84 In the long run, the U.S. policy undermines UNCLOS and the goal of global coop- eration in marine resource protection. [ Page 920 ] A major source of tension between U.S. regulations and UNCLOS directives concerns the United States' imposition of unilateral trade sanctions against other states in order to enforce U.S. standards of operation. Such unilateral actions violate international law by directly interfering with a sovereign's exclusive right to regulate activities in its own territory.127 A state may trigger U.S. trade sanctions if it fails to comply with U.S. domestic conservation standards, such as the MMPA128 or the 1989 Sea Turtle Conservation Amendments to the ESA.129 As discussed above, the imposition of trade sanctions under these laws depends upon whether a foreign state implements conservation or operating standards comparable to those adopted in the United States for protecting marine mammals and sea turtles."130 The international community is hostile toward these laws because trade-sanction decisions are based solely on U.S. domestic environmental standards and contain no exceptions for internationally agreed upon standards.131 Additionally, "these statutes have been deemed protectionist by many nations because they serve to protect U.S. fishermen from foreign competition by equalizing costs associated with environmental protection."132 [ Page 922 ] UNCLOS is now international law. As such, parties are bound by the obligations and duties imposed by the "constitution for the oceans." Arguably, even states that have not formally ratified the treaty are bound due to its status as customary international law. UNCLOS requires states to cooperate globally to "protect and preserve the marine environment." As a compromise package, UNCLOS carefully balances the need for states to maintain sovereignty over their territorial waters and EEZs with the global need to manage effectively the ocean ecosystem. Because such careful balancing is necessary to preserve global harmony and provide effective resource management, the participants in UNCLOS agreed to rigid dispute settlement procedures that are both compulsory and binding. UNCLOS resulted from a long, arduous negotiation, in which the parties present compromised on numerous policies to achieve a global balance. The United States played a major role in the negotiations and greatly influenced the resulting policies. [ Page 923 ] Since President Reagan's announcement that the United States would adhere to the terms of UNCLOS, the United States has made little change in its policy of ad hoc regulation of marine issues. As a result of its ad hoc decision-making and "knee-jerk" responses to immediately perceived problems in the ocean environment, the United States has failed to create a comprehen- sive national plan. The U.S. ocean legislation fails to balance the needs of the ocean ecosystem with the needs of U.S. commercial fisheries and, therefore, conflicts with the express provisions of UNCLOS. Moreover, the United States explicitly violates UNCLOS by unilaterally imposing its policies on those states it can control through strong-arm trade sanctions rather than recognizing and respecting each state's sovereign right to manage its own ocean space. Rather than cooperating in compromise agreements designed to achieve a plan benefitting each country involved, the United States' first response to a state with practices different from its own is to impose trade sanctions. To comply with international law and to achieve the vision aspired to by UNCLOS, therefore, the United States must now revisit its approach to ocean policy-making and modify it to achieve harmony and cohesion. The United States must combine the myriad of scattered, conflicting legislation into one package de- signed to manage ocean resources while considering the interde- pendence of species and habitats. The United States also must cooperate globally, rather than act unilaterally, to achieve and not impede the goal of world environmental protection.

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Myths & Facts About Hospice/Palliative Care Myth: Hospice is where you go when there is "nothing else to be done." Reality: Hospice is the "something more" that can be done for the patient and the family when the illness cannot be cured. It is a concept based on compassion & comfort-oriented care. Referral into hospice is a movement into another mode of therapy, which may be more appropriate for terminal care. Myth: Families have be isolated from a dying patient. Reality: Hospice staff believe that when family members (including children) experience the dying process in a caring environment, it helps counteract the fear of their own mortality and the mortality of their loved one. Myth: Hospice care is more expensive. Reality: Studies have shown hospice care to be no more costly. Frequently it is less expensive than conventional care during the last six months of life. Less of high-cost technology is used, and family, friends, and volunteers provide 90% of the day-to-day patient care at home. Myth: You can't keep your own doctor if you enter hospice. Reality: Hospice physicians work closely with your doctor of your choice to determine plan of the care. Courtesy: – Hospice Foundation Of America

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If you, or somebody you care about, is facing a diagnosis of diabetes, knowledge is your most valuable tool. Look over the information below to find advice on managing diabetes. Without proper treatment, diabetes can lead to very severe complications. Every type of food has a number that states its effects on blood sugar. This number is called the “glycemic index”. Keep in mind that foods with a lower glycemic index are better for a person with diabetes. There are many high protein alternatives to meat, such as eggs, tofu, beans and other dairy products. Look into other protein rich foods to keep variety in your diet and to keep yourself from packing on the pounds. If a doctor ever diagnoses one of your kids as being diabetic, you will likely panic, but calm down and know that you will endure. Today, diabetes is becoming so common that there are many new treatments that can offer a normal life for your child. The oldest known diabetic is in his nineties, and he was obviously born and living before modern medicine got to where it is. Establish a routine to keep yourself on track. For example, put your meter and insulin in the same place every night to make it easy to find in the morning. Come up with a routine for taking the test, this way you will not forget each step and also you won’t forget to keep a written track in your log of the level you are on. Today, diabetes is a very prevalent condition which most people are generally very aware of. This helps to reduce any shame or stress that accompanies the diagnosis, but it really just makes your life much easier. Diabetics should be very cautious when going for a pedicure. Because people with diabetes are likely to develop foot infections, even a small cut can have serious results. Be sure to follow a diet that is high in fiber to reduce the chances of developing diabetes. Consumption of whole grains will cut your intake of white bread and other high glycemic foods, which are not beneficial for you. Evidence suggests that it is possible to reduce your risk for diabetes by eating a diet that contains whole grains. If you are suffering diabetes, its a good idea to enjoy several small meals throughout the day, instead of three substantial ones. Eating more frequently, but in smaller amounts, keeps your blood glucose levels more consistent. Eating more often also helps you avoid the desire to binge, because the frequent meals will keep you satisfied. If you have diabetes and smoke, you should definitely consider quitting. Smoking is unhealthy for you as it is, but when combined with diabetes it can lead to dangerous spikes in your blood sugar level. Your doctor can help you figure out techniques to stop smoking, or prescribe medications to help reduce nicotine cravings if you are struggling to stop smoking. Managing your diabetes can become tiresome, so it’s important to keep reminding yourself of all the reasons why it’s critical. Figure out what it is in your life that’s important to you. Is there something that prevents you from participating in those activities? Fix those problems first. It’s important to pay attention to your priorities and let them drive your planning. If you have diabetes, cinnamon is a great way to spice up your food without adding anything negative to it. In addition to its own unique flavor, cinnamon can enhance the natural sweetness present in some foods, without the addition of blood glucose raising sugar. It has not been proven that cinnamon can efficiently lower you sugar levels, but it cannot harm you. Information will always give you the best chance of winning any battle, and that’s especially true when dealing with something as dangerous and as unpredictable as diabetes. What you’ve just read here, are a collection of tips that you can use to empower you, when working hard to conquer the disease. Don’t waste time; get started today.

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Are You at Risk? Cardiovascular Disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and claims a life every 34 seconds. It is often called the "silent killer" as risk factors and symptoms oftentimes go unnoticed. Annually an average of 15 million "healthy" people worldwide experience an unpredicted heart attack. We know that early detection and intervention are the best safeguards against a cardiovascular incident, so let's all be heart-aware -- and learn the facts about heart disease.

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Europe on Thursday commemorated those who lost their life to terrorism with a ceremony in Madrid, the capital of Spain, like reported by cgtn.com. In an event organized by the European Commission, the 17th European Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Terrorism brought together victims of terrorism, victims’ associations and first responders to share their stories and experiences. This year, the theme of the event was “Always United.” “To all who seek to hurt and divide us, we will continue to respond with unity,” the commission said in a statement for the occasion. “We are committed to building inclusive and cohesive societies in which everyone has a stake and everyone can feel safe,” said the statement. It explained how it was building the bloc’s resilience to prevent these attacks, and fighting the terrorist threat resulting from different forms of extremism. “We are taking steps to block online terrorist propaganda, to stop terrorists from spreading hatred online. But no one can fight crime without taking care of its victims,” it said as it remembered the victims and survivors of these acts. Established to commemorate the Madrid bombings of March 11, 2004, the annual Remembrance Day is devoted to remembering all those who lost their lives or loved ones to terror, irrespective of whether those terrorist attacks took place inside the EU or beyond its borders. On March 11, 2004, a series of bombings took place in Madrid, claiming lives of some 200 people and injuring a thousand others.

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EYPDG has been used to support targeted FSM pupils with an aim to raise standards of achievement for those pupils in EY Setting. PDG has been used to support targeted FSM pupils in literacy and numeracy with an aim of raising standards. Home/School learning links: Please find the below links for Welsh online resources to use with your children at home: Please find below links to a variety of Nursery Rhymes which are used in Class: Below are links to maths activities which can be accessed via the internet. These are activities that you can do at home with your child relating to ordering and sequencing of numbers. They are fun, interactive activities which enable children to consolidate and practise their understanding of the concept of number. They are concerned with ordering/sequencing of numbers from ordering numbers to 5 up to numbers to 100. You would need to see which ones are appropriate for your individual child. These will be introduced to the children in class over the next few days/weeks. Should you wish to support your child in their learning at home it would be beneficial to work on the following. Children in class 1 are being encouraged to form their letters correctly. Should you wish to support your child in this please find links to sheets below which demonstrate the letter formation that we promote in school. Also, there are a lists of the most commonly used words. Learning to spell these words would improve their independent writing. There is the first 100 words and also the next 200 most frequently used words. JUNIORS – KEY STAGE 2: Please find below some useful maths websites to challenge pupils:

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On most modern networks, including the Internet, users locate other computers by name. This frees users from the daunting task of remembering the numerical network address of network resources. The most effective way to configure a network to allow such name-based connections is to set up a Domain Name Service (DNS) or a nameserver, which resolves hostnames on the network to numerical addresses and vice versa. This chapter reviews the nameserver included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux and the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) DNS server, with an emphasis on the structure of its configuration files and how it may be administered both locally and remotely. 19.1. Introduction to DNS DNS associates hostnames with their respective IP addresses, so that when users want to connect to other machines on the network, they can refer to them by name, without having to remember IP addresses. Use of DNS and FQDNs also has advantages for system administrators, allowing the flexibility to change the IP address for a host without affecting name-based queries to the machine. Conversely, administrators can shuffle which machines handle a name-based query. DNS is normally implemented using centralized servers that are authoritative for some domains and refer to other DNS servers for other domains. When a client host requests information from a nameserver, it usually connects to port 53. The nameserver then attempts to resolve the FQDN based on its resolver library, which may contain authoritative information about the host requested or cached data from an earlier query. If the nameserver does not already have the answer in its resolver library, it queries other nameservers, called root nameservers, to determine which nameservers are authoritative for the FQDN in question. Then, with that information, it queries the authoritative nameservers to determine the IP address of the requested host. If a reverse lookup is performed, the same procedure is used, except that the query is made with an unknown IP address rather than a name. On the Internet, the FQDN of a host can be broken down into different sections. These sections are organized into a hierarchy (much like a tree), with a main trunk, primary branches, secondary branches, and so forth. Consider the following FQDN: When looking at how an FQDN is resolved to find the IP address that relates to a particular system, read the name from right to left, with each level of the hierarchy divided by periods ( .). In this example, com defines the top level domain for this FQDN. The name example is a sub-domain under sales is a sub-domain under example. The name furthest to the left, bob, identifies a specific machine hostname. Except for the hostname, each section is called a zone, which defines a specific namespace. A namespace controls the naming of the sub-domains to its left. While this example only contains two sub-domains, an FQDN must contain at least one sub-domain but may include many more, depending upon how the namespace is organized. Zones are defined on authoritative nameservers through the use of zone files (which describe the namespace of that zone), the mail servers to be used for a particular domain or sub-domain, and more. Zone files are stored on primary nameservers (also called master nameservers), which are truly authoritative and where changes are made to the files, and secondary nameservers (also called slave nameservers), which receive their zone files from the primary nameservers. Any nameserver can be a primary and secondary nameserver for different zones at the same time, and they may also be considered authoritative for multiple zones. It all depends on how the nameserver is configured. There are four primary nameserver configuration types: Stores original and authoritative zone records for a namespace, and answers queries about the namespace from other nameservers. Answers queries from other nameservers concerning namespaces for which it is considered an authority. However, slave nameservers get their namespace information from master nameservers. Offers name-to-IP resolution services, but is not authoritative for any zones. Answers for all resolutions are cached in memory for a fixed period of time, which is specified by the retrieved zone record. Forwards requests to a specific list of nameservers for name resolution. If none of the specified nameservers can perform the resolution, the resolution fails. A nameserver may be one or more of these types. For example, a nameserver can be a master for some zones, a slave for others, and only offer forwarding resolutions for others. 19.1.3. BIND as a Nameserver BIND performs name resolution services through the daemon. BIND also includes an administration utility called . More information about can be found in Section 19.4, “Using BIND stores its configuration files in the following locations: The configuration file for the named working directory which stores zone, statistic, and cache files If you have installed the bind-chroot package, the BIND service will run in the /var/named/chroot environment. All configuration files will be moved there. As such, named.conf will be located in /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf, and so on. If you have installed the caching-nameserver package, the default configuration file is /etc/named.caching-nameserver.conf. To override this default configuration, you can create your own custom configuration file in /etc/named.conf. BIND will use the /etc/named.conf custom file instead of the default configuration file after you restart. The next few sections review the BIND configuration files in more detail.

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When engineering speakers, many speaker designers utilize ferrofluid in the design of the tweeters. Utilizing ferrofluid offers a few performance enhancements to improve sound quality while also increasing the longevity of that speaker component. What is Ferrofluid? Ferrofluid is known as “the magnetic liquid” which contains iron oxide particles that are suspended in an oily liquid. It comes in the form of a very slippery oil. Ferrofluid has some unique properties such as acting as a liquid when there is no magnet present while becoming solid in the presence of a magnetic field. Ferrofluid can be used in numerous applications including protecting hard drives, for use in biomedical projects and providing heat conduction in speakers. What’s the history and origin of Ferrofluid? During the Space Race, numerous technological advancements resulted from solving specific challenges related to space flight. In 1963, Steve Papell from NASA invented a process to make ferrofluid. He was attempting to create liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward something in a weightless environment by applying a magnetic field, overcoming the lack of gravity that would naturally draw the liquid fuel down. The process was continually refined over the next decade. In 1972, ferrofluid began to be studied even more. It was discovered that ferrofluid has a cooling mechanism. In 1973, ferrofluids began to be used in speaker construction. This is because the ferrofluids can remove heat from the voice coil and reduce the movement of the cone, as ferrofluids become less magnetic as the temperature rises. Finally, in 1979, concerts began to use ferrofluid in their speakers for cooling woofers. That same year, manufacturers began to put ferrofluid in commercial loudspeakers. Throughout the 1980s, the use of ferrofluid grew exponentially. Today, in 2020, ferrofluid is used in about 300 million sound-generating objects, such as the powered speakers in laptops, phones, headphones, and of course, home audio speakers. What are the benefits of using Ferrofluid in speakers? Using ferrofluid has some notable benefits for the performance of the speakers. The biggest impact is on heat dissipation and power handling. Ferrofluid cools down the speaker coils which are susceptible to extreme heat. Ferrofluid transfers and dissipates the thermal energy produced by the strong vibration of the moving driver. As magnets increase in temperature, they lose some of their power. Keeping them cool ensures the drivers are working efficiently and providing a consistent power output. The ferrofluid also dampens the vibrations of the driver allowing you put more power through the speakers before there is distortion. At Fluance we utilize ferrofluid in our tweeter design to ensure speakers perform efficiently while improving the lifespan of the components. You can view our flagship speaker with our ferrofluid cooled tweeters here. Signature Hi-Fi 5.1 Home Theater Speaker System The Signature Series Compact 5.1 Surround Sound System is designed to encapsulate you with every sound the way the artist intended.

