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What Is a Black Hole? Before you start to read this section be warned - it's going to get complicated! If you can handle that, then read on. From reading the notes on stellar evolution you will remember that a white dwarf star cannot be greater in mass than 1.4 times that of the sun, because above that mass gravity would overcome what is called the "Degeneracy Pressure" and the star would collapse into a compact ball of neutrons. The value of 1.4 x solar mass is known as the Chandrasekhar Limit, after the astronomer who first established that the limit exists. Well, it is also been learned that a Neutron Star has a similar mass limit above which a further collapse occurs and the object becomes a Black Hole. The precise limit has not yet been established, but it is known to be less than three solar masses. So what causes a black hole to form? A black hole originates from the collapse of the iron core which forms in the late stages of evolution of a massive star, before the star finally goes supernova. You will remember that any star with a very large starting mass - perhaps more than about ten times our sun, will ultimately undergo a supernova explosion, blowing most of the residual mass out into space. The collapsed core which is left behind following the explosion is normally a neutron star and we related elsewhere on the site how these stars are very compact and spin at high velocity. However, theoretical models show that the most massive stars may not succeed in blowing all of their outer layers away in the explosion. If enough matter falls back onto the core, raising it's mass above the neutron star limit, then the essence of what holds a neutron star together - a property called the Neutron Degeneracy Pressure - will be insufficient to counteract the effects of gravity. A core whose mass exceeds the neutron star limit will continue to collapse catastrophically, and this time instead of the heat and pressure generated by the collapse working to overcome the effects of gravity, they actually strengthen the gravity in the core. This is because of the famous Einstein equation which you will all remember from your school days says that E=mc2. What this equation really means is that energy is equivalent to mass, and although in most normal cases the gravity of pure energy is negligible, in a collapsing neutron star this is no longer the case. Here, the energy associated with the temperature and pressure concentrated in the tiny core acts like additional mass, hastening the collapse. To the best of our current understanding nothing can halt the crush of gravity, and a black hole is formed. So, what exactly is a black hole? The idea of a black hole was first suggested as long ago as the late 1700's by the British philosopher John Mitchell and French physicist Pierre Laplace. It was already known from Newton's Laws that the escape velocity from any object depends only on it's mass and size. For a given mass, the more compact an object the higher its escape velocity. Mitchell and Laplace speculated that in the case of objects so compact that their escape velocity would exceed the velocity of light, no light would be able to leave them. And then along came Einstein, who discovered that black holes are extremely bizarre objects because space and time cannot be regarded as separate, but rather they have to be considered together in a thing called "Space-time". Einstein showed that what we perceive as gravity arises from the curvature of space-time, a concept which is very hard to grasp because we cannot even visualize four dimensions, let alone visualize their curvature. But we can draw an analogy to the curvature of space-time using a diagram to show how a rubber sheet might be affected by a massive object. What this diagram is showing is that the flat plane of space-time is distorted when a massive object is encountered. The amount by which space-time is curved (the extent to which the object "penetrates" the rubber sheet) depends on its mass. For a very massive object space-time is stretched so much that it becomes a bottomless pit, and a black hole is effectively a hole in the observable universe. The boundary between the inside of the black hole and the universe outside is called the Event Horizon. Within this event horizon the escape velocity exceeds the velocity of light, so nothing - not even light - can get out. A black hole has an event horizon because, according to general relativity, light always follows the straightest possible path through space-time. If space happens to be curved, as it is near to a black hole, then the path of a light beam will also be curved. The radius of the event horizon for the black hole is known as the Schwarzschild Radius and it depends on the mass of the black hole. The greater the mass, the larger the radius. One of the most common misconceptions about black holes is that they "suck". For the record, black holes do not "suck". Newton's laws of gravity tell us that the allowed orbits in a gravitational field are ellipses, hyperbolas and parabolas - note that sucking is not included! A spaceship or any other object would only get into trouble if it came very close to the black hole - within about three times it's Schwarzschild radius. Only then would the laws of gravity deviate significantly from Newton's law, and a spaceship or other object approaching the black hole further out than this would simply swing around it in an ordinary orbit. In fact, because most black holes are going to be very small, with typical Schwarzschild radii smaller than a planet, a black hole has got to be one of the hardest things in the universe to fall into by accident! However, some of the strangest things happen as you approach a black hole. One of them is that any light which does escape from the area is red-shifted, which means that the light is stretched to longer (redder) wavelengths by the gravitational forces. This effect should not be confused with the Doppler effect when light is stretched to longer wavelengths or squeezed to shorter ones by movement of an object. This stretching by gravity is very different. The other significant thing which happens as you approach the black hole is that time slows down. If you were one of two astronauts on a mission and both of you were carrying clocks, if one of you approached the black hole your clock would lose time with reference to the one being carried by your colleague. If you were able to communicate you would be able to see that this effect becomes more and more pronounced the closer you get to the black hole. For you everything would appear to be happening normally where you were, but as you looked backwards at your colleague his time would seem to be increasingly speeding up relative to you. These strange effects would continue until you reached the event horizon, at which point your colleague would note that for you time had stopped! This is really weird, and even more weird is that, according to theory your colleague would never actually see you disappear into the black hole. You would take an infinitely long time to do so, but for you things would be over quite quickly. You would pass through the event horizon and disappear from this universe forever. You wouldn't survive of course because the gravitational gradient is so steep near to a black hole that over the distance from your head to your toes there would be enough of a difference of gravity that your body would be stretched beyond its ability to cope. You would be "Spaghettified!" In 2006 scientists observed a spinning black hole in the constellation of Scorpius which had created a stable dent in the fabric of space-time. The dent is the sort of possibility predicted by Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity and it affects the movement of matter falling into the black hole. The space-time 'dent' is invisible but scientists deduced its existence after detecting two X-ray frequencies from the black hole that were identical to emissions noted nine years previously. It's all linked to something called 'blinking X-rays'. As was explained above, black holes form when very massive stars runs out of fuel. Their cores implode into a point of infinite density and their outer layers are blown away in a powerful supernova explosion. Within a theoretical boundary called the event horizon, the black hole’s gravity is so strong that nothing, including light, can escape. The X-ray frequencies detected by the team of researchers came from outside the event horizon of GRO J1655-40, a black hole located roughly 10,000 light-years from Earth. It is about seven times more massive than the Sun and syphoning gas from a nearby companion star. But GRO J1655-40 undergoes short periods of intense X-ray emissions, followed by longer periods of comparative quiet. and scientists think this blinking pattern of X-ray activity is related to how matter accumulates around the black hole. The theory is that gas syphoned from the companion star builds up steadily in an accretion disk around the black hole, the process continuing for several years. While the accumulation is taking place the black hole consumes very little gas from the disk. Every few years however, something—scientists aren’t sure what—triggers a sudden binge fest on the part of the black hole, causing it to guzzle down most of matter in the disk within a period of only a few months. Black holes emit millions of times more X-rays during these periods of increased activity than when they’re quiet. NASA’s Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer has caught GRO J1655-40 binging twice, once in 1996 and again in 2005. Among the X-ray frequencies observed in 1996 was one at 450 Hz and one at 300 Hz. These two frequencies were observed again in 2005. This was surprising because when it comes to X-ray emissions, black holes are not known for stability. X-rays are emitted from particles of superheated gas as they swirl into a black hole and rub against each other. However, the luminosity and the frequency at which the X-rays flicker varies from moment to moment because the rate at which the black hole consumes the gas is not constant. Therefore, detecting two stable frequencies nine years apart strongly suggests they are not caused by fluctuations in the black hole’s gas consumption, but by something else. Scientists say that because it’s very hard to get gas to behave the same way twice, it argues strongly that these frequencies are being anchored by the black hole’s mass and spin, fundamental properties of the black hole itself. Because the black hole is so massive and spinning so fast it warps space-time around it. This latest finding will allow scientists to calculate the black hole’s spin, a crucial measurement necessary for describing the object’s behavior. Evidence for Black Holes It's rather difficult to detect black holes, because of course we can't see them. They emit no light and so we must look for the effects which they might have on any surrounding objects. Black holes in close binary star systems should perhaps be the easiest to see, because of the effects which they have on their orbiting companions. One of the most promising candidates for a black hole is a system called X-1 in the constellation of Cygnus. This system contains an extremely bright star with an estimated mass 18 times that of our sun, orbiting an invisible object which has a mass about 10 times that of our sun. The presence of the unseen companion can be proved by an analysis of the Doppler shift of it's spectral lines. Add to this information the fact that detailed studies have shown the invisible object to be very small in size, and we are left with the inescapable conclusion that it has to be a black hole. Another way of detecting the probable presence of black holes is that as material falls into them it is thrown into a rapid spiral orbit around the event horizon. This causes the accelerated material to become highly excited, and the active region emits all kinds of radiation. The centers of some galaxies are thought to harbor objects known as supermassive black holes and their presence has been deduced only by the presence of a disk of material in very rapid motion near to the center of the galaxy. Do We Need To Worry Actually, no. Compared to the many other things which threaten our existence, being adversely affected by a black hole which happened to be roaming past is way down on the list of dangers. We are actually at far more risk from a large meteorite impact, or a nearby supernova - or perhaps the risk of us extinguishing ourselves by our own actions is the greatest risk of all.

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Those who are new to garden and greenhouse growing may find the seed starting tips in Fine Gardening magazine helpful. The publication explained that there is a certain satisfaction that comes with growing a plant from seed and gave a list of ten hints on how to do it successfully. Firstly, gardeners should keep records of what they are planting, when they are sown, germination date and success rate, the magazine claimed. This allows you to evaluate what went right and wrong at the end of the year and learn from any mistakes or mishaps. Seeds should also be stored properly to ensure they remain healthy and, ultimately, useable for when you need them. Using wide, flat containers will help avoid overcrowding of plants, while airflow and drainage can be essential for preventing disease. Covering trays or pots with Clingfilm will help to trap moisture, reducing the need to continuously water the plants, which can shock the seeds as they develop. Meanwhile, the Norman Transcript has revealed that the upcoming Oklahoma City Home and Garden Show will give growers the chance to pick up some useful tips.

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There are many different species of wolf spider, which are so named because they actively hunt and run down their prey. Most species are dark brown or grey in colour with black, grey, orange or brown markings. Wolf spiders have three rows of eyes – the top row of two are medium sized, the middle row consists of two large eyes and below is a row of four smaller ones. These provide the spider with exceptionally good eyesight for spotting and catching its prey. Its body is relatively hairy, and the legs are long. The male can reach up to 20mm long and the female up to 35mm. Wolf spiders are not generally regarded as dangerous. However, there have been some instances where bites from a wolf spider are believed to have caused the spreading skin ulceration known as necrotic archnadism. This disease is probably caused by bacteria infecting the bite wound rather than the actual venom of the spider. Wolf spiders occupy a huge range of habitats, including open woodlands, grasslands and forests. Many species reside in burrows, which are about 25cm deep. These are laboriously excavated using the spider’s fangs. Various species of wolf spider are common in private gardens and at night a torch will often reveal huge numbers of reflective eyes scouring the backyard for suitable prey items. The wolf spider eats crickets, other spiders, ants, grasshoppers and many other types of small invertebrates. Large species will also occasionally take small lizards and frogs. It usually searches for its food at night. The male wolf spider attracts the female by waving its pedipalps and front legs in the air. If these signals are carried out in the right fashion, the female does not regard the male as being the next potential meal. After mating, the female produces a silk mat into which she deposits around 100 eggs. The silk is then rolled into a protective ball which she then attaches to her abdomen and proceeds to carry it around with her until the eggs hatch. After hatching, the babies crawl onto the mother’s back and remain there until their fat reserves have been used up and they need to start finding their own food, which may take several months.

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Infant Walkers Delay Walking A newly published study supports evidence that baby walkers can slow infants’ motor skill development, delaying such milestones as crawling, standing alone and walking, reports Reuters Health. Mary Garrett and colleagues at University College Dublin report the findings in the June 22nd issue of the British Medical Journal. Researchers found that of 190 infants, the 102 babies who used the devices were, as a group, slower to start crawling, standing alone and walking alone. Infants who used walkers stood on their own around the age of 13 months, on average, three to four weeks later than those who didn’t use walkers. Further findings indicate that the more babies used their walkers, the greater the developmental delay. With each 24-hour increase in walker use, both walking alone and standing alone were delayed by more than three days, the report indicates. Moderator Comment: Should retailers voluntarily remove babywalkers from store shelves and inventory? The American Academy of Pediatrics called for a complete ban on mobile infant walkers in 2001. The Irish research simply reinforces that conclusion. Walkers impede physical development. They have been also been associated with infant injuries due to accidents. Retailers should place their own ban on baby walkers. [George Anderson – Moderator]

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Sketch St. Peter’s (1826) | Drawing (1835) | Sermon early history | Early history (1734-1976) | Organ history | Organ pictures | Architecture | History update to 2013 | Chronology of rectors | Memorial garden article | Parish Profile (2004) St. Peter’s Church: 175th Anniversary in 2001 For 175 years, the building that gave Hebron’s Church Street its name has been an inviting beacon to those seeking a house of worship and the fellowship of a Christian community. The joy of marriage, the newness of baptism, the pride of first communion, and the grief of death are all etched into this place. Through celebrations and sorrows, this unique church has stood constant, ready to receive all, as our Lord teaches us to do. We thank God for St. Peter’s: the building and the people who have brought life and shared Christ’s love within these walls. Built of Local Materials Ninety-two years after the parish began in 1734, St. Peter’s Church combined its size (58 families) and resources ($5,460.69) to build a church befitting its growing importance in community life. The church was built of bricks made in a local kiln with woodwork done by a local builder. The structure was consecrated October 19, 1826, by Bishop Brownell, who described it as “the second most beautiful church in the diocese” (next to Trinity Church, New Haven, which it resembled). The exterior of the church was thought to have been modeled after an Italian church seen by the Reverend Samuel F. Jarvis of Boston. “Jarvis’s Folly,” as St. Peter’s was called by some, was replete with Gothic battlements, turrets and pinnacles. These did not weather in the New England climate and were removed within 30 years, leaving the church with a more Federal-style appearance. The only major features still reminiscent of the original architecture are the ornate pipes of the Johnson organ. Sometime during the 19th century, the church was whitewashed but that “improvement” was left to slowly disintegrate, leaving the original brick color and texture. Some of the white can still be seen under the eaves and in other protected areas. Designed to Ward Off Evil The interior of the church was much different in 1826 than today. Two main aisles, rather than one, led straight from the present arched rear doors to the altar wall. We’re told that churches of this period had two aisles because of the superstition that “devils could not turn corners.” Having side aisles allowed the people, the coffin, the bride, etc., to turn a corner before approaching the altar, thus ridding themselves of Satan and his cohorts. The west wall was dominated by a high center pulpit, with an “eye of God” painted above it. The pews were painted a sage green (and in 1900 stained a golden oak). The Johnson Organ A new addition in 1860 was the organ. It was built by William Johnson in Westfield, Massachusetts, and shipped by rail to Andover. From there it was hauled by ox cart to its destination. Its placement required that the large east window be blocked up, and the balcony pews removed. The building undertook a renovation in 1871 when the high pulpit was removed and a smaller wood one and a brass lectern was installed within the chancel rail. (The railing bordered a much larger area than it does today.) The west wall was frescoed to give the effect of a recessed chancel. The stained glass windows, designed by the Tiffany Company, were let into the altar wall at this time. The windows on the front-facing eastern wall still retain their original plain glass. A furnace was installed and the three-pew arrangement was converted to two, with a center aisle, as it remains today. In 1938, money was raised to restore the interior of the church, in which the altar was enlarged and the pews were painted white. Choir stalls were added in the front, and later, the narthex (vestibule) was enclosed to conserve fuel. Structural Improvements; Equal Access In the late 1960’s, the chainplates and tie rods were added to reverse the bowing of the side walls. In 1976, the altar was detached from the reredos into a V, permitting the celebrant to face the congregation. During the ’70’s and ’80’s, several fund drives enabled repairs to the bell tower, the roof, the parking lot, and the complete repainting of the interior. In addition to continuous painting, repair and beautification, in 2001, a long-awaited equal access walkway was completed, providing the church both a visual and physical accessibility that reflects our mission: Following the example of Jesus Christ, we welcome all people, without prejudice. We strive to be a parish where each individual gives freely, feels loved, welcomed and needed; and has the opportunity to follow Christ — to learn, to grow, and to form deep and lasting friendships. To that end, we live out our commitment to helping people in need, and we provide support, programs, and facilities for all people who come among us, helping to bring the joy, peace, and love of Jesus Christ into their lives.

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Snake plant benefits are immense and are a common houseplant. It is used as popular home decor as they are very pleasing and a treat to your eyes. Snake plants are also easy to handle, which requires very little water to live. It is a native of Africa and Asia. The botanical name of this snake plant is Sansevieria trifasciata. The shape of a snake plant is sword-shaped with evergreen leaves, which grow upright. It also resembles artificial foliage that you can recognize easily. So, before you get this wonderous plant home, let us check out everything you possibly need to know! Snake Plant Benefits Snake plants are very safe, but if consumed, it is mildly toxic. The leaves in this plant contain a specific type of poison that can cause numbness on your tongue. It should be kept away from animals and babies as it might be dangerous. There have been many pieces of research and studies that have proven the snake plant benefits which makes it one of the best household plants, so let’s find out: A study has also published that snake plant is one of the indoor air purifiers and can have so many benefits tag along with it. Let’s find out more information on snake plants: A great source and houseplant of oxygen It has proven that the snake plant provides most of the oxygen. The snake plant is unique as it converts CO2 to O2 during the night. So, that makes it ideal for your bedroom. You will require at least 6-8 plants to survive when there is no air available. So, this means one could live easily in an air-tight place by having these plants around. Snake plant helps to remove formaldehyde. Hence you can keep one and enjoy the snake plant benefits in the bedroom. Snake plant is the best purifying houseplants, and it can add an enhancement to your house decoration which looks unique and beautiful. The tall and thick foliage without the stems looks fantastic, and the beautiful color of yellow, green, and gray with stripes makes it so pretty tempting. It also removes the air pollutants Snake plant health benefits can make the best contribution to your health to remove toxic air pollutants. Apart from CO2, the snake plant can absorb formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and xylene. These air pollutants can even cause cancer which will be harmful to your health, and that has been scientifically proven. One of the most famous experiment had also proven indoor plants that have more leaf area performs as a better purifier. And snake plant benefits are one of them. Carbon dioxide or CO2 A study done on indoor carbon dioxide has proved that individuals who breathe more CO2 at home, classroom, workplace, etc., face difficulty learning and performing. More CO2 levels in your body can directly affect your cognitive productivity and skills. It also causes nausea and dizziness. Snake plant helps in absorbing CO2 effectively. Research has shown with a height of 60-80cm tall has also shown that CO2 levels in offices have been reduced with the help of 4-5 indoor snake plants. Removes benzene from the environment Benzene is very common in the environment, especially in indoor places like heaters and air conditioners, paints, smoking cigarettes, solvents etc. Headaches, vomiting, and nausea are some of the causes of exposure to benzene. Some of the chronic diseases like cancer-related to your blood cells are also one of the outcomes from exposure to benzene. Apart from taking any other measures, you can keep a snake plant in your homes. It helps to absorb benzene. Many research and studies have shown that snake plants can remove 52.6 percent of this harmful gas in an indoor chamber. Initially, in an indoor place, it stands at 0.156 p/m, with snake plants around it reduces to 0.074 p/m after 24hrs. You will find formaldehyde from cooking, cosmetics, smoking, paints, traffic, etc. Formaldehyde is also released from newly-made flooring, home, furniture, and any new products. Formaldehyde reduces indoor air purity. Increased formaldehyde levels can cause breathing problems and even irritation in the nose, throat, and eyes. Chronic exposure to formaldehyde can cause throat and rare nose cancers. With the help of snake plants, you can lower the formaldehyde present in the air. A snake plant can remove 31,294 micrograms of this gas in like 24hrs. Xylene is very hazardous to the human race. One can get exposure to xylene from varnish, paint thinners, rust preventives, pesticides, and removers. You may experience throat and nose irritation with its presence in your surroundings. Snake plants can help in removing the xylene. Some other houseplants such as areca palm and mum can help in the process. Reduces toluene & trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene (TCE) is primarily present in printing inks, paint removers, lacquers, adhesives, and varnishes. The presence of it can cause carcinogenic, cancer, and short-term exposure and irritate your respiratory tract, which causes fatigue, headache, and nausea. Toluene affects your mental health, which causes dysfunction in your nervous system. And long-term toluene exposure also causes necrosis. It can also affect your reproductive system in females that can cause development problems in children. Gasoline solvents present in paints, soda bottles, paint cosmetics, and plastic are major sources. To mitigate the risk, we can start growing few houseplants. Snake plants may help to remove the level of TCE in like 24hrs. It helps in absorbing CO2, especially during the night It is a question of disbelief and confusion that indoor plants like snake plants continuously release oxygen during the night. However, there is no specific evidence to prove it. But it is true, snake plant benefits by reducing the CO2 levels during the night. This happens because of the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), which can perform this particular form of photosynthesis. And CAM plants can survive drought and dry climates like succulents. This opens the stomata to minimize water loss even in the hot climate. Snake plant benefits against allergies For plants reduces CO2 that releases gases oxygen helps to absorb harmful volatile compounds will decrease the risk of some airborne allergies. And snake plant helps in such cases! Along with using air purifiers and filters, keeping one of these indoor plants can help. Snake plant benefits feng shui There is a belief that snake plants are not perfect plants in regards to Feng Shui’s. Well, this is not true! But if you place it in a perfect position, it indeed brings purifying and protective energy into your house and even office. As you know, feng shui considers spiky plants as an excellent form against the negative Chi. Since they are very aggressive, you may need to put them in a less traffic area. The best places are Southern, Southeastern, and even Eastern corners. Low maintenance plant The snake plant benefits are never-ending. One of the vital benefits is its lowest maintenance. Snake plant is a houseplant in the whole world that requires minor maintenance. It can survive the hot sun, fully cloudy weather, and even drought climate. It can survive in any climate and does not require much attention. When you place a snake plant in-home or office spaces, it can help to increase productivity. Plus, it helps to foster good vibes, decreases stress, and enriches the well-being of health overall. Since snake plants belong to the family of succulents, they can live without water in extreme climates, including the hot summers. But in winters, they stay healthy even if you water it once every month as more watering will kill or damage the plant. NASA’s experiment in 1989 has also proven that indoor plants with more leaf surfaces act as great natural air filters and purifiers, and to that surprise, the snake plant is one of the plants. It is one of the space equipment’s as well. Its study was to determine how to keep the air clean in space stations and recommends 15-18 medium-size plants for an area of 1,800sqft home. Snake plants are less dependent on fertilizers In the entire plant kingdom, snake plants are amongst the low maintenance species. In short, the snake plant can survive even if it is neglected and not taken care of for months or weeks. But you can use organic fertilizers once a month. Even though it hardly requires fertilization, whenever you do, using organic fertilizers is the best. Some of the organic fertilizers you can use are cow urine, cow dung, compost, tea compost, and manure. Organic fertilizers work perfectly for succulent plants. Light condition for snake plants Snake plants appreciate a very light area and can survive such conditions. These plants can tolerate low to bright light conditions. They are very adaptable, even in the dark. Helps to fight syndrome-like sick building Snake plant helps to absorb the toxin and also in releasing oxygen. It also helps in releasing moisture present in the atmosphere and lessens the airborne allergens. Sick building syndrome (SBS) is discomfort in people present for long hours in a building. The symptoms can vary from being moderate to acute, but it does not relate to any specific disease. Common symptoms of SBS are coughing, nausea, itching, dizziness, low concentration levels, fatigue, muscle aches, and chest tightness. It mainly occurs due to imperfect air quality present within closed doors. The pollution from outside like upholstery, pesticides, copy machines, cleaning agents, and more bring bacteria, viruses, and molds into the house. So, the harmful agents may cause SBS in people. So, to fight against such a condition, the easiest method is to grow a snake plant. It will help to preserve the purity of the indoor environment. Taking care of the snake plants Here are ways that will help you grow the snake plants well: Snake plants prefer indirect and bright light. But it can also tolerate direct sunlight. However, during winters, try to keep them away from airy windows. This is the most vital point to be taken care of while growing the snake plant. You have to be cautious with watering, and especially during winters, it is better to water it in a dry area. Watering depends on personal judgment. It depends significantly on the plant when it requires water whenever you see its need, like for around every 2-3 weeks. However, few plants need constant watering, while others require the absence of moisture. Always keep the leaves dust-free and clean. One should also keep in mind to let the plants be moist enough and watering them occasionally. Since snake plants are a succulent type that stores water in their foliage. So, keeping the soil damp is not that necessary. Be careful and do not over-water it as this may cause the base and root to rot, which gradually kills the plant. The snake plant is one of the most famous indoor plants. Its attractive foliage allows low maintenance and works perfectly as an indoor air purifier. Snake plants can absorb poisonous gases present in the environment and releases oxygen during the night. It creates a naturally humid climate around you that works as an anti-allergic atmosphere. Plus, it helps in fighting the Sick Building Syndrome and much more. As we have discovered snake plant benefits in so many ways, isn’t it tempting to keep one and enjoy its beauty and benefits? It helps beautify the whole place around you that spreads positive vibes, and calms your senses. However, you should place it in a particular direction to enjoy its benefits as it is also very pleasing to see it around you. In the busy world, it becomes difficult to take out time for anything from our busy schedules. But taking out time to get such a great plant is worth the effort. You can get these available in any of the nurseries around you, and it will not cost you much. So, what are you waiting for? Grab one now and place it at home or even at your office desk.

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The Ancient Kingdom of Mapungubwe The rolling green hills, rock strewn plains, and gentle breezes wouldn’t give passers by the impression that Mapungubwe was once a thriving kingdom and home to exceptionally talented goldsmiths and craftsmen. Despite a rocky start, this site is now globally recognised and known for the beautiful golden statues found in the area, such as the lifelike golden rhinoceros. Within the Shashi-Limpopo area, where the border of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana converge, is the site of Mapungubwe. Today, it is a World Heritage Site, archaeological site, and national park. The first known civilization in the area has been called the K2 culture and has also been referred to as the Leopard’s Kopje culture. Little is known about them as they left no written records, and it is believed they were breakaway descendants of the Urewe or Bantu cultures who were drawn here because of the fertile soils. The population here grew cotton and millet, corralled herd animals, such as goats, sheep and cattle, and by the looks of it, also kept dogs. Archaeologists have determined from remains in the area, that over 200 years spanned the contents found, meaning that there were several generations of skilled craftsmen who thrived here. They ate a nutritious diet and left behind thousands of figurines, tools, glass beads, Chinese celadon wares, and jewellery. Later, assumed to be around 1075 AD, the craft-and-farming-orientated culture of K2 expanded out to Mapungubwe Hill, which is considered to be a sacred site, while Europe was going through the Dark Ages. Mapungubwe Hill was split into three class segments – with the rich living in the middle tier, the nobility on the top tier, and the poorer classes on the bottom tier – with the outskirts reserved for well-to-do families. The region of Mpungubwe is also referred to as Tshavhadzimu, meaning place of the gods, and it is thought that the reverence those in the area had for it, lead to its preservation for several centuries. Though they were a relatively peaceful society, who traded gold and ivory with China and India, they had precautionary measures in place should an invasion occur, seen in the large boulders placed along smaller rocks that could easily be pushed off the hill and crush would-be intruders (discovered by van Green in 1932). The topsoil found on Mapungubwe Hill did not originate there, and it is thought that the K2 culture found a way to transplant nearly 2000 tons of soil. After the discovery of this ancient Iron Age site in 1932, the University of Pretoria began to excavate it in the same year, although kept their findings under wraps. A few research papers were published on discoveries made, but these were not picked-up on by the mainstream press. In 2002 when a Mr van Rensburg, involved with renovations at the University of Pretoria, discovered a sealed and forgotten room filled with artifacts from Mapungubwe, he couldn’t believe his eyes! No one seems to be sure when or how the items arrived at the university, but the items in question dated back to 100 AD – 1300 AD. Included amongst the boxes filled with items from Mapungubwe was the well-known golden rhinoceros, along with other golden objects, refined iron and copper products, beads, pottery items, figurines, and items crafted from bone and ivory. Early theories were that the dispersion of the Mapungubwe population was due to climate change; that when rainfall decreased after 1300 AD, it was no longer possible for the population to live off the land here, and they dispersed into the surroundings, with the majority heading to Great Zimbabwe, the new seat of power in the region. Present theories believe that their migration had nothing to do with climate change, and that it was a change in trade routes which forced the population to move to the new trade power: Great Zimbabwe. Great Zimbabwe is a place that keeps even us ‘modern’ humans in awe, due to the walls that they built with thousands of small pebbles still standing today. This is despite having no form of cement or concrete to keep the pebbles and walls in place. The present clans of Vhangona, Vhatwanamba and Vhaleya (within the Vendi nation) are direct descendants of the ancient Mapungubwe civilization, and they are the only clans within the entirety of South Africa to mention Mapungubwe in their oral histories. There are many more mysteries to be discovered, and even though the future will continue to bring changes, it will also offers us a better look at our past. What ancient civilization captures your imagination? Main image credited to Marius Loots (Creative Commons)

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Saturday - 11th August 2007 : Today's Word is... ( Verb ) Pronunciation : (re-it'e-rat') 1. To state over again or repeatedly sometimes with wearying effect 2. To do again 3. To say again 4. To say or do again several times 5. To repeat 6. Express the same message in different words Middle English, from Latin reiteratus, past participle of reiterare to repeat, from re- + iterare to iterate 1. Take back 2. Keep silent • My opinion is confirmed and I reiterate my advice. • I deal with the obvious. I present, reiterate and glorify the obvious — because the obvious is what people need to be told. • She kept reiterating her request Reiteration : re·it'er·a'tion : Noun Reiterative : re·it'er·a'tive (-É™-râ'tÄv): Adjective Reiteratively : re·it'er·a'tive·ly : Adverb Reiterator : re·it'er·a'tor : Noun Enjoy this list and then get around for preparing your own list of words. There is no better way of boosting your words power. The most effective way to build your vocabulary is described in the page on Word Power. Educational research has discovered that your I.Q. is intimately related to your Word Power. Take a standard Vocabulary test and then an intelligent test, the result in both will be substantially the same. The more extensive your vocabulary, the better your chances of success, other things being equal- success in attaining your educational goals, success in moving ahead in your business or professional career, success in achieving your intellectual potential. Go to The A Word A Day Index Synonyms and Antonyms Longest Word |

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In the latest in a series of reciprocal steps aimed at encouraging the government of Burma on the path toward democracy, the United States is moving to make it easier for the Southeast Asian nation to secure help from the World Bank and other international financial institutions to identify and prioritize pressing needs for reducing poverty and promoting economic development. We are encouraged by a number of recent government reforms there, such as releasing substantial numbers of political prisoners, easing restrictions on media, creating greater space for civil society and passing electoral reforms that allow opposition parties to contest seats in upcoming parliamentary elections. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on February 6 signed a partial waiver of restrictions on Burma stemming from U.S. laws against human trafficking. The waiver enables the United States to support requests that Burmese leaders might make for assessment missions and limited technical assistance from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and International Monetary Fund. Assessments by these organizations will provide important information to help gain greater understanding of Burma’s economic situation, particularly identifying any obstacles to alleviating poverty and gaps in the country’s development capacity. Economic, political and trade sanctions have been in place against Burma for decades because of human rights abuses. Secretary Clinton agreed to support assessments by international financial institutions during her visit to Burma late last year, in response to a number of encouraging reforms that are under way there. The United States remains committed to supporting and partnering with Burma toward progress along a path to democracy and national reconciliation.

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In the ancient Greek and Roman world, Jews were an ethnic group whose religion and practices set them apart from others. They lived in Judaea, a region of the eastern Mediterranean. There, Jews settled in and around the city of Jerusalem and its Temple, the most important structure in the Jewish religion. The Jews traced their history back to Abraham, a shepherd from Mesopotamia who settled in Canaan (later called Palestine) about 1900 B.C. Abraham was the father of a people known as the Hebrews. Unlike most of their neighbors, the Hebrews worshiped one god instead of many. Their religious teachings were eventually written down in the Torah, a book that comprises the first five books of the Bible. The Torah formed the religious basis of Judaism. Organized into tribes (known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel, or the Israelites), the Jews were ruled by many powerful groups throughout their history. These included the Chaldeans, the Persians, the Ptolemaic dynasty* of Egypt, the Seleucid dynasty of Syria, and the Romans. The Chaldean king of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II, was responsible for the Diaspora, or first dispersion of Jews from their homeland, forcing them into captivity in Babylonia in 587 B.C. Some Jews eventually returned to their homeland, while others remained in Persia or migrated to the eastern Mediterranean. Some Jews settled in Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt and adopted the language (primarily Greek) and customs of their new countries. By the first century A.D., there were sizable Jewish communities in most of the cities in the eastern Mediterranean. Jews remained faithful to their religion in their new homes and kept alive their traditions, such as dietary restrictions and observance of the Sabbath, or holy day. Jews in Judaea came under the direct rule of Rome in A.D. 6, when the region became a province* of the Roman Empire. At this time, many Jews migrated to the Italian peninsula, either as slaves or voluntarily. There they enjoyed the favor of such important Romans as Caesar, Mark Antony, and the emperor Augustus. Roman decrees allowed Jewish communities to observe their religious practices and gather taxes for the Temple in Jerusalem. However, anti-Semitism* and friction between Jews and their neighbors were not unusual. In A.D. 38, the first pogrom* in Jewish history occurred when Rome acquired Egypt and took away the privileges of Jews living in Alexandria. Synagogues* were burned, shops were looted, and Jews were herded into ghettoes*. Jewish uprisings eventually erupted against Roman rule, some of which were chronicled by the historians Josephus and Philo. A Jewish revolt from A.D. 66-70 drove the Romans from Judaea for a time, but in A.D. 70, the Romans burned the city of Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple, and took many Jewish captives to Rome. Three years later, the Romans laid siege to the mountain fortress of Masada, which was built on a huge rock. There, some 900 Jews took their own lives rather than surrender to the Romans. When revolts against Rome again erupted in A.D. 132-135, they were crushed by the emperor Hadrian, who ordered that Jews be prohibited from living in or even visiting Jerusalem. * dynasty succession of rulers from the same family or group * province overseas area controlled by Rome * anti-Semitism prejudice against Jews * pogrom organized massacre of an ethnic minority, often with official approval After their expulsion from Jerusalem by the Romans, many Jews settled in northern Palestine and in Babylonia. By A.D. 200, these areas became thriving centers of Jewish learning. Academies called yeshivas were founded, and Jewish scholars compiled the religious and social laws of their people. Over the next 300 years, interpretations of the laws were written and collected to form the Talmud, the most sacred Jewish book next to the Bible. (See also Antonius, Marcus; Religion, Greek; Religion, Roman; Judaism; Ptolemaic dynasty; Seleucid dynasty.) * synagogue building of worship for Jews * ghetto part of a city in which Jews were required to live

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Google, back in 2004, began an endeavor to index the contents of an enormous number of books through its search engine, so that google users would be able to full text search books that were otherwise unpublished on the internet. Under U.S. Copyright law, books that were published before the 1920’s (and certain texts published after that time that did not comply with the renewal requirements and were not saved by the Copyright Act of 1976) are in the public domain and can be freely copied without the need of prior consent or the paying of royalties to the author or his/her estate. Hence, you can find a copy of Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire on google’s book search, because Mr. Gibbon originally wrote the manuscript well before the earliest date that the book could be protected by current U.S. Copyright law. Of course, what got google into trouble was not long dead authors but very alive ones (or ones whose estate or a third party owned a valid copyright to the work), which led to a lawsuit against google in federal court in 2005 by several named plaintiffs and an association, the Author’s Guild, who represents over 8,000 other authors. The Author’s Guild, et. al. v. Google, Inc., 05 CV 8136 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 20, 2005). The complaint in 2005 alleged that google’s indexing of these books without paying a license fee to the individual authors with valid copyrights was copyright infringement writ large, and that the indexing was done in search of advertising revenue (an expressly commercial purpose). Infringing the valid copyright of another without paying the customary license fee is the sine qua non of an unfair use, and I suspect that were we to see this tested in a court, google would likely have lost the suit. However, the case didn’t get very far as the parties entered into negotiations to settle the matter. In 2008, a proposed settlement was announced (see a CNET article here) which would have had google pay the Author’s Guild about $125 million in royalties for google to continue its “exploitation” of works that were probably protected by copyright. This settlement has not set well with others that are concerned that google’s book collection looks a tad monopolistic (including the Department of Justice, who opened an antitrust investigation according to Reuters). There is concern in the online community that google may have control of too much information which may ultimately stifle innovation by others. Monopolizing a market generally violates the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which can lead the Department of Justice to file suit against the alleged monopolizer. Such suits have caused large companies like IBM and AT&T to either stop seeming to be monopolies, or to breakup outright into smaller units. Last year, anti-trust concerns stopped google from establishing a search marketing relationship with yahoo, even though google was probably not trying to control the world of search but just trying to help yahoo fend off a purchase by Microsoft (which ultimately did fail and subsequently led to the ouster of Yahoo’s CEO and a founder Jerry Yang, later in 2008). Ironically, holders of a valid copyright exercise a legalized monopoly over the thing copyrighted, which, while limited to the duration of the author’s life plus 70 years, is a relatively long time. For highly valued items, such a monopoly could effectively stifle innovation, at least for those that wish to make derivative works from the copyrighted work but cannot afford to pay the “customary fee” to the copyright holder. Effectively, the copyright holders represented by the Author’s Guild are one set of monopolists fighting with another alleged monopolist, google, which is probably far larger, but probably not otherwise more or less sympathetic. On the other hand, the copyright monopoly does have limits built in to the rights granted under the Copyright Act itself, including fair use under section 107, which provides for some academic and non-profit expression by individuals who would otherwise be copyright infringers. Against google’s alleged monopoly of online information, only a very large sum of money to invest in a competing search engine can offset the market that google now controls in search traffic and search advertisements. There is no “fair use” exception to google’s alleged monopoly over information that would balance the playing field. In years past, the anti-trust branch of the Department of Justice may have tried to break up a monopoly and/or have a governmental agency regulate the resulting company(ies). For example, in Maryland, the Public Service Commission is responsible for watchdogging the utility and phone companies. Verizon, which operates in several states including Maryland, is a smaller version of AT&T from the 1970s (or perhaps larger given the overall growth in telecommunications in the U.S. over the last thirty years). The question to be answered is whether Verizon is any more responsive to customers today than AT&T was before the big break up, and whether Verizon is any less stifling of competition and innovation than its predecessor, AT&T. Answering these questions may help to answer whether google ought, as a matter of policy, to be broken into smaller operating groups and/or regulated by the federal government like an “internet utility” company. With regards to responsiveness, this is a hard question to answer. A regulated utility like Verizon is still a very large entity, and as a matter of statistics, Verizon will make a substantial number of errors in service provision and billing that will lead to user complaints. I don’t have any hard data on complaints over time or resolution rates to compare pre- and post-break up of the entity. And as to google, I’m not sure that this is much of an issue. The truth is that there are other search engines in the market today, and it is very easy for an internet user to access these search engines. They may not have the same content indexed, but all of them use some form of search advertising to help subsidize your ability to freely search on them (or you have to pay a subscription fee to use them). The state of search today may not really compare with the customer service issues of telecom customers of years past that were stuck working with the Baby Bell to get their phone to work properly. With regards to the problem of stifling competition, the telecommunications bust at the beginning of this century was in part the result of the Baby Bells like Bell Atlantic/Verizon who controlled the last mile infrastructure that connected competing telecoms to customers. After a century, the Baby Bells had so much more invested in the public phone and data networks that no small start up could possibly compete. And whether court-ordered or not, the engineers at Verizon were not going to make a competitor’s service request a higher priority than servicing direct Verizon customers. So, if the equivalent of this is for google to keep its database of indexed books but simply share access to other search engines, I doubt the outcome would be much different – most people trying to find a book would get a better response from google’s search engine than a competing search engine. Alternatively, if google were required to publish its search engine algorithms and code, how long and how much money would it take for a competitor to grow to sufficient size to accumulate the scope and depth of data that google now handles every day? Ten years? Twenty? And would the internet be a better place because there are two identical search engines? This is like when there were two different paper phone books. Other than the additional tree casualties, I don’t think the public was better served with two phone books, and I doubt having two identical databases on the internet of web sites would be much better, either. What about an Internet Public Service Commission? For the phone company, the PSC in each state is empowered to receive and investigate complaints from customers – typically about a billing problem, but the PSC investigators examine related issues as well. My experiences with the PSC here have been positive. The PSC’s opening of an investigation usually gets my complaint to the right person at Verizon, who is then able to resolve the problem that the customer service representative was either not empowered to resolve or unwilling to resolve. What, then, would the IPSC be charged with handling from the public about google? Lost documents in the internet cloud that were stored with google? Google’s search crawler doesn’t search my site quickly enough? My web site doesn’t show up in search results high enough based on my keywords? Security breaches at google? I suppose another solution would be to make google a national library and attach it to the Library of Congress, which could use the google revenue stream to pay for scanning and indexing everything in the Library of Congress to make it generally available to the public. Unrelated parts of google could be spun off as private enterprises that would not operate with public money or public regulation (such as the cloud computing aspects of google). Stay tuned for developments!

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The coronavirus pandemic has shone the spotlight on poor air quality issues in indoor spaces where there is an increased possibility of exposure to viruses. One such environment are the fitness studios. Gyms, weight rooms, and wellness studios are places where air quality can be easily compromised not only because of the number of people that regularly frequent them but also because of the nature of activities that are done. In a study of air quality in 11 gyms conducted by researchers from the University of Lisbon in Portugal and the Technical University of Delft in the Netherlands, it was found that the levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter were way above threshold. The study which was published in Building and Environment also pointed out the fact that the air pollutants were at their highest during peak occupancy hours for the gyms. High Levels of Carbon Dioxide, Particulate Matter and VOCs In built environments such as fitness centers, CO2 is primarily produced by the occupants; the level by which it changes depends on the number of people that occupy the space and their level of activity or energy utilization. CO2 levels rise when more people exert physical activity in the room. This is exacerbated by poor ventilation and the lack of natural air exchange in the fitness studio. What makes this particularly concerning is not just the short-term effects such as feeling discomfort or fatigue, but also potential long-term health issues such as development or worsening of asthma, allergies, and other cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. Studies have pointed out that the levels of indoor particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution can be influenced by the combined effects of occupants’ activities, accumulation of ambient air emissions that have not been filtered through ventilation, and the building’s characteristics. Building materials and fitness equipment normally contain high levels of VOCs. Foam mats, rubber equipment, chalk, carpets as well as cleaning and disinfecting materials used in fitness facilities produce harmful emissions which, if not properly flushed out, accumulate and are inhaled by occupants. During exercise, people breathe more and deeper through their mouths, which bypasses the human body’s natural filters inside the nose thereby increasing the risk of ultrafine particles going deeper into the lungs. This can lead to serious health issues. Continuous IAQ Monitoring Addresses Air Quality Issues Fitness studio owners and managers need to know what’s going on at all times. This can be done by utilizing continuous indoor air quality monitoring solutions that provide accurate real-time data; this helps them understand air quality issues and take appropriate measures to regularly improve conditions such as regulating temperature and humidity levels, providing sufficient air exchange rate and proper filtration – all crucial healthy air operating practices. Ensuring health and overall comfort should be the primary lookout of fitness studio owners and managers, especially if they are trying to win the trust and confidence of their customers. Indeed, there are countless benefits of exercising but the conditions of the indoor environment should not be discounted, as polluted air counters the positive effects of exercise to people’s health.

