Patent Description:
Modern computing and display technologies have facilitated the development of systems for so called "virtual reality" or "augmented reality" experiences, wherein digitally reproduced images or portions thereof are presented to a user in a manner wherein they seem to be, or may be perceived as, real. A virtual reality, or "VR", scenario typically involves presentation of digital or virtual image information without transparency to other actual real-world visual input; an augmented reality, or "AR", scenario typically involves presentation of digital or virtual image information as an augmentation to visualization of the actual world around the user. A mixed reality, or "MR", scenario is a type of AR scenario and typically involves virtual objects that are integrated into, and responsive to, the natural world. For example, in an MR scenario, AR image content may be blocked by or otherwise be perceived as interacting with objects in the real world.

Referring to <FIG>, an augmented reality scene <NUM> is depicted wherein a user of an AR technology sees a real-world park-like setting <NUM> featuring people, trees, buildings in the background, and a concrete platform <NUM>. In addition to these items, the user of the AR technology also perceives that he "sees" "virtual content" such as a robot statue <NUM> standing upon the real-world platform <NUM>, and a cartoon-like avatar character <NUM> flying by which seems to be a personification of a bumble bee, even though these elements <NUM>, <NUM> do not exist in the real world. Because the human visual perception system is complex, it is challenging to produce an AR technology that facilitates a comfortable, natural-feeling, rich presentation of virtual image elements amongst other virtual or real-world imagery elements.

<CIT> discloses a waveguide apparatus including a proximal end, a distal end, a front surface and a back surface, the back surface being spaced apart from the front surface. A display input region is positioned at or near the proximal end, an ambient input region is positioned on the front surface near the distal end and an output region is positioned on the back surface near the distal end. One or more optical elements is positioned in or adjacent to the waveguide to direct display light from the display input region to the output region and to direct ambient light from the ambient input region to the output region, and an switchable mirror layer is positioned in or on the waveguide to selectively control the amount of ambient light that is directed to the output region.

Systems and methods disclosed herein address various challenges related to AR and VR technology.

This disclosure provides various examples of waveguides, systems, and methods. Each example has several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

Waveguides may be utilized to direct light, such as in display devices including head-mounted augmented reality display systems. For example, the waveguides may be incorporated into an eyepiece of eyewear and the viewer may see the ambient environment through the waveguides. In addition, the waveguides may project images by receiving light containing image information (e.g., by a projector system) and directing that light into the eyes of a viewer. The received light may be in-coupled into the waveguides using in-coupling optical elements. The in-coupled light may subsequently be distributed within the waveguides using light distributing elements and out-coupled out of the waveguides using out-coupling optical elements.

Low coupling efficiency of the light between the projector system and the waveguides can lower the total efficiency of the waveguide assembly and can degrade the overall image quality provided to the viewer. Coupling between optical components can also add constraints on the manufacturing of the display device and/or system (for example, constraints on how to integrate, assemble, align, and package with other components). Accordingly, the in-coupling optical element can affect the design.

In-coupling optical elements can include conventional gratings which can have relatively low in-coupling efficiency of incoming light from a projector. Conventional gratings can also reflect light back into the projector, which can be reflected off the projector back into the grating. The stray light path can produce a ghost image artifact that can be distracting. Conventional gratings can also have inherently different diffraction efficiencies with respect to input angles. In various waveguide displays, this can make producing an image with uniform brightness difficult. Nevertheless, sometimes in-coupling gratings may be desired. Prisms and lenses may intrinsically also be advantageous optically, but can be challenging to fabricate and integrate.

Certain implementations described herein can include waveguides with an integrated in-coupling optical element. For example, various waveguides can include a surface that forms at least a part of the in-coupling optical element. Compared with waveguides without such an in-coupling optical element integrated with the waveguide, various implementations can advantageously provide higher coupling efficiency, better image quality (e.g., lower ghosting, higher uniformity, etc.), and a simpler manufacturing process. For example, in various implementations, an integrated optical element can allow direct contact with the waveguide, leading to increased in-coupling and simpler integration. Certain implementations can advantageously integrate prisms, lenses, and/or anti-reflective structures. Various implementations can reduce ghost image artifacts, achieve more uniform brightness, and reduce the total footprint of the device. Some implementations of waveguides can also integrate one or more other optical elements such as light distributing elements and/or out-coupling optical elements.

Reference will now be made to the drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. Unless indicated otherwise, the drawings are schematic not necessarily drawn to scale.

<FIG> illustrates a conventional display system for simulating three-dimensional imagery for a user. It will be appreciated that a user's eyes are spaced apart and that, when looking at a real object in space, each eye will have a slightly different view of the object and may form an image of the object at different locations on the retina of each eye. This may be referred to as binocular disparity and may be utilized by the human visual system to provide a perception of depth. Conventional display systems simulate binocular disparity by presenting two distinct images <NUM>, <NUM> with slightly different views of the same virtual object-one for each eye <NUM>, <NUM>-corresponding to the views of the virtual object that would be seen by each eye were the virtual object a real object at a desired depth. These images provide binocular cues that the user's visual system may interpret to derive a perception of depth.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the images <NUM>, <NUM> are spaced from the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> by a distance <NUM> on a z-axis. The z-axis is parallel to the optical axis of the viewer with their eyes fixated on an object at optical infinity directly ahead of the viewer. The images <NUM>, <NUM> are flat and at a fixed distance from the eyes <NUM>, <NUM>. Based on the slightly different views of a virtual object in the images presented to the eyes <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively, the eyes may naturally rotate such that an image of the object falls on corresponding points on the retinas of each of the eyes, to maintain single binocular vision. This rotation may cause the lines of sight of each of the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> to converge onto a point in space at which the virtual object is perceived to be present. As a result, providing three-dimensional imagery conventionally involves providing binocular cues that may manipulate the vergence of the user's eyes <NUM>, <NUM>, and that the human visual system interprets to provide a perception of depth.

Generating a realistic and comfortable perception of depth is challenging, however. It will be appreciated that light from objects at different distances from the eyes have wavefronts with different amounts of divergence. <FIG> illustrate relationships between distance and the divergence of light rays. The distance between the object and the eye <NUM> is represented by, in order of decreasing distance, R1, R2, and R3. As shown in <FIG>, the light rays become more divergent as distance to the object decreases. Conversely, as distance increases, the light rays become more collimated. Stated another way, it may be said that the light field produced by a point (the object or a part of the object) has a spherical wavefront curvature, which is a function of how far away the point is from the eye of the user. The curvature increases with decreasing distance between the object and the eye <NUM>. While only a single eye <NUM> is illustrated for clarity of illustration in <FIG> and other figures herein, the discussions regarding eye <NUM><NUM> may be applied to both eyes <NUM> and <NUM> of a viewer.

With continued reference to <FIG>, light from an object that the viewer's eyes are fixated on may have different degrees of wavefront divergence. Due to the different amounts of wavefront divergence, the light may be focused differently by the lens of the eye, which in turn may require the lens to assume different shapes to form a focused image on the retina of the eye. Where a focused image is not formed on the retina, the resulting retinal blur acts as a cue to accommodation that causes a change in the shape of the lens of the eye until a focused image is formed on the retina. For example, the cue to accommodation may trigger the ciliary muscles surrounding the lens of the eye to relax or contract, thereby modulating the force applied to the suspensory ligaments holding the lens, thus causing the shape of the lens of the eye to change until retinal blur of an object of fixation is eliminated or minimized, thereby forming a focused image of the object of fixation on the retina (e.g., fovea) of the eye. The process by which the lens of the eye changes shape may be referred to as accommodation, and the shape of the lens of the eye required to form a focused image of the object of fixation on the retina (e.g., fovea) of the eye may be referred to as an accommodative state.

With reference now to <FIG>, a representation of the accommodation-vergence response of the human visual system is illustrated. The movement of the eyes to fixate on an object causes the eyes to receive light from the object, with the light forming an image on each of the retinas of the eyes. The presence of retinal blur in the image formed on the retina may provide a cue to accommodation, and the relative locations of the image on the retinas may provide a cue to vergence. The cue to accommodation causes accommodation to occur, resulting in the lenses of the eyes each assuming a particular accommodative state that forms a focused image of the object on the retina (e.g., fovea) of the eye. On the other hand, the cue to vergence causes vergence movements (rotation of the eyes) to occur such that the images formed on each retina of each eye are at corresponding retinal points that maintain single binocular vision. In these positions, the eyes may be said to have assumed a particular vergence state. With continued reference to <FIG>, accommodation may be understood to be the process by which the eye achieves a particular accommodative state, and vergence may be understood to be the process by which the eye achieves a particular vergence state. As indicated in <FIG>, the accommodative and vergence states of the eyes may change if the user fixates on another object. For example, the accommodated state may change if the user fixates on a new object at a different depth on the z-axis.

