Patent Description:
Neurological decline associated with non-pathological aging is fast becoming a primary concern of Eastern and Western societies as we are beginning to feel the social, monetary and emotional pressures of an aging population. It is evident that the aging nervous system, whether invertebrate or vertebrate, suffers from a progressive deterioration of plastic components, most noticeably that of learning and memory. While this process likely has a diverse and multifactorial cellular and molecular foundation, one of the foremost mechanistic explanations is captured within the Free Radical Theory of Aging. The theory postulates that aging is the result of progressive pro-oxidative shifts in cellular redox states and consequential oxidation-dependent alterations in cell physiology.

While aging is the strongest predictor of numerous pathologies, some of which result in neuronal failure and atrophy, the fact remains that neuronal aging and cognitive decline are also observed in non-pathological iterations of aging. A large body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress is a prominent feature of both pathological and non-pathological forms of nervous system aging. <NUM>-<NUM> If left unchecked, pro-oxidative shifts in cellular-redox states may cause cumulative damage and dysfunction to a variety of structures and processes within the cell, including the plasma membrane. <NUM>-<NUM>,<NUM>-<NUM> Neurons, and in particular neuronal membranes, are highly susceptible to non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, a form of radical attack, due to their post mitotic nature, high oxygen consumption, and elevated levels of poly-unsaturated fatty acids.

The double bonds responsible for the unsaturation in lipids provide a means through which single electrons can become delocalized across <NUM> carbons. This facilitates a carbon centered free radical to form on the bis-allylic hydrogen. <NUM>,<NUM> Due to the high concentration of molecular oxygen within neuronal membranes, the carbon centered free radical may quickly react to form a lipid peroxide radical within the hydrophobic domain of the bilayer. The negative charge on this peroxide may cause the acyl chain to migrate towards the surface (hydrophilic zone) of the bilayer. Movement of the acyl chain to the hydrophilic area may cause an increase in membrane rigidity as the ability of the phospholipids to move within and across layers becomes impaired. Thus, elevated levels of peroxidation may result in increased rigidity of the membrane, a phenomenon observed within both experimentally oxidized membranes as well as aged neuronal membranes. <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM> It is thought that due to the reactivity of the lipid peroxide, the radical can also go on to attack an adjacent poly-unsaturated fatty acid, thus starting what is known as a lipid peroxidation chain reaction.

Lipid peroxidation can lead to the production of deleterious lipid metabolites such as <NUM>-hydroxynonenal (<NUM>-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), lipofuscin and many others. <NUM>,<NUM>-<NUM> The build-up, and improper clearance of these and other pro-inflammatory metabolites has been observed in non-pathological neuronal aging, as well as implicated as a major factor related to the cognitive impairment associated with pathological neuronal diseases. <NUM>-<NUM> A critical step linking membrane lipid peroxidation and the production of deleterious metabolites is the liberation of fatty acids from the membrane via the activity of phospholipase A<NUM> (PLA<NUM>).

Following lipid peroxidation, PLA<NUM> is thought to function as a repair mechanism through the excision of oxidized fatty acids at the sn-<NUM> position of phospholipids. Liberated fatty acids may then undergo glutathione-mediated reduction and consequential reincorporation into the membrane, if adequate reducing power is available, or remain as a peroxidized fatty acid. <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-<NUM> An up-regulation of PLA<NUM> has been shown to be a critical component in age-related neuronal changes in both pathological and non-pathological iterations of aging. <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>.

Of great interest, separate lines of research have shown free fatty acids can significantly alter (electro)physiological aspects of neuron(s) and network level functionalities through a variety of mechanisms. <NUM>-<NUM> Free fatty acids have been shown to cause significant reductions in neuronal excitability primarily through alterations to both K+ and Ca<NUM>+ currents. In regards to K+, studies have found substantial free fatty acid effects on rectifying K+ currents, including those intricately linked to age-related changes in cellular excitability, like the IA current ascribed to the fast-inactivating Kv4 K+ channels. <NUM>-<NUM> Direct interactions involving the association of fatty acids with the inner cavity have been shown to result in a rapid inactivation of sustained K+ currents. <NUM>,<NUM> Other studies show that peroxidized free fatty acids can function as oxidants and cause redox-related changes to cysteine residues within ion channels. <NUM>,<NUM> Irrespective of target, slow, rapid and non-inactivating K+ currents have all been shown to be modulated by free fatty acids, some of which have also been closely linked to synaptic plasticity, including long term potentiation induction.

