Patent Description:
In a case where a rubber product such as a tire is manufactured, an extrusion step is available in which unvulcanized rubber is extruded by a rubber extrusion device. A screw installed inside a rubber extrusion device plasticizes unvulcanized rubber and feeds plasticized unvulcanized rubber into an extrusion flow path formed in a head of the leading end. A die including an extrusion port with a desired shape is installed at the leading end of the head, and unvulcanized rubber passes through the extrusion port. A rubber extrudate provided with the desired shape is thus manufactured (for example, see <CIT>, <CIT> and <CIT>).

Different types of rubber have different rubber physical properties, and even for the same type of rubber, rubber physical properties vary among lots to some degree. In addition, extrusion conditions and the like vary among lots. Due to these variations, even in a case where the unvulcanized rubber is extruded using the same die, the rubber extrudate may be curved in an unintended direction with respect to the extrusion direction, preventing rubber extrudates with the desired shape from being obtained.

<CIT> discloses a rubber extrusion device comprising a cylindrical cylinder, a screw disposed in an internal space of the cylinder, a head installed at a leading end of the cylinder and including an extrusion flow path communicating with the internal space, and a die attached to the head at a leading end position of the extrusion flow path, the die including an extrusion port. <CIT> discloses a rubber extrusion device comprising a cylindrical cylinder, a screw disposed in an internal space of the cylinder, a head disposed at a leading end of the cylinder and including an extrusion flow path communicating with the internal space, and a die attached to the head at a leading end position of the extrusion flow path and including an extrusion port, wherein the rubber extrusion device comprises a sensor detecting a deviation from a preset reference position of a rubber extrudate extruded from the extrusion port, and a control unit providing control for correction of the deviation based on detection data from the sensor. The result of this controlling action is to control the amount of rubber extrudate in the accumulator, which will have an effect on a curvature of the rubber extrudate. <CIT> discloses an extrusion device wherein the position and amount of a rubber extrudate in an accumulator is sensed, and the extrusion speed is adapted according to preset requirements.

An object of the present invention is to provide a rubber extrusion device capable of detecting and suppressing unintended curving of a rubber extrudate and a method for manufacturing a rubber extrudate.

In order to achieve the object described above, a rubber extrusion device of the present invention includes a cylindrical cylinder, a screw disposed in an internal space of the cylinder, a head installed at a leading end of the cylinder and including an extrusion flow path communicating with the internal space, and a die attached to the head at a leading end position of the extrusion flow path and including an extrusion port, wherein the rubber extrusion device includes a sensor detecting a deviation from a preset reference position of a rubber extrudate extruded from the extrusion port, and a control unit providing control for correction of the deviation based on detection data from the sensor to suppress curving of the rubber extrudate. The rubber extrusion device is adapted for placing the rubber extrudate in a hanging position and then conveying it downstream and further comprises a moving unit for moving the die relative to the head at least in a uniaxial direction along a leading end surface of the head. The deviation is an inclination, in a width direction with respect to horizontality, of the rubber extrudate located in the hanging position. The control unit is configured to control the moving unit to correct the deviation, and for acquiring and storing in the control unit in advance, for a plurality of rubber types, correlation data indicating a relationship between extrusion conditions, the deviation, and an amount of control for correction of the deviation, and for providing in an initial period of extrusion of the rubber extrudate, control for correction of the deviation based on the rubber type of the rubber extrudate to be extruded, the extrusion conditions, and the correlation data to suppress curving of the rubber extrudate.

