Patent Description:
To meet the demand for wireless data traffic having increased since deployment of 4th generation (<NUM>) communication systems, efforts have been made to develop an improved 5th generation (<NUM>) or pre-<NUM> communication system. Therefore, the <NUM> or pre-<NUM> communication system is also called a 'Beyond <NUM> Network' or a 'Post Long Term Evolution (LTE) System'.

The <NUM> communication system is considered to be implemented in higher frequency (mmWave) bands, e.g., <NUM> or <NUM> bands, so as to accomplish higher data rates.

In the <NUM> system, Hybrid frequency shift keying (FSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (FQAM) and sliding window superposition coding (SWSC) as an advanced coding modulation (ACM), and filter bank multi carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) as an advanced access technology have been developed. <insert page la here>.

Propagation delays are significantly higher in NTN, even for the low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites at e.g. <NUM> altitude, a one way propagation experiences a <NUM> delay. This makes the implementation of the default HARQ operations, difficult in NTN. Firstly, an application will experience significant delays and, even if the application is delay tolerant, there needs to be a large amount of data in the buffers, until <NPL>) studies the various RAN procedures which need adaptation for the terrestrial <NUM>-NR specifications This document discloses to use spaced HARQ repetitions in order to counter blcok fading. the data packets can be cleared from buffering after positive ACKs. However, in certain propagation scenarios (like block fading discussed in more detail later), it is beneficial to have HARQ procedures, rather than certain other alternative link robustness schemes.

The technical subjects pursued in the disclosure may not be limited to the above mentioned technical subjects, and other technical subjects which are not mentioned may be clearly understood, through the following descriptions, by those skilled in the art of the disclosure.

According to the present disclosure there is provided a base station method and apparatus and a user equipment method and apparatus, as set forth in the appended claims. Other features of the present disclosure will be apparent from the dependent claims, and the description which follows.

The pre-emptive retransmission HARQ scheme according to an embodiment of the present disclosure described herein can overcome the impact of a binary, two state channel (caused by block fading) and also reduce the delays and signaling overhead, achieving good improvements in the data transmission quality. This will additionally make the radio link quality acceptable under difficult propagation conditions, associated with the two state channel.

A method and an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be used in fifth generation (<NUM>) or new radio (NR) systems but may be used in other telecommunication systems.

Effects which can be acquired by the disclosure are not limited to the above described effects, and other effects that have not been mentioned may be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the following description.

For a better understanding of the disclosure, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which:.

Hereinafter, in an embodiment of the present disclosure, hardware approaches will be described as an example. However, an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a technology that uses both hardware and software and thus, an embodiment of the present disclosure may not exclude the perspective of software.

Hereinafter, the present disclosure describes technology for automatic repeat request (HARQ or hybrid ARQ) in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) in a wireless communication system.

The terms referring to a signal, the terms referring to a channel, the terms referring to control information, the terms referring to a network entity, and the terms referring to elements of a device used in the following description are used only for convenience of the description. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not limited to the following terms, and other terms having the same technical meaning may be used.

Further, although the present disclosure describes an embodiment based on the terms used in some communication standards (for example, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)), they are only examples for the description. An embodiment of the present disclosure may be easily modified and applied to other communication systems.

<FIG> illustrates a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In <FIG>, a base station (BS) <NUM>, a terminal <NUM>, and a terminal <NUM> are illustrated as the part of nodes using a wireless channel in a wireless communication system. <FIG> illustrates only one BS, but another BS, which is the same as or similar to the BS <NUM>, may be further included.

The BS <NUM> is network infrastructure that provides wireless access to the terminals <NUM> and <NUM>. The BS <NUM> has coverage defined as a predetermined geographical region based on the distance at which a signal can be transmitted. The BS <NUM> may be referred to as "access point (AP)," "eNodeB (eNB)," "5th generation (<NUM>) node," "wireless point," "transmission/reception Point (TRP)" as well as "base station.