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It’s pretty common for a scientist who participates in a press conference to appear in a news article that same day. And that was indeed the case for Elin Ekblom-Bak, who presented her ongoing work on the possible detrimental health effects of sitting for prolonged periods at a July 4 satellite event at the Euroscience Open Forum in Turin, Italy. But it wasn’t her research that made the headlines; it was the critical goal she scored the previous day in a soccer match against the former champions of a professional women’s football (soccer) league in Sweden. Ekblom-Bak, 29, is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Medicine at the Karolinska Institute and the Astrand Laboratory of Work Physiology in the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences. She’s also a midfielder for a professional soccer team. It’s a combination of activities that she finds complementary. “They’re very similar, these two worlds,” she says. “At the elite, national level, playing soccer is a competition — you have to stand out, you have to be tough. Science is a tough world to show off your knowledge and … you have to dare to do things. It’s really helped me being a soccer player at that level to get the mental strength” for science. Her research did make headlines in January when she was the lead author on an editorial in the British Journal of Sports Medicine that outlined what has become the core hypothesis of her Ph.D.: That sedentary behavior may be harmful even in people who get regular exercise. In other words, working out hard several times a week may not compensate for the ill effects of a desk job. “We know that not exercising and prolonged sitting are two distinct behaviors,” she says. There have been a handful of studies in this area (compared to thousands focused on physical activity and fitness), and animal studies suggest that prolonged inactivity — 3 to 4 hours or more — alters expression of lipoprotein lipase, which can affect, for example, muscle glucose levels, fatty acid metabolism, and cholesterol levels. Ekblom-Bak aims to clarify the role of prolonged sitting on long-term health using a population-based dataset at the Karolinska Institute. She plans to do some mechanistic studies as well, she says. She got into health science and physiology because, as she says, “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.” Her father is a professor of physiology, and Ekblom-Bak works in his group at the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences. “It’s really fascinating to be able to work with him. I really adore that.” On the sports side of her life, she has been playing football since she was 4 years old. For her, though, it wasn’t a matter of choosing between an academic career and a sports career: “I did not choose. I loved [soccer] too much. But I saw a lot of bad examples of girls playing football and when they were 35 years old they [had] two knee injuries and no job, no education, nothing.” She trains in the afternoons and evenings, which leaves her mornings free to study and work on her research. She juggles more than soccer balls and science. She and her husband (who is the chiropractor for her soccer team) have a 9-month old daughter. She also works as a television commentator for major soccer games, which has made her enough of a celebrity to warrant an article about her comeback after her daughter was born. Her medium-term plans are to keep playing soccer and keep working on her research — because both the soccer and science aspects of her life are unpredictable. “It’s a tough world. You have to create your own opportunities, search for your own money and your own job,” she says. “You have to have good luck to get a good opportunity. If you have the right spirit, I think you can do it.”

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- HODDER EDUCATION CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL A/AS-LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION GUIDE This Cambridge International A/AS-level Biology Revision Guide provides exam-focused text to guide students through the content and skills of the course to prepare them for their AS and A-level exams. - The Introduction contains an overview of the course and how it is assessed, advice on revision and taking the examination papers. - The Content Guidance section provides a summary of the facts and concepts that you need to know for the examination. - The Experimental Skills & Investigations section explains the data-handling skills you will need to answer some of the questions in the written papers. It also explains the practical skills that you will need in order to do well in the practical examination. - The Questions and Answers section contains a specimen examination paper for you to try, followed by a set of student's answers for each question

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Jurisdiction in Rem Law and Legal Definition Jurisdiction in rem means the power a court may exercise over property. Jurisdiction in rem is also a status against a person over whom the court does not have in personam jurisdiction. Jurisdiction in rem assumes that the property or status is the primary object of the action, rather than personal liberties not necessarily associated with the property. In the U.S.court system, the term jurisdiction in rem refers to the power a federal court or a state court may exercise over large items of moveable property, or real property located with in the courts jurisdiction.

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The Mouth Cancer Foundation in the UK has come up with a simple head and neck cancer check that can be carried out by anyone at home, at any time, but ideally once per month. The aim of ‘Bite Back at Mouth Cancer’ is to show members of the public what to look for and how to seek help if they find something out of the ordinary. Face: Look at the whole face. Are there any swellings you haven’t noticed before? Inspect your skin. Has anything changed recently? Have moles become larger or started to itch or bleed? Turn your head from side to side. This stretches the skin over the muscles, making lumps easier to see. Neck: Run your fingers under your jaw and feel along the large muscle on either side of your neck using the balls of your fingers. Are there any swellings? Does everything feel the same on both sides? Lips: Use your index, middle fingers and thumb to feel the inside of your mouth. Pull your upper lip upwards and bottom lip downwards to look inside for any sores or changes in colour. Use your thumb and forefinger to feel around and inside your lips checking for any lumps, bumps or changes in texture. Gums: Use your thumb and forefinger on the inside and outside of the gum working your way around the gum to feel for anything unusual. Check your cheeks: Open your mouth and pull your cheeks away, one side at a time, with your finger to look inside. Look for any red or white patches. Use your finger in the cheek to check for ulcers, lumps or tenderness. Repeat on the other side. Your tongue can be helpful to locate sore areas, ulcers or rough patches. Tongue: Gently pull out your tongue and look at one side first and then the other. Look for any swelling, ulcer or change in colour. Examine the underside of your tongue by lifting the tip of your tongue to the roof of your mouth. Floor of mouth: Lift your tongue up and look underneath then look at the floor of your mouth for any unusual colour changes. Gently press your finger along the floor of your mouth and underside of your tongue to feel for any lumps, swellings or ulcers. Roof of mouth: Tilt back your head and open your mouth wide to check the roof of your mouth. Look to see if there are changes in colour or ulcers. Check for changes in texture with your finger.

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4 edition of Boolean algebra for computer logic found in the catalog. Boolean algebra for computer logic Harold E. Ennes |Statement||by Harold E. Ennes.| |LC Classifications||QA10.3 .E56| |The Physical Object| |Pagination||128 p. :| |Number of Pages||128| |LC Control Number||78062351| For a neat first contact with logic and boolean algebra, you can read my book Computer Science Distilled. It’s a slim intro to computer science that includes all these basic principles every programmer should know. Check it out! Without further ado, let’s get to the problem. You’re given 15 clues and two questions: There are five houses. Boolean Logic. A boolean function is a mathematical function that maps arguments to a value, where the allowable values of range (the function arguments) and domain (the function value) are just one of two values— true and false (or 0 and 1).The study of boolean functions is known as Boolean logic.. Boolean functions. To define any boolean function, we need only to specify its value for. Intro to Boolean Algebra and Logic Ckts Rev R , Page 6 of 10 A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Using basic Boolean operators the logic for the XOR operator is drawn below. A B AB AB AB AB The output is a “1” when A and B are of different values. The output is “0” . This subchapter looks at Boolean logic. Boolean algebra and logic. Boolean algebra is named for George Boole, who introduced the ideas in the work “An Investigation of the Law of Thought”. Claude Shannon showed the application of Boolean algebra to switching circuits in the work “Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits”. Boolean Algebra Source: Boolean algebra is the algebra of logic that deals with the study of binary variables and logical operations. It makes possible to transform logical statements into mathematical symbols and to calculate the truth or falsity of related statements by using rules. Boolean Algebra Posted on Janu by Administrator Posted in A Level Concepts, A Level Quiz, Computer Science, Computing Concepts In this blog post we are investigating different formulas than can be used to simplify a Boolean expression. Report on the U.S. Geological Surveys Evaluation Program Standard Reference Samples Distributed in April 1994: (Trace Constituents), M-130 (Major Constituents), N-42 (Nutrients), P-22 (Low Ionic Strength), and HG-18(Mercury) I Walked Among the Stars birds of Sumatra Ticket to Tenerife Libyan Arab Republic and the world. Music and copyright Etchings of E.S. Lumsden, R.E.. The History of Nancy Truelove Communism and cultural heritage Providing for the consideration of H.R. 2641, United States Marshals Service Improvement Act of 1996 Miss Dimple picks a peck of trouble Characteristics of thought processes and knowledge structures of novice tennis players Carrick Times and East Antrim Times. Before We Begin-xiii / 0 Number Systems and Counting-1 / 1 The Basic Functions of Boolean Algebra: AND, OR and NOT / 2 Combinational Logic / 3 The Algebra of Sets and Venn Diagrams / 4 Other Boolean Functions / 5 Realizing Any Boolean Function with AND, OR and NOT / 6 More Digital Circuits / 7 Laws of Boolean Algebra / 8 Cited by: 8. For example: Ranganathan Padmanabhan & Sergiu Rudeanu: "Axioms for Lattices and Boolean Algebras", World Scientific, James Donald Monk & Robert Bonnet: "Handbook of Boolean Algebras vols. ",North-Holland. Boolean Algebra and Its Applications (Dover Books on Computer Science) - Kindle edition by Whitesitt, J. Eldon. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Boolean Algebra and Its Applications (Dover Books on Computer Science)/5(8). In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, Theorem A Every Boolean algebra is isomorphic to an algebra of sets. Boolean algebras are related to linear orderings. If A is a linear ordering, then we form the corresponding interval algebra I(A).Assuming that A has a first element, this is the algebra of sets generated by the half-open intervals [a, b), where b is either an. boolean algebra for computer logic Download boolean algebra for computer logic or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get boolean algebra for computer logic book now. This site is like a library, Use search. Fundamental Concepts of Boolean Algebra: Boolean algebra is a logical algebra in which symbols are used to represent logic levels. Any symbol can be used, however, letters of the alphabet are generally used. Since the logic levels are generally associated with the symbols 1 and 0, whatever letters are used as variables that canFile Size: KB. Boolean algebra is a type of mathematical operation that, unlike regular algebra, works with binary digits (bits): 0 and 1. While 1 represents true, 0 represents false. Computers can perform simple to extremely complex operations with the use of Boolean algebra. Boolean algebra and Boolean operations are the basis for computer logic. Boolean Algebra is used to analyze and simplify the digital (logic) circuits. It uses only the binary numbers i.e. 0 and 1. It is also called as Binary Algebra or logical Algebra. Boolean algebra was invented by George Boole in Rule in Boolean Algebra. Following are the important rules used in Boolean algebra. Variable used can have only. Part BOOLEAN ALGEBRA in hindi boolean laws logic gates theorems demorgan rules with example in Part logic gates in hindi and or not. Learn the concept of boolean Algebra and understand the working of digital systems and circuits. We will also learn how boolean algebra is applied. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Ennes, Harold E., Boolean algebra for computer logic. Indianapolis: H.W. Sams, (OCoLC) Buy Boolean Algebra and Its Applications (Dover Books on Computer Science) by Whitesitt, J Eldon (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders/5(11). Inhe published a book titled An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, which laid out the initial concepts that eventually came to be known as Boolean algebra, also called Boolean logic. Boolean logic is among the most important principles of modern computers. Thus, most people consider Boole to be the father of computer science. - Buy Boolean Algebra and Its Applications (Dover Books on Computer Science) book online at best prices in India on Read Boolean Algebra and Its Applications (Dover Books on Computer Science) book reviews & author details and more at /5(11). The two-valued Boolean algebra has important application in the design of modern computing systems. • This chapter contains a brief introduction the basics of logic design. It provides minimal coverage of Boolean algebra and this algebra’s relationship to logic gates and basic digital circuit. Boolean Algebra 94 • Boolean algebra is. Now, we need an algebra that applies to logical values, propositional variables, and logical operators. The first person to think of logic in terms of algebra was the mathematician, George Boole, who introduced the idea in a book that he published in The algebra of logic is now called Boolean algebra in his honour. Boolean algebra is the combination of logic and algebra, initially developed by George Boole, for whom the subject is named, in the s and '50s, and later refined by other logicians through the. Boolean algebra is a study of mathematical operations performed on certain variables (called binary variables) that can have only two values: true (represented by 1) or false (represented by 0). AND Gate: AND gate generates true output if all the inputs are true, otherwise it generates false output. The Karnaugh Map Provides a method for simplifying Boolean expressions It will produce the simplest SOP and POS expressions Works best for less than 6 variables Similar to a truth table => it maps all possibilities A Karnaugh map is an array of cells arranged in a special manner The number of cells is 2n where n = number of variables A 3-Variable Karnaugh Map. George Boole (/ b uː l /; 2 November – 8 December ) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland. He worked in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, and is best known as the author of The Laws of Thought () which Main interests: Mathematics, logic, philosophy. Boolean logic, originally developed by George Boole in the mid s, allows quite a few unexpected things to be mapped into bits and bytes. The great thing about Boolean logic is that, once you get the hang of things, Boolean logic (or at least the parts you need in order to understand the operations of computers) is outrageously simple. The first web-published book - Jan 7, ! Internet > World Wide Web > Use > Expert Searching > The Logic of Boolean Algebra. The logical simplicity of boolean algebra enables the construction of powerful, efficient search queries. The concept of boolean algebra is embedded in human psychology, in our very biological understanding of how the.Boolean Algebra . Boolean Algebra was created by George Boole ( - ) in his paper An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, published in It had few applications at the time, but eventually scientists and engineers realized that his system could be used to create efficient computer logic.

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Do you still have your tonsils? Many years ago doctors starting removing tonsils from children who had frequent infections. So a lot of adults today are missing their tonsils. Tonsils are treated similar to the appendix – they’re not essential, you can live without them. So if we can live without them, what are they there for? Good question, glad you asked. =) The tonsils are actually lymph nodes that contain immune cell-produced antibodies that help kill germs and prevent infections. They are a key part of our body’s defense. Here’s a quote from an article by Dr. Axe – “The tonsils are considered “guardians” since they’re a part of the immune system, specifically the lymphatic system, and are made up of tissue that acts as a natural germ filter. The tonsils are one of our first lines of defense, since they normally trap germs (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) that make their way into the mouth or nose and threaten the immune system. They’re responsible for tackling threatening pathogens soon after they enter the body, stopping them from potentially traveling further into the body and causing infections. The production of germ-fighting antibodies is one of the most important roles for the tonsils, since these white blood cells attack bacteria that are deemed dangerous.” (from – https://draxe.com/tonsillitis/ ) As you can see your tonsils are actually quite important. Even though you can live without them, they serve a vital role in your overall health. For those who have frequent throat infections, the answer may not be removing the tonsils, but focusing on improving the immune system. The tonsils can keep the infections from going to other parts of the body. Without your tonsils, you may still get infections, but they’ll show up in other places in the body. When dealing with frequent infections, remember that many time when the tonsils are infected, it’s actually from a virus, not a bacteria. So it’s important to confirm the presence of a bacterial infection if antibiotics are prescribed as a treatment. There are many natural remedies that can help fight throat infections. Various herbs, essential oils and supplements can help, for example: slippery elm and licorice root herbs, lemon and frankincense essential oils along with others, and vitamin C, garlic, and oregano. Of course what works best will depends on the person, what their body needs, and what the situation is. There are many good tools available. Find what seems to be helpful for you. You can read Dr. Axe’s article (link above) for more information on fighting infections naturally. If you’ve already had your tonsils removed, then you don’t have that first line of defense in your throat. So it would be good to do things to boost your immune system and especially to keep good oral health, so that germs don’t have a chance to get past the throat into some other area of the body. Again, essential oils can be helpful for this. Rinsing your mouth and gargling with mild saltwater (using a good quality sea salt) can help, especially during times when germs are more prolific. Rinsing your mouth with coconut oil can also be good, although it can cause you to detox, so be cautious when starting that. Obviously eating a healthy diet, getting adequate rest, staying hydrated, and taking care of yourself overall is important. And keeping your lymphatic system healthy is also key. You can do that through lymphatic massage, stretching, deep breathing, etc. Probiotics can also be helpful (when you find one that works well for you). Your tonsils were designed by God for an important purpose. If you still have yours, I hope you’ll appreciate them more after reading this. =) And if you don’t have yours anymore, I hope you’ll find some good ways to improve your immune and lymphatic systems.

