Patent ID: 8664669

Claim:
An organic electroluminescent (EL) element, comprising: an anode; a cathode; a hole injection layer; and a functional layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, the functional layer containing an organic material, holes being injected to the functional layer from the hole injection layer, the hole injection layer containing tungsten oxide and has adherents on a surface thereof, the adherents containing atoms other than tungsten and oxygen atoms, the hole injection layer is irradiated with ultraviolet light such that an Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) spectrum of the hole injection layer, obtained from a UPS measurement, has a protrusion appearing near a Fermi surface and within a region corresponding to a binding energy range lower than a top of a valence band, the tungsten oxide contained in the hole injection layer satisfying a condition, determined from an X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurement, that a ratio in a number density of the other atoms to the tungsten atoms does not exceed approximately 0.83, the tungsten oxide is represented by a composition WOx, where x is a real number within the range of 2<x<3, the UPS measurement has a light source He I, the XPS measurement has a light source Al K α, and the XPS and UPS measurements have an electron emission angle which is a normal line direction to a substrate surface of the organic EL.