Each of the terminals <NUM> and <NUM> is a device used by a user, and performs communication with the BS <NUM> through a wireless channel. Depending on the case, at least one of the terminals <NUM> and <NUM> may operate without user involvement. That is, at least one of the terminals <NUM> and <NUM> is a device that performs machine-type communication (MTC) and may not be carried by the user. Each of the terminals <NUM> and <NUM> may be referred to as "user equipment (UE)," "mobile station," "subscriber station," "remote terminal," "wireless terminal," or "user device" as well as "terminal.

The BS <NUM>, the terminal <NUM>, and the terminal <NUM> may transmit and receive wireless signals in millimeter wave (mmWave) bands (for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>). At this time, in order to improve a channel gain, the BS <NUM>, the terminal <NUM>, and the terminal <NUM> may perform beamforming. The beamforming may include transmission beamforming and reception beamforming. That is, the BS <NUM>, the terminal <NUM>, and the terminal <NUM> may assign directivity to a transmission signal and a reception signal. To this end, the BS <NUM> and the terminals <NUM> and <NUM> may select serving beams <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> through a beam search procedure or a beam management procedure. After that, communications may be performed using resources having a quasi co-located relationship with resources carrying the serving beams <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>.

A first antenna port and a second antenna ports are considered to be quasi co-located if the large-scale properties of the channel over which a symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the second antenna port is conveyed. The large-scale properties may include one or more of delay spread, doppler spread, doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and spatial Rx parameters.

<FIG> illustrates the BS in the wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A structure exemplified at <FIG> may be understood as a structure of the BS <NUM>. The term "-module", "-unit" or "-er" used hereinafter may refer to the unit for processing at least one function or operation and may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.

Referring to <FIG>, the BS may include a wireless communication interface <NUM>, a backhaul communication interface <NUM>, a storage unit <NUM>, and a controller <NUM>.

The wireless communication interface <NUM> performs functions for transmitting and receiving signals through a wireless channel. For example, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may perform a function of conversion between a baseband signal and bitstreams according to a physical layer standard of the system. For example, in data transmission, the wireless communication interface <NUM> generates complex symbols by encoding and modulating transmission bitstreams. Further, in data reception, the wireless communication interface <NUM> reconstructs reception bitstreams by demodulating and decoding the baseband signal.

In addition, the wireless communication interface <NUM> up-converts the baseband signal into a Radio Frequency (RF) band signal, transmits the converted signal through an antenna, and then down-converts the RF band signal received through the antenna into the baseband signal. To this end, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may include a transmission filter, a reception filter, an amplifier, a mixer, an oscillator, a digital-to-analog convertor (DAC), an analog-to-digital convertor (ADC), and the like. Further, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may include a plurality of transmission/reception paths. In addition, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may include at least one antenna array consisting of a plurality of antenna elements.

On the hardware side, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may include a digital unit and an analog unit, and the analog unit may include a plurality of sub-units according to operation power, operation frequency, and the like. The digital unit may be implemented as at least one processor (e.g., a digital signal processor (DSP)).

The wireless communication interface <NUM> transmits and receives the signal as described above. Accordingly, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may be referred to as a "transmitter" a "receiver," or a "transceiver. " Further, in the following description, transmission and reception performed through the wireless channel may be used to have a meaning including the processing performed by the wireless communication interface <NUM> as described above.

The backhaul communication interface <NUM> provides an interface for performing communication with other nodes within the network. That is, the backhaul communication interface <NUM> converts bitstreams transmitted to another node, for example, another access node, another BS, a higher node, or a core network, from the BS into a physical signal and converts the physical signal received from the other node into the bitstreams.

The storage unit <NUM> stores a basic program, an application, and data such as setting information for the operation of the BS <NUM>. The storage unit <NUM> may include a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof. Further, the storage unit <NUM> provides stored data in response to a request from the controller <NUM>.

The controller <NUM> controls the general operation of the BS. For example, the controller <NUM> transmits and receives a signal through the wireless communication interface <NUM> or the backhaul communication interface <NUM>. Further, the controller <NUM> records data in the storage unit <NUM> and reads the recorded data. The controller <NUM> may performs functions of a protocol stack that is required from a communication standard. According to another implementation, the protocol stack may be included in the wireless communication interface <NUM>. To this end, the controller <NUM> may include at least one processor.