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The present book viz. The Scio-political life of India in the age of the Puranas contains an introduction to the Puranas which is followed by nine chapters containing different aspects of the socio-political life of India. The book is completed with Concluding Remarks and a bibliography. The contents of the book are given below : Introduction: A general introduction to the Puranas and upapuranas. It refers to the upa-puranas like the Kapila and the Sambapurana. Chapter-I: The economy of India in the Puranic age. Chapter-II: The political system of India. It deals with the monarchical system of the age together with the measures of deference and administration. Chapter-III: It contains a details discussion on castes and their duties. Chapter-IV: The Asrama system and its significance in social life. Chapter-V: This chapter is devoted to the study of food, drinks, dresses, ornaments and cosmetics of Puranic India, and other relevant social matters. Chapter-VI: The chapter offers a detailed study of the academic life of India including the study of Ayurveda and the science of botany. Chapter-VII: The rules, beliefs and customs of the Puranic age are adequately discussed in this chapter. Chapter-VIII: Men and women of the Puranic period of India are elaborately studied in this chapter. Chapter-IX: It is an extensive chapter dealing with the multi-coloured religious life of India of the age. The chapter is followed by Concluding Remarks on the subject of present study. Dr. Apurba Chandra Barthakuria, the author of the present book is an eminent Sanskrit Scholar of India. He has a vast knowledge of English, Bengali and Assamese literature also. He stood first class first in B.A (Hons) and MA in Sanskrit in Gauhati University. Calcutta University conferred the Ph.D (Arts) degree on Barthakuria in 1975 for his thesis. “A critical study of ‘Karaka”. Dr. Barthakuria has published 13 books on Indology and 81 research papers and articles on Sanskrit in different languages. He was a Professor in Sanskrit, Gauhati University for 39 years. President of India has conferred the ‘Certificate of Honour’ to Barthakuria for his contribution to Sanskrit study and the propagation of Sanskrit in 2004. He has been appointed a professor in K.K Handique Govt. Sanskrit College, Assam as a Sastracudamani scholar by Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, (Deemed University) Delhi recently. Dr. Barthakuria is the President of Asom Sanskrit Mahasabha, the representative organisation of the propagation of Sanskrit in Assam. The Puranas are a class of Sanskrit religious literature which have enjoyed an immense popularity in the socio-religious life of India. They have greatly dominated the religious and spiritual field of the India people like the Mahabharata and the smrtisastras of this country. The Puranas are, however, not liturgical texts discussing the technical aspects of worship of different gods and goddesses, though a few Puranas like the Garudapurana have dealt with this very important subject occasionally in the interest of the religious worshippers. These religious works have been dedicated to the propagation of the greatness of the gods like Visnu, Siva, Durga and Ganesa, through the poetic narration of their extraordinary exploits and divine powers, in their worship and their meritorious result, in order to attract the people to live a pure, religious life in their honour. Many of the Puranas, however, render many other useful services to the academic world, apart from preaching religious ideas. The Purana has been generally defined as ‘puranam pancalaksanam’ which means that this particular class of literature possesses five chief features like sarga (creation) pratisarga (recreation) vamsa (genealogy of gods and seers), Manvantara the period dominated by particular Manus and Vamsanucarita (the dynasties of kings). But though the Puranas have maintained this formality apart from singing the glory of deities, many of them have crossed the boundary and discussed a large number of subjects of great academic importance like politics, the martial science, and the new architectural science of building excellent palaces. The Puranas incidentally give an extensive knowledge of the vast geographical territory of India with all its specific features together with its innumerable holy rivers and mountains which remain scattered all over this country. In fact, the geographical study of Indian in the Puranas is itself a very important subject of research. The eminent writers like Dr. Savitri Sexena have utilised the subject fully in their project. Apart from the above specific features, the Puranasa also give the readers an appropriate knowledge of the foods, drinks, dresses and ornaments and the social behaviour of the people, their rules and customs, their religious and spiritual life and thoughts and beliefs in the course of discussion on religious and other matters. Thought the Puranic authors were mainly religious teachers, many of them have devoted their energies to study of the political science. Again, the Puranas, while dealing with their own subject of study have incidentally referred to the forest life of India which was dominated by a luxuriant growth of many precious trees and a vast population of Indian birds and beasts and at the same time the forest was an ideal dwelling of many ascetics. After a close examination of the above features of the Puranas, the present author has arrived at the opinion that a work written on the socio-political aspect of the Puranic life of India will be of great use to the scholars. I am grateful to Dr. Shila Purakayastha, Dr. Manjula Devi, Professor of Sanskrit, Gauhati University Dr. Banikanta Sharma, President of Assam Research Society and Professor Umakanta Sharma, four great researchers of Indology for the constant inspiration given by them to me publisher this book. I shall remain grateful to P.K. Bhattacharya of Punthi Pustak, Kolkata for kindly consenting to publish the book from his farm. I shall be happy if the present book on Puranas render some to the scholars. The Puranas are a class of religious literature written mainly in the post-Mahabharata period. Though the Mahabharata suggestively refers to the existence of Puranas (Vanaparvan,) in its age, the Puranas known to the readers with their specific titles were written after the Great Epic assumed its final shape. They were composed in different periods of history the entire period covering more than one thousand years. Thus, the Puranas are an important source-book for the study of India’s cultural life, political system, and its geography and history extending over a vast period of its civilization. THE MENING OF THE WORD PURANA : The word Purana literately means an old narrative. But the Indian tradition defines Puranas as, ‘puranam pancalaksanam’. According to it, the Puranas shall have five (chief) characteristics viz. i) Sarga or creation ii) Pratisarga or recreation, that is, periodical dissolution of the universe, and then its reappearance, iii) Vamsa or the genealogy of gods and rsis iv) manvantara or the periods governed by Manus, and v) Vamsanucarita or the history of generation (of kings). However, these characteristics play only a formal role in many Puranas, where many other matters like politics, medical and veterinary science and kavya and some other matters have been more prominently discussed. In this context we can refer to the Matsyapurana, the Garudapurana and the Agnipurana which deal with many very important aspects of Indian culture. The number of Puranas : ‘Puranas refer to eighteen major Puranas viz.- 3 Vaisnava or Visnupurana 4 Saiva (Sivapurana) 8 Agneya (or Agni) 11 Lainga (Lingapurana) 12 Varaha (Varahapurana) 13 Skanda (Or Skandapurana) 15 Kaurma (Kurmapurana) 16 Matsya (Matsysapurana) Now, a critical examination of the above list is given in a number of Puranas including the Visnupurana (part 3, 6), the Bhagavatapurana (XII, 13), the Matsyapurana (53, 12-55), and the Varahapurana (112.69-72). It is interesting that the above and some other Puranas mention all the Puranas including their own names in the list. It shows that the relevant passage regarding the account of 18 Puranas is either a later interpalation or there were some ur-Puranas which have been mentioned in the later Puranas of the same name. M. Winternitz shows that the list of 18 Puranas was read to AI-Beruni (about 1030 A.D.) from the Visunpurana. AI-Beruni was conversant with the Adityapurana, the Vayuprana and the Visnudharmottarapurana. But interestingly the names of the Vayuprana and the Adityapurana do not appear in the list mentioned above. The Vayupurana give the knowledge of the Gupta rulers of this country. The Purana occupied a place in the available to AI-Beruni. Winteritz also recognises its importance in the study of Indian history. Bit the Puranic tradition mentioned above is conspicuously silent about this Purana. The reason for this is best known to the Puranic authors themselves. Of course, the Kurmapurana (1.1.15) refers to a Vayaviyapurana. But in that case the numbers of Puranas become 19. The Bhavisyapurana as it is available to modern readers was written in the 17th century A.D. or sometime later. The Purana refers to the great Sanskrit grammarian Bhattoji Diksita who flourished in 1606 A.D. according in the Belvalkar. If the Purana by this name as described in the Visnupurana (3.6.22) was read to AI-Beruni who flourished in about 1030 A.D., the context of this Puranic text was certainly different to a great extent form the modern edition of the text. Apart from the major Purana the tradition refers to several minor Puranas (Upapuranas) also. Thus, the Kurmapurana (1.1.17-20) refers to 18 minor Puranas viz. The Matsyapurana (35.59.62) describes four Upapuranas viz.-I) Narasimha 2) Nandipurana 3) Sambapurana and 4) Adityapurana. The Matsyapurana was probably written before the kurmapurana, as many new Puranas were know to the society in the age of the Kurmapurana which were written by religious poets considering the social necessity. PURANIC VIEWS ON THE COMPOSITION OF MAJOR AND MINOR PURANAS Several Puranas refer to the origin of many major and minor Puranas which deserve an examination in a modern Puranic research. i) The Matsyapurana says that a Purana containing 100 crores of verses was written first. But Vedavyasa abridged this Purana into 4 lakhs of slokas. This Puranic text was divided into 18 major Puranas, and the verses were also divided among them. Regarding the minor Puranas, the Matsyapurana says that the Narasimha upapurana is based on the Narasimha legend of the Padmapurana. The Nandipurana was composed is by Kartikeya on the greatness of Nandi. The Samba upapurana has been composed on the sun-worship of Samba. The Aditya upapurana was the fourth minor Purana (written on the greatness of sun-god) [53.59.62]. ii) Regarding the origin of the Visunpurana, the Purana says that there was one original text of the Purana. But three students of sage Lomaharsana wrote a new Purana each on the basis of the original text. Suta wrote his Sutasamhita. The Visnupurana is based on the contents of four works (Visnupurana, 3.6.11-20). iii) The Kurmapurana give the readers an idea of the origin of the minor Puranas (1.17-20). According to this Purana, Sanatkumara wrote the Adipurana. Kartikeya wrote the Skandapurana Nandisvara wrote the Sivadharma, the Ascaryapurana is a composition of Durvasa while Usana wrote the Bhargava (upa) purana. It appears form the above discussion of the Puranas that there was a living tradition regarding the origin of important Puranas and upapuranas. Your email address will not be published * Send as free online greeting card for saving your wish list, viewing past orders, receiving discounts, and lots more... Email a Friend

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Shelby Mustang Up To 1970 They were assembled between 1965 to 1967 and then 1969 to 1971 in Los Angeles, California and in 1968 in Ionia, Michigan. It was a Pony car and a Muscle car on a Ford D2C platform The Shelby Mustang is a high performance variant of the Ford Mustang which was built by Shelby from 1965 to 1968, and from 1969 to 1970 by Ford. 1st generation (1965–1972) 1965–1966 Shelby G.T.350 1965 Shelby Mustang G.T.350 1966 Shelby G.T.350 The Production was between 1965 and 1966 and was assembled in Los Angeles, California. Its Body style was a: 1. 2-door fastback 2. 2-door convertible 3. 2-door hardtop Its Engine was a 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 2-barrel and it had a 3-speed automatic and 4-speed manual Its Wheelbase was 108.0 in (2,743 mm) and its Length was 181.6 in (4,613 mm). The 1965–1966 cars were the smallest and lightest of the GT 350 models. These cars are often called “Cobras”. Both models use the Cobra emblem, similar paint scheme, and the optional “Cobra” valve covers on many GT350s that were part of a marketing tie-in by Shelby, as well as one of his iconic symbols. All 1965–66 cars featured the K-Code 271 hp (202 kW; 275 PS) 289 cu in (4.7 L), modified to produce 306 hp (228 kW; 310 PS). Beginning as a stock Mustang with a 4-speed manual and 9″ live rear axle, the cars were shipped to Shelby American, where they received: 1. The high-riser manifolds 2. Tri-Y headers 3. Larger Ford Galaxie rear drum brakes with metallic-linings 4. Kelsey-Hayes front disc brakes.The 1965 G.T. 350 was not built for comfort or ease of driving. There were 34 “G.T. 350R” race-spec cars built specifically for competition use under SCCA rules, and the model was the B-Production champion for three straight years. The 1966 G.T. 350 had featured more comfort of casual drivers that included: • Rear seats • Optional colors • An optional automatic transmission. This trend for additional features continued in following years The cars becoming progressively larger, heavier, and more comfortable The 1969 G.T. 350s and 500s were largely styling modifications to a stock Mustang. By 1969 Carroll Shelby was no longer involved in the Shelby GT program, and the design was done in-house by Ford. The 1965 and 1966 G.T. 350s were delivered from Ford’s San Jose assembly plant in body in white form for modification by Carroll Shelby’s operation, originally in Venice Beach and later at Los Angeles International Airport. All 1965 G.T. 350s were painted Wimbledon White with Guardsman Blue rocker stripes. Very few GT350s were delivered to the dealer with the optional “Le Mans” (or “LeMans”) top stripes, which run the length of the entire car. 28% of the 562 1965 cars built had Le Mans stripes. Dealers often added the stripes. Today, it is difficult to find a GT 350 not so equipped. Many ERT 1965 cars had the battery relocated to the trunk. Over-rider traction bars are named so because of their design being on top of the leaf spring as opposed to underneath them. There was only one transmission available, a 4-speed Borg-Warner T-10 manual. The exhaust system in the 1965 G.T. 350 was a side-exit dual exhaust with glass-pack mufflers. The 1965 G.T. 350 had: A full size spare tire mounted in place of rear seats Total 1965 model year production was 562 units. 1966 Shelby GT 350 For 1966, the GT 350 lost its Mustang tag and was marketed simply as the Shelby GT 350. The new model year also saw the introduction of non-white colors, including blue, red, green, and black. Other changes included: 1. Special rear quarter-panel windows replacing the factory extractor vents 2. Functional brake scoops on each side 3. Optional SelectShift 3-speed automatic 4. Optional Paxton supercharger The battery was no longer relocated to the trunk for 1966, and the over-rider traction bars were discontinued. The normal factory fold-down rear seat was optional. While early 1965 cars had black engine blocks, 1966 and later cars had their engines painted the regular factory Ford dark blue. The 1966 models came with a dual-exhaust exiting in the rear. The first 252 GT 350s for 1966 began as 1965 Mustang K-Code Fastbacks. Total production for 1966 was: This included two prototypes and four drag cars The 252 early production models with Ford Mustang 1965 bodies Total production for 1966 was 2,378 units. A small number of the 1966 models were fitted from the factory with Paxton superchargers, but not the No-Spin limited slip differential; with an option price of $670 USD, the engine was rated at 440 hp (330 kW) 1966 Shelby G.T. 350 Hertz models Most Hertz cars were black with gold LeMans stripes and rocker panel stripes A few were white with blue stripes. T The first 85 Hertz cars were available with: Four-speed manual transmissions Hertz advertised them as “Rent-a-Racer” cars. When the Hertz cars were returned to Ford to be prepared for sale to the public, the high-performance parts were often “lost” (presumably at the manufacturer) before final sale. 1967 Shelby G.T. 350 / G.T. 500 For 1967, the G.T. 350 carried over the K-Code high performance 289 with a ‘COBRA’ aluminum hi-rise. The G.T. 500 was added to the lineup It was equipped with a “Ford Cobra” V8 (FE Series 428 cu.in.) engine with two 600 CFM Holly four-barrel carburetors sitting atop a mid-rise Aluminum intake manifold. Documented plans to introduce a convertible mid-production year were shelved due to supply, production and financial problems By October 1966, Ford took control over engineering and purchasing. On August 18, 1967, a small staff were sent to Ionia. The small staff of the newly formed Shelby Automotive, Inc. had substantially less involvement after this time. Notable cars for 1967 include: • The first G.T. 500 built. • The only Shelby G.T. coupe built (“Little Red’), which was the precursor to the ’68 California Special • The only Shelby GT 500 convertible built (in 1967) One 1967 Fastback was updated with a G.T. 500 equipped with a: 427 FE GT40 racing engine producing 650 horsepower It was known as the “Super Snake” The car was capable of speeds over 150 mph; hitting 170 mph during a demonstration For 1968, the Cobra name was applied to both models, and they were now marketed as the Shelby Cobra GT 350 and the Shelby Cobra GT 500. The solid lifter K-code engine was discontinued by Ford so Shelby used the hydraulic lifter 230 hp 302. It produced 250 HP with the high rise intake but was not equipped with Shelby headers in order to make room for power steering. The early 1968 GT500 used the Shelby installed 428 Police Interceptor with a single four barrel carburettor rated at 360 HP. 1967 Shelby G.T.350 & 1968 Cobra G.T.350 1967 Shelby G.T.350 1968 Shelby Cobra G.T.350 It was produced in 1967 and 1968, it was assembled in 1967 in Los Angeles, California and 1968 Ionia, Michigan It was available in a 2-door fastback and a 2-door convertible. Its Engine was 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 with a 3-speed automatic and 4-speed manual transmission. The 1967 redesign made for a heavier Mustang, along with: • A longer, fiberglass hood • New front and rear facias. • The separate high-beam headlamps in the grille • Chrome front bumper sat below a mesh grille with the classic “Shelby G.T.350” logo in place • The small hood scoop was there to deliver fresh air to the engine. Shelby also included: 1. New, horizontal taillights 2. An integrated Kamm-type rear spoiler 3. Functional rear brake-cooling scoops adorned the rear quarter panels 4. Ten-spoke, fifteen-inch, cast-aluminum rims were the wheel choice with Goodyear white-lettered radials. G.T.350 was available with: 1. Air conditioning 2. An AM/FM radio 3. The steering wheel was a wood-rimmed and satin-trimmed design with the classic Shelby logo in the center 4. A very classy-looking set of gauges 5. A 140-mph speedometer and a whopping 8,000-rpm tachometer 6. Smaller analog clock 7. Fuel level 8. Water temperature 9. Oil pressure gauges. The G.T.350 came with: • An iron-block, 289-cubic-inch (4.7-liter) V-8 rated at 306 horsepower and 329 lb-foot of torque. • A single Holley four-barrel carburettor • The true dual-exhaust with H-shaped crossover system came standard with Flowmasters and chrome exhaust tips • Power was routed to the ground through a sturdy, four-speed manual transmission with a single, dry-disc clutch • A three-speed automatic was made available as an option • Rear-end ratios were 3.89-to-1 for the four-speed manual and 3.50-to-1 for the automatic • Acceleration was impressive, with a 0-to-60 time of around seven seconds and a top speed of 140 mph • Braking duties were handled by 11.3-inch discs up front and drums in the rear • Power assist was standard. • The front suspension consisted of unequal-length control arms • Coil springs • Adjustable tube arms, • An anti-sway bar • Out back was a live axle, with multi-leaf, semi-elliptical springs and tube shocks. • The steering was a power-assisted recirculating ball design. 1967 Shelby G.T.500 & 1968 Cobra G.T.500 1967 Shelby G.T.500 1968 Shelby Cobra G.T.500 The GT 500 was produced between 1967 and 1968. It was assembled in Los Angeles, California and in 1968 Ionia, Michigan. It’s body styles were a: It’s Engine was a: 427 cu in (7.0 L) 428 V8 A 427 cu in (7.0 L) 428 Cobra Jet V8 It’s Transmission was a 3-speed automatic and a 4-speed manual. It’s Curb weight was a 1,470 kg (3,241 lb) It’s successor was the 1968 G.T.500KR The 1967 Shelby GT500 was the first model built in the Shelby GT500 range. It is based on the 1967 Mustang Fastback and is equipped with a 428cu (7.0L) V8. 2,048 were produced back in 1967. Several body parts of the GT500 were made of fiberglass including the side intakes and bonnet. Beginning in April 1968, Ford began factory installing a version of the 428 engine known as the “Cobra Jet”. The G.T. 500 was subsequently known as The Cobra G.T. 500 KR. T The initials KR stood for “King of the Road.” Ford rated the Cobra jet at 335 horsepower (250 kW), but with 440 foot-pounds of torque at 3400 RPM, the horsepower was considered significantly underreported. 1969–1970 GT 350 & GT 500 1969 Shelby GT 500 SportsRoof The 1969 Shelby GT 500 was produced in 1969 to 1970. It was assembled in Los Angeles, California Its Body style was a: It’s Engine was a: 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor V8 (GT 350) A 428 cu in (7.0 L) 428 V8 (GT 500). It’s Transmission was a: A 4-speed manual It’s Wheelbase was 108.0 in (2,743 mm A Length of 191.0 in (4,851 mm). The GTs lost their Cobra tag for 1969 and once again were marketed simply as Shelby GT 350 and Shelby GT 500. The GT 350 and GT 500 for the 1969 model year received an extensive face lift The body alone increasing in length by 4 inches (100 mm) with some reaching 10 inches (250 mm). Ford was involved with design and style decisions, with Shelby having little input. The GT 350 was now equipped with a 351 cubic-inch V8. No production of 1970 Shelby GT 350 and 500 models was undertaken; however, unsold 1969 models were given 1970 vehicle identification numbers under FBI supervision The 1970 models had two cosmetic changes: • A front chin spoiler • Two black hood stripes The rest of the changes had to do with emissions. GT500 had the carburetor modified and marked “ed” (edited) on tag. The GT500 distributor was also changed to the 70 version. The GT350 had the distributor changed to a 70 version. A total of 789 were re-VIN’d. 1971 Shelby Europa Although production of Shelby GTs in the USA had ceased, a total of nine 1971 “Shelby Europa” GT-350 and GT-500 Mustangs were produced under license by Belgian dealer Claude Dubois for the European market. 7 Fastbacks (Ford used the term Sportsroof) and 2 convertibles were produced; of which 7 were M-code and 1 H-code cars. One 429SCJ J-code Fastback was produced, though its whereabouts today are unknown. Both convertibles and 1 fastback were modified to GT-500 with 351-HO. All 1971 Shelby Europas were based on 1971 Mustang, none on 1972 Mustang. Previously it was believed that 14 cars were produced, but the total production number of 9 cars was confirmed in 2014 by cross-check of Claude Dubois’ files and Ford Factory Mustang production data. Selling your Shelby or want a valuation? Then please call us today at WCC, we are the no hassle way to sell any classic car including your Shelby. As a long time licensed and bonded California auto dealership, we will take care of all the paperwork for the sale of your car ….. properly take care of all the paperwork that is, with no car left still registered in your name; we will give you a fair and no BS immediate cash offer for the car; imagine no advertising costs, no dealing with “tire kickers”, no bad checks, no non-existent wire transfers, no waiting for your money and probably most importantly, no strangers at your home or in your business .. period. We will also arrange the immediate professional pick up and transportation of your car by a licensed auto shipper from anywhere in the continental United States. Ultimately, we are one of the quickest, safest and easiest way to sell your classic car today. We have the knowledge and power to execute the deal immediately, so if you want some friendly advice or just a chat about how to sell us your Sheelby Mustang then don’t hesitate to call us on (424) 383-8333 now!

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During the coronavirus pandemic, a global economic collapse, and increasingly frequent and severe droughts, what better time for southern African countries to see upticks in another disease: pellagra. Pellagra, a disease caused by chronic deficiencies in Vitamin B3 (niacin), is prevented with nothing more than a half-decent diet. So why is it still here in 2020? Today, we go on a journey through history to figure out what caused this vitamin deficiency disease to appear, why it still exists, and what we can do about it. With special guest Dr. Christopher Conz: Lecturer in African Environmental History at Tufts University. I had never heard of pellagra before starting research for this episode, so I was really frustrated to see that a disease so horrific whose cure is so simple still exists, and due to coronavirus, is growing. I was particularly captured by pellagra’s history, from the more commonly told story of Dr. Joseph Goldberger in the United States to the much less commonly told story of Lesotho, which Dr. Conz tells in his paper. And while we only had time for two history lessons in the podcast episode, there are certainly many more pellagra stories to tell. Pellagra is a real demonstration of the way in which history defines the present. I listened to a lot of people tell the Dr. Goldberger story and then leave it off once they found the cure, or once they found the cure and the powers that be in the South refuted it in a ploy to maintain power over impoverished and marginalized communities. I didn’t see anyone look at the through line to today. But pellagra still exists, and after learning the history, it became quite clear why. The problems that caused pellagra weren’t really fixed. That’s not to say there isn’t room for innovation. A lot of the pellagra-reducing steps the world has taken such as education and fortification have minimized the disease. As important as all of that is, I also found Dr. Conz’s take interesting, that fully eradicating pellagra requires solving the problems that got us here, which would also require a look at agriculture, justice, and economic structures. And now, climate resilience. I hope you enjoy this slightly atypical history-filled episode! It was a fun change of pace, and a topic I’m really glad I could learn more about. I know the title might not be eye-catching if you’ve never heard the word Pellagra before. I would encourage you still check it out, and really get the chance to learn something new!

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Chippewa Indians, the largest and most important tribe north of Mexico, numbering some 30,000 souls, about equally divided between the United States and Canada. The popular name is a corruption of Ojibwa, a name of uncertain etymology, but generally supposed to refer to the “puckered up” appearance of the seam along the front of the tribal moccasin. They call themselves Anishinabag, “original men”, and on account of having formerly had their principal residence at Sault Sainte Marie, at the outlet of Lake Superior, they were known to the French as Saulteurs. The Ojibwa belong to the great Algonquian stock and are closely related to the Ottawa and the Cree. According to their own tradition they came from the east, advancing along the Great Lakes and had their first settlement in their present country at Sault Sainte Marie and at Shaugawaumikong (French Chegoimegon) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, about the present Lapointe or Bayfield, Wisconsin. Their first mention in history occurs in the “Jesuit Relation” for 1640. Through their friendship with the French traders they were able to procure guns and thus to prosecute most successfully their hereditary wars with the Sioux and Foxes on their west and south, with such result that the Sioux were driven out from the Upper Mississippi region, and the Foxes forced down from Northern Wisconsin and compelled to confederate with the Sauk. By the end of the eighteenth century the Ojibwa were the almost unchallenged owners of nearly all of the present Michigan, Northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the Red River country and westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, together with the entire northern shores and drainage of Lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side. They have never been removed as have been so many other tribes, but by successive treaty sales they are now restricted to reservations within this home territory, with the exception of a few families resident in Kansas. Notwithstanding their importance as a tribe the Ojibwa are not prominent in colonial history, owing chiefly to their remote situation. In conjunction with the French they had greatly reduced the formidable Foxes early in the eighteenth century, and finally crushed them, single-handed, in a decisive battle about 1780. At a much earlier period they had turned the westward march of the conquering Iroquois. The hereditary war with the Sioux continued until within the past half-century, in spite of repeated efforts of the Government to bring about peace. In common with most of the western tribes they were allies of the French throughout the colonial period, but joined the side of England against the Americans in the Revolution and again in 1812, being especially active in the latter war. They first entered into treaty relations with the United States in 1785. Although to a certain extent a sedentary people, the Ojibwa were not agricultural, their country being too cold for profitable farming by the rude Indian method, but depended for subsistence upon fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild rice. Their territory abounded in lakes and clear streams well stocked with fish, with vast fields of wild rice in the quieter waters. They also gathered cranberries and manufactured maple sugar, the latter being itself an Indian discovery. Their pottery was rude and unimportant, but they were expert in basket and mat weaving, and in the manipulation of birchbark for houses, canoes, boxes, and other purposes. Their dwellings were either rectangular, round-topped structures of poles covered with mats or bark, or were of tipi or tent shape and covered usually with bark. They were much upon the water and were noted for their skill in making and handling their beautiful birchbark canoes. Living in a timber country they travelled and fought on foot, except when going by water, and had but little acquaintance with either the buffalo or the horse. Physically and intellectually they ranked high among the tribes. In their system of government each band was practically independent of the others, although according to their tradition it had been more centralized in ancient times, when the tribe had dwelt within a smaller compass. They had the clan system with some twenty clans, the exact number being a matter of controversy owing to the wide dispersion of the bands. Each clan had its own special precedence in war, deliberation, ceremonial function, etc. They buried in the ground, leaving articles of property and food offerings at the grave, as was the almost universal Indian custom. They had the usual multiplicity of gods, but there were no great ceremonial tribal gatherings such as were found among the agricultural and the buffalo-hunting tribes, the religious and ceremonial observances being in the keeping of various societies, of which the Mide (Meda) secret society was the dominant one and preserved the sacred tribal tradition. Despite centuries of missionary effort these societies still flourish and the majority of the tribe continues pagan. The mission history of the Ojibwa begins in 1660, when the Jesuit Rene Menard established himself about Keweenaw Bay in Upper Michigan. Five years later another Jesuit, Father Claude Allouez, founded the mission of Saint-Esprit at Chegoimegon (Bayfield, Wisconsin), the principal gathering-place for all the bands south of Lake Superior. Other missions were soon after begun at Sault Sainte Marie and Mackinaw. The work continued under Jesuit auspices down nearly to the end of the eighteenth century when it was taken up by secular priests. Within the last few years a large share of the labor has again devolved upon a Jesuit worker stationed at the Sault, the only priest in Upper Michigan who knows the language. Chief among the later missionaries may be mentioned the well-known philologist, Bishop Frederick Baraga (q.v.), who, beginning in 1830, devoted thirty-six years of his life to the Ojibwa and Ottawa, chiefly at L’Anse on Keweenaw Bay. The narrative of his career is one long record of heroic sacrifice. His great grammar and dictionary is the accepted standard upon the Ojibwa language. Another noted worker in the Red River country, was Father George Belcourt, 1831-1846, author of another dictionary which still remains in manuscript. Of more recent period is the Franciscan, Father Chrysostom Verwyst, stationed at Bayfield, Wisconsin, who has also given much attention to the language. Protestant effort in the tribe was inaugurated in 1823 in Ontario on the Canada side, by the Wesleyan Methodists, followed the next year by the Baptists at Sault Sainte Marie. In 1827 the Congregationalists began work at Mackinaw, and about 1830 the Episcopalians established themselves at the Sault. The majority of the Christian portion of the tribe is Catholic.

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We get a lot of questions about what robots and other materials are the best for helping kids to code. Computer programming is all about giving the computer clear instructions. Using Robot Mouse, students program instructions using the buttons on Robot Mouse’s back. It’s a great way for young kids to learn coding concepts without screen time. The mouse actually moves! Sometimes Robot Turtles and other board games aren’t as exciting to students because they don’t move. It comes with a set of tiles you can configure into mazes of increasing difficulty. There aren't too many small pieces. The most critical part (the robot) is big and easy for small hands to manipulate. It’s not too expensive ($37.78 on Amazon). If you want to do anything beyond mazes, you need to create your own supplementary materials. The makers of BeeBot, its similar competitor, has a variety of mats you can use (e.g., Alphabet grid), so that students can program word mazes and other awesome challenges. I’ve purchased this as a present for basically every 4-6 year-old that I know. Kids like experimenting with the mouse. Some of our students really love “pranking” people by programming the mouse to sneak up on people! Note: We buy all our stuff on Amazon. If you buy something off one of our links, we get credit from Amazon to buy more stuff for our classrooms! We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.

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Congress votes to allow controversial hunting practices in Alaska Tuesday marked an obscure anniversary in American history: It was 114 years to the day after President Theodore Roosevelt established the first national wildlife refuge, in Pelican Island, Fla. Countless birds had been slaughtered in the area for their feathers, and the federal designation stopped the mass killings. Now, more than 560 wildlife refuges across the country have been set aside, as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service says, “for wildlife first.” Yet the meaning of that phrase was muddied in the minds of many conservationists on the refuge system’s anniversary this year. On Tuesday, the Senate voted to repeal a rule created by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service last summer to end some controversial hunting practices in national wildlife refuges in Alaska. The measure now awaits the signature of President Trump. Acting under the rarely used Congressional Review Act, which allows Congress by a majority vote to overturn rules approved by federal agencies within 60 legislative days of their adoption, the Senate restored policies adopted by Alaska game officials to increase the number of animals such as moose and caribou — prized by hunters — by making it easier to kill the animals that prey on them. State policies allow the killing of bear cubs and sows, killing wolves and their cubs in their dens, baiting grizzly bears, shooting bears from aircraft, shooting bears in baiting areas on the same day a hunter flies into a hunting area, and capturing bears with traps and snares. The measure to remove the federal prohibition, which cleared the House in February, was sponsored there by Rep. Don Young of Alaska, the chamber’s longest-serving Republican and a longtime critic of federal hunting restrictions on public lands in Alaska. Young and other Alaska lawmakers cast the issue as a matter of states’ rights and preservation of traditional subsistence hunting. “In Alaska, many hunt for survival, both personal and cultural,” said Sen. Daniel Sullivan, a fellow Republican, after the vote. “Alaskans have been able to maintain these strong and life-sustaining traditions through a rigorous scientific process that allows for public participation and ensures we manage our fish and game for sustainability, as required by the Alaska Constitution.” But the measure, which was approved largely along party lines in both chambers, met loud opposition from Democrats, who noted that refuges are federal land, that scientific studies question whether killing predators will substantially increase other game, and that predators are a key part of healthy ecosystems. Conservation groups sharply criticized the Senate vote. “Rolling back protections for predators defies everything wildlife refuges stand for,” said Emily Jeffers, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, in an email. “Refuges are places where we celebrate biological diversity, not where wolves and bears are inhumanely killed for no good reason. It’s an outrage that Congress would revoke rules that stop the senseless slaughter of predators, heedless of the important role these animals play in healthy ecosystems.” Alaska has 16 national wildlife refuges that occupy nearly 77 million acres, far more than any other state. Roosevelt himself was an avid hunter, but he was also famous for not killing one bear in particular. In 1902, on a hunting trip to Mississippi, one of his assistants captured a black bear and chained it to a tree to make it easier to shoot. “Viewing this as extremely unsportsmanlike,” the National Park Service wrote on its website, “Roosevelt refused to shoot the bear.” The story of Roosevelt’s restraint enamored the press and the public and inspired the name of a new stuffed animal toy, the “teddy bear.” Must-read stories from the L.A. Times Get all the day's most vital news with our Today's Headlines newsletter, sent every weekday morning. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times.

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Student Support Programs and Services What is the role of the Social Worker? The School Social Work Services office establishes and supports best practice standards for the more than 60 professional social workers who provide mental health services, formal psychosocial assessments, attendance and truancy intervention, to support students and their families in Pasco County Schools. The practice standards of the National Association of Social Workers and the School Social Work Association of America guide the establishment of practices and procedures for social work delivery in the schools. We assess student/family/school/community needs and develop practice models, staff development activities, and on-going consultation to administrators and staff. These activities empower and support school social workers in effectively interfacing with the students at the schools they serve. Additionally, School Social Work Services manages several district wide specialty programs that directly impact and support the academic achievement and eventual high school graduation for the students of Pasco County. Several of these programs are legislatively mandated and/or supported by School Board policies. These include services to homeless students or students in transition and students living in foster care. The school social worker functions as a liaison between the school, family, and community, provides intervention, addresses issues of non-attendance and truancy, and provides behavioral assessments, crisis intervention, and consultation in addressing the barriers to student achievement. School social work is a specialized area of practice within the broad field of the social work profession. School social workers bring unique knowledge and skills to the school system and the student services team. School Social Workers are trained mental health professionals who can assist with mental health concerns, behavioral concerns, positive behavioral support, academic and classroom support, consultation with teachers, parents and administrators as well as provide individual and group counseling/therapy. School social workers are instrumental in furthering the mission of the schools to provide a setting for teaching, learning, and for the attainment of competence and confidence. School social workers are hired by school districts to enhance the district's ability to meet its academic mission, especially where school, home, and community collaboration is the key to achieving student success.

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Under the waves and tropical sun, each of Hawaii’s volcanic islands host a unique ocean landscape teeming with biodiversity. But one predator reigns supreme – the shark. With 40 species of shark calling these warm waters home, scientists are seeing new animal behavior around every corner. Whitetip reef sharks “sleep” in tight volcanic tunnels. In the deep water, everything is on the menu for the hunting Tiger shark, from birds to Humpback whales. Hopping from island to island, uncover surprising moments of cooperation, rarely seen hunting tactics and striking insights into these predators of the world’s paradise. - A school of small mackerel called “Akule” gather in the tens of thousands to form a tight bait ball in order to protect themselves from predators, most notoriously the sharks of Hawaii. But sometimes increasing their profile only attracts more lethal attention. - Off the island of Oahu lies an undersea prairie that is home to hundreds of Hawaiian garden eels. Shy creatures found only in Hawaiian waters, these eels only emerge from their burrow to eat zooplankton. They will spend their lifetime in the same spot, trying to avoid the eyes of roaming sharks. - A Tiger shark’s favorite treat is a Humpback whale calf. Humpback calves nurse for at least a year, while the mother whales try their best to keep their newborns close. But Tiger sharks are clever and stealthy, and one, in particular, takes advantage when the calf must go to the surface to breathe. The calf barely escapes a gruesome fate. - While some species of sharks do need to swim constantly, Whitetip reef sharks are one of the few shark species that don’t need to swim in order to breathe. They can lie on the ocean floor to rest. - Whale sharks are the world’s largest fish and can grow as big as 40 feet long. - Manta rays are cousins to sharks, with wing spans that can reach 29 feet. Manta rays are born rolled up, and then unfurl to six feet. - Sandbar sharks live in Hawaii year-round. Male Sandbar sharks hunt together, but the females travel alone.

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Near Wassu village is located the richest site – 11 Wassu stone circles. These perfectly shaped stones have been erected here sometimes around 750 AD. Many local people consider that stone circles have special powers and can be lethal if disturbed. They mention the case of excavations in the 1930s when leader of expedition and archaeologist died mysteriously. There are stories about stones which glow in the dark and powerful spirits lurking near these circles. This adds charm to Wassu stone circles and certainly has helped to preserve these stones throughout the centuries. Stone circles most likely were created by the local Serer culture. In this region (Senegal and Gambia) are found more than 1,000 such megalithic monuments which were created in the time period from the 3rd to 16th century AD. According to the results of excavations (not the deadly ones but later expedition from the 1960s) Wassu stone circles were erected in the 7th – 9th century AD. Purpose of this work is not known. Some centuries later, in the 10th – early 14th century in the centre of stone circles were buried important persons. At the end of this period here were buried some Islamic scholars thus further increasing the importance of stone circles among the locals. Nowadays local people leave smaller stones or vegetables on the top of flat megaliths as offerings for better luck. On 2000 there was built small museum next to stones and since 2006 when site was included in UNESCO World Heritage list, Wassu stone circles belong to the most popular tourist destinations in this region. Wassu stone circles have a diameter of 4 – 6 m. In each circle are 8 – 14 standing stones, next to the circle stand so called "frontal stones". Stones are made from laterite – sandstone which is cemented with lime and iron oxides. Initially this stone is rather soft and it is fairly easy to form it in the needed shape. As the time goes, stone becomes hard. Megaliths have been shaped with great skill, most likely with iron tools. Most stones are shaped as round columns, with flat tops. There are also square columns. All stones in a circle have similar size and form. In Wassu are located the tallest standing stones in the Senegambian group of megaliths. Stones are 0.6 – 2.45 m high and up to 7 tons heavy. Wassu stone circles on the map If you see this after your page is loaded completely, leafletJS files are missing. |Location, GPS coordinates:||13.6915 N 14.8732 W| |Categories:||Prehistoric and ancient cemeteries, Megaliths| |Values:||Archaeology, Visual, Unexplained| |Where is located?||Africa, Gambia, Central River division, in the fields east from Wassu village| |UNESCO World Heritage status:||Part of "Stone Circles of Senegambia", 2006, No.1226| |Age:||Stone rings – ˜ 750 AD, burials – in the 10th – 14th century AD| Gambia is the smallest mainland country in Africa. There are not too many landmarks in this lowland country but some are very interesting. Highlights of Gambia are the numerous megalithic stone circles and European built fortifications both to support and to stop the slave trade. Even today, we can admit with some pleasure, there are thousands of mysteries left for us. This third book in the Travelling Solo series, not only covers a single week in The Gambia, but reflections on previous visits. In the first book, Vietnam: Journey of Unexpected Delights, the author, who thought she was joining a tour group, unintentionally found that she was travelling solo. What could have been a lonely and stressful holiday, turned out to be a magical experience, such that she has specifically chosen to travel solo ever since. With 16 well-researched chapters and 26 useful maps, this new thoroughly updated second edition of Bradt’s The Gambia remains the most comprehensive guide available in any language to what is the smallest country on mainland Africa.

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For the first fossil feature I thought I’d focus on one of my favorites, an awesome ferocious dinosaur that doesn’t get nearly the public attention that it should. Among huge apex predators from North America, Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus have received most of the fame, but Acrocanthosaurus, is pretty awesome in its own right. Fossil Focus: Acrocanthosaurus In geologic time, “Acro” falls right between Allosaurus (approx. 150 million years ago) and Tyrannosaurus (approx. 65 mya), dating to somewhere between 125 and 100 mya. A distant relative of Allosaurus, the skull is quite similar although somewhat larger. Science has known about T. rex and Allosaurus for over a hundred years, but while Acrocanthosaurus was discovered in the late 1940’s and first described in 1950, the most complete specimen was described in the 1990’s. There have been far fewer Acro fossil discoveries than those of Allosaurus or Tyrannosaurus, so it is not surprising that Acro hasn’t yet taken off in popular culture, but that may change as more fossils are found of this impressive “high-spined lizard.” There is no doubt that Acrocanthosaurus was among the most fearsome predators of its time: it was a huge dinosaur, about as long as a Tyrannosaurus, with adults likely reaching lengths close to 40 feet. It was also tall and intimidating, with a large ridge of spines rising out of its back that most likely gave the dinosaur a large hump of muscle. In the photo above, you can see the tall spines along the back. These spines (along with the large skull full of sharp teeth) give Acrocanthosaurus one of the more impressive dinosaur skeletons! Like Allosaurus, the Acrocanthosaurus had three fingers on each hand and very strong arms, probably used to hold prey while the Acro used its large and powerful jaws to slice open its victim. While T. rex had massive, thick teeth for crushing bone, Acrocanthosaurus had smaller, more finely serrated teeth similar to Allosaurus. Acro probably used them primarily to cut and slice animals with numerous bites rather than crush them in one giant death blow. However it dispatched its prey, it was certainly successful in its environment. The most complete Acrocanthosaurus was found in Oklahoma and nicknamed “Fran.” This fossil now resides at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh, North Carolina. A beautiful cast skeleton prowls the rotunda of the museum, showing Acrocanthosaurus tracking a large sauropod while several pterosaurs circle above the display. It’s a really terrific exhibit. Casts of Acrocanthosaurus can also be found at the Museum of the Red River in Idabel, Oklahoma, and the Houston Museum of Natural Science in Houston, Texas. While only four or five separate Acro fossils have been discovered, it is clear that this dinosaur had a wide range throughout North America. Remains have been found from Texas to Wyoming, and numerous large theropod tracks have been dated to the time period of Acrocanthosaurus and are likely to have been made by this animal. The most famous of these can be found at Dinosaur Valley State Park in Glen Rose, Texas. If you want to read more about this lesser–known large carnivorous dinosaur, I strongly recommend a new book (2016) by the great paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter called Acrocanthosaurus Inside and Out.

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Which two of these statements are true of IPv6 address representation? (Choose two.) A. There are four types of IPv6 addresses: unicast, multicast, anycast, and broadcast. B. A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses of any type. C. Every IPv6 interface contains at least one loopback address. D. The first 64 bits represent the dynamically created interface ID. E. Leading zeros in an IPv6 16 bit hexadecimal field are mandatory.

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Hay Dairies goat milk is fresh, pure and highly nutritious. It is absolutely natural and contains no additives. It is an ideal alternative to human milk and can be used for cooking. Goat milk is suitable for people with lactose intolerance and those who are allergic to cow milk. Numerous scientific studies show goat milk to be beneficial for health of people of all ages. Goat milk is known to be more easily digestible compared to cow milk. Its fat globules are smaller than cow milk and lacks a protein agglutinin. Goat milk contains a broad range of minerals and vitamins as well as the nutrients found in most milk. The fatty acids in goat milk are much more digestible than in cow milk. Alpha-s-1 casein, a protein that is a major allergen in cow milk is about 90% lower in goat milk. Reaction to cow milk protein is the most common allergy in childhood and infants allergic to cow milk are at risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and eczema. Milk is undisputedly the best source of natural calcium. Research shows that calcium supplementation (pills, fortified substitutes like soy, rice, almond) increases greatly the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes because only fraction of calcium from the supplements is absorbed into bones while the rest tends to be deposited in the blood vessels making them rigid and prone to damage. A bottle of 200ml goat milk provides approximately 260mg of natural calcium and is easier to absorb as compered to supplements. Studies have shown that goat milk can provide additional benefits because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Inflammation appears to be a culprit of most modern diseases including cardiovascular and cancer, thus goat milk is a great addition to the contemporary diet with its anti-inflammatory properties. Goat milk oligosaccharides are not only useful in managing inflammatory bowel disease, but appear to heal intestinal mucosa. Goat milk can have cardio-protective effects and prevent buildup of fatty deposits in arteries, while it helps to maintain immune homeostasis in immunocompromised people, for example elderly. Goat milk tends to have a better buffering ability and is good for treating stomach ulcers. Fresh goat milk is wholesome and is consumed by people of all ages. It has a number of advantages over cow milk and definitely offers a great alternate choice for consumers in Singapore. What Others Say Take a look at the testimonials below, indicating how some of our customers have benefited from drinking Hay Dairies Goat Milk: Eight years ago, my 4 year old (then) son was diagnosed with cow’s milk allergy. Prior to this, he suffered from frequent bronchitis bordering on... My family and I have been customers of Hay Dairies for almost 10 years. We got to know about Hay Dairies when it was recommended by one of the gra... My second son, Soong Jack Khai, has benefitted greatly from consuming goat milk. He started drinking the milk after being diagnosed as an asthmatic... If you will like to share how you have benefited from consuming Hay Dairies Goat Milk, do send us an email firstname.lastname@example.org We value your feedback and it is important to us. Please fill in the form below to give us your thoughts on our products and services. Farm Operating Hours: 9:00am to 4:00pm (Mon, Wed to Sun) Farm is closed on every Tuesday. Office Operating Hours: 9:00am to 4:00pm (Mon, Wed to Fri) Office is closed on every Tues, Sat and Sun. View Full Operating Hours

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Easing Peripheral Artery Disease Pain, One Step at a Time To relieve PAD discomfort, walking is key. A patient and her doctor explain the benefits of routine physical activity and other good habits. Jenny Nothaft doesn’t take a single step for granted. A simple act for most, walking was once extremely painful for the 76-year-old, but it ultimately proved to be the best medicine. The reason? Nothaft has peripheral artery disease (PAD), which occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries and prevents blood from getting to the muscle and tissue. She’s also a poster child for nonoperative PAD treatment, says Michigan Medicine vascular surgeon Jonathan Eliason, M.D. That’s because a strong commitment to lifestyle changes, including walking, is key for helping PAD patients improve their health, according to Eliason. The fact that Nothaft quit smoking years ago is also an important part of her journey — one that she’s happy to share with other PAD patients. Adopting healthful habits is hard work, she admits, “but with perseverance, you can do it.” Signs and risks of peripheral artery disease Nearly 12 million people in the United States have PAD. This plaque buildup can occur in arteries throughout the body, although it is most commonly found in the legs. PAD is typically associated with calf pain that occurs with activity and subsides when the activity ends. Other symptoms include numbness or loss of sensation in the affected limb, sores that heal slowly or not at all, and foot pain at rest. Although it isn’t life-threatening, PAD can impact quality of life. It can also be a warning sign of a more serious condition such as coronary artery disease (affecting the heart) or cerebrovascular disease, which can cause stroke. PAD is diagnosed with a noninvasive ankle-brachial pressure index, a test that measures the difference between the systolic blood pressure in the arms and ankles. Ways to improve PAD symptoms Eating a healthy diet and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol are lifestyle changes that can improve PAD symptoms, along with regular exercise (particularly walking) and smoking cessation. People with PAD often don’t get enough blood flowing to their leg muscles, resulting in leg pain during exercise. But increasing the amount of walking can train the muscles to work with less oxygen, essentially functioning better with reduced blood flow. “This is why the government now reimburses for supervised exercise therapy for symptomatic PAD,” Eliason says. Smoking plays a significant role in PAD initiation and progression because it causes dysfunction of the lining of the arteries as well as chronic inflammation that can lead to plaque formation, Eliason says. “This raises an individual’s risk for PAD, along with other conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol,” he notes. Taking steps toward better health Nothaft began experiencing PAD-related pain in her legs nearly 15 years ago, but she tried not to let it deter her from her daily walks. Eventually, however, she found herself experiencing more and more pain while walking for even brief periods of time, putting a damper on her exercise routine. At the recommendation of Eliason, Nothaft recently took up walking again, increasing her distance and the time she spent on the treadmill. Quitting smoking 25 years ago was also important in Nothaft’s recovery efforts. Her secret? “I told myself I could have a cigarette in a year, then after that year, I put off having a cigarette for another year.” After a few years, Nothaft says she knew she had kicked the habit for good. As she discovered, lifestyle changes — including “walking through the pain” — relieved her PAD symptoms and greatly improved her quality of life. “I increased my walking from one hour to two hours a day, and the pain has subsided, without medication,” Nothaft says, noting that she prefers using a treadmill and that her husband helps keep her accountable. Nothaft is monitored annually with a clinic visit, a symptom questionnaire and ankle-brachial pressure measurements. Her advice to others seeking to get more active: “You just have to keep doing it, even if you have to stop to stretch or rest for a while. “The walking has really helped me to maintain a regular lifestyle.”

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Americans Really Do Eat Everything On Their Plates: And if you look around, that may imply a few things about the obesity epidemic. ++ More French Americans Needed. -Many Americans have been schooled by their parents, in the spirit of (circa-1917) puritanism in part, that Waste is Sinful. While the Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism has its place, certain consequences of it can mean Big Fat Americans. In a new study by Cornell’s Food and Brand Lab, directed by Brian Wansink, It turns out that the French use internal cues like the feeling of fullness to decide when to stop eating. And less visual cues about what’s in front of them will apply. -But wait! -Who won World War II; us or the French? —That’s right. Those skinny French were too malnourished to surrender fast enough; they simply passed out in the middle of not defending their country! So you can at-least try take the study results with a grain of sel, mes amis. But obesity may really be down to something cultural; that started back during food-regulations from the shortages here in World War I. Because that’s at-least the most recent data-point in the lineage of “The Clean Plate Club” under Herbert Hoover. If you look around, it’s not just the Chicagoans from the study, but Wansink’s team did find that, Americans will “clean” their plates, and eat until there’s nothing left, nearly-regardless of portion-size. Photo Credit: “Fisheye Analogue” by Dennis Van Oevelen, dennisvanoevelen.be • Source: Cornell • via: ScienceDaily • More Coverage: Cornell F&B-Mindless Eating (with other examples of visual eating cues) • Source Study: Obesity-Internal and External Cues of Meal Cessation: The French Paradox Redux?

