Datasets:

mjbommar
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opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia

lexeme_id stringlengths 1 47	headword stringlengths 1 47	tier stringclasses 5 values	kind stringclasses 8 values	reading_level stringclasses 5 values	register stringclasses 1 value	text stringlengths 163 5.82k	readability_grade float64 0.5 23.7 ⌀	n_words int32 32 828	is_canonical bool 2 classes
0	0	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	0, called zero, is the number that leaves another number unchanged when it is added to it. For any number x, x + 0 = x, so zero is the additive identity of the number systems used in ordinary arithmetic. It is neither positive nor negative. On a number line it lies between the positive and negative numbers, and its dis...	null	308	true
0	0	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	Zero is a number that changes nothing when added to another number. It sits between numbers greater than zero and numbers less than zero. On a number line, its distance helps show absolute value, or how far a number is from zero. Zero can show an empty place in a number. In 205, it shows that no tens are present. The ...	6.48	237	false
0	0	tier5	simplex	college	plain	Zero, also called 0, is the additive identity: adding it to any number leaves that number unchanged. It is neither positive nor negative. On the number line, zero separates positive from negative values, and the distance of a value from zero defines its absolute value. As a numeral, zero marks an unoccupied position i...	12.93	266	false
1	1	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	The number 1 is the first positive whole number and the basic unit used in counting. It represents a single person, object, event, or amount: one book, one day, or one chance. The written symbol “1” is a numeral for this number. In many number systems it has a distinctive form, although its shape varies across writing ...	null	310	true
1	1	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	One is the first positive whole number used for counting. It means a single person, thing, event, or amount. The symbol 1 stands for one. Its shape differs among writing systems, and today’s Western form came from older Indian and Arabic forms. In arithmetic, multiplying any number by one leaves that number unchanged....	7.07	215	false
1	1	tier5	simplex	college	plain	The number 1 is the first positive integer and the fundamental unit of enumeration. It denotes a single individual, object, event, or quantity, as in one book, one day, or one opportunity. The glyph 1 is its numeral. Although its form varies across writing systems, the modern Western numeral descends through Arabic tra...	11.62	260	false
10	10	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	10 is the number that follows 9 and precedes 11. It represents a quantity of ten objects and is written with the digits 1 and 0 in the decimal, or base-ten, system. In place-value notation, the 1 means one group of ten, while the 0 shows that there are no single units left over. This makes 10 the first two-digit number...	null	285	true
10	10	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	10 comes after 9 and before 11. It means a group of ten things. We write it with 1 and 0. The 1 means one group of ten. The 0 means no extra ones remain. This makes 10 the first number written with two digits. Decimal means counting in groups of ten. Each place to the left is worth ten times more. Each place to the rig...	4.15	207	false
10	10	tier5	simplex	college	plain	10 is the integer immediately after 9 and before 11, denoting a quantity of ten objects. In the decimal, or base-ten, notation, it is written with 1 followed by 0: the 1 occupies the tens place, and the 0 indicates no units beyond that group. It is therefore the first two-digit numeral in ordinary decimal writing. The ...	10.53	234	false
100	100	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	100 is the natural number that comes after 99 and before 101. It is made up of ten groups of ten, or ten 10s, and is written with the digits 1 and two zeros in the decimal system. As a number, it represents a quantity of one hundred individual things: a hundred books, a hundred years, or a hundred people. It can also d...	null	278	true
100	100	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	The number one hundred comes after ninety-nine and before one hundred one. It has ten groups of ten. In decimal writing, it uses one and two zeros. One hundred can count books, years, or people. It can also show a place in order, such as page one hundred. It can name an anniversary that has lasted one hundred years. P...	3.91	260	false
100	100	tier5	simplex	college	plain	One hundred is the natural number following ninety-nine and preceding one hundred one. It consists of ten groups of ten and is represented in decimal notation by a one followed by two zeros. As a cardinal number, it denotes a quantity of one hundred items, whether books, years, or people. As an ordinal reference, it id...	9.98	270	false
1000	1000	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	1000 is a natural number equal to ten times one hundred. It comes immediately after 999 and before 1001, and it is written as 1,000 in the usual decimal system, with a comma marking the separation of thousands from smaller place values. In words, it is “one thousand,” commonly shortened to “a thousand.” As a power of ...	null	289	true
1000	1000	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	One thousand is a whole counting number. It comes after 999 and before 1001. We write it as 1,000, using a comma after the thousands place. We say “one thousand” or “a thousand.” One thousand equals ten multiplied by itself three times. It has three zeros after the one. Multiplying by 1,000 moves the decimal point thr...	6.96	228	false
1000	1000	tier5	simplex	college	plain	1000 is a natural number: a nonnegative integer used for counting. It follows 999 and precedes 1001. In ordinary decimal notation, it appears as 1,000, with a comma separating the thousands place from the lower place values. Its written name is “one thousand,” often shortened to “a thousand.” As a power of ten, 1000 e...	11.36	272	false
10000	10000	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	10000 is the numeral for ten thousand, the cardinal number obtained by multiplying ten by one thousand. It is written as 10,000 in English-language notation, with a comma separating the groups of three digits; in many countries, a space or a period is used instead. In words, it is usually written “ten thousand.” The nu...	null	290	true
10000	10000	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	Ten thousand is the number written as 10,000. It comes from ten groups of one thousand. English writing uses a comma after the first digit. Some countries use a space or a dot instead. We usually write the number as “ten thousand.” It has five digits. It comes after 9,999 and before 10,001. Place value shows that 10,0...	5.89	278	false
10000	10000	tier5	simplex	college	plain	10000 denotes the cardinal number ten thousand, formed by multiplying ten by one thousand. In English notation it is normally written 10,000, with a comma dividing the digits into groups of three; other conventions use a space or a full stop. In verbal form, it is usually written “ten thousand.” Decimal notation gives ...	12.75	266	false
100000	100000	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	100000 is the cardinal number equal to ten multiplied by itself five times: 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 100,000. It represents a quantity of one hundred thousand units and comes immediately after 99,999 and before 100,001. In decimal place value, its single 1 occupies the hundred-thousands place, followed by five zeros. I...	null	245	true
