Patent ID: 8817452

Claim:
An energy storage device comprising: a first metal substrate and a second metal substrate, wherein said metal substrates are metal alloy foils comprised of chromium (Cr); an electrolytic separator; a plurality of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coupled to said first metal substrate, said second metal substrate, and said electrolytic separator, wherein a first portion of said plurality of CNTs was grown directly on a surface of said first metal substrate and a second portion of said plurality of CNTs was grown directly on a surface of said second metal substrate wherein said surfaces of said first and second metal substrates do not comprise a deposited catalyst layer, wherein said first and second metal substrates comprise a metal catalyst and amorphous carbon has been removed from said plurality of CNTs, wherein said amorphous carbon is removed from said plurality of CNTs by a high temperature water process, wherein said high temperature water process comprises a wet inert carrier gas stream and an additional dry carrier gas stream mixed to control a water concentration.