Without being limited by theory, it is believed that viewers of an object may perceive the object as being "three-dimensional" due to a combination of vergence and accommodation. As noted above, vergence movements (e.g., rotation of the eyes so that the pupils move toward or away from each other to converge the lines of sight of the eyes to fixate upon an object) of the two eyes relative to each other are closely associated with accommodation of the lenses of the eyes. Under normal conditions, changing the shapes of the lenses of the eyes to change focus from one object to another object at a different distance will automatically cause a matching change in vergence to the same distance, under a relationship known as the "accommodation-vergence reflex. " Likewise, a change in vergence will trigger a matching change in lens shape under normal conditions.

With reference now to <FIG>, examples of different accommodative and vergence states of the eyes are illustrated. The pair of eyes 222a is fixated on an object at optical infinity, while the pair of eyes 222b is fixated on an object <NUM> at less than optical infinity. Notably, the vergence states of each pair of eyes is different, with the pair of eyes 222a directed straight ahead, while the pair of eyes <NUM> converges on the object <NUM>. The accommodative states of the eyes forming each pair of eyes 222a and 222b are also different, as represented by the different shapes of the lenses 210a, 220a.

Undesirably, many users of conventional "<NUM>-D" display systems find such conventional systems to be uncomfortable or may not perceive a sense of depth at all due to a mismatch between accommodative and vergence states in these displays. As noted above, many stereoscopic or "<NUM>-D" display systems display a scene by providing slightly different images to each eye. Such systems are uncomfortable for many viewers, since they, among other things, simply provide different presentations of a scene and cause changes in the vergence states of the eyes, but without a corresponding change in the accommodative states of those eyes. Rather, the images are shown by a display at a fixed distance from the eyes, such that the eyes view all the image information at a single accommodative state. Such an arrangement works against the "accommodation-vergence reflex" by causing changes in the vergence state without a matching change in the accommodative state. This mismatch is believed to cause viewer discomfort. Display systems that provide a better match between accommodation and vergence may form more realistic and comfortable simulations of three-dimensional imagery.

Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the human eye typically may interpret a finite number of depth planes to provide depth perception. Consequently, a highly believable simulation of perceived depth may be achieved by providing, to the eye, different presentations of an image corresponding to each of these limited numbers of depth planes. In some embodiments, the different presentations may provide both cues to vergence and matching cues to accommodation, thereby providing physiologically correct accommodation-vergence matching.

With continued reference to <FIG>, two depth planes <NUM>, corresponding to different distances in space from the eyes <NUM>, <NUM>, are illustrated. For a given depth plane <NUM>, vergence cues may be provided by the displaying of images of appropriately different perspectives for each eye <NUM>, <NUM>. In addition, for a given depth plane <NUM>, light forming the images provided to each eye <NUM>, <NUM> may have a wavefront divergence corresponding to a light field produced by a point at the distance of that depth plane <NUM>.

In the illustrated embodiment, the distance, along the z-axis, of the depth plane <NUM> containing the point <NUM> is <NUM>. As used herein, distances or depths along the z-axis may be measured with a zero-point located at the exit pupils of the user's eyes. Thus, a depth plane <NUM> located at a depth of <NUM> corresponds to a distance of <NUM> away from the exit pupils of the user's eyes, on the optical axis of those eyes with the eyes directed towards optical infinity. As an approximation, the depth or distance along the z-axis may be measured from the display in front of the user's eyes (e.g., from the surface of a waveguide), plus a value for the distance between the device and the exit pupils of the user's eyes. That value may be called the eye relief and corresponds to the distance between the exit pupil of the user's eye and the display worn by the user in front of the eye. In practice, the value for the eye relief may be a normalized value used generally for all viewers. For example, the eye relief may be assumed to be <NUM> and a depth plane that is at a depth of <NUM> may be at a distance of <NUM> in front of the display.

With reference now to <FIG>, examples of matched accommodation-vergence distances and mismatched accommodation-vergence distances are illustrated, respectively. As illustrated in <FIG>, the display system may provide images of a virtual object to each eye <NUM>, <NUM>. The images may cause the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> to assume a vergence state in which the eyes converge on a point <NUM> on a depth plane <NUM>. In addition, the images may be formed by a light having a wavefront curvature corresponding to real objects at that depth plane <NUM>. As a result, the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> assume an accommodative state in which the images are in focus on the retinas of those eyes. Thus, the user may perceive the virtual object as being at the point <NUM> on the depth plane <NUM>.

It will be appreciated that each of the accommodative and vergence states of the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> is associated with a particular distance on the z-axis. For example, an object at a particular distance from the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> causes those eyes to assume particular accommodative states based upon the distances of the object. The distance associated with a particular accommodative state may be referred to as the accommodation distance, Ad. Similarly, there are particular vergence distances, Vd, associated with the eyes in particular vergence states, or positions relative to one another. Where the accommodation distance and the vergence distance match, the relationship between accommodation and vergence may be said to be physiologically correct. This is considered to be the most comfortable scenario for a viewer.

In stereoscopic displays, however, the accommodation distance and the vergence distance may not always match. For example, as illustrated in <FIG>, images displayed to the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> may be displayed with wavefront divergence corresponding to depth plane <NUM>, and the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> may assume a particular accommodative state in which the points 15a, 15b on that depth plane are in focus. However, the images displayed to the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> may provide cues for vergence that cause the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> to converge on a point <NUM> that is not located on the depth plane <NUM>. As a result, the accommodation distance corresponds to the distance from the exit pupils of the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> to the depth plane <NUM>, while the vergence distance corresponds to the larger distance from the exit pupils of the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> to the point <NUM>, in some embodiments. The accommodation distance is different from the vergence distance. Consequently, there is an accommodation-vergence mismatch. Such a mismatch is considered undesirable and may cause discomfort in the user. It will be appreciated that the mismatch corresponds to distance (e.g., Vd - Ad) and may be characterized using diopters.

In some embodiments, it will be appreciated that a reference point other than exit pupils of the eyes <NUM>, <NUM> may be utilized for determining distance for determining accommodation-vergence mismatch, so long as the same reference point is utilized for the accommodation distance and the vergence distance. For example, the distances could be measured from the cornea to the depth plane, from the retina to the depth plane, from the eyepiece (e.g., a waveguide of the display device) to the depth plane, and so on.

Without being limited by theory, it is believed that users may still perceive accommodation-vergence mismatches of up to about <NUM> diopter, up to about <NUM> diopter, and up to about <NUM> diopter as being physiologically correct, without the mismatch itself causing significant discomfort. In some embodiments, display systems disclosed herein (e.g., the display system <NUM>, <FIG>) present images to the viewer having accommodation-vergence mismatch of about <NUM> diopter or less. In some other embodiments, the accommodation-vergence mismatch of the images provided by the display system is about <NUM> diopter or less. In yet other embodiments, the accommodation-vergence mismatch of the images provided by the display system is about <NUM> diopter or less, including about <NUM> diopter or less.

<FIG> illustrates aspects of an approach for simulating three-dimensional imagery by modifying wavefront divergence. The display system includes a waveguide <NUM> that is configured to receive light <NUM> that is encoded with image information, and to output that light to the user's eye <NUM>. The waveguide <NUM> may output the light <NUM> with a defined amount of wavefront divergence corresponding to the wavefront divergence of a light field produced by a point on a desired depth plane <NUM>. In some embodiments, the same amount of wavefront divergence is provided for all objects presented on that depth plane. In addition, it will be illustrated that the other eye of the user may be provided with image information from a similar waveguide.

In some embodiments, a single waveguide may be configured to output light with a set amount of wavefront divergence corresponding to a single or limited number of depth planes and/or the waveguide may be configured to output light of a limited range of wavelengths. Consequently, in some embodiments, a plurality or stack of waveguides may be utilized to provide different amounts of wavefront divergence for different depth planes and/or to output light of different ranges of wavelengths. As used herein, it will be appreciated at a depth plane may follow the contours of a flat or a curved surface. In some embodiments, advantageously for simplicity, the depth planes may follow the contours of flat surfaces.

<FIG> illustrates an example of a waveguide stack for outputting image information to a user. A display system <NUM> includes a stack of waveguides, or stacked waveguide assembly, <NUM> that may be utilized to provide three-dimensional perception to the eye/brain using a plurality of waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. It will be appreciated that the display system <NUM> may be considered a light field display in some embodiments. In addition, the waveguide assembly <NUM> may also be referred to as an eyepiece.