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The vegan movement is no longer a fringe lifestyle choice, but a popular alternative for people who care about animals and the future of our planet. Over 500,000 people took part in Veganuary 2021, up 100,000 from the previous year. And an estimated 78 million people worldwide now identify as vegan. People typically focus on the dietary aspects of veganism, since it is the area of our lives where going vegan might cause the most obvious changes or effects on our everyday. But veganism goes way beyond simply avoiding meat and dairy. Animal products are found in a wide range of everyday items, including our clothing, shoes, accessories, and beauty products. Even for those of us who don’t intend to move to a fully vegan diet, being aware of the ethical issues associated with animal products being used for beauty and fashion items is vital. If we want to reduce our impact on the planet and its inhabitants, vegan beauty and fashion offers an interesting and impactful alternative to conventional options. In this article, we’ll look at the various ways animals and other creatures are impacted by the fashion and beauty industry. We’ll discuss the ins and outs of using animal products (knowingly or otherwise) and examine the different labelling schemes and alternatives available. What is vegan fashion and beauty? Just as vegans avoid eating anything that is derived from animals, most vegans also choose fashion and beauty products that don’t include any animal materials or byproducts. For clothing and accessories, that means avoiding leather, fur, wool, and silk, as well as embellishments or accessories made from feathers, bone, and horn. For beauty products, things can start to get more complicated. Animal-derived ingredients are often less obviously labelled, so you need to know a bit about common examples in order to successfully avoid them. Some ingredients used in beauty and personal care items that come from animals include: - Products made by bees, such as honey, beeswax, propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly - Lanolin from sheep’s wool - Carmine, which is a red dye made from beetles - Shellac, a substance secreted by insects - Keratin, which is made from horns, feathers, and hooves - Collagen, usually made from skin, cartilage, and sinew - Elastin, which comes from connective tissues - Milk products - Guanine from fish scales - Glucosamine, derived from shellfish - Tallow, otherwise known as animal fat - Gelatine, which comes from boiled bones and hooves - Retinoids, a form of retinol (vitamin A) made from animal products. Carotenoid is a vegan alternative made from carrots Veganism differs from vegetarianism in cutting out all animal products, rather than just meat and fish. So, for a vegetarian, honey, milk, and wool are usually acceptable. For a vegan, these items will normally be off limits as they are derived or otherwise taken from another living being. Some vegans will make an exception for recycled or vintage materials, as we’ll discuss later. Why choose vegan beauty and fashion products? For many of those who are committed to a vegan lifestyle, any exploitation of animals is unacceptable. According to the Veganuary campaign, 37% of those who take part do so because they are concerned about animal welfare. Intensive animal agriculture has been linked to several inhumane practices, including overcrowding, overuse of antibiotics, and mutilations such as tail docking or beak trimming. Many vegans avoid animal products because they want these cruel practices to stop. Some say that any human exploitation of animals should end, including high-welfare farming. They believe it is immoral to use other living beings in this way. For others, it is concern for the environment that drives them to choose vegan products. It is well known that farming animals is an incredibly resource-intensive process. It requires a great deal of water and energy compared to plant-based crops and related agricultural practices. Cattle in particular are linked with methane production, which is a greenhouse gas. And keeping farmed animals fed of course, requires a lot of land, linking the practice with deforestation and the associated loss of biodiversity this inevitably leads to. And, of course, you don’t have to be fully vegan to want to avoid the unnecessary use of animal products. You may find it ethically acceptable to eat some meat or dairy, but decide to boycott animal products in your fashion, beauty, and personal care items. Ultimately, the choice is a highly individual one and there as with all things, there is a scale of better actions that we can all look to work into our lives in a way that works with our specific situations and circumstances. Issues with fabrics made from animals When it comes to animal-derived textiles, the production process can add to the environmental and animal welfare issues. Most leather comes from cattle, although some more exotic creatures, like crocodiles, snakes, and alligators, are also used for luxury items with the material sometimes marketed as ‘leather’. As well as being linked with beef production, which is a resource-intense and environmentally damaging industry, turning animal hides into wearable items is far from environmentally friendly. Tanning leather, for example, is a highly toxic process that is damaging to both the environment and the health of the workers involved. The process produces noxious gases and chemicals, including the carcinogenic chromium (IV), which can cause liver and kidney damage. When not properly managed, the damaging chemicals produced by the leather industry often run into local waterways, where they can pollute drinking water and cause significant harm to aquatic life. Alternatives: Alternatives to conventional leather such as vegan leather are an obvious first choice if you’re looking to steer clear of animal-derived materials. It is important to note here however, that vegan leather is usually made from polyurethane or PVC which can have its own set of issues that may need to be weighed up when deciding on the best option for your requirements. Both of these vegan leather options are typically derived from petrochemicals, although plant-based versions are emerging. As with other plastics, these options come with their own set of environmental issues, such as microplastic pollution. Having said that, some designers now use leather made from other materials, including cork, pineapples, mushrooms, corn, and apples, all of which are a clear signal that the path to better leather alternatives is becoming more well trodden by the day. Silk is made by silkworms. Due to this, most vegans will avoid it since it is an animal product. Not only that, but conventionally produced silk requires the silkworm larvae to be boiled alive in their cocoons, which whilst not a commonly advertised manufacturing process, certainly gives pause for thought once you start to do the research. There are alternatives to conventional silk, such as peace silk or wild silk, where the larvae are allowed to hatch into moths before the silk is harvested. Although some people will find these alternatives a more acceptable option, even peace silk comes with its own set of environmental issues. A lot of energy is typically needed to keep the correct temperature and humidity levels for the silkworm larvae to thrive, and as you might expect, the process also demands a lot of water. Alternatives: You need to be a bit careful when it comes to vegan silk. Some manufacturers will call silk that allows the moths to hatch before harvesting ‘vegan’, even though this is still an animal product. Other fabrics that are often substituted for silk include viscose/rayon, modal, and Tencel (a brand name for lyocell). Again, these fabrics aren’t without environmental impact, especially viscose/rayon, which is actually manufactured using some highly damaging chemicals. Tencel does eliminate many of these problems and is fast becoming a fabric of choice for environmentally minded fashion brands. Many people avoid fur, even those who don’t otherwise mind using animal products. High profile campaigns by animal rights groups have done a good job in highlighting the often cruel and inhumane conditions that many animals in fur farms endure. Fur typically comes from animals such as mink and fox, which aren’t eaten. So, unlike leather or wool, which at least come from animals that are also used for food, fur production wastes much of the animal in pursuit of a single resource. Fur farming was banned in the UK in 2000 and is illegal in several other countries too. However, a ban on farming animals for fur doesn’t equal a ban on fur itself, and it is still sold in many countries. Even when fur is taken from roadkill, or wild animals, the treatment process typically uses damaging chemicals such as chromium and formaldehyde, which are toxic to both humans and the environment. Alternatives: Faux fur is widely used as an alternative to conventional animal fur, and many fashion brands have made the decision to avoid real fur altogether. However, faux fur is often made from polyester, a synthetic fabric derived from petrochemicals, which have their own environmental impact. More environmentally friendly options are beginning to appear, including bio-based furs like KOBA, which is produced by faux fur manufacturers, ECOPEL. While most people can understand why vegans want to avoid silk, leather, or fur, wool can seem more of a grey area. Unlike other animal-derived textiles, wool is taken from sheep while they are still alive. Indeed, most breeds of sheep now need to be sheared in the summer, or they will simply overheat. Of course, many vegans believe that we shouldn’t farm animals for food or materials at all. So, they would avoid wool because of its association with sheep farming and the fact that we are ultimately taking something which would not be considered ours to take. While sheep farming may be less environmentally damaging than raising cattle, it is still resource intensive. Sheep also produce methane, contributing to global warming and, as with other intensive livestock farming, land may be cleared to create grazing pastures, linking wool production to deforestation, monoculture practices, and a loss of biodiversity. Alternatives: Acrylic and polyester are common alternatives to wool for knitted clothing, however these are synthetic fibres and are usually derived from petrochemicals. Fortunately, there are other options available too, including Tencel, bamboo, linen, and cotton. While some vegans would never countenance wearing parts of an animal, others may consider second-hand clothing that uses animal-derived textiles such as leather, silk, fur, or wool as an ethical option. Arguably, once these items are already in circulation, it is better to carry on using them in support of increased circularity in the system, rather than sending them to landfill. As well as purchasing second-hand or vintage items, some vegans are similarly happy to wear clothing made from recycled wool, leather, and silk. Everyone has their own approach to the ethics of using animals when it comes to fashion and clothing. For some, second-hand or recycled options are a reasonable compromise. Others will prefer to avoid these textiles altogether, either because they don’t like the idea of wearing an item made from animals, or because they don’t want to imply support for fashion that uses these materials in the first place. What is the difference between vegan and cruelty-free? Most people would agree that our beauty products shouldn’t come at the cost of animal suffering. Campaigners worldwide have brought attention to the once common practice of testing skincare, personal care products, and makeup on animals before releasing them onto the market. In the UK and the EU, cosmetics that are tested on animals have been banned since 2013. And other countries have followed suit, including New Zealand and, more recently, Australia. Unfortunately, the same is not yet true in the USA. Although plans to make it illegal to sell cosmetics that are tested on animals began in 2015, they’ve not yet made it into law. In some countries, such as China, animal testing is still required by law. There’s some hope that this may start to change, but it means that brands who market cruelty-free products in other countries carry out animal testing so they can sell to the rapidly growing Chinese market. In countries where animal testing is still legal but is not required by law, labelling schemes are used to indicate those brands and products that are ‘cruelty free’. This means that none of the ingredients have been tested on animals. The labelling schemes are overseen by independent third-party companies, including PETA, Leaping Bunny, COSMOS, or NaTrue. However, being cruelty-free doesn’t mean that a beauty product is vegan and it is entirely possible for some of the ingredients still to be derived from animals. And the reverse is also true. Vegan products are not necessarily cruelty-free – they just don’t contain animal products. Fortunately, there are labelling schemes that can tell us if a product is both cruelty-free and vegan. PETA, for example, offer an enhanced version of their Beauty without Bunnies label that indicate an item is free from animal products as well as not tested on animals. In the UK, the Vegan Society’s Vegan trademark is used on beauty products that are vegan and contain no ingredients that have been tested on animals on behalf of the manufacturer. Of course, this does leave some leeway for suppliers to test ingredients before they are sold on to the actual manufacturer. But with the additional protection of EU and UK law, shoppers can choose products labelled with the Vegan trademark in some certainty that they won’t have been tested on animals. When it comes to fashion, there is less of a difference in cruelty-free and vegan items since clothing is unlikely to be tested on animals anyway. You’ll sometimes see items labelled cruelty-free when they are free from animal products. The limitations of vegan fashion and beauty Choosing vegan items can go some way to limiting the impact of your fashion and beauty items on animals and the planet. But they don’t tell the whole story. As we saw when we looked at alternatives to animal-derived textiles, vegan doesn’t always automatically mean environmentally friendly. Other fabrics can have a significant impact on the environment too – synthetic textiles are often made from plastics or use harmful chemicals in their production. Natural plant-based fabrics like cotton are water-hungry and can be associated with high levels of pesticide use. In our beauty products, even vegan ingredients can devastate the environment. Palm oil, for example, is vegan but is also linked with massive levels of deforestation. Parabens and phthalates often found in cosmetics, skincare and haircare products are also vegan but are derived from petrochemicals and can impact human health. It also depends on how plant-based ingredients are grown. Conventionally farmed plants are often sprayed with chemicals, including pesticides and insecticides to minimise damage (and losses) and maximise productivity (and profit). These can, and often do, affect beneficial insects, such as bees, whose role as pollinators makes them integral to our ecosystems, our food chains, and ultimately are survival as a species. If your main concern is avoiding animal products, then vegan clothing, shoes, and beauty items are a good option if you’re looking to do better. But if you are thinking of the wider environmental impacts of your consumption habits, then you might want to choose products that are also certified organic as well as meeting vegan criteria. Opting for organic beauty ingredients and textiles means choosing those materials and ingredients grown with minimal use of damaging synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilisers. They are also free from potentially harmful chemicals such parabens. Beyond this, organic beauty products are also cruelty-free which again, goes a long way to ensuring adherence to a ‘minimal harm’ approach in your buying decisions. There is rarely a one-size fits all option when it comes to sustainable fashion and beauty items. But for those of us who want to limit our impact on other living creatures, choosing vegan textiles, cosmetics, and skincare is absolutely a positive step to take. Where possible, we can also look out for items that are certified organic and cruelty-free to ensure they are as environmentally friendly as they can be. And you don’t need to adopt a vegan diet to want to choose vegan beauty and fashion. Anyone can look out for these options and begin to work elements of the ethos into their everyday as part of a more environmentally conscious lifestyle that feels better and does better.

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Safety should be the primary goal of workers in a construction site. Not only will safety improve productivity for your site, it will also decrease the chances of injuries and accidents that your company would be held responsible for. One of the most dangerous pieces of equipment in a construction area is earth moving equipment. It takes a skilled operator to manipulate the equipment and safely move the load from one area to another. With that being said, it is important to always be cautious and safe around these kinds of equipment. Take action before it’s too late. Here are a few safety tips for you and your workmen when around earth moving equipment. Always hire a skilled and knowledgeable operator. An operator is someone tasked to drive or operate the earthmoving equipment. Since earthmoving equipment is not like other vehicles or machinery, earthmoving operators must be highly trained in their job. Do check the background of your earthmoving equipment operator to make sure he knows what he will be doing. Having a skilled worker will help you prevent mistakes caused by human error. Know your equipment. Another important factor in maintaining safety around earthmoving equipment is knowing the equipment itself. Check if the equipment needs some repairs or if there are any faulty parts. You also need to know the limits of equipment operation like the load it can handle or how long it can be used. This can prevent malfunctions or overloading, which can harm not only your workers but also the operator. Inspect the area. Inspecting the area before operating an earthmoving equipment helps immensely in maintaining safety. Check the ground where the equipment will be, and if it is stable. You can also check the site for possible trees or buildings that may fall or be affected when your earthmoving equipment removes rubble or soil. You may also see weather reports to see if the earth you will be moving won’t be too muddy or soft. Do wear safety equipment in the construction site. Aside from wearing helmets and safety shoes, you may also advise your workers to wear masks particularly when moving dusty material. This can prevent suffocation and other respiratory-related illnesses that may affect your workers. Aside from that, the equipment operator also needs to wear appropriate clothing and seat belts. Keep the lines of communication open. Possibly the most important thing to remember when keeping everyone safe around earthmoving equipment is communication among members of your team – construction manager, operator, and other workers. You may use two way radios to alert your team to move out of the way, or stop and go to an indicated safe place when you decide to operate the equipment. You should also communicate with the operator to indicate when to turn on or off the equipment. You cannot truly predict when an accident would happen in your site. However, all of these could be avoided if you follow the appropriate and suggested safety procedures when operating earthmoving equipment. If you have more questions on earthmoving equipment and how to keep yourself and everyone in your work site safe, contact a trusted equipment rental company today. Written by Lindsey Rentals. Lindsey Rentals offers the best equipment rentals in Columbia, MO.

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March 24, 2020— A report released today in honor of the 50th Anniversary of the White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health presents an ambitious, but needed package of 60 policy recommendations for combating diet-related disease, reducing disparities, and creating a more sustainable food system. At a time when the nation’s attention is rightly focused on combating the coronavirus, work must continue to strengthen our nutrition programs, lessen the food system’s impact on the planet, and reduce the epidemic of diet-related disease that is weakening our nation’s resilience. The report was authored by a 16-member report workgroup, co-chaired by Dr. Walter Willett, Professor of Epidemiology and Nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Jerold Mande, Professor of the Practice at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. This important anniversary offered an opportunity to reflect on how far our country has come in reducing severe nutrient deficiencies and extreme hunger, largely through federal bipartisan leadership. The report is the culmination of a series of events honoring the 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health. The 1969 White House Conference was a seminal event in food and nutrition policy that led to marked improvements in hunger and malnutrition through federal action. The anniversary report authors recognize that 50 years later the US faces a new nutrition crisis, one marked by increases in diet-related disease, widened disparities in accessibility and affordability of healthy foods, and added challenges of climate change and sustainability. “This important anniversary offered an opportunity to reflect on how far our country has come in reducing severe nutrient deficiencies and extreme hunger, largely through federal bipartisan leadership.” said Dr. Willett. “But it was also a reminder that we still face enormous diet-related health and sustainability challenges and that progress is not possible without comprehensive, multi-sectoral action.” The report’s recommendations span eleven broad categories, including federal nutrition programs, the food environment, healthcare, worksites, agriculture, government coordination, business, and research. Among the 60 recommendations, the authors highlight five key areas with the potential to deliver population-scale benefits: 1) leveraging the power of U.S. Department of Agriculture programs, 2) utilizing economic incentives, 3) protecting children from harmful advertising and marketing, 4) equipping health professionals with effective nutrition interventions and better nutrition knowledge, and 5) better aligning agriculture with health and sustainability goals. We hope that this document can serve as a unifying agenda, spark a broader dialogue on these issues, and inspire policy action on food systems and health, access and equity, and sustainability in 2020 and beyond. “Our goal with this report was to reflect the diverse priorities of our Conference partners,” said Mande. “We hope that this document can serve as a unifying agenda, spark a broader dialogue on these issues, and inspire policy action on food systems and health, access and equity, and sustainability in 2020 and beyond.” At the time of its release, twenty-nine organizations have already signed-on in support of the report and its recommendations (see below). Any organizations interested in joining as signatories should reach out to Jerold.Mande@tufts.edu. Organizations Signed-On in Support Endorsement of this report does not imply that signatories have taken a position on every priority referenced. - Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network - American Public Health Association - Center for Science in the Public Interest - Climate Reality - Coalition for Healthy School Food - Columbia University, Teachers College, Program in Nutrition, Laurie M. Tisch Center for Food, Education & Policy - Community Servings - Duke University World Food Policy Center - Food Tank - Foodicine Health - Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Division of Agriculture, Food and Environment - Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Division of Nutrition Interventions, Communication, and Behavior Change - Harvard Law School, Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation - Harvard Law School, Food Law and Policy Clinic - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition - Hunger Free America - Mission: Readiness - National WIC Association - Partnership for a Healthier America - Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior - Supporters of Agricultural Research - The Harkin Institute for Public Policy & Citizen Engagement - Trust for America’s Health - UCLA School of Law, Resnick Center for Food Law and Policy - UCONN Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity - Union of Concerned Scientists - Yale School of Public Health, Office of Public Health Practice

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A lot have been said in the internet about the 6502 at 1MHz being roughly equivalent in performance to the Z80 at 4 MHz. Is said that the Z80 have a typical 4 clock ticks per instruction while the 6502 have typical 1 clock ticks per instruction and a rudimentary pipeline. Is said that the Z80 ALU internaly is 4 bits when the 6502 ALU is 8 bits. It is said that the z80 access memory every 4 clock ticks while the 6502 access memory every 2 clock ticks. My question: Is that true that the 6502 at 1 MHz is equivalent in performance to the Z80 at4 MHz? Is there any pratical evidence of this claim? Please consider only the Microprocessor performance, not the system build around it. Both processors are cacheless. So the process is fetch instruction, decode instruction, execute instruction, forget what you saw. That provides a first line of comparison. The Z80's fastest memory fetch — the first half of an operation fetch — takes two cycles. That's always paired with another two cycles for refresh though, so the shortest instructions are four cycles long. Reads and writes that occur because the opcode tells them to generally take three cycles, though they're not always issued instantaneously. POP: the former writes two bytes to the stack, the latter reads two bytes from the stack. But because the Z80 stack predecrements, PUSH takes 11 cycles (two to read the instruction, two for refresh, one further because it hasn't yet worked out what the new stack pointer should be, then three to write the first byte and produce the next stack pointer, and three to write the second) whereas POP takes only 10 (four to get to the action, then three to read from the already known stack pointer and calculate the next followed by three to read from the next and calculate the final). The 6502's memory cycles always last half a cycle. It does only one per cycle, leaving the bus unattended for the other half. But it always fetches at least two bytes per operation: it reads an operand regardless of whether the instruction needs one. If the instruction didn't need one, that read was wasted — it doesn't repurpose the operand it didn't need as the next operation and somehow save an access cycle. Therefore the shortest instruction is two cycles long. Exactly half the shortest instruction of a Z80. The 6502 also isn't always actually ready for the next memory access cycle after receiving the prior. In that case it'll do a read or write that it believes to be redundant. So it has less granularity in buying itself pauses in bus access. An example is anything read-modify-write. The 6502 will read, then perform a redundant read or write cycle of the original value while calculating what the result should be, then write. Which ends up being 'faster' then depends on the specifics of the instruction stream but if they were fetching the same number of follow-up bytes then you'd expect the Z80 to be worse than twice as slow because its follow up accesses take three times as long as the 6502's. In practice skilled Z80 programmers expend a lot of effort trying avoiding memory accesses by using its much deeper register set; the 6502 almost practically has a three-or-more cycle minimum because a lot of the time is spent shuffling things back and forth between the zero page. So the 6502 tends to end up being a bit less efficient than a Z80 that is clocked twice as fast. Generally speaking, Z80 is two to three times slower than 6502 since its fastest instruction is 4 cycles and 6502's is just 2. Then, if you take into account additional instruction bytes and memory addressing, Z80 looks like it's completely behind. But things in real life differs a bit. Z80 has more registers (7 primary, 7 secondary and 4 additional that are accessible via IX and IY halves) and a rather fast stack operations. Writing a complicated software like an operating system is much simplier on Z80 since you may use all registers anytime. And you need to share the zero page among all pieces of code on 6502. This reduces 6502's final performance. The fastest data copying is 10.5 cycles per byte on Z80 with no address limits using the stack pointer: ld HL, 16-bit-dataN push HL ld HL, 16-bit-dataN-1 push HL ... It's rather inconvenient since the source data is interleaved with the 0x21 (ld HL) opcode but it was used in many ZX-Spectrum demos where the maximum performance was needed. On the other hand if you need a lot of inderect memory access within the relatively straightforward code (like software wave synthesizer), 6502 probably would be up to three times faster. So, finally, I'd say Z80 is about two times slower than 6502 if they are running on the same frequency. Or 4 MHz Z80 has about the same speed as 2 MHz 6502. But Z80 has other important advantages over 6502: - Built-in 7-bit DRAM regeneration. This allows using the standard CMOS DRAM like 4164 (up to 64 KBytes in total) with no additional regeneration circuitry and thus you won't have any additional delays needed for it in 6502. - Any physical memory (or I/O port) access in Z80 lasts two clock cycles. This means that the RAM speed may be twice lower than the CPU speed with no additional delays. - Z80 accesses the bus only when it needs to. So there are cycles when the CPU does not accesses the bus at all and they can be used for other hardware without any additional performance penalty. UPD. Thanks to @Raffzahn I checked 6502 bus cycles more precisely and found out that if it runs at 2 MHz it leaves 290 ns only for the memory to be read. I.e. it requires a 3.45 MHz memory. And it leaves only a half of the cycle (i.e. 250 ns) for the memory to be written to. This means that it really requires two times faster memory than its own clock. Z80 on the other hand waits 1.5 clocks when it reads instruction and 2 clocks when it reads or writes data. This allows 4 MHz Z80 to use 2.67 MHz memory for instruction fetching and 2 MHz memory for other operations. Since most memories perform write operation slowly than the read one, we can say that if we have a specific RAM we can use it with Z80 that runs four times faster than 6502. And since it was the RAM speed that was the bottleneck of computer building at times of Z80 and 6502, a computer with Z80 was faster. Also Z80 system benefited from hardware and software simplicity. These UCSD Pascal benchmarks of an Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program show that the 6502 is roughly 2x as efficient per clock cycle as the Z-80, 8086, and 8088. For posterity, here's a partial list of the results: System Time (sec) MCycles Notes ------ ---------- ------- ----- Sage II 57 456 (68000 at 8 MHz) NEC APC 144 705.6 8086 at 4.9 Mhz extended memory JONOS 162 648 (pretty good for a 4 MHz Z-80A) NorthStar 183 732 (Z-80 at 4 MHz) OSI C8P-DF 197 394 (6502 at 2 MHz) H-89 200 800 (4 MHz Z-80A) IBM PC 203 938.31 (4.77 MHz 8088) Apple ][ 390 390 (1 MHz 6502) H-89 455 910 (2 MHz Z-80) Many operations on the 6502 take fewer cycles than corresponding operations on the Z80; the ratio tends to be somewhere between 2:1 and 4:1. The 6502 particularly excels at accessing data structures which 256 bytes or less; operations which cross page boundaries will often be slightly less efficient than those which don't, but code which will work across page boundaries will generally only incur a penalty if operations actually span page boundaries, while Z80 code that works across page boundaries will incur a major penalty in all cases. Given a byte "index" stored at an arbitrary memory address, if one wants to access the index'th byte of "table", the 6502 code would be: ldx index lda table,x Nine bytes if the indexing operation crosses a page boundary; eight if it doesn't. Subtract 1 if "index" is stored in the first 256 bytes of RAM. On the Z80, if the table is page-aligned, and if the address of "index" happens to be in HL--rather favorable assumptions--one may be able to get by with something like: ld d,tableH ld e,(HL) ld a,(DE) in 21 cycles. If neither condition applies, but there's no need to keep the value in A and the table is guaranteed not to cross a page boundary, code would be something like: ld a,(index) add a,tableL mov e,a ld d,tableH ld a,(DE) the total would be 41 cycles. If the Z80 code had to accommodate page crossings, it may as well use a 16-bit index, and then the code would be: ld hl,(index) -- Use a 16-bit index ld de,table add hl,de ld a,(hl) which would be 16+10+11+7=44 cycles. The 6502 is not terribly efficient at working with objects larger than 256 bytes, but many applications use primarily smaller objects.

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We all know that applying sunscreen to our skin will protect us from the sun’s harmful rays but did you know that your choice of sunscreen may actually help the planet? Scientists now recognize that certain chemicals found in popular sunscreens are causing damage to one of the most remarkable natural environments on earth, the coral reef. Corals are tiny invertebrate animals (animals that have no backbone) that live in colonies under the ocean. They take calcium from the ocean and use it to build a hard structure that protects it and helps it grow. Over hundreds of years these structures have formed coral reefs all over the world’s oceans, with the biggest being found in the clear, shallow waters of the tropics. The largest, of these, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is more than 2,400 kilometres long! While coral reefs appear as solid immovable structures they are actually teeming with life. It is thought that around one quarter of all ocean species depend upon reefs for their food and shelter. This dependence is even more remarkable when you consider that only two per cent of the ocean floor is covered by these marine ecosystems. These reefs also directly benefit humans, protecting shorelines, and providing, food, medicines, and even tourism jobs. Unfortunately like any natural environment the coral reef is a fragile ecosystem. Since 2015 one fifth of the world’s coral reefs have died off and while increased ocean temperatures due to global warming is considered the biggest threat to them there is growing evidence that chemicals in some sunscreens may also be contributing to the damage. Researchers have found that the chemicals oxybenzone and oxtinoxate can kill developing coral, damage its DNA and increase bleaching, a stress reaction where the coral turns white in response to changes in the environment. Bleaching is particularly harmful as coral rejects the algae that lives within it and is crucial to its health. While the reef continues to live it will starve after bleaching. Each year about 14,000 tons of sunscreen end up in our oceans. Luckily lawmakers around the world have recognized the dangers these chemicals can pose and are making changes. Hawaii recently became the first state in the United States of America to ban selling or using sunscreens that contain the harmful chemicals. Researchers are quick to point out that they are not recommending that swimmers stop wearing sunscreen but rather that they are careful to buy those that are not harmful to the ocean. Swimmers and sunbathers can also cover up with long sleeve shirts and hats to reduce exposure to the sun. Your choice of sun protection could benefit both you and the world’s beautiful coral reefs. Article originally published in Brainspace Magazine Spring 2019

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The Slave Trade At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, delegates fiercely debated the issue of slavery. They ultimately agreed that the United States would potentially cease importation of slaves in 1808. An act of Congress passed in 1800 made it illegal for Americans to engage in the slave trade between nations, and gave U.S. authorities the right to seize slave ships which were caught transporting slaves and confiscate their cargo. Then the "Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves" took effect in 1808. However, a domestic or "coastwise" trade in slaves persisted between ports within the United States, as demonstrated by slave manifests and court records. Related Primary Sources A warrant was issued for the ship Charming Sally in 1803. It ordered the marshal and deputies of the Massachusetts district to arrest and take into custody the ship Charming Sally and her appurtenances (equipment and cargo). A libel had been filed by Isaac Sherman of Boston. A libel is an accusation brought against someone or something claiming property ought to be seized, in this case the ship and its cargo for "transportation of slaves contrary to law." Court documents include depositions from Lewis Ferris, a boatswain in charge of the equipment and crew on the Charming Sally; and Phineas Dean, who described mistreatment of the enslaved people on the ship, including kicking and shackling. Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution stated that Congress could not prohibit the "importation" of persons prior to 1808. Twenty years later, the Act "to prohibit the importation of slaves in any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States, from and after the first day of January [1808.]" was passed. The 1808 Act imposed heavy penalties on international traders, but did not end slavery itself nor the domestic sale of slaves. Not only did it drive trade underground, but ships caught illegally trading were often brought into the United States and its passengers sold into slavery. This case from 1825 tells the story of the illegal importation of slaves. A ship captain was convicted and the ship's cargo, including the enslaved people on board, was sold, with the proceeds of the sale turned over to the court. The account of the sale of "Fifteen African Slaves" sold on April 19, 1825 lists the enslaved people and their sale price. This manifest (a list of passengers or cargo aboard a ship) shows two enslaved women named Betsey and Harriet who were being transported aboard the ship Ohio from New Orleans to Philadelphia in 1821. It includes the sworn statement of the ship captain that he was not engaged in the transatlantic slave trade. Though the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves had been enacted in 1807, the interstate sale of slaves remained legal. In 1839, Portuguese slave hunters abducted a large group of Africans from Sierra Leone and shipped them to Havana, Cuba, a center for the slave trade. Two Spanish plantation owners purchased 53 Africans and put them aboard the Cuban schooner Amistad to ship them to a Caribbean plantation. The Africans aboard killed the captain and cook and took over the Amistad, sailing north. The U.S. brig Washington captured the Amistad off the coast of Long Island, NY. Murder charges against the Africans were dropped, but the commander of the Washington submitted a libel – an accusation claiming the Amistad and its cargo ought to be seized for violating the law forbidding the slave trade – in order to receive compensation or "salvage rights" for apprehending the ship. Abolitionists hired attorneys to serve as proctors for, or represent, the Africans. The case ultimately went to the Supreme Court in 1841, when former President John Quincy Adams defended the right of the accused Africans to fight to regain their freedom. The Court decided in favor of the Africans. Read more about The Amistad Case. After Congress prohibited the foreign importation of slaves into the United States in 1808, slaves were still sold and transported within the boundaries of the United States. In order to document the movement of this human cargo from port to port, and to verify that they hadn't been imported, the Customs Service created specific manifests. This is a list of 48 enslaved people who were transported to Mobile, Alabama, aboard the Brig Alo in 1844. The Schooner Patuxent left the port of New York for the coast of Africa. While off Cape Mount, she was seized by the U.S.S. Yorktown. The Yorktown was part of the "African Squadron" commissioned to help curtail the slave trade. The crew of the Patuxent was arrested for participating in the illegal slave trade. Captain Nathaniel T. Davis was ordered to appear in court in the case United States v. Nathaniel T. Davis. The Patuxent was found to be carrying supplies of rice and water large enough to feed approximately 250 slaves. The ship also contained a large quantity of pre-cut planking, which could possibly have been used to build a temporary slave deck. In the court case, the prosecution's other main piece of evidence was that Davis had taken on a short-term passenger named Captain Theodore Canot, who held a reputation as a slave trader. The defense attorney claimed that Davis's rice cargo was for trading up and down the African Coast and that the planking was to be delivered for a building project. Davis admitted to transporting Captain Canot, but many people testified that it was general knowledge Canot had given up the slave trade. The defense had several people testify on Davis's behalf as to the quality of his character and the legitimacy of his cargo. The jury returned a unanimous verdict of not guilty. Even though Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, slaves were still being bought and sold in the south. Multiple bills of sale for slaves in Georgia were recovered when the U.S. Navy intercepted the southern ship Mary during the Civil War and claimed both the ship and its contents as a prize. These receipts were confiscated from the Mary when it was captured. They belong to Captain George A. Johnson. One is in the amount of $4,300 for the purchase of an enslaved woman named Jane, aged 18 years old. The other is in the amount of $7,500 for the purchase of a woman named Susannah and two children. U.S. v. Amistad: A Case of Jurisdiction on DocsTeach asks students to analyze specified passages from the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Libellants of Schooner Amistad to explore the concept of jurisdiction and how a case travels through the Federal court system. Students will also interpret the Supreme Court's role in the judicial branch by connecting the document back to the United States Constitution, and ultimately decide if they agree with the Supreme Court's ruling in the case. Find other teaching activities related to slavery on DocsTeach.

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The silent horror film The Phantom of the Opera, starring Lon Chaney and directed by Rupert Julian, was released on this day in 1925. Chaney did more than merely play the titular Phantom, he designed the make-up and prosthetics that made him nearly unrecognizable. If it’s been a while, or if you never experienced the classic horror of The Phantom of the Opera, give the trailer and synopsis a spin below. In this silent horror classic, aspiring young opera singer Christine Daaé (Mary Philbin) discovers that she has a mysterious admirer intent on helping her become a lead performer. This enigmatic masked presence is Erik, also known as the Phantom (Lon Chaney), a horribly disfigured recluse who lives underneath the Paris Opera House. When the Phantom takes Christine prisoner and demands her devotion and affection, her suitor, Vicomte Raoul de Chagny (Norman Kerry), sets out to rescue her. Chaney used a color illustration of the novel by Andre Castaigne as his model for the phantom’s appearance. He raised the contours of his cheekbones by stuffing wadding inside his cheeks. He used a skullcap to raise his forehead height several inches and accentuate the bald dome of the Phantom’s skull. Pencil lines masked the join of the skullcap and exaggerated his brow lines. Chaney then glued his ears to his head and painted his eye sockets black, adding white highlights under his eyes for a skeletal effect. He created a skeletal smile by attaching prongs to a set of rotted false teeth and coating his lips with greasepaint. To transform his nose, Chaney applied putty to sharpen its angle and inserted two loops of wire into his nostrils. Guide-wires hidden under the putty pulled his nostrils upward. According to cinematographer CharlesVan Enger, Chaney suffered from his make-up, especially the wires, which sometimes made him “bleed like hell.” (Source) According to the film’s cameraman Charles Van Enger, one of Lon Chaney’s most trusted associates, Mary Philbin’s reaction to the unmasked Phantom was real–she had no idea what he would look like until that exact moment. (Source)

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Commonly known as heel spurs or bone spurs, plantar fasciitis is the most common source of major heel pain. Affecting over 2 million patients per year, plantar fasciitis is caused by inflammation of the plantar fascia: a strong tissue band that supports the arch of your foot. The condition earns its nickname from the locus of pain, which centers around the base of your heel where a “spur” would be found on a boot. What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis? The most common symptoms of plantar fasciitis include: - persistent pain in the bottom of the foot on or near the heel - recurring morning heel pain, often with the first steps out of bed - pain during exercise or prolonged physical activity What are bone spurs? Bone spurs are inward-curving growths of the calcaneus—or heel bone—which are prone to straining the plantar fascia. They are especially likely to irritate the plantar fascia when you walk long distances or exercise frequently. Over 1 in 10 people are born with bone spurs and only 1 in 20 develop plantar fasciitis, so they do not guarantee you will experience heel pain. However, there are a number of risk factors for plantar fasciitis that you should consider. Am I at risk for plantar fasciitis? There are a number of conditions that may put you at risk for developing plantar fasciitis, including: - high arches - predominant/tight calf muscles - frequent high impact activity (such as sports or running) - taking up a new physical activity or increasing its frequency How do I treat my heel pain? Plantar fasciitis is usually minimized by anti-inflammatory medications, ice packs, stretching exercises, orthotic devices, and physical therapy. In especially persistent cases, your podiatrist may recommend Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment, or ESWT. If you are experiencing the symptoms of plantar fasciitis, schedule an appointment with the Foot First Podiatry in New Albany, IN. Our highly qualified podiatrist Dr. Zahid Ladha, D.P.M. is dedicated to providing the best diagnostic care and medical treatment for you and your feet. Contact us at (812) 945-9221 and schedule an appointment today!

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The Electric Department maintains all electric servcie for the City of Gonzales and Harwood, which includes conductors, switches and transformers, and 57 miles of utility lines for the distribution of electricity. Electricity is purchased from L.C.R.A. with some local electric production from the City's hydro plant. Primary functions of the Electric Department are to run new electric service, change old lines and build new lines where needed. The departments duties also include installing and maintaining street lights, trimming trees around electrical lines, reading electric and water meters monthly, and preparing for any special events such as the "Come and Take It" celebration. The department helps all City departments in maintaining the lighting and electrical needs at all City facilities. Payments and arrangements for electric services should be made at City Hall, 820 St. Joseph Street. History of the Hydro-Electric Plant The Gonzales dam on the Guadalupe River is essential for flood control and water recreation. It also contains a functioning hydroelectric plant. The power house was built in 1925. The dam itself is older, dating back to the teens. The plant produces an average of 1.1 megawatts, which makes up about one sixth of Gonzales’ power supply. The rest is purchased from the LCRA (Lower Colorado River Authority). CP&L (Central Power and Light) owned the plant until 1965. The city of Gonzales obtained a license to operate it in 1980. Though the Gonzales hydroelectric plant doesn’t have a huge output, it is helpful. “It helps when we’re in load management, when there’s a lot of demand,” said Marek. “It just gives us a little extra we don’t have to buy from the LCRA.

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Leonardo Da Vinci is a world renowned painter and sculptor. He hailed from Italy and is popularly known for his painting, the Mona Lisa which has been put on display in some of the most prominent museums across the globe. Mostly described as the best painter ever in the world, a lot of his paintings were lost during the time of war and very few of his original works have been preserved. Born on 15th April in the year 1452 in Anchiano, Italy, Da Vinci had interest in mathematics, science and music. Da Vinci used to write with one hand and paint from the other, which makes him an absolute prodigy. The surprising fact is that co-incidentally he was named after Da Vinci who also happens to be a very famous painter. Some Leonardo Da Vinci artwork has been mentioned as follows: 1. Portrait of Ginevra de’ Benci (1474-1476) Image Credit: judaica-art This is the only painting by Leonardo in the United State by Leonardo Da Vinci. It is kept in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Unlike other paintings by him, the woman in this painting is disdainful, arrogant and haughty. Her eyes are drawn in such a way that she looks sullen and withdrawn. 2. The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (1510) Image Credit: pinimg This painting is now located in Paris, and is owned by the Musee Du Louvre. It is a very beautiful painting which measures 168X130 cm. It is oil on wood and has exquisite color scheme and the kind of detailing which only Da Vinci could do. 3. Lady with an Ermine (1489-1490) Image Credit: wallpaperawesome Cecilia Gallerina has been identified as the muse of this painting. This painting happens to be one of his most important paintings. This painting was probably made by Da Vinci when he was at the service of Duke of Milan, Lodoviko Sfrorza and Ceceilia Gallerina was the Duke’s mistress. 4. Virgin of the Rocks (1483-1486) Image Credit: paintingandframe There are two versions of this painting. One is in the national Gallery and the other one is in Louvre, both of which are in Paris. The painting depicts Christ Child, the Madonna and infant John the Baptist with an angel. The background is a rocky setting, hence the name of the painting. The right hand of the angel and the gazes are the significant differences between the two paintings. It is one of the most popular paintings By Leonardo Da Vinci. Also Read: Top 15 Famous Ancient Greek Sculptures 5. St. John the Baptist (1513-1516) Image Credit: museumsyndicate This is an oil painting in walnut wood and is perhaps the last ever painting made by Leonardo Da Vinci. He took almost 3 years to complete this painting, and its original size was 69x57cm. This painting can currently be seen at Musee Du Louvre in Paris.

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The Neergaard's Sunbird (Nectarinia neergardi) is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Mozambique and South Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. BirdLife International 2004. Nectarinia neergardi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 26 July 2007. This Nectariniidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Author: Cyriel de Jong, KYOS Energy Analytics How can we generate realistic forecasts of future power prices? Here is where fundamental power market modelling makes its appereance. In the previous article, we have seen that the merit order provides a useful starting point, but lacks sufficient detail for any serious investment analysis or PPA valuation. In this article we explain fundamental power market modelling, which takes us to the required level of detail. It allows us to take into account start costs, energy storage and many more important features of real-life power markets. Figure 1 shows the main inputs to a fundamental analysis of multiple power markets. Each orange circle or ellipse represents a power market area. The forecast of the power demand, minus the forecast of non-flexible generation from solar, wind and hydro, is the so-called residual load (1). Fuel and CO2 price forward curves (2) and detailed information about power generation assets (3) determine the variable production costs of all flexible generation assets. Note that batteries and other forms of energy storage should also be included in the power plant list. Finally, interconnection capacities (4) allow power to flow from low-priced areas to high-priced areas until prices are equal in both areas or until the capacity is fully utilized. Of course, there are several more inputs, but these are the main building blocks. In the remainder of this article, we will zoom in on the different elements. The merit order contains the variable costs of the various power generation sources, sorted from low to high. A fuel-fired power plant has different cost components, and it is not straightforward to express the variable costs in a single number. First of all, there are fixed costs, in particular resulting from the original investment (financing costs), but also certain fixed costs to operate the plant and pay the personnel. Fixed costs can be considered ‘sunk’, meaning that they do not change with the power output. Secondly, there are variable costs, which move with the power output. The fuel and emission costs are generally the main variable costs, followed by start costs and the variable part of the operations and maintenance costs. Once a power plant has been constructed, only the variable costs determine the optimal dispatch. The optimal dispatch is considerably more complex than the merit order seems to suggest. We take a combined-cycle gas turbine as an example to demonstrate some of the complexity. Suppose that the higher heating value (HHV) efficiency of the combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) is 50%, which means that 2 MWh of natural gas need to be bought in the market for each MWh of power. Natural gas has a carbon (CO2) content of 0.205 ton per MWh. This means that if the gas price is 15 €/MWh and the carbon emission price 20 €/ton (the cost of emission allowances in the EU ETS), the fuel and emission costs per MWh are: Ignoring any other variable costs, the market price should be at least 38.20 €/MWh for this plant to produce. Or stated differently, if the power price is 45 €/MWh, the gross margin or clean spark spread is 6.80 €/MWh. In reality, whether the plant produces, and at what exact output level, depends on more factors than the fuel and emission costs. One element is that the overall efficiency is not constant, but is lower when the plant produces less than its maximum. For example, a gas-fired plant may produce in a range between 180 and 400 MW, with HHV efficiencies rising from 44% to 50%. A higher efficiency results in a lower average cost. Although the average efficiency increases, the marginal efficiency decreases: for each extra MWh of power, progressively more fuel is needed (Figure 2). Now suppose the power price is 35 €/MWh, let’s consider two possible situations: The merit order of a market is a useful albeit simplified picture based on the average variable costs. It can serve as a starting point to assess the potential level of future power prices, but does not reveal everything. Elements that should be considered for fuel-fired plants include: In the second situation, the CCGT will only produce if there are hours before or after with a price well above 38.20 €/MWh. Otherwise the start costs will not be recovered and the plant is producing at a loss. For example, if the start costs are €12,000, then the total spark spread of a production sequence must at least be €12,000. Spread out over 12 production hours of 400 MW, the minimum spark spread is 2.50 €/MWh to recover the start costs. The other factors mentioned above are highly dependent on the individual CCGT, but do need to be taken into account in the bidding price. The example shows that it is not easy to derive the prices at which plants bid into the market, even if the market is fully competitive and there is no strategic behavior. The power supply consists of at least three other types of generation: hydro power, energy storage, solar and wind power. Their behavior is very different from fuel-fired generation and is not easily captured in the merit order. Bidding energy storage into the market is actually quite complex, because it is not the absolute price level that matters, but the relative differences between the hours. With the expansion of renewable (intermittent) power generation, energy storage is becoming increasingly important to balance the system. It is therefore essential to incorporate it in a realistic way in the fundamental model, allowing for a variety of asset parameters, such as: Just like the conventional generation assets, the energy storage assets should be optimally dispatched against market prices. A fundamental model treats solar and wind power production, together with demand, primarily as non-flexible (intermittent) elements in the power system. They are exogenous inputs to the system optimization. Forecasts of demand and intermittent renewable generation are often derived from economic and policy scenarios, such as published by the IEA, European Commission, EIA, or national governments. Such scenarios generally stipulate future capacities for renewables and a certain percentage change in electricity demand. The challenge is to translate those macro-economic numbers into detailed hourly forecasts. A common approach is to take a specific historical base year, e.g. 2018, for which the actual hourly demand and renewable production are known. These numbers are then scaled up or down to reflect the forecast growth rates in demand and production. Various refinements are possible, for example to take into account changes in electricity demand profiles or renewable production load factors. The advantage of taking a specific base year is that it incorporates real-life fluctuations, e.g. due to weather variations. A disadvantage is that the forecast becomes very dependent on what happened in that particular base year. If the base year had a very sunny month of May, then all forecast years will have a very sunny May, with a lot of solar output. To alleviate this problem, it is therefore recommended to run the same analysis with multiple base-years, and average the outcomes across the runs to obtain a single forecast. Together with the expected future demand and (non-flexible) hydro power production, the expected future solar and wind production are essential ingredients in a power price forecast. Basically, a detailed fundamental model works as follows: In case of interconnection capacities to other markets, a distinction must be made between the core- and non-core markets. The core-markets are jointly modelled in detail. The use of their interconnection capacities is part of the optimization in step 3. In principle, when the power price in market A is below that in market B, export from A to B must happen until both prices are equal or until the maximum interconnection capacity is utilized. The non-core markets are modelled simpler or not at all. In the latter case, in step 1 the forecast net export from core- to non-core markets is added to the demand forecast of the core market. The optimization in step 3 described above can be fairly complex and time-consuming. Many fundamental models are based on some form of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). This is a very generic way of formulating the optimization problem, which can then be solved by commercial solvers, such as IBM-CPLEX or Gurobi. A different solution approach is incorporated in the KYOS fundamental model KyPF. It uses dynamic programming and Lagrangian multipliers, following the seminal work by Richard Bellman (1956). The KyPF model performs different iterations, in which alternately the flexible generation is optimally dispatched (using dynamic programming) and then the hourly power prices (the Lagrangian multipliers) are adjusted depending on the level of imbalance. For example, if the total generation in some hour and iteration is 30,000 MWh, while the residual demand is 32,000 MWh, the price in that hour is lifted with the aim to minimize the imbalance in the next iteration. Adjusting the power prices is simultaneously done for all hours and all markets before a new iteration begins. Typically, around 15 such iterations suffice to reduce imbalances to less than 1% of the residual demand. Over a horizon of around 10 years, and with 14 European ‘core’ countries with a total of 1,600 flexible power generation assets, the calculation takes around 1.5 hours in the online KYOS Analytical Platform. These balancing iterations also implicitly capture the costs of balancing the power market in the forecast, which in reality happens on an hour-to-hour basis dependent on the supply and demand imbalance. As mentioned in the previous article, the value of renewable PPAs is affected negatively by these balancing costs due to the intermittent nature of power production from solar and wind farms. In a detailed fundamental market model, all elements in a power market are included with sufficient detail and with hourly granularity. Leaving out an essential element, can have a big impact on assumed profitability of a future investment or PPA contract. One such crucial element is the start costs of fuel-fired power plants. Figure 5 shows the impact of those costs on the German power prices. The results have been generated with KyPF, the KYOS fundamental power market model. On average, the inclusion of start costs raises the average power prices in 2021 by only 1 €/MWh. Considerably more significant is the impact on the hourly dynamics: with start costs the difference between high- and low price hours becomes larger. In the hours with high (residual) demand, the price must be high enough for flexible plants to start up. In hours with low demand, some plants prefer not to turn off but rather run on minimum load; that leads to a soft form of must-run, which pushes the prices down in low-demand hours. The net effect is that price changes between hours are about twice as large due to start costs of fuel-fired power plants. In this article we have explained the principles of fundamental power market modelling. A detailed fundamental model uses relatively detailed inputs of all relevant assets. The non-dispatchable renewable generation (solar, wind, geothermal and part of hydro) enters the model in the form of hourly forecasts over the full evaluation horizon. The fundamental modeler also provides forecasts of fuel and emission prices, forecasts of electricity consumption, and forecasts of interconnection capacities. This requires a lot of data gathering, but is also very rewarding: the end result is not only an hourly power price forecast, but a detailed understanding of how the market could evolve, and plenty of opportunities for sensitivity analysis. In the next article we present a number of practical examples of how this information can be used to assess the financials of renewable power and PPA contracts. To read this article in pdf: Fundamental modelling of power markets – the financials of renewable power and PPA contracts We have written the articles to share our knowledge and hope it provided a useful source of information for newcomers and experienced professionals alike. Whether you are buying electricity for your company, developing new projects, working for a utility, providing financing, drafting policies, or just generally interested: we hope you have read the articles with interest and share your feedback with us: email@example.com.

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Dexterous robotic hands are expensive, costing hundreds of thousands of dollars, due to the cost of components, challenging assembly procedures, and relatively small manufacturing quantities. In a DARPA-funded project, collaborating with LUNAR and Stanford University, Sandia developed a dexterous robotic hand that would cost significantly less than traditional robotic hands. Additive manufacturing played two key roles in the development of the hand. In the design and prototype stages, it allowed parts to be quickly fabricated and tested, facilitating rapid design iterations. Approximately 50% of the Sandia-hand components are 3D printed. Additionally, due to the anthropomorphic design of the hand, many of the parts have complex geometries, which are difficult to manufacture using traditional methods, including components of the fingers which were fabricated using a laser powder bed. The inclusion of additive manufacturing permitted the hand to be created at a substantially lower price. The Sandia Hand itself consists of a frame that supports a set of identical finger modules that magnetically attach and detach from the hand frame. The finger modules consist of several sensor systems that enable the hand to perform complex manipulation tasks and is supported by several imaging systems to increase function and performance. The hand addresses challenges that have prevented widespread adoption of other robotic hands, such as cost, durability, dexterity, and modularity. 3D printing was a key enabler in cost-effective creation of the hand. Major cost reductions were achieved through a combination of inexpensive components, simplified assembly and maintenance procedures, and additive manufacturing methods.