A method for manufacturing a rubber extrudate of the present invention includes feeding a rubber material into an internal space of a cylindrical cylinder, using a screw disposed in the internal space to extrude the rubber material forward, while mixing and kneading the rubber material, feeding resultant unvulcanized rubber into an extrusion flow path formed in a head located at a leading end of the cylinder, and extruding the unvulcanized rubber from an extrusion port as a rubber extrudate, the extrusion port being formed in a die attached to the head at a leading end of the extrusion flow path, wherein the method includes detecting, by a sensor, a deviation from a preset reference position of the rubber extrudate extruded from the extrusion port, and by providing, by a control unit, control for correction of the deviation based on detection data from the sensor, extruding the unvulcanized rubber such that the unvulcanized rubber passes through the extrusion flow path and exits through the extrusion port, then placing the rubber extrudate in a hanging position and conveying it downstream. The deviation is an inclination, in a width direction with respect to horizontality, of the rubber extrudate located in the hanging position, correction of the deviation reducing an amount of curving of the rubber extrudate with respect to an extrusion direction. The method further comprises controlling a moving unit, by the control unit, for moving the die relative to the head at least in a uniaxial direction along a leading end surface of the head to correct the deviation, wherein the control unit is configured for acquiring and storing in the control unit in advance, for a plurality of rubber types, correlation data indicating a relationship between extrusion conditions, the deviation, and an amount of control for correction of the deviation, and for providing in an initial period of extrusion of the rubber extrudate, control for correction of the deviation based on the rubber type of the rubber extrudate to be extruded, the extrusion conditions, and the correlation data to suppress curving of the rubber extrudate.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the sensor detects the deviation from the preset reference position of the rubber extrudate extruded from the extrusion port. The detection data allows a curving state of the rubber extrudate (curving direction and the amount of curving) to be determined. Based on the detection data, the control unit provides control for correction of the deviation to extrude the unvulcanized rubber such that the unvulcanized rubber passes through the extrusion flow path and exits through the extrusion port. This allows suppression of unintended curving of the rubber extrudate with respect to the extrusion direction.

A rubber extrusion device and a method for manufacturing a rubber extrudate according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described below based on illustrated embodiments.

A rubber extrusion device <NUM> of an embodiment of the present invention illustrated in <FIG> includes a cylindrical cylinder <NUM>, a screw <NUM> disposed inside the cylinder <NUM>, a head <NUM> disposed at a leading end of the cylinder <NUM>, and a control unit <NUM> that controls a rotational speed of the screw <NUM>. A die <NUM> with an extrusion port <NUM> is attached to the head <NUM>.

The rubber extrusion device <NUM> includes a moving unit <NUM> that moves the die <NUM> at least in a uniaxial direction relative to the head <NUM> along a leading end surface of the head <NUM>, and a sensor <NUM>. Detection data from the sensor <NUM> is input to the control unit <NUM>, and operation of the moving unit <NUM> is controlled by the control unit <NUM>. Note that in <FIG>, the moving unit <NUM> and the like are omitted and not illustrated.

The rubber extrusion device <NUM> of the present embodiment further includes a conveyor device <NUM> disposed in front of the die <NUM> to convey, to a next step, a rubber extrudate R2 extruded from the extrusion port <NUM>. The rubber extrudate R2 is placed in a hanging position between the extrusion port <NUM> and the conveyor device <NUM>. The rubber extrudate R2 located in the hanging position is conveyed downstream by the conveyor device <NUM>.

In the drawings, the direction of arrow X and the direction of arrow Y are each illustrated as a uniaxial direction along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>. The direction of arrow X is the lateral direction (width direction) of the head <NUM>, and the direction of arrow Y is the vertical direction (height direction) of the head <NUM>. The direction of arrow X and the direction of arrow Y are orthogonal to each other. It is sufficient that the uniaxial direction extends along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>. Accordingly, the uniaxial direction is not limited to the direction of arrow X or the direction of arrow Y, and may extend obliquely along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>.

As illustrated in <FIG>, at a leading end portion of the cylinder <NUM>, an internal space is narrower toward the front. The head <NUM> includes an extrusion flow path 4a penetrating the head <NUM> in the longitudinal direction, and the extrusion flow path 4a is in communication with the internal space of the cylinder <NUM>.

The die <NUM> is attached to a leading end position of the extrusion flow path 4a of the head <NUM>. In the embodiment, the extrusion port <NUM> penetrating the die <NUM> in the longitudinal direction is shaped, in a front view, like a trapezoid extending in the lateral direction of the head <NUM> as illustrated in <FIG>. The extrusion port <NUM> has a laterally asymmetrical shape. Since the extrusion flow path 4a and the extrusion port <NUM> are in communication, unvulcanized rubber R1 pushed through the internal space of the cylinder <NUM> into the extrusion flow path 4a is extruded to pass through the extrusion flow path 4a and exit through the extrusion port <NUM> as the rubber extrudate R2. The extrusion port <NUM> is not limited to this shape, and a desired shape such as a circle, an ellipse, a semicircle, a square, a rectangle, or the like is employed.