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Bob Fitch photography archive, © Stanford University Libraries Music and singing played a critical role in inspiring, mobilizing, and giving voice to the civil rights movement. “The freedom songs are playing a strong and vital role in our struggle,” said Martin Luther King, Jr., during the Albany Movement. “They give the people new courage and a sense of unity. I think they keep alive a faith, a radiant hope, in the future, particularly in our most trying hours” (Shelton, “Songs a Weapon”). The evolution of music in the black freedom struggle reflects the evolution of the movement itself. Calling songs “the soul of the movement,” King explained in his 1964 book Why We Can’t Wait that civil rights activists “sing the freedom songs today for the same reason the slaves sang them, because we too are in bondage and the songs add hope to our determination that ‘We shall overcome, Black and white together, We shall overcome someday’” (King, Why, 86). “We Shall Overcome,” a song with its roots in the Highlander Folk School during the labor struggles of the 1940s, became the unofficial anthem of the movement. Wyatt Tee Walker, executive director of King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, said, “One cannot describe the vitality and emotion this one song evokes across the Southland. I have heard it sung in great mass meetings with a thousand voices singing as one; I’ve heard a half-dozen sing it softly behind the bars of the Hinds County prison in Mississippi; I’ve heard old women singing it on the way to work in Albany, Georgia; I’ve heard the students singing it as they were being dragged away to jail. It generates power that is indescribable” (Carawan, 11). Professional singers such as Mahalia Jackson and Harry Belafonte were early and consistent supporters of civil rights reform efforts, but group singing was the most prominent music in the movement. As a community-based campaign led by church leaders, the music of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955–1956 consisted of Baptist and Methodist hymns and traditional Negro spirituals. As King recalled in his memoir of the boycott, Stride Toward Freedom, “One could not help but be moved by these traditional songs, which brought to mind the long history of the Negro’s suffering” (King, Stride, 86). In contrast, beginning with the sit-in movements of 1960, black students throughout the South began to take leadership roles in the broader movement. The songs of campaigns led by student activists moved beyond traditional church music. Younger activists made up new lyrics, giving new life to many traditional songs. In the 1961 Freedom Rides songs played a critical role in sustaining morale for those serving time in Mississippi’s Hinds County Jail. James Farmer, national director of the Congress of Racial Equality and a Freedom Ride participant, recalled one night when a voice called from the cell block below to the freedom riders: “‘Sing your freedom song.’ … We sang old folk songs and gospel songs to which new words had been written, telling of the Freedom Ride and its purpose” (Wexler, 134). The female freedom riders in another wing of the jail joined in, “and for the first time in history, the Hinds County jail rocked with unrestrained singing of songs about Freedom and Brotherhood” (Wexler, 134). For many on the staff of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the protests in Albany, Georgia, proved an important training ground in which to learn the techniques for mobilizing the dormant black populace of the Deep South. Perhaps of greatest importance, they became more aware of the cultural dimensions of the black struggle, quickly recognizing the value of freedom songs to convey the ideas of the southern movement and to sustain morale. Bernice Reagon, an Albany student leader who joined SNCC’s staff, described the Albany Movement as “a singing movement.” Singing had special importance at mass meetings, Reagon observed: “After the song, the differences among us would not be as great” (Reagon, “In Our Hands”). Carawan and Carawan, We Shall Overcome, 1963. Carson, In Struggle, 1981. King, Stride Toward Freedom, 1958. King, Why We Can’t Wait, 1964. Reagon, “In Our Hands: Thoughts on Black Music,” Sing Out! 24 (January 1976–February 1976): 1–2, 5. Reagon, “Songs of the Civil Rights Movement 1955–1965: A Study in Culture History,” Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1975. Robert Shelton, “Songs a Weapon in Rights Battle,” New York Times, 20 August 1962. Werner, Change Is Gonna Come, 1998. Wexler, Civil Rights Movement, 1993.

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What are community gardens? Community gardens are shared open spaces where participants all take part in maintaining the garden and sharing its produce. Community gardens provide opportunities to: - Eat fresh fruits and vegetables. - Engage in physical activity, skill building, and creating green space. - Beautify vacant lots. - Revitalize communities. - Revive and beautify public parks. - Create green rooftops. - Improve social well-being and strengthen social connections. Where can I find or how can I start a community garden? Visit the American Community Gardening Association’s Find a Garden to locate a community garden in your area. If you would like to start a community garden, follow these 10 Steps. Where can I find additional resources?