In some embodiments, the display system <NUM> may be configured to provide substantially continuous cues to vergence and multiple discrete cues to accommodation. The cues to vergence may be provided by displaying different images to each of the eyes of the user, and the cues to accommodation may be provided by outputting the light that forms the images with selectable discrete amounts of wavefront divergence. Stated another way, the display system <NUM> may be configured to output light with variable levels of wavefront divergence. In some embodiments, each discrete level of wavefront divergence corresponds to a particular depth plane and may be provided by a particular one of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the waveguide assembly <NUM> may also include a plurality of features <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> between the waveguides. In some embodiments, the features <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be one or more lenses. The waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and/or the plurality of lenses <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to send image information to the eye with various levels of wavefront curvature or light ray divergence. Each waveguide level may be associated with a particular depth plane and may be configured to output image information corresponding to that depth plane. Image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may function as a source of light for the waveguides and may be utilized to inject image information into the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, each of which may be configured, as described herein, to distribute incoming light across each respective waveguide, for output toward the eye <NUM>. Light exits an output surface <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and is injected into a corresponding input surface <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, each of the input surfaces <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be an edge of a corresponding waveguide, or may be part of a major surface of the corresponding waveguide (that is, one of the waveguide surfaces directly facing the world <NUM> or the viewer's eye <NUM>). In some embodiments, a single beam of light (e.g. a collimated beam) may be injected into each waveguide to output an entire field of cloned collimated beams that are directed toward the eye <NUM> at particular angles (and amounts of divergence) corresponding to the depth plane associated with a particular waveguide. In some embodiments, a single one of the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be associated with and inject light into a plurality (e.g., three) of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are discrete displays that each produce image information for injection into a corresponding waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. In some other embodiments, the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are the output ends of a single multiplexed display which may, e.g., pipe image information via one or more optical conduits (such as fiber optic cables) to each of the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. It will be appreciated that the image information provided by the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may include light of different wavelengths, or colors (e.g., different component colors, as discussed herein).

In some embodiments, the light injected into the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> is provided by a light projector system <NUM>, which comprises a light module <NUM>, which may include a light emitter, such as a light emitting diode (LED). The light from the light module <NUM> may be directed to and modified by a light modulator <NUM>, e.g., a spatial light modulator, via a beam splitter <NUM>. The light modulator <NUM> may be configured to change the perceived intensity of the light injected into the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> to encode the light with image information. Examples of spatial light modulators include liquid crystal displays (LCD) including a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays. It will be appreciated that the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are illustrated schematically and, in some embodiments, these image injection devices may represent different light paths and locations in a common projection system configured to output light into associated ones of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, the waveguides of the waveguide assembly <NUM> may function as an ideal lens while relaying light injected into the waveguides out to the user's eyes. In this conception, the object may be the spatial light modulator <NUM> and the image may be the image on the depth plane.

In some embodiments, the display system <NUM> may be a scanning fiber display comprising one or more scanning fibers configured to project light in various patterns (e.g., raster scan, spiral scan, Lissajous patterns, etc.) into one or more waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and ultimately to the eye <NUM> of the viewer. In some embodiments, the illustrated image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may schematically represent a single scanning fiber or a bundle of scanning fibers configured to inject light into one or a plurality of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some other embodiments, the illustrated image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may schematically represent a plurality of scanning fibers or a plurality of bundles of scanning fibers, each of which are configured to inject light into an associated one of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. It will be appreciated that one or more optical fibers may be configured to transmit light from the light module <NUM> to the one or more waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. It will be appreciated that one or more intervening optical structures may be provided between the scanning fiber, or fibers, and the one or more waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> to, e.g., redirect light exiting the scanning fiber into the one or more waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

A controller <NUM> controls the operation of one or more of the stacked waveguide assembly <NUM>, including operation of the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, the light source <NUM>, and the light modulator <NUM>. In some embodiments, the controller <NUM> is part of the local data processing module <NUM>. The controller <NUM> includes programming (e.g., instructions in a non-transitory medium) that regulates the timing and provision of image information to the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> according to, e.g., any of the various schemes disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the controller may be a single integral device, or a distributed system connected by wired or wireless communication channels. The controller <NUM> may be part of the processing modules <NUM> or <NUM> (<FIG>) in some embodiments.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to propagate light within each respective waveguide by total internal reflection (TIR). The waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may each be planar or have another shape (e.g., curved), with major top and bottom surfaces and edges extending between those major top and bottom surfaces. In the illustrated configuration, the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may each include out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> that are configured to extract light out of a waveguide by redirecting the light, propagating within each respective waveguide, out of the waveguide to output image information to the eye <NUM>. Extracted light may also be referred to as out-coupled light and the out-coupling optical elements light may also be referred to as light extracting optical elements. An extracted beam of light may be outputted by the waveguide at locations at which the light propagating in the waveguide strikes a light extracting optical element. The out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may, for example, be gratings, including diffractive optical features, as discussed further herein. While illustrated disposed at the bottom major surfaces of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, for ease of description and drawing clarity, in some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be disposed at the top and/or bottom major surfaces, and/or may be disposed directly in the volume of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, as discussed further herein. In some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be formed in a layer of material that is attached to a transparent substrate to form the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some other embodiments, the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be a monolithic piece of material and the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be formed on a surface and/or in the interior of that piece of material. As described herein, in some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be integrated with surface portions of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

With continued reference to <FIG>, as discussed herein, each waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> is configured to output light to form an image corresponding to a particular depth plane. For example, the waveguide <NUM> nearest the eye may be configured to deliver collimated light (which was injected into such waveguide <NUM>), to the eye <NUM>. The collimated light may be representative of the optical infinity focal plane. The next waveguide up <NUM> may be configured to send out collimated light which passes through the first lens <NUM> (e.g., a negative lens) before it may reach the eye <NUM>; such first lens <NUM> may be configured to create a slight convex wavefront curvature so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from that next waveguide up <NUM> as coming from a first focal plane closer inward toward the eye <NUM> from optical infinity. Similarly, the third up waveguide <NUM> passes its output light through both the first <NUM> and second <NUM> lenses before reaching the eye <NUM>; the combined optical power of the first <NUM> and second <NUM> lenses may be configured to create another incremental amount of wavefront curvature so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from the third waveguide <NUM> as coming from a second focal plane that is even closer inward toward the person from optical infinity than was light from the next waveguide up <NUM>.

The other waveguide layers <NUM>, <NUM> and lenses <NUM>, <NUM> are similarly configured, with the highest waveguide <NUM> in the stack sending its output through all of the lenses between it and the eye for an aggregate focal power representative of the closest focal plane to the person. To compensate for the stack of lenses <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> when viewing/interpreting light coming from the world <NUM> on the other side of the stacked waveguide assembly <NUM>, a compensating lens or lens layer <NUM> may be disposed at the top of the stack to compensate for the aggregate power of the lens stack <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> below. Such a configuration provides as many perceived focal planes as there are available waveguide/lens pairings. Both the out-coupling optical elements of the waveguides and the focusing aspects of the lenses may be static (i.e., not dynamic or electro-active). In some alternative embodiments, either or both may be dynamic using electro-active features.

In some embodiments, two or more of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may have the same associated depth plane. For example, multiple waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to output images set to the same depth plane, or multiple subsets of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to output images set to the same plurality of depth planes, with one set for each depth plane. This may provide advantages for forming a tiled image to provide an expanded field of view at those depth planes.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to both redirect light out of their respective waveguides and to output this light with the appropriate amount of divergence or collimation for a particular depth plane associated with the waveguide. As a result, waveguides having different associated depth planes may have different configurations of out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, which output light with a different amount of divergence depending on the associated depth plane. In some embodiments, the light extracting optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be volumetric or surface features, which may be configured to output light at specific angles. For example, the light extracting optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be volume holograms, surface holograms, and/or diffraction gratings. In some embodiments, the light extracting optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be gratings integrated with surface portions of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are diffractive features that form a diffraction pattern, or "diffractive optical element" (also referred to herein as a "DOE"). Preferably, the DOEs have a sufficiently low diffraction efficiency so that only a portion of the light of the beam is deflected away toward the eye <NUM> with each intersection of the DOE, while the rest continues to move through a waveguide via TIR. The light carrying the image information is thus divided into a number of related exit beams that exit the waveguide at a multiplicity of locations and the result is a fairly uniform pattern of exit emission toward the eye <NUM> for this particular collimated beam bouncing around within a waveguide.

In some embodiments, one or more DOEs may be switchable between "on" states in which they actively diffract, and "off" states in which they do not significantly diffract. For instance, a switchable DOE may comprise a layer of polymer dispersed liquid crystal, in which microdroplets comprise a diffraction pattern in a host medium, and the refractive index of the microdroplets may be switched to substantially match the refractive index of the host material (in which case the pattern does not appreciably diffract incident light) or the microdroplet may be switched to an index that does not match that of the host medium (in which case the pattern actively diffracts incident light).

In some embodiments, a camera assembly <NUM> (e.g., a digital camera, including visible light and infrared light cameras) may be provided to capture images of the eye <NUM> and/or tissue around the eye <NUM> to, e.g., detect user inputs and/or to monitor the physiological state of the user. As used herein, a camera may be any image capture device. In some embodiments, the camera assembly <NUM> may include an image capture device and a light source to project light (e.g., infrared light) to the eye, which may then be reflected by the eye and detected by the image capture device. In some embodiments, the camera assembly <NUM> may be attached to the frame <NUM> (<FIG>) and may be in electrical communication with the processing modules <NUM> and/or <NUM>, which may process image information from the camera assembly <NUM>. In some embodiments, one camera assembly <NUM> may be utilized for each eye, to separately monitor each eye.

