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d41d8cd98f00-0 | CHAPTER ONE
UNITS AND MEASUREMENT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison
with a certain basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally
accepted reference standard called unit. The result of a
measurement of a physical quantity is expressed by a
number (or numerical measure) accompanied ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | units and abbreviations, developed by the Bureau
International des Poids et measures (The International
Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM) in 1971 were
recently revised by the General Conference on Weights and
Measures in November 2018. The scheme is now for1.1 Introduction
1.2 The international system of
units
1.3 ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | PHYSICS 2
Table 1.1 SI Base Quantities and Units*international usage in scientific, technical, industrial
and commercial work. Because SI units used decimal
system, conversions within the system are quite simple
and convenient. W e shall follow the SI units in
this book.
In SI, there are seven base units as given... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s–1, where the metre and
the second are defined in terms of c and∆νcs.
Time second s The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed
numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νcs, the unperturbed ground-
state hyperfine transition frequ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary
entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron,
any other particle or specified group of particles.
Luminous candela cd The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in given direction.
intensity It i... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | UNITS AND MEASUREMENT 3
Table 1.2 Some units retained for general use (Though outside SI)
Note that when mole is used, the elementary
entities must be specified. These entities
may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,
other particles or specified groups of such
particles.
We employ units for some physical qua... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | say the period of oscillation of a simple
pendulum is 1.62 s, the digits 1 and 6 are
reliable and certain, while the digit 2 is
uncertain. Thus, the measured value has three
significant figures. The length of an object
reported after measurement to be 287.5 cm has
four significant figures, the digits 2, 8, 7 are
certai... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | PHYSICS 4
This shows that the location of decimal point is
of no consequence in determining the number
of significant figures.
The example gives the following rules :
•All the non-zero digits are significant.
•All the zeros between two non-zero digits
are significant, no matter where the
decimal point is, if at all.
•I... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | number has two significant figures, while in
fact, it has four significant figures and a mere
change of units cannot change the number of
significant figures.
(3) To remove such ambiguities in
determining the number of significant
figures, the best way is to report every
measurement in scientific notation (in the
powe... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | The power of 10 is irrelevant to the
deter mination of significant figur es. However , all
zeroes appearing in the base number in the
scientific notation are significant. Each number
in this case has four significant figures.
Thus, in the scientific notation, no confusion
arises about the trailing zero(s) in the base
n... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | UNITS AND MEASUREMENT 5
or 2.0000 as required. Similarly, in tTn=, n is
an exact number .
1.3.1 Rules for Arithmetic Operations with
Significant Figures
The result of a calculation involving approximate
measured values of quantities (i.e. values with
limited number of significant figures) must
reflect the uncertainties... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | 3.00 × 108 m s-1 (three significant figure) and
one year (1y = 365.25 d) has 3.1557 × 107 s (five
significant figures), the light year is 9.47 × 1015 m
(three significant figures).
(2) In addition or subtraction, the final result
should retain as many decimal places as are
there in the number with the least
decimal ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | figures is 1.75, while the number 1.743 would
be 1.74. The rule by convention is that the
preceding digit is raised by 1 if the
insignificant digit to be dropped (the
underlined digit in this case) is more than
5, and is left unchanged if the latter is less
than 5 . But what if the number is 2.74 5 in
which the ins... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | PHYSICS 6⊳
⊳of significant figures. The value of π =
3.1415926.... is known to a large number of
significant figur es. You may take the value as
3.142 or 3.14 for π, with limited number of
significant figures as required in specific
cases.
Example 1.1 Each side of a cube is
measured to be 7.203 m. What are the
total... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | the following examples.
(1) If the length and breadth of a thin
rectangular sheet are measured, using a metre
scale as 16.2 cm and, 10.1 cm respectively, there
are three significant figures in each
measurement. It means that the length l may
be written as
l = 16.2 ± 0.1 cm = 16.2 cm ± 0.6 ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | (3) The relative error of a value of number
specified to significant figures depends not
only on n but also on the number itself.
For example, the accuracy in measurement of
mass 1.02 g is ± 0.0 1 g whereas another
measurement 9.89 g is also accurate to ± 0.0 1 g.