Fatty acids have also been shown to have a substantial capacity to inhibit low voltage activated Ca<NUM>+ channels (T-Type). <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM> These types of channels are key contributors to resting membrane potential and action potential generation, both important aspects of neuronal excitability control. Moreover, free fatty acids have been shown to have strong inhibitory effects on N-type Ca<NUM>+ channels, the primary channels responsible for pre-synaptic depolarization and neurotransmitter-related synaptic communication. <NUM> It quickly becomes apparent that the neuromodulatory capabilities of free fatty acids are far reaching and can have significant consequences for neuronal (electro) physiology. If perturbed, the overwhelming amount of evidence may imply a substantive role for lipid peroxidation, PLA<NUM> activation and functional changes to the aging brain.

To date there are no comprehensive treatments specifically designed to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of age and/or lipid (per)oxidation-related changes in neuronal function. More specifically, no treatments are available which target the mechanism after the initial oxidative insult has occurred. There is a need in the art to identify compounds, compositions and methods for preventing cognitive decline and preserving neuronal function.

A further summary of the state of the art is provided by the references described herein and throughout.

<NPL>, Mumbai, discloses a composition comprising ginseng, Centella, tocopherol, selenium and lipoic acid for use in age-related cognitive decline.

<NPL>, discloses a composition comprising ginseng, Centella, tocopherol, selenium and lipoic acid for use in age-related cognitive decline.

<CIT> discloses a neurochemical formulation comprising a supplement for improving function of neurons, improving memory and cognitive abilities, and reversing free radical damage caused by aging or neurodegenerative disease. The formulation comprises phosphoesters and antioxidants. Components may have antioxidant properties or enhance properties of other components.

<CIT> discloses dietary supplements, formulations, kits and methods for administration to an individual with type II diabetes or at risk of developing type II diabetes; formulations, kits and methods useful for treating, preventing, supporting, controlling, restoring, and/or maintaining blood sugar levels in individuals with type II diabetes or at risk of developing the same; and formulations, kits and methods useful for reducing and/or eliminating requirement of ex-vivo insulin administration in an individual diagnosed with type II diabetes.

<CIT> discloses compositions containing enriched and purified natural crocin and/or crocetin for prevention and/or treatment of cancers and other conditions and diseases. The compositions comprise mainly enriched or purified natural crocin or crocetin or combination of both and possible other active phytochemicals. The composition is used as a functional food, drink, dietary supplement, or therapeutic dosage to a human orally or through other appropriate way (parenteral, percutaneous, rectal, mucosal, intranasal or topical administration).

<CIT> discloses a method of ameliorating cognitive decline or a related condition, comprising oral administration of an effective amount of one or more compositions of mixed phospholipids and use of a mixed phospholipid composition in the manufacture of an oral formulation for ameliorating cognitive decline or a related condition.

In one aspect, there is provided a composition in unit dose form comprising:.

In a further embodiment of the composition or compositions as outlined above, Centella asiatica extract is a Centella asiatica aqueous extract containing asiaticoside, or a Centella asiatica extract that inhibits phospholipase A<NUM>.

In an embodiment of the composition or compositions as outlined above, the composition provides a synergistic effect on the treatment of cognitive decline compared to the treatment of cognitive decline with the individual components of the composition.

In a further embodiment of the composition or compositions as outlined above, Centella asiatica extract is from about <NUM> to about <NUM> % w/w of the composition.

In a further embodiment of the composition or compositions as outlined above, α-tocopherol is from about <NUM> to about <NUM> % w/w of the composition.

In a further embodiment of the composition or compositions as outlined above, ginseng extract is from about <NUM> to about <NUM> % w/w of the composition.

In a further embodiment of the composition or compositions as outlined above, α-lipoic acid is from about <NUM> to about <NUM> % w/w of the composition.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a composition for use in treating or preventing cognitive decline in a subject in need thereof by administering the composition.

In a further embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the cognitive decline is normal age-related cognitive decline.

