Patent ID: 8431869

Claim:
A defogging, defrosting, and de-icing structure, comprising: at least one optically transparent member; at least one electrical strip extending along at least one surface of the at least one optically transparent member; an optically transparent composite established on the at least one surface of the at least one optically transparent member such that the composite is in thermal communication with the at least one electrical strip, the composite including: a matrix; and a predetermined amount of graphene, the predetermined amount i) being greater than 0.1 weight % of a total weight % of the composite, and ii) being based upon a predetermined transparency for the defogging or defrosting structure and a predetermined thermal conductivity of the defogging or defrosting structure, and wherein the graphene functions as a thermal conductor, for substantially uniform heating of the composite; and a thermally conductive electrical insulation layer positioned between the at least one electrical strip and the composite, the thermally conductive electrical insulation layer prohibiting electric current to flow to the composite while allowing heat to flow to the composite.