Patent ID: 8318297

Claim:
A synthetic nanostructure, comprising: (a) a top region comprising titanate nanowires; (b) a middle region comprising titanate nanoparticles and titanate nanowires; (c) a bottom region comprising titanium and having a bottom surface, wherein the titanate nanowires are solid and are formed at a reaction temperature not less than about 180 ° C., wherein the middle region is between the top region and the bottom region, and some of the titanate nanowires of the top region are substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface of the bottom region and extending into the middle region, and wherein some of the titanate nanowires in the middle region are vertically rooted on corresponding titanate nanoparticles and extend from the corresponding titanate nanoparticles in a downward direction that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface of the bottom region.