In yet a further embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the cognitive decline is loss of cognitive function, loss of memory, memory impairment, loss of short term memory, loss of intermediate term memory, loss of long term memory or loss of an ability to learn, store or recall information, loss of attention span, loss of language skills, loss of writing skills, loss of problem solving skills, loss of spatial processing, loss of focus, loss of emotional recognition accuracy/speed, loss of executive function accuracy/speed, or any combination thereof.

In yet a further embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the cognitive decline is from Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease-associated dementia, Huntington's disease-associated dementia, AIDS-associated dementia, benign senile forgetfulness, Down's syndrome-associated dementia, multi-infarct dementia, multiple sclerosis, tardive dyskinesia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or alcoholism-associated dementia.

In an embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the composition is administered to the subject simultaneously, sequentially or in combination with a pharmacological agent.

In another embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the pharmacological agent is for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease-associated dementia, Huntington's disease-associated dementia, AIDS-associated dementia, benign senile forgetfulness, Down's syndrome-associated dementia, multi-infarct dementia, multiple sclerosis, tardive dyskinesia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or alcoholism-associated dementia.

In an embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the composition is in the form of a pill, capsule, liquid, syrup, powder, cream, ointment, gel, or paste.

In an embodiment of the composition for use as outlined above, the composition is for daily administration.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition is a food product comprising the composition.

In an embodiment of the food product or products as outlined above, the composition is incorporated into, but not limited to an energy bar, oatmeal, cereal or yogurt.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition is a beverage product comprising the composition.

In an embodiment of the beverage product or products as outlined above, the composition is incorporated into, but not limited to an energy shake, smoothie, tea, coffee or flavoured water.

In a more preferred embodiment, the composition in unit dosage form comprises about <NUM> or <NUM> α-lipoic acid, about <NUM> mcg L-selenomethionine, about <NUM> or <NUM> d-α-tocopherol succinate, about <NUM> or <NUM> Centella asiatica whole plant extract providing about <NUM> or <NUM> asiaticosides, respectively; and <NUM> or <NUM> Panax Ginseng extract comprising about <NUM> and <NUM> ginsenosides, respectively.

It is further contemplated that the compositions or formulations as described herein and throughout may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, for example, but not limited to microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide or a combination thereof. Other excipients also may be included.

The present invention also provides a composition or formulation as described herein and throughout for use in improving cognitive function or treating and/or preventing cognitive decline in a subject in need thereof.

Also contemplated by the present invention is a composition for use in treating or preventing cognitive decline in a subject in need thereof by administering a composition or formulation as described herein and throughout to the subject. The cognitive decline may be normal age-related cognitive decline, for example, but not limited to loss of cognitive function, loss of memory, memory impairment, loss of short term memory, loss of intermediate term memory, loss of long term memory or loss of an ability to learn, store or recall information, loss of attention span, loss of language skills, loss of writing skills, loss of problem solving skills, loss of spatial processing, loss of focus, loss of emotional recognition accuracy/speed, loss of executive function accuracy/speed, or any combination thereof.

In a further embodiment, the cognitive decline is from a degenerative disease or disorder, for example, but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease-associated dementia, Huntington's disease-associated dementia, AIDS-associated dementia, benign senile forgetfulness, Down's syndrome-associated dementia, multi-infarct dementia, multiple sclerosis, tardive dyskinesia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or alcoholism-associated dementia.

In a further embodiment, the composition is as described herein but is not a composition comprising <NUM> (150IU) d-alpha-tocopherol succinate, <NUM> alpha-lipoic acid, <NUM> Centella asiatica whole plant extract comprising <NUM>% asiaticosides, <NUM> Panax Ginseng stem and leaves extract comprising <NUM>% ginsenosides and 25mcg L-selenomethionine. The present invention also contemplates a method of making any composition or formulation comprising combining d-alpha-tocopherol succinate, alpha-lipoic acid, centella asiatica extract, panax ginseng root extract and L-selenomethionine, wherein centella asiatica extract and panax ginseng root extract are derived from water-ethanol extractions. The method may further comprise packaging the composition in a capsule with microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate and silicon dioxide. However, a variety of other methodologies as is known in the art also may be employed.

Described herein are compositions for preventing cognitive decline and methods for treating cognitive decline. Also described herein are compositions and methods for preserving neuronal function. It will be appreciated that the compositions, methods and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes intended for those skilled in the art All references to embodiments or examples throughout the disclosure should be considered a reference to an illustrative embodiment or an illustrative example. As noted above, the scope of the present invention is defined in the appended claims. In one aspect, there is provided a composition in unit dose form comprising:.