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- Open Access Ketogenic diets and physical performance Nutrition & Metabolism volume 1, Article number: 2 (2004) Impaired physical performance is a common but not obligate result of a low carbohydrate diet. Lessons from traditional Inuit culture indicate that time for adaptation, optimized sodium and potassium nutriture, and constraint of protein to 15–25 % of daily energy expenditure allow unimpaired endurance performance despite nutritional ketosis. In the opinion of most physicians and nutrition scientists, carbohydrate must constitute a major component of one's daily energy intake if optimum physical performance is to be maintained . This consensus view is based upon a long list of published studies performed over the last century that links muscle glycogen stores to high intensity exercise. It has also been reinforced by the clinical experience of many physicians, whose patients following low carbohydrate formula or food diets frequently complain of lightheadedness, weakness, and ease of fatigue. During the time that this consensus view of the necessity of carbohydrate for vigorous exercise was forming, the last pure hunting cultures among the peoples of North America finally lost out in competition with expanding European cultural influences. Between 1850 and 1930, the routine consumption of carbohydrates spread north from the U.S. Plains States through central Canada, where the indigenous peoples had heretofore made at most seasonal use of this nutrient class. However the last of these groups to practice their traditional diet, the Inuit people of the Canadian and Alaskan Arctic regions, were luckily observed by modern scientists before their traditional dietary practices were substantially altered. The reports of these early scientists imply that the Inuit people were physically unhampered despite consuming a diet that was essentially free of identifiable carbohydrate. Given this juxtaposition of clinical research results favoring carbohydrate against observed functional well-being in traditional cultures consuming none, it is an interesting challenge to understand how these opposing perspectives can be explained. This paper will review the observations of early explorer scientists among the Inuit, track the controversy that they stimulated among nutritionists in the last century, and utilize some of the forgotten lessons from the Inuit culture to explain how well-being and physical performance can be maintained in the absence of significant dietary carbohydrate. The origins of carbohydrate supremacy Until the development of agriculture over last few millennia, our human ancestors' consumption of dietary carbohydrate was opportunistic. As some groups adapted to hunting and fishing for their sustenance, they were able to move into temperate and then arctic regions, where limited access to wild grain, nuts, and fruit dictated sustained dependence upon fat and protein as primary sources of dietary energy. With the development of agriculture came the ability to grow and store grain, allowing societies to remain in a stable physical location, build permanent dwellings, and potentially stimulating the development of written language (those early stone tablets would have been difficult to transport from camp to camp on a dog sled). Starting from locations in the Middle East and Asia, cultures based upon agricultural wheat and rice spread over 5 millennia to dominate Europe, Africa, and the Americas. With its ability to support a non-nomadic life style, greater population density, and permanent communities; there were clear advantages of agriculture-based societies over those based upon hunting and fishing, particularly as agricultural communities built the infrastructure to support trade and transport. Given its success in this competition of cultures (and by implication, the competition of their diets), it is an easy assumption that a grain-based diet is functionally superior to one based upon the meat and fish (fat and protein) of the hunting societies that they superseded. As the science of nutrition developed in the early 20th Century, numerous comparative studies were undertaken to assess differences between diets. Although there were some advocates of low carbohydrate diets (eg, the Banting diet of the 19th Century, promoted for weight loss and diabetes control), the prevailing premise for these studies was that carbohydrate was a necessary nutrient for optimum human health and function. Among studies confirming this view, a classic was the 1939 study by two Danish scientists, Christensen and Hansen . They did a crossover study of low carbohydrate, moderate carbohydrate, and high carbohydrate diets, each lasting one week. At the end of each diet, the subjects' endurance time to exhaustion on a stationary bicycle was assessed. Compared to the mean endurance time on the low carb diet of 81 minutes, the subjects were able to ride for 206 minutes after the high carb diet. During the Second World War, another oft-cited study was performed, this time examining the practicality of pemmican (a mixture of dried meat and fat) as a light-weight emergency ration for soldiers. This experiment by Kark et al involved abruptly switching soldiers in winter training in the Canadian Arctic from standard carbohydrate-containing rations to pemmican. This study only lasted 3 days, as the soldiers rapidly became unable to complete their assigned tasks, which included pulling loaded sleds 25-miles per day through deep snow. With the resurgence of biomedical science in the 1960's came development of the percutaneous needle biopsy, facilitating assessment of intra-muscular fuel stores and metabolism. This led to the concept of muscle glycogen as the limiting fuel for high intensity exercise and to the nutritional strategy of carbohydrate loading . The clear consensus that developed from this research was that fat had limited utility as a fuel for vigorous exercise, and that humans are physically impaired if given a low carbohydrate diet. The hunter's counterpoint – practical observations on ketogenic diets Although high-carbohydrate diets might be more effective in short-term tests of high-intensity exercise, there are multiple clues in the published literature that the debilitating effects of ketogenic diets are overstated. Not only is there the demographic evidence that whole populations of people lived for millennia as hunters, but there are many reports of Europeans crossing over to live within the cultures of these hunting societies without apparent impediment. One of the earliest documented demonstrations of physical stamina during a ketogenic diet was the Schwatka 1878–80 expedition in search of the lost Royal Navy Franklin expedition. The Schwatka expedition, sponsored by the New York Herald and the American Geographical Society, departed from the west coast of Hudson's Bay in April of 1879 with 4 Caucasians, 3 families of Inuits, and 3 heavily laden dog sleds. Totaling 18 people, they started out with a month's supply of food (mostly walrus blubber) and a prodigious supply of ammunition for their hunting rifles. After covering over 3000 miles on foot over ice, snow and tundra, all 18 members of the original party plus their 44 dogs returned to Hudson's Bay in March of 1880. Once their initial provisions were depleted, the expedition's only source of additional food was hunting and fishing, as there were no other sources of supply along their route. The leader of this expedition, Lt. Frederick Schwatka, was a graduate of both West Point and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. His summary of the expedition was published as a news article in the New York Herald in the Fall of 1880, but his written diary was lost for 85 years until its discovery and publication by the Marine Historical Association of Mystic CT in 1965 . This fascinating 117-page saga describes how Schwatka, a frontiersman and U.S. Army surgeon, collaborated with his Inuit guides to accomplish a remarkable feat of physical endurance. In one notation, Schwatka provides an interesting insight into his weaning from their initial supply of carbohydrate-containing food. "When first thrown wholly upon a diet of reindeer meat, it seems inadequate to properly nourish the system, and there is an apparent weakness and inability to perform severe exertive fatiguing journeys. But this soon passes away in the course of two or three weeks." This observation, written a century before the current author first came to grips with the issue of "keto-adaptation", offers an early clue to resolve the dichotomy between impaired performance with low carbohydrate diets in the laboratory and their lack of debilitating effects when taken among people practiced in their use. That Schwatka was not impaired by his prolonged experience eating meat and fat is evidenced by his diary entry for the period 12–14 March 1880, during which he and an Inuit companion walked the last 65 miles in less than 48 hours to make a scheduled rendezvous with a whaling ship and complete his journey home. Twenty-six years later, a Harvard-trained anthropologist named Vilhjalmur Stefansson entered the Arctic with the purpose of studying the Inuit language and culture. Having been born in 1879 in Manitoba and grown up in North Dakota, it is unlikely that Stefansson was aware of the Schwatka expedition or its reported technique of extended dogsled travel while living by hunting. However when separated from his expedition and thus his source of supply over the winter of 1906–7, Stefansson was taken in by a group of Inuit on the Canadian Arctic coast. With the arrival of spring in June of 1907, he both spoke their language and had acquired their skill of living and traveling by dogsled on a hunter's diet. For the next decade, Stefansson traveled extensively over the arctic mainland and among the islands to the north. During this period, he was away from the outposts of European settlement for periods of up to 18 months at a time, and in the remote regions of the Canadian Arctic he lived with groups of Inuit for whom he was the first European they had met. Stefansson wrote extensively about these experiences in both the scientific literature and in books for the lay public . One of the main themes of his writing was the adaptation of the Inuit culture to survive as nomadic groups in the arctic on a diet consisting solely of the products of hunting and fishing. Coming as it did in the same time period that the science of nutrition was blossoming with the discovery and characterization of vitamins (eg, the first vitamin to be chemically defined was thiamin by Funk in 1911), Stefansson's claim that one could live and function well on the products of just one food group caused tremendous controversy . Subjected to great criticism and even scorn, Stefansson agreed to recreate the Inuit diet under scientific observation. Therefore, for the calendar year of 1929 he and a colleague from his arctic explorations ate a diet consisting of meat and fat for 12 months. This experiment, supervised by Dr. Eugene DuBois, was conducted at Bellevue Hospital in New York. For the first 3 months of this study, the two explorers were under constant observation to guarantee dietary compliance, after which they were allowed more freedom of movement but with frequent tests to document that they remained in ketosis. This study was reported in multiple peer-reviewed publications, the primary reports being published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1930 [9, 10], As noted by DuBois , the study results were essentially "negative", in that both subjects survived the 12 months in apparent good health, having no signs of scurvy (which was predicted to occur within the first 3 months) or other deficiency diseases. It is interesting to note from the careful observations published from the Bellevue study that Stafansson ate relatively modestly of protein, deriving between 80–85% of his dietary energy from fat and only 15–20% from protein . This was, and still remains, at odds with the popular conception that the Inuit ate a high protein diet, whereas in reality it appears to have been a high fat diet with a moderate intake of protein. In his writings, Stefansson notes that the Inuit were careful to limit their intake of lean meat, giving excess lean meat to their dogs and reserving the higher fat portions for human consumption . It is also interesting to conjecture that the vigorous defense of his arctic observations by Stefansson may have led indirectly to the development of the carbohydrate loading hypothesis. Stefansson was a polarizing influence in the field of nutrition, and his advocacy of pemmican as an emergency ration for troops during the Second World War led directly to the Kark study quoted above, which in turn was a predecessor to many comparative dietary trials performed in Europe and the U.S. in later decades. Modern ketogenic diet performance studies There was a resurgence of interest in very low calorie ketogenic diets for weight loss in the 1970's, followed closely by the complications (including sudden death) associated with the Liquid Protein diet popularized in 1976. However, the fatigue and apparent cardiac dysfunction caused by this collagen-based fad diet stood in stark contrast to the published experience of arctic explorers such as Schwatka and Stefansson. In addition, physicians who monitored patients following very low calorie diets observed wide variations between the exercise-tolerance of these individuals. Given that the elegant research on the metabolism of total fasting by Dr. George Cahill and colleagues had demonstrated that full adaptation of nitrogen, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism required a number of weeks , it seemed reasonable to hypothesize that exercise tolerance would take more than a week to recover after removal of carbohydrate from the diet. This view was supported by the subsequent discovery of the prescient adaptation quote from Schwatka's diary noted above. To test this hypothesis, the current author (under the mentorship of Drs. Ethan Sims and Edward Horton at the University of Vermont) undertook a study of subjects given a very low calorie ketogenic diet for 6 weeks in a metabolic research ward . The protein for this diet, along with a modicum of inherent fat, was provided by lean meat, fish, and poultry providing 1.2 grams of protein per kg of reference ("ideal") body weight daily. In addition, mindful that the natriuresis of fasting could reduce circulating blood volume and cause secondary renal potassium wasting, the subjects were prescribed 3 grams of supplemental sodium as bouillion and 25 mEq (1 g) of potassium as bicarbonate daily. Treadmill performance testing of these subjects included determinations of peak aerobic power (VO2max) after a 2-week weight maintenance baseline diet, and again after 6 weeks of the ketogenic weight loss diet. Endurance time to exhaustion was quantitated at 75% of the baseline VO2max. This endurance test was repeated again after one week of weight loss and finally after 6 weeks of weight loss. Other than these tests, the subjects did no training exercise during their participation in this study. To compensate for the fact that the average subject had lost over10 kg, the final endurance treadmill test was performed with the subject carrying a backpack equivalent in weight to the amount lost. The energy expenditure data (expressed as oxygen consumption) and exercise times across this 8-week inpatient study are shown in Table 1. That these subjects'peak aerobic power did not decline despite 6 weeks of a carbohydrate-free, severely hypocaloric diet implies that the protein and mineral contents of the diet were adequate to preserve functional tissue. As can be noted, endurance time to exhaustion was reduced after one week of the ketogenic diet, but it was significantly increased over the baseline value by the 6-week time point. However the interpretation of this endurance test is confounded by the fact that the oxygen cost (ie, energy cost) of the treadmill exercise had significantly decreased following the weight loss, and this occurred despite the subjects being made to carry a backpack loaded to bring them back to their initial exercise test weight. This question of improved efficiency notwithstanding, it is clear that our subjects experienced a delayed adaptation to the ketogenic diet, having reduced endurance performance after one week followed by a recovery to or above baseline in the period between one and six weeks. Given the reduced energy cost of the exercise despite the backpack, the extent of this adaptation cannot be determined from this study. To explain this improved exercise efficiency, we can speculate that humans are more efficient carrying weight in a modern backpack than under their skin as excess body fat. It is also possible that these untrained subjects became more comfortable with prolonged treadmill walking by their third test, and therefore improving their overall efficiency. Given the uncertainties of this study caused by the subject's weight loss and potential for improved technique with multiple tests, the current author undertook a second study under the mentorship of Dr. Bruce Bistrian at MIT in Cambridge MA [14, 15]. The diet employed in this followup study was patterned after that consumed by Stefansson during his year in the Bellevue study (and thus presumably close to that traditionally consumed by the Inuit) with the intention that the subjects would be in ketosis without weight loss. This second study utilized competitive bicycle racers as subjects, confined to a metabolic ward for 5 weeks. In the first week, subjects ate a weight maintenance (eucaloric) diet providing 67% of non-protein energy as carbohydrate, during which time baseline performance studies were performed. This was followed by 4 weeks of a eucaloric ketogenic diet (EKD) providing 83% of energy as fat, 15% as protein, and less than 3% as carbohydrate. The meat, fish, and poultry that provided this diets protein, also provided 1.5 g/d of potassium and was prepared to contain 2 g/d of sodium. These inherent minerals were supplemented daily with an additional 1 g of potassium as bicarbonate, 3 grams of sodium as bouillon, 600 mg of calcium, 300 mg of magnesium, and a standard multivitamin. The bicyclist subjects of this study noted a modest decline in their energy level while on training rides during the first week of the Inuit diet, after which subjective performance was reasonably restored except for their sprint capability, which remained constrained during the period of carbohydrate restriction. On average, subjects lost 0.7 kg in the first week of the EKD, after which their weight remained stable. Total body potassium (by 40K counting) revealed a 2% reduction in the first 2 weeks (commensurate with the muscle glycogen depletion documented by biopsy), after which it remained stable in the 4th week of the EKD. These results are consistent with the observed reduction in body glycogen stores but otherwise excellent preservation of lean body mass during the EKD. The results of physical performance testing are presented in Table 2. What is remarkable about these data is the lack of change in aerobic performance parameters across the 4-week adaptation period of the EKD. The endurance exercise test on the cycle ergometer was performed at 65% of VO2max, which translates in these highly trained athletes into a rate of energy expenditure of 960 kcal/hr. At this high level of energy expenditure, it is notable that the second test was performed at a mean respiratory quotient of 0.72, indicating that virtually all of the substrate for this high energy output was coming from fat. This is consistent with measures before and after exercise of muscle glycogen and blood glucose oxidation (data not shown), which revealed marked reductions in the use of these carbohydrate-derived substrates after adaptation to the EKD. Examining the results of these two ketogenic diet performance studies together indicates that both groups experienced a lag in performance across the first week or two of carbohydrate restriction, after which both peak aerobic power and sub-maximal (60–70% of VO2max) endurance performance were fully restored. In both studies, one with untrained subjects and the other with highly trained athletes who maintained their training throughout the study, there was no loss of VO2max despite the virtual absence of dietary carbohydrate for 4–6 weeks. This whole-body measure of oxidative metabolism could not be maintained unless there was excellent preservation of the full complement of functional tissues including skeletal muscle (and mitochondrial) mass, circulating red cell mass, and cardiopulmonary functions. The possibility raised by the first study of improved endurance time after keto-adaptation was not substantiated by the second study employing highly trained athletes without the complicating variable of major weight loss. It is thus likely that the increased endurance time in the Vermont study was due to improved efficiency (ie, less hobbling from a backpack than from an equal weight of internal body fat) and/or improved acclimation to the endurance test procedure. Such acclimation would not be expected in the second study, as the highly trained bicycle racers were well conditioned to the stationary ergometer at the start of the study. It is also worth noting that the bicycle racers remained weight stable (excepting the half kilogram of reduced muscle glycogen) across the 4 weeks of the EKD, which was equi-caloric with the baseline diet. Although 4 weeks is a relatively short period to assess small differences in energy efficiency between diets, this observation implies that there was no great reduction in the efficiency of energy metabolism after keto-adaptation. As a final note in this section, neither the Vermont study nor the MIT study has been refuted in the 2 decades since their publication. Understandably given the expense of human metabolic ward studies and the orthogonal conclusions of these two studies, neither study has been corroborated by a similar human study. However two subsequent animal studies examining physical performance after keto-adaptation have yielded results consistent with those presented above [16, 17]. Resolving the performance paradox There are three factors that can help us explain the paradox presented by studies showing superior performance with high carbohydrate diets versus the present author's two studies noted above. The most obvious of these is the time allotted (or not) for keto-adaptation. In this context, the prescient observation of Schwatka (that adaptation to "a diet of reindeer meat" takes 2–3 weeks) says it all. None of the comparative low-carbohydrate versus high-carbohydrate studies done in support of the carbohydrate loading hypothesis sustained the low carbohydrate diet for more than 2 weeks , and most (including the classic report of Christensen and Hansen ) maintained their low-carbohydrate diets for 7 days or less. There are to date no studies that carefully examine the optimum length of this keto-adapataion period, but it is clearly longer than one week and likely well advanced within 3–4 weeks. The process does not appear to happen any faster in highly trained athletes than in overweight or untrained individuals. This adaptation process also appears to require consistent adherence to carbohydrate restriction, as people who intermittently consume carbohydrates while attempting a ketogenic diet report subjectively reduced exercise tolerance. Sodium and potassium The second factor differentiating the author's studies from many others is optimized mineral nutriture, which has benefits for both cardiovascular reserve in the short term and preservation of lean body mass and function over longer time periods. The Inuit people lived much of the year on coastal ice (which is partially desalinated sea water), and much of their food consisted of soup made with meat in a broth from this brackish source of water. When they went inland to hunt, they traditionally added caribou blood (also a rich source of sodium) to their soup. With these empirically derived techniques, the Inuit culture had adapted the available resources to optimize their intakes of both sodium and potassium. When meat is baked, roasted, or broiled; or when it is boiled but the broth discarded, potassium initially present in the meat is lost, making it more difficult to maintain potassium balance in the absence of fruits and vegetables. Because our research subjects were accustomed to eating meat, fish, and poultry prepared as something other than soup, we chose to give them most of their sodium separately as bouillon and a modest additional supplement of potassium as potassium bicarbonate. With these supplements maintaining daily intakes for sodium at 3–5 g/d and total potassium at 2–3 g/d, our adult subjects were able to effectively maintain their circulatory reserve (ie, allowing vasodilatation during submaximal exercise) and effective nitrogen balance with functional tissue preservation. An example of what happens when these mineral considerations are not heeded can be found in a study prominently published in 1980 . This was a study designed to evaluate the relative value of "protein only" versus "protein plus carbohydrate" in the preservation of lean tissue during a weight loss diet. The protein only diet consisted solely of boiled turkey (taken without the broth), whereas the protein plus carbohydrate consisted of an equal number of calories provided as turkey plus grape juice. Monitored for 4 weeks in a metabolic ward, the subjects taking the protein plus carbohydrate did fairly well at maintaining lean body mass (measured by nitrogen balance), whereas those taking the protein only experienced a progressive loss of body nitrogen. A clue to what was happening in this "Turkey Study" could be found in the potassium balance data provided in this report. Normally, nitrogen and potassium gains or losses are closely correlated, as they both are contained in lean tissue. Interestingly, the authors noted that the protein only diet subjects were losing nitrogen but gaining potassium. As noted in a rebuttal letter published soon after this report , this anomaly occurred because the authors assumed the potassium intake of their subjects based upon handbook values for raw turkey, not recognizing that half of this potassium was being discarded in the unconsumed broth. Deprived of this potassium (and also limited in their salt intake), these subjects were unable to benefit from the dietary protein provided and lost lean tissue. Also worthy of note, although this study was effectively refuted by a well-designed metabolic ward study published 3 years later , this "Turkey Study" continues to be quoted as an example of the limitations of low carbohydrate weight loss diets. The third dietary factor potentially affecting physical performance is adjusting protein intake to bring it within the optimum therapeutic window for human metabolism. The studies noted herein [13–15, 20] demonstrate effective preservation of lean body mass and physical performance when protein is in the range of 1.2 – 1.7 g/kg reference body weight daily, provided in the context of adequate minerals. Picking the mid-range value of 1.5 g/kg-d, for adults with reference weights ranging from 60–80 kg, this translates into total daily protein intakes 90 to 120 g/d. This number is also consistent with the protein intake reported in the Bellevue study . When expressed in the context of total daily energy expenditures of 2000–3000 kcal/d, about 15% of ones daily energy expenditure (or intake if the diet is eucaloric) needs to be provided as protein. The effects of reducing daily protein intake to below 1.2 g/kg reference weight during a ketogenic diet include progressive loss of functional lean tissue and thus loss of physical performance, as demonstrated by Davis et al . In this study, subjects given protein at 1.1 g/kg-d experienced a significant reduction in VO2max over a 3 month period on a ketogenic diet, whereas subjects given 1.5 g/kg-d maintained VO2max. At the other end of the spectrum, higher protein intakes have the potential for negative side-effects if intake of this nutrient exceeds 25% of daily energy expenditure. One concern with higher levels of protein intake is the suppression of ketogenesis relative to an equi-caloric amount of fat (assuming that ketones are a beneficial adaptation to whole body fuel homeostasis). In addition, Stefansson describes a malady known by the Inuit as rabbit malaise . This problem would occur in the early spring when very lean rabbits were the only available game, when people might be tempted to eat too much protein in the absence of an alternative source of dietary fat. The symptoms were reported to occur within a week, and included headache and lassitude. Such symptoms are not uncommon among people who casually undertake a "low carbohydrate, high protein" diet. Both observational and prospectively designed studies support the conclusion that submaximal endurance performance can be sustained despite the virtual exclusion of carbohydrate from the human diet. Clearly this result does not automatically follow the casual implementation of dietary carbohydrate restriction, however, as careful attention to time for keto-adaptation, mineral nutriture, and constraint of the daily protein dose is required. Contradictory results in the scientific literature can be explained by the lack of attention to these lessons learned (and for the most part now forgotten) by the cultures that traditionally lived by hunting. Therapeutic use of ketogenic diets should not require constraint of most forms of physical labor or recreational activity, with the one caveat that anaerobic (ie, weight lifting or sprint) performance is limited by the low muscle glycogen levels induced by a ketogenic diet, and this would strongly discourage its use under most conditions of competitive athletics. maximum aerobic capacity eucaloric ketogenic diet McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL: Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 1994, Philadelphia, PA. Lea&Febiger, 563-pp. 35–56 Christensen EH, Hansen O: Zur Methodik der respiratorischen Quotient-Bestimmungen in Ruhe and bei Arbeit. Skand Arch Physiol. 1939, 81: 137-71. Kark R, Johnson R, Lewis J: Defects of pemmican as an emergency ration for infantry troops. War Medicine. 1946, 8: 345-52. Bergstrom J, Hultman E: A study of glycogen metabolism in man. J Clin Lab Invest. 1967, 19: 218-29. Bergstrom J, Hermansson L, Hultman E, Saltin B: Diet, muscle glycogen, and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967, 71: 140-50. Stackpole EA, ed: The long arctic search: the narrative of lieutenant Frederick Schwatka. Mystic CT. The Marine Historical Society. 1965 Mattila R: A chronological bibliography of the published works of Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Dartmouth College Libraries, Hanover HH. 1978 Stefansson V: Not by bread alone. The MacMillan Co, NY. 1946, Introductions by Eugene F. DuBois, MD, pp ix-xiii; and Earnest Hooton PhD, ScD, pp xv-xvi McClellan WS, DuBois EF: Clinical calorimetry XLV: Prolonged meat diets with a study of kidney function and ketosis. J Biol Chem. 1930, 87: 651-68. McClellan WS, Rupp VR, Toscani V: Clinical calorimetry XLVI: prolonged meat diets with a study of the metabolism of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. J Biol Chem. 1930, 87: 669-80. Stefansson V: The friendly arctic. The MacMillan Co, NY. 1921 Cahill GF: Starvation in man. N Engl J Med. 1970, 282: 668-75. Phinney SD, Horton ES, Sims EAH, Hanson J, Danforth E, Lagrange BM: Capacity for moderate exercise in obese subjects after adaptation to a hypocaloric ketogenic diet. J Clin Invest. 1980, 66: 1152-61. Phinney SD, Bistrian BR, Wolfe RR, Blackburn GL: The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: physical and biochemical adaptation. Metabolism. 1983, 32: 757-68. 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90105-1. Phinney SD, Bistrian BR, Evans WJ, Gervino E, Blackburn GL: The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism. 1983, 32: 769-76. 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3. Conlee RK, Hammer RL, Winder WW, Bracken ML, Nelson AG, Barnett DW: Glycogen repletion and exercise endurance in rats adapted to a high fat diet. Metabolism. 1990, 39: 289-94. 10.1016/0026-0495(90)90049-I. Simi B, Sempore B, Mayet MH, Favier RJ: Additive effects of training and high-fat diet on energy metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1991, 71: 197-203. DeHaven J, Sherwin R, Hendler R, Felig P: Nitrogen and sodium balance and sympathetic nervous system activity in obese subjects treated with a low-calorie or mixed diet. Newe ngl J Med. 1980, 302: 477-82. Phinney SD: Low-calorie protein versus mixed diet. N Engl J Med. 1980, 303: 158- Hoffer LJ, Bistrian BR, Young VR, Blackburn GL, Matthews DE: Metabolic effects of very low calorie weight reduction diets. J Clin Invest. 1984, 73: 750-58. Davis PG, Phinney SD: Differential effects of two very low calorie diets on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Int J Obes. 1990, 14: 779-87. About this article Cite this article Phinney, S.D. Ketogenic diets and physical performance. Nutr Metab (Lond) 1, 2 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-1-2 - Muscle Glycogen - Ketogenic Diet - Lean Tissue - Trained Athlete - Daily Energy Expenditure

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Implantable heart devices help us diagnose, manage and treat your heart rhythm disorders. Most of these heart devices require surgery to implant them. Heart Devices: Monitoring Holter Monitors & Event Monitors Patients wear these monitors on the outside of the body to record the heart’s activity. They're not implanted. - Holter monitor: Worn for a day or more - Event monitor: Worn for a longer period of time (up to 30 days) A doctor implants a loop recorder to record your heart’s rhythm for up to three years. We use data from the loop recorder to diagnosis heart rhythm disorders and determine treatment options. Treatment with Heart Devices Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Used to treat dangerous heart rhythms from the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles), ICDs can both restore normal rhythm with painless pacing and, if necessary, provide an electric shock to prevent patients from dying suddenly from very fast heart rhythms. You may need an ICD if you’ve had: - A life-threatening arrhythmia, like ventricular arrhythmia - Reduced heart function from a heart attack, prior viral infection or other medical conditions that weaken the heart (heart failure) Learn more about ICDs. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) Defibrillators Cardiac resynchronization therapy is a biventricular pacemaker or defibrillator with three leads instead of one or two like standard ICDs. The CRT device paces both ventricles at the same time to improve heart function and reduce heart failure symptoms like shortness of breath. At UVA, we can use MRI to optimize the implementation of CRT and maximize our patients' quality of life. You must qualify for CRT. Our doctors will help determine if you're a candidate. A doctor implants a pacemaker in the upper portion of the chest with one or more wires (leads) that pass through a vein into your heart. They help keep your heart from beating too slowly.