100000	100000	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	100000 is made by multiplying ten by itself five times. It means one hundred thousand things. It comes after 99,999 and before 100,001. Its one stands in the hundred-thousands place, followed by five zeros. People also write it as ten raised to the fifth power, one times ten raised to the fifth power, or 100k. It coun...	7.4	191	false
100000	100000	tier5	simplex	college	plain	100,000 is the cardinal number obtained by multiplying ten by itself five times, or by raising ten to the fifth power. It denotes a quantity of one hundred thousand units, lying between 99,999 and 100,001. In decimal notation, it consists of a 1 in the hundred-thousands place followed by five zeros. Equivalent forms in...	13.7	225	false
1000000	1000000	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	1,000,000 is the natural number that comes after 999,999 and before 1,000,001. It is written as a 1 followed by six zeros, or as 10⁶ in scientific notation. In English, it is called “one million.” The comma separates groups of three digits, making the size of the number easier to read; in some countries, a space or a p...	null	288	true
1000000	1000000	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	One million comes after 999,999 and before 1,000,001. It is written with a one and six zeros. It can also be written as 10⁶, a short math form. People say “one million” in English. A comma groups its digits, making them easier to read. Some countries use a space or period instead. One million equals one thousand group...	6.8	252	false
1000000	1000000	tier5	simplex	college	plain	1,000,000 is the natural number immediately greater than 999,999 and immediately less than 1,000,001. In ordinary notation, it appears as a 1 followed by six zeros; scientific notation represents it as 10⁶. English names it “one million.” The comma groups digits in threes to improve readability, although some countries...	11.21	276	false
1000000000	1000000000	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	1,000,000,000 is the whole number commonly called one billion. In decimal notation, it has a 1 in the billions place and zeros in every lower place. It is ten times 100,000,000, one thousand times 1,000,000, and the cube of 1,000. In scientific notation it is written as 10⁹, and in binary computing it corresponds to th...	null	299	true
1000000000	1000000000	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	One billion is a whole number with one and nine zeros. Written in groups, it looks like 1,000,000,000. It is ten times one hundred million. It is one thousand times one million. It is also one thousand multiplied by itself three times. In scientific notation, a short way to write large numbers, it is ten to the ninth p...	6.09	270	false
1000000000	1000000000	tier5	simplex	college	plain	1,000,000,000 is the whole number conventionally called one billion. In decimal notation, its leading digit occupies the billions place, followed by zeros in every smaller place. It equals ten times 100,000,000, one thousand times 1,000,000, and 1,000 cubed. Scientific notation represents it as 10⁹. In computing, it co...	14.17	293	false
1000000000000	1000000000000	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	1000000000000 is the natural number written as 1,000,000,000,000: a one followed by twelve zeros. In English, it is usually called a trillion. It equals 10¹², or one thousand billion, and comes after 999,999,999,999 and before 1,000,000,000,001. Because its digits are easy to lose track of, commas, spaces, or scientifi...	null	280	true
1000000000000	1000000000000	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	The number 1,000,000,000,000 has one followed by twelve zeros. English speakers usually call it a trillion. It equals one thousand billion. It comes after 999,999,999,999 and before 1,000,000,000,001. People use commas, spaces, or scientific notation to write it clearly. Scientific notation is a shorter way to write hu...	8.48	213	false
1000000000000	1000000000000	tier5	simplex	college	plain	The natural number 1,000,000,000,000 consists of one followed by twelve zeros and is ordinarily called a trillion in English. It is equal to 10¹², or one thousand billion, lying between 999,999,999,999 and 1,000,000,000,001. Because its ungrouped digits are difficult to parse, decimal punctuation, spaces, and scientifi...	14.02	258	false
1000th	1000th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	1000th is the written form of the ordinal number that comes after 999th and before 1001st. It identifies position 1,000 in an ordered series, rather than a quantity of 1,000. It can describe a rank, occurrence, item, anniversary, or division: “the 1000th runner to cross the finish line,” “the 1000th page,” or “the 1000...	null	275	true
1000th	1000th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	1000th comes after 999th and before 1001st. It shows the one-thousandth place in a list, not a total of 1,000. It can name a runner, page, anniversary, or event. People usually say “one thousandth” when reading it. The form joins 1000 with the ending “th.” Unlike 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 21st, it follows the regular pa...	5.73	202	false
1000th	1000th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	1000th is the ordinal form placed between 999th and 1001st. It denotes rank or position 1,000 in an ordered sequence, rather than a cardinal quantity of 1,000. The form may identify a competitor, occurrence, item, anniversary, or division, as in “the 1000th runner,” “the 1000th page,” or “the 1000th anniversary.” It is...	11.84	250	false
100th	100th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	100th is the ordinal form associated with the number one hundred. It identifies the position that comes after the 99th and before the 101st in a counting sequence. In ordinary writing it is usually written with numerals and the ordinal suffix “th”: 100th. In words, it is written “one hundredth.” It is pronounced “one h...	null	292	true
100th	100th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	100th is the ordinal form for one hundred. Ordinal means showing a place in order. It comes after 99th and before 101st. People usually write it with numbers and th: 100th. In words, it is one hundredth. It sounds like one hundredth, ending like fourth. People use it when something holds place 100. A runner can finish...	3.91	229	false
100th	100th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	100th is the ordinal form associated with the cardinal number one hundred. It denotes the position following 99th and preceding 101st in an ordered sequence. In ordinary writing, it is usually represented by the numeral 100 followed by the ordinal suffix -th. The fully spelled-out form is one hundredth. Its pronunciati...	10.8	285	false
101	101	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	101 is the integer that follows 100 and comes before 102. It is an odd number and a prime number: its only positive divisors are 1 and 101. In decimal notation it is written with the digits 1, 0, and 1, showing one hundred, no tens, and one unit. It is commonly pronounced “one hundred one” in American English and “one ...	null	279	true
101	101	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	101 comes after 100 and before 102. It is odd, and it is prime, which means only 1 and 101 divide it evenly. Its digits show one hundred, no tens, and one one. Americans often say “one hundred one.” British speakers often say “one hundred and one.” Its order form is “101st,” said “one hundred first.” People use 101 fo...	7.09	199	false
101	101	tier5	simplex	college	plain	101 is the integer immediately following 100 and preceding 102. It is odd and prime, with no positive divisors other than 1 and 101. In decimal notation, its digits represent one hundred, zero tens, and one unit. American English commonly pronounces it “one hundred one,” whereas British English and several other variet...	12.68	236	false