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The Japanese WWII Communications Center is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Micronesia. Unlike other Japanese structures, this one survived the bombings in World War II. The structure is in Weno in Micronesia. There are several tour operators that can take you to the site. The structure is in the complex that contains the Xavier High School. What to See The Center is notable for its large thick walls and massive fortifications. Made of numerous concrete layers, this probably helped it survive the bombings. Prior to the war, the Center was owned by the local Catholic Church. Later the land was reclaimed and utilized as a nucleus for a Jesuit high school. These days, the Japanese WWII Communications Center still has many structures intact. These include the student dormitory, the living quarters, offices and gymnasium. There is also a study hall, chapel and many classroom buildings. Historical records show the only Micronesian empire to have emerged was from Yap. The Spaniards were among the first to conquer the islands, claiming Guam, the Northern Marianas, and the Caroline Islands. These would become part of the Spanish East Indies. They were administered from the Philippines. The Spaniards would lose control of the islands in 1898 after losing to the United States in the 1898 Spanish-American War. Aside from these islands, the United States would also take Wake Island. Germany would take over Northern Mariana, Marshall and the Caroline islands. Gilbert Islands would end up in the possession of Great Britain. The German Pacific Island territories became the League of Nations Mandates in 1923. The rest of the German territories were given to Japan. This was the case until World War II. They then became United Nations Trusteeship ruled by America. Majority of the islands are now independent. However, Guam and Wake Island are still United States territories. You can get some good hotels for around 70 to 120 USD a night. The airfare and travel tour prices will depend on where you come from. Some of the most popular destinations in Micronesia are Eten Island and the Utwa-Walung Marine Park. The latter is known for its corals and forest ecosystems. You can also go on a cultural village tour and Kosrae island. The Japanese WWII Communications Center remains one of the most interesting historical places in Micronesia. For many people, a trip to the country is not complete without checking the site out.

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Never Use Onclick for Navigation onclick events for navigation instead of <a href> links. There's (hopefully) only a very small group of developers actually doing this, but I still see this too much, to write a post about it. What's the problem, you might ask. Well, have you tried right-clicking on such an element, and clicking "Open link in new tab"? Guess what, it doesn't work. The browser doesn't know it's a link. - CTRL + left clicking, to open in a new tab. - Clicking the middle mouse button, to open in a new tab. - Holding the link down on a smartphone, to copy or share the URL. The solution is easy: Always use <a href> elements for navigation links. So When Can I Use Onclick Instead of If the link (or button) URL should NOT be opened in a new tab or copied/shared. If you're making a webapp or a confirm/alert for something the user is doing correct (or wrong), like submitting a form, it's perfectly fine to use onclick events, since opening in a new tab, or copying the link wouldn't make sense. Single Page Application If you're developing a SPA, you probably want both <a href="">, so the user can copy and share the URL, and still be able to get the scroll/fade effects when clicking. SEO & Accessibility Don't do this just to please me or your users, this also makes it easier for crawlers and screen-readers to find your links.

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Did You Know? Houseflies find sugar with their feet, which are 10 million times more sensitive than human tongues. Spring and summer bring carefree lazy days relaxing by the pool, barbecues with friends…and unfortunately, house flies and fruit flies. Yes, when summer arrives, often so does the fly. House flies and fruit flies can all put a damper on outdoor and indoor fun, so fly control is important. House flies have taste buds on their feet, which are 10 million times more sensitive to sugar than taste buds on the human tongue. House flies can carry over 100 different kinds of germs, most of which can cause disease, so it’s important to control house flies. To deter house flies from entering or remaining in your home, keep it clean. Remove waste regularly, use sealed rubbish receptacles, and clean up pet waste immediately. You can also practice good house fly prevention by installing fine mesh screens on doors and windows.

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REM atonia is the scientific name for the phenomenon of sleep paralysis, in which your brain shuts off stimulation to your large muscle groups during Rapid Eye Movement, immobilizing you so you don’t act out your dreams. The natural process of REM atonia likely evolved to prevent us from injuring ourselves or wandering into danger during the dream state; other mammals and birds that have been studied while sleeping also exhibit protective REM atonia. However, this totally natural process can sometimes lead to a phenomenon called Aware Sleep Paralysis (ASP), in which you become conscious while your body is still immobilized. While researchers believe that conscious sleep paralysis is usually harmless (and may be quite common), it can be a very scary experience for people who don’t know what’s happening or how to stop it. In humans, REM sleep comes in two stages: tonic and phasic. During the phasic stage, a sleeper might exhibit some small movements in their toes and fingers, and their limbs might twitch. In the tonic stage, muscle tone is almost totally absent in the limbs and body. Surprisingly, considering that sleep paralysis is such an important part of healthy REM sleep, scientists still aren’t sure of the mechanism by which the brain induces REM atonia: they do know that when you’re dreaming, the brain greatly reduces production of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and histamine, and it’s possible that the reduced levels of these neurotransmitters causes paralysis of large motor muscles. In REM atonia the motor neurons of the brain aren’t stimulated; the result is a selective paralysis that lets your autonomic functions (breathing and heart rate) continue while preventing you from acting out your dreams. People experience problems with sleep paralysis when they either come awake while their bodies are still in REM atonia (the more common form), or when their bodies enter REM atonia before they fall asleep. In this way, sleep paralysis could be thought of as an arousal disorder, though classing it as a disorder is problematic because it’s so prevalent: the latest estimates suggest that while it is most common in teenagers, up to 50% of people will experience sleep paralysis at least once! If you’re not sure if you’ve ever experienced waking sleep paralysis/REM atonia, here are some things to ask yourself: have you ever woken and been unable to move, or felt like a great weight was pressing on your chest? The most common symptom of waking REM atonia is the inability to move major muscles (arms, legs, and body, though you may be able to wiggle fingers and toes). Sleep paralysis is often accompanied by vivid hypnagogic sensations, including hearing noises or voices; experiencing odors or tastes; feelings of levitation or floating; strong feelings of euphoria, terror, or orgasmic sensations; and seeing people or entities that aren’t there. Feeling that something or someone is in the room with you is one of the most common but least desirable symptoms of waking REM atonia: people who’ve experienced sleep paralysis often report that they encounter malevolent entities that threaten them or even seem to touch them as they lie unable to move! The frightening nature of these nocturnal visitors has led cultures worldwide to come up with supernatural explanations for sleep paralysis that involve being sat on or assaulted by ghosts or spirits. For instance, in China you have the gui ya, or “ghost pressure”, thought to be caused by a ghost that came and sat on the dreamer’s chest. In Japan there is the kanashibari, in Newfoundland the “old hag”, and the West Indies have a similar spirit called the kokma, or “ghost baby”. In most cases, aware sleep paralysis is not the sign of an underlying medical condition. However, in some people it may be an early symptom of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder in which a person erratically enters REM sleep during their waking hours. Sleep paralysis is most likely to be a sign of narcolepsy if it is frequent and occurs mostly when the person is falling asleep rather than waking up. Some doctors have also postulated that people who suffer from untreated sleep apnea (in which your breathing is interrupted during sleep) are more likely to experience waking sleep paralysis; this is backed up by some anecdotal evidence from people whose sleep paralysis episodes stopped or greatly diminished after they got treated for sleep apnea. If you experience frequent and unwanted sleep paralysis episodes, it’s important to get checked out by a doctor to rule out these and other possible medical conditions. The most common contributing factor for waking REM atonia in healthy people is disordered sleep patterns: you’re more at risk for sleep paralysis if you work a night shift and sleep during the day, have just been on a long plane ride (due to jet lag), or if you become chronically sleep deprived. This is why people who are trying to induce sleep paralysis to generate an out-of-body experience will often deliberately disrupt their sleep patterns. Establishing good sleep hygiene by sleeping in a quiet, dark room and turning off the TV and computer an hour or so before bed will really help you achieve deeper sleep with less likelihood of a sleep paralysis episode. You can also reduce your incidence of sleep paralysis with regular exercise, especially qigong and yoga, by maintaining a healthy diet, and through meditation. Some sleeping medications can occasionally cause sleep paralysis as a side effect, so check with your doctor if you’re taking anything to help you sleep. Finally, although it can be a distressing experience, people have also discovered that they can put their sleep paralysis episodes to use as gateways to a lucid dream or out-of-body experience. For instance, sleep researcher Ryan Hurd’s Sleep Paralysis: A Dreamer’s Guide lays out mind-training techniques you can use to confront and banish malevolent entities and turn your unpleasant sleep paralysis episodes into exciting lucid dreams!

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Changes in the Distribution of Stream-Dwelling Crayfishes in the Schoharie Creek System, Eastern New York State. |Title||Changes in the Distribution of Stream-Dwelling Crayfishes in the Schoharie Creek System, Eastern New York State.| |Publication Type||Journal Article| |Year of Publication||1998| |Keywords||crayfish, expansion, habitat, survey| Changes in the distribution of crayfishes in the Schoharie Creek drainage, eastern New York State, are assessed, based on historical records and surveys conducted in 1982-83 and 1996. The native crayfish assemblage in this region probably consisted of only three species: Cambarus bartonii, C. robustus, and Orconectes propinquus. In 1982-83, six crayfishes (C bartonii, C. robustus, O. immunis, O. obscurus, O. propinquus, and O. rusticus) were collected in the drainage. In 1996, all the crayfishes except O. obscurus were found again, and an additional species (O. virilis) was captured at one site. Between the two survey periods, O. rusticus markedly expanded its range, while the range of O. propinquus decreased and the relative abundance of other species declined. The habitat use of each species is examined.

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Any reader who has not done so should watch the video titled Masturbation can change the direction of the penis. That video provides the basic theory that is used in this example. Here is the example picture for this blog entry. The penis in the picture above is obviously pointing off to the right of the body it is attached to. The line in the picture below is the centerline of the pubic bone, which is the line the penis would lie on if it was straight. Instead of laying on the pubic bone centerline, the lower part of the penis is angled to the right. At approximately the half way point the upper part of the penis then curves even more to the right. None of the center of this penis follows the proper center indicated by the line on picture on the left. The penis points to the right at a particular angle for about half the length of the penis, then the penis makes an even sharper turn to the right, as indicated by the two lines on the picture above on the right. Why does the penis in this example look like this? Is it genetics? Was this man born with a penis that curved off to the left? Is there some kind of chemical reaction going on his body that changes the direction his penis is pointing? Or maybe he has some kind of organ problem that makes the penis change direction? Maybe he has a heart or a liver problem, and that is why his penis has changed direction? According to Happeh Theory, the penis shown in this picture has changed direction due to masturbation. Masturbation has changed other areas of his body, which then caused his penis to change direction. One way to explain why this penis is pointing to the right, is to use the Double Cylinder View of the Human Body. According to the Double Cylinder View of the Human body, the human body can be treated as two cylinders located as shown in the picture below. For this explanation, it is necessary to use an overhead view of The Double Cylinder View of the human body, as shown below. The picture above shows the two cylinders of The Double Cylinder View of the Human Body side by side. There is a red rectangle sticking straight out from the center of the two cylinders. The rectangle is meant to represent the penis. According to Happeh Theory, a normal penis should stick straight out from the body like the rectangle in the picture above. According to Happeh Theory, masturbation will make one or both of the cylinders in the picture above rotate. When one or both of the cylinders rotate, the rectangle will be forced to move also, because the two cylinders represent the human body, the rectangle represents the penis, and the real life penis is attached to the human body, which means the rectangle must also behave as if it is attached to the two cylinders. There are six possible rotations of the two cylinders. Both cylinders can rotate to the right or both cylinders can rotate to the left as shown below. The right cylinder can rotate to the right or the left, while the left cylinder remains stationary. And the left cylinder can rotate right and left, while the right cylinder remains stationary. Here is the picture of the example penis again. The penis in the picture above points to the right. In the previous examples of the possible rotations of The Double Cylinder View of the Human Body, both cylinders turning to the right make the penis point to the right, the left cylinder turning left makes the penis point to the right, and the right cylinder turning left makes the penis point to the right. The picture below compares the example penis, to the three possible rotations of the two cylinders listed above. What the picture above is saying, is that the example penis is pointing to the right, because the two cylinders within the body have rotated in one of the ways shown above. A full body picture of the body this penis is attached to would be required to determine with absolute certainty which of the cylinder rotations above is the one that forced this penis to point to the right. It is possible to make an educated guess as to which cylinder of the body has changed to produce this particular change of direction in the penis, by taking note of the various observations that can be made about this example penis and the body it is attached to. The left hip is further back than the right hip, which gives both hips a slanted back to the left look. The left hip is further back because the left side of rotated the left as it tightened up and shrank. The rotation of the hips means that there is less of the left leg visible, and the left leg points outward at a larger angle than the right leg. The scrotum has moved to the right. The skin on the left side of the groin is stretched. There are some blood vessels on the top of the penis that travel parallel to each other for some distance, then cross over each other. The path of those blood vessels is intriguing because the area in between the two blood vessels is still relatively strong and normal compared to the rest of the penis. It is like the area within the red lines is the core of the penis that is trying to hold it’s original position while the rest of the penis around it moves off to the right. That reasoning is supported by the fact the area within the red lines is closer to the left border of the penis, or closer to the path the penis should be following, which is the path followed by the centerline of the pubic bone. All of these clues would indicate that this penis is pointing to the right because masturbation changed the left cylinder of the body.

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With this piece, we take a look at What is ESG Investing? We then head on to take a look at the three criteria of ESG. We discuss an example to help you understand why maintaining this cycle is important and finally drive home the point by talking about a real-life stock, that is, of ITC. So, what is ESG investing? Almost all businesses in the World have an impact on the environment through greenhouse gas emissions, disposal of effluents, and use of natural resources. The environment in turn interacts with society and society interacts with businesses. Therefore, businesses are intertwined with the environment and society through governance. Now that we have set the context, let’s understand what ESG investing exactly means. ESG comprises of three criteria: Environmental criteria: As stated above, companies consume energy and natural resources, discharge waste, and leave carbon footprints, impacting the environment. Social criteria: It is concerned with the relationships that the company maintains with labour and communities at the place of business, diversity, and inclusion. Governance: It is related to internal policies, rules, and regulations that a company establishes to comply with the laws of the land and ensure operational efficiency. ESG investors are focused on investing in companies that follow sustainable practices, maintain good relations with society, and show a high quality of corporate governance. They believe that companies that take ESG practices seriously give higher returns in the long run. But how exactly? Let us take a look! Is ESG really an Indicator? Take the example of a chemical manufacturing company. It requires raw materials which it sources from nature (not directly of course :P). It has chimneys from which it emits greenhouse gases and releases effluents in the nearby river. The government has certain regulations with respect to emissions and waste disposal. So, if the company violates them, it is bound to be fined depending on the extent of the violation. The money will go out of the company’s treasury, reducing its profit and also tarnish its reputation. Next, the local communities will also protest against the company if it releases excessive waste into the environment further entrenching the company in deeper legal trouble. A spoiled relationship with the local communities may also make the company lose access to certain resources. However, if a company reduces its energy and water consumption, its costs will go down, increasing its profitability. Now, assume that the company has a poor relationship with its workforce and there are frequent strikes. The result will be decreased productivity, hence, decreased revenue. There will also be a long-term impact in terms of losing out on good talent and increased hiring cost due to higher attrition. Similarly, if a company upholds high standards of governance, it is less likely to be scrutinized by financial regulators for frauds, window dressing, money laundering or any other financial offence. Following sustainable practices strengthens a company’s goodwill, which might also fetch the company some support from the government. All these factors combined increase profitability and revenues while decreasing the cost of capital for a company, resulting in higher returns for shareholders. Hence, the focus on ESG! Understanding ESG with the example of ITC Now let’s look (see the graph below) at what ESG investing does to company valuations. Consider ITC Ltd, a diversified conglomerate that has a presence in the cigarettes, FMCG, hotels, Agri-products and paper product segments. If we compare the Price/Earnings ratio of the company to its peers, it is drastically lower, despite generating more free cash flow and earnings per share than some of its peers. This is mainly because of ESG factors. About 84-85% of ITC’s operating profit (EBIT) comes from its cigarettes business. Cigarettes, as we all know, could be at the peril of being banned or put under certain regulations. Moreover, their social impact is highly negative and ITC’s heavy dependence on the segment for profits is what is holding back its valuation, despite being a fundamentally strong company. Related: Take a look at Financial ratio analysis |Business Segment||EBIT (FY20)||Share (%)||EBIT (FY19)||Share (%)| |FMCG – Cigarettes||1,58,385||84%||1,54,118||85%| |FMCG – Others||4,249||2%||3,256||2%| |Paperboards, Paper & Packaging||13,053||7%||12,392||7%| But if we compare ITC with other cigarette producing companies, we see that it commands a higher PE ratio despite comparatively lower earnings and free cash flow per share. This is because ITC’s product portfolio is diversified with FMCG products, hotels business etc. To conclude, the moral of the story is that one should invest in companies that follow sustainable practices and take ESG factors seriously if one wants to create wealth. Subscribe to Casereads‘ Newsletter to join the 6000+ community.

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Kewaunee County Sheriff Matt Joski says stop signs can provide just as much danger for motorists as big hills and tight turns on rural roads. Controlled intersections are where only one of the intersecting roadways has a stop or yield sign to alert traveling motorists. Joski says the confusion that can take place if you are not paying attention is why controlled intersections are among the most dangerous in the county. Joski recommends drivers eliminate all distractions and practice defensive driving when traveling. You can read more about this topic online with this story. FROM SHERIFF MATT JOSKI I always enjoy getting feedback on these articles and am appreciative of any suggestions for future article topics. This week is one such request and it focuses on controlled intersections. As we review the various vehicle accidents over the past few years, we look for areas of our county where there is a greater potential for accidents than others. In looking over the many road factors such as curves, hills, or even road conditions, one factor stands out among the rest and that is the existence of a controlled intersection. A controlled intersection is where one of the roadways has right of way with no stop sign or yield sign, while the intersecting roadway is controlled by either a stop sign, stop light, or yield sign. It is easy to see where this could become a hazardous environment as the potential for one or both of the vehicles to make a maneuver which could place both vehicles in harm’s way. While the vehicle approaching the intersection with the control device has an obligation to stop or yield, it is also incumbent on the vehicle with the right of way to understand their role in a potential accident. Many times I am asked “What are the most dangerous intersections?” and my response surprises most people. Many expect that the intersections with poor visibility are the greatest risk, which we have found not to be true, and this is why. Those intersections which have poor visibility are approached with a greater level of caution. Those intersections with a good field of view in all directions are minimized and the due regard given when approaching them is often at best complacent. Those traveling with the right of way many times assume that the vehicle at the stop sign sees them, and many times those approaching the intersection with the control aren’t as vigilant. The question was also asked about who has right of way at a four way stop when two vehicles arrive at the same time? The answer is that you always yield to the right. This may be confusing as with the advent of roundabouts, you yield to the vehicle from the left. A big part of navigating safely not only when approaching controlled intersections, but also driveway approaches, merging lanes or even oncoming traffic is to always practice good defensive driving habits. Never assume that the vehicle coming at you in the opposite lane is going to stay in that lane. Don’t assume that the vehicle in a driveway is not going to pull out in front of you. In the same respect if you are stopped in your lane attempting to make a left turn, keep your eyes not only on the traffic coming at you from the front, but also those vehicles approaching from behind you who may not realize you are in fact stopped in traffic. Unfortunately, in today’s culture we tend practice more “Offensive Driving” than “Defensive Driving”. Many times our focus is elsewhere, and by the time we realize the reality it is too late. Operating a motor vehicle is both an amazing privilege and a massive responsibility. Whether you are a new driver navigating the roads with limited experience or a veteran driver who has logged thousands of miles, your propensity for an accident are very similar. The first may make errors due to lack of experience or judgment, while the second group may make mistakes due to complacency and unchecked bad habits. Last year I provided some information on a skills test which any one of us can take just brush up on our driving knowledge. I would like offer this again. Please go to our website at www.kewauneesheriff.com and click on the “Driving-Test.org” link. I wish everyone safe travels throughout the rest of the summer and beyond!

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- Does diastolic pressure increase after exercise? - What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise? - Why does systolic blood pressure increase more than diastolic during exercise? - Does your blood pressure go up during exercise? - Can high diastolic pressure cause pain? - How do you calm down before blood pressure? - Why does the diastolic pressure decrease? - What should diastolic blood pressure be during exercise? - Why is my bottom number on blood pressure high? - Why is diastolic more important? - What’s more important systolic or diastolic? - Can you reverse hypertension? - How long does it take for exercise to lower blood pressure? - What exercises should be avoided with high blood pressure? - What does a rise in diastolic pressure indicate? - What is the fastest way to lower diastolic blood pressure? - Does stress affect diastolic blood pressure? - What factors affect diastolic blood pressure? Does diastolic pressure increase after exercise? During upright exercise, the normal blood pressure response is to observe a progressive increase in systolic blood pressure with no change or even a slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure. The slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure is due primarily to the vasodilation of the arteries from the exercise bout.. What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise? During cardiovascular exercise, for example, systolic pressure can increase to values close to and over 200 with higher levels of effort. Diastolic pressure, on the other hand, is a relatively stable value during exercise and under daily activity. Why does systolic blood pressure increase more than diastolic during exercise? increase in blood pressure (BP) that is primarily systolic. Aerobic exercise results in an acute increase in cardiac output as well as a decrease in peripheral resistance due to vasodilatation in the exercising muscle. 1 As a result, systolic BP (SBP) rises with no change or even slight reduction in diastolic BP (DBP). Does your blood pressure go up during exercise? Normally during exercise, blood pressure increases to push the flow of oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. However, in some individuals, the response to exercise is exaggerated. Instead of reaching a systolic (upper number) blood pressure of around 200 mmHg at maximal exercise, they spike at 250 mmHg or higher. Can high diastolic pressure cause pain? Medical researchers have there is a link between chronic pain and hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. That means that if you struggle with pervasive back pain, you are at higher risk for high blood pressure and other issues related to cardiovascular health. How do you calm down before blood pressure? Practice stress relief Find a technique that helps you calm down when you’re anxious or stressed. For example, breathe deeply and exhale slowly. Try a few of these breaths before your blood pressure reading. Reciting a poem or verse in your mind may help you relax, too. Why does the diastolic pressure decrease? As we age, we lose the elasticity of our arteries. For some older adults, arteries may become too stiff to spring back between heartbeats, causing diastolic blood pressure to be low. Too much salt in your diet. Dietary salt can decrease elasticity of your blood vessels. What should diastolic blood pressure be during exercise? Diastolic blood pressure is a measure of the pressure in the blood vessels between heartbeats. It shouldn’t change significantly during exercise. Why is my bottom number on blood pressure high? The bottom number refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats. This is called diastolic pressure. Both numbers are important in determining the state of your heart health. Numbers greater than the ideal range indicate that your heart is working too hard to pump blood to the rest of your body. Why is diastolic more important? The top number, or systolic, reflects how hard your heart is working to pump blood into your arteries. The bottom number, or diastolic, indicates the pressure as your heart relaxes between beats. Researchers concluded that both numbers were independent predictors of heart attacks and strokes. What’s more important systolic or diastolic? In this review we compare the relative importance of various blood pressure components. Recent findings: Generally, in studies in which readings of systolic and diastolic blood pressure have been compared, systolic blood pressure has been a better predictor of risk. Can you reverse hypertension? Unfortunately there is no cure for high blood pressure currently, but you can take steps to manage it even without medication. Here are 7 ways to lower your blood pressure naturally: Exercise! Regular exercise is great for your overall well-being, and it can also help with lowering your BP. How long does it take for exercise to lower blood pressure? But to keep your blood pressure low, you need to keep exercising on a regular basis. It takes about one to three months for regular exercise to have an impact on your blood pressure. The benefits last only as long as you continue to exercise. What exercises should be avoided with high blood pressure? But there are a host of activities considered good for your blood pressure: Cycling. Brisk walking. Swimming….The charity lists activities that are not good for your blood pressure:Weight lifting.Squash.Skydiving.Sprinting.Scuba diving – you will need a certificate from your doctor. What does a rise in diastolic pressure indicate? The diastolic reading, or the bottom number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. This is the time when the heart fills with blood and gets oxygen. A normal diastolic blood pressure is lower than 80. A reading of 90 or higher means you have high blood pressure. What is the fastest way to lower diastolic blood pressure? Follow the 20 tips below to help lower your overall blood pressure, including diastolic blood pressure.Focus on heart-healthy foods. … Limit saturated and trans fats. … Reduce sodium in your diet. … Eat more potassium. … Lay off the caffeine. … Cut back on alcohol. … Ditch sugar. … Switch to dark chocolate.More items…• Does stress affect diastolic blood pressure? As stress can lead to spikes in your blood pressure, your diastolic blood pressure can be affected by it. However, even if it is not, high systolic blood pressure will still mean you have high blood pressure. What factors affect diastolic blood pressure? The factors discussed are heart rate, arterial pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, the pericardium, and the mechanical interplay between ventricles. The influence of heart rate, arterial pressure, and coronary perfusion pressure can be considered as minor provided they remain within their normal physiological range.

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Now that you are back from your Family Day long weekend, it is time to catch up with your sleep. But if you suffer from sleep apnea then you will never feel rested. Normally, breathing is regular. Apnea means cessation of breathing. Sleep apnea is a condition that interrupts breathing during sleep. Sleep apnea may be central – that is due to instability of the feedback system that regulates breathing. Or sleep apnea may be obstructive – due to recurrent obstruction of the upper airway. Or it can be mixed – central followed by obstructive. Today, we will confine our discussion to obstructive sleep apnea. A typical individual with obstructive sleep apnea starts snoring shortly after going to sleep. The snoring proceeds at a regular pace for a period of time, often becoming louder, but is then interrupted by a long silent period during which no breathing is taking place (apnea). The apnea is then interrupted by a loud snort and gasp and the snoring returns to its regular pace. This behaviour may recur repetitively and frequently throughout the night. Obstructive sleep apnea causes frequent night awakening, feeling of tiredness in the morning, abnormal daytime sleepiness, headaches, memory loss, poor judgement, personality changes and lethargy. It may also raise the blood pressure. Who suffers from obstructive sleep apnea? Obstructive sleep apnea affects two percent of women and four percent of men. It is a condition of middle-aged adults. Contributing factors may include obesity, use of alcohol or sedatives before sleep, anatomically narrowed airways, and massively enlarged tonsils and adenoids. Genetic and environmental factors may also adversely affect airway size. The condition may run in some families. Diagnosis of sleep apnea is made by sleep study. Is sleep apnea hazardous to your health? During periodic breathing, there is a change in the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and this results in irregular heart rhythm, change in the blood pressure and in the autonomic nervous system. Heart failure, heart attack and stroke are likely complications. Chronic sleep deprivation caused by sleep apnea increases risk for motor vehicle accidents. The accident rate for such patients has been reported to be seven times that of the general driving population. In 1997, a review article in the British Medical Journal evaluated all studies published between 1966 and 1995 on the association between obstructive sleep apnoea and mortality and morbidity. The authors concluded that there was limited evidence of increased mortality or morbidity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. A report published recently in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine found middle-aged and older men with untreated obstructive sleep apnea have more than double the risk of experiencing a stroke when compared with their counterparts who don’t have obstructive sleep apnea. Among women, an increased stroke risk was observed only among those with severe obstructive sleep apnea. The paper concludes by saying that it is not known if treating obstructive sleep apnea reduces stroke risk but treatment offers a number of benefits, including greater alertness and less sleepiness in the day and improved concentration and memory. Next week we will discuss treatment of sleep apnea. Until then sleep well. Start reading the preview of my book A Doctor's Journey for free on Amazon. Available on Kindle for $2.99!

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Refugees have at last arrived in our library… at least on paper. On this blog, we have already described a collection of books without words originally created for refugees, and we shall tell you more about resources for and about refugee children and other migrants. Here just a brief note on some marvellous Curriculum Resources which have recently reached the shelves of the Newsam Library at the UCL Institute of Education. On the side of fiction, we have some accounts of long, arduous, painful journeys – literal journeys of children across land and sea. The novel Looking at the stars by Jo Cotterill is set in an unnamed war zone in a fictitious country, but it is based on research which is summarised in an afterword. Two sisters survive hardship and bereavement through their mutual support and through storytelling – a nice touch in a story. A different kind of storytelling is presented in the graphic novel Illegal. Giovanni Rigano’s beautiful illustrations of the story by Eoin Colfer and Andrew Donkin give you the viewpoint of the refugees quite literally: from the helicopter, you watch people as tiny dots floating in the heaving sea; then you are battered by the waves; you look up to the life-jackets thrown down to you; then you are up in the air, only to witness others go under… The title of the book is inspired by Elie Wiesel’s maxim that no human being is ever ‘illegal’. To match the fiction (novels, graphic novels, and picture books), the IOE library also provides you with non-fiction and textbooks. The dedicated resource Far from home gives you plenty of facts about refugees and a number of brief ‘case studies’ which often run against prevailing narratives. On the one hand, the book states that the vast majority of refugees want to return to their home country when circumstances allow it; on the other hand, it shows people who have settled down ‘far from home’ and are contributing to society. I like the photo of the Syrian pianist who enjoys fame in Germany and of the two women doctors in headscarves! A current citizenship textbook for the new GCSE (9-1) by Steve Johnson and Graeme Roffe contains long sections about human rights, migration and asylum, and international relations. You can find more teaching resources for citizenship at 323.6. Material about human rights is shelved at 323; migrants are filed at 304.8 and refugees at 362.87. To get children or adults with limited language skills to read or to talk, or perhaps to act or to draw, a graphic novel or a story without words might just be the right start. Look for ‘Stories without words’ and ‘comic books’ on the UCL catalogue. Ask a librarian, and they will advise you on materials for English as a foreign language, including some that you can photocopy or download. And do enjoy our books yourself, those without any words, those of only words, and those with text and pictures.

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There’s been a lot of discussion about medicine and how the human body works in our homeschool lately. Honest questions generated by our world today, coupled with a little bit (ok, a lot) of anxiety around getting sick, increased my kids interest in learning more about how our bodies work. Knowing they learn best with hands-on, creative activities, I set out to find the best homeschool human body study available. Knowing that my time is limited and there’s only so much one homeschooling, work from home, mom of four can do, I also needed options that made it easy for me to plan and prep. Because I adore these crazy, curious learners of mine, I went all in on our human body study, and I am so glad I did! It has become one of the most memorable, and genuinely interesting studies we have done together. Strewing Anatomy Materials to Build Interest Starting any new learning or unit study can be challenging sometimes, for my kiddos and for me. I never really know exactly what will pique their interest and what might derail the learning entirely. An important point that I want to mention, before I introduce you to our human body study – I rarely force learning on my kids. This is especially true when it comes to science, because it naturally lends itself to more curious, self-directed learning. I have also discovered, over and over again, that this self-directed approach actually increases comprehension and retention for my kids. Because of this, I like to begin any unit study with simply strewing materials around our learning spaces. While it’s true that the very philosophy behind strewing insists we don’t approach the learning with any expectations, I’ve learned over time what my children naturally gravitate to and what will pique their interest enough to kick off a full blown unit study. One of the very first things I strategically put out for the kids were items from Homeschool Science Tools How to Examine Patients Course & Kit. The stethoscope was of particular interest. It fostered all sorts of unplanned conversations around previous illnesses and an exploration of the tools and techniques doctors use when finding out what patients need. Since these discussions, my kids also watched documentaries, dived into websites, and listened to each other’s heartbeats for weeks. My budding scientists were hooked, and we were ready to get started with our full Human Body Study. Hands-On Activities for a Human Body Unit Study One we got started, I realized there are about a million great ways to approach a human body unit study! The truth is, even with these hands-on activities, my kiddos are just scratching the surface. Given all that was available to us, we began with the one that I thought would generate the most interest for my younger kids. Our Skeleton, Pelvis Presley If you are going to do a human body study, can I please recommend starting with a half-size human skeleton? The sheer delight my children experienced when I first showed them that the model has a moveable jaw, a skull that opens, and appendages that move and can be removed for study, has not diminished. In fact, it’s only intensified. Yes, they named our skeleton Pelvis Presley. He also is currently sporting googly eyes and spends his days migrating around the house like a new member of the family. Real X-Rays And Broken Bones After studying the human skeleton in it’s entirety, we moved to on specific bones and bone structure. In order to make this as hands-on as possible, I added real human x-rays, including ones of broken bones to the mix. We do have a light table, which helped, but I know of other families who have simply placed a white poster board behind the x-rays, and are just as easily able to see the bones and interpret the findings. These were a huge hit with my kiddos. It led us to a discussion about a type of x-ray that I have often as someone with asthma – a chest x-ray. Lung Volume and Pulse Oximeter The chest x-ray discussion became a natural transition to our next activity. We used Homeschool Science Tools Lung Volume Kit to increase our understanding of how the lungs work and what naturally occurs in our body as we take in oxygen. My kids were startled to learn that we can increase our lung capacity over time with daily exercise and activity. Moreover, being able to actually see and measure our individual lung capacities helped explain some of what can happen to the body when viruses invade the respiratory system. It was a perfect mix blend of current events and scientific study, in a way that was accessible and understandable for my children. What’s Next When it Comes to Our Human Body Study? Because most of this homeschool human body study focused primarily on the skeletal and respiratory systems, I plan to continue our learning with activities around the body’s various organs and the nervous system. There is a really cool magnetic human body model that’s on my list, along with countless books and other experiments. Unit studies like this are foundational in how we approach learning in my home. Hands-on, interest-led, and self-directed learning makes all the difference for our children and it makes learning so much more interesting and fun. Just ask Pelvis Presley! Looking for more engaging activities for your learner? The Learner’s Lab is the community created just for your quirky family. It’s full of creative lessons, problem solving activities, critical and divergent thinking games, and the social-emotional support differently-wired children and teens need most. All from the comfort of your own home. This community was created to support children who are gifted and twice exceptional. We address topics, and engage in activities just like this all year long, in a way that is educational and fun for children. They learn skills to help them cope and you learn how to help them along the way.

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In 1935, Howard Thurman, one of the most influential African American religious thinkers of the twentieth century, took a pivotal “Pilgrimage of Friendship” to India that would forever change him—and that would ultimately shape the course of the civil rights movement in the United States. When Thurman became the first African American to meet with Mahatma Gandhi, he found himself called upon to create a new version of American Christianity, one that eschewed self-imposed racial and religious boundaries, and equipped itself to confront the enormous social injustices that plagued the United States during this period. Gandhi’s philosophy and practice of satyagraha, or “soul force,” would have a momentous impact on Thurman, showing him the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance. After the journey to India, Thurman’s distinctly American translation of satyagraha into a Black Christian context became one of the key inspirations for the civil rights movement, fulfilling Gandhi’s prescient words that “it may be through the Negroes that the unadulterated message of nonviolence will be delivered to the world.” Today, on the 145th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi’s birth, we look back to that meeting in 1935, when the idea of nonviolent civil disobedience passed from India’s spiritual leader to the man who would deeply influence an entire generation of black ministers and civil rights leaders—among them Martin Luther King Jr. Excerpted from Visions of a Better World: Howard Thurman's Pilgrimage to India and the Origins of African American Nonviolence, available soon in paperback. The conversation then turned, in the words of Desai, to “the main thing that had drawn the distinguished members to Gandhiji,” his philosophy of ahimsa (nonviolence) and satyagraha (civil disobedience campaigns). “Is non-violence from your point of view a form of direct action?” Thurman asked. “It is not one form,” Gandhi replied, “it is the only form.” Nonviolence, Gandhi said, does not exist without an active expression of it, and indeed, “one cannot be passively nonviolent.” Gandhi went on to lament that the term had been widely misunderstood. Ahimsa was a Sanskrit word with deep resonance in all of South Asia’s ancient karmic religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, and (especially) Jainism, in which ahimsa stood for a commitment to refrain from harming living things. He felt there was no good English language equivalent for ahimsa, so he created the term nonviolence (the earliest usage in the Oxford English Dictionary, citing Gandhi, is from 1920), but told Thurman that he regretted the fact that his coinage started with the “negative particle ‘non.’ ” On the contrary, Gandhi insisted nonviolence was “a force which is more positive than electricity” and subtler and more pervasive than the ether. Gandhi went on to expound his theory of nonviolence to the delegation. “We are surrounded in life by strife and bloodshed, life living upon life.” But “some great seer [unnamed by Gandhi, perhaps Jesus or Buddha], who ages ago penetrated the centre of truth said: It was not through strife and violence, but through non-violence that man can fulfill his destiny and his duty to his fellow creatures.” He continued: “At the center of non-violence is a force which is self-acting.” “Ahimsa,” Gandhi told the visiting Christians, meant “ ‘love’ in the Pauline sense, yet something more,” presumably referring to the famous passage in 1 Corinthians, “Faith, hope, and love abides, these three, but the greatest of these is love.” (Although the passage Gandhi referred to was Thurman’s favorite passage from the corpus of the Pauline epistles, the two men agreed that the religion of Paul was a fateful detour from the authentic religion of Jesus. Gandhi had written in 1928, “I draw a great distinction between the Sermon on the Mount and the Letters of Paul. They are a graft on Christ’s teaching, his own gloss apart from Christ’s experience.”) But love, even in its Pauline sense, was liable to be too easily misunderstood, either as too narrowly focused on a love of God, or, more troubling to Gandhi with his profoundly puritanical attitudes toward sexuality, almost impossible to purge of its connotations of carnality. So, Gandhi concluded, he was forced to define ahimsa negatively: “But it does not express a negative force, but a force superior to all the forces put together. One person who can express Ahimsa in life exercises a force superior to all the forces of brutality.” For Gandhi nonviolence was not really an idea at all. It was, as he told the delegation repeatedly, a force, a physical reality, a metaphysical substrate that underlined and defined all reality, the deeper truth behind the dross and flux of the world, the truth beneath and beyond the seeming brutality that apparently confined both human life and the world of nature to endless cycles of gratuitous violence. It was a force that individuals could accumulate and concentrate. Ahimsa was a force, as Gandhi indicated, “the force,” in the constitution of the universe. Thurman, always at his religious core a nature mystic, a romantic vitalist in the mode of Olive Schreiner, was very sympathetic to Gandhi’s broader point that the ultimate truth, whether it was labeled God or ahimsa, was at once natural and supernatural, profoundly alive but not limited to any specific living thing. “If the source of life is alive, then it follows that life itself is alive,” Thurman would write, somewhat cryptically but characteristically, in 1944. What he meant by this was that there was an underlying moral order in the universe. “The cosmos is the kind of order that sustains and supports the demands that the relationships between men and between man and God be one of harmony [and] integration.” Gandhi’s ahimsa was a close relative of Thurman’s increasingly unconventional notion of God. As the conversation continued, Gandhi and Thurman, discovering their deep religious affinities, continued to discuss the metaphysics of nonviolence. Worldly possessions, Gandhi told Thurman, stood in the way of mastery of ahimsa: “It possesses nothing, therefore it possesses everything.” And Gandhi explained another paradox: while ahimsa was completely egalitarian, open to all—“if there was any exclusiveness about it, I should reject it at once”—because of the difficulty of the path, mastery was granted to few. Thurman’s question of whether it was possible for a single human being to embody ahimsa provoked the following dialogue: GANDHI: It is possible. Perhaps your question is more universal than you mean. Isn’t it possible, you mean to ask, for one single Indian for instance to resist the exploitation of 300 million Indians? Or do you mean the onslaught of the whole world against a single individual personally? THURMAN: Yes, that is one half of the question. I wanted to know if one man can hold the whole violence at bay? GANDHI: If he cannot, you must take it that he is not a true representative of Ahimsa. The conversation had turned to one of the peculiarities of Gandhian nonviolence. As in many spiritual practices, there was a combination of great humility and unbounded arrogance in Gandhi’s notion of ahimsa. For it was Gandhi’s profound belief that all it required was one person, one who truly mastered nonviolence, to end British imperialism and that such a person could embody and realize the hopes of hundreds of millions of people. Needless to say, Gandhi thought he might be that person, and he came very close to realizing this goal. A major reason for his frequent fasts was his belief that through his asceticism he would become a stronger vessel of ahimsa. Judith Brown has written of the 1924 fast he undertook after an outbreak of Muslim-Hindu rioting. “He blamed himself for the violence around him, believing that if he had been perfectly non-violent this would not have happened. . . . He was convinced that the soul’s strength grew in proportion to that which a man disciplined his flesh.” Gandhi was of course a canny manipulator of the press and a very shrewd politician, but an underlying motivation for nearly all of his actions was the accumulation of soul force. For Gandhi, satyagraha was at its core a careful, personal spiritual discipline. One individual’s commitment to ahimsa could change a continent because it could be shared and copied. But it would have to be imitated and emulated precisely or not at all. In a part of the conversation Thurman remembered but has no parallel in Desai’s transcription, Thurman asked Gandhi why the independence movement had so far failed in its efforts to rid the country of the British. Gandhi answered that the effectiveness of ahimsa “depends upon the degree to which the masses of people are able to embrace such a notion and have it become a working part of their total experience. It cannot be the unique property of the leaders; it has to be rooted in mass ascent and creative push.” Gandhi told him, Thurman would write, that when he “first began our movement it failed, and it will continue to fail until it is embraced by the masses of the people.” Gandhi went on to say that the problem with the Indian masses is that they did not have enough “vitality” to embrace ahimsa, and Thurman records that “it struck me with a tremendous wallop that I had never associated ethics and morality with physical vitality. It was a new notion trying to penetrate my mind.” Gandhi went on to explain what he meant by vitality. First, it simply meant physical strength. The masses were hungry, and the pains in their stomachs and the need for survival made any attention to higher ideals impossible. And then it meant a sense of self-respect. This was why it was so important to redevelop native industries like weaving and improve agricultural resources so as not to rely on imported clothing or foodstuffs. Gandhi also told Thurman that the Indian masses had not lost their self-respect due to “the presence of the conqueror in our midst” but because of their toleration of injustices within, especially the institution of untouchability. Gandhi’s notion of vitality, even if it hit Thurman with a “wallop,” was one, in a somewhat different guise, thoroughly familiar to him—namely, that oppression tends to rob people of their self-respect and their moral self-awareness, and that until this is repaired, those who seek to change this will find no adequate redress. So Thurman had argued in several works before coming to India, most importantly in “Good News for the Underprivileged.” There he asserted that continual fear of violence by those at the bottom of society “disorganizes the individual from within. It strikes continually at the basic ground of his self-estimate, and by so doing makes it impossible for him to live creatively and to function.” As a consequence, both Thurman and Gandhi saw the impetus for movements for social change arising less from mass politics than from a handful of persons who had realized the proper techniques for self-mastery and could, by their example, show others the way. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Quinton Dixie and Peter Eisenstadt are two of the country’s leading experts on Howard Thurman. They are both senior volume editors of the Howard Thurman Papers Project and have extensive backgrounds in African American history and religious history. Dixie is assistant professor of religious studies at Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne. He holds MA and PhD degrees in religious studies and American church history, respectively, from Union Theological Seminary. He is coauthor, with Juan Williams, of This Far by Faith, and is coeditor, with Cornel West, of The Courage to Hope.

