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entry/G3.3/strategy/先作面垂线再用三垂线 | 先作面垂线再用三垂线 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3",
"topic/legacy/G3.4"
] | {
"method": "设二面角的两个半平面分别位于平面 $\\alpha,\\beta$ 内,公共棱为 $l$。在指定的 $\\alpha$ 半平面内取 $P\\notin l$,作 $PH\\perp\\beta$,$H\\in\\beta$。若 $H\\notin l$,在 $\\beta$ 内作 $HO\\perp l$,$O\\in l$,连结 $OP$。三垂线定理给出 $OP\\perp l$,因此 $OP$ 是第一个半平面内的垂棱射线。第二条射线应取 $\\beta$ 内、从 $O$ 出发且位于指定半平面的垂棱射线。若它是 $OH$,平面角为 $\\angle POH$;若它与 $OH$ 反向,则取 $\\pi-... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/theorem/三垂线构造的依据"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/theorem/由点面距离得到二面角正弦"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/三垂线作侧面的二面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/三垂线作侧面的二面角",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/垂足在指定半平面的反侧",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/垂足在指定半平面的反侧",
"relation": "ty... | [
"assets/49e7b194838dd9ebdf879ed42a3f6b8f74e65d5383dd9a6e19525e2bec69ff2b.jpg"
] | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/strategy/公共底边取中点用定义法 | 公共底边取中点用定义法 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"method": "设非退化等腰三角形$ABC$、$DBC$以$BC$为公共底边,所在平面不同。取$BC$中点$M$,由等腰三角形中线兼高,$AM\\perp BC$、$DM\\perp BC$。射线$MA$、$MD$分别指向含$A$、$D$的指定半平面,因此$\\angle AMD$就是这两个半平面组成的二面角。\n\n先利用原图中的长度条件求$AM,DM,AD$,再在三角形$AMD$中使用\n$$\\cos\\angle AMD=\\frac{AM^2+DM^2-AD^2}{2AM\\,DM}.$$\n分母为正;若分子为负,二面角为钝角。例如$AM=DM=1,AD=\\sqrt3$时,余弦为$-1/2$,二面角为$12... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/theorem/公共底边的等腰三角形作角"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/公共底边形成钝二面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/公共底边形成钝二面角",
"relation": "typical_example"
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正四棱锥侧面与底面的二面角",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正四棱锥侧面与底面的二面角",
"relation":... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/strategy/用射影面积比求角 | 用射影面积比求角 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3",
"topic/legacy/G3.4"
] | {
"method": "设非退化平面图形面积为 $S>0$,将其沿目标平面的法线方向作正射影,射影面积为 $S'$。若两平面的夹角为 $\\varphi\\in[0,\\pi/2]$,则 $S'=S\\cos\\varphi$,所以 $\\varphi=\\arccos(S'/S)$。\n\n先证明所作投影确为正射影,再分别求原面积和射影面积。射影可以退化为线段,此时 $S'=0$,两平面垂直。若求的是指定半平面构成的二面角 $\\theta\\in(0,\\pi)$,面积比只给出 $|\\cos\\theta|=S'/S$,还须用半平面方向判断取 $\\varphi$ 还是 $\\pi-\\varphi$。",
"not... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/theorem/多边形的射影面积公式"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/中点斜截面的面积比",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/中点斜截面的面积比",
"relation": "typical_example"
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正方体三角截面的射影面积",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正方体三角截面的射影面积",
"relation": "ty... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/strategy/选取棱的垂面求截角 | 选取棱的垂面求截角 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"method": "设二面角的棱为直线$l$。先确定$l$,它可以是已有棱,也可以是两个面的延长面的交线。在$l$上取点$O$,作过$O$且垂直$l$的平面$\\gamma$。若使用已有辅助平面,须证明$l$垂直该平面内两条相交直线。\n\n$\\gamma$分别截两个指定半平面得到从$O$出发的射线$OA,OB$。因$l\\perp\\gamma$,有$OA\\perp l,OB\\perp l$,故$\\angle AOB$为二面角的平面角。利用截面三角形的边长或数量积求这个射线夹角,保留其可能为钝角的情况。",
"notes": "中心、中点、对角线及等腰三角形的底边中线常能提供垂棱方向;单独含一条底边中线的平面... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/theorem/垂面截得平面角"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/交线在锥顶的两个侧面",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/交线在锥顶的两个侧面",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/斜棱的垂面法",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/斜棱的垂面法",
"relation": "typical_exam... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/theorem/三垂线构造的依据 | 三垂线构造的依据 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)证明第二条射线垂直棱\n\n因 $PH\\perp\\beta$ 且 $l\\subset\\beta$,有 $l\\perp PH$。再结合 $l\\perp HO$,而 $PH,HO$ 交于 $H$,得到 $l\\perp$ 平面 $PHO$,故 $l\\perp PO$。\n\n## (2)检查两个面的归属\n\n若第一个面由 $P$ 与 $l$ 确定,则 $O,P$ 都在该面内,$OP$ 为面内射线;$OH$ 在 $\\beta$ 内。两射线均垂直棱,所以构成平面角。若题目指定的第二个半平面不含 $H$,必须改用 $OH$ 的反向射线,角度取补角。",... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
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{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/strategy/先作面垂线再用三垂线"
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{
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/三垂线作侧面的二面角",
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/垂足在指定半平面的反侧",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/三垂线作侧面的二面角",
"relation": "annotated_in"
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{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/垂足在指定半平面的反侧",
"relation": "annot... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/theorem/公共底边的等腰三角形作角 | 公共底边的等腰三角形作角 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)证明两条射线垂直棱\n\n等腰三角形 $PAB$ 的底边中线 $PM$ 也是高,故 $PM\\perp AB$。等腰三角形 $QAB$ 中同样得到 $QM\\perp AB$,两条射线均从棱上的同一点 $M$ 出发。\n\n## (2)检查半平面与角度\n\n射线 $MP$ 指向含 $P$ 的半平面,射线 $MQ$ 指向含 $Q$ 的半平面,所以满足平面角定义的全部条件。进一步由余弦定理,$\\cos\\theta=\\dfrac{PM^2+QM^2-PQ^2}{2PM\\cdot QM}$;即使结果为负,也应保留指定钝二面角。",
"statement"... | source_present_unverified | [
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"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
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{
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] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/公共底边形成钝二面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正四棱锥侧面与底面的二面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正四面体二面角的定义法",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/公共底边形成钝二面角",
"relation": "annotate... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/theorem/垂面截得平面角 | 垂面截得平面角 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)证明截线垂直于棱\n\n设辅助平面 $\\gamma\\perp l$,垂足为 $O$。辅助面与两个原平面的交线都经过 $O$,并且都包含于 $\\gamma$。由线面垂直定义,棱 $l$ 垂直于这两条截线。\n\n## (2)按半平面选取射线\n\n每条截线在指定半平面中的部分是从 $O$ 出发的一条射线。它们同顶点、分别在两面内且垂直棱,恰满足平面角定义。因此其夹角就是所求二面角;若仅求两截直线的锐角,可能丢失原二面角为钝角的信息。",
"statement": "设两个不同平面以直线$l$为交线,在各平面内选定以$l$为边界的半平面。在$l$上任取点... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
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] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/交线在锥顶的两个侧面",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/斜棱的垂面法",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/竖直公共棱的垂面截角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/交线在锥顶的两个侧面",
"relation": "annotated_in"
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/theorem/多边形的射影面积公式 | 多边形的射影面积公式 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)证明特殊直角三角形的面积变化\n\n两面相交时,取多边形所在面内一条平行交线的方向。沿该方向的线段正射影长度不变;面内垂直该方向的线段,在垂直交线的截面中投影,长度乘 $\\cos\\varphi$。这两个方向的射影仍垂直,故以它们为直角边的三角形,面积也乘同一比值。\n\n## (2)推广并处理边界\n\n任意三角形可用上述两个方向作辅助线,表示成有限个此类直角三角形面积的和或差;多边形再分割为三角形。当 $\\varphi<\\dfrac\\pi2$ 时正射影一一对应,分割内部不重叠,故面积关系可相加减。垂直时射影落在直线上,面积为 $0$;平行时图形全等... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G3.3/strategy/用射影面积比求角"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/中点斜截面的面积比",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/正方体三角截面的射影面积",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/面积比不能区分互补二面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.3/example/中点斜截面的面积比",
"relation": "annotated_... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/theorem/平面角与棱上取点无关 | 平面角与棱上取点无关 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)比较同一面内的两条射线\n\n在棱上取不同点 $O,O'$,分别在第一个半平面内作棱的垂线射线。在同一平面内,垂直同一直线的两条直线平行,且两射线均指向同一半平面,所以它们同向。第二个半平面中的射线也有同样关系。\n\n## (2)利用空间等角关系\n\n把顶点 $O$ 的两射线沿棱平移至 $O'$,由于面内过一点的垂线唯一,它们分别与在 $O'$ 作出的射线重合。因此两对射线夹角相等。半平面方向未被反转,所以这里得到角相等,而不是只保证相等或互补。",
"statement": "同一二面角的平面角不随棱上顶点的位置改变。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
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] | [] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.3/theorem/由点面距离得到二面角正弦 | 由点面距离得到二面角正弦 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)在垂面中定位垂线\n\n作 $PH$ 垂直另一平面,$PH=d$。先设 $H\\ne O$,棱 $l$ 同时垂直相交的 $PH,PO$,故 $l\\perp$ 平面 $POH$,于是 $OH\\perp l$。此时 $\\angle POH$ 是一个平面角,三角形 $POH$ 在 $H$ 处为直角。\n\n## (2)比较指定半平面的方向\n\n若 $H$ 在指定半平面,$\\theta=\\angle POH$;若在反侧,二者互补,正弦仍相等。因此都满足距离比公式。若 $H=O$,有 $d=PO$,对应直二面角,公式也成立。选择锐钝仍须另看半平面位置。",
... | source_present_unverified | [
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"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
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"id": "example/G3.3/example/垂足恰在二面角的棱上",
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"id": "example/G3.3/example/垂足恰在二面角的棱上",
"relation": "annot... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/strategy/先找平行方向再计算线线角 | 先找平行方向再计算线线角 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"method": "求两直线$a,b$的夹角时,取一点$O$,过$O$分别作与$a,b$平行的直线$a',b'$。对应棱、中位线、平行四边形或补成棱柱,常可直接提供这两条方向线。应分别说明平行依据与用于计算的长度依据。\n\n若两条方向线不同,在其上各取一点$A,B\\ne O$,利用三角形$OAB$求$\\varphi=\\angle AOB$。两直线的较小夹角为$\\min(\\varphi,\\pi-\\varphi)$,范围为$(0,\\pi/2]$;原两直线平行时夹角为$0$。平移保持方向,因而保持两直线的较小夹角。",
"notes": "优先选能直接利用已知长度的共同顶点;找不到平行方向时,可取中点或补形... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/平移法的正确性标准"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/中位线替换四面体中的方向",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/中位线替换四面体中的方向",
"relation": "typical_example"
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{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/利用补出的平行四边形作角",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/利用补出的平行四边形作角",
"relation... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/strategy/按垂直关系选择二面角作法 | 按垂直关系选择二面角作法 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"method": "设所求二面角的棱为$l$。目标是在$l$上同一点$O$作两条分别进入指定半平面的垂棱射线。\n\n若两面各有以同一段棱为底的等腰三角形,取底边中点,两条底边中线就是所需垂线。若已知面外点$P$到一面的垂足$H$,在该面内取$HO\\perp l$、$O\\in l$,则$PO$也垂直$l$:$\\overrightarrow{OP}=\\overrightarrow{OH}+\\overrightarrow{HP}$的两项均与$l$方向正交。若$H$已在$l$上,直接取$O=H$,用$HP$为垂棱方向,另一面内再作垂棱射线。\n\n若容易找到$l$的垂面,则以此平面截两半平面,直接使用两条截射线。三种路... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/三种二面角作法归于同一定义"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/二面角转为线面角的条件"
}
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{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/共同中点适合定义法",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/共同中点适合定义法",
"relation": "typical_example"
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{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已有面垂线适合三垂线法",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已有面垂线适合三垂线法",