101st	101st	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	101st is the ordinal form of 101, marking the position that comes immediately after the one hundredth in a sequence. It is usually read “one hundred first” and describes something ranked, numbered, dated, or arranged in that position: the 101st page, the 101st competitor, or the 101st anniversary. Unlike the cardinal n...	null	297	true
101st	101st	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	101st is an ordinal number, which shows a place in a line. It comes right after 100th and is read one hundred first. It can name a page, racer, date, or anniversary. 101 tells how many, but 101st tells which place. It appears most often in tables, lists, addresses, labels, scores, names, and dates. People may write one...	3.86	217	false
101st	101st	tier5	simplex	college	plain	101st is the ordinal form of 101, identifying the position immediately after the one hundredth in a sequence. It is normally read “one hundred first” and can describe a page, competitor, anniversary, date, or any other item occupying that position. Whereas the cardinal number 101 answers “how many?”, 101st answers “whi...	11.52	291	false
105	105	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	105 is the natural number that follows 104 and comes before 106. It is written “one hundred five” in American English and “one hundred and five” in many other varieties. As a cardinal number, it identifies a quantity of 105 objects; its ordinal form is “105th,” meaning the position reached after 104 earlier positions. ...	null	286	true
105	105	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	105 comes after 104 and before 106. In American English, people say “one hundred five.” Many other speakers say “one hundred and five.” The number can count 105 things. Its place form is 105th, which means position 105 after 104 earlier positions. The number 105 uses three digits. The 1 means one hundred, the 0 means ...	4.53	240	false
105	105	tier5	simplex	college	plain	105 is the natural number immediately following 104 and preceding 106. In American English, it is spelled “one hundred five,” while many other varieties use “one hundred and five.” As a cardinal numeral, it denotes a quantity of 105 objects; its ordinal counterpart, 105th, denotes the position that follows 104 precedin...	10.48	289	false
105th	105th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	105th is the ordinal form associated with the number 105, marking a position after the 104th and before the 106th in an ordered sequence. It is usually read “one hundred fifth.” The spelling combines “one hundred” with the irregular ordinal form “fifth,” rather than the expected but incorrect “one hundred fiveth.” In w...	null	291	true
105th	105th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	105th is an ordinal number, which shows a place in order. It comes after 104th and before 106th. People usually read it as “one hundred fifth.” The spelling uses “fifth,” not the incorrect “one hundred fiveth.” The number usually ends with the letters “th.” This form shows place, order, or an event, not an amount. A r...	4.55	248	false
105th	105th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	105th is the ordinal form of 105, identifying a place after 104th and before 106th in an ordered series. It is normally pronounced “one hundred fifth.” Its spelling combines “one hundred” with the irregular ordinal “fifth,” not the theoretically expected but incorrect “one hundred fiveth.” In written form, 105 is ordin...	12.22	284	false
10_membered	10-membered	tier5	compound	neutral	plain	10-membered is a chemical descriptor for a compound whose ring contains ten atoms. The atoms may all be carbon, as in cyclodecane, or may include heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. The count refers only to atoms that form the closed ring; atoms attached as substituents, and atoms in side chains or fused n...	null	298	true
10_membered	10-membered	tier5	compound	grade_5	plain	Ten-membered describes a chemical ring made of ten atoms. The atoms can all be carbon, as in cyclodecane. They can also include oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Only atoms in the closed ring count. Attached atoms, side chains, and nearby joined rings do not count. The term usually comes before a noun with a hyphen. Example...	6.45	263	false
10_membered	10-membered	tier5	compound	college	plain	10-membered is a chemical descriptor for a compound containing a ring of ten atoms. The ring may consist entirely of carbon, as in cyclodecane, or may contain heteroatoms, including oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. The count includes only atoms forming the closed ring. It excludes substituents, side-chain atoms, and atoms ...	12.41	274	false
10th	10th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	10th is the written form of the ordinal number “tenth.” It identifies a position in a sequence: something marked 10th follows the ninth item and comes before the eleventh. The sequence may involve people, objects, dates, events, ranks, or stages. For example, a runner who finishes 10th has nine competitors ahead of the...	null	286	true
10th	10th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	10th is the short written form of tenth. It shows a place in a list. It comes after ninth and before eleventh. The list might contain people, things, dates, events, ranks, or steps. A runner in 10th place has nine runners ahead. The 10th chapter has that place in a book. The number ten and the letters th make 10th. Th...	3.94	217	false
10th	10th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	10th is the written form of the ordinal numeral tenth. It denotes a position in an ordered series, following the ninth member and preceding the eleventh. The series may consist of people, objects, dates, events, ranks, or stages. Thus, a runner who finishes 10th has nine competitors ahead, while the 10th chapter occupi...	10.46	272	false
11	11	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	11 is the whole number that follows 10 and comes before 12. It is written as “eleven” in English and represented by the symbol 11 in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. As a counting number, it describes a quantity of eleven objects, events, or units: a team may have 11 players, a calendar date may fall on the 11th day of...	null	316	true
11	11	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	Eleven comes after ten and before twelve. In English, we spell it eleven and write it as 11. It tells how many things, events, or units there are. A soccer team has 11 players. A date can be the 11th day of a month. Someone can be 11 years old. In math, eleven is an odd prime number, which can only be divided evenly b...	4.75	211	false
11	11	tier5	simplex	college	plain	11 is the integer immediately following 10 and preceding 12. In English, its name is “eleven,” and its conventional Hindu–Arabic numeral is 11. As a cardinal number, it denotes a quantity of eleven objects, events, or units: a team can comprise 11 players, a date can be the 11th day of a month, and a person can be 11 y...	10.62	266	false
110	110	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	110 is the natural number that follows 109 and comes before 111. It represents a quantity made up of one hundred and ten units. In decimal notation, its digits show one hundred in the hundreds place, one ten in the tens place, and no units in the ones place. It is read as “one hundred ten” in American English and commo...	null	284	true
110	110	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	One hundred ten comes after one hundred nine and before one hundred eleven. It shows a group of one hundred ten units. In decimal notation, one hundred ten has one hundred, one ten, and zero ones. Americans usually say “one hundred ten.” British speakers commonly say “one hundred and ten.” One hundred ten is even, whi...	5.93	244	false