Two holding members 7a are fixed to the head <NUM> with a lateral spacing between the holding members 7a using fixing bolts 7b penetrating the respective holding members 7a in the longitudinal direction. The die <NUM> is held by the holding members 7a so as to be movable in the lateral direction with respect to the head <NUM>.

A fixing plate <NUM> is mounted on a left side surface of the head <NUM> so as to protrude outward, and the moving unit <NUM> is installed on the fixing plate <NUM>. In the embodiment, the moving unit <NUM> includes a servo motor and a ball screw rotated and moved in the axial direction by the servo motor, and a tip of the ball screw is connected to a left side surface of the die <NUM>.

Besides, for example, a hydraulic cylinder or the like may be used as the moving unit <NUM>. The installation location of the moving unit <NUM> is not limited to the left side of the head <NUM>, and can be, for example, the right side of the head <NUM>. Note that, instead of the structure in which the die <NUM> and the moving unit <NUM> are directly connected, a structure can be provided in which, for example, the moving unit <NUM> is connected to a frame body to which the die <NUM> is attached.

Actuation of the moving unit <NUM> moves the ball screw back and forth in the lateral direction, and thus, the die <NUM> moves in the lateral direction with respect to the head <NUM>. Correspondingly, in a front view, the position of the extrusion port <NUM> changes with respect to a leading end opening of the extrusion flow path 4a. The die <NUM> can be fixed at a desired moving position, and thus, the die <NUM> and the head <NUM> can be fixed at a desired relative position along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>. The actuation of the moving unit <NUM> is controlled by the control unit <NUM> based on the detection data from the sensor <NUM>. Thus, the die <NUM> is moved to and fixed at the desired position relative to the head <NUM> under the control of the control unit <NUM>.

The sensor <NUM> detects a deviation d from a preset reference position C of the rubber extrudate R2 extruded from the extrusion port <NUM>. The deviation d as used herein is, for example, an amount of shift from the reference position C in a direction orthogonal to the extrusion direction of the rubber extrudate R2 (for example, in the X direction or the Y direction).

For example, an image sensor, a displacement sensor, or the like can be used as the sensor <NUM>. Based on the detection data from the sensor <NUM>, the control unit <NUM> provides control for correction of the deviation d to suppress curving of the rubber extrudate R2. Specifically, the deviation d is corrected by controlling the moving unit <NUM> to adjust the position of the die <NUM> with respect to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>. Alternatively, the rotational speed of the screw <NUM> is controlled to correct the deviation d.

A procedure of a method for manufacturing a rubber extrudate according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described below.

In a case where the rubber extrudate R2 is manufactured by the rubber extrusion device <NUM>, a predetermined amount of a rubber material R such as raw rubber and a compounding agent is fed into the internal space of the cylinder <NUM>. The rubber material R is mixed and kneaded by the rotating screw <NUM>. The unvulcanized rubber R1 extruded forward by the screw <NUM> is softened to some degree (plasticized) and fed into the extrusion flow path 4a. The unvulcanized rubber R1 then passes through the extrusion flow path 4a.

The leading end opening area of the extrusion flow path 4a is partially covered by the die <NUM>, and the unvulcanized rubber R1 is extruded from the extrusion port <NUM> with the desired shape. Thus, the rubber extrudate R2 provided with a desired cross-sectional shape is manufactured. For example, the rubber extrudate R2, such as a strip-like tire member provided with a predetermined shape, is manufactured according to an embodiment of the present invention. The rubber extrudate R2 is extruded while being conveyed to the next step by the transfer conveyor device <NUM>.

In a case where the unvulcanized rubber R1 varies in rubber physical properties or due to extrusion conditions or the like, the rubber extrudate R2 may be curved in an unintended direction (lateral direction or vertical direction) as illustrated in <FIG> even in a case where the rubber extrudate is extruded from the extrusion port <NUM> with the same shape. Note that, in <FIG>, the center position of the extrusion port <NUM> in the lateral direction (width direction) is indicated by a dot-dash line C as the reference position C, and the center position of the rubber extrudate R2 in the lateral direction (width direction) is indicated by a dot-dash line M.