The relative error in 1.02 g is
= (± 0.01/1.02) × 1... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | UNITS AND MEASUREMENT 7
otherwise rounding errors can build up. For
example, the reciprocal of 9.58, calculated (after
rounding off) to the same number of significant
figures (three) is 0.104, but the reciprocal of
0.104 calculated to three significant figures is
9.62. However , if we had written 1/9.58 = 0.1044
and t... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | and [T]. For example, the volume occupied by
an object is expressed as the product of length,
breadth and height, or three lengths. Hence the
dimensions of volume are [L] × [L] × [L] = [L]3 = [L3].
As the volume is independent of mass and time,
it is said to possess zero dimension in mass [M°],
zero dimension in time [... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | formula of acceleration and [M L–3 T°] that of
mass density.
An equation obtained by equating a physical
quantity with its dimensional formula is called
the dimensional equation of the physical
quantity. Thus, the dimensional equations are
the equations, which represent the dimensions
of a physical quantity in terms ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | PHYSICS 8⊳quantities can be added or subtracted which
have the same dimensions. A thorough
understanding of dimensional analysis helps us
in deducing certain relations among different
physical quantities and checking the derivation,
accuracy and dimensional consistency or
homogeneity of various mathematical
expression... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | Dimensions are customarily used as a
preliminary test of the consistency of an
equation, when there is some doubt about the
correctness of the equation. However , the
dimensional consistency does not guarantee
correct equations. It is uncertain to the extent
of dimensionless quantities or functions. The
arguments of sp... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | test of consistency of units, but has the
advantage that we need not commit ourselves
to a particular choice of units, and we need not
worry about conversions among multiples and
sub-multiples of the units. It may be borne in
mind that if an equation fails this consistency
test, it is proved wrong, but if it passes, i... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | UNITS AND MEASUREMENT 9⊳⊳The dimensions of RHS are
[M][L T–2] [L] = [M][L2 T–2]
= [M L2 T–2]
The dimensions of LHS and RHS are the same and
hence the equation is dimensionally correct. ⊳
Example 1.4 The SI unit of energy is
J = kg m2 s–2; that of speed v is m s–1 and
of acceleration a is m s–... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | cannot tell which of the two, (b) or (d), is the
correct formula. For this, one must turn to the
actual definition of kinetic energy (see
Chapter 5). The correct formula for kinetic
energy is given by (b). ⊳
1.6.2 Deducing Relation among the
Physical Quantities
The method of dimensions can sometimes be
used to deduce... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | So that 1 1, – , 02 2x y z= = =
Then, T = k l½ g–½
or, T = lkg
Note that value of constant k can not be obtained
by the method of dimensions. Here it does not
matter if some number multiplies the right side
of this formula, because that does not affect its
dimensions.
Actually, k = 2π so that T = 2l
gπ ⊳
Dimensional an... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | PHYSICS 10
SUMMARY
1.Physics is a quantitative science, based on measurement of physical quantities. Certain
physical quantities have been chosen as fundamental or base quantities (such as
length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance,
and luminous intensity).
2.Each base quantit... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | expressing properly the physical quantities and measurements.
9.In computing any physical quantity, the units for derived quantities involved in the
relationship(s) are treated as though they were algebraic quantities till the desired
units are obtained.
10.In measured and computed quantities proper significant figures... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | (c) 3.0 m s–2 = .... km h–2
(d) G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 (kg)–2 = .... (cm)3 s–2 g–1.
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d41d8cd98f00-0 | UNITS AND MEASUREMENT 11
1.3 A calorie is a unit of heat (energy in transit) and it equals about 4.2 J where 1J =
1 kg m2 s–2. Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals α
kg, the unit of length equals β m, the unit of time is γ s. Show that a calorie has a
magnitude 4.2 α–1 β–2 γ2 in terms ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | microscope of magnification 100. He makes 20 observations and finds that the average
width of the hair in the field of view of the microscope is 3.5 mm. What is the
estimate on the thickness of hair ?
