Patent ID: 8064808

Claim:
A developing roller comprising: a mandrel; at least one layer of an elastic layer provided on the mandrel; and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer, which carries and conveys a toner, and develops an electrostatic latent image on an opposing photosensitive member with the toner, wherein the surface layer comprises a silicon compound film containing Si, N, C and H, and in the surface layer: the proportion of the total number of the elements of Si, N, C and H, with respect to all elements contained in the surface layer, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis, is 90.00% or more, and the abundance ratio N/Si of N to Si in the surface layer is in the range from 0.20 or more to 1.00 or less, the abundance ratio C/Si of C to Si in the surface layer is in the range from 0.30 or more to 1.50 or less, and the abundance ratio H/Si of H to Si in the surface layer is in the range from 0.15 or more to 0.35 or less.