In <FIG>, at a position located at a forward distance L from the die <NUM>, the lateral center position M of the rubber extrudate R2 is shifted rightward with respect to the reference position C, and the rubber extrudate R2 is curved rightward (has a deviation d). In the embodiment, the deviation d is defined by the amount of lateral shift of the lateral center position M of the rubber extrudate R2 relative to the reference position C of the rubber extrudate R2 at a position located at the forward distance L from the die <NUM>. The amount of lateral shift is successively detected by the sensor <NUM> as the deviation d.

Curving of the rubber extrudate R2 in a specific direction as illustrated in <FIG> instead of straight extrusion is expected to be caused by a combination of various factors such as a variation in the rubber physical properties of the unvulcanized rubber R1, and extrusion conditions (pressure, temperature, flow velocity, and the like), matching between the cylinder <NUM> and the screw <NUM>, and the like. The present invention utilizes a change in the manner of curving (the amount or direction of curving) of the rubber extrudate R2 effected by varying the relative position between the extrusion flow path 4a and the extrusion port <NUM> in a front view or changing the rotational speed of the screw <NUM>. Particularly, in a rubber extrusion device <NUM> including a plurality of screws <NUM>, such as a twin screw type including two screws <NUM>, changing the rotational speed of each screw <NUM> is effective for changing the manner of curving of the rubber extrudate R2.

Thus, in an embodiment of the present invention, the die <NUM> positioned as illustrated in <FIG> is moved leftward with respect to the head <NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>. Such a change in the relative position between the extrusion flow path 4a and the die <NUM> in a front view changes a pressure distribution (fluid flow distribution) of the unvulcanized rubber R1 passing through the extrusion flow path 4a and then through the extrusion port <NUM>. Correspondingly, a leftward curving force acts on the rubber extrudate R2 to allow the manner of curving of the rubber extrudate R2 to be adjusted.

In a case where the die <NUM> is moved further leftward with respect to the head <NUM> as illustrated in <FIG>, the leftward curving force acting on the rubber extrudate R2 becomes excessively strong, thus curving the rubber extrudate R2 leftward. Thus, in an embodiment of the present invention, based on detection data from the sensor <NUM>, the control unit <NUM> successively controls the position of the die <NUM> (the relative position between the die <NUM> and the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>) to make the deviation d closer to zero (the control unit <NUM> provides feedback control). The deviation d of the rubber extrudate R2 is largest at a position located at a distance L of approximately <NUM>, and thus, the sensor <NUM> detects the deviation d, for example, at a position located at a distance L of <NUM> to <NUM>.

This control is provided to appropriately adjust the relative position between the extrusion flow path 4a and the extrusion port <NUM> in a front view. A fixed state as illustrated in <FIG> is thus established, and the rubber extrudate R2 is extruded. In other words, by moving the die <NUM> relative to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM> such that the rubber extrudate R2 is curved in a direction opposite to the direction of unintended curving, the unintended curving of the rubber extrudate R2 can be suppressed. As a result, the curving of the rightward curved rubber extrudate R2 is corrected, enabling obtainment of a rubber extrudate R2 provided with a desired straight shape corresponding to the shape of the extrusion port <NUM>.

Alternatively, based on the detection data from the sensor <NUM>, the control unit <NUM> provides control for an increase or a reduction in the rotational speed of the screw <NUM> to make the deviation d closer to zero. Providing this control changes the pressure distribution (fluid flow distribution) of the unvulcanized rubber R1 passing through the extrusion flow path 4a and then through the extrusion port <NUM>, correcting the curving of the rubber extrudate R2.

Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, even in a case where a variation attributed to rubber physical properties or extrusion conditions or the like occurs, the rubber extrudate R2 having a desired shape inhibited from being unintentionally curved can be stably manufactured by controlling the relative position between the die <NUM> and the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM> or by controlling the rotational speed of the screw <NUM>. Additionally, an embodiment of the present invention eliminates or minimizes a need for excess work performed in the related art to modify the shape of the die <NUM> by machining or adjust the extrusion conditions or the like in each case of a variation attributed to the rubber physical properties or the extrusion conditions or the like. This is advantageous in improving the productivity of the rubber extrudate R2. Moreover, providing the moving unit <NUM> moving the die <NUM> to the leading end position of the extrusion flow path 4a is not a major modification, and thus, the moving unit <NUM> can be easily applied to existing rubber extruders.