Described herein, without being claimed, is a composition for preventing and/or treating cognitive decline, the composition comprising:.

Also described herein, without being claimed, is a composition for preserving neuronal function, the composition comprising:.

In the context of the present disclosure, by the term "a phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor" it is meant an agent, chemical or protein that reduces, inhibits or suppresses the activity of PLA<NUM>. An agent, chemical or protein may be tested for its ability to reduce, inhibit or suppress PLA<NUM> activity in any assay known in the art, for example, but not limited to Invitrogen™ EnzChek® Phospholipase A<NUM> Assay Kit. In this assay, an agent, chemical or protein is considered a PLA<NUM> inhibitor if it reduces the activity of PLA<NUM> by <NUM> to <NUM>%, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>% when compared to a negative control. One representative example of a PLA<NUM> inhibitor which is not meant to be limiting in any manner is Centella asiatica, also known as Gotu kola. It will also be appreciated that an extract of Centella asiatica may be used in the above described composition. The extract may be obtained from the aqueous extract, alcohol extract, acetone extract or a combination thereof, of leaves or edible plant parts. <NUM> The whole plant of Centella asiatica can be also used. The extract and whole plant may contain pentacycylic triterpenoids, for example, but not limited to asiaticoside. Other representative examples of PLA<NUM> inhibitors are ginseng or an extract thereof, fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketone, methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, bromoenol lactone, <NUM>,<NUM>-disubstituted propan-<NUM>-ones polyfluoroalkyl ketones, stearidonic acid, curcumin or an extract thereof, and aristolochic acid. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises asiaticosides derived from Centella asiatica extract.

In the context of the present disclosure, by the term "lipophilic antioxidant" it is meant an agent, chemical or protein that inhibits the oxidation of membrane lipids. The lipophilic antioxidant also includes a hydrophobic (lipophilic) region, for example, an alkyl chain. An agent, chemical or protein may be tested for its antioxidant activity by any assay known in the art, for example, but not limited to Sigma-Aldrich® Antioxidant Assay Kit. In this assay, an agent, chemical or protein is considered an antioxidant if it possesses <NUM> to <NUM>% antioxidant activity, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>% when compared to a positive control. One representative example of a lipophilic antioxidant is tocopherol. It will be appreciated that tocopherols include natural or synthetic α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols, with α-tocopherol being the most active antioxidant. A derivative of α-tocopherol, such as α-tocopherol succinate, may also be contemplated. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises d-α-tocopherol succinate.

In the context of the present disclosure, by the term "a glutathione peroxidase enhancer" it is meant an agent, chemical or protein that enhances or increases the activity of glutathione peroxidase. An agent, chemical or protein may be tested for its ability to enhance or increase glutathione peroxidase activity in any glutathione peroxidase assay known in the art, for example, but not limited to Sigma-Aldrich® Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit. In this assay, an agent, chemical or protein is considered a glutathione peroxidase enhancer if it increases the activity of glutathione peroxidase by <NUM> to <NUM>%, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>% when compared to a negative control. One representative example of a glutathione peroxidase enhancer is ginseng. It will be appreciated that ginseng can be obtained from an aqueous extract, alcohol extract or a combination thereof of ginseng root, stem and leaf or the whole plant itself may be used, for example, in a powdered or other form. Other representative examples of glutathione peroxidase enhancers are selenocysteine, selenium and cysteine. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises ginsengosides derived from Ginseng root extract and L-selenomethionine.