With reference now to <FIG>, an example of exit beams outputted by a waveguide is shown. One waveguide is illustrated, but it will be appreciated that other waveguides in the waveguide assembly <NUM> (<FIG>) may function similarly, where the waveguide assembly <NUM> includes multiple waveguides. Light <NUM> is injected into the waveguide <NUM> at the input surface <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM> and propagates within the waveguide <NUM> by TIR. At points where the light <NUM> impinges on the DOE <NUM>, a portion of the light exits the waveguide as exit beams <NUM>. The exit beams <NUM> are illustrated as substantially parallel but, as discussed herein, they may also be redirected to propagate to the eye <NUM> at an angle (e.g., forming divergent exit beams), depending on the depth plane associated with the waveguide <NUM>. It will be appreciated that substantially parallel exit beams may be indicative of a waveguide with out-coupling optical elements that out-couple light to form images that appear to be set on a depth plane at a large distance (e.g., optical infinity) from the eye <NUM>. Other waveguides or other sets of out-coupling optical elements may output an exit beam pattern that is more divergent, which would require the eye <NUM> to accommodate to a closer distance to bring it into focus on the retina and would be interpreted by the brain as light from a distance closer to the eye <NUM> than optical infinity.

In some embodiments, a full color image may be formed at each depth plane by overlaying images in each of the component colors, e.g., three or more component colors. <FIG> illustrates an example of a stacked waveguide assembly in which each depth plane includes images formed using multiple different component colors. The illustrated embodiment shows depth planes 240a - 240f, although more or fewer depths are also contemplated. Each depth plane may have three or more component color images associated with it, including: a first image of a first color, G; a second image of a second color, R; and a third image of a third color, B. Different depth planes are indicated in the figure by different numbers for diopters (dpt) following the letters G, R, and B. Just as examples, the numbers following each of these letters indicate diopters (<NUM>/m), or inverse distance of the depth plane from a viewer, and each box in the figures represents an individual component color image. In some embodiments, to account for differences in the eye's focusing of light of different wavelengths, the exact placement of the depth planes for different component colors may vary. For example, different component color images for a given depth plane may be placed on depth planes corresponding to different distances from the user. Such an arrangement may increase visual acuity and user comfort and/or may decrease chromatic aberrations.

In some embodiments, light of each component color may be outputted by a single dedicated waveguide and, consequently, each depth plane may have multiple waveguides associated with it. In such embodiments, each box in the figures including the letters G, R, or B may be understood to represent an individual waveguide, and three waveguides may be provided per depth plane where three component color images are provided per depth plane. While the waveguides associated with each depth plane are shown adjacent to one another in this drawing for ease of description, it will be appreciated that, in a physical device, the waveguides may all be arranged in a stack with one waveguide per level. In some other embodiments, multiple component colors may be outputted by the same waveguide, such that, e.g., only a single waveguide may be provided per depth plane.

With continued reference to <FIG>, in some embodiments, G is the color green, R is the color red, and B is the color blue. In some other embodiments, other colors associated with other wavelengths of light, including magenta and cyan, may be used in addition to or may replace one or more of red, green, or blue.

It will be appreciated that references to a given color of light throughout this disclosure will be understood to encompass light of one or more wavelengths within a range of wavelengths of light that are perceived by a viewer as being of that given color. For example, red light may include light of one or more wavelengths in the range of about <NUM>-<NUM>, green light may include light of one or more wavelengths in the range of about <NUM>-<NUM>, and blue light may include light of one or more wavelengths in the range of about <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the light source <NUM> (<FIG>) may be configured to emit light of one or more wavelengths outside the visual perception range of the viewer, for example, infrared and/or ultraviolet wavelengths. In addition, the in-coupling, out-coupling, and other light redirecting structures of the waveguides of the display <NUM> may be configured to direct and emit this light out of the display towards the user's eye <NUM>, e.g., for imaging and/or user stimulation applications.

With reference now to <FIG>, light impinging on a waveguide may need to be redirected to in-couple that light into the waveguide. An in-coupling optical element is used to redirect and in-couple the light into its corresponding waveguide. <FIG> illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example of a plurality or set <NUM> of stacked waveguides that each includes an in-coupling optical element. The waveguides may each be configured to output light of one or more different wavelengths, or one or more different ranges of wavelengths. It will be appreciated that the stack <NUM> may correspond to the stack <NUM> (<FIG>) and the illustrated waveguides of the stack <NUM> may correspond to part of the plurality of waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, except that light from one or more of the image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> is injected into the waveguides from a position that requires light to be redirected for in-coupling.

The illustrated set <NUM> of stacked waveguides includes waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>. Each waveguide includes an associated in-coupling optical element (which may also be referred to as a light input area on the waveguide), with, e.g., in-coupling optical element <NUM> disposed on a major surface (e.g., an upper major surface) of waveguide <NUM>, in-coupling optical element <NUM> disposed on a major surface (e.g., an upper major surface) of waveguide <NUM>, and in-coupling optical element <NUM> disposed on a major surface (e.g., an upper major surface) of waveguide <NUM>. In some embodiments, one or more of the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be disposed on the bottom major surface of the respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> (particularly where the one or more in-coupling optical elements are reflective, deflecting optical elements). As illustrated, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be disposed on the upper major surface of their respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> (or the top of the next lower waveguide), particularly where those in-coupling optical elements are transmissive, deflecting optical elements. In some embodiments, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be disposed in the body of the respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, as discussed herein, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are wavelength selective, such that they selectively redirect one or more wavelengths of light, while transmitting other wavelengths of light. While illustrated on one side or corner of their respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, it will be appreciated that the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be disposed in other areas of their respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> in some embodiments. As described herein, according to the claimed invention, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are integrated with surface portions of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

As illustrated, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be laterally offset from one another. In some embodiments, each in-coupling optical element may be offset such that it receives light without that light passing through another in-coupling optical element. For example, each in-coupling optical element <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to receive light from a different image injection device <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> as shown in <FIG>, and may be separated (e.g., laterally spaced apart) from other in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> such that it substantially does not receive light from the other ones of the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

Each waveguide also includes associated light distributing elements, with, e.g., light distributing elements <NUM> disposed on a major surface (e.g., a top major surface) of waveguide <NUM>, light distributing elements <NUM> disposed on a major surface (e.g., a top major surface) of waveguide <NUM>, and light distributing elements <NUM> disposed on a major surface (e.g., a top major surface) of waveguide <NUM>. In some other embodiments, the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, may be disposed on a bottom major surface of associated waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. In some other embodiments, the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, may be disposed on both top and bottom major surface of associated waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively, or the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, may be disposed on different ones of the top and bottom major surfaces in different associated waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. As described herein, in some embodiments, the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be integrated with surface portions of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

The waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be spaced apart and separated by, e.g., gas, liquid, and/or solid layers of material. For example, as illustrated, layer 760a may separate waveguides <NUM> and <NUM>; and layer 760b may separate waveguides <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the layers 760a and 760b are formed of low refractive index materials (that is, materials having a lower refractive index than the material forming the immediately adjacent one of waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>). Preferably, the refractive index of the material forming the layers 760a, 760b is <NUM> or more, or <NUM> or less than the refractive index of the material forming the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. Advantageously, the lower refractive index layers 760a, 760b may function as cladding layers that facilitate total internal reflection (TIR) of light through the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> (e.g., TIR between the top and bottom major surfaces of each waveguide). In some embodiments, the layers 760a, 760b are formed of air. While not illustrated, it will be appreciated that the top and bottom of the illustrated set <NUM> of waveguides may include immediately neighboring cladding layers.

Preferably, for ease of manufacturing and other considerations, the materials forming the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are similar or the same, and the materials forming the layers 760a, 760b are similar or the same. In some embodiments, the material forming the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be different between one or more waveguides, and/or the material forming the layers 760a, 760b may be different, while still holding to the various refractive index relationships noted above.

With continued reference to <FIG>, light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are incident on the set <NUM> of waveguides. It will be appreciated that the light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be injected into the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> by one or more image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> (<FIG>).

In some embodiments, the light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> have different properties, e.g., different wavelengths or different ranges of wavelengths, which may correspond to different colors. The in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> each deflect the incident light such that the light propagates through a respective one of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> by TIR. In some embodiments, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> each selectively deflect one or more particular wavelengths of light, while transmitting other wavelengths to an underlying waveguide and associated in-coupling optical element.