"relation": "typi... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/strategy/按已知条件选择找射影方法 | 按已知条件选择找射影方法 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"method": "求面外点$P$在平面$\\alpha$上的正射影$H$,可按已有条件选择构造。\n\n若$A,B,C\\in\\alpha$不共线且$PA=PB=PC$,由$PA^2=PH^2+HA^2$等式得到$HA=HB=HC$,故$H$是三角形$ABC$的外心。外心可在三角形外,不能改成内心或重心。\n\n若已知含$P$的平面$\\beta\\perp\\alpha$,交线为$l$,在$\\beta$内过$P$作$PH\\perp l$,垂足$H\\in l$,则由垂直两面的性质有$PH\\perp\\alpha$。若只需求距离而垂足难以构造,可先用等体积求$d(P,\\alpha)=3V/S$,其中$V$是以$... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/垂直两面的交线作射影"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/等距三顶点确定外心垂足"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/垂足难定时改用等体积",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/垂足难定时改用等体积",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已知面面垂直时优先用交线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已知面面垂直时优先用交线",
"relation": "... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/strategy/面积距离与条件转化相结合 | 面积距离与条件转化相结合 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"method": "设两个相交平面构成指定二面角 $\\theta\\in(0,\\pi)$。若能求出其中一个非退化图形的面积 $S$ 及其在另一平面上的正射影面积 $S'$,则由 $S'/S=|\\cos\\theta|$ 求出两平面的较小夹角,再结合半平面方向确定 $\\theta$。\n\n若点 $P$ 在第一平面内,$O$ 在公共棱 $l$ 上且 $PO\\perp l$,令 $H$ 为 $P$ 在另一平面上的垂足,则 $d(P,\\beta)=|PH|=|PO|\\sin\\theta$。因此可由点面距离与垂棱线段之比求正弦;该正弦同样不能单独区分 $\\theta$ 与 $\\pi-\\theta$。两种计算若... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/二面角转为线面角的条件"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G3.4/theorem/射影面积与截面计算相互验证"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/二面角转为垂棱线的线面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/二面角转为垂棱线的线面角",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/同底面积法与截面法互验",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/同底面积法与截面法互验",
"relation":... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/theorem/三种二面角作法归于同一定义 | 三种二面角作法归于同一定义 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "定义法直接在同一棱点作两条面内垂棱射线。三垂线法设$PH\\perp\\alpha$,$l\\subset\\alpha$;若$H\\notin l$,取$O\\in l$且$HO\\perp l$,则$\\overrightarrow{OP}=\\overrightarrow{OH}+\\overrightarrow{HP}$与$l$方向正交。若$H\\in l$,直接取$O=H$,面垂线$HP$已是垂棱方向。垂面法用$l$垂直辅助平面,保证其中两条截线均垂直$l$。\n\n各法还须选取进入同一对指定半平面的射线。同一半平面内过棱点的垂棱射线唯一;沿棱平移又不改变两射线... | editorial_pending_review | [] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/共同中点适合定义法",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已有面垂线适合三垂线法",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/折叠正方形用垂面截角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/共同中点适合定义法",
"relation": "annotated_in"... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | agent_synthesis | [] |
entry/G3.4/theorem/二面角转为线面角的条件 | 二面角转为线面角的条件 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4",
"topic/legacy/G3.4"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "设 $H$ 是 $P$ 在 $\\beta$ 上的垂足。若 $H\\ne O$,由 $l\\perp PH$ 及 $l\\perp PO$,得 $l$ 垂直于平面 $PHO$,所以 $OH\\perp l$。$OH$ 是 $OP$ 在 $\\beta$ 上的正射影方向。$OP$ 与 $OH$ 的锐角或直角夹角就是线面角,而指定二面角按第二半平面方向等于它或其补角。若 $H=O$,$OP\\perp\\beta$,线面角和二面角均为直角。",
"statement": "设两个不同平面 $\\alpha,\\beta$ 相交于 $l$,取指定二面角 $\\theta\\... | editorial_pending_review | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/geometric-angle"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/geometric-angle"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/二面角转为垂棱线的线面角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/二面角转为垂棱线的线面角",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | agent_synthesis | [] |
entry/G3.4/theorem/垂直两面的交线作射影 | 垂直两面的交线作射影 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)应用面面垂直性质\n\n记两面为 $\\alpha,\\beta$,交线为 $l$。在 $\\alpha$ 内从面外点 $P$ 作 $PH\\perp l$,则面面垂直性质给出 $PH\\perp\\beta$。因此所作垂足确为正射影点,而不是只对某条线的垂足。\n\n## (2)按线面角定义作角\n\n若斜足 $A\\in l$ 且 $A\\ne H$,斜线射影为 $AH$,故取 $\\angle PAH$ 求角。若 $A=H$,原线就是目标面的垂线,应按直角处理。两种位置必须分开,以免把零长度射影说成直线。",
"statement": "设平面 $\... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/dihedral-angle"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/dihedral-angle"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已知面面垂直时优先用交线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/已知面面垂直时优先用交线",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/theorem/射影面积与截面计算相互验证 | 射影面积与截面计算相互验证 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"notes": "射影高允许为零,此时两平面垂直。若求指定的钝二面角,面积比给的是其余弦绝对值。",
"proof": "## (1)用截面求边长比\n\n取一条平行两面交线的底边,面内与底边垂直的高长为 $u$。在垂直交线的截面中,正射影高长为 $v=u\\cos\\varphi$,因此截面法给出余弦为 $\\dfrac vu$。\n\n## (2)比较同底三角形面积\n\n正射影保持平行交线的底边长不变,原三角形与射影三角形的面积分别为底边乘 $u,v$ 再除以 $2$。面积比正是 $\\dfrac vu$,故两方法一致。一般多边形由分割得到同一面积比例;指定钝二面角的余弦还需改变符号。",
"statemen... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/geometric-angle"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/geometric-angle"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/同底面积法与截面法互验",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/同底面积法与截面法互验",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/theorem/平移法的正确性标准 | 平移法的正确性标准 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)说明方向没有改变\n\n分别沿平行方向移动原直线,过共同点得到的辅助线与各自原线平行。空间等角关系表明,同向射线的夹角保持不变;一条射线反向只会产生补角。\n\n## (2)说明最后的选择\n\n两直线夹角取不超过直角的那个角,所以同向与反向选择均得到相同结果。中位线和平行四边形只是取得辅助平行线的不同工具,必须先给出平行的依据,再使用这一结论计算。",
"statement": "设空间两直线$a,b$。过同一点分别作与$a,b$同方向的辅助直线$a\\prime,b\\prime$,两原直线的夹角等于两辅助直线的夹角,取值范围为$[0,\\pi/2]$... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/dihedral-angle"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/line-plane/method/dihedral-angle"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/中位线替换四面体中的方向",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/利用补出的平行四边形作角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/平移后先计算再选补角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/中位线替换四面体中的方向",
"relation": "annota... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G3.4/theorem/等距三顶点确定外心垂足 | 等距三顶点确定外心垂足 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G3.4"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)比较平面内的距离\n\n由垂线与面内线垂直,得 $PA^2=PH^2+HA^2$,另两条距离也满足相应等式。三条空间距离相等,减去相同的 $PH^2$,得到 $HA^2=HB^2=HC^2$,所以 $HA=HB=HC$。\n\n## (2)用外心的唯一性定位\n\n平面内到 $A,B$ 等距的点在 $AB$ 的垂直平分线上,到 $A,C$ 等距的点在 $AC$ 的垂直平分线上。三点不共线,这两条线唯一交于外心,因此 $H$ 就是外心。钝角三角形的外心可在三角形外,不能强行把垂足限制在内部。",
"statement": "若 $PA=PB=PC$,$A,B... | source_present_unverified | [] | [
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/等距条件帮助寻找垂足",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G3.4/example/等距条件帮助寻找垂足",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/strategy/向量条件还原平行垂直 | 向量条件还原平行垂直 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.9"
] | {
"method": "用非零向量$d$表示直线方向,用两个线性无关向量$u,v$表示平面方向。两直线方向共线只说明平行或重合,还需用公共点区分;两非零方向数量积为0说明相应直线方向垂直,空间中是否相交须另核实。\n\n直线垂直平面当且仅当$d\\cdot u=d\\cdot v=0$;只垂直一个面内方向不充分。若平面法向量为$n\\ne0$,则$d$与$n$共线等价于线面垂直;$d\\cdot n=0$说明直线平行于平面的方向,直线可能包含于平面,也可能与平面严格平行,取直线上一点检验是否属于平面即可区分。\n\n两个平面法向量共线时,平面平行或重合;法向量数量积为0时两平面垂直。翻译回几何位置时,始终保留非零方向及所属对象... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/法向量判定线面位置"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/两条面内方向判线面垂直",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/两条面内方向判线面垂直",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/中位线的严格平行",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/中位线的严格平行",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/strategy/基底表示与数量积计算 | 基底表示与数量积计算 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.7"
] | {
"method": "平面取两个不共线向量,空间取三个线性无关向量作为基底。每个向量均有唯一线性表示,因此同一基底下两个向量相等,当且仅当对应系数分别相等。可按容易求解的系数先消元,但不能在不同基底之间直接比较系数。\n\n设$a=\\sum_i a_i e_i,b=\\sum_j b_j e_j$,则由分配律\n$$a\\cdot b=\\sum_i\\sum_j a_i b_j(e_i\\cdot e_j).$$\n若基底两两垂直但不是单位向量,结果为$\\sum_i a_i b_i|e_i|^2$;只有正交单位基才能直接写成$\\sum_i a_i b_i$。斜基底必须保留交叉数量积。算出数量积后,非零向量的夹角满足$... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/数量积的坐标公式"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/空间向量基本定理"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/不正交基底中的表示",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/不正交基底中的表示",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共面条件中的参数",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共面条件中的参数",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/strategy/求法向量并辨析运算 | 求法向量并辨析运算 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1"
] | {
"method": "在直角坐标系内,选平面内两个线性无关方向$u,v$,设法向量$n=(x,y,z)$,解齐次方程组$n\\cdot u=0,n\\cdot v=0$。先得到分量的关系,再给真正可自由选择的变量赋值,取$n\\ne0$。两个独立方向给出秩为2的方程组,解空间是一条过原点的直线,其非零解互相平行。\n\n例如$u=(1,0,1),v=(0,1,1)$,有$x+z=0,y+z=0$,可取$n=(-1,-1,1)$。选定后将$n$代回两条原方程。两个平面的非零法向量共线,对应平面平行或重合;数量积为0,对应平面垂直。",
"notes": "不能未求分量关系就任意指定某一分量为1;该分量可能必须为0。数量积等... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/法向量的求解与面面关系"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/含零分量的法向量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/含零分量的法向量",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/数量积不能消去向量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/数量积不能消去向量",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/strategy/用坐标完成线性运算 | 用坐标完成线性运算 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1"
] | {
"method": "在同一坐标系中,若$A=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$、$B=(b_1,b_2,b_3)$,则$\\overrightarrow{AB}=B-A$,逐分量作终点减起点。反过来,已知$\\overrightarrow{AP}=v$时,点$P=A+v$,不能把位移分量直接当作点坐标。\n\n向量加法和数乘逐分量进行,零分量仍须保留。若$P=A+t(B-A)=(1-t)A+tB$且$A\\ne B$,则$t\\in[0,1]$时$P$在线段$AB$上;$0<t<1$时$AP:PB=t:(1-t)$,$t=1/2$为中点。区间外给出外分位置,长度比用$|t|:|1-t|$。\n\n检验非零向量是否共线,可找同一个... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/坐标运算与分点"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共线条件保留零坐标",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共线条件保留零坐标",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/线段分点的坐标",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/线段分点的坐标",
"relation": "typical_exam... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/共线表示的存在与唯一 | 共线表示的存在与唯一 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立表示\n\n两非零向量同向时取 $\\lambda=\\dfrac{|\\boldsymbol a|}{|\\boldsymbol b|}$,反向时取该比值的相反数;若 $\\boldsymbol a=\\boldsymbol0$,取 $\\lambda=0$。反过来,数乘的方向规定保证所给表示的两个向量共线。\n\n## (2)证明唯一\n\n若还有 $\\boldsymbol a=\\mu\\boldsymbol b$,相减得 $(\\lambda-\\mu)\\boldsymbol b=\\boldsymbol0$。取模得 $|\\lambda-\\... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/共面表示定理"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-foundation/concept/linear-combination"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-foundation/concept/vector"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"ta... | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/中位线的严格平行",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共线条件保留零坐标",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/中位线的严格平行",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共线条件保留零坐标",