In the context of the present disclosure, by the term "a glutathione level enhancer" it is meant an agent, chemical or protein that enhances or increases the level of glutathione. An agent, chemical or protein may be tested for its ability to increase glutathione levels in any glutathione assay known in the art, for example, but not limited to Sigma-Aldrich® Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit. In preparation for this assay, cells may be incubated with the compound of interest and then lysed in accordance with procedures and methods commonly known in the art. The cell lysate may be used as a substrate in the assay to determine glutathione levels. In this assay, an agent, chemical or protein is considered a glutathione level enhancer if it increases the level of glutathione by <NUM> to <NUM>%, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>% when compared to a negative control. One representative example of a glutathione level enhancer is α-lipoic acid. Another representative example of a glutathione level enhancer is N-acetylcysteine. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises α-lipoic acid.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between. The phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor of the described compositions is preferably Centella asiatica or an extract thereof. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises a phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor that is asiaticosides in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>, wherein the asiaticosides are derived from Centella asiatica extract.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of lipophilic antioxidant, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of lipophilic antioxidant. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between. The lipophilic antioxidant of the described compositions is preferably α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises a lipophilic antioxidant that is d-α-tocopherol succinate in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of a glutathione peroxidase enhancer, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of a glutathione peroxidase enhancer. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between. The glutathione peroxidase enhancer of the described compositions is preferably ginseng or an extract thereof, selenocysteine or a combination thereof. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises a glutathione enhancer that is ginsenosides in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>, wherein the ginsenosides are derived from Ginseng root extract, and L-selenomethionine in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM> mcg.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of a glutathione level enhancer, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of a glutathione level enhancer. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between. The glutathione level enhancer of the described compositions is preferably α-lipoic acid. The composition in unit dosage form of the present invention comprises a glutathione level enhancer that is α-lipoic acid in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>.

A composition described herein comprises Centella asiatica or an extract thereof, α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof, ginseng or an extract thereof, selenocysteine and α-lipoic acid. Extracts of Centella asiatica and ginseng may be performed by water/ethanol extraction via homogenation or by any other suitable solvent system and/or extraction process known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the extraction process for Centella asiatica and ginseng is a water/ethanol extraction process and produces an extract comprising about <NUM>% w/w asiaticosides and about <NUM>% w/w total ginsenosides, respectively when dried. However, the present invention also contemplates embodiments wherein the extraction process results in <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>% w/w or higher asiaticosides or ginsenosides when dried. As described herein, the amount of asiaticosides or ginsenosides may also be defined by a range by any two of the values recited or any numbers therein between. The amount ranges of the asiaticosides and ginsengosides of the composition in unit dosage form of the present invention are further defined in the appended claim set.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of Centella asiatica or an extract thereof, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of Centella asiatica or an extract thereof. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed or any two amounts therein between.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of ginseng or an extract thereof, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of ginseng or an extract thereof. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM> of selenocysteine, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> of selenocysteine. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between. The present disclosure also contemplates replacing selenocysteine in any passage or composition described herein with selenomethionine and vice-versa unless clearly indicated otherwise.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM> of α-lipoic acid, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM> of α-lipoic acid. As further described herein, such a composition may comprise a range of amounts as defined by any two of the values listed above or any two amounts therein between.

One example of the composition, as further defined in the appended claim set, comprises from about <NUM> to about <NUM> % w/w of Centella asiatica or an extract thereof, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> % w/w of Centella asiatica or an extract thereof.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to <NUM> % w/w of α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> % w/w of α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof.

Yet another example of the composition, as further defined in the appended claim set, comprises from about <NUM> to <NUM> % w/w of ginseng or an extract thereof, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> % w/w of ginseng or an extract thereof.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises from about <NUM> to <NUM> % w/w of selenocysteine, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> % w/w of selenocysteine.

A further example of the composition, as further defined in the appended claim set, comprises from about <NUM> to <NUM> % w/w of α-lipoic acid, for example, but not limited to <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> % w/w of α-lipoic acid.

A composition described herein without being claimed comprises the following ratio of components: Centella asiatica or an extract thereof : α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof : ginseng or an extract thereof : selenocysteine : α-lipoic acid of about <NUM>-<NUM> : <NUM>-<NUM> : <NUM>-<NUM> : <NUM>-<NUM> : <NUM>-<NUM> by weight.

A composition described herein without being claimed may comprise the ratio of Centella asiatica or an extract thereof : α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof : ginseng or an extract thereof : selenocysteine : α-lipoic acid of about <NUM> : <NUM> : <NUM> : <NUM> : <NUM> by weight.

It will be appreciated that the phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor, the lipophilic antioxidant, the glutathione peroxidase enhancer and the glutathione level enhancer are preferably compounds that have no cytotoxicity or low cytotoxicity for cells or humans when the composition comprising these compounds is administered at the dosages described herein.