110	110	tier5	simplex	college	plain	110 is the natural number immediately greater than 109 and immediately less than 111. It denotes a quantity of one hundred ten units. In decimal notation, its digits represent one hundred in the hundreds place, one ten in the tens place, and zero in the ones place. American English generally pronounces it “one hundred ...	11.76	252	false
110th	110th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	110th is the ordinal form of the number 110. It identifies the position that comes after the 109th and before the 111th in an ordered sequence. In English it is usually read “one hundred tenth,” not “one hundred and ten-th.” The corresponding cardinal number is 110, which names a quantity, while 110th names a rank, pla...	null	286	true
110th	110th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	110th is an ordinal number, which shows a place in a list. It comes after 109th and before 111th. People usually say “one hundred tenth,” not “one hundred and ten-th.” The number 110 tells how many there are. The form 110th tells which place, event, or part comes in order. People use 110th in many ways. A runner might...	3.43	218	false
110th	110th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	110th is the ordinal form of 110, designating a position in an ordered series. It follows 109th and precedes 111th. In English, it is normally pronounced “one hundred tenth,” rather than “one hundred and ten-th.” Whereas 110 expresses a quantity, 110th identifies a rank, position, occurrence, or one of a set of ordered...	10.81	271	false
115	115	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	115 is the natural number that follows 114 and comes before 116. It represents a quantity of one hundred fifteen objects, events, or units, and is written in Arabic numerals as 115. In words, it is “one hundred fifteen” in American English and commonly “one hundred and fifteen” in British English. Its ordinal form is 1...	null	319	true
115	115	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	115 comes after 114 and before 116. It shows a group of one hundred fifteen things. We write it with the digits 115. In American English, we say “one hundred fifteen.” In British English, people often say “one hundred and fifteen.” The form 115th shows a place between 114th and 116th. 115 is odd, which means it cannot...	6.71	327	false
115	115	tier5	simplex	college	plain	115 is the natural number immediately following 114 and preceding 116. It denotes a quantity of one hundred fifteen objects, events, or units and is represented in Arabic numerals by 115. American English generally spells it “one hundred fifteen,” while British English commonly uses “one hundred and fifteen.” Its ordin...	12.31	288	false
115th	115th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	“115th” is the written ordinal form of 115, indicating the position that comes after the 114th and before the 116th in an ordered sequence. It is usually read “one hundred fifteenth,” although in rapid or familiar contexts speakers may shorten the phrasing when the noun is understood. The form combines the cardinal num...	null	298	true
115th	115th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	“115th” shows the place after 114th and before 116th. People usually read it as “one hundred fifteenth.” In quick speech, they may shorten it when everyone knows the missing noun. It joins the number “one hundred fifteen” with the ending “-th.” American English often says “one hundred fifteen.” British English also com...	6.34	221	false
115th	115th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	“115th” is the written ordinal form of 115, identifying a position between the 114th and 116th places in an ordered series. It is ordinarily pronounced “one hundred fifteenth,” though speakers may reduce the phrase in rapid or familiar contexts when the modified noun is understood. The form combines the cardinal expres...	12.8	275	false
11_november	11 November	tier5	idiom	neutral	plain	11 November is the date associated with the feast of Saint Martin of Tours, a fourth-century Christian bishop and one of Europe’s best-known saints. In many parts of Europe the day is called Martinmas, from “Martin’s Mass.” It commemorates Saint Martin’s life and his reputation for compassion, especially the story that...	null	302	true
11_november	11 November	tier5	idiom	grade_5	plain	11 November honors Saint Martin of Tours, a Christian bishop from the fourth century. He became one of Europe's best-known saints. Many Europeans call this day Martinmas, meaning Martin's Mass. The day remembers his life and kindness. One story says Martin shared his soldier's cloak with a poorly dressed beggar. The fe...	5.96	221	false
11_november	11 November	tier5	idiom	college	plain	11 November is associated with the feast of Saint Martin of Tours, a fourth-century Christian bishop and one of Europe's most widely known saints. In much of Europe, the date is called Martinmas, derived from “Martin's Mass.” It commemorates Martin's life and his reputation for compassion, particularly the account of h...	12.33	274	false
11_plus	11-plus	tier5	compound	neutral	plain	The 11-plus, also written eleven-plus or 11+, is a selection examination associated with secondary education in Britain. It was traditionally taken near the end of primary school, usually by pupils aged 10 or 11, although some pupils were 12 when they sat it. Its purpose was to identify children considered suitable for...	null	309	true
11_plus	11-plus	tier5	compound	grade_5	plain	The 11-plus is also called the eleven-plus or 11+. It is a test used for secondary-school selection in Britain. Children usually took it near the end of primary school. Most were ten or eleven years old then. Some children were twelve when they took it. The test helped decide who could attend a grammar school. A gramma...	7.54	314	false
11_plus	11-plus	tier5	compound	college	plain	The 11-plus, also written eleven-plus or 11+, is a selective examination linked to secondary education in Britain. Traditionally, pupils sat it near the end of primary school, usually at ten or eleven, though some were twelve. Its central purpose was to identify pupils judged suitable for grammar schools, which provide...	15.37	299	false
11th	11th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	“11th” is the written numeral for the ordinal number eleven. It identifies something that occupies position eleven in an ordered series: the item after the tenth and before the twelfth. It is usually read as “eleventh,” while the abbreviated form is common in lists, schedules, tables, rankings, addresses, and other set...	null	312	true
11th	11th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	“11th” is a short written form for “eleventh.” It shows that something comes in place eleven. It comes after tenth place and before twelfth place. People usually say “eleventh” aloud. The shorter form saves space in lists, plans, charts, rankings, and addresses. The letters “th” show that 11 gives a place, not a count....	4.43	230	false
11th	11th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	“11th” is the written numeral for the ordinal form “eleventh,” marking the eleventh position in an ordered series, after the tenth and before the twelfth. It is generally pronounced “eleventh,” although the abbreviated form is useful where space is limited, including lists, schedules, tables, rankings, addresses, and s...	12.29	281	false
12	12	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	12 is the natural number that follows 11 and precedes 13. It is an even number and an abundant, highly composite number: its positive divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12, giving it more divisors than any smaller positive integer except 6. It can be formed as 3 × 4, 2 × 6, or 2² × 3, and it is the sum of the first three ...	null	304	true
12	12	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	Twelve comes after eleven and before thirteen. It is an even number. Its divisors, which divide it without leftovers, are one, two, three, four, six, and twelve. Only six has more divisors than any smaller counting number. You can make twelve with three groups of four or two groups of six. You can also make it with two...	3.8	227	false