"relation": "annotated_in"... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/共面表示定理 | 共面表示定理 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)作平行分解\n\n将三个向量平移到共同起点 $O$。若共面,过 $\\boldsymbol p$ 的终点分别作平行于两基向量的直线,与另一个方向的直线相交,平行四边形法则给出所需表示;终点在某方向上时另一系数为 $0$。反之,两个共面向量的和仍在该平面内。\n\n## (2)排除不同系数\n\n若两种表示相等,相减为 $(x-x')\\boldsymbol a=-(y-y')\\boldsymbol b$。任一系数不为零都会使两基向量共线,矛盾,所以两系数分别相等。",
"statement": "若 $\\boldsymbol a,\\boldsymbo... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/数量积判垂直"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/空间向量基本定理"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-foundation/concept/vector"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors... | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共面条件中的参数",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/共面条件中的参数",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/坐标运算与分点 | 坐标运算与分点 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.8"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)比较正交基底的系数\n\n写出两个向量的正交分解,加减后把同一基向量的系数合并,由表示唯一性,得到逐项加减公式。数乘对和分配后,每个系数都乘该实数,给出数乘公式。\n\n## (2)求点的位置向量\n\n由首尾相接,$\\overrightarrow{OP}=\\overrightarrow{OA}+t(\\overrightarrow{OB}-\\overrightarrow{OA})$。整理各坐标即得分点式。$0\\le t\\le1$ 时点在线段上,超出这个区间时点在延长线上;$t=0,1$ 分别为两端点。",
"statement": "在同一个二... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-affine/concept/coordinates"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-foundation/concept/linear-combination"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-affine/concept/coordinates"
},
{
"t... | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/中位线的严格平行",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/线段分点的坐标",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/首尾相接与反向向量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/中位线的严格平行",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/数量积判垂直 | 数量积判垂直 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)判定两个方向\n\n由数量积定义,模的乘积为正,数量积为 $0$ 等价于夹角余弦为 $0$。夹角在 $[0,\\pi]$ 内,只能为 $\\dfrac\\pi2$,故得到垂直的充要条件。\n\n## (2)推广到整个平面\n\n面内任一向量可写成 $x\\boldsymbol u+y\\boldsymbol v$,与给定向量作数量积,按分配律得到 $0$。故给定方向垂直面内任意方向,也就垂直该平面;两面内方向不共线保证它们能表示整个平面。",
"statement": "两个非零向量垂直当且仅当数量积为 $0$;非零向量同时垂直面内两个不共线向量,就垂直该... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.1/theorem/法向量的求解与面面关系"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-dot/concept/dot"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0081"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-... | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/两条面内方向判线面垂直",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/两条面内方向判线面垂直",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/数量积的坐标公式 | 数量积的坐标公式 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.8"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)由投影说明分配律\n\n在非零 $\\boldsymbol b$ 的方向上取单位向量,把 $\\boldsymbol a$ 首尾相接分为若干向量。各段的有向投影长度相加等于总投影长度;再乘 $|\\boldsymbol b|$,得到数量积对加法的分配律。数乘使有向投影乘同一系数,所以实数系数可提出。\n\n## (2)展开正交分解\n\n将两向量按单位正交基底展开,分配成各基向量数量积的和。不同基向量垂直,数量积为 $0$;相同基向量模为 $1$,数量积为 $1$,故只留下三个同位置乘积。令两向量相同便得模平方公式。",
"statement": "直角坐... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-affine/concept/coordinates"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-dot/concept/dot"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-dot/concept/projection"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"targ... | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/向量夹角与投影的符号",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/数量积不能消去向量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/向量夹角与投影的符号",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/数量积不能消去向量",
"relation": "annotated... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/法向量判定线面位置 | 法向量判定线面位置 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.9"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)用直线上任意点检验\n\n设该点为 $X$,有 $\\overrightarrow{AX}=\\overrightarrow{AP}+t\\boldsymbol u$,故在数量积为 $0$的方向条件下,$\\overrightarrow{AX}\\cdot\\boldsymbol n$ 恒等于 $\\overrightarrow{AP}\\cdot\\boldsymbol n$。这个常数为 $0$ 时全部点在面内,非零时全部点在面外,分别对应包含和平行。\n\n## (2)处理法向量方向\n\n若直线方向与法向量共线,它就垂直面内所有方向,因此线面垂直。反之,... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-foundation/concept/vector"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0081"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/vectors-foundation/concept/vector"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id":... | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/由法向量证明线面平行",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/由法向量证明线面平行",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.1/theorem/法向量的求解与面面关系 | 法向量的求解与面面关系 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.1",
"topic/legacy/G4.9"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)证明求解条件充分\n\n由面内两方向不共线,每个面内方向都是它们的组合。非零解垂直这两个方向,也就垂直全部面内方向,符合定义。平面的垂线方向唯一,所以所有非零解互相共线。\n\n## (2)解释两面位置\n\n法向量共线时,两面具有相同的面内方向,若有公共点便重合,否则平行。法向量不共线时,过交线上一点作交线的垂面,两面截线分别垂直各自法向量;平面内两对对应垂线的夹角相等或互补,所以法向量成直角当且仅当两面成直角。",
"statement": "两个不共线面内向量给出的正交方程,其非零解就是法向量。两个平面的法向量共线时两面平行或重合;法向量垂直时两面垂... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0081"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0081"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/含零分量的法向量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/法向量判面面垂直",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/含零分量的法向量",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.1/example/法向量判面面垂直",
"relation": "annotated_in"
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/strategy/固定距离确定圆或平行线段 | 固定距离确定圆或平行线段 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"method": "先确定距离的对象和允许点集。空间中到定点$A$距离$R>0$的点满足$|P-A|^2=R^2$,构成球面。若$P$还限于平面$\\alpha$,设$H$为$A$到$\\alpha$的垂足、$d=AH$,则$PH^2=R^2-d^2$:$R>d$为圆,$R=d$为一点,$R<d$为空。$R=0$时只可能为$A$,还须检验$A\\in\\alpha$。\n\n到定直线距离$r>0$的空间轨迹为圆柱面;到定平面距离$r>0$的轨迹为位于其两侧的两个平行平面。再与运动平面、有限面域或其他条件求交,可能得到圆弧、椭圆弧、线段、点或空集,不能预设结果必为圆。\n\n到两个不同定点$A,B$等距时,展开$|P-A|^... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/两定点等距的垂直平分面"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/平面内定点距的圆"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定点距离截取象限圆弧",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定点距离截取象限圆弧",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定轴距离在水平面内的轨迹",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定轴距离在水平面内的轨迹",
"relation": "... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/strategy/数量积与距离差求直线轨迹 | 数量积与距离差求直线轨迹 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"method": "① **列坐标条件**:运动平面、区域与非零条件先写全。\n② **化简方程**:固定方向垂直用数量积,等距用平方差。\n③ **截取并反证充分**:逐点回代,检查端点是否使直线或角失去意义。",
"notes": "> **易错:** 零向量使数量积为 $0$,但并不产生一个有效的直角。\n\n### 动点所在平面的限制\n\n先用平面方程减少动点坐标中的独立变量,称为**运动平面限制**。\n$$P(x,y,z)\\in\\alpha\\iff ax+by+cz=d,\\quad(a,b,c)\\ne(0,0,0)$$\n\n> **辨析:** 运动平面上的坐标与空间直角坐标不同,斜面内的长度要... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/与固定方向垂直的点集"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/斜面截定轴距形成椭圆"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/直角条件对应直径球面"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/正方形内的垂直轨迹",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/正方形内的垂直轨迹",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/直角条件得到开端半圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/直角条件得到开端半圆",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/strategy/角条件平方后恢复原角 | 角条件平方后恢复原角 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"method": "① **计算方向与法向量**:明确线线角或线面角。\n② **转为二次方程**:利用定高或定长约束化简。\n③ **恢复几何条件**:角范围、坐标符号、方向非零均需回查。",
"notes": "> **检验:** 每个保留点都应给出原来的正弦或余弦,而不只是其平方。\n\n### 角条件的轨迹方程\n\n用方向与法向量的数量积表示已知角,得到带非零及符号限制的**角轨迹条件**。\n$$\\frac{|\\overrightarrow{OP}\\cdot\\boldsymbol n|}{|\\overrightarrow{OP}||\\boldsymbol n|}=\\sin\\theta$$\n... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/定高平面内的定线面角轨迹"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定线线角得到圆弧",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定线线角得到圆弧",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定线面角得到半圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定线面角得到半圆",
"relation": "typical_exam... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/strategy/面内正交坐标辨认椭圆 | 面内正交坐标辨认椭圆 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"method": "先由原定距或距离和条件写出空间方程,并保留运动平面及有限区域限制。随后在曲线所在平面内选单位正交基,将坐标改写为真实长度参数,配方或比较标准方程以判定曲线。\n\n例如圆柱面$x^2+y^2=R^2$($R>0$)被平面$z=kx+d$截得的曲线,可取平面内单位方向$e_1=(1,0,k)/\\sqrt{1+k^2},e_2=(0,1,0)$。以$(0,0,d)$为原点,令平面内坐标为$s,t$,则$x=s/\\sqrt{1+k^2},y=t$,截线方程为\n$$\\frac{s^2}{R^2(1+k^2)}+\\frac{t^2}{R^2}=1.$$\n所以半轴为$R\\sqrt{1+k^2}$和$R... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/theorem/斜面截定轴距形成椭圆"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/圆的垂足轨迹是椭圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/圆的垂足轨迹是椭圆",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/斜面内定轴距的椭圆弧",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/斜面内定轴距的椭圆弧",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/theorem/与固定方向垂直的点集 | 与固定方向垂直的点集 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)证明必要性\n\n若 $AP$ 与给定方向垂直,数量积为 $0$,因此点在过 $A$ 的垂直平面上。即使点等于 $A$,坐标式仍为 $0$,所以方程本身包含该点。\n\n## (2)证明充分性\n\n该平面内任一非零位移都与法向量垂直,故满足所要求的方向关系。零位移没有确定直线,需依原题排除。若另限制动点在某个平面或多边形中,再取交集即可,不能把整个垂直平面直接当作受限轨迹。",
"statement": "给定点 $A$ 和非零向量 $\\boldsymbol u$,条件 $\\overrightarrow{AP}\\cdot\\boldsymbol u... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/strategy/数量积与距离差求直线轨迹"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/正方形内的垂直轨迹",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/正方形内的垂直轨迹",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/theorem/两定点等距的垂直平分面 | 两定点等距的垂直平分面 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)由距离相等得到平面\n\n以中点 $M$ 为基点,记 $\\boldsymbol v=\\overrightarrow{MP},\\boldsymbol a=\\overrightarrow{MA}$。两距离平方之差为 $|\\boldsymbol v-\\boldsymbol a|^2-|\\boldsymbol v+\\boldsymbol a|^2=-4\\boldsymbol v\\cdot\\boldsymbol a$。等距等价于这个差为 $0$。\n\n## (2)说明平面位置\n\n$\\boldsymbol a\\ne\\boldsymbol0... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/strategy/固定距离确定圆或平行线段"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/矩形内两定点等距的线段",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/矩形内两定点等距的线段",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/theorem/定高平面内的定线面角轨迹 | 定高平面内的定线面角轨迹 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)由角推出圆方程\n\n底面法向量为 $(0,0,1)$,故正弦为 $\\dfrac{|h|}{\\sqrt{x^2+y^2+h^2}}$。平方整理得到 $x^2+y^2=h^2(\\sin^{-2}\\theta-1)=h^2\\cot^2\\theta$,其中 $\\sin^{-2}\\theta$ 表示正弦值的$-2$ 次幂。\n\n## (2)回代确认原角\n\n圆上任一点的连接向量都因 $h\\ne0$ 而非零,代回正弦式得到题给正弦。线面角在 $[0,\\dfrac\\pi2]$ 内唯一确定,故每一点满足原角条件。运动区域存在其他限制时取相应圆弧。"... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/strategy/角条件平方后恢复原角"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定线面角得到半圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定线面角得到半圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/theorem/平面内定点距的圆 | 平面内定点距的圆 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)用垂直分解化简\n\n任取 $P\\in\\alpha$,$\\overrightarrow{HA}$ 与 $\\overrightarrow{HP}$ 垂直,所以 $PA^2=PH^2+h^2$。固定距离条件等价于 $PH^2=R^2-h^2$。\n\n## (2)按右侧符号判断\n\n正值给出平面内以 $H$ 为圆心的圆,任一圆上点回代都满足原距离;零值只允许 $P=H$;负值没有实长度。若原题另限定区域,还须把圆或单点与该区域相交,并检查边界是否允许。",
