Patent ID: 7880121

Claim:
A radiant heating apparatus, comprising: a planar electrical heating element configured to convert electrical energy to heat energy; a planar carbon-based heat spreading layer comprising a laminate graphite sheet that is positioned in direct physical contact with the planar electrical heating element and which is also configured to draw the heat energy out of the planar electrical heating element and to distribute the heat energy; a construction layer disposed to one side of the planar heat spreading layer, the construction layer being positioned in direct physical contact with the planar heat spreading layer, the construction layer comprising an installed construction surface that includes at least one of a floor, a roof, a wall or a ceiling layer of a structure; a thermal isolation layer disposed to an opposite side of the planar heat spreading layer than the construction layer such that heat from the planar heat spreading layer conducts away from the thermal isolation layer toward the construction layer; and an electric power coupling connected to the electrical heating element to supply electrical power.