12	12	tier5	simplex	college	plain	Twelve is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. It is even, abundant, and highly composite: its positive divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Thus, among smaller positive integers, only 6 has more divisors. Twelve has several simple factorizations, including 3 × 4, 2 × 6, and 2² × 3, and it equals the sum of...	11.47	295	false
120	120	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	120 is the natural number that follows 119 and comes before 121. It is an even composite number, formed by multiplying 10 by 12, and it can also be expressed as 2³ × 3 × 5. Because it has many factors—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, and 120—it is especially useful for grouping and measurement. Its ...	null	298	true
120	120	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	120 comes after 119 and before 121. It is even and can be divided by numbers besides one and itself. Ten times twelve equals 120. Two times two times two times three times five also equals 120. Its factors are numbers that divide it evenly, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, and 120. These f...	5.34	226	false
120	120	tier5	simplex	college	plain	120 is the natural number immediately following 119 and preceding 121. It is an even composite number: 10 multiplied by 12 gives 120, and its prime factorization is 2³ × 3 × 5. Its 16 positive divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, and 120. This unusually rich divisor structure makes 120 conv...	11.83	275	false
120th	120th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	“120th” is the ordinal form of 120, meaning the position that comes after 119th and before 121st in an ordered sequence. It is pronounced “one hundred twentieth.” The form identifies one member of a series rather than stating how many members there are: the 120th runner finishes in that position, the 120th page is the ...	null	307	true
120th	120th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	“120th” shows the one hundred twentieth place in a line or list. It comes after 119th and before 121st. Say it as “one hundred twentieth.” It tells a place, not how many things exist. The 120th runner finishes in that place. The 120th page comes after 119 pages. The 120th item is chosen by its place. People use “120th...	5.39	223	false
120th	120th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	“120th” is the ordinal form of 120, designating the position following 119th and preceding 121st in an ordered sequence. It is pronounced “one hundred twentieth.” Unlike a cardinal quantity, it identifies a member by rank or placement: a 120th-place runner finishes at that position, a 120th page follows 119 earlier pag...	12.88	265	false
125	125	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	125 is the whole number that follows 124 and comes before 126. In the decimal system it is written with the digits 1, 2, and 5, representing one hundred, two tens, and five units. Its ordinal form is “125th,” used for the position of something in an ordered sequence, such as the 125th page or the 125th competitor. Mat...	null	291	true
125	125	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	The number 125 comes after 124 and before 126. It uses one hundred, two tens, and five ones. The form 125th shows place in a list, such as page 125. In math, 125 is odd and composite. Composite means it can be made by multiplying smaller whole numbers. Five times five times five equals 125, so 125 is five cubed. A fiv...	4.75	207	false
125	125	tier5	simplex	college	plain	125 is the integer immediately following 124 and preceding 126. In base ten, its digits denote one hundred, two tens, and five units. Its ordinal counterpart, 125th, marks rank or position in an ordered series, as in the 125th page or competitor. In number theory, 125 is an odd composite integer with prime factorizati...	11.26	265	false
125th	125th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	125th is the written ordinal form associated with the number 125. It identifies something that comes in position 125 in an ordered sequence, rather than describing a quantity of 125 objects. In American English, it is commonly read “one hundred twenty-fifth”; in British English, “one hundred and twenty-fifth” is also s...	null	279	true
125th	125th	tier5	simplex	grade_5	plain	125th is an ordinal, a number that shows a place in order. It means something is in place one hundred twenty-five. It does not mean there are one hundred twenty-five things. Americans usually say “one hundred twenty-fifth.” British speakers may say “one hundred and twenty-fifth.” The ending “th” shows that the number n...	4.88	225	false
125th	125th	tier5	simplex	college	plain	125th is the written ordinal form of 125, identifying the item in position 125 of an ordered sequence rather than a quantity of 125 items. In American English it is generally read “one hundred twenty-fifth”; British English also standardly permits “one hundred and twenty-fifth.” The final “th” marks the form as ordinal...	10.71	256	false
12_tone_music	12-tone music	tier5	compound	neutral	plain	12-tone music is a method of composition in which the twelve pitch classes of the chromatic scale are organized into a planned sequence called a tone row. The twelve notes—such as all the keys within an octave on a piano—are treated as a group, rather than allowing one note to function as the central home pitch of a tr...	null	335	true
12_tone_music	12-tone music	tier5	compound	grade_5	plain	Twelve-tone music is a way to write music using all twelve notes in an octave. The notes are placed in a planned order called a tone row. The notes work as a group instead of one note acting like home. A composer can use the row in melodies, chords, or larger pieces. Arnold Schoenberg created this method in the early ...	6.28	296	false
12_tone_music	12-tone music	tier5	compound	college	plain	12-tone music is a compositional method that arranges the twelve pitch classes of the chromatic scale into a planned sequence called a tone row. Pitch classes are notes with the same letter name across different octaves, so the set includes every note within an octave. These notes function collectively rather than esta...	11.88	335	false
12_tone_system	12-tone system	tier5	compound	neutral	plain	The 12-tone system is a method of composing music in which the twelve different pitch classes of the chromatic scale are arranged into an ordered series, or tone row. The composer uses all twelve pitches before repeating any of them, helping prevent one note from sounding like the central “home” pitch of traditional to...	null	306	true
12_tone_system	12-tone system	tier5	compound	grade_5	plain	The 12-tone system arranges twelve different notes in a planned order. The twelve notes come from the chromatic scale, which uses every note. Composers use each note before repeating one. This keeps one note from sounding like the musical home. Arnold Schoenberg, an Austrian composer, developed the method in the early ...	5.99	267	false
12_tone_system	12-tone system	tier5	compound	college	plain	The 12-tone system is a compositional method that organizes the twelve pitch classes of the chromatic scale into an ordered series called a tone row. Each of the twelve pitches is used before any is repeated, which weakens the tendency of one pitch to function as the tonal center, or perceived home, characteristic of t...	13.07	330	false
12th	12th	tier5	simplex	neutral	plain	12th is the written ordinal form of “twelfth,” used to show position in a sequence. It identifies something that follows the eleventh item and comes before the thirteenth. The form combines the number 12 with the ordinal suffix “-th,” although its spoken form is irregular: people say “twelfth,” not “twelveth.” In writi...	null	286	true

