Patent ID: 7399883

Claim:
A process for producing adipic acid, comprising: contacting 3-pentenoic acid with water and carbon monoxide, in the presence of a Group VIII metal; a ligand having the formula wherein X is a substituted or unsubstituted bridging group selected from the group consisting of a divalent aryl, a divalent alkylene group, and a divalent combination of alkylene and aromatic groups; and wherein R 1 , R 4 , R 7 , and R 10 , independently are H, or C 1 to C 12 alkyl; provided that R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , R 8 , R 9 , R 11 , and R 12 , independently are C 1 to C 12 alkyl or cycloalkyl, wherein R 2 and R 3 ; R 5 and R 6 ; R 8 and R 9 ; and R 11 and R 12 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl group; and a promoter, said promoter comprising a strong acid having a pKa in water of less than 1 and at least one carboxylic acid.