Also described herein is a method for preserving, improving or increasing neuronal function in a neuronal cell by treating the neuronal cell with the composition as described herein. The neuronal cell may be treated in-vitro or in-vivo.

In the context of the present disclosure, by the term "neuronal function" it is meant any physiological parameter of normal neuronal activity. This can include but is not limited to: neuronal electrophysiology, synaptic efficacy, neuron shape/size, metabolite composition and/or energy usage. It will be appreciated that neuronal function may be preserved by decreasing lipid peroxidation. Neuronal function also may be preserved by maintaining, increasing or improving neuronal excitability. The increase or preservation of neuronal function can be measured by assessing common metrics used in electrophysiological assessments. These include but are not limited to: action potential frequency and shape, resting membrane potential, membrane resistance and/or rheobase measurements. Described herein is a method for treating or preventing cognitive decline in a subject in need thereof by administering the composition to the subject. One aspect of the present invention provides a composition for usein improving cognitive function or treating and/or preventing cognitive decline in a subject in need thereof as defined in the appended claims.

Without wishing to be bound by theory or limiting in any manner, cognitive decline refers to the typical cognitive decline that commonly becomes most apparent in individuals over the age of <NUM>. Cognitive decline in a subject may include varying levels of loss of cognitive function, loss of memory, memory impairment, loss of short term memory, loss of intermediate term memory, loss of long term memory, loss of an ability to learn, store or recall information or loss of spatial processing, loss of focus, loss of emotional recognition accuracy/speed, loss of executive function accuracy/speed, or any combination thereof. These symptoms may occur at a minimal level, commonly associated with the natural aging process, or may occur with more severity as the individual ages.

The symptoms may be determined based on the individual's own experiences. The symptoms may also be observed by family and friends of the individual. Some examples of symptoms that can indicate cognitive decline are, without limitation, forgetfulness, especially for important events such as appointments or social engagements, misplacing objects, losing train of thought or thread of a conversation, book or movie, difficulty in finding words, repeatedly asking the same questions, inability to follow directions, disorientation as to the date or time of day, not recognizing familiar people, feeling overwhelmed by making decisions, having difficulty planning steps to accomplish a task or interpreting instructions, having difficulty finding the way around familiar environments, impulsiveness, showing poor judgment and slowed speed of cognitive processing.

In a further embodiment, it is contemplated that cognitive decline may also be related to a disease state such as, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease-associated dementia, Huntington's disease-associated dementia, AIDS-associated dementia, benign senile forgetfulness, Down's syndrome-associated dementia, multi-infarct dementia, multiple sclerosis, tardive dyskinesia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or alcoholism-associated dementia.

The subject may be suspected of having cognitive decline by being evaluated based on the symptoms stated above or the results of cognitive tests. It is appreciated that cognitive decline does not need to be diagnosed by a physician and may be determined by the subject's own experiences.

Also described is a method for preserving neuronal function in a subject by administering the composition to the subject. It is appreciated that improvements and/or preservation of neuronal function may be determined clinically or subjectively by the subject or a person observing the subject over a period of time.

As described herein without being claimed, an oral formulation of a composition may comprise from about <NUM> to about <NUM> phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor, from about <NUM> to about <NUM> lipophilic antioxidant, from about <NUM> to about <NUM> glutathione peroxidase enhancer and from about <NUM> to about <NUM> glutathione level enhancer.

As described herein without being claimed, an oral formulation of a composition may comprise, for example, about <NUM> phospholipase A<NUM> inhibitor, about <NUM> lipophilic antioxidant, about <NUM> glutathione peroxidase enhancer and about <NUM> glutathione level enhancer.

As described herein without being claimed, an oral formulation of a composition may comprise from about <NUM> to about <NUM> Centella asiatica or an extract thereof, from about <NUM> to about <NUM> α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof, from about <NUM> to about <NUM> ginseng or an extract thereof, from about <NUM> to about <NUM> selenocysteine and from about <NUM> to about <NUM> α-lipoic acid.

In an example as shown in Table <NUM> (not claimed), an oral formation of a described composition may comprise about <NUM> Centella asiatica or an extract thereof, about <NUM> α-tocopherol or a derivative thereof, about <NUM> ginseng or an extract thereof, about <NUM> selenocysteine and about <NUM> α-lipoic acid.