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Superseded by OpenGloss v2.3 (2026-09-09): tier 6 adds ~12,000 named entities (people, places, organizations, works, events) with entity_type, Wikidata ids and alias_of links, and every proper noun in the release is now typed. v2.2 stays published for reproducibility.

OpenGloss v2.2 — Encyclopedia

The long-form entry-level prose of OpenGloss v2.2, one row per rendition. The encyclopedia config holds the 300–500-word article about each headword, written at up to five reading levels; the explanation config holds the shorter "why this word" lexical explanation. Both are entry-level: they are about the headword as a whole and are never a stand-in for one sense of a polysemous entry (D-71). Etymology has its own repo, opengloss-v2.2-etymology.

Part of the OpenGloss v2.2 release family — 16 datasets built from one store of 148,292 lexemes and 288,304 live senses, all joinable on derived ids. See Related datasets for the rest.

What's new in v2.2 vs v1.3

Schema v3. Every lexeme carries a kind discriminator (simplex, compound, phrasal verb, idiom, proper noun, abbreviation, affix, function word); every sense carries a controlled domain leaf from a fixed ~160-leaf taxonomy instead of free text; every example carries the character span of the headword occurrence inside it.
Renditions, not one string. A definition is a set: the canonical one plus rewrites at four reading levels and in four registers, each produced in a single call from the canonical text so they say the same thing at different altitudes.
A sense graph, not a word graph. Typed relations resolve to sense ids wherever the target's entry exists in the release, so bank --hypernym--> financial institution points at a meaning rather than at a string.
Retrieval data is first-class. Synthetic per-sense queries in eight styles, grounded QA pairs, mined word-in-context pairs, MS MARCO-style triples with graph-derived hard negatives, and graded TREC qrels — all derivable from, and consistent with, the same entries.
Derivable identifiers everywhere. v1.3 published a positional id for lexemes and senses (3d_model_noun_0) and nothing below that. v2.2 gives every rendition, edge, query, QA pair and provenance record an id computable from the row alone, and never renumbers: a retired sense is tombstoned, so the ids after it keep their meaning.
Per-field provenance. Which model wrote a field, how many tokens it took, what it cost — published as its own dataset.

What changed since v2.1

v2.1 (2026-09-07) added tier 4 and the inflections repo. v2.2 adds tier 5: 43,652 WordNet 3.0 candidate lemmas the earlier tiers lacked — common compounds and technical nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs, instances/taxa/organisms excluded — 38,526 of them imported outright, the rest matched against v1.3's own files. The other three changes are about honesty rather than coverage:

The lemma fold. lexeme-hygiene (D-79) folded 4,377 inflected-form headwords onto the lemma that already carried their meaning ("databases" onto "database", through the store's own recorded morphology) and retired 172 multiword fragments that began or ended on a function word ("is not", "on top of"). Together with D-76's phantom part-of-speech retirements, 4,549 lexemes store-wide now have every sense tombstoned. A lexeme like that is not counted as a lexeme anywhere in this card or in Stats any more — it has no live sense, so it is not a lexeme by this release's own count — but it is not gone: its surface form still resolves through opengloss-v2.2-inflections, and its lexicon row carries retired = true with a retired_reason explaining why.
Provenance on inherited fields. Every field a migration or import wrote, not only what a model wrote from scratch, now carries a migrate-stage provenance record naming where it came from, so "where did this text come from" is answerable by grep rather than by trusting the pipeline that happened to run.
A source column on lexicon and senses: opengloss-v1.3 for content this project generated or migrated from its own legacy releases, wordnet-3.0 for the tier-5 entries imported directly from Princeton WordNet 3.0.

	v2.1 (2026-09-07)	v2.2
Lexemes	109,633	148,292
Live senses	250,003	288,304
Tier 5 lexemes (WordNet gap)	0	43,226
Retired lexemes (every sense tombstoned)	0	4,567
Pretraining documents	1,111,044	1,458,684
Pretraining words	331,888,239	398,029,628
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	471,451,693	565,384,746
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4), 81.3 (tier 5)

Schema. No column was removed or retyped. lexicon gains source, retired and retired_reason; senses gains source; tier gains the value tier5.

What changed since v2.0

v2.0 (2026-09-05) covered the frequency-ranked single words. v2.2 adds tier 4: the function words the core ranking had excluded on purpose, and every remaining v1.3 entry at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — mostly multiword compounds ("natural selection", "catalog number"), plus names and rarer single words. That doubles the lexeme count and changes the mix: v2.0 was 99.8% single words; a third of v2.2 is multiword.

	v2.0 (2026-09-05)	v2.1 (2026-09-07)
Lexemes	54,724	109,633
Live senses	137,314	250,003
Multiword entries (compounds, phrasal verbs, idioms)	86	36,366
Proper nouns	10,365	17,073
Function words	114	462
Gloss renditions	1,129,975	1,684,865
Example sentences	1,398,297	2,163,329
Live relations	735,318	1,574,438
Synthetic queries	1,330,311	1,304,650
QA pairs	750,348	736,010
Pretraining documents	617,175	1,111,044
Pretraining words	196,390,946	331,888,239
Pretraining tokens (cl100k_base)	275,659,096	471,451,693
Judge score, Opus, 40-entry samples	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3)	70.2 (core + tier 2), 66.7 (tier 3), 67.0 (tier 4)

Schema. No column was added, removed or retyped in any existing dataset. Three things did change:

tier gains the value tier4 (it was core, tier2 or tier3).
One new dataset, opengloss-v2.2-inflections: a flat surface-form → lemma lookup (plural, past tense, participles, comparative, superlative, derivations) built from the morphology that the lexicon already carried nested.
New provenance note prefixes on tombstones and edges, all reversible and all counted in the store audit: phantom_pos: (a v1.3 part-of-speech block whose glosses defined a component word rather than the compound — 11,440 blocks retired), regen: (relations regenerated for senses that had lost every edge to judging), and retyped: contrast (synonym edges the contrast paragraphs showed to be hypernym or hyponym).

Not row-compatible with v2.0. Lexeme, sense, rendition, edge, query and QA ids are stable for every entry v2.0 had. The derived training sets (retrieval-pairs, retrieval-triples, qrels) re-sample negatives over the larger pool, so their rows differ; and the store-wide quality passes run for v2.2 retired ~3,000 senses of the v2.0 entries (phantom part-of-speech blocks and near-duplicate senses), so those senses are now tombstoned rather than live. Treat v2.2 as a new release, not a delta.

Scope: fewer headwords, far more per headword

v2.2 is not a superset of v1.3. It covers 148,292 of v1.3's 205,988 lexemes — every frequency-ranked single word, plus the compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10 — and spends the difference on depth. If you need breadth of vocabulary, use v1.3; if you need graded renditions, resolved relations, spans, or retrieval supervision, use v2.2.

	v1.3	v2.2
Lexemes	205,988	148,292
Senses	565,604	288,304
Definition renditions per sense	1 canonical	1 canonical + up to 8 graded
Relation targets	bare strings	resolved to sense ids
Retrieval training data	companion sets	queries, QA, triples, qrels
Per-field provenance	no	model, tokens and cost per call

Key statistics


Lexemes	148,292
Retired lexemes (every sense tombstoned; not counted above)	4,567
Live senses	288,304
Rows in this dataset	612,022
Encyclopedia renditions	463,730
Lexical explanations	148,292
Mean article length	288 words

By tier

core — top 10K by composite frequency
tier2 — ranks to ~42K
tier3 — the rest of the frequency-ranked single words
tier4 — stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10
tier5 — the WordNet 3.0 lemmas the earlier tiers lacked: common compounds and technical nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (instances, taxa and organisms excluded); 5,126 from v1.3 files, the rest imported from WordNet

Tier	Lexemes	Live senses
`core`	9,427	32,193
`tier2`	30,346	71,957
`tier3`	11,452	23,511
`tier4`	53,841	113,873
`tier5`	43,226	46,770

Coverage by tier

The release was built in 5 frequency-ranked passes (core, tier2, tier3, tier4 and tier5) and they did not all receive the same stages. This table is per-field and per-tier so the gaps are visible rather than averaged away.

