Patent ID: 8481195

Claim:
A battery structure comprising: (a) an anode for extracting selected metal ions; (b) a cathode for inserting said metal ions; (c) an electrolyte for transporting said metal ions between said anode and said cathode; and (d) a separator comprising a non-porous layer that is electronically conductive and permeable to said metal ions but not appreciably permeable to any other chemical species, wherein said non-porous layer comprises one or more compositions selected from the group consisting of Li x Mn 2 O 4 (0<x<2), Li x CoO 2 (0<x<1), Li x NiO 2 (0<x<1), Li x V 2 O y (0<x<5, 4<y<5), Li x TiO 2 (0<x<1), Li 4+x Ti 5 O 12 (0<x<3), Li x WO 3 (0<x<0.5), Li x Nb 2 O 5 (0<x<3), Li x TiS 2 (0<x<1), Li x MPO 4 (M=Mn, Fe, and/or V; 0<x<1), and LiMPO 4 (M=Co, Fe, and/or V).