"statement": "定点 $A$ 到运动平面 $\\alpha$ 的垂足为 $H$,距... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/strategy/固定距离确定圆或平行线段"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定点距离截取象限圆弧",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/定点距离截取象限圆弧",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/theorem/斜面截定轴距形成椭圆 | 斜面截定轴距形成椭圆 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)同时使用两项条件\n\n到轴距离平方为 $x^2+y^2$,所以 $x^2+y^2=R^2$。斜面上的两个单位方向为 $\\dfrac{(1,0,k)}{\\sqrt{1+k^2}}$ 与 $(0,1,0)$,数量积为 $0$。点 $(x,y,kx)$ 沿它们的坐标正是 $u,v$,代换即得所列标准方程。\n\n## (2)证明方程无多余点\n\n任取满足标准方程的 $u,v$,还原 $x=\\dfrac u{\\sqrt{1+k^2}},y=v,z=kx$,同时满足斜面方程及定轴距条件,故轨迹完整。两个半轴为 $R\\sqrt{1+k^2},R$,只有 $k... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/strategy/数量积与距离差求直线轨迹"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/斜面内定轴距的椭圆弧",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/斜面内定轴距的椭圆弧",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.5/theorem/直角条件对应直径球面 | 直角条件对应直径球面 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.5"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)展开数量积\n\n记 $\\boldsymbol v=\\overrightarrow{MP},\\boldsymbol a=\\overrightarrow{MA}$,则 $\\overrightarrow{MB}=-\\boldsymbol a$。两连接向量为 $\\boldsymbol a-\\boldsymbol v,-\\boldsymbol a-\\boldsymbol v$,数量积展开后交叉项相消,得到 $|\\boldsymbol v|^2-|\\boldsymbol a|^2$。\n\n## (2)证明等价并筛点\n\n该差为 $0$当且仅当... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.5/strategy/数量积与距离差求直线轨迹"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.5/concept/轨迹与轨迹方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/直角条件得到开端半圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.5/example/直角条件得到开端半圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/strategy/以折痕建系并保留刚性条件 | 以折痕建系并保留刚性条件 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6",
"topic/legacy/G4.6"
] | {
"method": "将折痕作为x轴,固定面内垂直折痕的方向作为y轴,再以固定面的法向为z轴,三轴取单位正交方向。原点必须在折痕上。正方形两条对角线互相垂直,可用其方向建系,但还须按实际折痕选择原点和x轴。\n\n同一刚性面内所有点绕折痕使用同一转角。若初始点为$(a,y_0,z_0)$,按右手约定转动有向角$\\phi$后为\n$$P(\\phi)=(a,y_0\\cos\\phi-z_0\\sin\\phi,\\ y_0\\sin\\phi+z_0\\cos\\phi).$$\n初始点$(a,r,0)$对应$(a,r\\cos\\phi,r\\sin\\phi)$。这保持x坐标、到折痕的距离及任意两刚性点的距离;轴上点保... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/平移旋转轴后的圆轨迹"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/折痕坐标下的不变量"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/折痕垂面内读取二面角"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/正方形沿对角线翻折",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/正方形沿对角线翻折",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/沿折痕折成直角的位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/沿折痕折成直角的位置",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/strategy/由条件反求全部翻折位置 | 由条件反求全部翻折位置 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6",
"topic/legacy/G4.6"
] | {
"method": "在已声明的旋转区间内,把距离、垂直、线面角或体积条件写成参数方程。先解出全部参数候选,再检查原有向位置、角度范围和非退化条件;平方得到的根须回代未平方的原式。\n\n例如点$(a,r\\cos\\phi,r\\sin\\phi)$中$r>0$、$0<\\phi<\\pi$,若由高度得到$\\sin\\phi=s$且$0<s<1$,令$\\alpha\\in(0,\\pi/2)$、$\\sin\\alpha=s$,则候选为$\\phi=\\alpha$和$\\phi=\\pi-\\alpha$。两点高度相同,但y坐标互为相反数,其他距离或角条件可能只允许其中一处。\n\n当$s=1$时仅有$\\phi=\... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/翻折线面角的双位置"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/跨折痕两点距离公式"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/同一线面角对应两个折位",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/同一线面角对应两个折位",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/异面直线垂直确定折角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/异面直线垂直确定折角",
"relation": "ty... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/strategy/翻折后区分三类空间角 | 翻折后区分三类空间角 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6",
"topic/legacy/G4.6"
] | {
"method": "线线角取两条直线的非零方向$u,v$,较小夹角$\\alpha\\in[0,\\pi/2]$满足$\\cos\\alpha=|u\\cdot v|/(|u||v|)$。线面角取直线非零方向$u$和目标平面非零法向量$n$,$\\theta\\in[0,\\pi/2]$满足$\\sin\\theta=|u\\cdot n|/(|u||n|)$。\n\n指定二面角须保留两个半平面的方向。在折痕同一点作两条垂直折痕、分别进入指定半平面的非零射线方向$a,b$,则$\\cos\\beta=(a\\cdot b)/(|a||b|)$,不取绝对值。若使用两个平面法向量,绝对值只能直接给出两平面的较小夹角;要判定指定... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/折痕垂面内读取二面角"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与底面的角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与底面的角",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与折痕的角不变",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与折痕的角不变",
"relation": "typical_... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/strategy/转动参数求范围与最值 | 转动参数求范围与最值 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6"
] | {
"method": "先由原构型确定旋转参数允许集合,区分可取端点和退化端点。把所求量写成参数函数:跨面两点距离可先求距离平方并保留余弦项,点到固定面的距离取带符号高度的绝对值。\n\n若目标是固定底面面积$S>0$、转动顶点构成的锥体体积,其中$r>0$为顶点到旋转轴的距离,顶点坐标为$(a,r\\cos\\phi,r\\sin\\phi)$且底面为z=0时,\n$$V(\\phi)=\\frac13Sr|\\sin\\phi|.$$\n若$\\phi\\in(0,\\pi)$,则$V\\in(0,Sr/3]$,最大值在$\\phi=\\pi/2$达到,0仅为下确界;允许0或π端点时才取得体积0。底面积也变化时必须一并计入... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/固定底面的翻折体积最大值"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/theorem/平移旋转轴后的圆轨迹"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/受限折角下的跨面距离范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/受限折角下的跨面距离范围",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/绕平移后的轴旋转",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/绕平移后的轴旋转",
"relation": "typi... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/theorem/固定底面的翻折体积最大值 | 固定底面的翻折体积最大值 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)确认底面积与高\n\n$AB=2a$,$C$ 到 $AB$ 的距离为 $c$,故三角形 $ABC$ 面积为 $ac$。顶点 $D$ 到底面距离为 $r\\sin\\phi$,因此体积等于所述表达式。\n\n## (2)求最大值及等号\n\n由 $0<\\sin\\phi\\le1$,有 $0<V\\le\\dfrac{acr}3$;等号当且仅当 $\\phi=\\dfrac\\pi2$,此时顶点在底面外,图形有效。端点会使体积为 $0$,已被非退化条件排除。",
"statement": "若 $A=(-a,0,0),B=(a,0,0),C=(0,c,0)... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/strategy/转动参数求范围与最值"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折四面体的最大体积",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折四面体的最大体积",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/theorem/折痕坐标下的不变量 | 折痕坐标下的不变量 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6",
"topic/legacy/G4.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)求到折痕的距离\n\n垂足为 $H=(a,0,0)$,所以 $PH^2=r^2\\cos^2\\phi+r^2\\sin^2\\phi=r^2$。\n\n## (2)求到轴上定点的距离\n\n对 $T=(t,0,0)$,由坐标距离公式得 $TP^2=(a-t)^2+r^2$,右侧无参数。因此旋转保持到折痕及其上定点的距离。",
"statement": "在空间直角坐标系中,若折痕是 $x$ 轴,$a\\in\\mathbb R$、$r\\ge0$ 为固定常数,$\\phi\\in\\mathbb R$ 为转动参数,$P=(a,r\\cos\\phi,r\... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/solid-structure/concept/rotation"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/strategy/以折痕建系并保留刚性条件"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/solid-structure/concept/rotation"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/沿折痕折成直角的位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与折痕的角不变",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/沿折痕折成直角的位置",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与折痕的角不变",
"relation": "annotat... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/theorem/折痕垂面内读取二面角 | 折痕垂面内读取二面角 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6",
"topic/legacy/G4.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)找到平面角的射线\n\n原点在折痕上,$OC,OD$ 都垂直横轴,并分别指向指定半平面,故所求二面角就是 $\\angle COD$。\n\n## (2)由数量积辨认角值\n\n$\\overrightarrow{OC}\\cdot\\overrightarrow{OD}=cr\\cos\\phi$,两模乘积为 $cr$,所以平面角余弦为 $\\cos\\phi$。两角都在 $(0,\\pi)$ 内,余弦在该区间严格递减,因此两角相等。",
"statement": "设折痕为横轴,固定半平面含 $C=(0,c,0)$,转动半平面含 $D=(0,r\\co... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/strategy/以折痕建系并保留刚性条件"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "knowledge/solid-geometry/KG0014"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/钝二面角保留射线方向",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/钝二面角保留射线方向",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/theorem/翻折线面角的双位置 | 翻折线面角的双位置 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)应用线面角公式\n\n方向向量为 $(a,r\\cos\\phi,r\\sin\\phi)$,模为 $\\sqrt{a^2+r^2}$,底面单位法向量为 $(0,0,1)$;因 $\\sin\\phi>0$,得到所述正弦式。\n\n## (2)判断位置数\n\n若给定值使 $\\sin\\phi=s\\in(0,1)$,则正弦在 $(0,\\dfrac\\pi2]$ 上递增,在 $[\\dfrac\\pi2,\\pi)$ 上递减,且关于中点对称,故恰有 $\\alpha,\\pi-\\alpha$ 两解。最大值对应 $\\phi=\\dfrac\\pi2$。"... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/strategy/由条件反求全部翻折位置"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/同一线面角对应两个折位",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与底面的角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/同一线面角对应两个折位",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/翻折边与底面的角",
"relation": "annotated... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/G4.6/theorem/跨折痕两点距离公式 | 跨折痕两点距离公式 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/G4.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)由差向量求距离\n\n$\\overrightarrow{CD}=(0,r\\cos\\phi-c,r\\sin\\phi)$,模平方展开为 $c^2+r^2-2cr\\cos\\phi$。\n\n## (2)比较不同位置\n\n在所给范围内,余弦严格递减,且 $2cr>0$,因此距离平方严格递增。距离均非负,开方保持大小关系,故距离也严格递增。",
"statement": "若 $C=(0,c,0),D=(0,r\\cos\\phi,r\\sin\\phi)$,$c,r>0$,则 $CD^2=c^2+r^2-2cr\\cos\\phi$;在 $0\\l... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/solid-structure/concept/rotation"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/G4.6/strategy/由条件反求全部翻折位置"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/solid-structure/concept/rotation"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/受限折角下的跨面距离范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/由跨面距离反求翻折位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/转动参数与实际折角",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/G4.6/example/受限折角下的跨面距离范围",