Field	Of	`core`	`tier2`	`tier3`	`tier4`	`tier5`
Canonical gloss	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Controlled domain tag	sense	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Gloss at 4 reading levels	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.9%	100.0%	99.9%
Gloss in 4 registers	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
At least one example	sense	100.0%	99.9%	99.8%	98.4%	100.0%
Examples at 4 reading levels	sense	99.0%	99.6%	99.7%	97.6%	100.0%
At least one relation	sense	99.3%	99.2%	99.2%	99.2%	94.4%
Synthetic retrieval queries	sense	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Grounded QA pairs	sense	99.8%	99.6%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Etymology	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%
Lexical explanation	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia (neutral)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Encyclopedia at grade 5 + college (core entries also carry grade 1 and grade 10)	lexeme	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Contrast paragraphs	lexeme	74.9%	56.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%

Files

Files	Config	Rows	Shards	Size
`data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet`	encyclopedia	463,730	1	295.9 MB
`data/explanation/train-*.parquet`	explanation	148,292	1	44.1 MB

Fields

Config `encyclopedia`

463,730 rows, one row per encyclopedia rendition.

Field	Type	Description
`lexeme_id`	`string`	Entry id: `slugify(headword)`. Join key across the family.
`headword`	`string`	The entry's surface headword.
`tier`	`string`	`core` (top 10K by composite frequency), `tier2` (ranks to ~42K), `tier3` (the rest of the frequency-ranked single words), `tier4` (stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10), `tier5` (the WordNet 3.0 gap the earlier tiers lacked) or `unknown` (on none of the rank lists); an export may contain only some of these — see the coverage table.
`kind`	`string`	The entry's lexeme kind.
`reading_level`	`string`	The rendition's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The rendition's register.
`text`	`string`	The article or explanation at this (reading level, register).
`readability_grade`	`double`	Measured Flesch-Kincaid grade, when recorded.
`n_words`	`int32`	Whitespace-delimited word count of `text`.
`is_canonical`	`bool`	True for the `(neutral, plain)` rendition.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "0",
  "headword": "0",
  "tier": "tier5",
  "kind": "simplex",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "0, called zero, is the number that leaves another number unchanged when it is added to it. For any number x, x + 0 = x, so zero is the additive identity of the number systems used in ordinary arithmetic. It is neither positive nor negative. On a number line it lies between the positive and negative numbers, and its dis … [truncated for this card]",
  "readability_grade": null,
  "n_words": 308,
  "is_canonical": true
}

Config `explanation`

148,292 rows, one row per lexical-explanation rendition.

Field	Type	Description
`lexeme_id`	`string`	Entry id: `slugify(headword)`. Join key across the family.
`headword`	`string`	The entry's surface headword.
`tier`	`string`	`core` (top 10K by composite frequency), `tier2` (ranks to ~42K), `tier3` (the rest of the frequency-ranked single words), `tier4` (stopwords, plus compounds and names at Wikipedia frequency ≥ 10), `tier5` (the WordNet 3.0 gap the earlier tiers lacked) or `unknown` (on none of the rank lists); an export may contain only some of these — see the coverage table.
`kind`	`string`	The entry's lexeme kind.
`reading_level`	`string`	The rendition's reading level.
`register`	`string`	The rendition's register.
`text`	`string`	The article or explanation at this (reading level, register).
`readability_grade`	`double`	Measured Flesch-Kincaid grade, when recorded.
`n_words`	`int32`	Whitespace-delimited word count of `text`.
`is_canonical`	`bool`	True for the `(neutral, plain)` rendition.

One real row:

{
  "lexeme_id": "0",
  "headword": "0",
  "tier": "tier5",
  "kind": "simplex",
  "reading_level": "neutral",
  "register": "plain",
  "text": "Use **0** when referring to the number that leaves another number unchanged when added to it. It is more specific than **nothing**, which can mean an absence or lack rather than a mathematical number.",
  "readability_grade": null,
  "n_words": 34,
  "is_canonical": true
}

Loading it

from datasets import load_dataset

# configs: "encyclopedia", "explanation"
ds = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia", "encyclopedia", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0])

The shards are plain parquet, so nothing forces you through datasets — read them straight, locally or over hf://:

import polars as pl

df = pl.read_parquet("hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia/data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet")
print(df.head())

import duckdb

duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'hf://datasets/mjbommar/opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia/data/encyclopedia/train-*.parquet'").show()

The same article at five reading levels

from datasets import load_dataset

enc = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia", "encyclopedia", split="train")
one = enc.filter(lambda row: row["lexeme_id"] == "abseil")
for row in sorted(one, key=lambda r: r["reading_level"]):
    print(row["reading_level"], "-", row["n_words"], "words")
    print(row["text"][:200], "...\n")

Identifiers, and how they compose

Every id is derived from structure, never randomly minted, so a consumer can recompute one from a row and join across the whole family without a lookup table. Sense positions are stable across regenerations: a retired sense is tombstoned, not removed, so the indices after it never shift.

Id	Shape	Example
Lexeme	`slugify(headword)`	`abseil`
Sense	`{lexeme_id}:{pos}:{index}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0`
Rendition	`{owner_id}#{reading_level}/{register}`	`abseil:verb:0#grade_5/plain`
Entry-level owner	`{lexeme_id}:encyclopedia` / `:explanation`	`abseil:encyclopedia`
Edge	`{source_sense_id}-{type}->{target_lexeme_id}`	`abseil:verb:0-synonym->rappel`
Query	`{sense_id}#q{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#q3`
QA pair	`{sense_id}#qa{n}` (zero-based)	`abseil:verb:0#qa3`
Provenance record	`p{n}` within its entry (one-based)	`p12`

An edge id keys on the target's slug, not on the target's sense, so resolving a target never changes the id of the edge that found it.