According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may detect a block fading condition in a communication channel. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may determine an average spectral efficiency (SE) value. According to the claimed invention, the controller <NUM> reports the average SE value to a user equipment (UE) in communication with the base station. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may allocate a modulation and coding scheme (MCS). According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may activate a pre-emptive HARQ operation. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may determine an average fade duration and send multiple copies of a given data packet separated by a time at least equal to the average fade duration, with an MCS level matching a signal level associated with a non-fading condition of the communication channel for the pre-emptive HARQ operation. For example, the controller <NUM> may control the base station to perform operations according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

<FIG> illustrates the terminal in the wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A structure exemplified at <FIG> may be understood as a structure of the terminal <NUM> or the terminal <NUM>. The term "-module", "-unit" or "-er" used hereinafter may refer to the unit for processing at least one function or operation, and may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.

Referring to <FIG>, the terminal <NUM> includes a communication interface <NUM>, a storage unit <NUM>, and a controller <NUM>.

The communication interface <NUM> performs functions for transmitting/receiving a signal through a wireless channel. For example, the communication interface <NUM> performs a function of conversion between a baseband signal and bitstreams according to the physical layer standard of the system. For example, in data transmission, the communication interface <NUM> generates complex symbols by encoding and modulating transmission bitstreams. Also, in data reception, the communication interface <NUM> reconstructs reception bitstreams by demodulating and decoding the baseband signal. In addition, the communication interface <NUM> up-converts the baseband signal into an RF band signal, transmits the converted signal through an antenna, and then down-converts the RF band signal received through the antenna into the baseband signal. For example, the communication interface <NUM> may include a transmission filter, a reception filter, an amplifier, a mixer, an oscillator, a DAC, and an ADC.

Further, the communication interface <NUM> may include a plurality of transmission/ reception paths. In addition, the communication interface <NUM> may include at least one antenna array consisting of a plurality of antenna elements. In the hardware side, the wireless communication interface <NUM> may include a digital circuit and an analog circuit (for example, a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC)). The digital circuit and the analog circuit may be implemented as one package. The digital circuit may be implemented as at least one processor (e.g., a DSP). The communication interface <NUM> may include a plurality of RF chains. The communication interface <NUM> may perform beamforming.

The communication interface <NUM> transmits and receives the signal as described above. Accordingly, the communication interface <NUM> may be referred to as a "transmitter," a "receiver," or a "transceiver. " Further, in the following description, transmission and reception performed through the wireless channel is used to have a meaning including the processing performed by the communication interface <NUM> as described above.

The storage unit <NUM> stores a basic program, an application, and data such as setting information for the operation of the terminal <NUM>. The storage unit <NUM> may include a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof. Further, the storage unit <NUM> provides stored data in response to a request from the controller <NUM>.

The controller <NUM> controls the general operation of the terminal <NUM>. For example, the controller <NUM> transmits and receives a signal through the communication interface <NUM>. Further, the controller <NUM> records data in the storage unit <NUM> and reads the recorded data. The controller <NUM> may performs functions of a protocol stack that is required from a communication standard. According to another implementation, the protocol stack may be included in the communication interface <NUM>. To this end, the controller <NUM> may include at least one processor or microprocessor, or may play the part of the processor. Further, the part of the communication interface <NUM> or the controller <NUM> may be referred to as a communication processor (CP).

According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may receive from a base station an average SE value through RRC signaling. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may implicitly determine a pre-emptive HARQ mode, if the UE receives data packets with higher MCS levels corresponding to a higher level of SE than the RRC-signaled SE. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller <NUM> may receive multiple copies of a given data packet, separated by a time at least equal to an average fade duration, determined by the base station. For example, the controller <NUM> may control the terminal to perform operations according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

<FIG> illustrates the communication interface in the wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. <FIG> shows an example for the detailed configuration of the communication interface <NUM> of <FIG> or the communication interface <NUM> of <FIG>. More specifically, <FIG> shows elements for performing beamforming as part of the communication interface <NUM> of <FIG> or the communication interface <NUM> of <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the communication interface <NUM> or <NUM> includes an encoding and circuitry <NUM>, a digital circuitry <NUM>, a plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N, and an analog circuitry <NUM>.