For example, in-coupling optical element <NUM> may be configured to deflect ray <NUM>, which has a first wavelength or range of wavelengths, while transmitting rays <NUM> and <NUM>, which have different second and third wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths, respectively. The transmitted ray <NUM> impinges on and is deflected by the in-coupling optical element <NUM>, which is configured to deflect light of a second wavelength or range of wavelengths. The ray <NUM> is deflected by the in-coupling optical element <NUM>, which is configured to selectively deflect light of third wavelength or range of wavelengths.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the deflected light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are deflected so that they propagate through a corresponding waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>; that is, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of each waveguide deflect light into that corresponding waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> to in-couple light into that corresponding waveguide. The light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are deflected at angles that cause the light to propagate through the respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> by TIR. The light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> propagate through the respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> by TIR until impinging on the waveguide's corresponding light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

With reference now to <FIG>, a perspective view of an example of the plurality of stacked waveguides of <FIG> is illustrated. As noted above, the in-coupled light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, are deflected by the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively, and then propagate by TIR within the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. The light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> then impinge on the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. The light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> deflect the light rays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> so that they propagate towards the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively.

In some embodiments, the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are orthogonal pupil expanders (OPEs). In some embodiments, the OPEs deflect or distribute light to the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and, in some embodiments, may also increase the beam or spot size of this light as it propagates to the out-coupling optical elements. In some embodiments, the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be omitted and the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to deflect light directly to the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. For example, with reference to <FIG>, the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be replaced with out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. In some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are exit pupils (EPs) or exit pupil expanders (EPEs) that direct light into a viewer's eye <NUM> (<FIG>). It will be appreciated that the OPEs may be configured to increase the dimensions of the eye box in at least one axis and the EPEs may be configured to increase the eye box in an axis crossing, e.g., orthogonal to, the axis of the OPEs. For example, each OPE may be configured to redirect a portion of the light striking the OPE to an EPE of the same waveguide, while allowing the remaining portion of the light to continue to propagate down the waveguide. Upon impinging on the OPE again, another portion of the remaining light is redirected to the EPE, and the remaining portion of that portion continues to propagate further down the waveguide, and so on. Similarly, upon striking the EPE, a portion of the impinging light is directed out of the waveguide towards the user, and a remaining portion of that light continues to propagate through the waveguide until it strikes the EP again, at which time another portion of the impinging light is directed out of the waveguide, and so on. Consequently, a single beam of incoupled light may be "replicated" each time a portion of that light is redirected by an OPE or EPE, thereby forming a field of cloned beams of light, as shown in <FIG>. In some embodiments, the OPE and/or EPE may be configured to modify a size of the beams of light.

Accordingly, with reference to <FIG> and <FIG>, in some embodiments, the set <NUM> of waveguides includes waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>; in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>; light distributing elements (e.g., OPEs) <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>; and out-coupling optical elements (e.g., EPs) <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> for each component color. The waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be stacked with an air gap/cladding layer between each one. The in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> redirect or deflect incident light (with different in-coupling optical elements receiving light of different wavelengths) into the respective waveguide. The light then propagates at an angle which will result in TIR within the respective waveguide <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In the example shown, light ray <NUM> (e.g., blue light) is deflected by the first in-coupling optical element <NUM>, and then continues to bounce down the waveguide, interacting with the light distributing element (e.g., OPEs) <NUM> and then the out-coupling optical element (e.g., EPs) <NUM>, in a manner described earlier. The light rays <NUM> and <NUM> (e.g., green and red light, respectively) will pass through the waveguide <NUM>, with light ray <NUM> impinging on and being deflected by in-coupling optical element <NUM>. The light ray <NUM> then bounces down the waveguide <NUM> via TIR, proceeding on to its light distributing element (e.g., OPEs) <NUM> and then the out-coupling optical element (e.g., EPs) <NUM>. Finally, light ray <NUM> (e.g., red light) passes through the waveguide <NUM> to impinge on the light in-coupling optical elements <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>. The light in-coupling optical elements <NUM> deflect the light ray <NUM> such that the light ray propagates to light distributing element (e.g., OPEs) <NUM> by TIR, and then to the out-coupling optical element (e.g., EPs) <NUM> by TIR. The out-coupling optical element <NUM> then finally out-couples the light ray <NUM> to the viewer, who also receives the out-coupled light from the other waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates a top-down plan view of an example of the plurality of stacked waveguides of <FIG> and <FIG>. As illustrated, the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, along with each waveguide's associated light distributing element <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and associated out-coupling optical element <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, may be vertically aligned. However, as discussed herein, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are not vertically aligned; rather, the in-coupling optical elements are preferably non-overlapping (e.g., laterally spaced apart as seen in the top-down view). As discussed further herein, this non-overlapping spatial arrangement facilitates the injection of light from different resources into different waveguides on a one-to-one basis, thereby allowing a specific light source to be uniquely coupled to a specific waveguide. In some embodiments, arrangements including non-overlapping spatially-separated in-coupling optical elements may be referred to as a shifted pupil system, and the in-coupling optical elements within these arrangements may correspond to sub pupils.

<FIG> illustrates an example of wearable display system <NUM> into which the various waveguides and related systems disclosed herein may be integrated. In some embodiments, the display system <NUM> is the system <NUM> of <FIG>, with <FIG> schematically showing some parts of that system <NUM> in greater detail. For example, the waveguide assembly <NUM> of <FIG> may be part of the display <NUM>.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the display system <NUM> includes a display <NUM>, and various mechanical and electronic modules and systems to support the functioning of that display <NUM>. The display <NUM> may be coupled to a frame <NUM>, which is wearable by a display system user or viewer <NUM> and which is configured to position the display <NUM> in front of the eyes of the user <NUM>. The display <NUM> may be considered eyewear in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a speaker <NUM> is coupled to the frame <NUM> and configured to be positioned adjacent the ear canal of the user <NUM> (in some embodiments, another speaker, not shown, may optionally be positioned adjacent the other ear canal of the user to provide stereo/shapeable sound control). The display system <NUM> may also include one or more microphones <NUM> or other devices to detect sound. In some embodiments, the microphone is configured to allow the user to provide inputs or commands to the system <NUM> (e.g., the selection of voice menu commands, natural language questions, etc.), and/or may allow audio communication with other persons (e.g., with other users of similar display systems. The microphone may further be configured as a peripheral sensor to collect audio data (e.g., sounds from the user and/or environment). In some embodiments, the display system <NUM> may further include one or more outwardly-directed environmental sensors <NUM> configured to detect objects, stimuli, people, animals, locations, or other aspects of the world around the user. For example, environmental sensors <NUM> may include one or more cameras, which may be located, for example, facing outward so as to capture images similar to at least a portion of an ordinary field of view of the user <NUM>. In some embodiments, the display system may also include a peripheral sensor 120a, which may be separate from the frame <NUM> and attached to the body of the user <NUM> (e.g., on the head, torso, an extremity, etc. of the user <NUM>). The peripheral sensor 120a may be configured to acquire data characterizing a physiological state of the user <NUM> in some embodiments. For example, the sensor 120a may be an electrode.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the display <NUM> is operatively coupled by communications link <NUM>, such as by a wired lead or wireless connectivity, to a local data processing module <NUM> which may be mounted in a variety of configurations, such as fixedly attached to the frame <NUM>, fixedly attached to a helmet or hat worn by the user, embedded in headphones, or otherwise removably attached to the user <NUM> (e.g., in a backpack-style configuration, in a belt-coupling style configuration). Similarly, the sensor 120a may be operatively coupled by communications link 120b, e.g., a wired lead or wireless connectivity, to the local processor and data module <NUM>. The local processing and data module <NUM> may comprise a hardware processor, as well as digital memory, such as non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory or hard disk drives), both of which may be utilized to assist in the processing, caching, and storage of data. Optionally, the local processor and data module <NUM> may include one or more central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), dedicated processing hardware, and so on. The data may include data a) captured from sensors (which may be, e.g., operatively coupled to the frame <NUM> or otherwise attached to the user <NUM>), such as image capture devices (such as cameras), microphones, inertial measurement units, accelerometers, compasses, GPS units, radio devices, gyros, and/or other sensors disclosed herein; and/or b) acquired and/or processed using remote processing module <NUM> and/or remote data repository <NUM> (including data relating to virtual content), possibly for passage to the display <NUM> after such processing or retrieval. The local processing and data module <NUM> may be operatively coupled by communication links <NUM>, <NUM>, such as via a wired or wireless communication links, to the remote processing module <NUM> and remote data repository <NUM> such that these remote modules <NUM>, <NUM> are operatively coupled to each other and available as resources to the local processing and data module <NUM>. In some embodiments, the local processing and data module <NUM> may include one or more of the image capture devices, microphones, inertial measurement units, accelerometers, compasses, GPS units, radio devices, and/or gyros. In some other embodiments, one or more of these sensors may be attached to the frame <NUM>, or may be standalone structures that communicate with the local processing and data module <NUM> by wired or wireless communication pathways.