1.8 Answer the following :
(a)You ar e given a thr ead and a metr e scale. How will you estimate the diameter of
the t... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | 2.01 cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures.
1.12 The mass of a box measured by a grocer’s balance is 2.30 kg. Two gold pieces of
masses 20.15 g and 20.17 g are added to the box. What is (a) the total mass of the
box, (b) the difference in the masses of the pieces to cor... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | PHYSICS 12
1.14 The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and is
denoted by Å: 1 Å = 10–10 m. The size of a hydrogen atom is about 0.5 Å. What is the
total atomic volume in m3 of a mole of hydrogen atoms ?
1.15 One mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure occupies 22.4 ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\CH1-UNITS AND MEASUREMENT.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
PART I
TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS XI
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C KFirst Edition
February 2006 Phalguna 1927
Reprinted
October 2006 Kartika 1928
December 2007 Pausa 1929
January 2009 Pausa 1930
January 2010 Pausa 1931
January 2011 Pausa 1932
March 2012 Phalguna 1933
November 2012 Kartika 1934
PD 350T RNB
© National Council of Educational
Research and Training, 2006
` `` `` 1... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | DIVISION, NCERT
NCERT Campus
Sri Aurobindo Marg
New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708
108, 100 Feet Road
Hosdakere Halli Extension
Banashankari III Stage
Bangalore 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740
Navjivan Trust Building
P.O.Navjivan
Ahmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446
CWC Campus
Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop
Panihati
Kolka... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | qNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
qThis book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent,
... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-3 | December 2014, May 2016,
February 2017, December 2017,
January 2019, October 2019,
January 2021, July 2021 and
November 2021
Revised Edition
November 2022 Kartika 1944
PD 400T BS
© National Council of Educational
Research and Training, 2006, 2022
` `` `` 150.00
Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCER T
watermark
Published at... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-4 | qNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
qThis book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-5 | Production Assistant :Om Prakash
Cover and Illustrations
Shweta Rao11086 – P HYSICS (PART I)
Textbook for Class XIISBN 81-7450-508-3
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d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
FOREWORD
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005 recommends that children’s life
at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system
and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at
different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available
for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher
priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discu... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C K
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS
In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to reduce content
load on students. The National Education Policy 2020, also emphasises
reducing the content load and providing opportunities for experiential
learning with cr eative mindset. In this backgr ound, the... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C K
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
TEXTBOOK D EVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON , ADVISORY GROUP FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
J.V. Narlikar , Emeritus Pr ofessor , Chair man, Advisory Committee , Inter University
Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUC AA), Ganesh khind, Pune University, Pune
CHIEF ADVISOR
A.W. Joshi, Professor... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | S. Rai Choudhary, Pr ofessor , Department of Physics and Astr ophysics, University of
Delhi, Delhi
S.K. Dash, Reader , DESM, NCER T, New Delhi
Sher Singh, PGT, NDMC Navyug School, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
S.N. Prabhakara, PGT, DM School, Regional Institute of Education, NCER T, Mysor e
Thiyam Jekendra Singh, Professor ,... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C KACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Council of Educational Resear ch and T raining acknowledges the
valuable contribution of the individuals and organisations involved in the
development of Physics textbook for Class XI. The Council also acknowledges
the valuable contribution of the following academics for reviewing a... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | PGT, Vasant V alley School, V asant Kunj, New Delhi; R.S. Dass, Vice Principal
(Retd), Balwant Ray Mehta V idya Bhawan, Lajpat Nagar , New Delhi and
Parthasarthi Panigrahi, PGT, D.V. CLW Girls School, Chittranjan, W est Bengal.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the valuable contribution of
the following academic... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | for her support.
The Council also acknowledges the ef forts of Deepak Kapoor , Inchar ge,
Computer Station, Inder Kumar , DTP Operator ; Saswati Banerjee,
Copy Editor; Abhimanu Mohanty and Anuradha, Proof Readers in shaping
this book.
The contributions of the Publication Department in bringing out this book
are also d... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
PREFACE
More than a decade ago, based on National Policy of Education (NPE-1986),
National Council of Educational Research and Training published physics
textbooks for Classes XI and XII, prepared under the chairmanship of
Professor T . V. Ramakrishnan, F .R.S., with the help of a team of lear ned co-authors.
