Patent ID: 7545251

Claim:
A micro-electromechanical actuator that comprises: a pair of elongate layers capable of being heated with an electrical current to expand thermally and to perform work; and a pair of spacers which separate the elongate layers from each other and are arranged at opposite ends of the elongate layers, the spacers being fast with the layers so that the actuator is deflected when one of the layers is heated; wherein one of the layers which is heated is composed of a material selected by calculating a dimensionless constant ε for the material in accordance with the formula: ɛ = E ⁢ ⁢ γ 2 ⁢ T ρ ⁢ ⁢ C where E is the Young's modulus of the material; γ is the coefficient of thermal expansion; T is the maximum operating temperature, ρ is the density and C is the specific heat capacity, wherein each spacer is composed of a thermally non-conductive material.