The encoding and circuitry <NUM> performs channel encoding. For the channel encoding, at least one of a low-density parity check (LDPC) code, a convolution code, and a polar code may be used. The encoding and circuitry <NUM> generates modulation symbols by performing constellation mapping.

The digital circuitry <NUM> performs beamforming for a digital signal (for example, modulation symbols). To this end, the digital circuitry <NUM> multiples the modulation symbols by beamforming weighted values. The beamforming weighted values may be used for changing the size and phrase of the signal, and may be referred to as a "precoding matrix" or a "precoder. " The digital circuitry <NUM> outputs the digitally beamformed modulation symbols to the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N. At this time, according to a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission scheme, the modulation symbols may be multiplexed, or the same modulation symbols may be provided to the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N.

The plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N convert the digitally beamformed digital signals into analog signals. To this end, each of the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N may include an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) calculation unit, a cyclic prefix (CP) insertion unit, a DAC, and an up-conversion unit. The CP insertion unit is for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and may be omitted when another physical layer scheme (for example, a filter bank multi-carrier: FBMC) is applied. That is, the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N provide independent signal processing processes for a plurality of streams generated through the digital beamforming. However, depending on the implementation, some of the elements of the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N may be used in common.

The analog circuitry <NUM> performs beamforming for analog signals. To this end, the digital circuitry <NUM> multiples the analog signals by beamforming weighted values. The beamformed weighted values are used for changing the size and phrase of the signal. More specifically, according to a connection structure between the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N and antennas, the analog circuitry <NUM> may be configured in various ways. For example, each of the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N may be connected to one antenna array. In another example, the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N may be connected to one antenna array. In still another example, the plurality of transmission paths <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-N may be adaptively connected to one antenna array, or may be connected to two or more antenna arrays.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may detect block fading based on a pattern of received ACK/NACK signals or based on received CQI values from the UE.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may transmit a number of multiple copies based on one or more of: fade depth and/or duration; resource consumption; and delay margins for an application in use.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may report the average Spectral Efficiency (SE) value via RRC signaling.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may repeat the pre-emptive HARQ operation until the block fading condition changes.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the UE may implicitly determine the average fade duration, based on the relative levels of the average SE reported by the base station and a higher SE level indicated by the MCS (modulation and coding scheme) used by the base station.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the UE may combine the multiple data packets, received with a gap greater than the identified average fade duration, to improve chances of proper reception.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the UE may send either ACK or NACK only after combining the multiple data packets.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the UE may send only ACK and not NACK.

An embodiment of the present disclosure may deal with the longer delays associated with satellite links and may identify certain use cases where HARQ procedures are still applicable. An embodiment of the present disclosure, shows that for certain block fading scenarios, the use of HARQ is more beneficial than the use of other techniques to increase the robustness of the data link, like the use of lower MCS tables.

To reduce the delays in effective packet transfer and signaling overhead, an embodiment of the present disclosure may include pre-emptive re-transmission techniques and reduced ACK/NACK responses. The transmitter (e.g., satellite) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may obtain channel knowledge from the feedback transmissions of the user and may schedule pre-emptive re-transmission with a larger gap than the average fade duration and also consider the propagation delays associated with the transmission.

An embodiment of the present disclosure may adapt the HARQ procedure to suit the propagation delays in LEO and medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite links. An embodiment of the present disclosure addresses a particular problem of block fading in satellite channels and allows HARQ to be used to mitigate the impact on the quality of received data. An embodiment of the invention may involve the step of estimating the average fade duration and positioning the first and the second transmission of a packet to be of a longer duration than this fade duration.

An embodiment of the present disclosure may also include a pre-emptive re-transmission mode, which can be used to reduce the delays in successful completion of the packet reception. An embodiment of the present disclosure also details how the ACK/NACK responses can be sent after Chase combining the <NUM> transmissions, to reduce the signaling overhead. In Chase combining, every re-transmission contains the same information (data and parity bits). The receiver according to an embodiment of the present disclosure uses maximum-ratio combining to combine the received bits with the same bits from previous transmissions. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, because all transmissions are identical, Chase combining can be considered as additional repetition coding.