Th... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | process of physics useful in any other branch they may like to pursue, be it finance,
administration, social sciences, environment, engineering, technology, biology or
medicine. For those who pursue physics beyond this stage, the matter developed
in these books will certainly provide a sound base.
Physics is basic to t... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | common English or Latin or Greek, but gives entirely different meanings to these
words. It would be illuminating to look up wor ds like ener gy, for ce, power , char ge,
spin, and several others, in any standard English dictionary, and compare their
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C Kx
meanings with their physics meanings. Physics develops intricate and often weird-
looking concepts to explain the behaviour of particles. Finally, it must be
remembered that entire physics is based on observations and experiments, without
which a theory does not get acceptance into the domain of physics.
This ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | have included the necessary tools and database in the form of Appendices A-1 to
A-9 at the end of the book. There are also some other appendices at the end of
some chapters giving additional information or applications of matter discussed in
that chapter .
Special attention has been paid for providing illustrative fig... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | on acquiring pr ofessional competence, in some chosen fields of endeavour . You
may like to compare this with the following situation. Children play cricket or
badminton in lanes and small spaces outside (or inside) their homes. But then
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
some of them want to make it to the school team, then district team, then State
team and then the National team. At every stage, there is bound to be a steep
gradient. Hard work would have to be put in whether students want to pursue
their education in the area of sciences, humanities, languages, music, fine art... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | Occasionally, substantial portions from the earlier versions, particularly those
appreciated by students/teachers, have been adopted/adapted and retained in
the present book for the benefit of coming generation of learners.
We welcome suggestions and comments fr om our valued users, especially
students and teachers. W ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C KA NOTE FOR THE TEACHERS
To make the curriculum lear ner-centr ed, students should be made to participate and interact
in the learning process directly. Once a week or one out of every six classes would be a good
periodicity for such seminars and mutual interaction. Some suggestions for making the discussion
part... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | Write down what message each one of you would like to leave for future generations. Then
discuss it in your group and add or modify, if you want to change your mind. Give it to your
teacher and join in any discussion that follows.
2.Reductionism
Kinetic Theory of Gases relates the Big to the Small, the Macro to the Mic... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-2 | in both. Give reasons.
Write down your answers. Discuss with the group and modify them or add comments.
Give to the teacher and join in the discussion.
Students and teachers will find that such seminars and discussions lead to tremendous
understanding, not only of physics, but also of science and social sciences. They ... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS v
PREFACE ix
A N OTE FOR THE TEACHER xii
C H A P T E R 1
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The international system of units 1
1.3 Significant figures 3
1.4 Dimensions of physical quantities 7
1.5 Dimensional formulae and dimensio... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C K4.7 Conservation of momentum 57
4.8 Equilibrium of a particle 58
4.9 Common forces in mechanics 59
4.10 Circular motion 63
4.11 Solving problems in mechanics 64
C H A P T E R 5
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Notions of work and kinetic energy : The work-energy theorem 73
5.3 Work 73
5.4 Kineti... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-1 | 7.2 Kepler’s laws 128
7.3 Universal law of gravitation 129
7.4 The gravitational constant 131
7.5 Acceleration due to gravity of the earth 132
7.6 Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth 133xiv
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C KC K
7.7 Gravitational potential energy 134
7.8 Escape speed 135
7.9 Earth satellites 137
7.10 Energy of an orbiting satellite 138
APPENDICES 144
ANSWERS 160xv
Rationalised-2023-24 | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
d41d8cd98f00-0 | C K
C KCOVER DESIGN
(Adapted from the website of the Nobel Foundation
http://www.nobelprize.org)
The strong nuclear force binds protons and
neutrons in a nucleus and is the strongest of
nature’s four fundamental forces. A mystery
surrounding the strong nuclear force has been
solved. The three quarks within the proton c... | C:\Users\Lycan\VS_CODE_REPOSITORIES\langchain_demo\docs\pdf\keph1ps.pdf |
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