The reference position C for calculation of the deviation d and the portion to be compared with the reference position C are not limited to the reference position C and the portion illustrated in the embodiment, and can be set as appropriate. For example, the deviation d can be calculated by setting a left end position of the rubber extrudate R2 as the reference position C and comparing the reference position C with the left end position of the extrusion port <NUM>.

Additionally, the deviation d detected by the sensor <NUM> is not limited to the amount of shift of the rubber extrudate R2 in the direction orthogonal to the extrusion direction with respect to the reference position C. For example, as shown in <FIG>, the deviation d can be defined as the inclination, in the width direction, of the rubber extrudate R2 located in the hanging position between the extrusion port <NUM> and the conveyor device <NUM>.

In a case where the rubber extrudate R2 is curved in the width direction, the rubber extrudate R2 is inclined in the width direction at the position where the rubber extrudate R2 hangs down. Thus, in <FIG>, the reference position C is set in the horizontal direction in advance, and the deviation d is defined as the magnitude of the inclination from the reference position C. Note that, instead of the inclination of the rubber extrudate R2 in the width direction, the deviation d may be defined as a vertical difference between the lowest positions of both ends of the rubber extrudate R2 in the width direction.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the magnitude of the surface irregularities of the rubber extrudate R2 located in the hanging position between the extrusion port <NUM> and the conveyor device <NUM> may also be considered a deviation. In <FIG>, circular portions indicated by dashed lines correspond to recess portions, and protrusion portions are formed between the recess portions. Note that, in <FIG>, the curve direction of the rubber extrudate R2 is illustrated opposite to the curve direction in <FIG>.

In a case where the rubber extrudate R2 is curved in the width direction, recesses/protrusions may be continuously formed on the surface of the rubber extrudate R2 in the longitudinal direction. Thus, in <FIG>, the reference position C is set on a line connecting the lowest positions of both ends, in the width direction, of the rubber extrudate R2 located in the hanging position, and the deviation d is defined as the maximum depth of the recess portion from the reference position C or as the maximum height of the protrusion portion from the reference position C.

In a case where the rubber extrudate R2 used, for example, as a tire component is manufactured using an embodiment of the present invention, the rubber extrudate R2 can have the desired shape inhibited from being unintentionally curved. Thus, manufacturing a tire using the rubber extrudate R2 is advantageous in improving the uniformity of the tire.

For the control for movement of the die <NUM> relative to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM> and the control for the rotational speed of the screw <NUM>, both of these operations can be simultaneously performed or one of the operations can be exclusively separately performed. A change in the rotational speed of the screw <NUM> affects the production speed of the rubber extrudate R2, and thus, for example, priority is given to the control for movement of the die <NUM> relative to the head <NUM>. In a case where the curving of the rubber extrudate R2 is not successfully sufficiently corrected simply by this control, the control for the rotational speed of the screw <NUM> is additionally provided.

In a case where there is some accumulation of correlation data, for a plurality of rubber types, indicating the relationship between the extrusion conditions, the deviation d, and the amount of control required to correct the deviation d (the relative position between the die <NUM> and the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM> or the rotational speed of the screw <NUM>), the correlation data is preliminarily input to the control unit <NUM>. In a case where extrusion of the rubber extrudate R2 is started, the rubber extrusion device can be brought into a preset state by inputting the rubber physical properties of the rubber extrudate R2 and the like to the control unit <NUM>, and based on these data and the correlation data described above, which has been acquired and input in advance, placing the die <NUM> at a predetermined position with respect to the head <NUM> and setting the rotational speed of the screw <NUM> to a predetermined value.

In an initial period of extrusion start, the rubber extrudate R2 is extruded in this preset state to allow the deviation d to be corrected to prevent the rubber extrusion R2 from being unintentionally curved. Thereafter, the feedback control described above is used to provide the control for movement of the die <NUM> relative to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM> or the control for the rotational speed of the screw <NUM>.