It will be appreciated that the composition may be in the form of a pill, capsule, liquid, syrup, powder, cream, ointment, gel, paste, or any other formulation which will enable the delivery of the composition for example, but not limited to, into the body of the subject.

In one embodiment, a dose of the composition may be taken once a day or more, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> times daily. Doses of the composition taken at different times of the day may be in the same or varying amounts. Without being limiting, an example of a dosing schedule may be a dose of <NUM> in the morning, a dose of <NUM> at lunch and a dose of <NUM> in the evening. In a preferred embodiment, which is not meant to be limiting, the composition is taken daily.

It is also contemplated that a food or beverage product may comprise the composition as described herein. For example, the composition may be incorporated into, for example, energy bars, oatmeal, cereal or yogurt. The composition may also be incorporated into beverages, for example, protein shakes, smoothies, tea, coffee, sports drinks or flavoured water.

Two formulations (formulation <NUM> and formulation <NUM>) were tested to assess their effects on various aspects of human cognition. These tests are well known to those skilled in the art and described generally in references <NUM>-<NUM>. Healthy adults between the ages of <NUM> and <NUM> were administered a plurality of tests every <NUM> weeks to measure cognitive health and mental performance. Formulation <NUM> was administered to <NUM> participants with an average age of <NUM>. Formulation <NUM> was administered to <NUM> participants with an average age of <NUM>. The results of tests of formulation <NUM> is presented in <FIG>. The results of tests of formulation <NUM> are presented in <FIG>.

Formulation <NUM>: A) Vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol succinate (<NUM>,210IU/g)) Concentration / Pill: <NUM> (100IU); B) Alpha-Lipoic Acid (<NUM>%) Concentration / Pill: <NUM>; C) Centella asiatica Extract - Whole Plant, Concentration / Pill: <NUM> - (<NUM>% Asiaticosides ~<NUM>); D) Panax Ginseng Extract - Root Extract Concentration / Pill: <NUM> - (Std. to <NUM>% Ginsenosides ~<NUM>); E) Selenium (L-Selenomethionine) <NUM>% Se, Concentration / Pill: <NUM> mcg. Suggested dosage: <NUM> pills/capsules per day, preferably with food taken together in the morning. Pills/capsules may comprise other constituents as would be understood by a person of skill in the art, for example, but not limited to microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide and the like.

Formulation <NUM> (not claimed): A) Vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol succinate (<NUM>,210IU/g)) Concentration / Pill: <NUM> (150IU); B) Alpha-Lipoic Acid (<NUM>%) Concentration / Pill: <NUM>; C) Centella asiatica Extract - Whole Plant, Concentration / Pill: <NUM> - (<NUM>% Asiaticosides ~<NUM>); D) Panax Ginseng Extract - Stems & Leaves Concentration / Pill: <NUM> - (Std. to <NUM>% Ginsenosides ~<NUM>); E) Selenium (L-Selenomethionine) <NUM>% Se, Concentration / Pill: <NUM> mcg. Suggested dosage: <NUM> pills/capsules per day, preferably with food, taken together in the morning.

The results of the tests presented in <FIG> suggest that the compositions/formulations as described herein can be used to enhance and/or increase spatial processing and memory, working memory, executive function, multi-tasking, verbal learning, emotional recognition, visuospatial processing or any combination thereof in subjects. Further, the results of the tests presented in <FIG> suggest that the compositions/formulations as described herein can be used to prevent decline in spatial processing and memory, working memory, executive function, multi-tasking, verbal learning, emotional recognition, visuospatial processing or any combination thereof in subjects.

In addition to the results presented in the figures and as described above, subjects administered the formulations noted perceived increases in or more of: short and long-term memory, increased ability to learn new tasks, better quality sleep, higher energy levels, enhanced mood, enhanced ability to focus, decreased stress levels, increased confidence, better drive, less migraines, and reduced cognitive impairment from lack of sleep.

Claim 1:
A composition in unit dose form comprising:
asiaticosides in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>, wherein the asiaticosides are derived from Centella asiatica extract;
d-α-tocopherol succinate in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>;
ginsenosides in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>, wherein the ginsenosides are derived from Ginseng root extract;
L-selenomethionine in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM> mcg, and;
α-lipoic acid in an amount of <NUM>-<NUM>;
wherein the asiaticosides are present in an amount of <NUM>% w/w or less of the composition.