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How to Spot a Phishing Email It’s the perfect time for hackers to send emails with dangerous malware and viruses. Right now, your inbox is probably filled with “COVID-19” subject lines and coronavirus-focused emails. Hackers are even using a fake cdc-gov email address that’s not legitimate and spamming inboxes. How can you tell a phishing email from a legitimate one? Here’s a few telltale signs: - Look closely at the email address to make sure it’s spelled correctly. - Hover over any links in the email (but DON’T CLICK) to see the ACTUAL website you’ll be directed to. If there’s a mismatched or suspicious URL, delete the email immediately. - Watch for poor grammar and spelling errors. - Never download an attachment unless you know who sent it and what it is. When in doubt, call the person who supposedly sent the email on the phone to verify it’s legitimate. Want more tips for setting up safe Work From Home networks? Check out www.computer-center.com/covid19

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The building known as the 1942 Addition to the Williams Academy is currently located at the county-owned Clemente Park on Henderson Avenue. It is the remnant of the 1942 addition to the original 1913 Williams Academy structure. Williams Academy was the first government-funded school for African-American students in Fort Myers. The school was built during the school year of 1912-13. It was named for J. S. Williams, the Superintendent of colored schools in Fort Myers. The original two-story building was located between Lemon Street and Anderson Avenue, facing Cranford Avenue, (now Dr. M. L. King, Jr. Blvd.) At the time, the Academy served grades 1-8. As the population grew, Williams Academy was limited to grades 3-8. Younger students were taught at various locations in the community. One of the locations was the Knights of Pythia Hall. Due to a fire on the 2nd story of the building in the early 1930’s, the school was converted to a one story structure. Between 1935 and 1937, the building was moved to the Dunbar High School site on Blount Street. When Dunbar High School was opened in 1927, the Williams Academy was renamed Williams Primary and used for first and second grade classes.

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English As A Second Language The mission of the English as a Second Language Program is to facilitate language acquisition by providing quality instruction, resources, and advocacy for equitable educational opportunities to graduate career ready citizens. Did you know that the English as a Second Language and Migrant Programs of the Mobile County Public School System services over 2000 students representing over 60 different languages? Our students come from very diverse backgrounds and at times come to us with little or no previous instruction in the English language. Our talented staff of teachers, paraprofessionals, and migrant liaisons is also composed of individuals from many different cultures. For example, we have staff from: Russia, El Salvador, Mexico, Vietnam, Panama, China, Peru, Venezuela and Egypt. In addition to teaching our students, our staff provides professional development and on site assistance for teachers who work with the English Learner. Our bilingual staff works to ensure parents and students are getting the information they need in a language they can understand through translations and interpretations. We even provide evening classes to assist parents to learn English. Our dedicated staff work to ensure that each and every student is not only proficient in the English language but also on the State’s challenging academic standards as well.

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What is an expert Witness? An expert witness is a witness who by virtue of education, training, skill, or experience, is believed to have knowledge of a particular subject beyond that of the average person, insofar that others may officially (and legally) rely upon the witness’s specialized (scientific, technical, or other) knowledge about evidence or fact issues within their field of expertise: Referred to as an expert opinion. Expert witnesses may also present expert evidence about facts based on their expertise. At times, their testimony may be rebutted with a learned treatise, sometimes to the detriment of their reputations. Typically, experts are relied upon for opinions regarding severity of injury, degree of insanity, cause of failure in a machine or other device, loss of earnings, care costs etc. In an intellectual-property case, an expert may be shown two music scores, book texts, or circuit boards and be asked to ascertain their degree of similarity. The tribunal itself, or the judge, can in some systems call upon experts to technically evaluate a certain fact or action, in order to provide the court with an in-depth knowledge of the fact/action it is judging. The expertise has the legal value of an acquisition of data. The results of these experts’ input are then compared to those of the experts of all the parties involved in the case. The expert has a heavy responsibility, especially in penal trials. Perjury by an expert witness is a severely punished crime in most countries. The Role of an Expert Witness & The Benefits of Using One: The role of expert witnesses is to bring clarity to the court. In cases covering complex subjects, it is often advisable to retain an expert witness. The expert has a number of roles. First, he or she consults with the attorney regarding the merits of the case. Second, the expert is charged with reviewing all the evidence and authoritative subjects on the matter. Third, the expert is charged with rendering an opinion regarding the subject. Fourth, the expert witness has the task of explaining a complex subject in such a way that the court can readily understand it. The expert has a heavy responsibility, especially in penal trials, and perjury by an expert is a severely punished crime in most countries.

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Every seventh U.S. resident is a foreigner, according to the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS). Every year about 800,000 people are granted U.S. citizenship. In all, there are about 44.7 million immigrants living in the U.S., more than half of them naturalized. 21% of all immigrants moved to this country between 1990 and 1999, 30% before 1990, and 48% of migrants, or about 20 million people, moved to the U.S. between 2000 and 2018. Getting permanent residency aka a green card is the first step to U.S. citizenship. A green card can be gained through four main ways: through a family relationship, employment sponsorship, humanitarian protection (refugees and asylum seekers), and the Diversity Visa (DV) lottery (also known as the Green Card Lottery). Only immediate family members such as spouses, children, siblings, or parents of a U.S. citizen or permanent resident are eligible for this type of Green Card. In 2018, 44% out of 1.1 million immigrants awarded green cards in 2018 were immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. Your employer shall cover all costs of the application and your stay. You must work for that company until your contract expires. Some 150,000 people awarded this type of green card have either been sponsored by their employers or have petitioned themselves, including investors who create jobs. Every year, the President consults with Congress to set an annual cap on refugee admissions and allocations by region of origin. The annual cap was set at 30,000 for fiscal year 2019 and 18,000 for fiscal year 2020. 30,000 refugees, i.e. the annual cap, were resettled in the United States in fiscal year 2019 Every year, the United States runs a visa lottery for the countries with low numbers of immigrants to the United States. If you apply for this lottery and get a visa, you are eligible for a green card. In fiscal year 2018, 45,350 people from countries with low numbers of immigrants to the U.S. received a green card as diverse immigrants, roughly 4% of the total green cards issued. Requirements for U.S. citizenship - You must be at least 18 years old at the time of application. - Be a green card holder for at least 5 years. - Reside continuously in the U.S. for at least 5 years before you apply. - Physically reside in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of 5 years. - Reside in the state in which you are applying for at least 3 months. - Can speak, read, and write in English. - Know the history and social studies. - Respect the Constitution of the United States. - Have committed no serious felonies. - Take the oath of office. - Your applications must be made to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

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There’s a new calf among the population of critically endangered killer whales that live in the waters between Washington state and Canada. Ken Balcomb, founding director of the Center for Whale Research, told The Seattle Times that staff first saw the calf Friday at the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. He said the youngster looks healthy, but survival rates for baby orcas are only about 50 per cent. The whales have been starving amid a dearth of salmon. Vessel noise and pollution have complicated their plight. No calf born in the last three years has survived. One whale drew international attention when she carried her dead calf on her head for 17 days last summer. Two other orcas are known to be sick, and researchers fear they could die within months. The Associated Press

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Authors: Juan Hourcade Posted: Mon, June 30, 2014 - 3:04:52 Governments are increasingly providing services and information to the public through information and communication technologies (ICTs). There are many benefits to providing information and services through ICTs. People who are looking for government-related information can find it much more quickly. Government agencies can update websites more easily than paper documents. Those taking advantage of government services through ICTs can save time and frustration, which often accompany waiting in line at government agencies. Further, government agencies can save resources when transactions can be handled automatically. In addition, ICTs for internal government use have the potential of helping manage large amounts of information and handle processes more efficiently. In spite of the promises of e-government, there have been several notorious failures in the implementation of e-government systems. The most recent example in the United States was the website for applying for health insurance under the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare). The website was not usable by a significant portion of users when it launched. This is only the latest example of an e-government system that does not work as planned and requires additional resources to be functional (if it is not completely scrapped). These challenges have occurred across different administrations, and with different political parties in power. In the United States, historic examples include the Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic control software, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Virtual Case File . Dada provides examples of e-government failures in lower-income countries. These failures tend to stem from the difficulty in following modern software engineering and user-centered design methods when contracting with companies for the development of ICTs. These modern methods call for iterative processes of development with significant stakeholder input and feedback. There is an expectation, for example, that detailed requirements will be developed over time, and that some may change. Typical government contracting for ICTs, on the other hand, often assumes that government employees, oftentimes without any training in software engineering, will be able to deliver an accurate set of requirements to a company that will then build a system with little or no feedback from stakeholders during the development process. The challenge is that an overwhelming majority of elected officials and political appointees have little or no knowledge of software engineering or user-centered design methods. Even people responsible for ICTs at government agencies may not have any specific training in these methods. It is rare, for example, for government agencies to usability test competing technologies before deciding which one to purchase. I saw this first-hand while I worked at the U.S. Census Bureau. At the time, the Census Bureau was planning to use handheld devices to conduct the 2010 Census. In spite of the significant investment to be made, no one in the leadership was familiar with software engineering or user-centered design methods, and they trusted the management of the process to employees with some background in ICTs, but no training or experience in handling projects of such magnitude, and little knowledge of appropriate methods. This resulted in the development of a set of requirements that no one understood, and that came largely from long-time employees, with no feedback or consideration for the fact that those who would use the system would be temporary employees. While there was some involvement of usability professionals in the process it was “too little, too late” and did not have an impact on the methods used. The requirements were turned over to a contractor, and a test of the resulting software resulting in the need to change more than 400 requirements. The project had to be scrapped after spending almost $600 million on the contractor (not counting the resources spent in-house), and meant that the Census Bureau had to spend an extra $3 billion in processing paper forms that would have been unnecessary had the software been successfully developed. So how can we help? HCI researchers and professionals can contribute to public policy by informing elected officials and the leadership at government agencies of the methods that are most likely to result in usable and useful government ICTs that can be developed on time and within a given budget. This, in turn, can inform how government contracts for the development of ICTs are structured, such that they require iterative processes with a significant amount of stakeholder feedback. If these methods are followed, government agencies stand to save resources, and deliver better quality ICTs. This is an area where ACM, SIGCHI, and other professional associations could play a role. If we don’t do it, no one else will. 1. Charette, R.N. Why software fails? IEEE Spectrum 42, 9 (2005), 42-49. 2. Dada, D. The failure of e-government in developing countries: A literature review. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 26, 7 (2006), 1-10. Posted in: on Mon, June 30, 2014 - 3:04:52 View All Juan Hourcade's Posts

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Simple Genetics Practice Problems Worksheet Genetics Posted in Worksheet, by Kimberly R. Foreman Simple Genetics Practice Problems Worksheet Genetics. Quiz worksheet goals to master this subject matter. Mutation simulation answer key. when a strand gets copied into a new. review those terms and write a short definition transcription transcribe and translate the original sequence. describe how this changed the protein. use blue ink for all answers access the simulation at you will need a genetic code chart. Codon worksheet answers, we have collected several related pictures to complete your references. transcription and translation worksheet answers, genetic code table and page. download free codon worksheet with code table are three main things we want to show you based on the synthesis is the process where a sequence of is used to build a protein from individual amino acids. the first step in this process is called transcription, where a coding region of is converted to messenger. Protein synthesis quiz biology. Genetic code chart science biology coding genetics. Simple genetics practice problems worksheet genetics. Protein synthesis review worksheet answers. Amino acid codon chart biochemistry central. Classroom teachers. Amino acid codon chart peptide.

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I downloaded Lidar data from NOAA and am looking to use it to assess possible trout spawning areas in the Lower Saluda River in South Carolina. The data I downloaded is in TIFF format. What are some possible workflows that I could execute to assess the data to find spawning habitat in the river? I know how to perform trained classification with imagery on ArcGIS but are there other tools out there to undertake this task? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! The Lidar data I downloaded is in LAS point data. The metadata also states that a DEM, hydrographic breaklines and terrain, and intensity images per tile. I know that trout spawn in shallow water on gravel beds. I was hoping to use the Lidar imagery to find those areas. I'm thinking a slope/roughness calculation might identify the gravel, and shallow areas could be identified through the difference of the point elevation to mean water level? Yes with your understanding of ArcGIS image tools and supervised classification you could do this assuming: a) the lidar data has picked up some information that is indicative of spawning habitat b) you have known spawning areas to use for training. Your ideas of using roughness seems good if you can derive that from the lidar. Unless the point spacing is very tight it will be hard to distinguish spawning gravel (1/4 inch to a couple inches depending on your fish size), from finer sediments and mud, but you might be able to use supplemental imagery to help with this. For the depth, take a look at the Height Above Nearest Drainage workflow described in the reply to this question. And another somewhat related - Spawning lake trout in Yellowstone

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Mercury Law and Legal Definition Mercury is a heavy silver-white poisonous metallic element that is liquid at normal temperatures. 40 states warn residents to restrict their consumption of certain fish due to mercury contamination. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, about 7 million women and children are eating mercury-contaminated fish at or above the level it considers safe. There are various state and federal laws governing mercury. For example, a Maine law creates a manufacturer-funded system for removing and disposing of mercury-added components, such as switches in hood and trunk lights, before vehicles are crushed or shredded for recycling.

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Mind Matters offers a pair of new studies on animal minds that underline the exceptional place of humans in nature. Denyse O’Leary writes: Although the Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ) study is said to provide “provides important insights into the evolution of cognitive abilities in primates,” these insights are not spelled out. The obvious conclusion from the research is that all primates show a more similar level of intelligence than expected — except for humans, who are highly exceptional. And it’s not clear how to account for that according to conventional theories of evolution. In that sense, the study is reminiscent of two that we looked at yesterday, in which smart birds were found to have brains more like the brains of mammals than expected. For some reason, the researchers thought that this finding was an argument against human exceptionalism. But it is quite the opposite. If, as believed, the last common ancestor of birds and mammals lived 320 million years ago, life forms back then may have been smarter than we think. But such findings only accentuate the vast gap in intelligence between humans and lemurs, chimpanzees, or ravens today. Efforts to account for this gap in evolutionary terms have not been particularly successful. On the lemur study, paleontologist Günter Bechly adds: “Mouse lemurs are as intelligent as chimps, or in other words: chimps are mentally as different from humans as the tiny and primitive mouse lemurs. Another failed prediction of Darwinism.” The most diminutive of lemurs, Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur, making it also the slightest of all primates, is adorable, lightning fast, and lives in a delicate ecological relationship with the insect that produces its food as a waste product. Denyse highlights this from the BBC and David Attenborough: As I noted here the other day, human exceptionalism is so repugnant to Darwinists that it can only be admitted where the admission “sets our species and its privileges in a worse light than before.” Self-degradation, like the “Galileo legend,” is a vital fuel from Darwinism.