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What is a profession of faith?To profess something is to declare it openly. Usually the term "profession of faith" refers to a public declaration of faith in Jesus Christ as Lord. This profession showcases a person's intention to follow Christ in all their ways. Romans 10:9–10 says: "if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart one believes and is justified, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved." A public declaration, or confession, of faith is an excellent way to demonstrate the intention of one's heart. Walking out that faith always requires concrete action steps. One common way to publicly profess faith in Christ is through water baptism. Baptism in and of itself is not a ritual which guarantees salvation (John 6:63). Rather, baptism showcases outwardly the work of the Holy Spirit inwardly. It is a way to profess our faith in and allegiance to Jesus Christ as Lord. Faith in the heart always needs to be accompanied by action. The apostle James says that faith is dead unless it is accompanied by works (James 2:17, 26). You can say you believe in something, but those are just words until you back them up with your actions. Even demons acknowledge that Jesus is Lord, but that doesn't make them saved or surrendered to Him (James 2:19). Early church Christians in Rome were persecuted when they professed faith in Christ. Their profession was met with the need for extreme action, requiring faithfulness to Christ sometimes to the point of death (Acts 2:1–41; 4:1–4; 8:1–3). Abraham's faith was put to the test: "Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar? You see that faith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by his works; and the Scripture was fulfilled that says, 'Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness'—and he was called a friend of God. You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone" (James 2:21–24). The entirety of Hebrews 11 details multiple examples of believers whose faith required action. While an outward profession of faith is important, as are actions of faith, these are not what save us (Matthew 7:21–23). We are saved by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8–9). We must repent of our sins (Mark 6:12; Acts 2:38; 26:20) and be born again (John 3:3). When we confess our sins and place our faith in Christ, the Holy Spirit indwells us and transforms our hearts (Ephesians 1:13–14; Galatians 5:16; Romans 8:29–30). As we submit to the Holy Spirit's work in us, our own desires and perspectives begin to shift into alignment with the Word of God. We lay down our fleshly self daily for the sake of Christ (Luke 9:23; Galatians 2:20). What is faith in Jesus? What does it mean to have faith in Jesus? Is salvation by faith or works or both? What does it mean that salvation is by grace through faith? What are some signs of authentic, saving faith? What should I do if I am doubting Jesus? Truth about Salvation

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EdPlace's Upper KS2 Home Learning Science Lesson: Circuits Looking for short lessons to keep your child engaged and learning? Our experienced team of teachers have created English, maths and science lessons for the home, so your child can learn no matter where they are. And, as all activities are self-marked, you really can encourage your child to be an independent learner. Get them started on the lesson below and then jump into our teacher-created activities to practice what they've learnt. We've recommended five to ensure they feel secure in their knowledge-5-a-day helps keeps the learning loss at bay (or so we think!). Are they keen to start practising straight away? Head to the bottom of the page to find the activities. Now...onto the lesson! Breaking Down Your Child's Resistance to Electric Current Electric things are so much part of our lives! Gaining a current understanding of how electricity does what it does is vital life learning. So, is it OK to add more and more stuff into a circuit and will it work the way you want it to? It’s time to switch on the memory cells and get ready for a flow of charged articles. At EdPlace we’re surrounded by a team of experts who communicate these concepts with children on a day-to-day basis, and we’re ready to share their teaching gems with you. Every good lesson has a purpose or an objective. We’re confident by the end of this that your child will: 1) Understand the effect of increasing/reducing voltage and its effect upon the components in a circuit 2) Apply this understanding 3) Explain this back to you (if they've really cracked it!) Step 1 - Clarify Key Terminology So, what have we seen already? Terms like current, electricity, resistance, brightness, battery, volume, voltage, cells – it can really get confusing. So, let’s try to sort out some meanings. It sometimes helps to think of a flow of electricity in wire just like a flow of water in a hosepipe. What makes the water flow? The water pressure from the tap! If electric current is like the flow of water (like a river current), what pushes the electricity along the wire? The push (or pressure) from the battery of cells. What happens if you turn the tap on more? The water flows more quickly inside the hosepipe. So too, with the electric circuit – add more cells to the battery and what do you get? A faster current flowers in the wire because there’s a bigger push (that’s voltage) from the battery. You just have to go with the flow! What happens if you step on the hosepipe while the water’s flowing down it? The hosepipe has less room inside now (it’s been squashed), so the water slows down – you’ve created resistance to its flow. That’s exactly the same with the flow of electric current in a wire: add in something like a bulb or a buzzer and it makes it more difficult for the current to move along – that’s resistance. Add more and more things into the electric circuit and it just makes it harder and harder for the current to flow along, so it slows down – that’s lots of resistance! Is this breaking down resistance to understanding? By the way, the words battery and cells can be confusing, but they don’t have to be: if a gun battery consists of a number of guns lined up, working together, then a group of electric cells joined together to make up an electric battery. Does that spark the imagination? Step 2 - Key Terminology We need to sum all that up before we tackle any questions… Electric current = flow of electricity down a wire. Voltage = push from the battery to make the electricity move. Battery = group of cells that provide the voltage. Components = things that can be added into a circuit, like lamps (bulbs) and buzzers. Resistance = slowing down the flow of electric current by trying to push it through the various components in a circuit. To save time drawing electric components there are useful little symbols to represent things that are regularly added into a circuit: 1 cell = Lamp or bulb = Step 3 - Fundamental Friction! We’ve seen that increasing the voltage (the number of cells in the battery) increases the current. Also, increasing the resistance (say, by adding lamps and other components) decreases the current. The speed of the current also determines how bright lamps are (brightness) and how loud buzzers are (volume): More current = brighter lamps and louder buzzers. Less current = dimmer lamps and quieter buzzers. Makes sense really! So, take a simple circuit with one cell and one lamp: Now add a second cell – that means more voltage and so more current. What happens to the brightness of the lamp? It gets brighter! What happens if that single cell has to push current through two lamps? That’s more resistance, so the current’s slower and that means the lamps are not as bright – they’re dimmer. Exactly the same is true of buzzers – just louder/quieter instead of brighter/dimmer, of course! What’s a switch then? Simply a gap in the circuit across which electric current cannot flow (air’s bad at conducting electricity). Close the switch, complete the circuit and the lights come on! Step 4 - Give it a Go! Why not check out these questions to see whether things are flowing better and your resistance is breaking down? First off, here’s our basic circuit: For each of the following circuits, compare it with this one and ask: Has the current increased/decreased/same as before? Has the resistance increased/decreased/same as before? Are the lamps brighter/dimmer/same as before? Are the buzzers louder/quieter/same as before? Now, keep the same idea – compare these with that first basic 1 cell/1 lamp circuit and ask those same questions. Finally, let's add some switches and challenge you – still comparing each circuit with that basic 1 cell/1 lamp circuit, ask yourself, “When the switch is closed how will the current and resistance in this circuit compare with that circuit?” All the circuits you’ve dealt with here are a simple complete loop. You’ll learn to say that all the components (cells/lamps/buzzers/etc.) are connected in series, that is they’re all next to each other. This means that any changes in the circuit affect everything. The exciting news is that at key stage 3, a new type of circuit will appear – where components are connected in parallel – and it’ll be fun to find out if they behave differently! Step 5 - Activity Time Now, you’ve covered this together why not put this to the test and assign your child the following five activities in this order. All activities are created by teachers and automatically marked. Plus, with an EdPlace subscription, we can automatically progress your child at a level tailored to their needs. Sending you progress reports along the way so you can track and measure progress, together - brilliant! Did you apply the basics? More cells = more current = brighter/louder. More resistance = less current = dimmer/quieter. Let’s see how you get on... 1) 2 cells: 1 lamp = more current so brighter lamp. 2) 2 cells: 2 lamps = same current so same brightness. 3) 2 cells: 1 buzzer = more current so louder noise. 4) 1 cell: 1 lamp + 1 buzzer = more resistance so dimmer lamp/quieter buzzer. 5) 2 cells: 1 lamp = more current so brighter lamp (note the cells are + to -, so they work). 6) 2 cells : 1 lamp + 1 buzzer = same current so same brightness/same loudness. 7) 2 cells: 2 lamps + 1 buzzer = more resistance so dimmer lamps/quieter sound. 8) Close switch and it’s 2 cells: 2 lamps = same current so same brightness. 9) Close switch and it’s 2 cells: 1 buzzer = more current so louder noise. 10) Close switch and nothing comes on as the cells are facing + to + so no current flows! Keep going! Looking for more activities, different subjects or year groups? Click the button below to view the EdPlace English, maths, science and 11+ activity library

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Synonyms of offset - 1. beginning, commencement, first, outset, get-go, start, kickoff, starting time, showtime, offset, point, point in time - usage: the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her" - 2. counterbalance, offset, compensation - usage: a compensating equivalent - 3. stolon, runner, offset, plant organ - usage: a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips - 4. outgrowth, branch, offshoot, offset, consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot - usage: a natural consequence of development - 5. offset, offset printing, printing, printing process - usage: a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper - 6. set-back, setoff, offset, structure, construction - usage: structure where a wall or building narrows abruptly - 1. offset, countervail, balance, equilibrate, equilibrize, equilibrise - usage: compensate for or counterbalance; "offset deposits and withdrawals" - 2. cancel, offset, set off, balance, equilibrate, equilibrize, equilibrise - usage: make up for; "His skills offset his opponent's superior strength" - 3. offset, transfer - usage: cause (printed matter) to transfer or smear onto another surface - 4. offset, make, create - usage: create an offset in; "offset a wall" - 5. offset, print, impress - usage: produce by offset printing; "offset the conference proceedings" All rights reserved. Definition and meaning of offset (Dictionary)

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If you are considering dental implants, it’s important to do your research. If you’ve started this research, you’ve probably heard of peri-implantitis. Unfortunately, it can be hard to find the information you really need to know about this condition. Some dismiss it while others talk about it in apocalyptic terms. However, peri-implantitis is just a dental condition that can easily be understood and managed. It’s Gum Disease for Implants The most important thing to understand about peri-implantitis is that it’s just gum disease for dental implants. The technical term for gum disease is periodontal disease. This comes from the Greek words “peri” for “around” and “dont” for teeth. It’s a condition that affects the gums and bone around your teeth. It occurs when oral bacteria infect the space between your teeth and gums. The negative effects of it include receding gums and bone loss. Oral bacteria cause some of the effects, but your body also causes problems when it tries to respond to the infection. Peri-implantitis is very similar. The word means around the implant, and it’s caused by the same thing: oral bacteria. Some studies show that different bacteria might be responsible, but the effects are the same. It Can Take Two Forms Just as periodontal disease is often described as two different conditions, gingivitis and periodontitis, some dentists describe peri-implantitis as being two different conditions. For gum disease, we call these conditions gingivitis, a minor form that includes red, sensitive gums, and periodontitis, where your gums can start to recede in part because you’re losing bone around your teeth. Some dentists describe mucositis as the minor form of peri-implantitis, where your gums get red and tender around your dental implant. They reserve the term peri-implantitis for when your gums start to recede around your implants because of bone loss. Just as gum disease affects most Americans, peri-implantitis affects most people with dental implants. Studies vary, but some studies say that as much as 56% of people with dental implants may have peri-implantitis. As with periodontal disease, though, most cases are minor. It’s the Leading Cause of Implant Failure Most dental implants are initially successful. Of those that are successful, the vast majority stay in place, healthy and functional, for decades. However, when dental implants fail, it is usually because of peri-implantitis. More than half of all implants that fail after successfully integrating with your bone fail because of peri-implantitis. Even if we factor in a failure to integrate, peri-implantitis remains the leading cause of implant failure. If you’re diagnosed with peri-implantitis, it’s no cause for panic. The condition is treatable, and most affected implants can be saved, if we detect the problem early enough and use a good treatment plan. First, you can reduce your risk of peri-implantitis by using proper oral hygiene and other prevention techniques. Next, keep a close eye on the health of your implants. If you notice problems, contact your implant dentist. And don’t forget to make regular dental visits after you get your implants. We can check the health of your implants and might be able to see problems that you might not notice. The earlier we detect your peri-implantitis, the more successful treatment can be. Usually, treatment is just a slightly different oral hygiene routine. Sometimes, though, we might have to remove a dental crown, denture, or bridge to help your implant heal. If we have to remove your implant, we can usually place a new implant in the location, after a short time for healing. Considering Dental Implants in Columbia, SC? If you are considering dental implants in Columbia, SC, we can answer all your questions so you can make an informed decision. Please call (803) 781-9090 today for an appointment with implant dentist Dr. Adam Hahn at Smile Columbia Dentistry.

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How to grow hydro is really about how to maintain your nutrient reservoir. After all, there is nothing you can do to MAKE your plants grow. You can only provide all the best conditions, sit back, and let plant growth happen. Assume your plants are getting enough light and air, and are kept at a good temperature. Plant growth will happen (often quickly) as long as you provide the best conditions in your nutrient solution (and in the rest of the grow room) everyday! Learning how to grow hydro starts with your beginning water quality. Check your tap water with a TDS meter. Anything over 200 ppm and you should probably use a reverse osmosis filter, or else use bottled spring water. While not necessary, it's not a bad idea to treat your water using hydrogen peroxide. If you really want to complicate things, you can get a complete water test. In this case, you can use tap water with up to 300 ppm as long as no more than 150 ppm of the total is from Calcium, Calcium Carbonate, and Sodium compounds. Through the water, the plants will receive all of their food. This water needs to contain primary nutrients (N-P-K), secondary nutrients (Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Sulfur), and all trace nutrients. I strongly recommend using a professional hydroponic nutrient product for this. In addition to regular food, there are a few additives that make a huge difference in the healthy development of your plants. These are vitamins (like Thrive Alive B1), trace nutrient supplements (like Maxicrop liquid seaweed), and plant hormones (in both seaweed and Thrive Alive red). Another useful additive is Silica, which is used to boost the immune system of Many expert gardening articles I have read by people who know how to grow hydro recommend adding Thrive Alive B1 and Maxicrop to every drop of water you give your plants. Use 10 ml (2 tsp) per gallon of each. If you are using a seaweed based fertilizer, it is not necessary to add additional liquid seaweed. For more information on feeding and maintaining your nutrient solution, check out the hydroponic nutrients page. If you want to learn how to grow hydro well, you must know about the pH (potential Hydrogen) scale. Hydroponic nutrients are only usable to your plants when the pH is right. The maximum amount of nutrients are available to your plants in a range of 5.5 pH to 7.0 pH. In hydroponics, the nutrients are often kept around 5.5 because the plants absorb nutrients slightly more quickly at this pH. Also, the natural tendency of the nutrient solution is for the pH to creep up slowly over time, so it is a good idea to adjust the pH down to the low end of the acceptable range whenever you make a pH adjustment. People that know how to grow hydro use a total dissolved salts (TDS) meter or an electrical conductivity (EC) meter to tell how strong or how weak the nutrient solution is. The ideal strength of your nutrient solution depends on what type of plants you are growing, and also what stage of the plant life cycle they are in. Your plants will tend to require stronger and stronger nutrient solutions as they grow more mature, and especially when they go into flowering. Check out the plant life cycle pages for more specific advice on what strength to keep your nutrient solution. With a ten gallon reservoir feeding 10 medium size plants, you will need to check the strength (TDS or EC) and the pH of your solution at least once per day. People that know how to grow hydro usually use a larger reservoir. With a larger reservoir, the changes in the nutrient solution take a little more time. The larger reservoir acts as more of a buffer. A good general guideline to follow would be to use at least 3/4 gallon to one gallon of nutrient solution per plant. No matter what size reservoir you have, I would still recommend you check your nutrient solution at least once a day! You should have a desired water level marked out somehow on your reservoir, and as your plants feed they will drop the level of the nutrient solution in the reservoir. Always begin by topping your nutrient reservoir up with plain water. It is a good idea to let any water that you use sit out overnight in an uncovered container. This lets the water de-Chlorinate, and also lets the water come to room temperature. Adding cold water can shock the roots, causing root damage below as well as damage and leaf drop above. When checking your nutrient solution, it is a good idea to check the nutrient solution strength first (as opposed to checking the pH first), because the addition of nutrients and supplements to the nutrient solution will usually change the pH of the nutrient solution a little. If the nutrient strength is low, add a little more of your base hydroponic nutrients. If the nutrient strength is a little high, add plain water. Once the strength of your nutrient solution has been tested and adjusted, it is time to test the pH. The cheapest way to do this is with a small bottle of pH indicator drops....you just scoop up a sample of your water, add a few drops of indicator, and shake! Just check the results against the color chart on the bottle for your pH. If you test your nutrient solution and the pH is up, then slowly add a little pH DOWN. If your pH is too low, then slowly add some pH UP. After two weeks of using the same nutrient solution, it is time for a nutrient change. The plants may have been using some nutrients faster than others, and now you might be heading for a nutrient imbalance. Keep an extra nutrient reservoir full of plain water waiting for your next nutrient solution change. This ensures you will have de-Chlorinated, room temperature water that will not damage your plants' It is a good idea to run a tank full of plain water (or 1/4 strength nutrient solution) through the hydroponic system for a few hours in between nutrient changes. This helps to flush out any nutrient buildup. Some experienced gardeners do this every four weeks, or every other nutrient change. The addition of enzymes, such as Hygrozyme, will help with the flushing process, and can actually be used DURING the growing process to prevent nutrient buildup in the grow media. Whenever you find your hydroponic system and plant containers empty, consider using hydrogen peroxide to keep things clean and healthy. Once you have a simple feeding plan that is working well, you can try to maximize your results. The best advice here is to make small changes, one at a time, and to let each change show its effects before making another change. Sometimes this will mean waiting two weeks, other times it may mean waiting a whole crop cycle for the results. This is where keeping a journal for the garden can really pay off! My experience has shown that a simple plan with high quality results is what your goal should be. Many times, experimenting only leads to bad results. Over complicating things. To make matters worse, if you changed two or more things, you have no idea what is causing the problem now. Anyone interested in a final tweak to push their plants the extra mile should learn more about these fertilizer and soil additives. Pros that know how to grow hydro usually do a final flush just before harvest. This can be done by replacing the nutrient solution with plain water for the last 7 to 10 days. It will help if you change the water each day with fresh, plain water for these last few days. An alternative is to use a product specifically made to help flush out these nutrients, such as Final Flush or Flora-Kleen. A common mistake is to give plants just plain water during the flushing process. It IS desirable to flush nutrient salt compounds from the plant tissue, which is exactly why you do NOT want to include fertilizer during the flushing process. However, many plants continue to add plant weight and continue to develop tasty plant esters, amino acids, alcohols, terpenes, and resins right to the end. example, a plant puts on the last 10% of these compounds in the last 10 days of flowering. If you are giving your plants only plain water for the last 10-14 days, you may be preventing your plants from coming to their full potential. I recommend the addition of B1 to continue driving cell division, as well as an additive that will provide esters and plant alcohol precursors, humic acids, amino acids, some carbohydrates....such as Liquid Karma (the original is my personal favorite) or Sweet. 10 ml per gallon of each is an effective rate of application, and is the rate that I use. Flushing the crop helps remove any fertilizers in the plant tissue. Flushing properly will improve the flavor, aroma, and potency of the finished produce coming out of your garden.

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Diesel fuel is most commonly a fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel. Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. Petrodiesel, or fossil diesel is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C (392 °F) and 350 °C (662 °F) at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 8 and 21 carbon atoms per molecule. The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its cetane number. A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air. Fuel value and price As of 2010, the density of petroleum diesel is about 0.832 kg/l (6.943 lb/US gal), about 12% more than ethanol-free petrol (gasoline), which has a density of about 0.745 kg/l (6.217 lb/US gal). About 86.1% of the fuel mass is carbon, and when burned, it offers a net heating value of 43.1 MJ/kg as opposed to 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline. However, due to the higher density, diesel offers a higher volumetric energy density at 35.86 MJ/L (128,700 BTU/US gal) vs. 32.18 MJ/L (115,500 BTU/US gal) for gasoline, some 11% higher, which should be considered when comparing the fuel efficiency by volume. The CO2 emissions from diesel are 73.25 g/MJ, just slightly lower than for gasoline at 73.38 g/MJ. Diesel is generally simpler to refine from petroleum than gasoline, and contains hydrocarbons having a boiling point in the range of 180–360 °C (360–680 °F). The price of diesel traditionally rises during colder months as demand for heating oil rises, which is refined in much the same way. Because of recent changes in fuel quality regulations, additional refining is required to remove sulfur, which contributes to a sometimes higher cost. In most parts of the U.S.A., U.K. and Australia, diesel is priced higher than gasoline. Use as vehicle fuel Unlike CNG, gasoline and propane engines, diesel engines do not use high-voltage spark ignition (spark plugs). An engine running on diesel compresses the air inside the cylinder to high pressures and temperatures (compression ratios from 14:1 to 18:1 are common in current diesel engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting a few degrees before top dead center (TDC) of the piston, and continuing during the combustion event. Diesel engines have glow plugs to help start the engine by preheating the cylinders to a minimum operating temperature. Diesel engines are lean burn engines, burning the fuel in more air than is required for the chemical reaction. They thus use less fuel than rich burn spark ignition engines which use a Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (just enough air to react with the fuel). Because they have high compression ratios and no throttle, diesel engines are more efficient than many spark-ignited engines. Diesel fuel’s efficiency and its lower flammability than gasoline are the two main reasons for military use of diesel in armored fighting vehicles. Engines running on diesel also provide more torque, and are less likely to stall, as they are controlled by a mechanical or electronic governor. A disadvantage of diesel as a vehicle fuel in cold climates, is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel at temperatures of −19 °C (−2.2 °F) to −15 °C (5 °F), which prevents flow into the vehicle’s fuel system. Special low-temperature diesel contains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures, but starting a diesel engine in very cold weather may still pose considerable difficulties. U.S.A. diesel fuel typically also has a lower cetane number (a measure of ignition quality) than European diesel, resulting in worse cold weather performance and some increase in emissions. Another disadvantage of diesel engines compared to gasoline engines is the possibility of runaway failure. Since diesel engines do not need spark ignition, they can run as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Fuel is typically supplied via a fuel pump. If the pump breaks down in an "open" position, the supply of fuel will be unrestricted, and the engine will run away and risk terminal failure. Diesel-powered vehicles generally have a better fuel economy than equivalent gasoline engines and produce less greenhouse gas emission. Their greater economy is due to the higher energy per gallon content of diesel fuel and the intrinsic efficiency of the diesel engine. While petrodiesel’s higher density results in higher greenhouse gas emissions per gallon compared to gasoline, the 20–40% better fuel economy achieved by modern diesel-engine automobiles offsets the higher per gallon emissions of greenhouse gases, and a diesel-powered vehicle emits 10–20 percent less greenhouse gas than comparable gasoline vehicles. Biodiesel-powered diesel engines offer substantially improved emission reductions compared to petrodiesel or gasoline-powered engines, while retaining most of the fuel economy advantages over conventional gasoline-powered automobiles. However, the increased compression ratios mean there are increased emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from diesel engines. This is compounded by biological nitrogen in biodiesel to make NOx emissions the main drawback of diesel versus gasoline engines. Reduction of sulfur emissions In the past, diesel fuel contained higher quantities of sulfur. EU emission standards and preferential taxation have forced oil refineries to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. In the U.S.A., more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to ULSD starting in 2006 and becoming mandatory on June 1, 2010. Environment hazards of Diesel High levels of sulfur in diesel are harmful for the environment because they prevent the use of catalytic diesel particulate filters to control diesel particulate emissions, as well as more advanced technologies, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) adsorbers to reduce emissions. Moreover, sulfur in the fuel is oxidized during combustion, producing sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, that in presence of water rapidly convert to sulfuric acid, one of the chemical processes that results in acid rain. However, the process for lowering sulfur also reduces the lubricity of the fuel, meaning that additives must be put into the fuel to help lubricate engines. Biodiesel and biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, with their higher lubricity levels, are increasingly being utilized as an alternative. The U.S.A. annual consumption of diesel fuel in 2006 was about 50 billion gallons. Diesel does not mix with water. Petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes). The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20 to C15H28. Petrodiesel spilled on a road will stay there until washed away by sufficiently heavy rain, whereas gasoline will quickly evaporate. After the light fractions have evaporated, a greasy slick is left on the road which can destabilize moving vehicles. Diesel spills severely reduce tire grip and traction, and have been implicated in many accidents. The loss of traction is similar to that encountered on black ice. Diesel slicks are especially dangerous for two-wheeled vehicles such as motorcycles.

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Hypertension can quietly harm your body for a long time before manifestations develop. Left uncontrolled, you may wind up with a handicap, a low quality of life or even a lethal heart assault. Luckily, with treatment and lifestyle transforms, you can control your hypertension to diminish your danger of life-undermining complexities. High blood pressure creates a lot of damage to all parts of the body. The increased pressure in the blood can harm your heart to a great extent. Some of the extreme damages are discussed below: Solid arteries are adaptable, solid and versatile. Their inward coating is smooth with the goal that blood streams openly, supplying imperative organs and tissues with sufficient supplements and oxygen. In the event that you have hypertension, the expanded weight of blood coursing through your conduits steadily can result in a mixed bag of issues. Hypertension can harm the cells of your arteries’ internal covering. That dispatches a course of occasions that make supply route dividers thick and hardened, an infection called arteriosclerosis, or solidifying of the corridors. Fats from your eating methodology enter your circulatory system, pass through the harmed cells and gather to begin atherosclerosis. These progressions can influence courses all through your body, blocking blood stream to your heart, kidneys, mind, arms and legs. The harm can result in numerous issues, including midsection torment (angina), heart assault, heart disappointment, kidney disappointment, stroke, blocked conduits in your legs or arms (fringe vein ailment), eye harm, and aneurysms. Your heart pumps blood to your whole body. Uncontrolled hypertension can harm your heart in various ways: Coronary supply route malady influences the conduits that supply blood to your heart muscle. Supply routes contracted by coronary vein malady don’t permit blood to stream openly through your conduits. At the point when blood can’t stream uninhibitedly to your heart, you can encounter midsection torment, a heart assault or unpredictable heart rhythms. Hypertension compels your heart to work harder than would normally be appropriate so as to pump blood to whatever remains of your body. This causes the left ventricle to thicken or harden. These progressions restrain the ventricle’s capability to pump blood to your body. This condition builds your danger of heart assault, heart disappointment and sudden cardiovascular demise. About whether, the strain on your heart brought on by hypertension can result in your heart muscle to debilitate and work less productively. In the end, your overpowered heart just starts to destroy and fizzle. Harm from heart assaults adds to this issue. Much the same as your heart, your mind relies on upon a supporting blood supply to work legitimately and survive. Be that as it may hypertension can result in a few issues: Now and then called a ministroke, a transient ischemic assault is a concise, transitory disturbance of blood supply to your mind. It’s frequently created by atherosclerosis or blood coagulation — both of which can emerge from hypertension. A transient ischemic assault is frequently a cautioning that you’re at danger of an all out stroke. A stroke happens when a piece of your cerebrum is denied of oxygen and supplements, bringing on mind cells to pass on. Uncontrolled hypertension can prompt stroke by harming and debilitating your cerebrum’s veins, making them limited, crack or hole. Hypertension can additionally cause blood clusters to structure in the courses prompting your mind, blocking blood stream and possibly creating a stroke. By : Natural Health News

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Grandparents Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorders Most children fit almost instinctively into Grandma's house - obeying, trying to please and finding their groove. Children with ASD have a harder time adjusting and even a brief visit can leave a grandparent mentally and physically exhausted. But it doesn't have to be that way! Nancy Mucklow's book serves as a practical guide to turning grandparents' concern, confusion and initial sadness for their grandchild with ASD into a relationship of acceptance, confidence and realistic expectations. Full of intriguing and thought-provoking anecdotes and rules of thumb, Grandparent's Guide to ASD includes tried-and-true recommendations on how to deal with sensory issues, new and unfamiliar environments, dietary considerations, emotional meltdowns, communication, selecting the right toys, participating in school and family events... and much more. More knowledgeable and better prepared after reading this positive and upbeat book, grandparents can stay relaxed as they use the helpful strategies that allow them to better connect with their special grandchild.

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More research is needed into how phonics can be used with adults, according to new research published by the Education and Training Foundation (ETF). The new report, entitled Current practice in using a system of phonics with post-16 learners, highlights differences in learning to read as an adult and learning to read as a young child, including “marked differences in learning contexts, such as contact time and attendance patterns, as well as learner characteristics, including world knowledge and experience”. “Decoding and encoding skills will be strengthened if they are taught in such a way that they engage adult learners,” it added. The report stresses that “taking an existing phonics scheme designed for use in primary schools and importing it into the adult context is unlikely to be effective”. Commissioned the ETF, the research was undertaken by University College London (UCL) researchers and funded by the Department for Education (DfE). It assesses the extent to which phonics approaches are currently used with entry-level learners across the sector and looks at how adult literacy tutors might be supported to use phonics approaches effectively. It was revealed in September that following reform, the new functional skills qualifications in English will include phonics. Guidance and support The report makes recommendations for a systematic approach to using phonics with adults and sets out why guidance and support is needed to successfully embed systematic approaches to teaching phonics in different post-16 settings. “Adult learners do not study under the same conditions as children,” it stressed. “They also have clear preferences for materials which are aimed at them and make reference to adult life.” The researchers said: “There is a range of materials devised specifically for teaching adults, including reading schemes based on decodable text and systematic approaches to introducing phoneme-graphemes in sequence. Our survey suggests they attract relatively little use as yet. We recommend that networks of practitioners explore through action research which materials work best for their learners and compare findings.” According to the report, “too little high-quality research is being carried out into systematic approaches to teaching phonics that might benefit adult learners”. “There is not currently sufficient evidence upon which to base guidance to the field on the most effective approaches to teaching adult learners phonics,” it said. 'More time and attention' According to the report, tutors “sometimes find it challenging to identify learners’ specific barriers and needs in relation to emergent reading and writing”. “This can lead to some learners not receiving the most appropriate forms of support,” it says. “We recommend more time and attention is paid to assessment processes by providers and networks, both at the start of, and during, provision.” Gary Phillips, director of professional development at the ETF, said: “As ever with the implementation of new teaching approaches, it’s important to make sure teachers and trainers have the expertise and support necessary to ensure their successful implementation. “Moreover, the findings of this study show that workforce development is particularly crucial to the use of phonics in the teaching of reading and writing to adults in order that tutors can skilfully assess individual learners needs, select appropriate materials that gain learner confidence and use phonics effectively.”

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of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion using Bluetooth technology. A piconet is formed when at least two devices, such as a portable PC and a cellular phone, connect. A piconet can support up to eight devices. When a piconet is formed, one device acts as the master while the others act as slaves for the duration of the piconet connection. A piconet is sometimes called a PAN “Piconet” is a combination of the prefix “pico,” meaning very small or one trillionth, and network.

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There is of late craze for solar energy, people have been browsing regularly on the internet to see how they can save on energy bills. I know this because I can see a steady increase of visitors’ traffic on my blog. The reports suggest that people have been looking for alternate sources of energy like solar power. The curiosity for solar energy has been increasing day by day for the last couple of years. Solar energy has always been in the mind of the researchers for many decades, we have not been able to use this energy easily as we do not have resources to use it at homes due to many reasons. During the early stages of the solar industry, back in the 70’s, that was when solar energy became a household buzz. However, it did not gain any momentum as it did not offer any energy savings. It was due to the fact that cost of energy was not a major concern at that time. With the rapid rise of energy cost, it is gaining much publicity these days. Another factor which discouraged the use of solar technology was that the life of solar panels was only ten years and will start losing its efficiency first five years of its life. Thankfully, there is a lot of difference now in the technology used to manufacture Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. This is one of the reasons why homeowners are utilizing the modern solar panels. This new technology has helped many home owners to save on electric bills. There are some instances that people have saved even 80% of their energy bills. This is the reason why PV panels are in great demand. Another factor which has contributed to sales is the size of these solar panels which is much smaller and gives it a cosmetic look. With the advancement in technology, today’s Photovoltaic panels are much more efficient than the ones our forefathers used to buy. This means people are getting good value for their money. Solar energy has gained so much popularity that there are many expert contractors who can install solar panels on both new and old homes. Since the demand is very high, so are the prices of these panels, but you can recover the cost within few years of the installation. Basically you can recover your investment within 8 to 15 years. Some home owners yearning to save cost will try to do the installation via a Do It Yourself. Understandably, a home solar power system setup professionally costs a lot, that’s why people are looking for an option to do it themselves. Many people, with some electrical skill are building their own PV system using inexpensive DIY guide such as PDF ebooks and instructional videos available on the internet. Such video guides have become instant hit as there is lot of savings when you install it yourself. Homemade PV panels are not that costly and most of the time these are easy to install. There are people who claim to have built the solar energy panels within $200. That is a substantial saving taking into account you may need 8 – 12 panels for a small solar system. Which ever approach you choose, it is a great option to save upon your home energy bills. You not only save money, you are at the same time contributing positively to the environment. You too can adopt it as a business to install solar system for other people, you will surely enjoy it and make a good living from it.

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The rendering of a three dimensional landscape, portrait or still life on a two dimensional surface is to some people a trick, and we know tricks are mostly magic! As with magic some people are content to just observe and wonder at the skill of the magician, others want to know how the trick is done, while a few want to do it themselves. If we lived in a yellow two dimensional world and a blue ball passed through we would experience something like this: Fortunately we don't, instead ... Let us imagine we live in a giant room where the floor is the ground and the sky is the ceiling. I have drawn the room with two rectangles and four lines. Add a door and a window... and we create a space. I shall add some lines to help put tiles on the floor and suggest cornice around the ceiling. Please refer to the lesson in the 'drawing' section called 'room interior CVP' for a more detail and practical instruction. Let us extend a few lines and add some detail. You will note that if you extend the lines forming the top and bottom of the open door they will meet on the same level as the other convergent lines. Given the basic structure you could practice adding things yourself. This example is called 'two point perspective'. Complete the 40min. lesson called 'room interior two point perspective' in the 'drawing' section and keep this page as an introductory theory sheet. Now let's now go outside ...

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While technology is often used for getting work done and staying organised, sometimes the most interesting tools are those that lead us to new ways of doing things. The digital storytelling tool Storify definitely falls into that category. Storify allows for the creation of stories using a range of different elements. It can grab content such as pictures and video from many websites and also allows for text to be added. Perhaps the element that sets Storify apart is that tweets and public Facebook posts can also be added to a story. These elements are gathered together in a ‘storypad’ and can then be dragged into the story timeline (on the left of the screen). Have a look here for a quick demonstration of how it works. The great thing about Storify is that all content is linked backed to its original source. Storify has become a popular tool for recording reactions to news stories and current events because of the ability to add tweets to stories. It is also perfect for summing up professional learning events, like this example here of a recent SLAV conference. As YouTube videos can also be added it’s a nice way to put together a series of tutorial videos or screenshots. In fact, all of the tutorials featured on Bright Ideas are built in this way using Storify. You can follow our Storify account to stay up to date with new tutorials. Storify stories can also be easily embedded into your blog or website and there is an iPad app with a nice interface (though I’d recommend building long stories on your computer as I’ve found the app has crashed on me in the past). Storify also has applications in the classroom. It could be used to create digital stories with pictures sourced from around the web. It would also be perfect for recounts of events such as excursions; particularly if students are also tweeting during the day or taking pictures and video. The linear nature of the story also lends itself to procedural writing, or it could be a nice way for students to present research projects. Being able to bring in social media elements also means that Storify could be perfect for issues analysis. Students could link to annotated articles and news stories, but also include analysis of tweets by those involved or those observing. It would also be perfect for media analysis of shows which generate buzz on Twitter, like Q & A or Big Brother (that’s the first time those two shows have been mentioned in the same breath!). Storify has been around for a little while now and a recent redesign means it is well worth exploring. The editor is great fun to use and the wide range of media that it can import lends itself to a number of exciting possibilities.

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Description This soup bowl and tray were part of a multi-vessel stacking set that was given to a woman at childbirth. The dishes celebrated the birth of a child—an important occasion that heavily influenced a woman’s status in the family—as well as the health of the new mother. The exteriors of the bowl and tray are painted with a continuous landscape of fields, hills, and trees, making the assembled set a cohesive whole, while the interior of the bowl and the top of the tray are more personal. They each depict a bedchamber following childbirth, and only the new mother would have seen these interior scenes as she used the wares for food and drink during her confinement. In fact, the top of the tray illustrates a woman eating from similar objects as those assembled here. The artist of the pair has not yet been identified; however it is likely that he was influenced by the circle of Francesco Xanto Avelli (1487-1542), a prominent maiolica painter from Urbino. The vibrant blues, oranges, greens, and yellows used throughout this set are characteristic of wares from the Metauro River Valley near Urbino, especially from Castel Durante, an early Renaissance center of maiolica production. For more information on “maiolica” see 48.1336. Provenance Octavius E. Coope, Brentwood, Essex, by purchase; Sale, Christie's, London, May 3, 1910, no. 39; Jacques Seligmann, Paris [date of acquisition unknown], by purchase; Henry Walters, Baltimore, 1910, by purchase; Walters Art Museum, 1931, by bequest. Credit Acquired by Henry Walters, 1910 Download Image Add to Collection Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Creative Commons License

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In Australia, nearly 80% of coal is produced from open-cut mines, in contrast to the rest of the world where open-cut mining only accounts for 40% of coal production. Open-cut mining is possible because coal seams are close to the surface. How is a coal formed? Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. How much money does Australia get from coal? In financial year 2019, the export value of coal from Australia was approximately 69.6 billion Australian dollars. The value of coal exports had almost doubled over the past decade, with coal being one of the leading export commodities in the country. What are the 4 stages of coal formation? There are four stages in coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Is Australia running out of coal? It says 63% of Australia’s coal-fired generation will be out of the system by 2040, and more than 30 gigawatts (GW) of large-scale renewable energy will be needed to replace existing thermal generation. While some in the Morrison government continue to campaign for new coal-fired power, Aemo is clear about the future. What are the 4 types of coal? Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite. Is Coal still being formed? The process of coal formation is still taking place today, says Bailey. “The precursor to coal is called peat, and that is just uncompressed plant matter.” Peat accumulates in wet swampy environments known as mires, and that process is taking place today in areas such as Indonesia and even the Antiplano in the Andes. How long will Australia’s coal last? Who does Australia sell coal to? Outside China, Australia’s major thermal coal customers are Japan and South Korea, which present a more positive picture for Australian coal miners. Australia’s exports to Japan have picked up slightly in recent months, with October’s 8.3 million tonnes and September’s 8.45 million being the best since March. What is the biggest coal mine in Australia? Peak Downs coal mine What rock is coal found in? Which type of coal is best for fuel? The ranks of coal (from most to least carbon content) are as follows: anthracite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, and lignite. The coal with the highest carbon content is the best and cleanest type of coal to use. Which type of coal is the cleanest to burn? Why does Australia rely on coal? Coal is primarily used as a fuel to generate electricity and in Australia is used to produce about 80% of the nation’s electricity requirements. … These early coal mining activities made a significant contribution to the progress of European settlement in Australia. How many years of coal are left? Based on U.S. coal production in 2019, of about 0.706 billion short tons, the recoverable coal reserves would last about 357 years, and recoverable reserves at producing mines would last about 20 years. The actual number of years that those reserves will last depends on changes in production and reserves estimates. Does Australia have clean coal? Australia’s electricity sector is the nation’s largest source of greenhouse gas pollution, producing 33% of Australia’s greenhouse gas pollution levels in 2017. There is no such thing as clean coal.

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Appearances[edit | edit source] Gallery[edit | edit source] Etymology[edit | edit source] El Dorado is the term used by Europeans to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca native people of Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally an empire.

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Tragacanth Gum Allergy Test Latin name: Astragalus gummifer Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Common names: Tracacanth gum, Tragacanth Tragacanth gum is a food additive which may result in allergy symptoms in sensitised individuals. Tragacanth Gum Allergy Test: Allergen Exposure Tragacanth gum is a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble mixture of polysaccharides obtained from sap and dried. The sap is collected from the Astragalus species of shrub, an evergreen growing to 30cm in height, which is found in Iran, Asia Minor and Syria. Tragacanth is collected via man-made incisions in the lower stem and root of the shrub, and is similar in this fashion to the collection of latex. It is considered to be the most viscous of the naturally occurring plant gums. Tragacanth gum has been collected and used by humans for many thousands of years. Tragacanth gum is used as a thickener, stabiliser and emulsifier in candy, salad dressings, sauces, fruit jelly, ornamental icings, fruit sherbets, etc. It is an approved additive to food and has the E number E413. The seedpods of some species may be eaten, but those of others are toxic. The gum is demulcent, though it is not often used internally because it is not completely soluble. It has long been employed externally as a dressing for burns. This gum has recently been shown to stimulate the immune system and to suppress tumours. Tragacanth tends to decrease absorption of cholesterol into the system if taken with cholesterol-rich foods. It also has a wide range of non-food uses, including as a thickener, stabiliser and emulsifier in shaving cream, toothpaste, face packs, creams, and eye makeup, as a fabric dressing, and as a thickening agent in dyes, glues, watercolours and ink. It has been used in traditional medicine as a herbal remedy for conditions such as coughs and diarrhea, as well as a topical treatment for superficial burns. Being highly water soluble, it is ideal for ease of use and even spreading, and it is one of the stronger naturally occurring plant gums for holding particles in suspension. Smaller amounts of tragacanth gum are needed, when compared to gum arabic or similar substances, for the same applications. It is used as a binding agent in paper making, and a culture medium in laboratories. It is commonly used in lozenges in order to bind the ingredients and impart consistency, as well as in cigar making to seal and secure the outer tobacco skin. Both the stems and the gum can be burnt as incense. Tragacanth Gum Allergy Test: Allergen Description No allergens from tragacanth gum have yet been characterised. Tragacanth Gum Allergy Test: Potential Cross-Reactivity An extensive cross-reactivity among the different individual species of the genus could be expected but in fact is not seen frequently. Clinical studies have found that there is little cross-reactivity among members of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Cross-reactivity between Acacia gum and Tragacanth gum has been reported. Tragacanth Gum Allergy Test: Clinical Experience Tragacanth gum may rarely induce allergy symptoms in sensitised individuals. Asthma and contact dermatitis have been described. Excess ingestion can result in diarrhoea, abdominal pain, gas production or constipation. Many members of this genus contain toxic glycosides. All species with edible seedpods can be distinguished by their fleshy round or oval seedpod that looks similar to a greengage. A number of species can also accumulate toxic levels of selenium when grown in soils that are relatively rich in that element.

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Machine learning and artificial intelligence have started to show applications around all industries. Healthcare is no exception. In fact, considering the immense amount of data being produced every day in this field, healthcare is a prime area to apply machine learning. Researchers at the University of Washington utilized a new approach to determine which markers to target in leukemia patients. While there are over a thousand cancer treatments in clinical development in the US alone, choosing the proper treatment remains a challenge. Cancers that appear pathologically similar may react very differently to the same treatment. Hence, methods to more accurately pair patients to treatments are needed. The UW researchers' novel computational technique identifies gene expression markers to reliably target and learns from data on how much certain drivers contribute to the progress of the cancer. This provides a new way to prioritize gene-treatment associations by determining a probability the a certain gene can be reliably used as a marker for various treatments. This study implemented the new identification technique on a sample of 30 patients and found an improvement in the chance that the gene-treatment association are validated. While the implications of this study are promising, because of the small sample size, additional research will certain need to be conducted to yield more robust data. It is, however, still just as exciting to see how areas like machine learning, predictive analytics, and computational statistics can be applied in the field of medicine. We demonstrate a promising approach to identify robust molecular markers for targeted treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by introducing: data from 30 AML patients including genome-wide gene expression profiles and in vitro sensitivity to 160 chemotherapy drugs, a computational method to identify reliable gene expression markers for drug sensitivity by incorporating multi-omic prior information relevant to each gene’s potential to drive cancer. We show that our method outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches in identifying molecular markers replicated in validation data and predicting drug sensitivity accurately. Finally, we identify SMARCA4 as a marker and driver of sensitivity to topoisomerase II inhibitors, mitoxantrone, and etoposide, in AML by showing that cell lines transduced to have high SMARCA4 expression reveal dramatically increased sensitivity to these agents.

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Day of Portugal, Camões and Portuguese Communities! The beloved Dia de Portugal (Day of Portugal) is a holiday celebrated every year on June 10th in every corner of the Portuguese-speaking world. Officially known as Seven Facts about The Portuguese Festas of June It’s with heavy hearts that we Portuguese are facing this festa (festival) season, or should I say this festa-less season this year. The time-honored tradition of the festa season is such an integral part of our Portuguese heritage that it’s disorienting to be going through the next few months without our festas. Participating in a festa is like visiting family. We know who we’ll see, what we’ll eat, where we’ll sit, what we’re likely to hear, and most importantly, what we come away within… DIY Manjerico Plant Both fun and beautiful, the manjerico tradition happens during the annual Festa de São João ( festival of St. John) in Porto, Portugal. The manjerico tradition stems from pagan origins in which it was used as a symbol of giving thanks for bounty and fertility. But during Festa de São João, the little potted plants of sprouted basil , along a paper-mache flower and a love note, are offered as a sweet symbol of love. Download below files and enjoy making your own manjerico craft! We worship perfection because we can't have it; if we had it, we would reject it. Perfection is inhuman, because humanity is imperfect. - Fernando Pessoa #pessoa #fernandopessoa #portuguesewriter Home of Portuguese Inspired Products "I carry my awareness of defeat like a banner of victory." - Fernando Pessoa #pessoa #fernandopessoa #portuguesepoet #portuguesewriter #portuguesehistory #portugueseculture Five Prayers Taught at Fatima by Mary & the Angels On May 13, 1917, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to three shepherd children in Fatima, Portugal with an urgent message for the whole world. Between May and October she would appear five more times, each on the 13th of the month. She identified he… Saudade was once described as "the love that remains" after someone is gone. Saudade is the recollection of feelings, experiences, places or events that once brought excitement, pleasure, well-being, which now triggers the senses and makes one live again. Shop Now! www.RoosterCamisa.com Heart of Viana, Coraçao de Viana, Portuguese heart

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Indu Soni, Madhu Y Soni Department of Botany, Govt. K.KB. College, Sakti, Janjgir- Champa, India Department of Botany, Dr. Indrajeet Shing Govt.College Akaltara, Janjgir-Champa, India. Volume - 29, Issue - 1, Year - 2016 Lantana camara is a common wild shrubby ornamental and hedge plant growing from plains to an elevation in surrounding forest of Chhattisgarh. Lantana with red flowered are thought to be the most toxic but some white/ pink flowered varieties can also be highly toxic. Allelopathy is a complex ecological process and biological phenomenon that depends upon accumulation and decay of litter, soil characteristics and climate. The aim of present work to observed the allelochemical effect of Lantana on forest vegetations of Bilaspur Chhattisgarh which inhibit the plant diversity and displace the native vegetation. The present work was done in forest and waste land of Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. Lantana camara seed, fruit, ste and leaf parts are have strong allele-chemical effect. Allelopathic influences the growth, survival, and reproduction of other biological organisms. In dense thickets, lantana excludes native species through smothering and allelopathic effects (ie toxicity to other plants). It dominates under-storey's prolongs succession and reduces biodiversity. Lantana plays a role as a persistent weed and has the potential to block succession and displace native vegetation and reducing biodiversity by allelo- chemicals. Allele-chemical observations of Lantana inhibit the germination and growth of plants which grows surrounding lantana clumps. In present study will be discuss the Lantana camara play as allelopathic effect on the germination and growth of various plant species and can establish in natural ecosystems, open and bare areas etc. References not available. Cite this article:

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How to use administrator in a sentence. Also, the job outlook growth projection from 2012 to 2020 is expected to increase by 5.7%. Scores for all proficiency exams can vary from state to state or even between districts, so check cutoff scores for the district you plan to work in. What is Professional Development for Teachers? They can effectively work with and support every person at the school. building of administration image by Arkady Chubykin from, Copyright 2021 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article, American Association of School Administrators: The School Administrator. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATION 1. A school administrator in a public school must make sure the state curriculum is being taught in an appropriate manner. School Administrator Jobs & Job Description. All education majors will be required to take developmental classes, classroom management classes, and basic teaching courses, but subject and grade specific courses can also be required based on the desired area of certification. Compassionate and caring 3. School Administration is… in an educational setting Planning, organizing,directing, and controlling human or material resources 3. College and university Administrations are largely different from elementary and secondary school administrations; they are larger and have more specific functions since they manage a very large school community. Best Value Teacher Prep Master’s Programs. In most cases, a candidate who desires to become a school administrator must also earn a Master's Degree in educational leadership, school administration, or another form of leadership. They ensure that the organization runs smoothly and they also manage facilities and staff. A school administrator needs to be a leader, organized, and committed to the job. The principal also plays a major part in overseeing projects and other development to better serve the student body. Private schools and charter schools are more likely to have someone in a position that is titled "school administrator", but many of the requirements will be the same as a public school principal. Behind every school is an administrator who makes things happen. Whether you are facing a crisis at the school or the trials of … Data taken from BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (http://www.bls.gov/oes/) for Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program (SOC Code: 11-9031). Some of their duties and responsibilities are delineated in state statutes. The principal's main responsibility is to serve as the school's representative and advocate in the community. They may direct programming, hire and supervise staff, manage budgets, and make decisions that affect the academic community. These administrators may include positions like principals and assistant principals. The tables and charts below break down the education level obtained as averaged across the U.S. Data taken from BLS Educational attainment for workers 25 years and older by detailed occupation, 2010-11 (http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_111.htm). The job can be stressful and time consuming, but the rewards will be felt for generations. On average, school administrators in the public sector earn between $70,348 (Payscale.com) and $71,533 (Glassdoor.com) a year. Preschools are often small enough that a single supervisor or director together with its few faculty members can manage them. School administrator is a title that has different meanings depending on where the job is posted. What is the Salary of a School Administrator? The average salary does not include the almost unparalleled health and retirement benefits. Becoming a school administrator is a noble task. The duties of school administrators may vary depending on the size and type of school they work in. The principal is held responsible for the school’s academic performance and for the safety of students while they’re on school grounds. He holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Texas. Administrator, Human Resources Administrator, Network Operations Technician and more on Indeed.com The principal's main responsibility is to serve as the school's representative and advocate in the community. It is delivered to every public school superintendent in the United States who is an AASA member and others at the cabinet-level. The school administrator may be in charge of discipline, overall school order, master schedules, teacher hiring, firing, and evaluation. The first major difference is that college and university administrations are headed by a president and a governing body that handles all aspects related to school management, like finances and projects. A good principal should have a clear vision. The most well known of all school administrator jobs is the principal, though many other positions exist within the realm of education. Imagine being able to influence not only students, but current and future educators. Most states will require experience in teaching between 1 and 5 years and a form of shadowing with a principal during master's level courses. People in school administration typically work in schools, but not as teachers. The director also participates in personally choosing teachers and staff, as well as ensuring that the school follows educational standards. District and school administrators are responsible for providing instructional leadership and developing, implementing, and evaluating district and school systems and policies. Writing a philosophy of administration and leadership statement to submit for a school administrative position will take time and be a thought-provoking exercise. Highly diplomatic 5. Regardless, the title refers to a senior or ‘management' style of position suitable to those who have advanced degrees and a full professional history. Whether running a small, private day-care center or an overcrowded public high school, an administrator’s tasks are many and various, ranging from curriculum development to student discipline. However, you will likely be near the school entrance so you are easily accessible at all times. in Elementary Education Interdisciplinary Studies, Master of Arts in Teaching online (MAT online) — No GRE, Prepare for teaching credential, Online Master’s Programs for Educators, Administrators and School Counselors at all Grade Levels, Online MSE in Educational Leadership program - No GRE scores are required to apply, AASPA - American Association of School Personnel Administrators, AFSA - American Foundation of School Administrators, Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program, Education Administrators, Elementary, Middle, and High School, San Francisco, Redwood City, South San Francisco, Montgomery County, Bucks County, Chester County, Have or are seeking experience as superintendent or other central district office leadership role, Develop, lead and advocate for innovation in education, including curriculum and finances, Generate ideas and solutions to problems and issues, Lead in a collaborative and motivating manner to peers, colleagues, community stakeholders, subordinates, and most of all, students, Communicate effectively with all constituencies, Effectively and economically manage school and district financial steering and current budgetary needs, Have extensive personnel management and leadership experience, Negotiate and manage collective bargaining agreements, Have strategic and operational leadership with an emphasis on strategic alignment to the post-secondary journey, Develop and endorse a culture of evidence-based practice, and ongoing evaluation to measure effectiveness, impact on student learning, success and financial return-on-investment of various methodologies, Engage in ongoing quality assurance and assessment which includes student and stakeholder feedback, Become an educated stakeholder in all aspects of the labour market in order to determine work integrated learning opportunities as well as post-secondary pathways. Oversee and manage a school’s performance, which is primarily measured by … Jay Goldman, editor. Administrators, who include elementary and high school principals and university deans and provosts, oversee functions ranging from instructor relations to classroom curricula. Like other teaching roles, private school administrators earn considerably less. Planning of school programs and activities 2. Both schools have the option to be strict on who attends, teaches, and runs each school. Elementary school administrations, through the Parent-Teacher Association, also meet with parents to … A school principal is a primary leader in a school building. Skilled in identifying problems and brainstorming potential solutions 8. What is a School Administrator? An effective principal must be a visionary. Develop and implement budgets at the district and school level; provide data and input for budget and financial concerns at the state level, Other duties as assigned by fellow officers, trustees and Director, Strategic planning, development, implementation, and evaluation, as well as operational management, staffing and administration, Work closely with staff and stakeholders to ensure that education-administration roles are accountable and current to the needs of the district, Endorse the partnership of academic departments, schools, consultants and colleagues with other key stakeholders, Provide daily support and mentorship to employees, Foster innovation and productivity as well as excellence in curriculum. Choosing a school will in great part depend on the type of certification that you have received, but there are other aspects you may wish to consider. At elementary, middle, and high schools, school administration is typically led by a principal and, depending on the school, may also include assistant principals, instructional coordinators, athletic directors, and other support staff. School administrators work in every level of education. The administrator needs to be a boss, disciplinarian, organizer, and leader. Good data supports the vision and decision-making of the school … To gain a teaching degree and certification, you must attend a college or university that has been certified and accredited. The first is Setup, where the School Administrator can upload or link resources and manage the school-wide question bank. According to the published BLS data from 2016, the national average salary for Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program is $52,150, with an estimated 48,530 being employed nationwide. A school administrator can work as a principal, vice principal, instructional supervisor, or school administrator in any area in which he or she is certified and has received passing scores on necessary exams. To find out specific requirements, click on your state. A master's in school administration will prepare you for leadership, legal issues, diversity training, and data-driven school development, all crucial aspects of successful administration. Partner with and provide leadership, guidance and direction to staff while maximizing staff and department performance. School Administration (Russian, shkolovedenie), the branch of pedagogy that studies the means and methods of administering schools, reveals the distinctive features in the system of school management, and analyzes the specific problems involved in organizing such a system. Discipline, overall school order, master schedules, teacher hiring, firing, students! A broad range of topics specific to K-12 education and experience may be able to negotiate a higher.... Submit for a school administrator must also be understanding, yet diplomatic when dealing with parents, and. Make decisions that affect the academic community being taught in an educational setting Planning, organizing, directing, runs... Sector earn between $ 70,348 ( Payscale.com ) and $ 71,533 ( Glassdoor.com ) a year certified teacher with few! Range of topics specific to K-12 education and experience may be public, private, any... Be extra classes and requirements you must fulfill if an administrative credential is also requires on where the is. The academic community include overseeing budgets, staff, programs, and evaluation a boss, disciplinarian, organizer and! And collegial advice on a broad range of topics specific to K-12 education and the of. To see school administrator, human resources administrator, human resources administrator, human resources administrator, operations! Vary significantly, but current and future educators is due to public superintendent. Attends, teaches, and evaluating district and school administrators oversee the school administrator to... Of Texas the size and type of school they work in order, master schedules, teacher,! Looks like this also in charge of discipline, overall school order, master schedules, teacher hiring firing... Location to see school administrator is a website for teachers by teachers among... Superintendent in the field may also require affiliation with a Bureau of Labor Statistics projected growth six! Between $ 70,348 ( Payscale.com ) and $ 71,533 ( Glassdoor.com ) year! Entrance so you are easily accessible at all times, specialists, coordinators, head,... Overall school order, master schedules, teacher hiring, firing, and overall school,! 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A Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis (HTMA) is a screening test which measures the levels of twenty-one minerals and toxic metals in a sample of hair. When interpreted correctly, a hair test reveals an accurate metabolic picture of the way the body is responding to stress. Our bodies adapt to hundreds of internal and external stress triggers daily requiring adaptation moment to moment, day to day (beyond emotional/mental stress, some triggers include: temperature changes, sounds-sights-smells in our environment, EMF from our cell-phones, hunger and thirst, among hundreds of others). These adaptations build up layer by layer; with each adaptation requiring more of the body’s energy. Therefore, as one ages, less and less energy is available for all other bodily functions. For example, the body deposits toxic metals in tissues such as hair to get them out of blood and decrease toxic exposure to the vital organs and tissues. This can go on for years, until the body can no longer keep up this adaptive behavior. Only then will symptoms arise and imbalances be revealed on diagnostic tests. - Anyone experiencing symptoms or illness where no explanation can be found such as fibromyalgia, chronic pain, chronic fatigue, food sensitivities, etc. - Anyone experiencing common emotional imbalances such as anxiety, panic attacks, depression, hyperactivity, phobias, insomnia, and many others - Anyone low in energy, or relies on coffee, sugar or other stimulants to get through the day - Children struggling with schoolwork, concentration, and recurring infections - Anyone wanting to know which foods and nutritional supplements are best for them - Anyone wanting to heal at the deepest layers and create high resistance to disease - Anyone on a spiritual path seeking to master higher levels of focus and concentration WHY USE HAIR AS A BIOPSY MATERIAL - Sampling is simple. Only a small amount of hair is needed. - Testing for many minerals is inexpensive. - Retesting every 3-6 months is simple and inexpensive, allowing one’s specific progress and improvements to be tracked and program updated accordingly. This takes the guesswork out of nutritional therapy. - Hair analysis values will not vary from day to day, providing a long-term metabolic blueprint. Mineral levels in the hair are also ten times that of the blood, making them easy to detect in hair. - Blood tests are subject to daily fluctuations due to foods eaten the previous day, emotional states, etc. Hair samples are analyzed at Analytical Research Labs, Inc. in Phoenix, Arizona. ARL is one of the only labs that does not wash the hair before analyzing it, which removes up to 50% of water-soluble minerals and affects all mineral levels to some degree. Washing the hair with laboratory cleansing agents such as alcohol and harsh solvents like acetone, ruins the accuracy of results according to a number of studies. For detailed instructions, please READ: “Hair Preparation & Sampling Instructions”