With continued reference to <FIG>, in some embodiments, the remote processing module <NUM> may comprise one or more processors configured to analyze and process data and/or image information, for instance including one or more central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), dedicated processing hardware, and so on. In some embodiments, the remote data repository <NUM> may comprise a digital data storage facility, which may be available through the internet or other networking configuration in a "cloud" resource configuration. In some embodiments, the remote data repository <NUM> may include one or more remote servers, which provide information, e.g., information for generating augmented reality content, to the local processing and data module <NUM> and/or the remote processing module <NUM>. In some embodiments, all data is stored and all computations are performed in the local processing and data module, allowing fully autonomous use from a remote module. Optionally, an outside system (e.g., a system of one or more processors, one or more computers) that includes CPUs, GPUs, and so on, may perform at least a portion of processing (e.g., generating image information, processing data) and provide information to, and receive information from, modules <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, for instance via wireless or wired connections.

As described with respect to <FIG>, light containing image information can be provided to an eyepiece (an eyepiece comprising for example, a waveguide assembly <NUM> comprising waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) by a light projector system <NUM> (e.g., by image injection devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of the projector system <NUM>). Low coupling efficiency of the light between the projector system <NUM> and the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> can lower the total efficiency of the waveguide assembly <NUM> and can degrade the overall image quality provided to the viewer. Compared to waveguides used in current display systems, certain implementations of waveguides described herein can advantageously provide higher coupling efficiency, better image quality, and/or a simpler manufacturing process.

Referring now to <FIG>, a waveguide that is not according to the claimed invention with an integrated in-coupling optical element is illustrated. The waveguide <NUM><NUM> includes an integrated in-coupling optical element <NUM> configured to couple incident light into the waveguide <NUM>. The light can propagate though the waveguide <NUM> via total internal reflection. One or more light distributing elements <NUM> can direct the light towards one or more out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, which can extract and direct the light out of the waveguide <NUM> and into a viewer's eyes.

In various implementations, the waveguide <NUM> can include a layer <NUM> comprising a substantially optically transparent material. In some implementations, the layer <NUM> can be highly transparent to wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum, e.g., <NUM>-<NUM>. For example, the layer <NUM> can transmit from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of light, in the visible light spectrum, across its thickness. In some instances, the layer <NUM> may be formed of a polymer material, such as optical polymers used for ophthalmic lenses and/or transparent polymers. Some example polymers which may be used can include thiol-based polymers; MR series polymers commercially available from Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc. of Rye Brook, New York; LPB or LPL series polymers commercially available from Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation of Tokyo, Japan; or OrmoStamp® commercially available from micro resist technology GmbH of Berlin, Germany. In some instances, the layer <NUM> may be formed of a combination of materials, such as a first layer of a first material and a second layer of a second material. Other examples are possible.

With continued reference to <FIG>, the layer <NUM> can have a first major surface <NUM> and a second major surface <NUM>. The first and second major surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> can be configured such that light containing image information can propagate through the layer <NUM> being guided therein. For example, the light can be guided through the layer <NUM> by reflecting from the first <NUM> and second <NUM> major surfaces via total internal reflection from surfaces. In various implementations, the first and second major surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> can have relatively low surface roughness. For example, in some implementations, the surface roughness can be in a range from about <NUM> to about <NUM> (such as about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. Without being bound by theory, a waveguide with a relatively low surface roughness can retain imaging quality. Accordingly, in various implementations, the first and second major surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> can have relatively low surface roughness such that layer <NUM> can preserve image information and retain imaging.

In various implementations, the first major surface <NUM> can include a first smaller surface portion <NUM> and a second larger surface portion <NUM> monolithically integrated with the layer <NUM> and with each other <NUM>, <NUM>. In some instances, the first smaller surface portion <NUM> can include at least a part of the in-coupling optical element <NUM>. For example, the first smaller surface portion <NUM> can form at least a part of the in-coupling optical element <NUM>. In various implementations, the first smaller surface portion <NUM> can be integrated with the in-coupling optical element <NUM> such that the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be configured to efficiently couple light incident on the in-coupling optical element <NUM> into the layer <NUM>. As described herein, the light can propagate through the layer <NUM> by total internal reflection from the second major surface <NUM> and the second larger surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM>.

In some implementations, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be configured to deflect light containing image information in the layer <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>. In <FIG>, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprises a tilted surface portion (e.g., the first smaller surface portion <NUM>). For example, the tilted surface portion can comprise the first smaller surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> tilted with respect to the second larger surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> and the second major surface <NUM>. The tilted surface portion <NUM> can be tilted in a range from about <NUM> degrees to about <NUM> degrees with respect to a plane parallel the first <NUM> and/or second <NUM> major surfaces (such as about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees, etc.) in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> degrees to about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees to about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees to about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees to about <NUM> degrees, about <NUM> degrees to about <NUM> degrees, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. In some embodiments, the angle of tilt can be based at least in part on the thickness T of layer <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>.

In some implementations, the tilted surface portion <NUM> can form a part of an indentation (or facet) <NUM> in the layer <NUM>. With continued reference to <FIG>, the indentation <NUM> can have a depth D (or height) and width W. In some implementations, the depth D of the indentation <NUM> can be less than the thickness T of the layer <NUM>. In some instances, the depth D of the indentation <NUM> can be at least half the thickness T or at least three quarters the thickness T of the layer <NUM>. For example, the indentation <NUM> can have a depth D of about <NUM>. 5T, about <NUM>. 6T, about <NUM>. 75T, about <NUM>. 8T, about <NUM>. 9T, etc. or can have a depth D in any ranges formed by such values. Other values and ranges are possible. In some implementations, the indentation <NUM> can have a depth D substantially equal to the thickness T of the layer <NUM>.

In some instances, the depth D of the indentation <NUM> can be in a range from about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns (such as about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. In some instances, the depth D of the indentation <NUM> can be outside these ranges.

In some instances, the width W of the indentation <NUM> can be in a range from about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns (such as about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. In some instances, the width W of the indentation <NUM> can be outside these ranges.

In some implementations, the indentation <NUM> can comprise air. Alternatively, the indentation <NUM> can comprise the same material as layer <NUM> or another substantially optically transparent material (e.g., a material with substantially similar refractive index). In some such implementations, the indentation <NUM> can form at least part of a prism (e.g., a triangular prism) having a depth D and width W as described herein with the tilted surface portion <NUM> forming one of the surfaces of the prism. Accordingly, some implementations of waveguides can include an integrated in-coupling optical element <NUM> in the form of a prism. In various implementations, the prism can be configured to reflect the light containing the image information in the layer <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>. For example, in some implementations, the prism can be configured to reflect light by total internal reflection as light strikes a surface of the prism at an angle greater than the critical angle.

Conventional gratings used as an in-coupling element can potentially result in non-uniform brightness of an image due to differing diffraction efficiencies with respect to input angle. Advantageously, in various implementations, an in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprising a prism can achieve higher uniform reflectivity with respect to input angle (extremely uniform reflectivity in some instances), and thus can improve the brightness uniformity of the display's output image. In addition, in certain implementations described herein, an in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprising an integrated prism of the same material as the waveguide (or a material with substantially similar refractive index) can achieve near-perfect index-matching with the waveguide (or substantially similar index-matching) without an interface (e.g., a rough surface) between the prism and the waveguide material. In some such implementations, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can reduce back reflection into the projector (achieve extremely low back reflection in some instances), and thus reduce ghost image artifacts (no ghosting in some instances). Furthermore, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprising a prism integrated with a surface <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM> can allow direct contact with the waveguide <NUM>, leading to increased in-coupling between a light projector and waveguide <NUM>, and can simplify the manufacturing process by simplifying and/or eliminating the alignment step between the prism and waveguide during assembly.

<FIG> illustrates another waveguide with an integrated in-coupling optical element that is not according to the claimed invention. The waveguide <NUM> is similar to the waveguide <NUM> in <FIG> (e.g., first major surface <NUM>, second major surface <NUM>, layer <NUM>, indentation <NUM>, one or more light distributing elements <NUM>, one or more out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, etc.), except the tilted surface portion <NUM> can form at least part of a turning mirror. For example, in some implementations, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can include a layer <NUM> of reflective material (e.g., metallization) disposed on the tilted surface portion <NUM>. In some instances, the reflective layer <NUM> can include a metal film (e.g., Au, Al, Ag, or any reflective metal). The thickness of the metal film can be in a range from about <NUM> to about <NUM> (such as about <NUM> run, about <NUM> run, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. In some implementations, the indentation <NUM> may be filled with reflective material or filler. The in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprising a turning mirror (e.g., a metallized tilted surface portion) can be configured to reflect the light containing image information in the layer <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>. An in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprising a turning mirror integrated with a surface of the waveguide <NUM> can allow direct contact with the waveguide <NUM>, leading to increased in-coupling between a light projector and waveguide, and can simplify the manufacturing process by simplifying and/or eliminating the alignment step between the turning mirror and waveguide during assembly.