<FIG> shows an NTN implementation of the "bent-pipe" variety according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. <FIG> shows a representation of block fading.

The HARQ process in <NUM>-NR specifies up to <NUM> consecutive transmissions (of <NUM> packets) so that the physical link can be kept occupied while the packets and ACK/ NACK messages are processed and retransmissions made if needed. The propagation delay in the terrestrial links are negligible and a processing delay of <NUM> is considered in LTE.

In the NTN channels, the propagation delay is significant, with a LEO satellite at <NUM> altitude showing a <NUM> delay for a single link (e.g., uplink, or downlink) and <NUM> delay for a bent pipe transmission, as shown in <FIG>, where two ground stations <NUM>, <NUM> are in communication with a satellite <NUM>. A MEO satellite at <NUM> altitude may show <NUM> delay for a single link and <NUM> delay for a bent pipe link. Considering improved processing time for <NUM>-NR receivers at <NUM>, even a HARQ scheme with a single retransmission for the MEO bent pipe transmission can fit within a time frame of <NUM>. This would mean that the number of packets that need buffering has to increase to <NUM> from the current <NUM> in <NUM>-NR. However, this relatively modest increase can facilitate HARQ in both LEO and MEO satellite links and can address the block fading issue effectively.

A method and an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are applicable in block fading conditions, with very fast relative motion of the satellite and the user on the ground. Such conditions, for example, can occur when LEO or MEO satellites (which moves relative to the earth) support a data link to a fast moving vehicle on a highway. The direct signal path can be intermittently blocked by shadowing due to certain cloud cover or vegetation patterns and this may drop the received signal strength by <NUM> dB or more. A measurement trace of a satellite channel, taken with a vehicle moving at <NUM>/h and showing these block fading instances is depicted in <FIG>.

Block fading is defined as the situation where the radio channel oscillates between a deep fade and a good channel (no fade) conditions, giving a binary pattern in the channel state.

The measurement represented in <FIG> was taken with a Geostationary (GEO) satellite signal. With the relative motion of the LEO/MEO satellites and with vehicle speeds up to <NUM>/h, the fade durations can go down to the <NUM> of ms range. The impact of this fading is to create a two-state binary channel, which makes the adaptation of the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to reflect the channel state very difficult and inefficient. In this situation, A method and an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure using a pre-emptive HARQ scheme can provide better performance.

The pre-emptive HARQ scheme becomes operational for LEO and/or MEO satellite links once a block fading situation has been detected by the transmitter. The detection can be based on a regular pattern of ACK/NACK instances under normal HARQ operation or the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) values which the receiver constantly reports back. This enables the transmitter to establish an average fade duration, also considering the propagation time delays for the outward and feedback signals. The transmitter then indicates to the receiver that it will move to the pre-emptive HARQ mode. With this mode, the transmitter first sends a packet and re-sends this packet again after a period greater than the average fade duration, without waiting for an ACK/NACK signal. This gives a greater chance of at least one of the packets avoiding a fade such that the at least one packet can be received with a good Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

In an embodiment, the receiver can also opt to send the ACK or NACK feedback signal only after receiving the two transmissions and combining the two packets. This can be particularly useful if the propagation delays are high relative to the fade duration, and the transmitter would already have sent the second instance of the packet before the feedback signal reaching it.

In another variant, useful for shorter propagation delays, the receiver can only send the feedback if it is an ACK, and refrain from sending the NACK, so the transmitter automatically re-transmits after the lapse of the fade duration period.

<FIG> shows a schematic representation of a pre-emptive HARQ scheme according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. <FIG> shows a representation of block fading channel interpretation from observed SE values. <FIG> shows a representation of block fading channel interpretation from observed SE values.

A schematic timing diagram for this pre-emptive HARQ scheme with the limited feedback option is shown in <FIG>. The propagation and processing times shown are only indicative as embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to many variations of these values.

In <FIG>, a packet P1 is transmitted as shown on the Tx timeline. P1 is received after a propagation time (<NUM>) at the Receiver, as shown on the Rx timeline. After processing, the processed packet P1' is combined with a second version (P1") of the received and processed packet P1. The combined version is used to generate an ACK signal as shown.

