Patent ID: 7804391

Claim:
An electrical resistor of length L, comprising N layers denoted as layers 1, 2, . . . , N: wherein a portion of the resistor includes a fraction F of the length L; wherein N is at least=2; wherein layer I includes an electrically conductive material M I for I=1, 2, . . . N; wherein layer J is in electrically conductive contact with layer J+1 for J=1, 2, . . . , N−1; and wherein a cell C K,K+1 couples a cell C K ′ of the layer K to a cell C K+1 ′ of the layer K+1, wherein the cell C K ′ is totally within the portion of the resistor and includes the material M K , wherein the cell C K+1 ′ is totally within the portion of the resistor and includes the material M K+1 , wherein the cell C K,K+1 is totally within the portion of the resistor and includes an electrically conductive material M K,K+1 that comprises a chemical combination of the material M K from the layer K and the material M K+1 from the layer K+1, and wherein K is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, . . . , N−1, and combinations thereof.