In a case where the uniaxial direction in which the die <NUM> is moved relative to the head <NUM> is set in the extension direction of the extrusion port <NUM> (the direction in which the extrusion port <NUM> extends the longest in a front view) as in the embodiment, a significant change is easily made to the pressure distribution (fluid flow distribution) of the unvulcanized rubber R1 passing through the extrusion flow path 4a and then through the extrusion port <NUM>. Thus, the unintended curving of the rubber extrudate R2 is easily suppressed.

In the embodiment, the so-called single-screw type rubber extrusion device <NUM> including the single screw <NUM> has been illustrated, but an embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to a twin-screw type extrusion device <NUM> including two screws <NUM> or a triple-screw type rubber extrusion device <NUM>.

In another embodiment of the rubber extrusion device <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>, the die <NUM> is configured to be movable not only in the lateral direction but also in the vertical direction relative to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>. Specifically, the moving unit <NUM> is disposed above the head <NUM>. The moving unit <NUM> includes a servo motor and a ball screw rotated and moved in the axial direction by the servo motor, and a tip of the ball screw is connected to an upper surface of the die <NUM>. The moving unit <NUM> is connected by a connecting arm 7c to another moving unit <NUM> disposed on the left side of the head <NUM>. The die <NUM> is held by the holding member 7a so as to be movable in the lateral direction and the vertical direction with respect to the head <NUM>.

The moving unit <NUM> disposed on the left side of the die <NUM> moves the die <NUM> and the moving unit <NUM> disposed above the die <NUM> via the connecting arm 7c, in the lateral direction with respect to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>. Accordingly, in the embodiment, the die <NUM> is movable in a discretionary direction relative to the head <NUM> along the leading end surface of the head <NUM>.

In the embodiment, further detailed changes can be made to the pressure distribution (fluid flow distribution) of the unvulcanized rubber R1 passing through the extrusion flow path 4a and then through the extrusion port <NUM>. This allows the manner of curving of the rubber extrudate R2 to be more specifically adjusted. Thus, the unintended curving of the rubber extrudate R2 can be reliably suppressed with greater accuracy.

Claim 1:
A rubber extrusion device (<NUM>) comprising
a cylindrical cylinder (<NUM>),
a screw (<NUM>) disposed in an internal space of the cylinder (<NUM>),
a head (<NUM>) disposed at a leading end of the cylinder (<NUM>) and including an extrusion flow path (4a) communicating with the internal space, and
a die (<NUM>) attached to the head (<NUM>) at a leading end position of the extrusion flow path (4a) and including an extrusion port (<NUM>), wherein the rubber extrusion device comprises a sensor (<NUM>) for detecting a deviation (d) from a preset reference position (C) of a rubber extrudate (R2) extruded from the extrusion port (<NUM>), and a control unit (<NUM>) adapted for providing control for correction of the deviation (d) based on detection data from the sensor (<NUM>) to suppress a curvature of the rubber extrudate (R2), wherein the rubber extrusion device (<NUM>) is adapted for placing the rubber extrudate (R2) in a hanging position and then conveying it downstream, characterized in that
the rubber extrusion device (<NUM>) further comprises a moving unit (<NUM>) for moving the die (<NUM>) relative to the head (<NUM>) at least in a uniaxial direction (X, Y) along a leading end surface of the head (<NUM>), that
the deviation (d) is an inclination, in a width direction with respect to horizontality, of the rubber extrudate (R2) located in the hanging position, that
the control unit (<NUM>) is configured to control the moving unit (<NUM>) to correct the deviation (d), and in that
the control unit (<NUM>) is configured for acquiring and storing in the control unit (<NUM>) in advance, for a plurality of rubber types, correlation data indicating a relationship between extrusion conditions, the deviation (d), and an amount of control for correction of the deviation (d), and for providing in an initial period of extrusion of the rubber extrudate (R2), control for correction of the deviation (d) based on the rubber type of the rubber extrudate to be extruded, the extrusion conditions, and the correlation data to suppress curving of the rubber extrudate (R2).