Reading levels and registers

A rendition is keyed on a (reading_level, register) pair. The canonical rendition of every field is (neutral, plain); everything else is a rewrite of it.

`reading_level`	Who it is written for	Rough CCSS band
`neutral`	The canonical text: an adult general reader, no level targeted	—
`grade_1`	Beginning readers; short sentences, common words	K–1
`grade_5`	Upper elementary	4–5
`grade_10`	Secondary	9–10
`college`	Undergraduate and above; technical vocabulary allowed	11–CCR

`register`	What changes	Reading it
`plain`	Nothing — the neutral register	The default
`informal`	Conversational, contractions, everyday words	How you'd say it to a friend
`formal`	Full forms, precise hedging, no contractions	How you'd write it in a report
`technical`	Domain vocabulary, exact conditions	How a specialist would state it
`marketing`	Benefit-first, persuasive framing	A genre, not a formality level

marketing sits on the register axis for convenience but is a genre value rather than a point on the formality scale — worth remembering if you train a formality classifier on this column.

Related datasets

Everything below is built from the same store and joins on lexeme_id / sense_id.

Dataset	Grain	What it holds
`opengloss-v2.2-lexicon`	one row per lexeme	One row per lexeme: kind, morphology, etymology, encyclopedia, contrasts, sense ids, provenance summary.
`opengloss-v2.2-senses`	one row per live sense	One row per live sense: canonical gloss, 8 gloss renditions, examples, resolved relations, synthetic queries, grounded QA pairs.
`opengloss-v2.2-definitions`	one row per gloss rendition	One row per gloss rendition (canonical included): reading level, register, text, readability grade.
`opengloss-v2.2-examples`	one row per example rendition	One row per example sentence with the headword's character span, its reading level and register.
`opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia` (this one)	one row per encyclopedia rendition · one row per lexical-explanation rendition	One row per encyclopedia article rendition, plus an `explanation` config for the "why this word" prose.
`opengloss-v2.2-etymology`	one row per entry with an etymology	One row per entry with an etymology: prose summary, ordered language trail, cognates, references.
`opengloss-v2.2-inflections`	one row per inflected, derived or lemma form	One row per inflected or derived form, plus the lemma itself: a flat form→lemma lookup.
`opengloss-v2.2-relations`	one row per live relation edge · one row per removed relation edge	One row per semantic edge, resolved to target sense ids; a `tombstoned` config recovers the edges the reconcile pass removed.
`opengloss-v2.2-queries`	one row per synthetic query	One row per synthetic retrieval query, across eight query styles, tagged to the sense it should retrieve.
`opengloss-v2.2-qa-pairs`	one row per question/answer pair	One row per grounded question/answer pair, with the rendition ids the answer cites.
`opengloss-v2.2-contrasts`	one row per contrast paragraph	One row per "X vs Y" paragraph on a synonym/antonym/confusable edge, with a verdict on the edge.
`opengloss-v2.2-provenance`	one row per provenance record	One row per recorded generation call: stage, model, tokens, cost, run id — the audit trail.
`opengloss-v2.2-retrieval-pairs`	one row per mined pair	Word-in-context and doc2query-shaped (text_a, text_b, label) pairs mined from the store for free.
`opengloss-v2.2-retrieval-triples`	one row per (query, positive, negative) triple	MS MARCO-style (query, positive, negative) triples whose hard negatives come from the graph.
`opengloss-v2.2-qrels`	one row per query, with its whole graded candidate list · one row per document in the retrieval corpus	Graded TREC relevance judgements (0–3) plus the document corpus and listwise candidate lists.
`opengloss-v2.2-pretrain`	one row per rendered document	Entries serialised into plain-prose dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and usage-note documents.

Known limitations

It is synthetic. Every string here was written by a language model against a schema, not transcribed from a corpus or checked by a lexicographer. It is well-formed and internally consistent; it is not attested usage, and it will contain confident errors. Do not use it as ground truth about what a word means.
Judge scores 70.2/100 (core + tier 2) and 66.7/100 (tier 3). A different model family (Claude Opus) scored fixed 40-entry stratified samples at the close of each build. Sample statistics, not per-entry guarantees, and the judge is itself a model.
Relation precision is the weakest axis. Relations were judged for validity and the ones that failed were demoted rather than asserted; symmetric reciprocity finished at 94.2% for synonyms and 94.3% for antonyms, and 4,524 senses were left with no relation at all. Treat a single edge as a hypothesis, not a fact; treat the aggregate graph as usable.
core, tier2, tier3, tier4 and tier5 are deliberately partial. 148,292 lexemes across core, tier2, tier3, tier4 and tier5 received the text stages (glosses, examples, encyclopedia) but not the queries, QA pairs, contrasts or register renditions. The coverage table above gives the exact per-field share; nothing is hidden behind an average.
The encyclopedia is entry-level. One article per headword, about the headword as a whole. On a polysemous entry it is not a description of any one sense, and it is never used as a positive for one (D-71). It is entry-level reference prose, not a specialist article.

Sources and licences

This release is Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Of 148,292 lexemes in this release, 38,100 (the tier-5 entries whose source column reads wordnet-3.0) are derived from Princeton WordNet 3.0: their glosses, examples, relations and derivationally related forms, plus WordNet's own capitalisation of the headword (D-78).

The WordNet License permits use, copying, modification and distribution without fee, provided its notice is preserved:

The WordNet License notice is quoted in full on the opengloss-v2.2-lexicon and opengloss-v2.2-senses cards; this repo's WordNet-derived rows are governed by the same terms.

Citation

@misc{bommarito2025opengloss,
  title  = {OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph},
  author = {Bommarito, Michael J., II},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.18622},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18622}
}

Tier-5 entries additionally derive from Princeton WordNet 3.0 (D-78):

@article{miller1995wordnet,
  title   = {WordNet: A Lexical Database for English},
  author  = {Miller, George A.},
  journal = {Communications of the ACM},
  volume  = {38},
  number  = {11},
  pages   = {39--41},
  year    = {1995}
}

@book{fellbaum1998wordnet,
  title     = {WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database},
  editor    = {Fellbaum, Christiane},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  year      = {1998}
}

License

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). Attribution to the OpenGloss project is required; commercial use is permitted. See Sources and licences above for the Princeton WordNet License that additionally covers this release's tier-5 entries.

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Paper for mjbommar/opengloss-v2.2-encyclopedia

OpenGloss: A Synthetic Encyclopedic Dictionary and Semantic Knowledge Graph

Paper • 2511.18622 • Published Nov 23, 2025