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- Why is it harder to treat viral infections than bacterial infections? - How long does a viral infection last? - Why is it different to treat a bacterial infection versus a viral infection? - What are the five signs of an infection? - What are common viral infections? - What happens if I take antibiotics for a viral infection? - What are symptoms of viral infection? - What are some common viral infections? - Why do doctors prescribe antibiotics for viral infections? - Can a viral infection turn into a bacterial infection? - What does it mean if an infection is viral? - How do you fight a viral infection? - How does the body fight a virus? - Can you get a viral infection while on antibiotics? - Do antibiotics weaken immune system against viruses? - How do you know if an infection is viral or bacterial? - What color is mucus with a bacterial infection? - How do you test for a viral infection? - Can your body fight bacterial infections without antibiotics? - Do viral or bacterial infections last longer? - Can Antibiotics kill virus? Why is it harder to treat viral infections than bacterial infections? Curing a viral infection Antibiotics are useless against viral infections. This is because viruses are so simple that they use their host cells to perform their activities for them. So antiviral drugs work differently to antibiotics, by interfering with the viral enzymes instead.. How long does a viral infection last? A viral infection usually lasts only a week or two. But when you’re feeling rotten, this can seem like a long time! Here are some tips to help ease symptoms and get better faster: Rest. Why is it different to treat a bacterial infection versus a viral infection? As you might think, bacterial infections are caused by bacteria, and viral infections are caused by viruses. Perhaps the most important distinction between bacteria and viruses is that antibiotic drugs usually kill bacteria, but they aren’t effective against viruses. What are the five signs of an infection? Know the Signs and Symptoms of InfectionFever (this is sometimes the only sign of an infection).Chills and sweats.Change in cough or a new cough.Sore throat or new mouth sore.Shortness of breath.Nasal congestion.Stiff neck.Burning or pain with urination.More items… What are common viral infections? Examplesmeasles.rubella.chickenpox/shingles.roseola.smallpox.fifth disease.chikungunya virus infection. What happens if I take antibiotics for a viral infection? Antibiotics won’t treat viral infections because they can’t kill viruses. You’ll get better when the viral infection has run its course. Common illnesses caused by bacteria are urinary tract infections, strep throat, and some pneumonia. What are symptoms of viral infection? SymptomsRunny or stuffy nose.Sore throat.Cough.Congestion.Slight body aches or a mild headache.Sneezing.Low-grade fever.Generally feeling unwell (malaise) What are some common viral infections? Other common viral diseases include:Chickenpox.Flu (influenza)Herpes.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS)Human papillomavirus (HPV)Infectious mononucleosis.Mumps, measles and rubella.Shingles.More items… Why do doctors prescribe antibiotics for viral infections? In complicated or prolonged viral infections, bacteria may invade as well, and cause what is known as a “secondary bacterial infection”. In these cases, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic, if one is needed, to kill the specific invading bacteria. Can a viral infection turn into a bacterial infection? Viral infections that linger sometimes can turn into a larger problem, such as a sinus infection when bacteria join in. Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic. What color is it? While green or yellow mucus can be a sign of a bacterial infection, doctors say that’s an unreliable indicator of the need for an antibiotic. What does it mean if an infection is viral? Viral Infections Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19. Viruses are like hijackers. They invade living, normal cells and use those cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves. How do you fight a viral infection? taking over-the-counter fever reducers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to reduce a fever and its symptoms. resting as much as possible. drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and replenish fluids lost while sweating. taking antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), when applicable. How does the body fight a virus? Antibodies are proteins that recognise and bind parts of viruses to neutralise them. Antibodies are produced by our white blood cells and are a major part of the body’s response to combatting a viral infection. Antigens are substances that cause the body to produce antibodies, such as a viral protein. Can you get a viral infection while on antibiotics? You might be affecting your immune response to certain viral infections.” Antibiotics kill bacteria, not viruses. Do antibiotics weaken immune system against viruses? Summary: Antibiotics can leave the lung vulnerable to flu viruses, leading to significantly worse infections and symptoms, finds a new study. The research discovered that signals from gut bacteria help to maintain a first line of defense in the lining of the lung. How do you know if an infection is viral or bacterial? Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Infections But your doctor may be able to determine the cause by listening to your medical history and doing a physical exam. If necessary, they also can order a blood or urine test to help confirm a diagnosis, or a “culture test” of tissue to identify bacteria or viruses. What color is mucus with a bacterial infection? Mucus helps protect your airways, but when you get an infection—viral or bacterial—it can damage the cells that line the airway. The infection releases proteins that give the mucus a green color. How do you test for a viral infection? Viral antigens develop on the surface of cells infected with a specific virus. A viral antigen detection test is done on a sample of tissue that might be infected. Specially tagged (with dye or a tracer) antibodies that attach to those viral antigens are mixed with the sample. Can your body fight bacterial infections without antibiotics? Once unfriendly bacteria enter your body, your body’s immune system tries to fight them off. But oftentimes, your body can’t fight the infection naturally, and you need to take antibiotics — medication that kills the bacteria. Do viral or bacterial infections last longer? Bacterial Infections Symptoms persist longer than the expected 10-14 days a virus tends to last. Can Antibiotics kill virus? Viruses can’t reproduce on their own, like bacteria do, instead they attach themselves to healthy cells and reprogram those cells to make new viruses. It is because of all of these differences that antibiotics don’t work on viruses.

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There are only two political parties in America, and neither represent the interests of working class and middle class citizens. In Madison’s two-party, first past the post political system, commercial interests, or social classes, each had their own political party. The wealthy citizens, originally called the “natural aristocracy” by Madison, had the Federalist Party. The common citizens had a political party developed by Jefferson, in the presidential election of 1800. The Federalist Party eventually morphed into the Republican Party, that promotes the commercial and financial interests of wealthy families and global large corporations. We believe that the Republican Party has been permanently branded as a racist party, and that it will never recover from this branding. The Republican Party abdicated its obligation to defend individual liberty when the moment of battle with the Democrat socialists arrived. In order to move beyond the current Republican Party, we believe that a new conservative movement is required that restores the principles of Locke and Jefferson. At one time, long ago, common working class citizens had the Democratic Party to represent their interests. Eventually, the Democrat Party morphed into a globalist socialist party. In Madison’s system of checks and balances, no political party promoted the liberty and freedom of citizens. After the current nation collapses, due to internal divisions, a new political party must lead conservatives to a new nation, called the Democratic Republic of America. We call that new political party The Citizens Liberty Party.

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Not the snappiest of titles but read my latest piece for Wired.co.uk in full below or by clicking this link. In the US and UK, research projects are searching for synthetic replacements for rare-earth materials “Nothing happens. Nothing happens. And then everything happens,” says Laura Lewis, Professor of Chemical Engineering at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts. “Our results are highly preliminary but we have found signatures of layering in the materials we have made.” This is significant, she says, because the layering of iron and nickel suggests that the nanomaterial they are trying to make can become a “supermagnet”. It is designed to be a synthetic form of tetrataenite, a rare magnetic extra-terrestrial iron-nickel alloy found only in meteorites. Lewis is leading a $3.3m (£2.2m) fast-track Department of Energy research project to synthesise new supermagnetic materials and then work out how to mass-produce them for a market that is worth $20bn (£13bn) a year. Supermagnets are the strongest permanent magnets around and are vital for products ranging from head phones to wind turbines and hybrid vehicles. Their strength derives from the fact that they are made out of rare-earth elements which are easy to magnetise and hold their magnetic moments in the solid state, approximately 95 percent of the supply of which is controlled by China. Increasing demand for these elements has led many to fear that the world will soon suffer a severe shortage of them. The British Geographical Survey’s Risk List ranks the threat to the global supply of the metals and other elements necessary for our modern society. On the 2012 list, the category of rare-earth elements is at the top in red. In comparison, iron and nickel are cheap and easily available. So it is not surprising that for Lewis “it would be huge if we could make supermagnets without REMs [rare-earth metals]”. There are more than 40 elements or element groups that have economic value on the British Geological Survey’s Risk List. Rare-earth elements comprise the 15 lanthanides, spanning atomic numbers 57 to 71, plus scandium and yttrium, which have similar properties. They are particularly important because they are found at the heart of the new technologies and clean energy that the world is increasingly relying on. Most of them are actually not that rare, but they are difficult to mine and expensive to extract as they are often found widely distributed through the Earth’s crust in small quantities and often mixed together in the same mineral. Using them in the manufacturing process is an expensive, energy-intensive process as well, which doesn’t sit comfortably with the need to go green. These elements have an additional complication as well: China. China has been able to corner the market in the supply of these elements because some of the largest deposits of rare-earth elements in the world are found in Chinese territories. For example, the world’s single largest rare-earth element deposit is at Bayan Obo in Inner Mongolia, while almost as large deposits are found in south-west China as well. And China — perhaps like any other country that has found itself in a similar situation — has not been afraid of using this to its advantage. In the last decades of the 20th century China was accused of dumping [.PDF] to drive mines in other countries, such as the Mountain Pass rare earth mine in California, out of business. Mountain Pass used to the world’s leading supplier. More recently the Chinese have been accused of restricting exports and even banning them to force up the price of rare-earth elements or make manufacturers relocate to China. It was reported — though denied — that China banned the export of rare-earth elements to Japan during a confrontation back in 2010 over the fate of a fisherman. According to Richard Shaw, Economic Geologist at the British Geographical Society, rare-earth elements score the top mark of 9.5 on the Risk List because in part of this concentration of production and reserves in the hands of one country but also their “lack of substitutability” which matters because “they are often the best things for the job” and “their recycling rate which isn’t that high”. However, the Risk List is snap shot of the supply situation for this year and not a prediction for the future. Rare-earth elements are joined on the list by many other rare elements such as tungsten, platinum and indium. According to the British Geological Survey, China is the leading producer of 22 out of 41 elements listed. According to David Shuh, Senior Staff Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, “China recognised the opportunity 30 to 40 years ago and wanted to be the world’s number one supplier of rare-earth elements”. “So each decade they took a step closer to becoming the major player and like any monopoly they started to run up the price. It has happened before with other minerals and countries and it will happen again.” However, in the end, he says, “everyone reacts to it. Mines open. Companies stockpile. People try and recycle it or find alternatives, like nanomaterials.” China’s control is, he believes, “particularly vulnerable” to innovation. So with US government support the Mountain Pass rare-earth mine in California, which is sitting on top of about 13 percent of the world’s supply, has just reopened, after closing in 2002 when the price of the elements fell too low. Mines are also starting production in such countries as Australia and Canada. Even once-defunct Cornish tin mines are now reopening thanks to the presence of rare materials such as indium in their tin deposits. In the US the Department of Energy is sponsoring 13 other research projects like Laura Lewis’s to find synthetic replacements for rare-earth materials. Professor Lewis says that because rare-earth elements were “messy to dig up and required strong, damaging acids to separate elements from the rocks the world was very happy to have it restricted to China and not in their own country”. Now she is under pressure to “invent the material right now” and at the same face the “daunting challenge” of working out how to manufacture the new material before the research has even been finished. Meanwhile in Oxford, Professor Peter Edwards, Head of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Oxford, is leading a consortium of British companies that are looking at using materials such as silicon-doped zinc oxide to use as a substitute for indium and at the same time replace certain manufacturing processes as well. If the consortium can successfully pull off the replacement and manufacture of indium in the five years they have proposed to the government then “the UK will have a whole new industry”. Indium is valued as an element because of its near-ideal combination of high visible-light transparency and high electrical conductivity, which is used in products from solar photovoltaic cells through to touch-screen computer displays. China produces more than half of the world’s supply. Zinc, like iron and nickel, is much cheaper and more available. “Indium is reference 1 [what everyone has to match] as it is highly conductive, very transparent and easy to use, but pricy to make,” says Edwards. “While some people argue about just how scarce it is, it is on the list of elements produced by UK and other European governments that tells us we should be looking for alternatives soon. Companies are certainly hoarding it, which is hitting the price. He adds that the Chinese, from their perspective, are “doing just what any other country would do”. Half of Edwards’ team is Chinese. “However, running alongside the desire to substitute indium is the desire at the same time to see whether we can use it in manufacturing in a different, less energy-intensive way. “And why shouldn’t we think of this challenge at the same time? For us it is one of the most exciting things.” In the end the success of it as substitute comes down to the usual trade off between price and performance. “We are already being asked if you can do it for indium, what other elements can you do it for.” Lewis doesn’t underestimate the challenges of her project that lie ahead. “Is it easy to do? We are trying to do in four years what has only been in asteroids after having cooled for a billion years.”

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Anaximander of Miletus Miletus near Söke, Turkey BiographyLittle is known about the life of Anaximander of Miletus but we do know a little through the writings of Aristotle, Apollodorus, and Diogenes Laertius and others. We should emphasise that Apollodorus, although writing in the second century BC, was still 500 years later than Anaximander while Diogenes wrote almost 500 years after Apollodorus. Possible details of Anaximander from these sources suggest that he was the son of Praxiades and a pupil of Thales. One ancient text states that Thales was related to Anaximander - possibly his uncle. He may have succeeded Thales as head of his School of Philosophy in Miletus (as reported by Diogenes). He is reported to have travelled widely, and founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea :- It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments.None of Anaximander's writings survive but we do know something about his works which were still available to Aristotle and Apollodorus. His main writings are thought to have been On Nature, On the Fixed Stars, Geometric Surveying, Sphere, Map of Greece, and Map of the World. The importance of his work is that he introduced scientific and mathematical principles into the study of astronomy and geography. One should not come away with the impression that this makes his ideas plausible in light of modern knowledge, but nevertheless the attempt to bring scientific and mathematical principles into areas which had been largely the domain of mysticism until that time must mean that Anaximander plays an important role in the development of science. Let us look at his ideas. Anaximander believed that the earth was a cylinder. If this seems a little strange, then we believe that his reasoning was that if one looked around one saw a circle, then he used a symmetry argument to argue that there was another circle with a cylinder between. He appears to have been the first person to argue that the sun, moon, planets and stars revolved around the earth so the sun which rose in the morning was the same sun that had disappeared on the evening of the preceding day. He saw each heavenly body as being a hole in an opaque circular wheel containing fire and encircling the earth. He also argued that the heavenly bodies were at different distances from the earth, but he was entirely wrong in believing that the stars were closer than any of the other heavenly bodies. He did, however, attempt to give the dimensions of the universe. The radius of the stars circles was 9 times the radius of the circle on top of the cylindrical earth, the radius of the moons circle was 18 times that of the earth, and the ratio of the sun's to the radius of the earth was 27. For more details see . In Anaximander's model the earth is suspended in the middle of the circling heavenly bodies. What then keeps it in place? Aristotle writes:- But there are some who say that the earth stays where it is because of equality, such as among the ancients Anaximander. For that which is situated in the centre and at equal distances from the extremes, has no inclination whatsoever to move up rather than down or sideways; and since it is impossible to move in opposite directions at the same time, it necessarily stays where it is.We also know that Anaximander attempted to give an explanation for how the universe came into being. His philosophy argued that all things arose from 'apeiron', the Boundless. Aristotle writes:- Everything has an origin or is an origin. The Boundless has no origin. For then it would have a limit. Moreover, it is both unborn and immortal, being a kind of origin. For that which has become has also, necessarily, an end, and there is a termination to every process of destruction.Now the universe was created from the Boundless:- A germ, filled with hot and cold, was separated off from the Boundless, then out of this germ a sphere of fire grew around the vapor that surrounds the earth, like a bark round a tree.The sphere of fire split into several wheels which were then the wheels of the stars, moon, and sun. Anaximander discussed the origins of life, as well as the origins of the cosmos. He argued that the young earth was covered in seas, some of which began to dry out due to the heat of the sun. Life began in the mud of the seas as they dried out. The first animals had skin covered with spines but after they began to live on dry land, the heat of the sun gradually caused the animals to have fewer spines. He argued that man was not suited to live in this early world, so could only have arisen from the animals living on dry land after conditions became suitable. One would have to say that this is a remarkable achievement, again attempting to apply scientific and logical reasoning in an area where only mystical theories existed. It appears that Anaximander was the first person to attempt to produce a map of the world. This map, of course, no longer exists, but it must have shown a circular earth - the top of the cylinder. It would have the Mediterranean Sea at its centre and show lands to the north and south, since this was the known world at the time. Another first for Anaximander is the invention of the solar gnomon, see . A special case of such a gnomon is the pointer on a sundial. The solar gnomon could be used to determine midday (the time of shortest shadow). Since at this time the sun was due south, the gnomon was used to find what we would call today 'the points of the compass'. Another aspect of his thought, having important implications for mathematics, is the dualism finite-infinite in his thoughts. This is discussed in detail in . We have discussed above both his attempts to measure the scale of the heavens and also to measure distances on earth with his attempts at maps. These are shown in to be among the early Greek works that led to the modern study of trigonometry. - Anthony F Beavers, Anaximander of Miletus, in Thomas Hockey (ed.) Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (2007), 44-45. - Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. - D L Couprie, R Hahn and G Naddaf, Anaximander in Context (Albany, 2003). - P Egger, Studien zur Grundlegung der Logik und der logischen Interpretationsmittel. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Texten griechischer Denker (Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg, 1973). - C H Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960). - X Renou, L'infini aux limites du calcul, Anaximandre - Platon - Galilée. Collection 'Algorithme' (François Maspero, Paris, 1978). - M Serres, Les origines de la géométrie (Flammarion, Paris, 1993). - Ancient Greek Scientists : Anaximander,Technology Museum of Thessaloniki - Anaximander of Miletus, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - I M Bodnár, Anaximander's Rings, Classical Quarterly 38 (1988), 49-51. - D R Dicks, Solstices, Equinoxes, and the Presocratics, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 86 (1966), 26-40. - D Ehlers, Das Problem und das Gesetz der Reihenfolge in der Entwicklung der Astronomie bis Copernicus, NTM Schr. Geschichte Naturwiss. Tech. Medizin 13 (2) (1976), 54-61. - C H Kahn, Anaximander and the Arguments Concerning the Apeiron at Physics 203b4-1, in Festschrift E Kapp (Hamburg 1958), 19-29. - C H Kahn, On Early Greek Astronomy, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 90 (1970), 99-116. - J Meurers, Die Kosmologie der Gegenwart in ihrem philosophischen Aspekt, Philos. Natur. 18 (1) (1980/81), 116-145. - D O'Brien, Anaximander's Measurements, The Classical Quarterly 17 (1967), 423-432. - A Sabo, The measurement of angles and the start of trigonometry (Bulgarian), Fiz.-Mat. Spis. B' lgar. Akad. Nauk. 20 (53) (2) (1977), 150-160. - M C Stokes, Anaximander's Argument, in R A Shiner and J King-Farlow (eds.), New Essays on Plato and the Presocratics (1976), 1-22. - A Szabó, Astronomische Messungen bei den Griechen im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und ihr Instrument, Historia Sci. No. 21 (1981), 1-26. - S V Zhitomirskii, Ancient ideas on the dimensions of the world (Russian), Istor.-Astronom. Issled. No. 16 (1983), 291-326. Additional Resources (show) Other websites about Anaximander: Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson Last Update July 2008 Last Update July 2008

