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Hai ti! |
A Beginner’s Guide to Oshikwanyama |
Thera Crane |
Karl Lindgren-Streicher |
Andy Wingo |
Version Notes: |
The image on the chapter 12 page "mOshiwambo!" was replaced by the one derived |
from Wikipedia (source of original image unknown). |
Copyright © 2004 Thera Crane, Karl Lindgren-Streicher, Andy Wingo |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. |
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ or |
send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California |
94305, USA. |
This book is available for free over the internet at http://www.schoolnet.na/language/. |
Table of Contents |
1 Wa lele po?.....................................................................................................................7 |
2 Onda fya ondjala!.........................................................................................................11 |
3 Owa dja peni?...............................................................................................................13 |
4 Oshifima oshinyenye....................................................................................................19 |
5 Ovaneumbo vange........................................................................................................25 |
6 kOkamba......................................................................................................................31 |
7 Owa uka peni?..............................................................................................................37 |
8 Oundjolowele...............................................................................................................41 |
9 Omafiku nomafimbo.....................................................................................................53 |
10 Ohema iwa....................................................................................................................59 |
11 mEumbo.......................................................................................................................63 |
12 mOshiwambo!..............................................................................................................69 |
Grammar Corners |
Personal Pronouns..............................9 |
Verbs..................................................13 |
Infinitives...........................................21 |
Commands.........................................21 |
Habitual Actions................................22 |
Noun Classes: Singular and Plural.....27 |
Questions...........................................27 |
Noun Classes: Possessives.................29 |
Counting............................................34 |
Some / Each / All...............................36 |
Coming and Going.............................39 |
Noun Classes: Subject Concords........40 |
Feelings..............................................43 |
Conversational Words........................45 |
Object Pronouns.................................48 |
Demonstratives...................................49 |
The Passive Voice..............................51 |
Days of the Week...............................54 |
Telling Time......................................55 |
Adjectives..........................................60 |
More Adjectives.................................61 |
Comparisons......................................62 |
Subordinate Subject Concords...........65 |
In / On / At, Part Two........................65 |
Subjunctive Verbs..............................66 |
Verb Extensions.................................67 |
Oshiwambo........................................70 |
Making It Simple...............................72 |
Further Reading..................................75 |
Technical Language Units |
Appendix A: mOngulu...........................................................................................................79 |
Appendix B: nOvakalimo.......................................................................................................81 |
Appendix C: Efe nge!.............................................................................................................83 |
Appendix D: Grammar Reference...........................................................................................85 |
Appendix E: Grammar Reference(handy tear-out)..................................................................87 |
Introduction |
If you want to learn Oshikwanyama |
But you find that it makes you ehama |
Don't give up so diva! |
With this book, you will shiiva |
Your lips will move smooth like Rama. |
Congratulations! You have, in your hands, the product of two years of love, sweat, |
tears, and copious amounts of coffee. We wrote this language guide while serving in |
Owambo as volunteer teachers. Our reasons were partly self-serving – writing about |
the language helped us to understand it better ourselves – but we hope it will be of |
use to anyone else who wants to embark on the adventure of learning Oshikwanyama. |
It’s a wonderful journey, and we’re glad to join you on the road. |
But now, down to business. As someone immersed in a new culture, possibly for the |
first time, your linguistic needs are twofold. First, you need to learn how to function. |
This book tackles this objective by presenting a series of content-oriented chapters |
that will familiarize you with the vocabulary and phrases of daily life. |
The second need is to understand the structure of the language so that you can build |
your own statements and truly communicate. To this end, a series of Grammar |
Corner sections are interwoven through the chapters. Because we wanted to provide a |
reasonably complete grammar reference, you may find that the grammar sections |
advance at a faster pace than the corresponding vocabulary lessons. If you don’t |
understand them the first time around, you can always come back to them later. |
This book began as a revision of a training manual for Peace Corps volunteers, but its |
scope has broadened over time. It should be useful for anyone trying to learn |
Oshikwanyama, but is most appropriate for people who go to stay among |
Oshikwanyama speakers in Owambo. |
You can access this book in its entirety over the internet at |
http://www.schoolnet.na/language/. The web site also has a glossary of words |
appearing in the book, as well as an answer key to the exercises. |
Acknowledgements |
We would like to extend our thanks, in no particular order, to: Aaron Cooper, for the |
Oshindonga proverbs, compiled by his English class at Elombe JSS and translated to |
Oshikwanyama by Meme Feni Haipinge and Tate Julius Hamunyela (a few proverbs |
were taken from Paavo Hasheela's excellent book Omishe di dule eyovi (GamsbergMacmillan, 1993); Laura Veuve, who contributed the appendix, Efe nge!; Linda |
Shilongo for supporting this project and proofreading numerous drafts; SchoolNet |
Namibia for hosting the online version; and, most of all, the families and |
communities that put up with us and put us up for two years: Tate Kakololo Itope in |
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