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November 30, 2020 - Comments Off on The Role of Women in Digital Transformation Author Aditi A Kashyap Today, the word 'digital' is part of our collective DNA. Digital technology, digital media, digital marketing, digital transformation, everyone, and everything is digital. The rapid mortality rate of companies in the digital age is nothing short of shocking. More than 50% of global fortune 500 companies have fallen off the list since the year 2000 because of digital disruption. Digital touches every aspect of our lives. Everything that can be digitized is being digitized, and to survive in the digital world, every individual needs to respond in an accelerated fashion to stay relevant. However, various studies have shown an imbalance in the contribution between men and women in honing digital skills or leading digital initiatives. When it comes to leading digital transformation initiatives, according to research by KPMG, globally, 48% of female leaders are comfortable with cutting-edge technologies such as AI, machine learning, and Blockchain. It's baffling to see that women hold only 5% of leadership positions in the technology industry. Research shows that more diversity leads to better decision-making, leading to better production of innovative products and services. If the disparities are stark, then it is difficult for women to lead the way. Organizations that empower their people with more relevant skills training create an environment where women can advance more quickly. What does it take to develop female digital leaders? Increase in female role models There is a shortage of female role models that women in tech can look up to. The world's first programmer was Ada Lovelace, and little do we know about her. The likes of Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, Elon Musk, Bill Gates are the face of the all-male tech industry. This calls for improving gender balance as an urgency. Although the shift may take a while, it will ultimately create role models for aspiring generations of women looking for challenging careers. Enabling women to develop business and entrepreneurship skills Women possess superior social skills that can result in attractive entrepreneurial rewards in the digital age. Such social skills feature predominantly in jobs that women excel in and include competencies such as a heightened sense of responsibility towards the wider community, greater empathy, more effective communication, and a greater willingness to adapt to changing circumstances. Becoming a digital leader is about providing coding and digital marketing skills and using these skills to create and capture business opportunities. Funding women tech entrepreneurs Getting capital to female-led start-ups is a challenge. If the goal is to see more successful tech start-ups led by women, it may not be enough to encourage women to become digital leaders. India is currently ranked 70 out of 77 nations on the Female Entrepreneurship Index. "Only 2% of venture funding goes to women-led enterprises, and the gender disparity in this space is only growing", says Chaitra Vedullapalli, the founder of Women in Cloud (WIC), a community-led initiative to support and promote women technology entrepreneurs. Source: EconomicTimes The sixth economic census released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) highlights that women constitute around 14% of the total entrepreneurship in India. India is seeing a revolution concerning women entrepreneurs. Source: Business Standard It's heartening to see how some women are taking over the digital space and have encashed various opportunities to build new ideas. Suchita Salwan is the founder of Little Black Book (LBB)- a local discovery digital platform. With an audience across age groups and areas of interest, LBB offers an online guide covering a broad spectrum of interests that include food, events, travel, adventure, lifestyle, and shopping, among other things. Another example in this regard is Falguni Nayyar, who started Nykaa.com. Nykaa has captured India's beauty and wellness market, offering a vast catalog of beauty products at millions of Indians' doorsteps. From bringing the consumers their favorite brands and keeping them up-to-date with the latest beauty trends, expert advice and videos, to more than 68 Luxe and On-Trend Stores, an ever-growing online community for beauty buffs, and a Beauty Helpline, Nykaa goes out of their way to give consumers only the very best in the beauty and wellness space. Source: Yourstory The digital revolution has opened a plethora of opportunities for men and women to shine alike. The high penetration of the internet and social media is allowing more and more women to conceive financial independence and profitability. The rise of digital will completely eliminate the present gender disparities with women harnessing more opportunities to lead in the digital world. KNOLSKAPE is one of the fastest-growing experiential learning tech companies in the world. KNOLSKAPE accelerates employee growth and Development using an award-winning portfolio of simulations and in-depth talent analytics. KNOLSKAPE is a 110+ strong team with offices in Singapore, India, Malaysia, and USA serving a rapidly growing global client base across industries such as banking and finance, consulting, IT, FMCG, retail, manufacturing, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, engineering, auto, government and academia. KNOLSKAPE is a global Top 20 gamification company, recipient of Brandon Hall awards, and has been recognized as a company to watch for in the Talent Management Space, by Frost & Sullivan, and as a disruptor in the learning space, by Bersin by Deloitte. About the Author YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: Published by: Anand Udapudi in Blog

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Amsterdam, March 19, 2018 – Microfibers that are released during the machine-washing of synthetic clothing is one of the most important and difficult-to-combat sources of plastic soup. Millions of fibers are released per wash, fibers so small they are impossible to remove from wastewater. A bill has recently been submitted in California which proposes to provide all synthetic clothing with a warning label. Clothing that is at least 50% synthetic must be labeled with the text “This garment sheds plastic microfibers when washed”. If the bill is passed, it will take effect on January 1st, 2020. In Europe, an industrial consortium of textile companies is considering how to prevent the spread of microfibers derived from synthetic clothing. Before the end of 2018, the partnership, according to a statement issued in January, will present possible solutions to the European Commission. This plan, however, is so vague that it raises the question of whether the consortium is, in fact, strategically delaying measures for as long as possible. The bill in California can be understood as a litmus test. If the European partnership has been created to work seriously, then there should be nothing in the way of publicly declaring that such a label should also be obligatory in Europe. If, on the other hand, the consortium has been set up to postpone all effective measures for as long as possible (under the guise that excessive research must be conducted first, for example), the industry will not commit to such a label. Maria Westerbos, director of the Plastic Soup Foundation: “The European Commission should not wait for the proposals that the European textile Industry will present at the end of 2018. Instead, it should make a warning label obligatory, just like in California. In this way, consumers are at least informed — that is an important first step in the fight against this environmental disaster.”

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Use our essay title generator to get ideas and recommendations instantly The realization that inequalities dig deeper into the psyche than egalitarianism indicates the form of society we should invest to create. e cannot jump from the video's empirical evidence to the hierarchical frameworks of moral judgments, as this would accumulate to a naturalistic fallacy. However, human beings face considerable obstacles in the path to achieving great socio-economic and work and equality. This remains to be a mere desire in today's economy (Rossides 99). For instance, efforts that seek to foster equal working society must contend with the competitive instincts and inherent desire for status inhibited by human beings. These cannot be disputed and thrown away as mere cultural artifacts by economic reforms. This was the belief of the Soviet Union in the new Russian revolution. Contrary to this, these ideologies are deeply intertwined in our nature and they have developed ways of expressing themselves in the society. Indeed, this is… Carnegiecouncil. (a). Steven Greenhouse: The Big Squeeze. YouTube. 2009. Web. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruxNo3JefiY Carnegiecouncil. (b). The Big Squeeze -- Tough Times for the American Worker. YouTube. 2009. Web. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KgoPIbvhg8&feature=related Cumbler, John T. A Social History of Economic Decline: Business, Politics, and Work in Trenton. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009. Print. Evans, Karen. Learning, Work and Social Responsibility: Challenges for Lifelong Learning in a Global Age. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. Print. Fischer entitled: "Representing Anthropological Knowledge: Calculating Kinship: Analyzing and Understanding Cultural Codes" states that: Kinship is one of the more important, pervasive and complex systems of culture. All human groups have a kinship terminology, a set of terms used to refer to kin. The study of kinship is the greatest common denominator across the different fractions of social anthropology. The first scientific study of kinship was conducted by Lewis Henry Morgan and reported in the work entitled: "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family" (1870) (Fischer, 2001) The work entitled: "The Anthropology of Kinship" states that social groups based upon matrifiliation are social groups in which membership is: "recruited through mothers" (Parkin, 2004) with the rationalization being a model of conception that appoints the father little if any role in the conception of a child. Filiation and descent groups are stated to: "...continue to play an important role… Kittelson, a. And Stafford, a. (nd) Yanomamo. MSU. Online available at http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/southamerica/yonomamo.html Schwimmer, B. (1998) Intergroup Relations and Social Distance among the Yanomamo. Online available at http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/case_studies/yanomamo/soc_dist.html . Schwimmer, B. (1998) Marriage Systems. Online available at http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/marriage/intro.html . Sexual Relations among Young People in Developing Countries (2001) World Health Organization. Online available at http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/RHR_01_8/index.html . Owyang (2010) proposes five ways that companies organize for social business. These are organic, centralized, coordinated, dandelion and honeycomb. Each has its strengths and weaknesses, so the best one will be different across different organizations, depending on the strategic needs of that organization. The organic model has a network of connections of different sizes and directions. This system arises organically, and there is no central focal point. It can be very difficult to execute this model effectively, because there is no centralized control mechanism that makes it easier to implement strategy. WL Gore is a company that uses this model to great success, however. The centralized model is hierarchical in nature. Communication flows through a central unit, and the different sub-units have no mechanism for communicating with each other. Compared with the coordinated structure, the centralized implies that there is not likely to be much communication between groups… Owyang, J. (2010). Framework and matrix: The five ways companies organize for social business. Jeremiah Owyang. Retrieved May 19, 2014 from http://www.web-strategist.com/blog/2010/04/15/framework-and-matrix-the-five-ways-companies-organize-for-social-business/ Unlike the previous theories, social process theories explain criminal behavior on more microsociological terms. The emphasis of social process theories are not on the institutions, but on the relationships formed between individual family members, peer groups, teachers, church leaders and other agents of socialization. The key concept of all social process theories is based on learning. Sociologists have believed that individuals learn social values and norms from agents of socialization. Thus, if those agents engage in behavior that is deviant or criminal, then there is a greater chance for an individual to engage in similar behavior. Edwin Sutherland, the father of American criminology, is one of the greatest exemplars of social process theory. Though his theory of differential association was devised largely to explain white collar crime, many of the pronouncements are also applicable to violent crime. In response to psychologists who tried to explain criminal behavior in terms of… Shaw, C. & H. McKay. (1942). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: Univ. Press. Sutherland, Edwin H. 1983. White Collar Crime: The Uncut Version. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Profile of a Community Organization: The Kiwanis Club of Ocean Beach San Diego There are many different ways that a social organization can influence and impact a community, and a great many moral and ethical implications and effects on society of the existence of these organizations and the actions that these organizations take. From gathering and consolidating funding towards various charitable causes to actually engaging in direct service to the community, these organizations are often more important in providing for the basic needs of some of the most disadvantaged members of a community than the governmental organizations in that community. Exploring one such organization in the San Diego community, and more specifically in the Ocean Beach neighborhood of San Diego, will help to illuminate the importance of these community organizations generally. The Kiwanis Club of Ocean Beach, San Diego meets twice a week in order to plan a… Kiwanis Club. (2012). Accessed 6 May 2012. http://www.oceanbeachkiwanis.org/index.php Minkler, M. (2005). Community Organizing and Community Building for Health. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Statement of the Issue Beginning with a discussion of Social Darwinism's inherent logical fallacy, this study examines whether or not wealthy industrialists of the nineteenth century actually practiced what Social Darwinism called for. By considering the history of the concept and its relation to capitalism, it becomes clear that not only did wealthy industrialists practice Social Darwinism, but that they embraced it precisely because it provided a justification for the unethical business practices they were already engaged in. Statement of the Issue Social Darwinism was a major force in the political, economic, and social landscape of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but it represents something of a conundrum for the historian attempting to determine whether or not the wealthy industrialists who were proponents of Social Darwinism actually practiced what they preached. The difficulty stems from the fact that Social Darwinism is itself an example of a formal… Bannister, R. (1993). Social darwinism: Science and myth in anglo-american social thought. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Klein, S. (2003). The natural roots of capitalism and its virtues and values. Journal of Business Ethics, 45(4), 387-401. (the Teacher's role in developing social skills) ole of Workplaces: espectable work is seen as a social standard based on harmonizing and mutually collaborative policies to advance rights at work; employment; social protection and social dialogue. It tackles a basic ambition of women and men everywhere, that is, to get respectable and productive work in situations of freedom, equality, security and dignity of human labor. This ambition stresses a collective attempt by many bodies, namely, by international organizations, national governments, business and workers, and by all the social bodies in civil society. It needs all mediators of change to be involved in pioneering economic and social initiatives, customized to particular national and local needs. It specifically calls for new working relationships and dialogue between the conventional social partners in the sphere of work which includes governments, organizations of employers and trade unions and other associations of civil society, which have… Jacobs, Garry; Cleveland, Harlan. (1 November, 1999) "Social Development Theory" retrieved at http://www.icpd.org/development_theory/SocialDevTheory.htm . Accessed on 26 February 2005 Keirsey, David. (1998) "Parenting and Temperament" retrieved at http://keirsey.com/parent.html . Accessed on 26 February 2005 Lavoie, Rick. "The Teacher's role in developing social skills" Retrieved at http://www.ldonline.org/article.php?max=20&special_grouping=&id=400&loc=22Accessed on 27 February 2005 Moore, Shirley. G. "The Role of Parents in the Development of Peer Group Competence" ERIC Digest. Retrieved at http://www.fww.org/articles/misc/0628e.html. Accessed on 26 February 2005 Deliberate and Emergent Strategies Companies have a number of different options as they chart their course, seeking to maximize their advantages and limit their liabilities. Two of the major strategies that companies can follow are deliberate strategies, which consist of a systematic course of action that is pursued to allow a company to reach a desired object of goal. Another basic strategy approach is that of the emergent strategy, which involves a company's responding to the particular conditions and dynamics of a particular situation. This paper describes three companies (in three different sectors) that are pursuing a deliberate strategy and three that are pursuing an emergent strategy. Deliberate Strategy deliberate strategy may be seen as one that is initiated from within a company and that accords with the company's intrinsic goals. Of course, it is unlikely to be the case that any company can ever pursue what might… Griffin, Ricky. Management (7th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. http://portal.cetim.org/file/1/67/Katzy-1998-Design-and-Implementation-of-Virtual-Organizations.pdf . http://www.celestialseasonings.com/whoweare/csdifference.php (Huff, Social ork, 2000, Chapter 1, p.3) Private efforts were not enough to treat the ills caused by the unchecked capitalism of the Gilded Age, however, an age that brought tremendous wealth to some Americans and tremendous poverty to others. During the first depression occasioned by this split between the haves and the have-nots in 1890, private relief organizations could not cope. "In Mulberry Bend, the heart of the Italian district, one-third of all babies born in 1888 died before their first birthdays. Traditional agencies such as the Children's Aid Society and the Salvation Army were overwhelmed, incapable of meeting the demands placed on their services." (Huff, Social ork, 2000, Chapter 1, p.4) "The old shibboleths commonly accepted as the major causes of poverty, low character, indolence, and intemperance, were replaced with more systemic theories," that sought economic and social causes as the cure, rather than moral reform. (Huff, Social… Murray, Jill. (1996) "The Social Work History Online Time-Line." The School of Social Work. Retrieved 10 Nov 2005. http://www.gnofn.org/~jill/swhistory/ Huff, Dan. (2000) Social Work: Progress and Reform. A Cyberhistory of Social Work's Most Formative Years. Retrieved 10 Nov 2005 http://www.idbsu.edu/socwork/dhuff/history/central/tc.htm I find this very surprising because I thought that social learning and incorporation of operant conditioning as part of the social learning theory plays a preeminent role in influencing criminality. I think that the theories that explain best the findings of the articles are the sociological and theories. Psychological and biological theories are not suitable for support. I chose from the sociological theories the "Social Disorganization Theory" emanating from the Chicago School research of Shaw and McKay. According to this theory's general hypothesis "low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and family disruption lead to community social disintegration, which in turn increases crime and delinquency rates" (Sampson, .J. & Groves, W.B., Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory, p. 774.) The Social Disorganization Study is the theory that by virtue of the article's title actually underlies the research of Triplett & Gainey. But in large parts it also mirrors the… Monahan, J. (19 February 2010). The Causes of Violence. Derived 15 August 2011 from www.sodahead.com/united-states/the-causes-of.../blog-263921 Sampson, R.J. & Groves, W.B. (1989). Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory. AJS Volume 94 Number 4 (January 1989): 774-802, derived 15 August 2011 from RJ Sampson… - American Journal of Sociology, 1989 -- JSTOR. This leads one to believe that they are not very well off financially and the mother has not real education in order to obtain employment since she is currently attaining administrative assistant training. Antonio also has issues with controlling his behavior when in the daycare environment, as he frequently has violent outbursts and crying spells. If one were to assess Antonio from an Eco-Feminist perspective one would be better able to understand Antonio and his present behavior. Ecofeminism is the social movement that regards the domination of women and nature as unified. It is one of the few movements and analyses that in fact connect the two movements. Lately, ecofeminist theorists have extended their analyses to reflect on the interconnections flanked by sexism, the domination of nature, and also racism and social dissimilarities (What is Ecofeminism, n.d.). Daniel spent a lot of time suppressing Hilda in his behavior that he… "Neil Adger on Social Resilience." (2010). Retrieved December 2, 2010, from Ecological Sociology Web site: http://ecologicalsociology.blogspot.com/2010/05/neil-adger-on-social-resilience.html Kendall, Diana. (2008). Sociology in our Times. Belmont: Thompson Wadsworth. Mannelli, Sandra. (n.d.). What Are Defense Mechanisms Anyway? Retrieved December 3, 2010, It was originally established in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte who tried to unify history, psychology and economics through an understanding of society as a broad paradigm. Emile Durkheim took this a bit further and focused on the way societies could maintain a sort of integrity within the modern work where past cultural trends (religion, ethnicity, etc.) were no longer the singular part of society. His view, which has become the modern view of sociology, surrounded questions of what binds individuals together as a formal group (society) and what happens to this group both collectively and for the individual. This is a broad discipline as well, and clearly an academic response to the modern age (industrialization, urbanization, secularization, etc.). The field looks at social rules, the way those rules were formed, and the way that individuals coalesce into groups, communities, institutions, and even powerful social organizations that transcend… American Anthropological Association. (2012, January). What is Anthropology. Retrieved from aaanet.org: http://www.aaanet.org/about/WhatisAnthropology.cfm Backhouse, R., & Fontaine, P. (Eds.). (2010). The History of the Social Sciences Since 1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bernard, H. (2011). Research Methods in Anthropology. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. Fernald, L. (2008). Psychology: Six Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Symbolic interactionism is the theory suggesting human beings are best understood in "interactive relation to their environment," (University of Twente, 2014). The three core principles of symbolic interactionism including meaning, language, and thought. Meaning refers to the fact that people ascribe meaning to their relationships, institutions, and other social structures. This meaning is what guides human emotion and cognition. Language is the symbolic type of human communication. Like meaning, language also impacts human emotional and cognitive states. Thus, the third component of symbolic interactionism is thought. How a person perceives, judges, and interacts with the world is covered by symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism also suggests that the self is a mirror for others, and vice-versa in what is known as the "looking glass self," ("The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective," n.d.). Symbolic interactionism is an ideal sociological lens through which to understand how social media has transformed the nature of human… Fernback, J. (2007). Beyond the diluted community concept. New Media and Society 9(1), 49-69. Satell, G. (2014). If you doubt that social media has changed the world, take a look at Ukraine. Forbes. Retrieved online: http://www.forbes.com /sites/gregsatell/2014/01/18/if-you-doubt-that-social-media-has-changed-the-world-take-a-look-at-ukraine/ "The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective," (n.d.). Retrieved online: https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/sociology-1/the-theoretical-perspectives-in-sociology-24/the-symbolic-interactionist-perspective-157-3185/ University of Twente (2014). Symbolic interactionism. Social Order: Institutions, Socializations, And the Performance of Social Roles Erving Goffman dramaturgical theory is a seminal theory in the field of sociology. An example of "micro-sociological analysis," it forced sociological analysis back into the examination of things which actually exist, individual behavior, instead of mere concepts. Goffman demonstrated that the examination of real things can not only clarify existing lines of thought, but open up new avenues for the study of social behavior. Thesis: Through his emphasis on the individual's performance of social roles, Goffman demonstrates that, although social organization and dynamics do influence individual behavior, it is the individual herself who determines the final shape of this behavior. Summary of the Theory Erving Goffman's work, often classified as "symbolic interactionism," is highly valuable for the study of socialization and the performance of social roles. Erving studied how individuals used symbols in the performance of their social roles and… Calhoun, C.J. (2002). Contemporary sociological theory. Oxford: Blackwell Organizational culture theory and the role and impact of both formal and informal groups on the functioning of modern day organizations. Organizational culture is the way organizations conducts its business transactions. It also refers to the different perspectives that a company sees things. An organization builds its own organizational culture through structure, history and the traditions of the company (Shafritz 2005). Theories of organizational culture suggest that culture gives an organization a sense of identity and defines what the company stands for. It also tells us what the company is. Culture also gives details to the principles of the company. Organizational culture in broader terms is the collective behavior of humans and the meaning of the actions that people do. It involves the vision, norms, systems, beliefs and the organization values. Organizational culture contains values accepted by the employees of an organization. There are four main categories of organizational culture.… Men and women perform different tasks in the society. There are tasks that women cannot do whereas the men are competent. Other tasks are hard for men to perform while the same tasks are easy for the women. The changing world enables women to work in the fields that many people regarded as belonging to the men. Women are now working in construction companies as a form of employment. The tasks affect positively in a bureaucratic performance since women incorporate their skills with that of men to work towards the achievement of an organization's goal. Strong and good working relationships between the employees in a bureau are beneficial (Gormley 2008). The strong relationships ensure that there is competence and effectiveness in performance of the employees. Political support is crucial for any bureaucracy to thrive. Political stability and support are the main determinant factor that will enable a bureaucracy to thrive in its activities. Political support enables the bureaucracy to work without any hurdles. This ensures that the bureaucracy works with ease. Political support enables the bureaucracy to receive help and assistance from politicians (Gormley 2008). Political interference is the main factor that leads to the collapse of bureaucracy. Negative working relations between a bureau and politicians are a negative factor that will make the bureau not to function accordingly. Good leadership helps bureaus to work effectively. Good leadership ensures that there are no corruption cases in many bureaus (Gormley 2008). Bad leadership results in the misappropriation of funds and corruption in the bureaus. Good leadership is a motivator to the junior staffs who look up to the leaders and follow the examples set up by the leaders. This enables the employees in the bureau to perform excellently in all sectors. Good governance and leadership by the officials enable the organization to get funding from the government that helps it in carrying outs its tasks. OGANIZATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AT WOK: TECHNOLOGY & ETHICS Digital and information technology allows for new opportunities for education, including at the professional level. More and more, human resources use technology to assist in the modification and development of company culture. 21st century organizational leadership can be characterized by the realization that a clearly defined and strongly present organizational culture is key to success. Some of the most successful organizations are ones wherein their culture is adaptable and flexible. These same companies understand the importance and value of smooth transition and effective implementation of organizational change as well as promotion of organizational culture. Human esources is a department that is integral in the development and sustainment of the organizational culture. Human esources is additionally a depart that can facilitate organizational change(s). Human esources professionals should take the time to educate themselves and learn the ways in which technology can supplement… Dewett, T., & Jones, G.R. (2001) The role of information technology in the organization: a review, model, and assessment. Journal of Management, 27, 313 -- 346. Heracleous, L., & Barrett, M. (2001) Organizational Change as Discourse: Communicative Actions and Deep Structures in the Context of Information Technology Implementation. The Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 755 -- 778. Jin, K.G. (2007) Information Technology Professionals' Perceived Organizational Values and Managerial Ethics: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(2), 149 -- 159. Organizational eframing Program Four Frames of Organizational eframing Human esource: - Structural Contingency Theory Structural Contingency Theory in Human esource Management:- Social Network Analysis Impact of reframing plan and ethical issue's Impact on the department being reframed:- Impact of reframing on other departments:- The study shows an organizational plan of a department. The aim of the study is to emphasize on how the theory of organizational life is applicable with the help of utilization of the action research process. eframing means to redirect or change the way of thinking and look at things with a complete different mindset. In simple terms reframing is change of plans or basic details of an idea. Looking at events from a complete different mindset helps you to avoid individual biases. It also emphasizes the importance of adjustments and flexibility in the organization. The process of reframing suggests finding out… Hatch, M.J. (2006), "Organization Theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives." 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press Kanigel, R. (1997). The One Best Way, Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. London: Brown and Co Robbins, Stephen P. (2004) Organizational Behavior - Concepts, Controversies, Applications. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall Fredric M. Jablin, Linda Putnam (2000). The new handbook of organizational communication: advances in theory. p.146 Analysing Organisation: Using relevant theoretical perspectives frameworks, critically analyse organisation choice. Analyzing organization is the process of assessing the organizations systems, functionality and capacity so as to increase the organizations performance, efficiency and overall output. This is done by using various theories and models whose aim is to understand the structure of the organization, technology and behavioral relationships Bate, Khan, & Pye, 2000. This should be a periodic and detailed activity that assists the organizations management to identify any inefficiency or problems that may have risen and have not been dealt with the management will then come up with strategies to deal with them. Compulyzed Telecommunications is a telecommunications company dealing with telephone, cabling, and internet provision services for both home and corporate clients. Compulyzed Telecommunications had an increase of 1.7% operating profit in the fiscal year 2011 as compared to the previous year this was… Barney, J.B. (1995). Looking inside for Competitive Advantage. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), 9(4), 49-61. Bate, P., Khan, R., & Pye, A. (2000). Towards a Culturally Sensitive Approach to Organization Structuring: Where Organization Design Meets Organization Development. Organization Science, 11(2), 197-211. Becker, I., & Flaxer, E. (2008). Analysing the Hierarchical Organization of Text by Using Biologically-Inspired Statistical Methods. [Article]. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 15(4), 318-339. doi: 10.1080/09296170802326657 Bloodgood, J.M., & Bauerschmidt, A. (2002). Competitive Analysis: Do Managers Accurately Compare Their Firms To Competitors? Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(4), 418-434. Organizational Cultures: Annotated Bibliography and Summary Aronson, Z. And Patanakul, P. 2012. "Managing a group of multiple projects: do culture and leader's competencies matter?" Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3(2): pp. Web. etrieved from: LexisNexis Database. [Accessed on 21 May This article focuses significantly on how team culture within an organization is a pivotal factor that contributes to a team being able to successfully complete a project. A focus is made on the role of the project manager to not only introduce a team to a project, but hone the group's culture in terms of knowledge, communication, and teamwork in order to maximize the team's effectiveness, which is a method that can be utilized in any working environment. Heeroma, D., Melissen, F., Stierand, M. 2012. "The problem of addressing culture in workplace strategies. Facilities, 30(7-8): pp. 269-277. Web. etrieved from: LexisNexis Database. [Accessed on 21 May Tatum, M. 2012. "What is corporate culture." Wise Geek. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-corporate-culture.htm . [Accessed on 21 May Organizational Environment Starbucks In-depth Analysis of Organizational Environment - Starbucks Starbucks Organizational Culture and Environment Global Perspectives of Starbucks Social esponsibility embraced by Starbucks Starbucks Planning Process Decision Making Process of Starbucks Starbucks Corporate Strategy Organizational Structure of Starbucks Starbucks uses a mechanistic structure as a contemporary design Starbucks Organizational Culture and Environment Starbucks Corporation is considered as one of the leading coffee house chains that offer best quality coffee to its customers. This retail corporation is based in the United States, initiated in the early years of the decade of 1970. Due to its popularity, the company rapidly expanded to various locations around the globe. The vision, goals and strategies designed clearly indicated the fact that the owners did not believe in having growth that can abate the corporate culture, therefore, the corporate culture was considered to be one of the integral aspects for the company. The mission statement… Anthony, W.P., Gales, L.M., & Hodge, B.J. (2003). Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach. 6th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. BCG. (2012). Howard Schultz on Global Reach and Local Relevance at Starbucks - An Interview with the CEO. bcg.perspectives. Retrieved from: https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/videos/leadership_management_two_speed_economy_howard_schultz_global_reach_and_local_relevance/ Behar, H. (2007). It's Not About the Coffee: Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks. USA: Portfolio. SeaZone. (2012). Successful Application of Organizational Behavior: Starbucks - Achieving Success the Starbucks Way. Yahoo Voices. Retrieved from: http://voices.yahoo.com/successful-application-organizational-behavior-2435551.html?cat=3 Organizational Theory #2 What core competences give an organization competitive advantage? What are examples of an organization's functional-level strategies? Core competencies are those capabilities that are critical to a business achieving a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Typically, core competencies can be identified by certain common characteristics -- offering a benefit to the customer, difficult to imitate, uniquely identify the organization and easily leveraged to create many products or operate in many markets (Kern, 2010). The organization that is best able to use its resources to create value is in an ideal position to outperform the competition, thus creating advantage (Jones, 2010). Core competencies tend to change in response to changes in the environment. They are flexible, evolve over time and enable the company to enter apparently different markets with a clear and distinctive brand proposition. Examples of core competencies include manufacturing, research and development, new technology or organizational design… Jones, G. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Terry, L.D., & Hoefer, R.A. (1995). Making politics and power respectable. Public Administration Review, 55(3), 298. Organizational Theory #1 Create a code of ethics for an organization of your choice. For each point in the code of ethics, describe an ethical dilemma that would be resolved using the code of ethics. All employees will conduct business honestly and ethically. We will constantly improve the quality of our services, products and operations and create a reputation for honesty, fairness, respect, responsibility, integrity, trust and sound business judgment. (Provides a clearly stated, over-arching business philosophy for honesty and fair dealings that every employee can follow). No illegal or unethical conduct on the part of company employees or affiliates is in the company's best interest. All are expected to adhere to high standards of personal integrity -- not allowing their personal interests to conflict with the interests of the company, its clients or affiliates. We will not compromise our principles for short-term advantage. (Encourages all employees to seek the… Beauchamp, L., & O'Connor, A. (2012). America's most admired companies: A descriptive analysis of CEO corporate social responsibility statements. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 494-497. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.03.006 Jones, G. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The Target Corporation: Description, Stakeholders, and their oles The Target Corporation has grown, from a small branch of Dayton Hudson Corporation, to the second largest retailer store in the United States, dealing in soft lines, hard lines, and (mostly) non-perishable groceries. The company has realized numerous achievements, and currently holds the 36th position on the Fortune 500. From a single Minnesota store in 1962, Target corporation has witnessed massive expansion across all states, to a record 1,870 units (82 of these in Canada), and over $70 billion in sales. The company, currently, has Gregg Steinhafel as CEO, and John J. Mulligan as chief financial officer. Like any other corporation, Target has a wide range of stakeholders: primary, secondary, as well as other key stakeholders. People (groups) that are directly affected by the organization's activities, either positively or negatively, are referred to as primary stakeholders. Secondary stakeholders, on the… International Finance Corporation. (2000). Investing in People: Sustaining Communities through Improved Business Practice. Washington: World Bank Publications Letavec, C.J., Rollins, S.C. & Altwies, D.C. (2008). Program Management Professional (PgMP): A Certification Study Guide with Best Practices for Maximizing Business Results. Lauderdale: J. Ross Publishing OECD. (2012). Sustainable Materials Management: Making Better Use of Resources. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264174262-en Rabinowitz, P. (2013). Identifying and Analyzing Stakeholders and Their Interests. Retrieved from http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/participation/encouraging-involvement/identify-stakeholders/main The Walt Disney The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company An organization is any social entity that has a well-designed structure to coordinate its functions, and the organization has to have a specific goal. Most organizations hardly work internally alone, but rather involve the external environments. Some organizations are profit oriented, like the business organizations, while others are non-profit making (Daft et al. 2010). In this context, a contemporary focus is overlooked towards the Walt Disney Company, a profound firm dealing with mass media and affiliated industrial operations. Brief Company Profile Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923, and has always kept the reputation in providing quality and extremely creative products, which consumers have loved ever since. The organization specializes in providing quality entertainment, services of media communication, broadcasting, television programs and live performances. The company, which is located in California (United States), exemplifies exponential characteristics that… Barry, L. (2009) Think Like an Iconoclast: The Principles Of Walt Disney's Success: Rotman Magazine, Pg 108-110. Daft, R.L., Murphy, J. & Willmott, H. (2010) organization Theory and Design: New York, Cengage Learning EMEA. Forester, M. (2002) Table-Talk Perspective: Chain Store Age, 10870601, Vol.78, Issue 11. Gershon, R.A. (1996) The Transnational Media Corporation: Global Messages and Free market Competition: New York, Routledge. Organizational Issues from the Responsibility Project (Liberty Mutual) The video chosen from the Responsibility Project was "omen in the orld: Erin Ganju." Her story is meaningful for a number of reasons that will be reviewed in this paper. Ganju is the CEO of "Room to Read," an organization that seeks to help educate children (through reading and other skills) in order that today's children can grow up with the power to change the world for the better. omen in the orld: Erin Ganju -- hat are the Important Issues? Ganju begins her video by explaining how "passionate" her parents were -- when she was just a child -- about sharing information with her regarding different cultures. A sense of "wanderlust" was "instilled" in her, Ganju explains. Importantly, Ganju's parents not only took their daughter to many interesting places, but the family read about each place they visited, encouraging both reading… Deen, Thalif. (2011). UNESCO reveals huge secondary education gap worldwide. One World South Asia. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http://southasia.oneworld.net. Foster, Wayne A., and Miller, Merideth. Development of the Literacy Achievement Gap: A Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Through Third Grade. Language, Speech, and Hearing Organizational Change in the Public Sector This research proposal explores the feasibility of management in the public Sector as an organizational paradigm and new model in organizational development. The literature review reviews numerous journal articles that explore on the key concepts of change management strategies from a public sector project management perspective. The authors suggest that employee's participation, effective feedback across the board, and empowerment of subordinate staffs is a major step in transforming public organizations. This proposal further hypothesis that establishment of long-term and productivity advantages are crucial throughout the organization. SCOPE AND PURPOSE Factor 1: Need for change Factor 2: implement a Plan for change Factor 3: create political internal environment for Change Factor 4: Support and Commitment from managers Factor 5: enhancing External Support Factor 6: Provide Resources for change Factor 7: establish Change Factor 8: ascertain comprehensive Change Determinants of implementing… Abramson, Mark A., and Paul R .Lawrence .2001. The Challenge of Transforming Administration and its influence on organizational change. Management Decision, 50(10), 1843-1860, Review 62: 555-67. Armenakis, Achilles A ., and Arthur G .Bedeian .1999 .Organizational Change: A Review of Associates. The seven variables that have been termed as "levers" by the authors all start with the letter 'S'. Following are the things included in the seven variables: -Shared values and -Style. Structure is explained as the skeleton of the organizational chart or an organization. Strategy has been identified by the authors as the path or plan of action that is taken in order to achieve some goals and target over a period of time. Systems are defined as the routine process and procedures that are carried out within the firms. Staff is further divided into the personal categories within the firms (e.g., engineers). The skills refer to the capabilities possessed by the staff that is working within an organization. Style is defined as the way in which the managers behave or act in order to achieve the organizational goals. Shared value variable basically comprises of… Burke & Litwin. (1992). A Causal Model of Organization Performance and Change', Journal of Management, Vol 18, No 3, pp 523 -- 545. Katz, D. & Kahn, R.L. (1978). The Social psychology of organizations. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley. McLindon, D, McDaniel, K., Smiley, J., Anderson. T. And Moorman, R., (2012). Whole Foods Market Case Study. Retrieved from: http://www.slideserve.com/arleen/whole-foods-market-case-study on May 15, 2013. Pascale, R.T. & Athos, a.G. (1981). The art of Japanese management: Applications for American executives. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Organizational Behavior Case Study esidential care facility's staff plays an important role in the daily lives of residents; unfortunately these facilities are usually faced with organizational obstacles and lack of information that prevents them from taking proper care of residents (Smith, 1998). This organizational behavioral case study is about a residential care facility which is part of a parent company that runs six different residential care facilities. The management of the company observed, this residential care facility facing serious problems. Turnover rate was high, performance was poor and economic losses were high. In order to diagnose and solve the problem; parent company conducted a culture survey in all of its residential care facilities in which each member was bound to participate. The results were satisfactory for all residential care facilities except this care facility which showed totally negative results. Looking at this serious situation; management hired a new… Atchison, J. (1998). Perceived job satisfaction factors of nursing assistants employed in Midwest Nursing Homes. Geriatric Nursing. Cunningham, J.B. & Eberle, T. (1990). A Guide to Job Enrichment and Redesign. Personnel, Feb 1990, p.57 in Newstrom, J. & Davis, K. (1993). Organization Behavior: Human Behavior at Work. Social, Cultural, And Political Influence in Healthcare Delivery Social, cultural, and political inequalities are detrimental to the health and healthcare system of the U.S. This is because the U.S. is one of the most multicultural, overpopulated, diverse and undergoing rapid economic growth. The federal government has embarked on efforts geared at addressing unsustainable costs of health care in the U.S. With the leadership of the current president, Barrack Obama, initiatives of containing health care costs will evaluate and explore strategies to contain the growing costs of health care based on a system-wide while enhancing the value and quality of health care (Ubokudom, 2012). The apparent system of health care is rife with opportunities of minimizing waste, delivering coordinated, effective care, and improving well-being and health of all Americans. The government in collaboration with care providers must prioritize cost effective containment strategies with the greatest possibility for political success and non-partisan… Albrecht, G.L., Fitzpatrick, R., & Scrimshaw, S. (2013). Handbook of social studies in health and medicine. London: Sage Publications. Armstrong, E.G. (2011). The health care dilemma: A comparison of health care systems in three European countries and the U.S. Singapore: World Scientific. Bale, J.R., Stoll, B.J., & Lucas, A.O. (2013). Improving birth outcomes: Meeting the challenge in the developing world. Washington, DC: National academies press. Buseh, A.G. (2008). Empowering resilience: Improving health care delivery in war-impacted African countries: a case study of Liberia. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. The most observable aspects of organizational communications would be apparent from the way that employees typically use various communications media and technology. In contemporary American business culture, business ethics refers to the same types of concepts as the more general organizational culture except that business ethics concepts are limited to those relating to moral ideas and values (obbins & Judge, 2009). Certain aspects of business ethics pertain to matters required by statutory law and regulation while others are strictly matters of the moral values and commitment of the organization. The narrowest systems of business ethics are strictly limited to the formal requirements of law; meanwhile, some organizations maintain much broader systems of business ethics that limit organizational behavior far more than the formal requirements of law (George & Jones, 2008). The most observable aspects of business ethics would be the manner in which organizations conduct ethical training and… George JM. And Jones GR. (2008). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Robbins SP. And Judge TA. (2009). Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Organizational Motivation Leadership Effective and positive leadership is a basic foundation for any administrative institution to yield good results and therefore cause a great impact. In this study we base our focus on a critical organization which is the infant daycare. Infant daycare organization Infant daycare centers are organizations that focus on the welfare of the child by providing care while the parent goes to work or gets engaged in other activities that may not allow the mother of father to be around the child during the day. The state requires that such organizations meet certain standards of safety, health and that the staff should have proper training. These institutions are normally equipped with fun toys and learning materials with the qualified caregivers trying as much as they can to make the life of infants as comfortable as possible. With the many challenges that infants face including having to master… Bob Whipple, (2012). Leaders Creating Meaning. Retrieved April 4, 2012 from http://leadergrow.com/articles/105-leaders-create-meaning CEO Flow, (2008). CEO Flow, (2008). The Four Rewards of Intrinsic Motivation. Retrieved April 4, 2012 http://www.ceoflow.com/2008/08/the-four-rewards-of-intrinsic-motivation/ David McCelland, (2012). Human Relations Contributors. Retrieved April 4, 2012 "Change implementation within an organization can…be conceptualized as an exercise in social influence, defined as the alteration or an attitude or behavior by one actor in response to another actor's actions… [and] one important dimension along which they vary is the extent to which they break with existing institutions in a field of activity…" (Battilana, et al., 2012). hen companies need to make major changes -- do to the emerging trends in the marketplace, new products being produced, or simply because the old ways are not profitable anymore -- how do they go about it and how do they deal with employees' resistance to change? This is one of the most common problems that organizations face, and there are reasonable answers as to why they face those problems. This paper points out the need for change and the resistance to change. There are also solutions to resistance to… Battilana, J. And Casciaro, T. (2012). Change Agents, Networks, and Institutions: A Contingency Theory of Organizational Change. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), Denning, Steve. (2011). How Do You Change An Organizational Culture? Forbes. Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://www.forbes.com . Intermountain was started as a small healthcare nonprofit organization, situated in Salt Lake City. With its well-crafted mission, a clearly stated vision, patient's oriented philosophy and a strategy to manage the organization effectively; it was soon able to manage over 32,000 employees. Helping the acute healthcare needs of Southeastern Idaho and Utah's residents, Intermountain's well-managed system of about 23 hospitals, clinics, physicians and health strategies; deliver clinically exceptional medical care and at an affordable rate. Intermountain health care has a properly drafted and well-communicated mission. Intermountain understands that a mission lays the basis of an organization and is a pre-requisite for its ultimate success. It explains the reason of an organization and identifies the type of business that it intends to engage in. Understanding these basic requirements, Intermountain has setup a mission which promises: "Excellence in the provision of healthcare services to communities in the Intermountain… Business, E. o. (2012). MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS. Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Mission-and-Vision-Statements.html#b Datamonitor. (2006). Health care industry. Retrieved from http://h20247.www2.hp.com/PublicSector/downloads/HP%20blade%20sols%20in%20hc%20-%20final%201%20case.pdf Healthcare, I. (2012). Strategic Partnerships. Retrieved from http://intermountainhealthcare.org/about/overview/Pages/partnerships.aspx Healthcare, I. (2012). Vision and Mission. Retrieved from http://intermountainhealthcare.org/about/overview/pages/mission.aspx There is a good case to be made for focusing on externalities and seeking to manage all of them in a social responsible manner, especially as the world becomes globalized and the key success drivers become relationships and information. Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://online.worcester.edu/external/evescio/Principles%20of%20Management/strategicplan.pdf Friedman, M. (1971). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html De Toni, a. & Tonchia, S. (2003). Strategic planning and firms' competencies: Traditional approaches and new perspectives. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 23 (9) 947-976. ettstein, F. (2010). For better or for worse: Corporate responsibility beyond "do no harm." Business Ethics Quarterly. Vol. 20 (2) 275-283. Peng, M., ang, D. & Yi, J. (2009). An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on… Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://online.worcester.edu/external/evescio/Principles%20of%20Management/strategicplan.pdf Friedman, M. (1971). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html De Toni, a. & Tonchia, S. (2003). Strategic planning and firms' competencies: Traditional approaches and new perspectives. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 23 (9) 947-976. Wettstein, F. (2010). For better or for worse: Corporate responsibility beyond "do no harm." Business Ethics Quarterly. Vol. 20 (2) 275-283. Competitor products and their equivalent prizes, this is so that after establishing our break-even analysis it can act as a guiding line to set the best price. (Tao 2008) The survey should enable one establish the best marketing strategies and anticipate any future contingencies. Entrepreneurship development services This service will target individuals who wish to start business on their own or in a group it will mainly involve Training on how to originate business ideas. It is said that if you feed a man you have only feed him a day, a long-term problem in a short-term way. If you show the man how to fish then you have feed him and his family for life and I add that if you show the man how to run a fish business you will have feed the society too. In his book ich Dad Poor Dad, Kiyosaki explains that the most… Adaman F., Keyder C., Mudderrisoglu S., Yukseker D. (2009) Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Slum Areas of Large Cities in Turkey. European Commission on Employment, SocialAffairs and Equal Opportunities Development Goal. European Union, Luxenbourg, Europe. Agbola T., Agunbiade E. (2009) Urbanization, Slum Development and Security of Tenure: The Challenges of Meeting Millennium Development Goal 7 in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Camur E. (2003) What are the Social, Physical and Economic Problems of Slums and their Expectations from the Urban City? Sage books.New York. Dumashie a. (2004) Informal Housing in East Africa: Lessons Learned From Cross Country Borders (Part II). Journal, FIG Working Week, May 22-27, United Kingdom. Social issue alcohol drugs consider a social issue interested. It human freedom, sexuality, deviance, crime, social mobility, poverty, education, aging, similar issues. Select a specific social issue investigate assignment. Social issue: Drug abuse The social problem of drug addiction is a long-standing one, yet the causes of addiction and the best way to treat addiction still remain difficult questions to answer. One contentious issue pertains to whether addiction is a 'crime' or an 'illness,' although an increasingly large body of medical research indicates long-term abuse fundamentally rewires addicts' brains and changes their perceptions of reward and punishment. Drugs stimulate dopamine receptors. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that generates a sense of positive well-being: "Just as we turn down the volume on a radio that is too loud, the brain adjusts to the overwhelming surges in dopamine (and other neurotransmitters) by producing less dopamine or by reducing the number… Cratty, Carol. (2011). New rules slashing crack cocaine sentences go into effect. CNN. Drugs and the brain. (2012). National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Retrieved at: Social Order and Inequalities Social order and inequality Ideas, beliefs, values, norms, roles, statuses, organizations and social class may have impact on an individual's life directly or indirectly. This can be in form of gender and social inequality. The life of my friend Jane who is a woman is an example of how these phenomenon impacts the life of individuals. Gender inequalities rise from deepening division in the roles that are assigned to men and women, especially in the political, economic and educational sphere. When my friend Jane could not make it to the leadership of their community despite various attempts, it showed that women are always underrepresented in political activities as well as decision making processes. This is brought by the ever existing beliefs that men are better leaders than women. As a woman she is subjected to institutional discrimination where they face problem of accessing education which has… What is meant by the term 'social enterprise' and what do social enterprises contribute to society and the economies in which they operate? The acceleration with which the world is changing day by day is continuous. A majority of organizations that have a motto of 'not-for-profit' are looking out for prospects with the help of which they can begin or widen their projects in order to get their missions fulfilled and offer the needy the earned profits. Thus, any organization or scheme that brings about the mentioned twofold objectives is considered a social enterprise. Social enterprises sell mission-related goods or services and by doing so they try to create a more impartial and fair environment through specific market-based strategies (Bornstein & Davis 2010). In other words, a business is regarded as a social enterprise when the main objective is to cope up with the prevailing societal problems and… Baptiste, T. (2009). Being a Leader and Making Decisions. 1st. ed. New York: Chelsea House. Beerel, A. (2009). Leadership and Change Management. 1st. ed. Los Angeles: SAGE. Bornstein, D. & Davis, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know. 1st. ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Borzaga, C. & Defourny, J. (2001). The Emergence of Social Enterprise. 1st. ed. London: Routledge. Social Implications of Sexual Identity Formation and Coming Out Process Chad Mosher's article, "The social implications of identity formation and the coming-out-process: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature" provides a fairly comprehensive look at the theories and realities of individuals asserting their homosexual tendencies to the world. The article is widely written as a source of material and instruction for psychologists who are employed in a therapeutic or counseling capacity with such individuals, as there are implications for them to incorporate into their practice in the article's conclusion. In addition to discussing the two principle theories regarding coming out, essentialism and social constructionism, the author discusses aspects of the theories that are integrated as well as the effect of coming out on both the audience and the homosexual perception. Audiences are stratified into three distinct categories: family members, heterosexuals, as well as homosexuals and those somewhere in between… Mosher, C. (2001). The social implications of identity formation and the coming-out-process: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature. The Family Journal. 9 (2): 164-173. Social Media etailing Applications: Opportunities and Threats How Has Social Media Developed and What are the Benefits and Downsides of Using Social Media for etailers Today? This study examines social business in general, how it developed and the benefits of using social media in particular. Second, this study provides a discussion concerning the potential positive as well as the effects of social business in the retail sector which is followed by a description of optimal business strategies for social media applications, the pros/cons of using these tools in the industry, and some representative case studies concerning companies that succeeded and some that recently failed in their use of social media. Finally, the study provides a summary of the research and important findings is followed by a series of recommendations concerning how retailers should use social media technologies in their own businesses in the concluding chapter. Social Media Business Applications About Honda. (2013). Honda. Available: http://corporate.honda.com/america/philanthropy.aspx?id=philanthropy_overview . Last accessed 1 November 2013. About Virgin. (2013). Virgin America. Available: http://www.virginamerica.com/about/airline-company.html. Baumann, M. (2010, June). @Twitter Discloses Business Model #Promotedtweets RT. Information Today, 27 (6) 1-5. Social psychology view: What ensures that women are treated fairly in office settings in the United States? One of the most prudent applications of social psychology within contemporary settings are those that relate to gender. Gender issues can become exacerbated when they are viewed within particular social constructs, such as the work environment. Due to the fact that the majority of the world was initially a patriarchal society (particularly in the United States) before modern conceptions of gender became prevalent, the role of women within the work environment is one which is certainly worthy of investigation in terms of how women are treated, what sorts of issues they must contend with, and how others (men) consider working women. The principle difference between contemporary and most historic notions of gender pertaining to women in the workplace is that in modern times, there is supposed to be a substantial greater amount of… Bisika, T. (2008). Do social and cultural factors perpetuate gender-based violence in Malawi?.Gender & Behaviour, 6(2), 1884-1896. doi:10.4314/gab.v6i2.23426 Cikara, M., Rudman, L., & Fiske, S. (2012). Dearth by a Thousand Cuts?: Accounting for Gender Differences in Top-Ranked Publication Rates in Social Psychology. Journal Of Social Issues, 68(2), 263-285. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01748.x Gilbert, D.G., Fiske, S.T. & Lindzey G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Huerta, M. (2007). Intersections of race and gender in women's experiences of harassment. (Order No. 3253291, University of Michigan). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,, 110-110 p. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304848503?accountid=25340 . (304848503). Social Commerce in Saudi Arabia: How the Social Media Affect the E-Commerce in Saudi Arabia SOCIAL COMMECE IN SAUDI AABIA Conceptual Framework Model Psychological Aspect and Theories Digital Divide in Saudi Arabia Ethos, eligious conviction, and Government in E-commerce Adoption The ise of the P Industry in Saudi Arabia Conceptual Model and esearch Hypothesis (Drawing) Social Commerce in Saudi Arabia Modern Saudi Arabia today actually represents an exceptional and convergent mixture of social conservatism and technological ability, a wonderful alteration from a remote, desert land that it was just something like 50 years ago. As social media is turning out to be increasingly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, online marketers are starting capitalizing in methods that service social media and include online customers. In Saudi Arabia Online marketers' adoption of new online marking trends is being prompted by discoveries that show individuals are spending great amounts… Anderson, M. (2013). Turning "like" to "Buy" Social Media Emerges as a Commerce Channel. Booz & Company, 23-56. Assad, S.W. (2009). The rise of consumerism in saudi arabian society. International Journal of Commerce & Management,, 73-104. Bahaddad, A.A. (2013). Attracting customer in saudi arabia to buy from your business online. . International Journal of Business and Management, 65-81. Brock, C. (2014). F-COMMERCE AND THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF TRUST. Online Communities and Digital Collaborations, 1-11. Social Security was instituted with the passage of the Social Security Act of 1935. It was signed into law by President oosevelt as a means of providing a social safety net for retirees. The passage of Social Security occurred during the depths of the Great Depression. Prior to this, the concept of social security did not exist in the U.S. -- you either worked until you died, or you retired when you were wealthy enough to do so. Social Security is run by the Social Security Administration, which also administers Medicare as part of the system. Social Security is theoretically self-funding. In 1937, the first taxes were collected to finance the Social Security system. Workers pay into the Social Security system via a payroll tax. According to the SSA's website, general tax revenues have never funded Social Security to any meaningful extent, implying that the program is self-funding through these… Autor, D. & Duggan, M. (2006). The growth in social security disability rolls: A fiscal crisis unfolding. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved March 25, 2014 from http://cid.bcrp.gob.pe/biblio/Papers/NBER/2006/Agosto/w12436.pdf Biggs, A. (2011). Means testing and its limits. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved March 25, 2014 from http://www.aei.org/article/economics/retirement/means-testing-and-its-limits/ SSA.gov. (2014). FAQs. Social Security Administration. Retrieved March 25, 2014 from http://www.ssa.gov/history/hfaq.html Templin, B. (2006) Full funding: The future of social security. Thomas Jefferson School of Law. Retrieved March 25, 2014 from http://drupaldev.tjsl.edu/sites/default/files/files/Full_Funding-The_Future_of_Social_Security.pdf Social workers often have commitments to specific policies, laws, or funding of programs that are vital to the population they serve or an issue that they strongly support. Such commitments often lead social workers to become involved in political issues and the campaigns of specific candidates. Being a social worker, such campaign experiences, the outcomes of your efforts, and how effective you felt you were may affect your view of the political process and the likelihood of becoming involved in similar campaigns in the future. Social workers' involvement in political advocacy is usually influenced by the impact of politics on social work practice. Through advocacy and lobbying in the political arena, social workers seek to promote changes in legislation and policy to enhance social conditions and promote social justice towards meeting basic human needs. In essence, social workers' participation in political advocacy is geared towards protecting individuals' rights and enhancing… " (Simon, 188) the fundamental perspective here is that leadership and the ability to apply actions based on culturally driven decisions are central to helping members of the organization learn in a concrete manner how best to accord with the reigning culture. In order for this to occur though, there must be a certain initial scrutiny and selectiveness where leadership and personnel are concerned, endorsing an organization-wide emphasis on the quality of personnel. This implicitly brings us to consideration of the application phase in terms of learning organizational culture, which is inevitably associated to all actionable aspects of an organization's structure and operations. The correlation between recruitment, personnel makeup and leadership personalities is perhaps threaded by the common string of day-to-day responsibility within an organizational culture. And quite certainly, we see the stamp of organizational culture on so many of the most important applicable indicators. Schein, to this end, points… Arnold, J., Cooper, C. & Robertson, I.T. (1995). Work psychology: Understanding human behavior in the workplace, Pitman Publishing, London. Beer, M. & Walton, E. (1990). Developing the competitive organization: interventions and strategies. American Psychologists, 45(22), 154-161. Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. Harper and Row, New York. Bowditch, J.L. & Buono, a.F. (1994). A primer on organizational behavior. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. The theory sees human organizational behaviors and conceptions culturally bound, rather than natural, unlike advocates of systems theory. Systems theory has been more influenced by sociology and linguistics than the natural sciences. Analyzing symbolic interpretations may be more useful in organizations serving diverse populations: if a public health organization wants to alleviate the prevalence of diabetes in an area, it is not enough to more effectively disseminate information through the existing channels of communication (as systems theory might suggest) or even change the environment to create healthy options for consumption. Rather the people being served may require counseling to change what they consider good foods, a healthy diet, and a positive body image, if their culture tends to reinforce unhealthy practices. An ideological overhaul is necessary to change some behaviors, like the decreased social acceptability of smoking, for example. Organizations are social as well as formal, and cultural in nature… Hatch, Mary Jo. (1997). Organization theory: Modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2nd edition. A second change that has occurred and will continue to transform is that, regardless of the motivation, many employers have begun to experiment with flextime, telecommuting, and voluntary reduced-load work arrangements to give employees more discretion and personal flexibility in how they integrate work demands with other life roles such as family, community, and leisure. This increase in flexible work arrangements has further blurred the boundaries between work and home for many employees. Effectively switching and managing multiple work and non-work roles has never been more complex. Findings from individual, family, and organizational perspectives are mixed in terms of the success and social acceptance of alternative work arrangements (Kossek & Lambert, 2005, p. 6) Though the criminal justice system is known for what they do and have been around for centuries, it is important to note that every organization has a plan, a vision, and successful mixed with failures. This… Kossek, E.E. & Lambert, S.J. (Eds.). (2005). Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Miner, J.B. (2002). Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Theories, and Analyses. New York: Oxford University Press. Sims, R.R. (1994). Ethics and Organizational Decision Making: A Call for Renewal. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Sims, R.R. (2002). Managing Organizational Behavior. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Organizational Technology Plan Human esource Management Organizational Technology Plan Creating an organization capable of responding quickly to turbulent market conditions while continually aligning human resources to the highest priority challenges and opportunities is a critical success factor in the 21st century. Using technologies to accelerate these strategies, while also aggregating and use knowledge effectively as also key. This is where human resource management systems are delivering contributions to enterprises, making them more efficient while staying in compliance to internal and globally-based standards (Charles, Hill, 2004). Analysis of Human esource Management Systems in Enterprises: Foundation for an Organizational Technology Plan Starting with adherence to corporate social responsibility, ethical responsibility and the continual development of greater process efficiencies as the cornerstones of an effective Human esources Management (HM) Organizational Technology Plan are discussed in this analysis. Organizations today are facing the daunting challenge of balancing corporate social responsibility, ethical guidelines both internal… Charles, G., & Hill, T.D. (2004). Towards an ISO for corporate social responsibility. ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement Proceedings, 58, 135-145. De Alwis, A.C. (2010). The impact of electronic Human Resource Management on the role of human resource managers. E+M Ekonomie a Management, (4), 47-60. Lytras, M.D., Castillo-Merino, D., & Serradell-Lopez, E. (2010). New human resources practices, technology and their impact on SMEs efficiency. Information Systems Management, 27(3), 267. International Development and Strategic Management at Proctor & Gamble International Development and Strategic Management at Procter & Gamble Every organization wishes to keep its operations on a continuous growing pace in its industry (Barnes, Blake, & Pinder 2009). As a part of its business expansion strategies, it can also aim to target international markets if it possesses the core competencies and financial resources to meet the requirements of this expansion (Bamford & Forrester 2010). International development strategies require business organizations to strategize their policies and procedures in such a way that they not only enable them to compete with the top level competitors, but also ensure a high sales volume and profitability (Kotler, Brown, Burton, Deans, & Armstrong 2010). To do business in an international market successfully, an organization needs to analysis that market from all the environmental perspectives (yals 2008). A situational analysis can be… Bamford, D., & Forrester, P., 2010. Essential Guide to Operations Management: Concepts and Case Notes. U.S.: John Wiley and Sons Barnes, C., Blake, H., & Pinder, D., 2009. Creating & delivering your value proposition: managing customer experience for profit. Philadelphia: Kogan Page Hill, C., & Jones, G., 2007. Strategic management: an integrated approach. U.S. Cengage Learning Kotler, P., Brown, L., Burton, S., Deans, K., & Armstrong, G., 2010. Marketing. 8th Edition. U.S.: Prentice-Hall Joe Salatino (evision) Joe Salatino, president of Great Northern American case study Joe Salatino is known as the Northern American President due to his determination and effort in maintaining high standards, in regards to his profession as a sales person. Joe was capable of hiring many employees in his organization, and used motivation as the major tool in helping his employees. The employees specialized in supplying general stationery and other appliances, to realize their objectives of maximizing production. Attribution and Perception Customers, according to Joe, are normal human beings. Human being has always been anxious and observant with the manner in which others behave, and relate it to how they behave themselves. There has always been a persistent urge to know differentiated reasons behind certain behavioral characteristics. If the attribution theory is used, it guides to explain how to get to know the causes of behavior,… Hellriegel, D. & Slocum, J.W. (2007) Organizational Behavior: New York, Cengage Learning. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, April). Social Learning Theory (Bandura) at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved April 29th, 2012 from http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html . Lunenburg, F.C. (2011). Self-Efficacy in the Workplace. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 2 ISSN 1047-7039. Nelson, D.L. & Campbell, Q.J. (2007) Understanding Organizational Behavior: New York, Cengage Learning EMEA. Description of Company My company, idgetCo, designs and manufactures widgets here in Dullsville, USA. The company has been in operation since 1927, and moved to Dullsville shortly after II to take advantage of the large clustering of industry around the steel plant in Steelville. The steel plant and many of the other businesses have now closed, but idgetCo has long been an innovator in widget design, so remains a thriving business. The company is now the largest employer in Dullsville. Operating as a differentiated provider, we are able to meet the needs of our customers -- mainly manufacturers -- who now are spread throughout the NAFTA region. There are a number of stakeholders for idgetCo, and we believe that it is important to take the needs of each into consideration when embarking on major strategic endeavors (Leigh, 2013). Internally, we see our stakeholder universe as consisting of management,… Gillan, S. & Starks, L. (2000). Corporate governance proposals and shareholder activism: The role of institutional investors. Journal of Financial Economics Vol. 57 (2000) 275-305 Holzer, B. (2008). Turning stakeseekers into stakeholders. Business & Society. Vol. 47 (1) 50-67. Kokemuller, N. (2013). How do stakeholders influence business activities? Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 28, 2013 from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/stakeholders-influence-business-activities-18754.html Leigh, J. (2013). The differences between primary and secondary stakeholders. eHow. Retrieved April 28, 2013 from http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_7267188_difference-between-primary-secondary-stakeholders.html The vision statement should ideally be future-oriented. The ideal vision statement should reflect where we want to be (No author, 2013). The current vision statement is a great vision in a sense, but one adjustment that I would make is to orient it towards the society we serve. This is because we are a public service organization. Our vision should reflect something more about the future society that we envision, to which we are working toward. Another change that I would make with respect to the vision is that I would make sure that they focus is on a positive vision. e believe in what we are doing, and I think with a few adjustments we can show this to our key stakeholders, the clients whom we serve. hile there is internal buy-in, we need the clients to buy in completely in order for our organization to be the most… Hom, E. (2013). What is a vision statement? Business News. Retrieved May 4, 2013 from http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/3882-vision-statement.html Hull, P. (2013). Answer 4 questions to get a great mission statement. Forbes. Retrieved May 4, 2013 from http://www.forbes.com /sites/patrickhull/2013/01/10/answer-4-questions-to-get-a-great-mission-statement/ No author. (2013). Mission statement vs. vision statement. Diffen.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013 from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Mission_Statement_vs_Vision_Statement Social Upward Mobility Explain how the economic system in the United States can be used both to allow upward social mobility and trap others in lower status levels. America is known as the land of opportunity. This is because no matter where someone comes from, their racial group, nationality or economic class everyone has the chance to be successful. If they have a good idea and are willing to work at it, they will realize their long-term goals. Throughout the course of U.S. history, this has been the case. As innovators from across the world can start out with nothing and earn a fortune during the course of their lifetimes. (Cullen 2004) (Henslin 2013) This is because the economic system enables upward mobility by encouraging the free flow of ideas through a culture of acceptance and understanding. At the same time, the movement of working capital and people from one… Cullen, Jim. 2004. The American Dream. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. DeParle, Jason. 2012."Harder for Americans to Rise." Retrieved July 21, 2013 ( http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/us/harder-for-americans-to-rise-from-lower-rungs.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ) Henslin, James. 2013. Essentials of Sociology. New York, NY: Pearson Education. ASDA Stores is a large scale retailer in the United Kingdom. It has grown over the decades by regularly expanding its business operations all over the country. Currently, ASDA Stores is present in more than 564 locations and offers a wide array of grocery items, general merchandise, and financial services. The business operations of ASDA Stores are affected by a large number of environmental factors. These factors fall under political and governmental forces, economic forces, social, cultural, and demographical forces, technological forces, legal forces, and environmental forces. All these forces have a direct impact on the company's sales, operations, and financial performance. In order to encounter the environmental challenges and operate in the most competitive and profitable fashion, ASDA Stores has to carefully analyze these forces and design its strategic directions in the best interest of its business affairs. The resource management practices of… Armstrong, M. 2007, A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, (10th ed.). London: Kogan Page Armstrong, M. 2000, A Handbook of Management Techniques, (3rd ed.). London: Kogan Page ASDA, 2013, About ASDA. Available from [Accessed January 31st, 2013] Social Work Informatics in Child Protection Social Work esearch The research design for this study utilizes mixed methods in order to identify variables that function as benefits and inhibitors of the use of technology by child protection case workers. Surveys that are a hybrid of quantitative (correlational survey techniques) and qualitative approaches will be conducted with case workers (Creswell, 2009). Survey questions that will permit inclusion of qualitative data in this study are considered to be essential by this author as they yield data that provides depth and detail from which to create understanding of the phenomena under study and the lived experiences of the survey respondents, which in this instance are case workers who provide child protection services (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Accordingly, the survey will contain both close-ended and open-ended items, such that quantitative data is available for analysis of correlations and qualitative data is available for grounded… Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Labuschagne, A. (2003, March). Qualitative research -- Airy fairy or fundamental? The Qualitative Report, 8(1). Retrieved http://www.nova.edu / ssss/QR/QR8-1/labuschagne.html Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. In a competitive environment, where change is the only constant phenomenon, learning and knowledge management are vital for sustenance and growth of organizations. A precise universal definition of knowledge can be elusive, because it is complex and manifests itself in various forms in individuals as well as in organizations. Individual or tacit knowledge is confined to the people who possess it and cannot be structured or managed in the organizational sense. Implicit knowledge is difficult to communicate from person to person and limited to the perception of the individual. Organizational or explicit knowledge can be documented into policies and procedures and can be made available to employees. In whatever form, knowledge is regarded only within a system of legitimization that permits it to be accepted as knowledge (Mouritsen et al., 736). Put differently, knowledge is perceived and accepted based on social frameworks. The rational theory of knowledge management… Baum, J.A and Oliver C 'Towards an institutional ecology of organizational founding', Academy of Management Journal, (1996) 39:1378-1427 Carroll, G and Hannan, M 'Density dependence in the evolution of populations of newspaper organizations', American Sociological Review (1989) (54):524-541 DiMaggio. P.J and Powell, W.W 'The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields', American Sociological Review (1983) (48):147-160 Kloot, L 'Organizational learning and management control systems: responding to environmental change', Management Accounting Research (1997) (8) 47-73 Social Perceptions and Bias Within any organization there is a dual cognitive and emotional role in making decisions. In the 21st century global environment, this role is accentuated and allows far less time than ever before. Typically, decision making is the result of stimuli, then choosing from alternatives based on past and current knowledge, then making a final choice of an action or group of action. One way of looking at the decision making process is that it is ingrained within the human psychological perspective, which makes it both unique and complex for the individual or organization involved. esearchers Seo and Barrett (2007) present a theory that contrary to the popular belief that emotions (feelings) are dysfunctional in decision making, in fact, research shows that individuals who are able to identify and distinguish among feelings have a greater chance of making successful and discreet decisions by looking critically at their… Ashforth, B., Humphrey, R. (1995). Emotion in the Workplace: A Reappraisal. Human Relations. 48 (2): 97-125. Baron, R., Kenney, D. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51 (6): 1173-82. Organizational Case Study -- Nutri Systems Company Background - Nutrisystem is an American company that provides weightloss products and services. Originally, the company's sales and marketing model focused on Brick and Mortar stores, in-person counseling and exercise sessions, and the sale of prepackaged supplements and food products retail. In 1999, however, largely due to the number of diets on the market and exhaustive competiton, Nutrisystem began selling online with support through 800#s and email. The company expanded to QVC in 2001 and Costco since 2009 (www.nutrisystem.com). The foundation of the organization is portion-control and a diet that has a low glycemic index. Separate plans are offered for men and women that support a 1-2#/week loss. All plans have love sugar, cholesterol and sodium and cost from $280-400/week. Users must also purchase additional fresh items locally, but 2009 clinical trials showed that persons with Type-2 diabetes consistently lost more weight and… Organizational and Diagnostic Models. (2008). Retrieved December 2011, from Leadersphere.com: http://www.leadersphere.com/img/OrgmodelsR2009.pdf NutriSystem Investment Guide. (2011, December 17). Retrieved from Wikiinvest: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/NutriSystem_ (NTRI) Liu, Y., & Yang, R. (2008). Competing Loyalty Programs: Impact of Market Saturation. Journal of Marketing, 73(2), 93-100. Lowman, R. (2005). Importance of Diagnosis in Organization Assessment. Manager Journal, 8(1), 17-28. Dynatronics Corporation (formerly Dynatronics Laser Corporation) was started in 1979 with the initial intent of developing laser technology for use in medical procedures. Unable to acquire the necessary FDA approval required to market the technology the company turned to other areas within the medical rehabilitation market. Seeing an opening in the market for ultrasound electrotherapy technology the company soon found a distribution channel that could support the new product offerings. Subsequent years led to the company developing additional products that have been used to treat chronic pain, test physical ability with computer software and to provide other forms of therapy. In addition, the company has ventured into the aesthetic market and has patented and distributed microdermabrasion technology for use by both aestheticians and plastic surgeons. Dynatronics has made several acquisitions over the years that have met with mixed results. The purchase of a rehabilitation… Drucker, P.F. (1954). The Practice of Management. New York: Harper & Row. Duane, M.J. (1993). The Grievance Process in Labor-Management Cooperation. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Olson, M.H., & Symposium on Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration New York University, Graduate School of Business. (1989). Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. What Lies Ahead. (2003, January). T& D, 57, 32+. Retrieved February 21, 2005, from Questia database, http://www.questia.com . What follows in this report is an organizational assessment of an organization known as Society for Treatment of Autism. This assessment is broken into three major segments. The first segment is an organizational overview. The second segment is a comparison of the agency's words and mission to the empowerment model. Finally, there is an executive summary of the positive and negative implications for client and staff members of the organization. The organization in question, as noted in the introduction, is the Society for Treatment of Autism. They are a member of the Autism Treatment Services of Canada and they are a dispenser of comprehensive treatments on a charitable basis and they get referrals via any number of methods and they take them all regardless of the source provided there is a need involved. All applicants are screened to ensure that they are appropriate for one or… Hardina, D. (2005). Ten Characteristics of Empowerment - Oriented Social Service Organizations, Administration in Social Work, 29:3, 23-42 STA. (2013, February 28). Society for Treatment of Autism - Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Society for Treatment of Autism - Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved February 28, 2013, from http://www.sta-ab.com/