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The story of Hazrat Nuh (as) also known as Noah is a story known to everyone despite of what faith or community you are from. We have all heard of the Ark of Noah and the flood that came as a punishment on his people. The story of Hazrat Nuh (as) has been mentioned in most Holy scriptures such as the Holy Qur’an and the Holy Bible. According to the Bible Hazrat Nuh (as) was an inhabitant of Iraq (Genesis 11:9), it is said that he lived in a valley surrounded by huge mountains in Mesopotamia in Southern Iraq. Very little is known of his childhood or youth, according to the bible Hazrat Nuh’s (as) father was Lamech who lived nine generations after Hazrat Adam (as). He appeared about nine generations after Hazrat Adam (as) and ten generations before Hazrat Ibrahim (as). Hazrat Nuh (as) was a law-bearing prophet, which means that he brought Shariah (a divine law). Another example of a law-bearing prophet is the Holy Prophet (saw). In the Holy Qur’an it says: [29:15] And We certainly sent Noah to his people, and he dwelt among them a thousand years save fifty years. Then the deluge overtook them, while they were wrongdoers. This verse is quite well-known, and some people misunderstand the “thousand years save fifty years” as Hazrat Nuh’s (as) age. However, the verse does not mean that Hazrat Nuh (as) lived to be 950 years of age, this verse actually relates to the length that his Shariah lasted which was about a thousand years. During this time many people had become corrupt, they had started to worship idols and become disbelievers this included his own wife and son. Some of the more known idols were Wadd, Suwa, Yaghuth, Yauq and Nasr. Due to this corruption within the people, Allah the Almighty sent Hazrat Nuh (as) as a messenger to guide his people back to Allah. In the Qur’an it states: [7:60] We sent Noah to his people and he said, ‘O my people, worship Allah, you have no other God but Him. Indeed, I fear for you the punishment of the great day.’ In the Holy Qur’an it also states that: [71:3-4] He said, ‘O my people! surely I am a plain Warner unto you, ‘That you serve Allah and fear Him and obey me. This verse shows many things, firstly it shows the courage that Hazrat Nuh (as) depicted and the significance of his role. The people of Hazrat Nuh (as) had become so corrupt with their righteousness that he had to warn them to come back to the right path and believe in the unity of God. The Holy Qur’an states: [7:61] The chiefs of his people said, ‘Surely, we see thee to be in manifest error.’ The people of Noah had become quite very disrespectful, they would ignore him and dubbed Hazrat Nuh (as) a liar. [23:25-26] And the chiefs of his people, who disbelieved, said, ‘He is only a man like yourselves; he seeks to make himself superior to you. And if Allah had so willed, He could have surely sent down angels with him. We have never heard of such a thing among our forefathers. ‘He is only a man stricken with madness; wait, therefore, concerning him for a while.’ The people of Hazrat Nuh (as) questioned his authority and his truthfulness. From this verse it appears that his people did not accept a mortal to be able to be a messenger of Allah. But this verse also shows that his people were challenging Allah the Almighty. Hazrat Nuh (as) had to bear a lot of disappointment due to this and he would pray to Allah constantly asking for forgiveness for his people. Hazrat Nuh (as) had gone to great extents to warn his people of the coming punishment but they would not listen, instead they threatened him. [71:8] “And every time I called them that Thou mightest forgive them, they put their fingers into their ears, and covered up their hearts, and persisted in their iniquity, and were disdainfully proud. This verse is an example of the ignorance that his people showed towards him. [11:33] They said, ‘O Noah, thou hast indeed disputed with us long and hast disputed with us many a time; bring us now that with which thou threatenest us, if thou art of those who speak the truth.’ The people had started to challenge Allah the Almighty and threatening Hazrat Nuh (as). Throughout his prophethood, Hazrat Nuh (as) had to endure a lot, he was persistent in delivering the message of Allah, but his people were ignorant, they did not listen and threatened him. In this day and age we cannot even fathom what Hazrat Nuh (as) experienced. Eventually Hazrat Nuh (as) asked Allah the Almighty for help. [26:118-119] He said, ‘My Lord, my people have treated me as a liar. ‘Therefore judge Thou decisively between me and them; and save me and the believers that are with me.’ In Surah Al-Qamar it states [54:11] He therefore prayed to his Lord saying, ‘I am overcome, so come Thou to my help!’ Building of Ark [11:38] ‘And build thou the Ark under Our eyes and as commanded by Our revelation. And address not Me concerning the wrongdoers. They are surely going to be drowned.’ Hazrat Nuh (as) was instructed to build an ark, he obeyed immediately and started building an ark of wood with the help of the followers. It has been said that the chiefs of the people would laugh at them when passing by. Allah the Almighty told Hazrat Nuh (as) to load the ark with all the animals that would be needed, a pair of each, male and female. Hazrat Nuh (as) was also told to bring his family on board except those against whom God’s judgement had already been passed. He also instructed him to bring all those on board who had accepted him as a Messenger of Allah. The punishment that came onto the people of Hazrat Nuh (as) was a great flood. That was as high as the mountains and destroyed all the disbelievers. In the Holy Qur’an it says: [54:12-13] Thereupon We opened the gates of heaven, with water pouring down; And We caused the earth to burst forth with springs, so the two waters met for a purpose that was decreed. As previously mentioned, that Allah the Almighty told Hazrat Nuh (as) to gather all the believers and his family members. This however did not include his wife and son, who were disbelievers. In the Holy Qur’an there is a record of Hazrat Nuh (as) speaking to his son. [11:43-44] And it moved along with them on waves like mountains. And Noah cried unto his son, while he was keeping apart, ‘O my son, embark with us and be not with the disbelievers.’ He replied, ‘I shall soon betake myself to a mountain which will shelter me from the water.’ He said, ‘There is no shelter for anyone this day, from the decree of Allah, excepting those to whom He shows mercy.’ And the wave came in between the two; so he was among the drowned. [11:46] And Noah cried unto his Lord and said: ‘My Lord, verily, my son is of my family, and surely, Thy promise is true, and Thou art the most Just of judges.’ Suddenly a wave came between them and took his son away. This is indeed a very sad account, but this shows that nobody is exempt from the punishment of Allah, not even the son of a Prophet of Allah. This verse also portrays the intensity of the punishment that bestowed upon the people of Hazrat Nuh (as). Allah the Almighty told Hazrat Nuh (as) that the ark would float and finish its journey. The flood had risen to the extent that it covered the entire habitation. The ark floated on waves as high as mountains. Even the tops of mountains were under water. Allah the Almighty had taught Hazrat Nuh (as) some prayers which were recited by his followers on his ark. The prayers were: [23:29-30] “And when thou hast settled on the Ark — thou and those that are with thee — say, ‘All praise belongs to Allah Who has saved us from the unjust people!’ “And say, ‘My Lord, cause me to land a blessed landing, for Thou art the Best of those who bring men to land.’” Allah rescued Hazrat Nuh (as) and those with him in the ark, while those who rejected him were drowned as a punishment. Eventually Allah the Almighty made the rain stop. [11:45] And it was said, ‘O earth, swallow thy water, and O sky, cease raining.’ And the water was made to subside and the matter was ended. And the Ark came to rest on al-Judi. And it was said, ‘Cursed be the wrongdoing people.’ This verse says that the Ark came to rest on a mountain called Al Judi. In the Holy Bible the Ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. After the Flood [10:74] But they rejected him, so We saved him and those who were with him in the Ark. And We made them inheritors of Our favours, while We drowned those who rejected Our Signs. See then, how was the end of those who had been warned! In the Holy Qur’an it also states: [37:76-81] And Noah indeed did cry unto Us, and what an excellent answer did We give to his prayer! And We saved him and his family from the great distress; And We made his offspring the only survivors. And We left for him a good name among the following generations — ‘Peace be upon Noah among the peoples!’ Thus indeed do We reward those who do good. On the new land Allah the Almighty had bestowed numerous blessing and prosperity to Hazrat Nuh (as) and his followers.

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7 Continents Worksheet Kids Network Geography Worksheets 7 Continents Worksheet Kids Network Geography Worksheets. For example, you can study anything from traveling, cultures and earth science. indeed, you can piece together the world. Geography worksheets can be a valuable resource for teachers and students looking for activities and information related to both u. s. states and foreign countries. each link leads you to a page featuring general background about the subject, whether it be countries like and japan, or states like and. Easygeographyforkid.com is a free resource for tutors, teachers, parents and educators, who want to learn and understand geography. it is a platform where young kids learn, understand and enjoy the geographical facts easily through our extensive articles, free geographical worksheets and geography activity sheets, fun free. Learning about the world we live in is crucial at every age. Map united states worksheet kids network geography worksheets. Geography kids stock illustrations vectors worksheets. Grade geography worksheets printable activities social studies culture quiz math addition subtraction kindergarten pictures kids. Map scale worksheets skills social studies geography free grade buzz math game test 4 division workbooks integer kids. Geography worksheet grade worksheets continent book high school algebra practice problems comparing numbers word coin kids. Kids geography worksheets. Map geography worksheets kids free printable.

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Researchers have found that late afternoons and early evenings are the best time to lose weight as the metabolic rates are the highest around that time. The results of the study titled ‘Human Resting Energy Expenditure Varies with Circadian Phase’, is published in the latest issue of the journal Current Biology. For this study the seven participants (aged 38 to 69 years) were made to stay inside a special laboratory with no clues about time of the day for 37 days. They were not given access to windows, phones, clocks or the internet. Each night the bedtime for the participants was shifted by four hours. It was similar to be travelling across four time zones to the west each day for three continuous weeks. Their sleep wake cycle as well as food and exercise was also tightly regulated by the researchers. This helped the researchers alter the body’s circadian rhythm or clock. Now metabolism and metabolic rates at different times of the day was analyzed. The study results revealed that 10 percent extra calories could be burnt in the late afternoons and early evenings as the metabolic rates are the highest around that time. The body temperatures were lowest around middle of the night and highest in the late afternoons and early evenings. According to the team of researchers, this study shows why shift workers tend to be irregular in their sleep and eating schedules and tend to gain weight. Shift workers are at a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease, obesity, cognitive problems as well as cancers, as has been seen in several previous studies. The researchers explain that the body’s circadian clock could be governing the metabolism and metabolic rates. Kirsi-Marja Zitting, of the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, one of the team members said that they were surprised that same exercises and exertions at one time of the day worked at burning calories differently than when performed at a different time of the day. “Because they were doing the equivalent of circling the globe every week, their body’s internal clock could not keep up, and so it oscillated at its own pace,” Zitting said. Jeanne Duffy, co-author of the study and an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a neuroscientist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, added that this study showed that it was not only what we ate and how much we exercised that determined how many calories we would burn but the “when” was also very important. “Regularity of habits such as eating and sleeping is very important to overall health,” she said. She explained that 10 percent extra calories could be burnt if exercised in the later afternoons and early evenings compared to middle of the night. It means that a person can burn 130 extra calories with no added effort, she said. She went on to explain that if this was happening each day, the resultant accumulative effects can also be estimated. It is thus important to keep the body’s internal clock in synchrony with the external environment for good heath she said. “Regularity is really important,” she said. As the next step the team would connect the effects of sleep time, duration and regularity and its effect on weight gain.

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All civilizations call the emptiness or the void as the beginning of the Universe: “In the beginning…the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep...” The emptiness is a source of unlimited energy that existed before the beginning of time; according to Chinese philosophy, when in the emptiness the energy reached certain point it transformed and became Yin, then it reached another point and it transformed again and became Yang. Yin and Yang are the two forces or types of energy that cannot exist without each other, the two opposites that attract: day and night, black and white, sound and silence, movement and stillness, male and female. The emptiness is one that gave birth to Yin and Yang that are two and gave birth to three that gave birth to everything that exist. This is the basic principle of Chinese philosophy that is similar to the principle of life in all civilizations yet it is beyond our ability to comprehend but what it means is that everything in the universe is energy or a form of energy and that nothing in the universe exists outside the context of the cosmic trinity: heaven, man and earth. Nothing in the universe is static, everything changes and as it changes it generates imbalance between Yin and Yang. As Einstein discovered, energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed and it is through transformation that we are able to reach balance between Yin and Yang, which allows us to be better, to do better and ultimately to be happier. The Bible - Genesis 1:1,2

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Our “recent” (geologically speaking) temperature history: By Lawrence Solomon in the Financial Post Thank your lucky stars to be alive on Earth at this time. Our planet is usually in a deep freeze. The last million years have cycled through Ice Ages that last about 100,000 years each, with warmer slivers of about 10,000 years in between. We are in-betweeners, and just barely — we live in (gasp!) year 10,000 or so after the end of the last ice age. But for our good fortune, we might have been born in the next Ice Age. Our luck is even better than that. Those 10,000-year warm spells aren’t all cosy-warm. They include brutal Little Ice Ages such as the 500-year-long Little Ice Age that started about 600 years ago. Fortunately, we weren’t around during its fiercest periods when Finland lost one-third of its population, Iceland half, and most of Canada became uninhabitable — even the Inuit fled. While the cold spells within the 10,000 year warm spells aren’t as brutal as a Little Ice Age, they can nevertheless make us huddle in gloom, such as the period in history from about 400 AD to 900 AD, which we know as the Dark Ages. We’ve lucked out twice, escaping the cold spells within the warm spells, making us inbetweeners within the inbetween periods. How good is that? We aren’t alone in having been blessed by good weather. About 2000 years ago, around the time of Caesar and Christ, temperatures were also gloriously warm, some say much warmer than those we’ve experienced in recent decades. That period — the centuries immediately before and after Caesar and Christ — are known as the Roman Warm Period, a time of wealth and accomplishment when the warmer weather filled granaries and extended grape and olive growing regions to lands that had previously been unarable. Another period of unusual warmth came about 1000 years after the Roman Warm Period, during the centuries before and after the year 1000, in what is known as the Medieval Warm Period. In this period, again warmer than the present time, the world shucked off the insularity of the Dark Ages to allow civilization to once again blossom. England, then positively balmy, became a grape-growing region. In the North Atlantic, the Arctic sea ice released its grip over Greenland, making this vast island hospitable for Viking settlers. In the Canadian Rockies, majestic forests — trees larger than those of today — thrived before their decimation by the glaciers that came in with the Little Ice Age. Another 1000 years and we come to our time, known to climatologists as the Modern Warm Period. What a great time of technological and cultural advancement we’ve known, one of unprecedented prosperity, human longevity, and human comfort. For a brief period in the 1970s it appeared to some scientists that the climate that had abetted our prosperity had turned — this was the fear of global cooling that then made headlines. Though many now mock those fears of climate cooling, the scientists were eminent and the science was sound — after all, given Earth’s history through the eons, and the passage of 10,000 years since the last ice age, it was hardly outlandish to believe that time of warmth was up. It wasn’t then — the decades after the 1970s have been about as good as it gets. But it could be now. In fact, some of the same scientists who in the 1970s warned of a new cold spell still believe it could be imminent. Other eminent scientists with compelling new evidence have recently joined them in predicting the end of our Modern Warm Period. They and others note that the warming of the planet stopped 11 years ago and that the planet has begun to cool. If a new Dark Age does come, it could be rapid, marked by plunging temperatures and extreme weather events. Such was the transition from the Roman Warm Period to the Dark Ages and from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. To date, we have seen no plunging temperatures, no uncharacteristically extreme weather. If we are living on borrowed time, as the history of the world would suggest, this reprieve would be but one more blessing to count. We should enjoy the warmth while we can, and hope that it persists so that the world our children and grandchildren inherit will be no less warm and welcoming.

