Patent ID: 8901413

Claim:
A photovoltaic device comprising: a flexible substrate; a first electrode and a second electrode located over the flexible substrate; and at least one unit cell located between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an incubation film having a uniform thickness and located between the first electrode and the at least one unit cell, wherein the first electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide layer, wherein a texturing structure is formed on the transparent conductive oxide layer, wherein a ratio of a root mean square (rms) roughness to an average pitch of the texturing structure is equal to or more than 0.05 and equal to or less than 0.13, wherein the root mean square (rms) roughness is root ⁢ ⁢ mean ⁢ ⁢ square ⁢ ⁢ ( rms ) ⁢ ⁢ roughness = 1 N ⁢ ∑ i = 1 N ⁢ ⁢ ( Xi - X _ 2 where X is a measured surface height, X is an average surface height, and N is a natural number.