"relation": "annotate... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/strategy/判断点与圆的位置 | 判断点与圆的位置 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"method": "先将圆方程化为$(x-a)^2+(y-b)^2=r^2$并确认$r^2>0$。对点$P(x_0,y_0)$,计算$D^2=(x_0-a)^2+(y_0-b)^2$:$D^2<r^2$时在圆内,等号时在圆上,大于时在圆外。\n\n若方程为$x^2+y^2+Ex+Fy+G=0$,则圆心$(-E/2,-F/2)$、$r^2=(E^2+F^2)/4-G$。点代入左边的值恰为$D^2-r^2$,因此也可直接用负、零、正判定内、上、外。\n\n含参数时先求$r^2>0$的参数域,再比较代入值的符号并检查各边界。$r^2=0$只给一个点,不按非退化圆划分圆内;$r^2<0$没有实点。",
"notes": "圆内... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/点的位置判定"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式代入值判位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式代入值判位置",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/判定点与圆的位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/判定点与圆的位置",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/strategy/坐标变换与参数表示 | 坐标变换与参数表示 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"method": "对圆$(x-a)^2+(y-b)^2=r^2$($r>0$),平移向量$(u,v)$后圆心为$(a+u,b+v)$、半径仍为$r$。关于x轴、y轴或原点反射时,圆心分别变为$(a,-b),(-a,b),(-a,-b)$,圆上点作同一变换。对一般直线反射,也先求圆心的对称点,再保留半径。\n\n处理圆上坐标式或最值,可设$x=a+r\\cos t,y=b+r\\sin t$,$t\\in[0,2\\pi)$恰覆盖整个圆。任意圆上点的$(x-a)/r,(y-b)/r$平方和为1,故能反向找到该角,保证没有遗漏。原题限制圆弧时须先换成相应角区间,再求最值并检查端点是否允许。",
"notes": "参数角... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/圆的参数方程等价性"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/圆的平移与反射"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆关于直线的反射",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆关于直线的反射",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆的参数与取值范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆的参数与取值范围",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/strategy/根据几何条件定圆 | 根据几何条件定圆 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2",
"topic/legacy/H1.2"
] | {
"method": "① **审题**:判断给定条件能否唯一确定圆。\n② **推导**:用直径、垂直平分线或一般式待定系数。\n③ **核对**:核对各点并确认半径非零。",
"notes": "### 待定系数法\n\n对圆的一般式$x^2+y^2+Dx+Ey+F=0$,每个已知圆上点$(x_i,y_i)$给出一个关于$D,E,F$的线性方程。三个不同且不共线的点唯一确定一个圆;三个不同的共线点不在同一圆上。只有两个不同点时,圆心可沿线段的垂直平分线变化,不能唯一确定圆。求得系数后,应验证$D^2+E^2-4F>0$。\n\n弦长的一半只有在这条弦为直径时才等于圆的半径。"
} | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/不共线点确定圆"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/直径端点方程的证明"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆心受直线限制",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆心受直线限制",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/由直径端点求圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/由直径端点求圆",
"relation": "typical_example"... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/strategy/读出圆心半径 | 读出圆心半径 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2",
"topic/legacy/H1.2"
] | {
"method": "对实二次方程 $A(x^{2}+y^{2})+Dx+Ey+F=0$,先确认 $A\\ne0$ 且没有 $xy$ 项。除以 $A$ 并配方,得到\n$$\\left(x+\\frac D{2A}\\right)^2+\\left(y+\\frac E{2A}\\right)^2=\\frac{D^2+E^2-4AF}{4A^2}.$$\n右端为正时,圆心为 $(-D/(2A),-E/(2A))$,半径为右端的正平方根。右端为零时仅有一个点,为负时没有实点。若平方项系数不同或有交叉项,不能直接按本式读圆心、半径。",
"notes": "一个非退化实圆必须有正半径。原方程整体乘以非零常数不会改变圆,但配... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/标准式与一般式互化"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式配方",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式配方",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/含参数方程是否为圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/含参数方程是否为圆",
"relation": "typical_example"... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/theorem/不共线点确定圆 | 不共线点确定圆 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n圆心到 $A,B$ 等距,所以在 $AB$ 的垂直平分线上;同理在 $AC$ 的垂直平分线上。由于 $AB,AC$ 不平行,它们的垂直平分线也不平行,恰有唯一交点 $O$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n取 $r=OA$,则 $OA=OB=OC$。又因点不全相同,$r>0$,以 $O$ 为圆心、$r$ 为半径的圆经过所给各点。任意满足条件的圆心必须是该交点,所以圆唯一。",
"statement": "任意不同且不共线的点 $A,B,C$ 唯一确定一个圆。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/strategy/根据几何条件定圆"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/过不共线点求圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/过不共线点求圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/theorem/圆的参数方程等价性 | 圆的参数方程等价性 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n把参数式代入标准式,左端为 $r^2(\\cos^2t+\\sin^2t)=r^2$,故每个参数值均给出圆上点。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n反过来,圆上点满足 $u=\\dfrac{x-h}{r},v=\\dfrac{y-k}{r}$ 且 $u^2+v^2=1$。单位圆上每个点均对应给定区间内一个终边角,所以存在 $t$ 使 $u=\\cos t,v=\\sin t$,从而没有遗漏。",
"statement": "设$h,k\\in\\mathbb R$,$r>0$。参数方程$x=h+r\\cos t$、$y=k+r\\... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆的参数与取值范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆的参数与取值范围",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/theorem/圆的平移与反射 | 圆的平移与反射 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n平移时两个点的坐标差不变,所以距离不变。反射时取对称轴为横轴,点的坐标由 $(u,v)$ 变为 $(u,-v)$,距离平方仍为横坐标差平方与纵坐标差平方之和。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n圆上点与圆心同时变换后,距离仍是 $r$;反过来,对新圆上的点作逆向平移或同一次反射,就回到原圆。因此全部点恰好组成以新圆心为中心、原半径为半径的圆。",
"statement": "圆作平移或关于直线反射后仍为圆,半径不变,圆心作相同的平移或反射。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆关于直线的反射",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆的平移",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆关于直线的反射",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆的平移",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/theorem/标准式与一般式互化 | 标准式与一般式互化 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2",
"topic/legacy/H1.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n对两个一次项分别配方,得 $(x+\\dfrac D2)^2+(y+\\dfrac E2)^2=\\dfrac{D^2+E^2-4F}{4}$。左端是到固定点的距离平方。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n右端为正时开方得到正常数半径,正是圆的定义;右端为 $0$ 时仅有圆心这一点,右端为负时没有实点。展开标准式可反向得到一般式,故条件充分且必要。",
"statement": "设$D,E,F\\in\\mathbb R$。方程$x^2+y^2+Dx+Ey+F=0$表示非退化圆,当且仅当$D^2+E^2-4F>0$。此时圆心为$... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/theorem/点的位置判定"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式配方",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/含参数方程是否为圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式配方",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/含参数方程是否为圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/theorem/点的位置判定 | 点的位置判定 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由配方,$S(P)=(x_0+\\dfrac D2)^2+(y_0+\\dfrac E2)^2-r^2=PC^2-r^2$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n因为 $PC\\ge0,r>0$,有 $PC+r>0$;故 $(PC-r)(PC+r)$ 与 $PC-r$ 同号。于是比较代入值的符号,与比较点心距和半径完全等价。",
"statement": "令 $S(P)=x_0^2+y_0^2+Dx_0+Ey_0+F$,在方程确实表示圆时,$S(P)$ 的负、零、正分别对应圆内、圆上、圆外。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式代入值判位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/判定点与圆的位置",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/圆内点的参数范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/一般式代入值判位置",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.2/theorem/直径端点方程的证明 | 直径端点方程的证明 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n设中点 $C=\\dfrac{A+B}{2}$,半径 $r=\\dfrac{|AB|}{2}>0$。向量恒等式给出 $(P-A)\\cdot(P-B)=|P-C|^2-\\dfrac{|AB|^2}{4}$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n因此左端为零当且仅当 $|P-C|=r$,即点在该圆上。写成坐标便得所述方程。该推导对 $P=A$ 或 $P=B$ 同样成立,避免了端点处用夹角定义的困难。",
"statement": "设平面内两不同点$A=(x_1,y_1)$、$B=(x_2,y_2)$。以$AB$为直径的圆方程为$(... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/由直径端点求圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.2/example/由直径端点求圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/concept/圆上的距离最值 | 圆上的距离最值 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"statement": "设圆的圆心为 $C$、半径 $r>0$,点 $P$ 在圆上,$O$ 是定点。则\n$$\\min|OP|=\\bigl||OC|-r\\bigr|,\\qquad \\max|OP|=|OC|+r.$$\n若 $l$ 为定直线,$d=d(C,l)$,则\n$$\\min d(P,l)=\\max\\{d-r,0\\},\\qquad\\max d(P,l)=d+r.$$\n这里的最值均在整个圆上取得。",
"notes": "定点距离的最小值为绝对差;定直线距离的最小值在直线与圆相交或相切时为零,不能照搬绝对差公式。",
"proof": "三角不等式给 $||OC|-r|\\le|OP|... | editorial_pending_review | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/圆上距离的最值"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点的线性式最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点的线性式最值",
"relation": "used_by"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点的线性式最值",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | agent_synthesis | [] |
entry/H1.3/strategy/两圆关系与公共弦 | 两圆关系与公共弦 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"method": "设两实圆圆心为$C_1,C_2$、半径$r_1,r_2>0$,计算$d=|C_1C_2|$。当$|r_1-r_2|<d<r_1+r_2$时有两个交点;$d=r_1+r_2$时外切;$d=|r_1-r_2|>0$时内切。$d>r_1+r_2$时外离,$d<|r_1-r_2|$时内含而不交。若$d=0$,等半径则重合,不等半径则同心且无交点。\n\n确认有两个交点后,将两圆的一般方程相减,二次项相消,得到公共弦所在直线。联立它与任一圆求交点,或求该直线到圆心的距离$h$,用弦长$2\\sqrt{r_1^2-h^2}$。\n\n相切时相减式仅通过唯一切点,不能称为非零公共弦;相离时相减得到的根轴没有实公共点。... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/两圆位置的距离判定"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/公共弦方程及求长"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/两圆位置的完整分类",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/两圆位置的完整分类",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/公共弦的方程与长度",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/公共弦的方程与长度",
"relation": "typical_... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/strategy/交点与弦长 | 交点与弦长 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"method": "设圆心$C=(a,b)$、半径$r>0$,直线$l:Ax+By+D=0$,其中$A^2+B^2>0$。计算$d=|Aa+Bb+D|/\\sqrt{A^2+B^2}$:$d<r$有两个交点,$d=r$有一个切点,$d>r$无交点。\n\n圆心到直线的垂足\n$$H=C-\\frac{Aa+Bb+D}{A^2+B^2}(A,B)$$\n是弦的中点。交点为$U,V$时,由直角三角形$CHU$得到$HU=\\sqrt{r^2-d^2}$,故$UV=2\\sqrt{r^2-d^2}$。\n\n若需要端点坐标,联立圆与直线求解,并用两点平均坐标及距离公式核对中点和弦长;也可沿单位方向$(-B,A)/\\sqrt{A... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/弦长与中点"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/点线距离判定交点数"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/已知弦长求直线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/已知弦长求直线",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/求交点与弦长",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/求交点与弦长",
"relation": "typical_example"
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/strategy/圆上的最值 | 圆上的最值 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"method": "设动点$P$遍历圆心$C$、半径$r>0$的圆。到定点$A$的距离令$d=CA$,则由三角不等式\n$$|d-r|\\le PA\\le d+r.$$\n当$A\\ne C$时,两界由直线$AC$与圆的两个交点取得;$A=C$时距离恒为$r$。\n\n到定直线$l$的距离令$d=d(C,l)$,沿该线法向投影可得最小值$\\max(0,d-r)$、最大值$d+r$。$d\\le r$时直线与圆有交点或切点,最小值0;最大值取远离该线的一侧圆端点。\n\n对非恒定线性式$L(P)=ux+vy+w$,$u^2+v^2>0$,数量积估计给出$L(C)\\pm r\\sqrt{u^2+v^2}$为两端值,取等点... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/圆上距离的最值"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点到定点的最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点到定点的最值",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点到直线的最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点到直线的最值",