As shown, since the HARQ retransmission occurs before the first ACK/NACK feedback can be received and processed, this scheme allows faster data transfer, at the cost of some retransmissions which can become redundant. Such a scheme helps to reduce the overall delay in packet delivery and is effective in countering the binary nature of the block fading channel.

The embodiments so far described allow for a single retransmission, but for LEO satellites with shorter delays, there can be multiple pre-emptive re-transmissions. In an adaptive scheme, the transmitter makes the decision on the number of re-transmissions, depending on the fade depth and duration, resource consumption and the expected delay margins for the application in question. The receiver can also opt to reduce the feedback rate further by delaying ACK/NACK transmission until all of the received packets are combined.

An embodiment of the present disclosure comprises the following steps:.

This pre-emptive HARQ solution is useful only under certain channel conditions, i.e. when block fading is detected in the channel. Block fading is where the fading process is approximately constant for a number of symbol intervals.

In all modes of operation, the UE will continue to report back the CQI and the requested MCS to the Base Station (gNB). If the gNB detects a block pattern of good CQI and poor CQI in the reports, and if the average oscillation period falls within a specified number of parallel HARQ processes, then the gNB will decide to activate the pre-emptive HARQ procedure. This is implicitly reported back to the UE as follows.

Up until the gNB detects the block fading channel behavior, the gNB will try to match the MCS request from the UE, reporting the expected spectral efficiency in the RRC signaling and allocating the MCS levels as slightly above this level (to implicitly indicate HARQ enabling) or slightly below this level (to implicitly indicate HARQ disabling). According to the claimed invention, when the block fading, binary channel condition is detected, the gNB selects an average spectral efficiency (SE) level corresponding to the 'duty cycle' of good CQI and poor CQI reports and reports this back to the UE, optionally using RRC signaling. Spectral efficiency is the information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the physical layer protocol.

With the pre-emptive HARQ mode enabled, the gNB will start to transmit with MCS related to the good channel condition, regardless of the binary channel variations. The UE detects the MCS level from the DCI and observes that channel CQI will sometimes match the MCS level, but when the channel condition is poor, the CQI observed MCS is below the DCI indicated MCS. This pattern will inform the UE that pre-emptive HARQ has been activated.

According to the claimed invention, in order to determine the packet repetition rate in the pre-emptive HARQ process, the UE utilizes the high SE level observed by reading the high MCS allocation (in reading the DCI) and the (RRC indicated) average SE level. With the estimated signal strengths for these two SE levels, the UE is able to calculate the average fade duration, as estimated by the gNB. The UE will have its own CQI reporting pattern, and this will match closely with the above estimated pattern, as seen by the gNB. It is important to detect the estimated pattern as seen by the gNB, as the HARQ repetition is based on this estimation. Two example signal levels are shown in <FIG>, to show how the corresponding reported SE levels (one through MCS in DCI and the other in RRC) map to the fade duration.

Once the UE interprets the fade duration, it will look for the repetition of the packet after a time gap which exceeds the fade duration. It will only send the ACK/NACK after combining and CRC decoding two or more instances of the packet, as indicated by the pre-emptive HARQ scheme.

<FIG> shows a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The flowchart of <FIG> depicts the steps involved in the signaling mechanism for the implicit indication of the pre-emptive HARQ solution.

At step <NUM>, the NTN gNB (satellite) detects block fading conditions via the CQI reports which are received from the UE on the ground.

At step <NUM>, the NTN gNB reports the average SE value via RRC signaling to the UE.

At step <NUM>, the NTN gNB continuously allocates MCS to match the good channel condition and also activates the pre-emptive HARQ scheme.

At step <NUM>, the UE detects a high MCS SE (above the average RRC-indicated SE) and so identifies that pre-emptive HARQ is in operation.

At step <NUM>, the UE determines the average fade duration from the ratio of received MCS SE to the reported RRC average SE.

At step <NUM>, the UE looks for the repeated packet(s) after the calculated average fade length, combines these packets and sends ACK or NACK (as appropriate) to the gNB.