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Full name: Cape Creeper (Opisthacanthus capensis) Classification: MILDLY VENOMOUS A medium sized scorpion of around 9 cm with the tail extended. This is a common species across its range. It is pitch black often with a white tipped tail. It is very common along the cape coast and into the mountains in areas like George. It can be found under rocks, but also hides around gardens and can be found under any cover. It occurs from around Cape Town to about Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape, from the coast up into the Cape Fold Mountains. It may be confused with other Creeper Scorpions but is the most common species in its range. The sting of this species may cause pain but is not medically important.

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Chocolate is a divine, celestial drink, the sweat of the stars, the vital seed, divine nectar, the drink of the gods, panacea and universal medicine. – Geronimo Piperni From the time of its discovery by the Olmecs of Mesoamerica in 1500 B.C., Theobroma cacao has served many functions, used primarily as a source of food (Coe & Coe 34). Grown in pods attached to the trunk of a rather peculiar looking tree, the Olmecs recognized that there was more than met the eye to this peculiar plant. As they cracked open the pod to reveal a sweet, gelatinous pulp, they took more notice of the seeds within the milky substance, and began to process those seeds to create the very first iteration of cacao, or “kakawa” (Coe & Coe 35). As empires rose and fell, the subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations of the Izapan, Maya, Toltecs, and Aztecs also coveted cacao for its properties. Consumed primarily in the form of a frothed drink, it was a prized possession and available only to the elite—for it was godly potion that would grant energy and power, and was used in many rituals to appease their deities (Coe & Coe 34). These attributes were considered more than simply advantages; in these times, food and prayer were the only sources of medicine (Lippi). Source A Mayan Glyph for Cacao Cacao tree detail from a Mayan mural at Cacaxtla, Mexico, 9th century. The flower god (K'uh/Ahaw? Nik) sits between two cacao plants. Above his head is a quetzal bird. Drawing after Villacorta C. and Villacorta (1976:364). In the Mayan culture, cocoa was so highly regarded that the Maya developed a creation myth concerning human beings involving cocoa. Any time a plant is given divine status in a culture, it means that the plant is central to that culture. For the Maya, cocoa was an integral part of the fabric of their lives. They cultivated cocoa, they used cocoa beans as currency, they developed numerous preparations of cocoa, and they topped it all off with a creation myth concerning the central Mayan god, known as Heart Of Sky. Source: The Medicine Hunter The Maya Maize God is pictured as a Cacao tree. Source: Probably Popol Vuh Cacao was an intrinsic part of ancient Mayan and Aztec life, not just as a beverage or food, but as a pillar of their economies and an integral part of their religions, appearing in numerous spiritual ceremonies—even death rites and sacrifices. The spiritual link between cacao and the Maya is immediately apparent in their texts, although only a small handful remain of their bark codexes. The Popol Vuh or Book of Counsel, for example, includes many references to cacao. In one story, the severed head of a god is hung on a cacao tree. Another page depicts the maize god sprouting from a cacao pod. Cacao even features in their creation mythology: at another point in the Popol Vuh, when the gods are creating humans out of foodstuffs, cacao is one of those foods found in the Mountain of Sustenance (Coe 38-40). In Mayan creation mythology, humans are partially composed of cacao! In the Madrid Codex, an additional ancient Mayan text, four young gods bleed onto cacao pods, mingling the cacao and their blood. If cacao was “a sacred offering to the gods combined with personal blood-letting through the piercing or cutting of their own flesh” to the Mayans, this page is an excellent reflection of that close bond (Seawright 7). The link between blood (or heart) and cacao was not exclusive to the Mayans: in ancient Aztec society, cacao was given to sacrificial victims, often in ways that directly linked chocolate and blood. During the annual Aztec ritual in Tenochtitlan, a slave would be chosen to represent Quetzalcoatl. At the end of forty days, during which he had been dressed in finery and given all manner of good food and drink, he was informed of his impending death and then made to dance. If the temple priests saw that he was not dancing as enthusiastically or as well as they expected him to, he was given a drink of itzpacalatl, which was a mix of cacao and water used to wash obsidian blades. These were sacrificial blades, and therefore crusted in blood. The sacrifice would be rejuvenated and joyful after drinking this mixture of blood and chocolate, and dance to his death (Coe 103-104). Cacao was also present in Aztec mythology. The Chimalpopoca Codex includes a myth similar to the creation tale in the Mayan Popol Vuh, in which the gods created man from maize, cacao, and other plants brought from the Mountains of Sustenance (Seawright 5). Additionally, the Codex Fejervary-Meyer, depicts a cacao tree as part of the universe: “It is the Tree of the South, the direction of the Land of the Dead, associated with the color red, the color of blood. At the top of the tree is a macaw bird, the symbol of the hot lands from which cacao came; while to one side of the tree stand Mictlantecuhtli, the Lord of the Land of the Dead” (Coe 101). This is one of many examples showing how ancient Mesoamericans linked their understand of divinity and spirituality with cacao (Seawright 5). It is also yet another instance in which we see cacao as intrinsic to Aztec mythology and art, as well as connected to blood. Source Itzamna, the young earth goddess Ixik Kab' & the flower god (Ahaw/K'uh? Nik) are pictured, letting blood from their ears onto two containers (cacao pods) on the ground. Drawing after Villacorta C. and Villacorta (1976:414). Source: Maya Codices In the Aztec culture Cacao was depicted as one of the major World Trees, watching the South, representing death, blood, and ancestors in the colour red. Death becomes an integral part of rebirth, the sun and the moon exist in an ever circling dance. The medicinal use of cacao, or chocolate, both as a primary remedy and as a vehicle to deliver other medicines, originated in the New World and diffused to Europe in the mid 1500s. These practices originated among the Olmec, Maya and Mexica (Aztec). The word cacao is derived from Olmec and the subsequent Mayan languages (kakaw); the chocolate-related term cacahuatl is Nahuatl (Aztec language), derived from Olmec/Mayan etymology. Early colonial era documents included instructions for the medicinal use of cacao. The Badianus Codex (1552) noted the use of cacao flowers to treat fatigue, whereas the Florentine Codex (1590) offered a prescription of cacao beans, maize & the herb tlacoxochitl (Calliandra anomala) to alleviate fever and panting of breath and to treat the faint of heart. Subsequent 16th to early 20th century manuscripts produced in Europe and New Spain revealed >100 medicinal uses for cacao and chocolate. Three consistent roles can be identified: 1) to treat emaciated patients to gain weight; 2) to stimulate nervous systems of apathetic, exhausted or feeble patients; and 3) to improve digestion and elimination where cacao/chocolate countered the effects of stagnant or weak stomachs, stimulated kidneys and improved bowel function. Additional medical complaints treated with chocolate/cacao have included anemia, poor appetite, mental fatigue, poor breast milk production, consumption/tuberculosis, fever, gout, kidney stones, reduced longevity and poor sexual appetite/low virility. Chocolate paste was a medium used to administer drugs and to counter the taste of bitter pharmacological additives. In addition to cacao beans, preparations of cacao bark, oil (cacao butter), leaves and flowers have been used to treat burns, bowel dysfunction, cuts and skin irritations. Source The Maya drank chocolate as a frothy, hot and bitter drink, according to the following 2,000 year old recipe: 1. Mix the cacao paste with water 2 Add spices such as chilli peppers and cornmeal 3. Pour the concoction back and forth from cup to pot until it develops thick foam on top 4. Sweeten with honey or flower nectar Cacao drinking vessel A woman preparing cacao, 16th century Cacao served to an Aztec couple on their wedding day. Picture: National Geographic

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It is difficult to overestimate the importance of data protection nowadays. In May 2018 new general data protection rules will come into force in Europe. These rules are assigned by General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) from April 27, 2016. Having replaced the Directive 94/46/EC on personal data protection from October 24, 1995, these rules became legitimate in 28 EU countries. All companies that provide services to European market should take all new rules into account to compete ethically. Let's check out main new rules of personal data processing in EU and how business owners working with EU should react to new GDPR. Main 6 data processing principles in GDPR First, let's determine shortly what is GDPR. It has two main doctrines as follows: - EU citizens can control their data in a more efficient way; - Unification of data protection rules across all European Union; - More proper personal data protection. What is personal data? Let's define it as follows: - Identification information like addresses, name, surname, number of passport etc.; - Web data: IP address, cookies etc.; - Health documentation; - Biometric data; - Racial and ethnic data; - Religious and personal beliefs. GDPR requires high-quality protection of personal information See why Big Data can help you develop your business. Read How Big Data sources contribute to big progress in your business And GDPR regulation includes six basic principles of data processing in it's basis: Transparency and legitimacy Personal information should be processed in a legal and fair way. Any information concerning the purpose, methods, and volumes of personal data processing should be easily accessible. All data should be collected and used only for purposes that were declared by the company. You have no right to collect more data than you need to process. Inaccurate personal data should be deleted or fixed (on user's demand). Limitation of storage term Personal data should be stored only during the period necessary for purposes processing. When processing users' data, companies must protect personal data from unauthorized or illegal processing and damage according to GDPR security rules. 6 principles how data is processed in GDPR Now let's delve into GDPR meaning and what it is important. What business types will be affected by GDPR What is GDPR compliance in general? It is necessary to note that compliance with GDPR is required for all business owners that use and process personal data of EU citizens. Moreover, even if a company is located not in EU but it handles personal data of EU residents, it should follow GDPR as well. Full information about GDPR rules you can find on the official website. But there are a few types of business that should be prepared to new regulations in the first turn, I will list them below. E-commerce organizations like online stores process personal data of their users every day, and GDPR is what they should comply with first. Online game providers This field also comes under the GDPR effect since the majority of online games require from users their personal data. Moreover, when GDPR comes into force (note: GDPR implementation date is 25 May of this year), rules for getting consent will become stricter, it concerns specifically children consent. Depending on an EU country, the age of the child may vary from 13 to 16. That is why all online game providers should add more thorough verification of identity and explicit consent from the user to make sure that this individual's age is higher than 13 or 16. Children are not aware of risks, consequences, guarantees and their rights for personal data processing. Their parents or legal representatives can authorize consent to child's data processing in case if they permit their children to play online games. Enterprises that work with personal payment data of users, their banking details, credit card numbers are obliged to follow new data protection directive. If you own a medical app or a website that work healthcare records of many people, or you intend to order a medical app development, then GDPR applies to your business as well. It concerns Internet Service Providers first since they store all personal information of users, and they will need to guarantee that this information is stored only by consent from users. What types of business should comply with GDPR first Learn how e-commerce mobile app can promote your business. Read How to enlarge the scope of your influence with the e-commerce mobile app That is the answer to the question who is affected by GDPR. So, if you are engaged in one of the business type mentioned above, you should get all information prepared to avoid penalties and violations. Next section will spell out how to prepare your business to make it compliant with GDPR. Steps you should undertake to get your business prepared How to prepare to GDPR? The core of GDPR lies in privacy by design term. This term means confidentiality in information technology and large-scale network data systems. And there are main steps you should take to start the compliance of your business with EU data protection directive. Prepare your business following step-by-step guide #1. Outline the route of all personal data and related risks You should create a scheme where you will indicate the scope of the personal data you work with, what you do with this data, how you use it, where it comes from and where it goes. So, the full information about the route of personal data you work with should be displayed in your document. Also, you should indicate data location, who has access to it and whether there are any risks related to personal data storage. #2. Choose the data you should keep Complying with the General Data Protection Regulation, you should remember that you need to keep a necessary information only. If there is an outdated information, you should delete it. Also, if you find data that doesn't bear any benefits, you need to delete it as well. GDPR principle requires more proper handling of personal data. That is why when you start sorting out all data, determine what necessity that or another piece of data bears. #3. Keep security in mind Of course, you should provide all data with a proper protection to prevent possible data breaches. Your infrastructure should have modern data protection technologies to keep all data safe. Also, elaborate possible measure you should take in case of a data breach. Don't forget to comply all security issues with your suppliers if you are engaged in outsourcing. #4. Look through the documentation According to GDPR EU data directive, personal data of all your customers can be processed by you only when all customers confirm the right to use their data. Implied consent is not an option anymore. So, take all important documents like agreements and statements, analyze them and adjust them according to GDPR rules to provide users with information security and privacy. #5. Determine steps for handling personal data To make it possible, you should consider that according to GDPR an individual has 8 rights for: Individuals can forbid to use their data for direct marketing if they consider it necessary. According to information privacy principles of GDPR, in case of a personal data breach, the customer should be notified about this incident within 72 hours from the first confirmation of data breach case. In this case, an individual can claim that their data shouldn't be processed, but it shouldn't be deleted. Personal information correction If there are some inconsistencies in personal information in individual or it is outdated, individual can request to correct the information; If your customers dissolve an agreement with you and they are not your customers already, you should delete their data immediately; Handing over the data Customers can request to hand over their data to a new service provider if they want it. Access to their data All your customers have the right to find out how their data is used and get access to it upon request. You are obliged to provide them with all necessary information. An individual should be informed before his or her data will be collected and get their explicit consent. These are all rights you should follow, and it is necessary to prepare relevant policies and take measures to solve any issues mentioned above if they arise. And you should determine how you will provide all customers with the access to their data, how to delete all information properly and so on. #6. Appoint a responsible person for personal data protection Importance of data protection is hard to overestimate. It is related to all companies that perform regular wide-scale surveys, monitoring of individual (as it was mentioned above) or companies that process special personal data like medical records (EHR systems) or criminal records. The appointed person position will be called a Data Protection Officer (DPO). How non-compliance with GDPR will affect your business GDPR compliance for small business and the large one is highly important since If you violate GDPR rules, you will be fined up to 4% of annual turnover or 20 million EUR, depending on which amount is higher. Therefore, you cannot ignore new regulation if you plan to develop your business and expand your customer database. As you can see, to meet GDPR requirements, it is necessary to create internal policies of data protection, train staff, verify processing data activity, maintain documentation concerning processing procedures, and appoint a manager who will be responsible for personal data processing. Why can blockchain technology be beneficial for your business? Watch our video to find out it: Blockchain Solutions for Business: Advantages and Challenges And don't forget - It doesn't matter what type of business you own if you process personal data of EU citizens. You should make your business comply with GDPR without any barriers. Why GDPR is a good option These rules may seem too complicated and strict, but, in fact, there are some obvious benefits of GDPR compliance: - It is much easier to follow one set of rules than considering national particularities of personal data processing of each separate EU country; - The reform is oriented to the development of economic growth with the help of expenses and bureaucracy reduction for companies collaborating with EU. So, GDPR impact on business can be really positive; - Also, according to new rules, some liabilities can be changed due to the size of the business, the nature of data processed and other factors; - It will increase customers' trust to your business if they know that their data is secured reliably. So, GDPR is an important legislative document that increases the level of personal data protection in EU and outside. Each company should study it in detail. Cleveroad did it as well as we cooperate with customers from Europe. Delve into outsourcing process and how to do it wisely. Read Outsourcing guide for customers: the details of cooperation process Also, this document increases the trust of consumers, and business field can use all capabilities in a single European market. So watch all data you process carefully to prevent data leakage and illegal control of this data by third parties. If you have any questions, you plan to create your software or you concern about the privacy of your software - contact us and subscribe to our blog not to the miss important news! General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are data protection rules that came into force in Europe (28 EU countries). GDPR has two main doctrines: - EU citizens can control their data more efficiently; - Unification of data protection rules across all European Union; - More proper personal data protection. All companies that provide services to the European market should take all new rules into account to compete ethically. Here are the main steps: - Outline the route of all personal data and related risks - Choose the data you should keep (necessary information only!) - Provide all data with proper protection - Make sure the customers can confirm the right to use their data - Determine steps for handling personal data - Appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO) GDPR regulation includes six basic principles of data processing: - Personal information should be processed legally and fairly. - All data should be collected and used only for purposes that were declared by the company - You have no right to collect more data than you need to process (per person's request) - Inaccurate personal data should be deleted or fixed - Personal data should be stored only during the period necessary for purposes processing - When processing users' data, companies must protect personal data from unauthorized or illegal processing and damage You can't simply ignore the regulations if you provide services to the EU market. Companies that violate GDPR rules will be fined up to 4% of annual turnover or 20 million EUR, depending on which amount is higher. Leave a comment

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