"relation": "typical_... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/strategy/求切线与切线段 | 求切线与切线段 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"method": "设实圆心$C=(a,b)$、半径$r>0$,给定点$P$。先比较$CP$与$r$:圆上恰有一条切线,圆外有两条,圆内没有实切线。\n\n若$P$在圆上,半径$CP$垂直切线,故切线为$(P-C)\\cdot(X-P)=0$。若$P$在圆外,可设过$P$的非竖直直线$y-y_P=k(x-x_P)$,令圆心到它的距离等于$r$并解$k$;另查竖直线$x=x_P$,不能因斜率式漏掉它。更统一的做法是设过P的非零法向量$n$,用$|n\\cdot(C-P)|=r|n|$求方向。\n\n设切点为$T$,则$CT\\perp PT$,由勾股定理得切线段长$PT=\\sqrt{CP^2-r^2}$。外点的两条切线段长... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/切线方程与切线长"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上一点的切线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上一点的切线",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/竖直切线与切线段长",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/竖直切线与切线段长",
"relation": "typical_exam... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/theorem/两圆位置的距离判定 | 两圆位置的距离判定 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n若有公共点 $P$,圆心与 $P$ 的距离构成边长 $R,r,d$,三角形不等式给出 $|R-r|\\le d\\le R+r$。严格不等式成立时,可作两个关于连心线对称的非退化三角形,得到两个交点。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n等号成立时三点共线,唯一公共点分别是内切点或外切点;不满足不等式时不可能有公共点,比较圆心距即可区分内含与外离。若 $d=0$,半径相等则重合,不等则同心内含,单独处理。\n\n公切线数可统一验证如下。令大圆圆心为原点,小圆圆心位置向量为 $v$,$|v|=d$。每条公切线唯一写成 $n\\cdot X... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/两圆位置的完整分类",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/相减直线并非总是公共弦",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2306",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/两圆位置的完整分类",
"relation": "annotated_in"
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/theorem/公共弦方程及求长 | 公共弦方程及求长 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3",
"topic/legacy/H1.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n公共点同时满足两圆方程,故满足差式。相交圆的圆心不同,因此差式的一次项不同时为零,是一条经过两个公共点的直线。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n不同点唯一确定直线,所以该差式就是公共弦所在直线。反之,联立差式与其中一个圆,也必满足另一个圆,交点不增不漏;求该线到圆心的距离,再代入弦长公式即可。",
"statement": "两圆相交且一般式平方项系数均为 $1$,公共弦所在直线为 $S_1-S_2=0$;到任一圆心的距离可用于求弦长。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/弦长与中点"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/公共弦的方程与长度",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2311",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/公共弦的方程与长度",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/theorem/切线方程与切线长 | 切线方程与切线长 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3",
"topic/legacy/H1.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n切线垂直半径,故 $(T-C)\\cdot(X-T)=0$;用 $|T-C|^2=r^2$ 整理即得切线方程。反之,此线到圆心的垂足为 $T$,距离为 $r$,故相切。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n对外点引切线段 $PT$,三角形 $PCT$ 在 $T$ 处为直角,故 $PT^2=PC^2-r^2$。外点使右端为正,取正平方根就是切线段长度。\n\n对于新增的切点弦结论,切线在 $A=(x_1,y_1)$ 处为 $x_1x+y_1y=r^2$。因 $U$ 在这条切线上,得 $ax_1+by_1=r^2$,所以 $A$ 在所列直线... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/theorem/点线距离判定交点数"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/concept/切线与切点"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上一点的切线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/竖直切线与切线段长",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/过外点的切线含竖直线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2286",
"relation": "related"
},
{
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/theorem/圆上距离的最值 | 圆上距离的最值 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n对定点用三角形不等式及其差形式,得到 $|OC-r|\\le OP\\le OC+r$。当 $O\\ne C$ 时在连心线上取圆与该线的交点即可分别取等;$O=C$ 时恒为 $r$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n对定直线沿单位法向量取投影,圆上点的有向距离遍历 $[s-r,s+r]$,其中 $|s|=d$。对该区间取绝对值,最大为 $d+r$;包含 $0$ 时最小为 $0$,否则最小为 $d-r$。区间全部投影值都由圆上点取得。",
"statement": "设圆的圆心为$C$、半径$r>0$,$P$在圆周上变化。对定点$... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.3/concept/圆上的距离最值"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点到定点的最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/圆上点到直线的最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2293",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2302",
"relation": "related"
},
{
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H1.3/theorem/弦长与中点 | 弦长与中点 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H1.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n在直线上取垂足 $H$,交点对应有向坐标 $t=\\pm\\sqrt{r^2-d^2}$,故 $HA=HB$,且位于垂足两侧。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n相加得到弦长公式,平均坐标为 $0$,说明 $H$ 为中点。反过来,圆心与非圆心弦中点的连线垂直于弦;若中点就是圆心,弦为直径,应另外使用其方向条件。",
"statement": "设半径为$r>0$的圆与直线$l$相交于两个不同点$A,B$,圆心到$l$的距离为$d$。则$0\\le d<r$,弦长为$|AB|=2\\sqrt{r^2-d^2}$。圆心到$l$的垂足是... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H1.2/concept/圆与标准方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/已知弦长求直线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H1.3/example/求交点与弦长",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2287",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2290",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/strategy/定义识别与建方程 | 定义识别与建方程 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"method": "设不同定点$F_1,F_2$的中点为$O$,$F_1F_2=2c>0$,条件为$PF_1+PF_2=L$。由三角不等式,$L<2c$无点;$L=2c$恰为线段$F_1F_2$;$L>2c$时为非退化椭圆。\n\n在后一种情形令$a=L/2$,有$a>c$,取$b^2=a^2-c^2>0$。以焦点连线为横轴并以O为原点,方程为$x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=1$;焦点在纵轴时交换两坐标。若用距离根式推导,平方过程中须保留根式非负,并在所得标准式上反向验证原距离和。\n\n若两个定点重合,条件变为2PO=L,L>0时为半径L/2的圆,L=0时仅为O,L<0为空;不按两个不同焦点的非圆椭圆处理。",
"... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/theorem/由距离和推导标准方程"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/theorem/距离和的退化情形"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由焦点与距离和求椭圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由焦点与距离和求椭圆",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/纵轴焦点的椭圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/纵轴焦点的椭圆",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/strategy/待定系数与参数式 | 待定系数与参数式 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"method": "若已知椭圆中心在原点且轴与坐标轴平行,而长轴方向未知,可设$Ax^2+By^2=1$,其中$A,B>0$,将给定点代入求系数。等价地可设两个正分母;不能预先按字母大小决定长轴。若中心或轴向未给定,须先求中心、轴方向,不能直接使用这一假设。\n\n对$x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=1$,$a,b>0$,可设$x=a\\cos t,y=b\\sin t$,$t\\in[0,2\\pi)$覆盖整条椭圆。代入求最值或坐标关系后,仍需检查原点、象限、圆弧限制及等号对应的参数是否合法。\n\n每个椭圆点都满足$(x/a)^2+(y/b)^2=1$,可反向取相应t,故参数式没有遗漏。",
"notes": "a... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/theorem/参数式覆盖椭圆"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/参数方程与点的检验",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/参数方程与点的检验",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆上线性式的基础最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆上线性式的基础最值",
"relation": "typi... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/strategy/焦半径与定义应用 | 焦半径与定义应用 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"method": "对椭圆 $x^{2}/a^{2}+y^{2}/b^{2}=1$,先确认 $a>b>0$、$c=\\sqrt{a^{2}-b^{2}}$、$e=c/a$,并固定左、右焦点 $F_1=(-c,0),F_2=(c,0)$。点 $P=(x,y)$ 在椭圆上时,\n$$|PF_1|+|PF_2|=2a,\\qquad |PF_1|^2-|PF_2|^2=4cx,$$\n两式相除得到两焦半径之差为 $2ex$,进而 $|PF_1|=a+ex$、$|PF_2|=a-ex$。\n\n遇到距离和、焦半径比例等条件时先用这两个式子求 $x$,再由椭圆方程求 $y$,并按原区域选正负分支。最后检查 $-a\\le x\\le... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/theorem/焦半径的线性表示"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/根据焦半径和求另一距离",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/根据焦半径和求另一距离",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆焦半径的范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆焦半径的范围",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/strategy/由参数读几何性质 | 由参数读几何性质 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"method": "先把方程化为$x^2/A+y^2/B=1$,检查$A,B>0$。若$A>B$,令$a=\\sqrt A,b=\\sqrt B$,长轴在x轴上;若$B>A$,令$a=\\sqrt B,b=\\sqrt A$,长轴在y轴上。长短轴长为$2a,2b$,不能把分母本身当作轴长。\n\n非圆椭圆满足$c^2=a^2-b^2$、离心率$e=c/a\\in(0,1)$,两焦点在长轴上且距中心c,准线垂直长轴、距中心$a/e=a^2/c$。由这些关系代入已知轴长、焦距或e求其余参数,最后检查$a>b>0$。\n\nA=B时为圆,两焦点在极限意义下重合于圆心,不能继续写含1/c的两条有限准线。",
"notes": ... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/theorem/椭圆参数的关系"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/分母含参数的椭圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/分母含参数的椭圆",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由方程读取几何量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由方程读取几何量",
"relation": "typical_exam... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/theorem/参数式覆盖椭圆 | 参数式覆盖椭圆 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n代入标准式,得到 $\\cos^2t+\\sin^2t=1$,故每个参数点在椭圆上。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n反向令 $u=\\dfrac xa,v=\\dfrac yb$,椭圆方程说明 $(u,v)$ 在单位圆上。按任意角的三角函数定义,存在给定区间内的角使 $u=\\cos t,v=\\sin t$,所以全部椭圆点都有参数对应。",
"statement": "设$a>b>0$。参数式$x=a\\cos t$、$y=b\\sin t$在$0\\le t<2\\pi$上恰好表示标准椭圆$x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/concept/椭圆的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/参数方程与点的检验",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆上线性式的基础最值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/参数方程与点的检验",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆上线性式的基础最值",
"relation": "annotat... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/theorem/椭圆参数的关系 | 椭圆参数的关系 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1",
"topic/legacy/H2.1",
"topic/legacy/H2.7"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由标准方程推导中的 $b^2=a^2-c^2>0$,得到 $a^2=b^2+c^2$,因而 $0<c<a$。除以 $a$ 得 $0<e<1$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n关系式进一步给出 $b=a\\sqrt{1-e^2}$。固定 $a>0$ 时,若 $0<e_1<e_2<1$,则 $1-e_1^2>1-e_2^2>0$,开方保序,故对应的短半轴满足 $b_1>b_2$。",
"statement": "设椭圆 $x^{2}/a^{2}+y^{2}/b^{2}=1$,$a>b>0$,$c=\\sqrt{a^{2}-b^{2... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/legacy-front/259"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/concept/椭圆的定义"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/legacy-front/259"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/同离心率且焦轴未定的两个答案",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/横轴共焦族由短轴顶点定参",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由方程读取几何量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由离心率和短轴求椭圆",
"relation": "related"... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/theorem/焦半径的线性表示 | 焦半径的线性表示 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n距离和为 $2a$,距离平方差为 $4cx$,相除得距离差为 $\\dfrac{2cx}{a}=2ex$。与距离和联立,分别相加相减即得所述公式。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n由于 $|x|\\le a$ 且 $e<1$,两个式子都至少为 $a-c>0$,确为距离而非带符号的量。横坐标取两端点时,任一焦半径的最小值为 $a-c$,最大值为 $a+c$。",
