Patent ID: 8766228

Claim:
An electrically actuated device, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; an active region disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; a layer established adjacent to i) the first electrode at a surface opposed to the active region, or ii) the second electrode at a surface opposed to the active region, or iii) each of the first and second electrodes at respective surfaces opposed to the active region, the layer including dopant initiators; mobile dopants localized in a mobile dopant layer at an interface between a portion of the active region and i) the first electrode, or ii) the second electrode, or iii) each of the first and second electrodes, the mobile dopants being formed from a chemical reaction between an other portion of the active region and at least some dopant initiators diffused from the layer, the mobile dopants selected from the group consisting of charged interstitials, charged vacancies, or charged impurities; and at least some other of the dopant initiators, diffused from the layer, present in grain boundaries of the i) the first electrode, or ii) the second electrode, or iii) the first and second electrodes.