In some implementations, the tilted surface portion <NUM> may extend completely through the thickness of the waveguide layer <NUM> such that the tilted surface portion <NUM> is an edge (e.g., a surface extending between the major surfaces) of the waveguide layer <NUM> instead of a portion of the first major surface <NUM>. In other words, in some implementations, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be integrated with an edge of the waveguide layer <NUM> instead of a major surface <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates another waveguide with an integrated in-coupling optical element that is not according to the claimed invention. The waveguide <NUM> is similar to the waveguide <NUM> in <FIG> (e.g., first major surface <NUM>, second major surface <NUM>, layer <NUM>, indentation <NUM>, one or more light distributing elements <NUM>, one or more out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, etc.), except the tilted surface portion <NUM> of the in-coupling optical element <NUM> has curvature. For example, in the in-coupling optical element <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>, the first smaller surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> is curved with respect to the second larger surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> and the second major surface <NUM>. As another example, the curved surface portion <NUM> may be an edge portion of the waveguide <NUM>.

In various implementations, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> comprising a turning mirror (e.g., a metallized curved surface portion) can be configured to reflect the light containing image information in the layer <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>. In some implementations, the curved surface portion <NUM> can be configured to provide optical power (e.g., a powered turning mirror). In some implementations, the curved surface portion <NUM> can supplement the optical power of other components (e.g., supplement the optical power of the exit pupil expanders) and/or make the optical power of other components unnecessary. In some examples, the curved surface portion <NUM> can be configured to provide positive optical power. In some such implementations, the tilted surface portion <NUM> can have concave curvature from the perspective of most locations within the substantially optically transparent layer <NUM>. As another example, the curved surface portion <NUM> can be configured to provide negative optical power. In some such implementations, the tilted surface portion <NUM> can have a convex curvature from the perspective of most locations within the layer <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates an example waveguide with an integrated in-coupling optical element according to the claimed invention. In the example waveguide <NUM>, the curved surface portion <NUM> forms at least part of a lens <NUM> (e.g., a spherical, cylindrical, parabolic, freeform lens, etc.) of an integrated prism <NUM> and lens <NUM>. In the in-coupling optical element <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>, the first smaller surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> is curved with respect to the second larger surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> and the second major surface <NUM>. In some implementations, the curved surface portion <NUM> can be convex as seen from most of the waveguide <NUM>. In some examples, the curved surface portion <NUM> can form a positive powered lens. In some implementations, the curved surface portion <NUM> can be concave as seen from most of the waveguide <NUM>. In some examples, the curved surface portion <NUM> can form a negative powered lens. In various implementations, the integrated prism <NUM> and lens <NUM> can be configured to direct the light containing the image information in the layer <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM>. For example, in some implementations, the prism <NUM> can be configured to reflect light by total internal reflection as light strikes a surface of the prism <NUM> at an angle greater than the critical angle, and the lens <NUM> can be configured to focus and/or refract light into the layer <NUM>. Forming at least part of a lens <NUM> with a surface <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM> can improve the coupling of light between a light projector and waveguide, and can simplify assembly by eliminating the alignment step between the lens and waveguide.

<FIG> illustrates a waveguide with at least part of a lens <NUM> integrated with the waveguide <NUM> that is not according to the claimed invention. In <FIG>, the entire lens <NUM> is monolithically integrated with the waveguide <NUM>. Although the lens <NUM> is illustrated as integrated with a major surface <NUM> of the waveguide layer <NUM>, in some implementations, the lens <NUM> can be integrated with an edge of the waveguide layer. In addition to improving coupling of light and simplifying assembly, monolithically integrating a lens with the waveguide can reduce the total footprint (e.g., size and/or weight) of a waveguide display device by eliminating a lens component in the projector and/or a lens component between the projector and waveguide. In some implementations, the lens <NUM> can comprise a spherical, cylindrical, parabolic, or freeform lens. Any shapes are possible. In some instances, the lens <NUM> can be a convex lens. In some examples, the lens <NUM> can provide positive optical power. In some implementations, the lens <NUM> can be a concave lens. In some examples, the lens <NUM> can provide negative optical power.

In some implementations, the lens <NUM> can be aligned with another in-coupling optical element. For example, as illustrated in <FIG>, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be configured to turn light into layer <NUM> after passing through the lens <NUM>. In some instances, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be disposed on a surface <NUM> of the layer <NUM> opposite the surface <NUM> on which the lens <NUM> is disposed. In some other instances, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be disposed on a surface adjacent the surface on which the lens is disposed. In some other instances, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be disposed on the same surface on which the lens is disposed. In some implementations, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can be integrated with a surface of the waveguide <NUM>. For example, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can include any of the in-coupling optical elements described herein (e.g., an integrated facet, prism, turning mirror, lens, or a combination thereof).

As another example not forming part of the claimed invention, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> can include an integrated grating. For instance, in some implementations, a first smaller surface portion <NUM> of the first major surface <NUM> can form at least part of a grating (e.g., the first smaller surface portion <NUM> can include undulating surface relief). The grating can be a reflective grating. In some instances, the linewidth of the grating can be in a range from about <NUM> to about <NUM> (such as about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM> run, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM> run, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM> run, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. Other examples are possible.

In some instances, the pitch of the grating can be in a range from about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns (such as about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, about <NUM> microns to about <NUM> microns, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. Other examples are possible.

Other in-coupling optical elements can be integrated with a surface of the waveguide. In addition, although various implementations are described herein as in-coupling optical elements, other optical elements can also be integrated with a surface of the waveguide. For example, light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and/or out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> can be integrated with a surface of the waveguide. Further, although various implementations of light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and/or out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are illustrated as gratings, the light distributing elements and/or the out-coupling optical elements can be any of the integrated optical elements described herein.

Some implementations can include one or more anti-reflective structures to reduce reflections when the viewer is viewing through the waveguide. For example, as shown in <FIG> anti-reflective structures <NUM> are provided adjacent the in-coupling optical element <NUM>. One or more anti-reflective structures <NUM> can also be provided adjacent and/or opposing an out-coupling optical element <NUM> (or a light distributing element). One or more anti-reflective structures <NUM> can be provided on any surface portion of the waveguide <NUM>. In <FIG>, the in-coupling optical element <NUM> and the out-coupling optical element <NUM> are illustrated as gratings integrated with a surface <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM> (e.g., similar to grating <NUM> shown in <FIG>). In various implementations, the optical elements (e.g., in-coupling optical element, the out-coupling optical element, and/or the light distributing element) can be any of the integrated optical elements described herein.

With conventional anti-reflective coatings, multiple layers of coatings are usually provided, and it may be challenging to surround a grating with such layers. Further, there are generally costs associated with providing each additional layer of conventional anti-reflective coating. In various implementations, at least a part of an anti-reflective structure can also be integrated with a surface of the waveguide (and can surround a grating in some implementations). For example, a surface portion <NUM> of the waveguide <NUM> can form at least part of the anti-reflective structure <NUM>. In some implementations, the anti-reflective structure <NUM> can include a surface relief pattern. For instance, the anti-reflective structure <NUM> can comprise an undulating pattern. In some implementations, the undulating pattern can undulate in one dimension or one direction. In some implementations, the undulating pattern can undulate in two dimensions or two directions. The undulating pattern can include a periodic pattern. For example, the period of the pattern can be in a range from about <NUM> to about <NUM> (such as about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. In some implementations, the pitch of the anti-reflective structure <NUM> can be such that the anti-reflective structure <NUM> is not diffractive to visible light. Other examples are possible.

In some instances, the height of the pattern can be in a range from about <NUM> to about <NUM> (such as about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM>, about <NUM> run, about <NUM> run, etc.), in any ranges within this range (such as about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM> run, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, etc.), any values within these ranges, or in any ranges formed by such values. Other examples are possible.

<FIG> shows a magnified image of an example anti-reflective structure adjacent an in-coupling grating. <FIG> shows a magnified image of the example anti-reflective structure. As shown in these figures, nanostructures can be integrated with a surface of the waveguide. In various implementations, the extremely small sizes can have an effective index with air such that the structure can act similarly to an anti-reflective coating. An anti-reflective structure that is integrated into a surface portion of the waveguide can advantageously be selectively provided on desired portions of the waveguide. For example, one or more anti-reflective structures can be provided to surround an in-coupling grating.

In some implementations, the anti-reflective structure can include material disposed on the surface relief pattern. For instance, in some examples, the material can have a desired index of refraction. In some implementations, the anti-reflective structure can reduce (and/or minimize in some instances) the reflection of the image generated by an adjacent waveguide. In some implementations, the anti-reflective structure can reduce (and/or minimize in some instances) the phase retardation as light impinges on a surface.

