Patent ID: 8454815

Claim:
A copper electroplating bath comprising: a source of copper ions; an electrolyte; and a leveling agent; wherein the leveling agent comprises a reaction product of a pyridine compound of the formula (I) wherein R 1 , R 3 and R 5 are independently chosen from H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, Cy 1 , R 6 —Cy 1 , NR 7 R 8 , and R 6 —NR 7 R 8 ; Cy 1 is a 5- to 6-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; R 2 and R 4 are independently chosen from H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 6 -C 12 )aryl; R 7 and R 8 are independently chosen from H, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, phenyl, benzyl and phenethyl; with an epoxide-containing compound; wherein at least one of R 1 , R 3 and R 5 is NR 7 R 8 .