"statement": "设椭圆$x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=1$,其中$a>b>0$,$c=\\sqrt{a^2-b^2}$,$e=c/a$。左右焦点分别为$F_... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H3.3/concept/焦半径"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/legacy-front/259"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H3.3/concept/焦半径"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/legacy-front/259"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/根据焦半径和求另一距离",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆焦半径的范围",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/根据焦半径和求另一距离",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/椭圆焦半径的范围",
"relation": "annotated... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/theorem/由距离和推导标准方程 | 由距离和推导标准方程 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n记左右焦半径为 $r_1,r_2$,则 $r_1+r_2=2a$,且 $r_1^2-r_2^2=4cx$,故 $r_1-r_2=\\dfrac{2cx}{a}$,从而 $r_1=a+\\dfrac{cx}{a}$。平方并代入 $r_1^2=(x+c)^2+y^2$,整理得 $(a^2-c^2)x^2+a^2y^2=a^2(a^2-c^2)$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n反过来,标准方程给出 $|x|\\le a$,故 $a\\pm\\dfrac{cx}{a}\\ge a-c>0$。代入距离平方可得 $r_1^2=(a+\\df... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/theorem/距离和的退化情形"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/concept/椭圆的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由焦点与距离和求椭圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/由焦点与距离和求椭圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/theorem/范围对称与顶点 | 范围对称与顶点 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1",
"topic/legacy/H2.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n标准式每项非负且和为 $1$,所以每项不超过 $1$,得到坐标范围。改变任一坐标的符号不改变方程,故有轴对称和中心对称。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n令 $y=0$ 得 $x=\\pm a$,令 $x=0$ 得 $y=\\pm b$。这些点均满足方程,界限实际取得;由于 $a>b$,横轴截得的轴长 $2a$ 比纵轴截得的轴长 $2b$ 大。",
"statement": "设标准椭圆$x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=1$,$a>b>0$,则$|x|\\le a,|y|\\le b$,关于两坐标轴及原点对称,四个顶点为$(\\... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/concept/椭圆的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/短轴顶点的焦半径",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/纵轴焦点的椭圆",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/短轴顶点的焦半径",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/纵轴焦点的椭圆",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.1/theorem/距离和的退化情形 | 距离和的退化情形 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.1",
"topic/legacy/H2.1"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由三角形不等式,任意点都有 $PF_1+PF_2\\ge F_1F_2=2c$,所以小于焦距的距离和不能出现。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n等号当且仅当点在线段 $F_1F_2$ 上,包括两端点;因此等号情形为闭线段。距离和更大时令其为 $2a$,满足 $a>c$,由标准方程推导得到非退化椭圆。",
"statement": "两个不同焦点间距为 $2c$,距离和常数小于 $2c$ 时无点,等于 $2c$ 时为连接焦点的闭线段,大于 $2c$ 时为椭圆。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.1/concept/椭圆的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/距离和的三类轨迹",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.1/example/距离和的三类轨迹",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/strategy/利用渐近线求曲线 | 利用渐近线求曲线 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"method": "① **审题**:由两条渐近线写出二次式。\n② **推导**:代点求非零常数,按符号整理。\n③ **核对**:重查渐近线与焦点方向。",
"notes": "设两条给定渐近线相交且不同。所设双曲线族的常数项必须使曲线非退化;常数为零时,方程退化为这两条相交直线。代入已知曲线上的点后,应检查所得常数不为零,并核对双曲线的焦点方向。"
} | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/同渐近线的双曲线族"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/渐近线的代数说明"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/同渐近线的另一轴向",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/同渐近线的另一轴向",
"relation": "typical_example"
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{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由渐近线与点求方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由渐近线与点求方程",
"relation": "typical_... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/strategy/定义与分支辨析 | 定义与分支辨析 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"method": "设不同定点$F_1=(-c,0),F_2=(c,0)$,$c>0$。对于$|PF_1-PF_2|=L$,先用逆三角不等式判定:$0<L<2c$时为双曲线,令$a=L/2,b^2=c^2-a^2>0$,方程为$x^2/a^2-y^2/b^2=1$,保留两支。\n\n若原条件是有符号差$PF_1-PF_2=q$且$0<|q|<2c$,令$a=|q|/2$求同一标准式后,q>0取右支,q<0取左支。由距离平方差$PF_1^2-PF_2^2=4cx$可验证符号与x一致。\n\n绝对值条件L=0时为y轴;L=2c时为x轴上$x\\ge c$或$x\\le-c$两条射线;L>2c或L<0无解。有符号差q=0同为y轴... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/由距离差推导标准方程"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/距离差的边界情形"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/有符号距离差选分支",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/有符号距离差选分支",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由距离差求双曲线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由距离差求双曲线",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/strategy/检验定义与参数条件 | 检验定义与参数条件 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"method": "先记录双曲线实半轴、虚半轴为正,$c^2=a^2+b^2$,以及题设的支、象限、距离和或差的符号。若设$r_1=PF_1,r_2=PF_2$,右支有$r_1-r_2=2a$,左支有$r_1-r_2=-2a$,二者均须满足$r_1,r_2>0$。\n\n例如题给距离和$r_1+r_2=s$,可先和差联立求$r_1,r_2$,再用$r_1^2-r_2^2=4cx$求横坐标;由$y^2=b^2(x^2/a^2-1)$检验实点存在,并按题设象限决定y的符号。因焦距为2c,还应有s≥2c;等号时点在焦点连线段上,与双曲线共同条件只留下实轴顶点。\n\n若直接代入参数点,需同时检查曲线等式、分母非零、分支及原距离条... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/由距离差推导标准方程"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/范围对称和轴"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/双曲线的参数正值条件",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/双曲线的参数正值条件",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/右支点的焦半径",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/右支点的焦半径",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/strategy/读取与确定基本参数 | 读取与确定基本参数 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"method": "将方程化为$x^2/a^2-y^2/b^2=1$或$y^2/a^2-x^2/b^2=1$,其中$a,b>0$。正项对应实轴及焦点所在轴,a始终表示实半轴,不由分母大小决定。实轴长2a、虚轴长2b,$c=\\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$,离心率$e=c/a>1$。\n\n横轴型焦点为$(\\pm c,0)$、实顶点$(\\pm a,0)$、渐近线$y=\\pm(b/a)x$;纵轴型焦点$(0,\\pm c)$、实顶点$(0,\\pm a)$、渐近线$y=\\pm(a/b)x$。读渐近线斜率时必须先判轴向。\n\n把已知焦距、实轴或渐近线关系与$c^2=a^2+b^2$联立求参数,再代回原曲线核验。",
... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/离心率与渐近线斜率"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/theorem/范围对称和轴"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由离心率和实轴求方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由离心率和实轴求方程",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/纵轴型双曲线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/纵轴型双曲线",
"relation": "typical_exam... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/theorem/同渐近线的双曲线族 | 同渐近线的双曲线族 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n若 $\\lambda>0$,除以它得到分母为 $\\lambda a^2,\\lambda b^2$ 的横轴型标准式,半轴比仍为 $\\dfrac ba$。若 $\\lambda<0$,移项整理为 $\\dfrac{y^2}{(-\\lambda)b^2}-\\dfrac{x^2}{(-\\lambda)a^2}=1$,是纵轴型。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n纵轴型从方程去掉常数项也得 $y=\\pm\\dfrac ba x$,所以两种符号下渐近线相同。$\\lambda=0$ 时方程分解为两条相交直线,已不再是双曲线,必须排... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/graph-composition/concept/asymptote"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/concept/双曲线的定义"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/graph-composition/concept/asymptote"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/同渐近线的另一轴向",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由渐近线与点求方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/同渐近线的另一轴向",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由渐近线与点求方程",
"relation": "annotated_i... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/theorem/渐近线的代数说明 | 渐近线的代数说明 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2",
"topic/legacy/H2.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n第一象限分支上 $y=\\dfrac ba\\sqrt{x^2-a^2}$,因此 $0<\\dfrac ba x-y=\\dfrac{ab}{x+\\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}\\le\\dfrac{ab}{x}$。点到直线 $y=\\dfrac ba x$ 的距离不超过这个纵向差;取足够大的正横坐标,即能使此上界小于任何预先指定的正距离。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n由关于两坐标轴的对称性,另几段对应直线符号相应改变,故得到两条渐近线。把任一渐近线代入标准式,左端恒为 $0$,不可能等于 $1$,因此它们没有公共点。整个说明... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/graph-composition/concept/asymptote"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/graph-composition/concept/asymptote"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/纵轴型双曲线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2350",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2351",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/legacy-math/item-2352",
"relation": "related"
},
{
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/theorem/由距离差推导标准方程 | 由距离差推导标准方程 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n记左右焦半径为 $r_1,r_2$,先取 $r_1-r_2=2a$。由 $r_1^2-r_2^2=4cx$ 得 $r_1+r_2=\\dfrac{2cx}{a}$,故 $r_1=\\dfrac{cx}{a}+a$。平方并代入距离公式,整理得 $(c^2-a^2)x^2-a^2y^2=a^2(c^2-a^2)$。另一种距离差交换焦点,同样得到此式。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n反向对标准式,$|x|\\ge a$。若 $x\\ge a$,则 $\\dfrac{cx}{a}\\pm a>0$,距离平方分别等于这两个正数的平方,故差为... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/concept/双曲线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/右支点的焦半径",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/有符号距离差选分支",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由距离差求双曲线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/右支点的焦半径",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/theorem/离心率与渐近线斜率 | 离心率与渐近线斜率 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由 $c^2=a^2+b^2$ 除以 $a^2$ 得 $e^2=1+\\dfrac{b^2}{a^2}>1$,所以 $e>1$。渐近线斜率绝对值为 $\\dfrac ba$,其平方正好为 $e^2-1$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n若 $a=b$,两渐近线斜率为 $1,-1$,乘积为 $-1$,故互相垂直。反之渐近线垂直要求 $-\\dfrac{b^2}{a^2}=-1$,正半轴条件给出 $a=b$,再得 $e=\\sqrt2$。\n\n渐近线为 $bx\\mp ay=0$,焦点为 $(\\pm c,0)$,其中 $c^2=a... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/legacy-front/259"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/revised/graph-composition/concept/asymptote"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/legacy-front/259"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/revised/graph-compositio... | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由离心率和实轴求方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/等轴双曲线的参数",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/读取双曲线的几何量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/由离心率和实轴求方程",
"relation": "annotated_in"
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/theorem/范围对称和轴 | 范围对称和轴 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2",
"topic/legacy/H2.6"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由 $\\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}=1+\\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}\\ge1$ 得 $|x|\\ge a$。对任意实数 $y$,取 $x=\\pm a\\sqrt{1+\\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}}$ 都有对应点,所以纵坐标无界。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n方程只含坐标平方,改变符号仍成立,给出对称性。令 $y=0$ 得 $x=\\pm a$,令 $x=0$ 则无实解,因此虚轴端点不在曲线上,不能像椭圆一样列出四个顶点。",