An anti-reflective structure can be optically aligned with an optical element. In some instances, an anti-reflective structure can be optically aligned with an optical element associated with another waveguide. For example, the anti-reflective structure <NUM> can be configured to facilitate passage of light through the waveguide <NUM> to another waveguide. With reference to <FIG>, various implementations may include a stack <NUM> of waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. As illustrated in <FIG>, the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> can be laterally offset from one another such that each in-coupling optical element <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> can receive light without that light passing through another in-coupling optical element <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. Additionally, an anti-reflective structure can be optically aligned with an in-coupling optical element associated with another waveguide. For example, an anti-reflective structure (e.g., <NUM> shown in <FIG>) can be positioned on waveguide <NUM> above an in-coupling optical element (e.g., <NUM> in <FIG>) for waveguide <NUM> such that light <NUM> can transmit through the anti-reflective structure and waveguide <NUM> and be incident on the in-coupling optical element <NUM> for coupling into waveguide <NUM>. As another example, an anti-reflective structure can be configured to reduce (and/or minimize in some instances) reflection from light out-coupled from a waveguide and directed to the user. In some implementations, an anti-reflective structure can be optically aligned with an out-coupling optical element and/or light distributing element. Referring to <FIG>, since light out-coupled by waveguide <NUM> passes through waveguide <NUM>, an anti-reflective structure can be positioned on the side of waveguide <NUM> nearest to waveguide <NUM>. Other examples are possible.

As described herein, the claimed invention includes an integrated in-coupling optical element, wherein a surface portion forms the in-coupling optical element. Some implementations can include a surface portion that forms at least a part of another optical element (e.g., light distributing element, out-coupling optical element, anti-reflective structures, etc.). In some implementations, at least part of the optical element can be formed when forming the surfaces of the waveguide. As an example, some implementations can be molded such that at least a part of the optical element can be formed into a surface of the waveguide. For instance, with reference to <FIG>, which is not according to the claimed invention, some implementations can include a waveguide comprising a molded layer <NUM> of substantially optically transparent material. Surface portions <NUM>, <NUM> can be monolithically integrated with the molded layer <NUM> and with each other <NUM>, <NUM>. One <NUM> of the surface portions can include at least a part of a molded optical element <NUM>. In some examples, the layer <NUM>, the surfaces <NUM>, <NUM>, and the surface relief pattern <NUM> can form a molded optic. The waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> in <FIG> can also be molded. In some examples, the layer (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>), the first surfaces (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>), the second surfaces (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>), and at least a part of the optical element (e.g., tilted surface portion <NUM>, <NUM>, curved surface portion <NUM>, <NUM>, lens <NUM>, <NUM>, grating <NUM>) can form a single molded optic.

Any of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or combinations thereof, may be utilized as one of the waveguides of the waveguide stacks <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM> (<FIG>), e.g., as one of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>). In addition, any of the optical elements described herein can be provided on any of the waveguides. For example, any of the optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may correspond to any of the in-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>), the light distributing elements <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> and/or out-coupling optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>). As another example, any of the optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may correspond to any of the features (e.g., lenses) <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>). In some implementations, one or more anti-reflective structures <NUM> may be provided on any of the waveguides <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> (<FIG>). Further, although some implementations have described the optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> as integrated with a major surface of a waveguide, in a variation that does not form part of the claimed invention any of the optical elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> can be integrated with an edge of a waveguide (e.g., a surface extending between the major surfaces).

As described herein, at least part of an in-coupling optical element is integrated with the waveguide layer, whilst at least part of another optical element (e.g., at least part of a light distributing element, an out-coupling optical element, an anti-reflective structure, etc.) may be integrated with the waveguide layer. As described herein, at least part of the waveguide surface can form at least a part of the optical element, which can simplify the manufacturing of the waveguide and devices/systems incorporating the waveguides (e.g., fewer steps and/or fewer, if any, alignment issues). By forming at least a part of the optical element with a surface portion of the waveguide, at least a part of the optical element can be perfectly index-matched with the waveguide layer and without an interface therebetween. Further, in some implementations, by forming at least a part of the optical element with a surface portion of the waveguide, optical elements can be formed on selective portions of the waveguide.

In various implementations, the waveguide layer (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) may be formed using a flowable material. At least part of an optical element may be integrated with the waveguide layer by imprinting and subsequently hardening or curing of the imprinted material. As an example method, the waveguide can be formed by molding as described herein. Other types of molding can be used such as injection molding. Inkjet, lithography, and/or nano-imprinting can also be used in some implementations, e.g., to include optical elements such as lenses and/or prisms. In various implementations, the method can be used to form a variety of shapes and sizes (e.g., macro-level, micro-level, and/or nano-level sized features) and to form well-aligned features. Some implementations can also achieve relatively flat surfaces (e.g., low surface roughness) without additional post processing steps (e.g., without polishing). Further, some implementations can be performed repetitively and relatively inexpensively (e.g., inexpensive materials, equipment, and operation).

<FIG> illustrate an example method of forming a waveguide with an integrated optical element. With reference to <FIG>, a pair of molds <NUM>, <NUM> configured to face one another is provided. At least one of the molds <NUM>, <NUM> can comprise an imprint <NUM>, <NUM> of at least a part of an optical element. The imprint <NUM>, <NUM> may be the negative of the desired portion of the optical element to be defined in the waveguide layer to be formed. For simplicity, the molds <NUM>, <NUM> are illustrated as having a pattern of raised features, e.g., to form one or more integrated gratings and/or anti-reflective structures as described herein. In some other implementations, the imprint may be the negative of at least a part of a prism, lens, integrated prism and lens, and/or a turning mirror (tilted and/or curved) as described herein. It will be appreciated that the imprints can be provided on the molds <NUM>, <NUM> to form any optical element, any combination of optical elements, and/or any additional structures as desired. With continued reference to <FIG>, a mass of material <NUM> for forming the waveguide layer can be deposited on mold <NUM> (e.g., between molds <NUM>, <NUM>). As described herein, the material <NUM> can be a flowable material. For example, the material <NUM> can be a polymer (e.g., a resin).

With reference to <FIG>, the molds <NUM>, <NUM> can be brought together to compress the material <NUM>, thereby forming the waveguide layer. For example, the molds <NUM>, <NUM> can contact the material <NUM> such that at least one of the molds <NUM>, <NUM> transfers the corresponding imprint into the material <NUM>.

With reference to <FIG>, the compressed material <NUM> may be subjected to a hardening process. As an example, the compressed material <NUM> may be subjected to a curing process (e.g., exposure to ultraviolet light) to harden the material to form a substantially solid waveguide layer <NUM>. As illustrated, the negative imprint <NUM>, <NUM> can define at least a part of the optical element in the waveguide layer <NUM>.

With reference to <FIG>, the molds <NUM>, <NUM> can be moved apart relative to one another and the waveguide layer <NUM> can be released from the molds <NUM>, <NUM>, thereby forming the waveguide <NUM> such that a surface portion of the waveguide forms at least a part the optical element. In some implementations, additional steps can be performed to fabricate the remaining part of the optical element, e.g., depositing material on the formed part of the optical element. For example, a tilted surface portion (e.g., <NUM> of <FIG>) or a curved surface portion (e.g., <NUM> of <FIG>) may be metallized. As another example, a material can be deposited on a surface relief pattern (e.g., <NUM> of <FIG>).

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.

Indeed, it will be appreciated that the systems and methods of the disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible or required for the desirable attributes disclosed herein. The various features and processes described above may be used independently of one another, or may be combined in various ways. All possible combinations and subcombinations are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure.

Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments also may be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment also may be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. No single feature or group of features is necessary or indispensable to each and every embodiment.

It will be appreciated that conditional language used herein, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," "may," "e.g.," and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open- ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. In addition, the articles "a," "an," and "the" as used in this application and the appended claims are to be construed to mean "one or more" or "at least one" unless specified otherwise. Similarly, while operations may be depicted in the drawings in a particular order, it is to be recognized that such operations need not be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Further, the drawings may schematically depict one more example processes in the form of a flowchart. However, other operations that are not depicted may be incorporated in the example methods and processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated operations. Additionally, the operations may be rearranged or reordered in other embodiments. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Additionally, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.

Claim 1:
A waveguide (<NUM>) comprising:
a polymer layer (<NUM>) comprising substantially optically transparent material having first (<NUM>) and second (<NUM>) major surfaces configured such that light containing image information can propagate through said polymer layer (<NUM>) being guided therein by reflecting from said first (<NUM>) and second (<NUM>) major surfaces via total internal reflection,
wherein said first surface (<NUM>) includes first smaller (<NUM>) and second larger (<NUM>) surface portions monolithically integrated with said polymer layer (<NUM>) and with each other, said first smaller surface portion (<NUM>) comprising at least a part of an in-coupling optical element (<NUM>) configured to couple light incident on said in-coupling optical element (<NUM>) into said polymer layer (<NUM>) for propagation therethrough by reflection from said second major surface (<NUM>) and said second larger surface portion (<NUM>) of said first major surface (<NUM>),
characterized in that said in-coupling optical element (<NUM>) comprises a lens (<NUM>), wherein said lens (<NUM>) comprises said first smaller surface portion (<NUM>) of said first major surface (<NUM>) curved with respect to said second larger surface portion (<NUM>) of said first major surface (<NUM>) and said second major surface (<NUM>).