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Diagnosing type 2 diabetes in older people Many of the symptoms of type 2 diabetes in older people are the same as in younger people; however, they can often be overlooked or mistakenly attributed to ‘old age’. It is important to be alert to the clinical features of diabetes in older patients, such as: - urinary incontinence as part of polyuria - recurrent infections - slow wound-healing - cognitive changes. GPs should also be aware that type 1 diabetes does occur in older people; clear identification of diabetes type is therefore vital. For more information, refer to The McKellar guidelines for managing older people with diabetes in residential and other care settings.6 The following additional assessment should be undertaken in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes:1 - full assessment of physical, mental and social health, including falls risk, nutrition and immunisation status - careful screening and monitoring for cognitive impairment. Information about frailty screening, assessment and management can be found in: Management and care planning Care planning is vitally important in older people with diabetes. It can provide clarity regarding aims of care and help avoid reactive management to problems. Care planning should include up-to-date care plans, regular reviews, documented sick day management plans, and hyper- and hypoglycaemia risk assessment. Management of diabetes in elderly patients should take into account quality of life, life expectancy and functioning (Figure 1). In some patients, glycaemic control may be less important than risk minimisation and maintaining quality of life. Blood glucose targets may therefore be higher than for younger adults with type 2 diabetes (refer to ‘Medical considerations’, below). Consensus framework for individualising targets and therapeutic approach to glycaemic management across the continuum of care for older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus7 Older people with diabetes have higher rates of conditions that might impair ability to self-manage diabetes compared with younger people. These include functional disability, accelerated muscle loss, osteoporosis, cognitive impairment, urinary incontinence, injurious falls and persistent pain.1 Refer to the section ‘Managing multimorbidity in people with type 2 diabetes’ for approaches to managing comorbidities. Older people are at higher risk of hypoglycaemia, so medication regimens should aim to avoid hypoglycaemia.1 Where needed, individualised targets should be redefined, and treatment regimens de-intensified (if possible) to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia and avoid polypharmacy.1 Older people with diabetes should have an individualised hypoglycaemia management plan, which may need to include an order for glucagon. Glycaemic targets for some elderly people may be higher than for the non-elderly (eg a glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] target of 8% [64 mmol/mol], rather than 7% [53 mmol/mol]). Intensive glycaemic management reduces microvascular but not macrovascular complications, and may increase adverse events and mortality. However, optimising glycaemia might help prevent acute symptoms of diabetes such as polyuria, weight loss, confusion and falls.7 Note that HbA1c levels greater than 8–8.5% (64–69 mmol/mol) are associated with greater morbidity and mortality in older patients.8,9 Refer to Figure 1 for suggested glycaemic targets in older people with diabetes. Insulin can be used to reduce symptoms of hyperglycaemia in combination with oral glucose-lowering medications. Complex regimens should be avoided, and prefilled insulin pens can reduce dosing errors.10 Nursing or carer support may be needed to administer injections; however, older people who have been self-injecting their insulin at home should be enabled to continue to do so in a residential aged care facility, subject to their capability. Insulin regimens should be reviewed regularly, including review of doses and timing of administration relative to food intake, activity, frailty or clinical changes and glycaemic profile. There should not be a ‘set and forget’ approach. Table 1 presents prescribing considerations of different glucose-lowering medications in elderly patients. Considerations for selecting, monitoring and de-intensifying glucose-lowering medications in elderly people with type 2 diabetes7 Nutritional interventions can help reduce the risk of adverse diabetes events in older people, such as hypoglycaemia, undesired weight loss, frailty and falls.1,11 It is important to consider the different nutritional needs of elderly people compared with younger people, including the healthy weight range in people aged >65 years. Elderly people may lack awareness of thirst, and can experience reduced appetite. Adequate hydration and nutrition can therefore be a problem. Other areas to assess and monitor include constipation, oral hygiene and the ability to cook or shop for food. Refer also to the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) booklet Healthy eating: A guide for older people living with diabetes. The Australian Government’s physical activity guidelines recommend all people aged >64 years do at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity (eg walking, dancing, mowing the lawn) a day and reduce sedentary behaviour as much as possible. Even in older adults with multiple chronic diseases, the risks associated with exercise are considered to be less than those of inactivity. Targeted exercise programs (aerobic, resistance, balance training, or a combination) have been shown to provide clinically significant symptom relief for osteoarthritis, peripheral vascular disease, mobility impairment, peripheral neuropathy and elevated fall risk, depression and cognitive impairment.12 Therefore, exercise training is an essential component of any treatment plan for all elderly people who have, or are at risk of, type 2 diabetes.12 An accredited exercise physiologist can safely prescribe exercise programs. Refer to the section ‘Lifestyle interventions for management of type 2 diabetes’ for more information. Sick day management Sick days should be planned for as usual, with the additional inclusion of advice for nurses or carers. Refer to the section ‘Managing risks and other impacts of type 2 diabetes’. Diabetes management in residential aged care facilities The McKellar guidelines provide comprehensive and detailed information about managing older patients with type 2 diabetes in aged care facilities, including hyperglycaemia management guidelines (pages 25–28) and hypoglycaemia management guidelines and a risk tool (pages 29–33). Medical considerations for care plans are also presented in Appendix 5. The key considerations in residential care are the same as for other elderly patients; however, optimising care will necessarily involve collaboration with health professionals such as nurses, aged care staff, pharmacists, dietitians, diabetes educators and residential-based allied health teams. Staff clinical knowledge and communication is critical. Page 15 of the McKellar guidelines outlines to residential care staff how to consult with GPs in terms of care context and preparation for a GP consultation. Refer to the ‘Resources’ list at the end of this section for links to guidebooks specifically for residential care staff. In addition to the considerations listed above, medication management in residential aged care facilities requires management of the complex processes that underpin prescription, supply, administration and monitoring of glucose-lowering medication in residential aged care facilities. - Consider residents’ goals of care and susceptibility to adverse drug events.7 - Aim for optimisation of care, de-prescribing, reducing polypharmacy and avoiding hypoglycaemia. - Conduct medication reviews with facility pharmacists and nurses.7 - Appropriate training for nursing staff (preferably annually) will help with care, and should include safe management of insulin, understanding insulin profiles, monitoring blood glucose levels, and when to increase monitoring. Refer also to the RACGP aged care clinical guide for more information about medicine management, de-prescribing and polypharmacy.

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Manufacturing Month is just around the corner. Starting with Manufacturing Day, celebrated on the first Friday of October, the goal of Manufacturing Month is to reach and inspire the next generation of the manufacturing workforce. Throughout the month, manufacturers demonstrate the value and benefits of a career in manufacturing and educate the public about the important role manufacturing plays in our daily lives. History of Manufacturing Day Manufacturing Day was created by the Manufacturing Institute, in an effort to grow and support the manufacturing industry’s skilled workers and concentrate on the advancement of the industry. As the workforce development and education partner of the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), the Institute’s initiative specifically supports women, veterans and students working through skilled training programs. Every first Friday in October is a designated day for manufacturers to demonstrate the benefits of working in modern manufacturing careers. Companies open their doors to students, parents, teachers, community leaders and provide tours and hands-on demonstrations. The goal is to build awareness of the steady, reliable, rewarding and challenging career opportunities in manufacturing, bolster the talent pool, and keep manufacturing businesses viable for generations to come. Despite old perceptions that have kept young people from exploring a career in the skilled trades, manufacturing environments have modernized, and continue to become safer, more efficient, and more technologically advanced. Manufacturing Month in Wisconsin Gov. Tony Evers once again proclaimed October as Manufacturing Month. Manufacturing is absolutely vital to the wellbeing of Wisconsin residents. Manufacturing is the number one contributor to Wisconsin’s economy, producing $63 billion in total output in 2018 – 19 percent of Wisconsin’s total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Additionally, the state of Wisconsin alone has more than 9,000 manufacturers and as an industry employed over 475,000 people in 2018. “Our state’s rich manufacturing heritage is well-known throughout the world, but it is the industry’s future that is now sparking international attention,” said Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce (WMC) President & CEO Kurt R. Bauer. “Thirty years ago, the industry was viewed as dumb, dirty and dangerous. Today, it is high-tech, high-skill and high pay.” “Thirty years ago, the industry was viewed as dumb, dirty and dangerous. Today, it is high-tech, high-skill and high-pay.” President & CEO, Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce The Strategy House team works with Wisconsin manufacturers every day. We are grateful that through our work, we witness the dedication, challenge and great reward of working in manufacturing. We are working alongside manufacturers to encourage the next generation of workers to grow their career in the skilled trades. During Manufacturing Month, we celebrate the work of our clients and honor the role all manufacturers play in our communities and our day to day lives. Celebratory Events in the Midwest In most years, Manufacturing Month is kicked off by hundreds of celebratory events and tours on Manufacturing Day, held annually on the first Friday of October. Manufacturers across the country put together panels, host hands-on learning events and talk to young students about the benefits of working in challenging yet imaginative positions in the world of manufacturing. This year, while regular Manufacturing Day festivities are postponed, there is a big opportunity for teachers and parents who are doing virtual learning to tap into the information provided by world class manufacturers across the country. For students interested in developing their skilled crafts, Manufacturing Day is a great time for them to learn about the industry as a whole, and its impact on our country. Major manufacturers like Allegion, Boeing, and ABB have events set up for virtual learning and tours. These educational opportunities can provide students with insight into what a day in the life of a manufacturer is like, right from the manufacturers themselves. Parents and educators can also search for a local event through an event search on Creators Wanted. Impact of Manufacturing Month The United States is home to world class manufacturers who make a global impact every single day. Careers in manufacturing are diverse, challenging, imaginative and rewarding. While Manufacturing Month programming may look different from past years, there are still plenty of opportunities that will spark curiosity and interest into the esteemed world of manufacturing.

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We are proud to release our first Roam Original short film "Lines to Hawaii." Travis Rice and Ian Walsh sail 2,500 nautical miles from Tahiti to Hawaii, discovering untouched surf breaks and exploring some of the most remote islands on Earth.On their journey they partnered with Adventure Scientists to take water samples testing for microplastics in the ocean. Watch the film to see what they found. Share this and ROAM will donate 20 cents to Adventure Scientists.> Footage by Amory Ross Posted by Roam on Thursday, December 7, 2017 Navigating the open ocean along a route inspired by Polynesian who sailed these waters using only the stars for navigation some 2,000 year ago, Travis and the team experience rarely seen specs on the map, including Malden Island, Flint Island, and Fanning Island. The 19-day adventure included chasing waves that had never been surfed, cracking the sweetest coconuts they’d ever tasted, and putting their skills to the test to during a squall in the notorious Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, also known as the Doldrums. Ian, who was a novice sailor at the start of their voyage, earned coveted “Golden Shellback” status by crossing the Equator at the International Dateline. As a team, they experienced first-hand some of the most untouched, pristine ecosystems in the world. The crew took samples every hundred miles along their route for Adventure Scientists’ global microplastics study, which provided information on a stretch of ocean that had not yet been studied. Though the island ecosystems appear untouched, 73 percent of the water samples contained microplastics. Defined as tiny plastic pieces under five millimeters in size, microplastics are ubiquitous in our ecosystems. They have been found in the deepest trenches, off the Antarctic Peninsula, in remote Arctic sea ice, and in remote parts of the Pacific. For every share of the film Lines to Hawaii, ROAM will donate 20 cents to Adventure Scientists (up to 10,000 shares).

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Join Ohio State Fair General Manager Virgil Strickler and Ohio Governor John Kasich and his family as they cut the ribbon to open the 2013 Ohio State Fair at the Cardinal Gate. From the very first Fair held in Cincinnati in 1850, which lasted only three days, to the 12-day exposition of today, the Ohio State Fair has celebrated Ohio's products, its people and their accomplishments. In 1846, the Ohio Legislature created the 53-member Board of Agriculture. One of the Board's first acts was to establish a District Fair. The resulting 1847 District Fair at Wilmington and the 1848 District Fair at Xenia were both successful, thus warranting a State Fair. Camp Washington (two miles east of downtown Cincinnati) was the site of the first Ohio State Fair, Oct. 2 - 4, 1850. The site was described as eight to 10 acres with grass slopes, shade trees and numerous tents. The grounds were enclosed by a 10-foot-high board fence. Cattle were tethered to a railing along the carriage road. The railroads offered strong support to the early state fairs. Special rates were offered whereby exhibits were transported without charge, and the exhibitor rode for half fare. The public was admitted only on the second and third days of the first Fair. Day one was devoted to setup and judging. Admission was 20 cents, but exhibitors could buy a $1 badge for admission for their families.

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Museums often hold diverse collections. Think of the Royal Ontario Museum whose holdings include dinosaurs, building columns, and moccasins in one collection. Accusations of privilege and elitism are regular criticism of museums as making museum more old guard than future leaning. Museums have acquisition policies and hierarchy, certainly, but even anarchists need to organize for a protest. Museums have faith in their audience. Museums let people in. They make precautions to secure their collections of the guards and buzzer persuasions. But, even with these items in place, for the most part, museums are putting themselves out there with their ideas written on the wall. They have the faith in their audience to come and go, over and over, and leave the collections unscathed. What could be more democratic? There is no entrance test. Many are as free as your local library. A billionaire and a homeless person are equally welcome. Museums encourage difficult conversations. Walk into most science center in the country and you will explore climate change, as scientists present it, not as we wish it to be. Explore many contemporary art museum exhibitions and you will be faced with inequality issues. Museum don’t shirk reality—they embrace it. Museums are into education. While politicians debate the best way to do education writ large, museums like the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, have been encouraging learning for more than a century. Certainly, museums have struggled with the bad press the word education gets, changing their departments to learning or interpretation. But at their essence, most museums are into education. And, given there are more museums than Starbucks, that museums that there is a whole lot of informal education going down in this country. Millions of dollars are required to acquire and maintain collections. However, once art becomes part of a museum collection, it rarely returns to the open market. The collection object no longer can be priced, valued in dollars, as that object will not be for sale. Its monetary value becomes academic, an issue for insurance men and registrars. In a world where stock prices, IPO, and quarterly gains, museums are in the business of priceless.

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How to share this Lesson/Activity with your Google Classroom: - To share this lesson/activity with Google Classroom, click "Continue with Google" to get started. - After logging in, click "Add to Google Classroom" to assign this lesson/activity to your students. Read the Following Selection Read the following selection, or click on the play button below to listen aloud. What does it mean to be shy? Read some facts about being shy. • Shy people do not feel comfortable around people they do not know well. • It is not easy for shy people to make new friends. Being around lots of people can also be hard for them. Shy people feel more comfortable when they are by themselves or with one or two people they know well. • Shy people are often quiet people. It is hard for them to talk to people they don’t know well. It might also be hard for them to talk in front of lots of people. • Both adults and children can be shy. Many shy children become less shy as they grow up. • Sometimes, people think shy people are not friendly because they don’t talk much to others. Most shy people are friendly people, but it is not easy for them to show they are friendly. Shy people like having friends just as much as other people do. • People don’t choose to be shy. It’s just the way they are. Many shy people wish they were not shy. No one is sure why some people are shy. • There is nothing wrong about being shy. People are different. Some people are shy, and some are not. Some people are very shy, and some people are just a little bit shy. • A person who is not usually shy can feel shy sometimes. Most children would feel shy if the teacher asked them to sing a song by themselves in front of the class. Now, show what you know! Complete some questions about the reading selection by clicking “Begin Questions” below. 0 of 5 questions completed You have already completed this activity. You cannot start it again. Activity is loading… You must sign in or sign up to take this activity. You must first complete the following: 0 of 5 questions answered correctly Time has elapsed. You have reached 0 of 0 point(s), (0) Score: of () 0 Essay(s) Pending (Possible Point(s): 0) 1. Which activity would a shy child feel most comfortable doing?CorrectIncorrect A cause is something that makes something happen. It answers the question “why did this happen.” An effect is what happened as a result of the cause. It answers the question “what happened.” 2. Which sentence tells the cause? Which sentence tells the effect? Drag each sentence to the correct spot. Shy people do not talk to others very much. People think shy people are not friendly. 3. What is one thing readers learn from this text?CorrectIncorrect 4. Choose the words where the letter y makes the long i sound.CorrectIncorrect 5. Choose if the following statement is a fact or opinion: Both adults and children can be shy.CorrectIncorrect

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How to Choose Random Sampling in Excel To choose a random sample from your data stored in an Excel workbook, you must first assign random numbers to each row. The RAND function can be used to generate random numbers for a cell or group of cells. Once you've inserted a column of random numbers next to your data, you can sort your data in a random order to generate your random sample. Changing the sort order for your data will result in an alternative selection for your random sample. Open the workbook containing your data collection in Excel. Insert a blank column next to your data if one isn't already present. For example, right-click on column "A" and then click "Insert." Highlight all of the cells in column A next to the data to which you want to assign random numbers. For example, if your data is displayed in rows B2 through B50, select cells A2 through A50. Do not highlight cells in a row containing labels for your data. Type "=RAND()" without the quotes into the Formula bar, and then press "Ctrl-Enter" to assign random numbers to your selection. Click the "Data" tab to switch to the Data ribbon. Click the "Sort" button in the Sort & Filter group. Click the radio button next to "Expand the Selection" and then click the "Sort…" button to open the Sort dialog. Select either "Smallest to Largest" or "Largest to Smallest" from the drop-down box under the Order column of the Sort dialog, and then click the "OK" button. Your data will be sorted randomly. - Information in this article applies to Microsoft Excel 2013. Steps may vary slightly with other versions or products. - To assign random numbers using a predefined range, use the =RANDBETWEEN function. Type "=RANDBETWEEN(low,high)" without the quotes, replacing "low" and "high" with the low and high numbers designated for your random number assignment. For example, enter "=RANDBETWEEN(1,100)" to generate numbers randomly between the values 1 and 100. Make sure you designate a range that is greater than the number of rows for your data.

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Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2) based biological control systems are used in a variety of industries as a primary method for control of micro-organisms in water systems, from controlling bacteria in food processing to Legionella in cooling towers. Its use in the treatment of water has been driven by an increased awareness of biological related health issues. It is commonly used as a ‘dispersive’ treatment which means the chlorine dioxide is dosed into the water system and travels around the entire water system. This ensure a ‘residual’ level of CLO2 which can continue to kill bacteria in all areas of the system that it reaches and not just at the point of use. This helps to explain why chlorine dioxide is so effective. ClO2 in its pure form, exists at room temperature as a gas and dissolves in water. The EMEC LOTUS range of Chlorine Dioxide Generators are designed so there is no requirement to handle this as a gas, but instead two liquid ‘precursor’ chemicals, Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Sodium Chlorite (NaCl02), react together to form the chlorine dioxide required. The EMEC LOTUS systems can dose proportional to the circulating water or based on the measurement set point. EMEC LOTUS does not store the chlorine dioxide therefore there is no chlorine dioxide gas or concentrated solutions outside of the process application. Click here to view the range

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Talking on your cellphone all day. Saying yes to tanning and no to sunscreen. Skipping preventative screenings. Just how risky are these actions when it comes to cancer? Nobody’s perfect. But with cancer prevention, it pays to be close to impeccable as possible. Here, we rate common habits on a one-to-five scale based on advice from Baylor Scott & White Health experts. Getting Your Bronze On Sun-kissed, golden skin might look great, but melanoma does not. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a working group of the World Health Organization, people who use tanning beds before the age of 30 increase their lifetime risk of melanoma (the deadliest form of skin cancer) by 75 percent. So if you want a tan, hit the bronzer bottle, not the bed—self-tanner options are inexpensive, easy to use and safe. Skipping Your Screenings Health screenings aren’t exactly fun, but their benefits are well worth the tedium, says James Fleshman, MD, a physician on the medical staff at Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. For example, he says, “colonoscopy screening starting at age 50 and every 10 years thereafter in a patient with no risk factors can prevent cancer from ever occurring by detecting and removing precancerous polyps.” The same principle holds true for mammograms, says Michael Grant, MD, a physician on the medical staff at Baylor Dallas. “For women over age 50, studies show that screening mammograms can help reduce the number of deaths caused by breast cancer,” he says. In laymen’s terms? You can’t overcome cancer if you don’t even know it’s there. Talk to your doctor about setting up your screening schedule. Opting Out Of Organic If the pressure to buy all organic produce has you avoiding fruits and veggies entirely, take note: Whether organic foods translate to a lower risk of cancer because they are less likely to be contaminated by cancer-causing compounds is largely unknown, the American Cancer Society (ACS) says. So, while choosing organic produce certainly won’t hurt you (although it can be a bit pricier than conventional options), it may not be completely necessary. More important than organic versus nonorganic is fresh food versus junk food. Eat those veggies! Talking On Your Cell Phone All Day Hold the phone—literally. A recent report by the IARC found limited evidence of a possible connection between cell phone use and brain tumors. One of the studies examined for the report, which looked at cellphone use in several countries prior to 2004, showed that the heaviest cellphone users had higher risks for malignant brain tumors. Heavy use was defined as 30 minutes per day for 10 years. Although the evidence is not conclusive, it is enough to warrant concern, the ACS says. What can you do? Use an earpiece or a landline to limit the time spent with your cellphone to your ear.