"statement": "设横轴型双曲线$x^2/a^2-y^2/b^2=1... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/concept/双曲线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/检验点与分支",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/读取双曲线的几何量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/检验点与分支",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/读取双曲线的几何量",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.2/theorem/距离差的边界情形 | 距离差的边界情形 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.2",
"topic/legacy/H2.2"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n反三角形不等式给出 $|PF_1-PF_2|\\le F_1F_2=2c$,所以超过焦距时无点。距离差为 $0$ 等价于到两点等距,故是垂直平分线。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n距离差达到 $2c$ 时,三点必须共线,且动点不能位于两个焦点之间的开线段上;反之在任一外侧射线上,距离相减恰为焦距。焦点自身也满足条件,所以射线端点保留。",
"statement": "焦距为 $2c>0$ 时,距离差绝对值为 $0$ 的轨迹是垂直平分线,为 $2c$ 时是焦点外侧的两条闭射线,大于 $2c$ 时为空集。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.2/concept/双曲线的定义"
}
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{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/距离差常数的边界",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.2/example/距离差常数的边界",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/strategy/利用焦半径求点和最值 | 利用焦半径求点和最值 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"method": "对$y^2=2px$($p>0$),焦点$F=(p/2,0)$,准线$x=-p/2$。曲线上x≥0,由定义\n$$PF=d(P,l)=|x+p/2|=x+p/2.$$\n因此焦半径最小值为p/2,在顶点(0,0)取得。求给定焦半径对应的点时先解x,再由$y^2=2px$取允许的两个符号并按象限筛选。\n\n其他开口方向分别确定焦点、准线及曲线所在半平面。对$y^2=-2px$有$PF=p/2-x$;对$x^2=2py$有$PF=y+p/2$;对$x^2=-2py$有$PF=p/2-y$。这四式均以p>0为约定,最小值都在顶点。",
"notes": "先由开口方向确定绝对值符号,不能将一种方向的x+... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/焦半径与最小值"
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] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/左开口的焦半径",
"relation": "related"
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{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/左开口的焦半径",
"relation": "typical_example"
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{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径最小值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径最小值",
"relation": "typical_example"
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/strategy/定义辨析与简单建模 | 定义辨析与简单建模 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"method": "先明确动点满足的距离对象。定点F不在定直线l上时,条件PF=d(P,l)确定抛物线;其顶点是F到l垂足与F的中点,对称轴为过F垂直l的直线。选择沿轴及垂轴的坐标,直接列距离等式并平方,或由顶点、焦准距离写标准方程。\n\n例如$F=(p/2,0)$、$l:x=-p/2$、$p>0$,等式平方为$(x-p/2)^2+y^2=(x+p/2)^2$,即$y^2=2px$。反向由此式知x≥0,两个距离均非负,故原等式成立,未引入多余点。\n\n若F在l上,取F为原点、l为y轴,则$\\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=|x|$等价于y=0,轨迹为过F垂直l的直线,不是非退化抛物线。若原条件写成距离之比为1,还须删去F... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/抛物线的几何性质"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/焦点在准线上的退化"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/拱桥截面的方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/拱桥截面的方程",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径与定点距离之和",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径与定点距离之和",
"relation": "typical_ex... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/strategy/标准方程与焦准位置 | 标准方程与焦准位置 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"method": "① **审题**:辨认一次变量和系数符号。\n② **推导**:先求正的焦准距,再求焦点与准线。\n③ **核对**:用定义或曲线上的点核对。",
"notes": "对于二次项系数已归一化的标准方程$y^2=2px$、$y^2=-2px$、$x^2=2py$或$x^2=-2py$,约定$p>0$为焦点到准线的距离。因此一次变量的系数的绝对值为$2p$;系数的正负决定开口方向。一般方程必须先化为对应标准式,才能按此关系读取焦准距。"
} | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/四种标准方程的对应"
},
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/由等距定义推导方程"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由方程求焦点准线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由方程求焦点准线",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由曲线上一点求标准方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由曲线上一点求标准方程",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/strategy/轴向分类与顶点平移 | 轴向分类与顶点平移 | method | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"method": "设顶点V=(h,k)。若轴平行x轴,可统一写$(y-k)^2=4q(x-h)$,q≠0,焦点为$(h+q,k)$、准线$x=h-q$;q>0向右,q<0向左。若轴平行y轴,写$(x-h)^2=4q(y-k)$,焦点$(h,k+q)$、准线$y=k-q$;q>0向上,q<0向下。\n\n焦点到准线的距离为2|q|,顶点到二者的距离均为|q|。轴向未定时按原条件分类,分别代入已知点或距离求q,再核对开口是否符合题意。\n\n例如$(y+1)^2=8(x-2)$的顶点为(2,−1)、q=2,焦点(4,−1)、准线x=0;平移不改变焦点和准线位于顶点两侧且等距的关系。",
"notes": "q为带符号系数... | null | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/顶点平移后的焦点准线"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/平移抛物线的几何量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/平移抛物线的几何量",
"relation": "typical_example"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/轴向未定的标准抛物线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/轴向未定的标准抛物线",
"relation": "typica... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/theorem/四种标准方程的对应 | 四种标准方程的对应 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3",
"topic/legacy/H2.3",
"topic/visual-cards/01-圆锥曲线/02-标准方程"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n对右开口方程作关于纵轴的反射,即以 $-x$ 代替 $x$,焦点与准线也同时反射,得到左开口的方程和焦准位置。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n交换坐标相当于关于 $y=x$ 反射,右开口变为上开口,左开口变为下开口。反射保持距离,故这些变换保持定义条件,并给出全部四种对应关系,焦准距始终为正数 $p$。",
"statement": "在 $p>0$ 下,$y^2=\\pm2px$ 的焦点为 $(\\pm\\dfrac p2,0)$、准线为 $x=\\mp\\dfrac p2$;$x^2=\\pm2py$ 的焦点为 $(0,\... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/由等距定义推导方程"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/concept/抛物线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/左开口的焦半径",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径最小值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由方程求焦点准线",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由曲线上一点求标准方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/theorem/抛物线的几何性质 | 抛物线的几何性质 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3",
"topic/legacy/H2.6",
"topic/legacy/H2.7"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由于 $y^2\\ge0$,方程给出 $x\\ge0$;每个实数 $y$ 对应 $x=\\dfrac{y^2}{2p}$,所以纵坐标无额外限制。把 $y$ 换成 $-y$ 不改变方程,故关于横轴对称。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n令 $y=0$ 得 $x=0$,这是曲线与对称轴的唯一交点,因而是顶点。定义直接给出焦半径与到准线距离之比为 $1$,而点不在准线上,所以该比值有意义,离心率为 $1$。",
"statement": "$y^2=2px$ 在 $p>0$ 时关于横轴对称,范围为 $x\\ge0,y\\in\\mat... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/theorem/焦半径与最小值"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/concept/抛物线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径与定点距离之和",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径与定点距离之和",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/theorem/焦半径与最小值 | 焦半径与最小值 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n由定义,焦半径等于到准线 $x=-\\dfrac p2$ 的距离,即 $|x+\\dfrac p2|$。由范围 $x\\ge0$,绝对值内严格为正,所以得到 $PF=x+\\dfrac p2$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n因此距离至少为 $\\dfrac p2$。等号要求 $x=0$,代入抛物线方程又得 $y=0$;反过来原点确在曲线上且距离为 $\\dfrac p2$,故下界实际取得,并且取等点唯一。",
"statement": "设$p>0$,点$P=(x,y)$在抛物线$y^2=2px$上,焦点为$F=(p/2,0... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "related",
"target_id": "entry/H3.3/concept/焦半径"
},
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H3.3/concept/焦半径"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径最小值",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由焦半径求点坐标",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦半径最小值",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由焦半径求点坐标",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/theorem/焦点在准线上的退化 | 焦点在准线上的退化 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n取定点为原点、定直线为纵轴,则距离条件为 $\\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=|x|$。两端非负,平方并约去 $x^2$ 得 $y^2=0$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n所以轨迹是横轴 $y=0$,它经过定点且垂直于准线。反过来,横轴上每一点到原点与纵轴距离均为 $|x|$。因此必须在抛物线定义中保留焦点不在准线上的条件。",
"statement": "若定点在定直线上,到二者距离相等的轨迹是过定点且垂直于该直线的一条直线。"
} | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/concept/抛物线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦点落在准线的退化",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/焦点落在准线的退化",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/theorem/由等距定义推导方程 | 由等距定义推导方程 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n点 $P(x,y)$ 的距离关系为 $\\sqrt{(x-\\dfrac p2)^2+y^2}=|x+\\dfrac p2|$。两端非负,平方等价,消去公共项即得 $y^2=2px$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n反过来,方程给出 $x\\ge0$,故 $x+\\dfrac p2>0$。由方程得 $(x-\\dfrac p2)^2+y^2=(x+\\dfrac p2)^2$,取正根即恢复距离相等。因此推导既无增点也无漏点。",
"statement": "焦点 $(\\dfrac p2,0)$、准线 $x=-\\dfrac ... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/concept/抛物线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由焦点准线求方程",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/由焦点准线求方程",
"relation": "annotated_in"
}
] | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
entry/H2.3/theorem/顶点平移后的焦点准线 | 顶点平移后的焦点准线 | theorem | present | subject/math | [
"topic/H2.3"
] | {
"notes": null,
"proof": "## (1)建立关系\n\n令 $X=x-h,Y=y-k$,方程化为 $Y^2=2pX$。在以 $(h,k)$ 为原点的新坐标中,焦点为 $(\\dfrac p2,0)$,准线为 $X=-\\dfrac p2$。\n\n## (2)完成推导并核对条件\n\n换回原坐标便得所述位置。坐标平移不改变任意两点的距离,也不改变点线距离,因此焦点准线的等距定义仍成立;顶点由 $X=Y=0$ 得 $(h,k)$。",
"statement": "设$h,k\\in\\mathbb R$、$p>0$。抛物线$(y-k)^2=2p(x-h)$的焦点为$(h+p/2,k)$,准线为$x... | source_present_unverified | [
{
"type": "uses",
"target_id": "entry/H2.3/concept/抛物线的定义"
}
] | [
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/平移抛物线的几何量",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/非对称位置的焦准条件",
"relation": "related"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/平移抛物线的几何量",
"relation": "annotated_in"
},
{
"id": "example/H2.3/example/非对称位置的焦准条件",
"relation": "annotated... | null | pending_review | null | 本地五三记录 | null | [] |
UniPrism 数学知识库
本版共 2,095 个知识节点。knowledge 配置为 1,077 条 v2,knowledge_v3 为 1,018 条 v3;两分区精确拼接为 knowledge.jsonl。subjects 为1条、topics 为793条。data/ 与根目录核心文件逐字节一致。
本次完成原280个概念正文改写及对照复核,并补充38个新节点(27概念、2定理、8方法、1解题策略);来源差额增补涉及13个既有稳定ID,另修正多项式表达式相消后的定义域说明。全部新建、修订记录仍保持 pending_review,发布不代表用户内容验收。原稳定ID、正式知识关系、例题引用和必要图像保留,题目与评分载荷未修改。
新增正文按数学事实独立编写。来源包含 LibreMath 及 K12-KGraph 的知识发现线索;具体原页与署名保存在记录的 source。LibreMath引用材料按来源CC BY 4.0声明保留出处;K12原文、关系及原始数据未转载到本库。各原始来源许可分别保留,不将历史教材或受限发现源整体宣称为统一开放训练许可。
知识正文与例题分库。例题固定版本仍为 poet77/uniprism-examples-math@bad21a8d74aa07cc6a0696c95c81babe84bb0c84,本次不改例题库及其历史依赖指纹。所有旧知识ID与原题目关联保留;当前正文修改的审查状态独立记录。
knowledge-id-aliases.jsonl 保存历史ID去向,source-catalogs.jsonl 保留既有来源目录;记录级来源同时包含新增材料引用。原始历史provenance保留;内部工作文档、模型请求、审查日志与本机路径不随数据上传。
场景保留DSL、原生渲染预览及真实内容哈希。结构、引用、素材和原生嵌套类型已核验;工程加载与预览不代替所有参数状态下的视觉和数学内容验收。
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