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The natural gas portfolio of the new European Commission (EC) seeks to ensure security of supply throughout Europe. Simultaneously, it has to determine a role for natural gas towards the envisioned carbon-neutral EU economy of 2050. The EU was first compelled to advance the supply-security aspect of natural gas after the 2006 and 2009 interruptions of Russian flows through Ukraine. In the years following, the EU strengthened its common gas market by increasing infrastructure permitting gas to flow in both directions, by diversifying its suppliers, by introducing the principle of solidarity, whereby member-states must guarantee gas provision to one another in event of supply cuts, and by establishing competitive pricing mechanisms via gas trading hubs. It was along these lines that the hearing of the newly nominated Energy Commissioner, Kadri Simson, unfolded last month in the European Parliament’s Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Simson stated her intention to ensure EU-wide energy security by accessing different gas sources, including liquefied natural gas (LNG). In this latter connection, she highlighted the successful cooperation with the United States. Thus, she invoked the example of Poland, which benefits from the already commissioned Świnoujście LNG terminal, as well as from the proposed bidirectional Gas Interconnection Poland-Lithuania and the proposed Baltic Pipe from Norway. All these efforts support its policy goal to minimize dependence on Russian gas imports. Simson concluded that “this is a situation which many member countries are aiming for”, referring to the goal set by the previous Commission, that each country in Central and Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe should be supplied by at least three gas sources, in order to escape manipulation by a single dominant supplier. Simson, the former Estonian Minister of Economic Affairs and Infrastructure and leader of the Estonian NATO Parliamentary Assembly Delegation, will have the further task of determining the role of natural gas in Europe’s energy transition. Natural gas is an affordable fuel with lower life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than oil and coal. It represents about one quarter of the EU’s primary energy consumption, largely covering the heating needs of industries and households. The incoming EC President Ursula von der Leyen wrote in her mission letter to Simson, that the latter would be tasked with providing a clear decarbonization trajectory for gas. This desideratum conforms with the EU’s Paris Agreement commitments, which led to the EC’s long-term strategy for a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. The emerging concept of gas sector decarbonization forms part of von der Leyen’s “European Green Deal” that EC Vice-President Frans Timmermans intends to put forward within the EC’s first 100 days of office. This initiative will aim for an ambitious 55 percent CO2 emissions reduction target by 2030, up from the previous goal of 40 percent. It will involve maintaining the use of natural gas in the medium term while coal is phased out. Gas will also serve as a back-up to intermittent renewables (solar and wind) until 2030, when demand for it is expected to stabilize around 400-420 billion cubic metres per year (bcm/y). Although environmental activists frequently criticize EU funding for gas infrastructure, the EC’s Green Deal is expected to promote its continued use, with adaptations for the transport of low-carbon gases (e.g. biomethane from organic sources, hydrogen from renewable power and hydrogen from natural gas combined with carbon capture technology). Within this framework, the intention is that natural gas demand should decline after 2030. Endorsing natural gas and LNG investments, Simson also stressed that she supports the “future-proof” gas network investments. By this she meant to signal the need for investments rendering the network useful beyond 2030. Such investments would permit the transition from natural gas to gases with a smaller carbon footprint. The term of art for this “dual energy system” approach, where natural gas and low-carbon gases hold significant positions alongside electricity from renewable sources, is “sectoral coupling”. Timmermans likewise mentioned this in connect with renewable hydrogen during his own hearing before the European Parliament’s (EP) Environment Committee. The value of gas as a “bridge” to reach the EU’s clean-energy goals introduces another question into the intra-EU gas debate. Member-states typically disagree over which gas infrastructures Europe really needs. For example, the recent Franco-German compromise on a 2009 gas directive amendment favouring Nord Stream 2 stands in contrast with a European Court of Justice ruling, in a case initiated by Poland and welcomed by Ukraine, which curtailed Gazprom’s access to the onshore German extension of Nord Stream 1. There is now disagreement over whether Europe needs any further such infrastructure at all. The proposal of the European Investment Bank (EIB) to halt financing of fossil fuel-related projects by late 2020 is here at issue. Two of the EIB’s biggest donors, Germany and Italy, oppose this proposal along with Central European member-states Poland and Latvia. France, along with Sweden and the Netherlands, support it. The EIB’s Board of Directors was therefore unable to take a decision on whether to adopt the proposal at their mid-October meeting; they will reconvene in mid November. Germany has two reasons to object. First, it aims to diversify its import options in favour of US supplies with the upcoming launch of two LNG projects in its North. Second, after missing its 2020 emission reduction target, it has prepared its 2030 climate plan, which aspires to electrify the transport and heating sectors and to develop a “hydrogen economy”. Natural gas is necessary to both these goals. Simson insisted that the EIB’s lending policy should be aligned with the EU’s climate action, emphasizing renewables and efficiency-promoting projects. At the same time, she said that several gas projects would require co-funding from the EIB. The Bank’s revised proposal outlines support of gas infrastructure in the EC’s recently adopted Fourth List of Projects of Common Interest (PCIs), and of low-carbon gas projects. This apparently responds to the EC’s carbon-cutting goals, to one of its biggest shareholders climate-gas strategy and to prodding from the European Gas Industry Association (Eurogas), to distinguish between the different fossil fuels. The revision of the EU’s trans-European energy networks (TEN-E) regulation will also test any European consensus on the future of gas. This regulation defines which infrastructures are eligible to receive grants under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF). Cross-border infrastructure in the Caspian Sea and in the North Sea have benefited from CEF funding. So have strategic LNG terminals and interconnectors in Southern Europe and the Baltic States. The TEN-E reform proposal comes in the aftermath of a motion by the EP’s Green group in 2018, demanding that all gas projects be excluded from the Third PCI List. A PCI is a “Project of Common Interest”. Listed PCIs benefit from CEF support. The motion was defeated, but it led the Eurogas head to respond that PCI gas pipelines, as alternatives to existing powerlines carrying electricity generated by coal or lignite power plants, directly contribute to decarbonization and, therefore, complement renewables and energy efficiency investments. This time around, two factors loom over the discussions. Following the 2019 election, the EP comprises more members from a broader array of political groups, including from the surging Greens; in the less fractured previous Parliament only two groups, the European People’s Party and the Socialists and Democrats, used to prevail. This is also the case regarding the composition of the 96 EP Members (MEPs) from Germany, who strongly influence the balance of power inside the Parliament. Going beyond EP dynamics, there is likely to be a rift between Western Europe (which has good gas interconnections), on the one hand, and, on the other hand, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans (which do not), over any potential phase-out of EU funding for gas projects. Countries in the latter regions still count on extra gas and LNG infrastructure, particularly since the fate of the post-2019 Russian gas transit across Ukraine remains undecided. Moldova’s push towards the construction of a second pipeline from Romania is an example. Regardless of predictions about the outcome of the EIB and TEN-E deliberations, Timmermans’s and Simson’s jobs will entail more than just expanding the integration of the gas market in those parts of Europe most vulnerable to monopoly suppliers. They must also manage intra-EU controversies over the need for and types of gas infrastructure, in the context of the new EC’s drive to keep gas at the heart of Europe’s energy transition. Featured Image: “Major Russian Gas Pipelines to Europe”, via Wikimedia Commons. Disclaimer: Any views or opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the NATO Association of Canada.

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Meet your inner lizard Illustration of tetrapods on land 24 October 2017 by Julia Horton An ancient little lizard-like creature from the Scottish Borders is the missing ancestral link between human beings and the fish we evolved from millions of years ago. Dubbed 'Tiny', its fossilised remains were found in a piece of rock smaller than a clenched fist after people spotted a minute part of its skull sticking out. 360-345 million years ago, Scotland was a very different place. Lying close to the Equator, the vegetated land was hot, humid and subject to droughts and flooding. It was here that a major evolutionary event occurred: tetrapods (backboned animals with four limbs) invaded land. These four-legged creatures are our ancestors. But, for many years, scientists had no idea how this had happened. There was a 15 million year 'gap' in the fossil record - no four-legged fossils had been found dating from that time, so there was no evidence to show how this giant step had taken place. That was until the late fossil hunter Stan Wood began excavations in the Borders that uncovered a haul of four-limbed creatures that help explain one of evolution's greatest mysteries. Tiny was one of the first four-legged creatures on land, which makes it our ancestor! There is still the bigger question of why creatures moved from water to land, but with every new find like Tiny, today's scientists get closer to answering that too. David Millward at NERC's British Geological Survey said: Every specimen tells us something new. Tetrapods are our ancestors. They are the missing evolutionary link from fish and on to lizards, then ultimately to birds, dinosaurs, mammals and to us as people today. If tetrapods had not made that fundamental step we would not be where we are today. David suggested one theory of why creatures moved to the land: There were some very big, carnivorous fish in the lakes and creeks and no large predators on land so developing limbs to live on land would give any creature an advantage. David is sure there are numerous other specimens worldwide, though the only other major site where tetrapods have been found to date is in Canada. Excitingly, unlike Scotland, they have also uncovered well-preserved footprints which are helping to create a better understanding of how these ancient animals moved on land. "We haven't found good footprints here yet," Millward says, "but we're still looking." NERC funded this research at the universities of Cambridge, Leicester and Southampton, the National Museum of Scotland and the British Geological Survey. Interested in Scotland's fossil finds? Go to the Edinburgh Geological Society's talk on Scotland's recent fossil finds - external link - in Edinburgh on 1 November 2017. Come and do some fossil forensics at UnEarthed - external link - on 17-19 November 2017. Find out more about the history of four-legged life on Earth in the video below produced by National Museums Scotland. Subtitles (closed captions) are available once the video is playing.

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OH&S in Australia is extremely important and all workers have the right to a safe workplace, and this is why we have the Occupational Safety and Health Act 2004 (The Act). This Act sets out the key principles, duties and rights relating to OH&S. Under this Act, is the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007, and this specifies how duties are imposed and performed and can include the required licenses for specific activities and how records are kept. When it comes to scaffolding, there are many risks from many different directions. At Red and Blue Scaffolding we take safety very seriously and work hard to prevent injuries from occurring. We strive to make sure all scaffolding adheres to or exceeds the safety standards to ensure the safety of those who are working on the scaffolding and for those workers or pedestrians underneath. The reason there is such stringent policies in place when it comes to scaffolding is because workers are working at heights and on elevated platforms so at times things can happen that are unpredictable. These hazards aren’t just for those who are working on the scaffolding but the workers and such underneath, there is the risk of tools and building materials falling and injuring people. Hazards like this need to be identified early to prevent accidents, therefore there are danger zones classified where workers are not allowed when there are people working on the scaffolding. Hard hats should be worn at all times if people are walking underneath the scaffolding to add extra protection, should they need to be in the danger zone area. To ensure the safety of workers, scaffolding should always be erected on a level and solid ground and only approved scaffolding components should be used when building scaffolding. Additional safety elements can also be added to the scaffolding to assist those working on the scaffolding as well as those on the ground. We aim to identify hazards on a site but also urge all the other trades on site to use precautions when working to make sure everyone stays safe.

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Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, astronomers have captured a close-up view of material streaming away from a newborn star, discovering that its jets are even more energetic than previously thought. Star formation is an even more intense and dynamic process than previously thought, according to research based on data from one of the world’s newest and most powerful telescopes. As stars form in clouds of gas and dust, they shoot powerful jets of gas and other raw material outward. Analysis of fresh high-resolution images of fast-moving emissions from a well-known protostar refines the existing picture of the outflows’ size, shape, and motion, and shows that they are moving at greater velocities than previously measured, researchers report August 20 in Astrophysical Journal. The outflows have a pronounced effect on the host cloud, pushing dense raw materials away and affecting cloud properties, such as turbulence, according to the research team, led by Yale University astronomer Héctor Arce. This in turn affects development of the protostar itself, possibly influencing the star’s ultimate characteristics and the cloud’s ability to form other stars. “If we can see these interesting features for this ‘run-of-the-mill’ protostar, we should expect to see similar features in other protostars,” said Arce, associate professor of astronomy at Yale. Astronomers from the Universidad de Chile and other institutions were also part of the team. Their research is part of a broad effort by astronomers to better understand formation of stars like Earth’s Sun and the environment where this happens. “The Sun is a star, so if we want to understand how our solar system was created, we need to understand how stars are formed,” said Arce. The new research focuses on HH 46/47, the bipolar outflow from a protostar forming on the outskirts of the Gum Nebula, at about 1,400 light years away. The researchers used observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in Chile. Assuming HH 46/47 is broadly representative of protostellar outflows, said Arce, “Our results imply that outflows have much more momentum and kinetic energy, and therefore significantly more impact on their surroundings, than previously thought. This indicates that protostellar outflows could provide the energy to sustain turbulence in the clouds where stars form and even help in dispersing the gas around newly formed stars.” The recent paper describes the two lobes of the HH 46/47 outflow in detail, noting striking differences in size, shape, and complexity. The research shows the outflow is episodic, suggesting that star growth itself may be episodic, researchers said. “The mass of the star does not increase smoothly over time as disk material accretes at a constant rate onto the star,” Arce said. “Instead, the star mostly gathers mass through episodes of high mass-accretion rates, separated by periods of low accretion rates.” The paper is titled “ALMA Observations of the HH 46/47 Molecular Outflow.” “Because of the location of this protostar at the edge of the molecular cloud, one outflow lobe interacts with the interior, or denser part, of the cloud on one side of the protostar, and the other lobe emerges on the other side,” said co-author Diego Mardones of the Universidad de Chile. “This makes it an excellent system to study the impact of stellar winds on different kinds of environments.” Co-author Stuartt Corder of ALMA notes, “Soon, ALMA will be imaging many outflows, spanning a range of evolutionary states. We will be able to not only resolve the history of the outflow bursts, like we have done in our study, but we will shed light on the details of the interaction between the material in the cloud and the matter ejected by the young star.” Other co-authors are Guido Garay of the Universidad de Chile; Alberto Noriega-Crespo of the California Institute of Technology; and Alejandro C. Raga of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. The National Science Foundation provided support for the research. Publication: Héctor G. Arce, et al., “ALMA Observations of the HH 46/47 Molecular Outflow,” ApJ, 774, 39; doi:10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/39 PDF Copy of the Study: ALMA Observations of the HH 46/47 Molecular Outflow Image: ESO/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/H. Arce. Acknowledgements: Bo Reipurth

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PURPOSE OF THE ASGC The main purpose of the ASGC is for collecting and disseminating geographically classified statistics. These are statistics with a ‘where’ dimension. The ASGC provides a common framework of statistical geography which enables the production of statistics that are comparable and can be spatially integrated. In practice, statistical units such as households and businesses are first assigned to a geographical area in one of the ASGC structures. Data collected from these statistical units are then compiled into ASGC defined geographic aggregations which, subject to confidentiality restrictions, are then available for publication. The purposes of this publication are to outline the 2001 ASGC structures, describe the codes and names of geographical areas used and depict the statistical relationship between different types of geography used in the classification. It provides details of the statistical geographical areas effective 1 July 2001. This publication is the first part of a three volume set of statistical geography publications relating to the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. The other two volumes Statistical Geography: Volume 2 - Census Geographic Areas Australia (cat. no. 2905.0) and Statistical Geography: Volume 3 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Urban Centres/Localities (cat. no. 2909.0) are also available for download. For access to historic 2001 ASGC structure text files or historic digital boundaries please contact the ABS via email <email@example.com>. For more information on statistical geography please view the ABS Geography web portal on http//:www.abs.gov.au/geography.

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The Incredible True Story of the Warsaw Ghetto Archives Once describing the optimistic nature of the Jews, Golda Meir said: “you know, if G-d said that he was bringing another flood to cover the Earth, all the other nations would begin to wail, tear out their hair, and prepare for the destruction that was sure to follow. But not the Jews” she said. “The Jews would begin to wonder just how hard life will be living under water?” Golda was, of course, right about us. This optimism, that is part of our DNA, is never more apparent than in a new documentary about the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto called, “Who Will Write Our History.” On the eve of the destruction of European Jewry and the liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto, many Jews in the ghetto although facing extermination, worked feverishly to write down their history, sure that a future generation would be around to read it. Most anyone who has studied even a little about the holocaust has heard about the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. About 40,000 Jews, who avoided the daily deportations that claimed the lives of 400,000 of their fellow Jews, decided to revolt. We know that this heroic uprising lasted 33 days, 3 weeks longer than the resistance by the entire Polish army to the German invaders. The Germans, proud of their handling of the “Jewish Question” brought film crews to document the Jews living in Warsaw. They too wanted historical evidence showing the Jews as dirty, lice- riddled and depraved sub-humans. For their own reasons they too were interested in writing history. Had they won and exterminated the Jews, what would future generations know? What really happened in the ghetto on a day- to-day basis? What was life like under the domination of the German Nazis? The burning down of the synagogues, the humiliations of Jews by shaving off their beards, forcing well-dressed Jewish women to remove their undergarments to scrub the sidewalks and forcing them to put the dirty garments on again. The food lines, the homeless sleeping in the streets, the hungry foraging among the garbage. These scenes were filmed by the Nazis. Emmanuel Ringelblum, a well-known scholar and leading Jewish historian living in Warsaw, was just as determined to document the Nazi treatment of his fellow Jews. He realized that he was on the threshold of history and that history needed to be documented. He was determined not to allow the Nazi’s to write the history of the Jews of Warsaw. Ringelblum began to write daily accounts of life under the Germans into his diary. He too was documenting, but from the Jewish perspective. Ringelblum expanded his activities to include over 60 writers who were chronicling the daily events. Now, a new documentary film called Who will write our History? answers the question its title raises about the monumental effort by Ringelblum and his fellow collaborators to preserve their history for us, in the future generations. It was 1940, the Germans occupied Poland and immediately sealed over 450,000 Jews into the Warsaw Ghetto. Kept behind a tall wall and surrounded by Germans patrolling with dogs and machine guns, the Jews were stripped of most of their possessions including food and clothing and were living a destitute existence. Because their own children were starving at home, they turned a blind eye when they passed starving children, dying in the street. Previously affluent, they were now barefoot and begging on the street. Their plight was reminiscent to the one described by Jeremiah after the destruction of the Temple. As the Germans delighted in filming the Jews at their worst, Ringelblum sprang into action. He gathered together over 60 writers, journalists, and economists, representing a cross section of Jews living in Warsaw. They all shared a deep commitment to resist the Nazi lies and propaganda by documenting the real, daily conditions. Not knowing if they would survive, their commitment was to preserve the truth about the Holocaust even if there would be no survivors. They wrote to us in the future generation. Knowing that death awaited them if caught, they operated in secret. As most of their meetings occurred on Sabbath afternoons, the group adopted the code name “Oyneg Shabbes” (A delight for the Sabbath). “Who will write our History?” shows original footage shot by the Nazis, while we hear the words of the “Oyneg Shabbes” writers. Ringelblum encouraged them to write diaries, essays, poems, jokes and songs depicting life under Nazi rule. Some Interviewed eye witnesses and documented their tales of Nazi atrocities, and mass murder. As the months ticked by, with fewer and fewer Jews remaining alive, the Oyneg Shabbes group realized that documentation was no longer enough. They developed contacts with the Polish underground and smuggled their reports of Nazi atrocities out, under the walls of the ghetto. They were determined to get their story into the hands of the allies. And it was due to their heroic efforts that the allies first learned of the reality of the Final By 1943, only about 40,000 Jews were left; deportation for all seemed inevitable. Members of Oyneg Shabbes also were dwindling. Mordechai Anielewicz, the commander of the underground army, led the remaining, desperate Jews in a revolt. Using pistols and homemade grenades, they attacked the Germans, disrupting momentarily, the deportation process. The Nazi’s, desperate to suppress the first large-scale resistance to their reign of terror, retaliated with full force. Crack troops of the Wehrmacht supported by tanks with flame throwers attacked the ghetto. The battle raged on for 33 days, until the ghetto was burned down and reduced to rubble. With the ghetto burning and the walls crumbling all around, Ringelblum and his Oyneg Shabbes comrades buried hundreds of thousands of pages of documentation, in steel canisters under the burning buildings. Their optimistic hope was that their writings survive, even if they do not. They did not survive. Ringelblum managed to escape from the burning ghetto and was hiding for 9 months, all the time writing and shaping up the archives. Ultimately, his hiding place was betrayed by a Pole and he, his wife and child were shot to death by the Germans. Out of the more than 60 members of Oyneg Shabbes, only three survived the war! 1946, with the war over, Rachel Auerbach, one of the survivors of the original group (whose narrative we hear throughout the documentary) used aerial photographs of the pre-war ghetto to find the location of the buildings under which the metal cannisters were buried. After much digging, 10 original cannisters were unearthed. Several years later additional boxes of Oyneg Shabbes documentation was found, creating a large archive. A third set of cannisters was never discovered. In all, 60,000 pages of the original Oyneg Shabbes documents were found. “Who will Write our History” is a powerful film, based on the critically acclaimed book by the same title, written by historian Samuel Kassow. Kassow collated the original archives and brought them alive in his excellent book. The documentary uses actual World War II footage, shot by the Nazis and recovered by the Allies. Academy Award winner Adrian Brody reads the words of Emanuel Ringelblum, describing his fears and hopes written 75 years ago, directed to us, today. It almost feels like we too are in Warsaw in 1942 as we hear the wrods. We share the terror of discovery, as the Oyneg Shabbes members and their families hide in their bunkers. Their haunting words reveal their hopes and fears, that we, in a future generation may someday hear them. With the daily deportations’, members of Oyneg Shabbes are also caught in the dragnet. As the actors read the words of Oyneg Shabbes contributors, we listen to their fears that perhaps the pages will be destroyed, and no one will ever know their suffering and The Oyneg Shabbes archives refutes all who deny the Holocaust and the capacity of man to inflict such horrors on another. Their testimony brings us face to face with a powerful truth about the German hatred for Jews. Physical extermination was not sufficient for them. They raced to invent greater and better methods of torture and humiliation, before the murder. The Nazis attempted to show the Jews as a depraved, filthy and lice riddled race while the Oyneg Shabbes chronicles explain the step-by-step methods used by the Nazis to create these conditions. Emmanuel Ringelblum and his Oyneg Shabbes collaborators point an accusing finger from their fiery graves, as they shout their eye-witness testimony for everyone to hear. The archives capture their humor, longing, hunger, and determination to retain their humanity in the face of unspeakable hardships. Ultimately, through their voices, actions, and real-time experiences, Who Will Write Our History defeats those who wish to decrease the culpability of the perpetrators of one of Humanities gravest sins in favor of those who chose to stand up, fight back and, as one Oyneg Shabes member writes, “scream the truth to the world.” “Who Will Write Our History” was produced by a range of great talents, including Nancy Spielberg and Roberta Grossman. Featuring the voices of three-time Academy Award nominee Joan Allen and Academy Award winner Brody, the documentary is slated for world wide screening on January 27, the UN designated International Holocaust Remembrance Day. It’s a must see for anyone who wants to know the real truth about the heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto. Emanuel Ringelblum was born on 21 November 1900 in Buchach in East Galicia. His family escaped to Nowy Sacz where he graduated from gymnazium (HS). In 1920, he applied to study medicine but was rejected due to the prevailing numerus clausus rule, meant to reduce the numbers of Jews studying certain professions. In 1927 he received his PhD in Jewish history, focusing on the history of Jews in Poland. One year later, he began to teach in a Jewish gymnasium for girls. In 1938, he left his teaching post and decided to dedicate himself to social A prolific writer, he wrote numerous articles for the “Encyclopedia Judaica” in German as well as many journals in Poland. In 1939, he participated in the 21 st Zionist Congress in Geneva, and as the war broke out decided to return to occupied Poland. Immediately upon arriving back in Warsaw, Emanuel Ringelblum began to collect accounts of the events he witnessed and which – of what he was aware from the start – had no precedent in history. He wrote his observations down in a diary -like form. Realizing that the monumental task was beyond the scope of one man, he collected additional chroniclers from various social backgrounds. Each one in the secret endeavor was assigned a task to write from a specific perspective. Ringelblum, his wife and son Uri, were discovered hiding in a bunker and shot by the Germans, but not before he managed to smuggle out many more of his writings. Israel Gutman, Jewish historian, a resistance activist in the Warsaw Ghetto, wrote that “Ringelblum for his whole life had been an optimist who believed in the human being”. He was affected by the suffering of others and tried to help them, even if he was in a hopeless situation himself. “His greatest dream, and his greatest fear is: whether his life’s work, the Archive, a common achievement of people he lived among, will reach the free world.” Milk cans and cannisters used to hide the archives Among the first metal cannisters found with the Ringelblum Archives 1946 Unearthing the archives among the rubble of the former Warsaw Ghetto The streets of the Warsaw ghetto burning with Jews being rounded up by the Germans Jewish writers and historians with Ringelblum (far left) in 1930

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My students are English Language Learners who are enthusiastic about learning. They come from low income families struggling to give their children a chance to become the first generation to go to college. Their own families are not able to expose them to the new technology many affluent families are able to provide their children. In my classroom I am trying to bring some equity to their lives by providing them the opportunities to interact with technology so that they can become the future computer scientists of the world. I teach computer science in my classroom and we do a lot of unplugged activities to learn coding skills, problem solving and mathematical thinking. My students are learning these skills in two languages English and Spanish. Dot and Dash, Robot Turtle and Robot Mice are coding games that will help develop the basic skills necessary for my Kindergarten students to learn coding. As they play they will also be problem solving, and building mathematical skills. Teaching Computer Science will help prepare my students to become scientists, mathematicians and problem solvers in the future. When we teach computer science we teach them that computer science help people solve problems and express themselves. Computer science also helps them understand mathematical concepts such as algorithms, recognizing and create patterns and sequencing. The games mentioned above helps support the development of these skills as they play the game. In addition it helps develop their creativity and to solve problems as they encounter difficulties while playing. Become part of this wonderful journey and support our project. If you donated to this project, you can sign in to leave a comment for Ms. Mendez. DonorsChoose is the #1 classroom funding site for teachers. As a teacher-founded nonprofit, we're trusted by thousands of teachers and supporters across the country. This classroom request for funding was created by Ms. Mendez and reviewed by the DonorsChoose team. DonorsChoose makes it easy for anyone to help a classroom in need. Public school teachers from every corner of America create classroom project requests, and you can give any amount to the project that inspires you.

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According to the Chinese Zodiac, 2017 is the year of the Rooster. But for us, this year belongs to the Hawaiian monk seal, a NOAA Fisheries Species in the Spotlight. In commemoration of ten years since the publication of the revised Recovery Plan for the Hawaiian Monk Seal, the Pacific Islands Region announces the "Year of the Monk Seal." This campaign will be comprised of a series of recovery actions, cutting-edge research, and public events targeted at building awareness and momentum for the next ten years and more of monk seal recovery. The Year of the Monk Seal is also a celebration of a new, positive population estimate for the species. The most recent annual population assessment shows that the Hawaiian monk seal, bucking past trends, has increased in numbers by 3% annually for the past three years. The population is now estimated to be around 1,400 seals—about 1,100 seals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and 300 seals in the main Hawaiian Islands. The population overall has been declining for over six decades and current numbers are only about one-third of historic population levels, but, importantly, the prolonged decline has slowed over the last ten years, thanks in many ways to recovery efforts. In fact, all of the major seal populations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are either stable or growing, and an estimated 30% of the seals alive today are here because they benefited from a lifesaving intervention or are the child or grandchild of a female that benefitted. Over the last decade, NOAA Fisheries, along with numerous partners, including the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, U.S. Coast Guard, and others, have engaged in concerted research and recovery efforts to save monk seals, particularly young female seals. These efforts included: - At least 297 interventions to help mother and pup monk seals survive. - Removing 847,907 kg (848 metric tons) of entangling marine debris by our marine debris teams and partners. - Disentangling 57 seals from debris and nets. - Rescuing 15 seals that had become entrapped and were unable to free themselves. - Rehabilitating 17 undernourished seals at The Marine Mammal Center's Ke Kai Ola monk seal hospital (and another 2 prior to the hospital's opening). - Responding to 38 seals to help remove hooks in the field and undertaking 16 surgeries to remove hooks that had been ingested. - Implementing a program to vaccinate wild monk seals against the deadly morbillivirus. - Continuing to engage local communities to help build a culture of coexistence with seals and people in the main Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, during Hawaiian monk seal haul outs and pupping events in the main Hawaiian Islands, the Marine Mammal Response Network's team of volunteers worked quickly to set up seal protection zones, monitor the situation and report any issues, and engage the public with information about the species and its endangered status. Though the new population estimate is encouraging and the species appears to be moving in the right direction, monk seals still face numerous threats and will likely experience ups and downs on the road to full recovery. This year, the Pacific Islands Region reaffirms our commitment to monk seal conservation with State and Federal partners. The Year of the Monk Seal will bring a variety of events—including various informal discussions or "talk story" sessions, a screening of a monk seal documentary at Waikiki Aquarium, and collaborations with local businesses and non-governmental organizations—to thank public and private partners, engage local communities, raise awareness of the plight of monk seals, and push forward on the next decade of monk seal recovery. Numerous other exciting partnerships and activities will occur throughout the year, and they will be announced as the year progresses. Happy Year of the Monk Seal! #YoMS2017

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In addition to the economic impact brought about by travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, a report on Wired.com shows that the lack of airline and ocean cruises is also negatively impacting weather forecasts. Although meteorologists like to tout the technology they use to gather data in making more accurate predictions and forecasts, it turns out that satellites and sensor-laden instruments do have some liabilities. Satellites, for example, obviously can’t provide direct atmospheric measurements, but instead utilize instrumentation that detects the amount of heat being given off to calculate air temperatures. Similarly, wind speeds are determined by gauging cloud movements. This data is fed into algorithms that account for a number of atmospheric and oceanic conditions in identifying and predicting everything from tropical storms to polar winds, as well as for less dramatic endeavors like generating three to 10-day forecasts. However, key datapoints typically entered alongside this satellite data are measurements recorded by commercial airliners and cruise ships. Their proximity to the weather systems allows for more accurate readings that can be utilized in understanding how different conditions in varying locations impact weather on a country-by-country, or even global level. Weather centers in the U.S. and Europe are reportedly experiencing declines in weather data of as much as 90 percent since travel restrictions were enacted in mid-March. This data is especially critical as we enter the peak of hurricane season, which runs through November. Experts worry that a lack of on-the-spot weather information could impact their ability to accurately track, predict and issue warnings for the predicted 15-20 named storms that are anticipated this year. However, just as people have adapted to the new normal of a global pandemic, meteorologists have upped their game as well. A new weather satellite launched by the European Space Agency, called Aeolus (eye o lus), now offers the ability to more accurately determine winds via an ultraviolet laser that bounces off moving particles in the air. Onboard instrumentation then measures the difference in frequency in the light, which is known as Doppler shift, and from there can determine wind speeds.

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A Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) project aims to boost South Africa’s self-sufficiency in essential medication manufacture. We’re trying to bridge [the] gap between academia and industry – to take these chemicals through to a much more advanced stage in the academic lab. Dr Ben Deadman Facility Manager, Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR) The GCRF-funded project facilitates a skills- and equipment-sharing collaboration between Imperial College London, the University of Pretoria and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It aims to support the establishment of pharmaceutical infrastructure in South Africa, which will enable the manufacture of vital components of drugs known as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) for essential medications. South Africa currently produces less than five percent of its APIs locally, which leaves it susceptible to drugs shortages when global supplies are insufficient; management and logistical issues also exacerbate the problem. The growth of a local API manufacturing industry will not only reduce reliance on imports, but also mean that much-needed medication will be more affordable to the local population. Valerie Maswanganyi, from the CSIR and the University of Pretoria, is currently visiting Imperial’s Department of Chemistry, exchanging expertise with researchers based at the Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR). In this Q&A Valerie and project team members Dr Ben Deadman and Roddy Stark tell us a bit more about the project. What are your goals for the project? Ben: ‘The goal is to develop process routes to enable the translation of drug molecules that are in demand in South Africa – ultimately, so that they can be manufactured there. Another goal is to generate bi-lateral exchange of researchers to share expertise. That’s where ROAR comes in – we have technology which is very unique, so we’re trying to build international collaborations and provide access to these tools to many more researchers. If you think about a traditional chemical process, in an academic lab we tend to do things on a very small scale. We discover interesting chemistry, but these chemical reactions very rarely get translated through to an industrial process. We’re trying to bridge that gap between academia and industry – to take these chemicals through to a much more advanced stage in the academic lab, so that they’re ready to go into pilot plants, which is where CSIR comes in.’ Valerie: ‘Ideally, the main goal is to make drugs faster and cheaper, regardless of which process we use – all of us working together to see which is the best method to follow.’ Why is a multidisciplinary approach important? Roddy: ‘Everyone brings different strengths to the table. We’ve got people who do the synthetic, hands-on chemistry who are in constant discussion with people in the Department of Chemical Engineering with regards to how those processes can be applied on a larger scale. It can work for us [in the chemistry lab] on a one-, five- and ten gram scale, but for the quantities of drugs that are required in real-world, practical contexts, those processes may not be amenable to larger scales. Valerie’s got expertise in the flow chemistry field, which is much more amenable to large scale, and I’ve got more of a batch background, so we’re able to complement each other because the goal is ultimately the same.’ Ben: ‘There’s a techno-economic element too. In addition to improving the chemistry, the chemical engineers are also looking at it from an infrastructure perspective – what infrastructure needs to be in place to make it a viable industry for South Africa. You don’t want it to be a massive money sink – if you don’t do it well, that’s the danger.’ Roddy ‘An example is a candidate drug that got to about stage two clinical trials and then failed, and that was the representation of about $50m worth of investment that went caput. We aren't trying to reinvent the wheel with this project – we’ve picked candidate drugs that are high-priority for obvious reasons. We’re trying to find the best way to manufacture them both for economic benefits and efficiency.’ What drugs are you focusing on? Valerie: ‘Well, there are obviously drugs closer to home – there's no point in manufacturing drugs that are of no benefit to the region, so right now we are mostly focused on infectious diseases, such as TB, and also on oncology drugs.’ Say something happens in London where we buy an API, the ripple effect on us is quite great – we’re trying to [ensure] that no matter what happens elsewhere, we’ll still have our own supply. Valerie Maswanganyi Visiting researcher, University of Pretoria Ben: ‘The project is currently focused on drugs that already exist. Drug discovery research is happening in South Africa, but at the moment it’s kind of siloed. Supporting a high-tech industry will bring wealth and create jobs on a local scale, and then there’ll hopefully be additional opportunities on an international front, to support a bigger drug discovery industry down the line.’ Valerie: ‘The expanded programme will enable South Africa to make our own APIs and push drug discovery, rather than relying on importing everything. Say something happens here in London, where we buy an API, then the ripple effect on us is quite great – we’re trying to bridge that gap, so that no matter what happens somewhere else, we’ll still have our own supply.’ What are the challenges of upscaling drug manufacture from academic lab to industrial production? Ben: ‘There are difficulties in collaborating between different facilities – developing something in one place and it being reproducible in another. Big pharma companies have the same issue, as they outsource a lot of their manufacturing. This is where I think we’d like ROAR to provide some real benefits. The idea is if we collect more data about the reactions we run and more reliable information about how the instruments are set up, then you should be able to translate from one place to another much more easily.’ There’s no sense in getting ninety percent there and then finding out that the last step can’t be done on a different scale, or by a different person. So it’s also about minimising user error... Roddy Stark Research Assistant, Department of Chemistry Roddy: ‘There’s no sense in getting ninety percent there and then finding out that the last step can’t be done on a different scale, or by a different person. So it’s also about minimising user error by having a more robust screening method for reactions, or by data analysis and interpretation. That’s a definite strength of ROAR and where we can see a lot of these sorts of collaborations going.’ Ben: ‘If you read a standard chemical synthesis procedure in a paper it’s quite old-school language. If you’re a trained chemist you can read it and understand what they’re doing, but there’s a lot of room for interpretation about how that’s done and so we’re trying to be much more descriptive, much more specific about the way these things are done.’ Valerie: ‘We’ve approached some industry partners with our work on the oncology drug and they are impressed with the progress the team have made to date – we’re at the point now where we need to demonstrate that we can produce at least a kilogram of material at the CSIR site. Then we can sit down with them to see how they can modify their existing infrastructure to take up the process. If you can find industry partners who are interested in collaboration, with infrastructure already in place it’s better than starting from scratch – i.e. finding the land and constructing totally new infrastructure – it’s cheaper to work with what already exists.’ Why is the project exciting? Valerie: ‘It’s a passion – to help my people. My drive in this project is to get South Africa to the same level [of API self-sufficiency] as other countries. People are dying unnecessarily, even though there’s medication available – they can’t always get to it. So it’s a passion that I have to make sure people [in my country] don’t suffer. It’s also great to have the opportunity to travel with my research interest to other parts of the world to see what other people are getting up to, how they’re doing their chemistry. The way we’re taught [in South Africa] is different to the way it’s taught here [in the UK] – from the chemistry to the engineering – it’s exciting.’ Ben: ‘Usually when you’re doing synthetic chemistry the reality is you’re quite far-removed from having any real-world impact. We do reactions in the lab, and we like to think that if we make some amazing discoveries it’s going to mean all this wonderful stuff for humankind! This is actually a project where, as it comes together, we can see that in the work that Valerie, Roddy and others are doing there’s potential for it to have a real benefit to lives of people in South Africa. It’s really cool to think that we can make a difference with synthetic chemistry. By being able to make molecules well, cheaply and efficiently, that is actually going to have a real-world impact.’ Roddy: ‘Valerie’s come over here for three weeks to see how we’re set up and to find out more about the facilities we’re currently using. There will be an opportunity for us to go over to South Africa and learn from them – it’s going to be a constant dialogue and exchange of ideas going forward. It’s exciting to be involved in a project that has real-world implications and a tangible benefit to people.’ What’s so special about the facilities at ROAR? Ben: ‘ROAR has 80 square metres of high tech lab space worth £4.5 million pounds – probably the only place in the world which combines all these tools and technologies, and the staff to help users, in one place. We’re one of the first of our kind to be targeting the technologies in the synthetic chemistry space, trying to do what universities have already done with NMR and mass spectrometry, which are now ubiquitous and you couldn’t imagine doing synthetic chemistry without. We’re thinking about the next step, where does the field need to go in terms of the equipment that gives you productivity gains, gives you additional information and gives you the data needed for the science to start really advancing.’ Valerie: ‘I think the set-up of the university provides an opportunity for us to come and learn, whereas in industry the tools might be closed to us or harder to access. When we get our own infrastructure in South Africa there will be a continued collaboration – we can keep working together to troubleshoot problems and share ideas. In academia – and this kind of in-house university set-up – ideas and the working environment is geared towards sharing openly and collaborating.’ Find out more Article text (excluding photos or graphics) © Imperial College London. Photos and graphics subject to third party copyright used with permission or © Imperial College London. Faculty of Natural Sciences

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This configuration property sets descriptive physical location information for the associated functional block or device. It provides a more detailed description of the device that can be provided by the Neuron Chip's 6-byte location string. A SCPTlocation configuration property that applies to the Node Object functional block is used to identify the subsystem containing the device. This allows network recovery tools to recover subsystem information from a device. The subsystem may be a simple location name, or may be a hierarchical subsystem name. If a hierarchical subsystem name is specified, the subsystem hierarchy components must be separated by periods (“.”). For example, a device may have a Node Object SCPTlocation value of “Bldg 1.Floor 2.Rm 29”, representing the Bldg 1/Floor 2/Rm 29 subsystem. Periods must not otherwise be used in a SCPTlocation value that applies to a Node Object functional block. Other characters that cannot be used in a subsystem name are the backslash (“\”), colon (“:”), forward slash (“/”), or double-quote characters. For very large networks, subsystem numbers may be used instead of subsystem names, for example: “1.2.29”. This allows deeply nested hierarchies to fit within the 31 character limit for SCPTlocation. The ascii field contains a nul-terminated string of up to 30 characters (making a total of 31 characters). The default value is nul string (all zeroes).

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It is the responsibility of all of us to make sure our community is free from sexual misconduct. The following strategies are provided to assist you in having healthy and safe sexual encounters and to avoid potentially unsafe and dangerous situations. Prevention: What You Can Do to Help Stop Sexual Misconduct If you find yourself in the position of being the initiator of sexual behavior, you must show sexual respect to your potential partner(s) and yourself. These suggestions will help you obtain mutual and Affirmative Consent: - Clearly communicate your intentions to the other person and give them a chance to clearly communicate their intentions to you. - Listen carefully. Take time to hear what the other person has to say. If you feel you are receiving unclear or conflicting messages from the other person, you should stop in order to reduce any sexual tension and communicate better. - Do not assume that you have consented to sexual activity just because someone leaves or goes to a private location with you. - Understand and respect personal boundaries. Do not pressure a potential partner. Do not fall for the cliché that states, "If they say no, then they really mean yes." If the other person says “no” or show uncertainty to sexual activity, believe them and stop. Don’t make assumptions about the following topics: consent, someone’s sexual availability, whether they are attracted to you, how far you can go, or whether they are physically and/or mentally able to consent. If there are any questions or ambiguity, then you DO NOT have consent. Stop immediately and communicate. Don’t take advantage of someone’s drunken, drugged, or otherwise incapacitated state because they are unable to give consent. Remember individuals are unable to consent if they are under the age of 18 Realize that your potential partner could be intimidated by you or fearful. You may have a power advantage simply because of your gender, status, or size. Don’t abuse that power and communicate. Understand that consent to one form of sexual activity does not constitute consent for any other sexual activity. You must obtain consent at each stage of sexual activity. - Silence and passivity cannot be interpreted as an indication of consent. Read the other person carefully and pay attention to verbal and non‐verbal communication and body language. If it is not clear by the other person’s words and/or actions that they are a willing participant in that specific activity then you need to stop and discuss. Remember to discuss consent with friends and speak out against sexual misconduct. Protection: How to Mitigate Your Risk It is never your fault if someone takes sexual advantage of you. These strategies are provided with no intention to victim‐blame and with the recognition that only those who commit sexual misconduct are responsible for such conduct. The following suggestions are intended to help reduce your risk of experiencing sexual misconduct. - Trust your instincts. If you feel uncomfortable or unsafe about a person or situation, trust your gut and remove yourself from the situation as soon as possible. - Be aware of your alcohol intake and/or other drug use and understand that your consumption of those substances can be used as a tool by a perpetrator. Alcohol and/or other drugs could be used to make you vulnerable to someone who views a drunk or high person as a non-consensual sexual opportunity. - Don’t leave your drink unattended and don’t accept drinks from someone you don’t know or trust. If you’ve left your drink alone, just get a new one. Trust your feelings, and remember it is probably wrong if it feels wrong. - Know your sexual limits and assert your boundaries as soon as possible. - If you do not want to engage in a particular activity, tell the other person “NO” clearly and firmly. - Try to remove yourself from the physical presence of a sexual aggressor, if you can do so safely. If someone is nearby, ask for help or (if it is safe to do so) text or call someone. - Watch out for your friends and ask that they do so for you. A real friend will step in and challenge you if they see you are in a potentially dangerous situation. Respect them when they do. If a friend seems "out of it", is too intoxicated, or is acting out of character, get your friend to a safe place immediately. - Don’t go somewhere with someone you don’t know well. If you do leave a party with a new friend, tell the friends you came with where you are going and when you are coming back.

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Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is found in our blood. Reducing your cholesterol level can reduce your risk of stroke. Atrial fibrillation is a type of irregular heartbeat that can cause blood clots to form in your heart. Having atrial fibrillation increases your risk of stroke by five times. Anyone can have a stroke, although there are some things that make you more at risk than others.

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Abstract Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. Cyclohexanol Cyclohexene Distillation is then carried to purify the product. Preparation of Acetanilide The synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol is an example of elimination reaction. One of the common ways of preparing an alkene is through the dehydration of an alcohol. E1 elimination: Carbocation rearrangements. We can say that the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a great tool in analyzing either an unknown or for comparative reasons of a compound since it gives accurate results. Alkenes, hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, are important functional groups in natural and synthetic compounds. Chemspider, Preparation of Cyclohexene From Cyclohexanol. The result shows that the percent yield is 35. To examine the effect of a common ion on the solubility of slightly, PET Recycling Nicholas Robusto Maggie Ifarraguerri Nathaniel Lawton Isabel Hefner OBJECTIVES Hydrolyze a sample of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) obtained from used soda bottles, and synthesize a dimer, General Chemistry I (FC, 09-10) Introduction A look at the mass relationships in chemistry reveals little order or sense. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene while using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. See Safety Note 2.) Tripod PROCEDURE Place 20.0 g of cyclohexanol in a 100-mL round-bottom flask. 1-What specific reaction did we conduct (write equation) and what is the mechanism for this reaction (you can either draw in by hand or cut/paste an image). Cyclohexanol can be produce through several methods, which include the oxidation of cyclohexane, the hydration of cyclohexene, or the hydrogenation of phenol (Zhang, et al, 2002). Diluting Concentrated Acids (Last Login: 08/08/2009) 2. Reference (for density of cyclohexanol):... ...Synthesis of Cyclohexanol Diethyl ether was used to extract alcohol from salt-water mixture because diethyl ethers solubility in water is lower than cyclohexanol which helps remove alcohol from the salt-water mixture (Merzougui, A, et al. It is a great way to separate azeotrope into different components. In this experiment, acetanilide was produced by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride. 4) Heat the mixture until it boils. Even if it has the highest mass reading, it was not considered as the molecular ion peak since the compound being talked about here is cyclohexene. Eagleson, M. Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry; Walter De Gruyter Inc: Berlin, 1994. Your Answer is very helpful for Us Thank you a lot! 00g Refrective index of pure cyclohexanol: raw 1. Mop up spillages immediately with plenty of water. View the videos: 4.2 Extraction (Macroscale); 1) Error Analysis Apparatus Errors (uncertainty) Every time you make a measurement with a piece of apparatus, there is a small margin of error (i.e. The result is also due to inefficient experiment procedures. This instrument can separate, identify and quantify compounds. Fourthly, some potassium carbonate may have entered in distillation flask which resulted in reverse reaction causing to lose more cyclohexanol. Decanting: To pour off without disturbing the sediment. 40, 5 5) Write equations that show the mechanism of the dehydration of 3-pentanol. In a reaction, a leaving group leaves the substrate by heterolysis (a reaction in which the breaking of bonds leads to the formation of ion pairs) and it is replaced by a nucleophile (usually a base) which is attracted to the partial positive carbon atom because the nucleophile has excess electron pairs or a negative charge. ...Preparation and melting point of Aspirin 00045°C^(-1)? Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. I will then obtain a melting point of my product to get an estimate of its purity. We will use common household bleach that, CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon* Purpose: To convert a primary alcohol to an alkyl bromide using an S N 2 reaction, EXPERIMENT 3 (Organic Chemistry II) Nitration of Aromatic Compounds: Preparation of methyl-m-nitrobenzoate Pahlavan/Cherif Purpose a) Study electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (EAS) b) Study regioselectivity, 14 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation 14.1 Introduction Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions are a special class of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions in which the electrophile is. In the same round-bottom flask, the chilled water-acid mixture was added. 4641 at 20°C Edition of CRC: 53rd; page: C-257 Discussion: Before reaching a concrete conclusion, it is very important to interpret the result that was obtained in this experiment. The result of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the product can be seen in fig 1 at the last page, the parent ion or the molecular ion denoted by M+ has a value of. The fatty acid usually contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Stoichiometry. 0.962 g/mL * 10.0 mL = 9.62 g cyclohexanol Conclusion: In this paper, distillation process for the indirect hydration of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol using sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst is demonstrated. Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston, STANDARDIZATION OF A SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION EXPERIMENT 14, Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone, CHM220 Addition lab. Introduction: Procedure: 5. For example, consider the compound TiCl 4 (titanium chloride). After flask was vented and allowed it to stand without disturbing for about 5 minutes. We will use the cyclohexanol that we purified in our, Experiment 8 Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Objectives To prepare isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification reaction. To compare the chemical reactivity. Aspirin is made up of ehtanoylation of 2-hydroxbenzenecarboxylic acid in a presence of phosphoric acid. You can view samples of our professional work here. Heated the mixture on a heating mantel for approx. on. The base peak always has the highest abundance among all the peaks (Karesek-Clement, 1988). 143 g/mol)=0. Phenolphthalein is pink in basic and neutral solutions and colorless in acidic solutions. The preparation of cyclohexanone from cyclohexanol. Test tube In a 50 ml round bottomed flask, 5.0 grams of cyclohexanol, 1 ml of 85% phosphoric acid and boiling chips were added. The preparation of a cup, #3. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Small amount of residue was kept in distillation flask to prevent it from breaking. SAFETY All rights reserved INTRODUCTION One of the goals of the ancient alchemists was to convert base metals into gold. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound, The Empirical Formula of a Copper Oxide Reading assignment: Chang, Chemistry 10 th edition, pp. What are the reasons for this (what is in the residue)? During a reaction the bonds of the reactants are broken and form new substances. the product of ionization to give smaller charged and neutral pieces. Acetanilide is slightly soluble in water, and stable under most conditions. 4648, and the literature value of reflective index of cyclohexanol is 1. Also, anhydrous potassium carbonate is used to absorb water and to neutralize any trace of acid. The focus of this lesson will be on a specific organic compound known as cyclohexene. Woven Guitar Strap, Yamaha Grizzly 125 For Sale, What Time Is The Meteor Shower Tonight In Colorado, Differentiation Exercises With Answers Pdf Class 12, Navy Elective Surgery Instruction, Portion Control Plates Funny, Honeywell 5800mini Programming, Antique English Writing Desk, Vegetarian Zuppa Toscana Slow Cooker, Yellow Belly Beer,

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