Finally, at step <NUM>, the gNB repeats the pre-emptive HARQ process until the block fading condition in the channel changes. If it does not, then flow returns to <NUM>.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of operating a base station in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) telecommunication system, may comprise the steps of: the base station detecting a block fading condition in a communication channel; the base station determining an average spectral efficiency (SE) value and reporting this to a user equipment (UE) in communication with the base station; and the base station allocating a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and activating a pre-emptive HARQ operation wherein the pre-emptive HARQ operation comprises the steps of: the base station determining an average fade duration; and sending multiple copies of a given data packet separated by a time at least equal to the average fade duration, with an MCS level matching a signal level associated with a non-fading condition of the communication channel.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may detect block fading on the basis of a pattern of received ACK/NACK signals or on the basis of received CQI values from the UE.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may transmit a number of multiple copies on basis of one or more of: fade depth and/or duration; resource consumption; and delay margins for an application in use.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the base station may report the average spectral efficiency (SE) value via RRC signaling.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of operating a user equipment (UE) in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) telecommunication system, may comprise the steps of: the UE receiving from a base station an average spectral efficiency (SE) value; through RRC signaling; wherein if the UE receives data packets with higher MCS levels, corresponding to a higher level of SE than the RRC-signaled SE, then the UE implicitly determines a pre-emptive HARQ mode; and the UE receiving multiple copies of a given data packet, separated by a time at least equal to an average fade duration, determined by the base station.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the UE may implicitly determine the average fade duration, based on the relative levels of the average SE reported by the base station and a higher SE level indicated by the MCS used by the base station.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a base station may be arranged to perform a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE may be arranged to perform a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a telecommunication system may comprise the base station and the UE according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

It is implied that once block fading conditions change, the reported RRC SE and the MCS indicated SE will change, and the UE will interpret this accordingly to move onto normal HARQ enabled or HARQ disabled modes.

At least some of the example embodiments described herein may be constructed, partially or wholly, using dedicated special-purpose hardware. Terms such as 'component', 'module' or 'unit' used herein may include, but are not limited to, a hardware device, such as circuitry in the form of discrete or integrated components, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), which performs certain tasks or provides the associated functionality. In some embodiments, the described elements may be configured to reside on a tangible, persistent, addressable storage medium and may be configured to execute on one or more processors. These functional elements may in some embodiments include, by way of example, components, such as software components, object-oriented software components, class components and task components, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuitry, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, and variables. Although the example embodiments have been described with reference to the components, modules and units discussed herein, such functional elements may be combined into fewer elements or separated into additional elements. Various combinations of optional features have been described herein, and it will be appreciated that described features may be combined in any suitable combination. In particular, the features of any one example embodiment may be combined with features of any other embodiment, as appropriate, except where such combinations are mutually exclusive. Throughout this specification, the term "comprising" or "comprises" means including the component(s) specified but not to the exclusion of the presence of others.

The present disclosure is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The present disclosure extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Methods according to embodiments stated in claims and/or specifications of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.

The at least one program may include instructions that cause the electronic device to perform the methods according to an embodiment of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims and/or disclosed herein.

In addition, the programs may be stored in an attachable storage device which is accessible through communication networks such as the Internet, Intranet, local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and storage area network (SAN), or a combination thereof.

In the above-described detailed embodiments of the present disclosure, a component included in the present disclosure is expressed in the singular or the plural according to a presented detailed embodiment. However, the singular form or plural form is selected for convenience of description suitable for the presented situation, and an embodiment of the present disclosure are not limited to a single element or multiple elements thereof. Further, either multiple elements expressed in the description may be configured into a single element or a single element in the description may be configured into multiple elements.

While the present disclosure has been shown and described with reference to certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure should not be defined as being limited to the embodiments, but is to be defined by the appended claims.

Claim 1:
A method performed by a base station in a wireless communication system, the method comprising:
identifying block fading based on data received from a user equipment, UE, via a physical uplink control channel, PUCCH, and in response to identifying the block fading,
transmitting, to the UE, a signal indicating that data is repeatedly transmitted, and
repeatedly transmitting, to the UE, data by using at least two symbols that have a preset time interval, wherein the signal indicates a spectral efficiency, SE, level according to a ratio of a first period and a second period, and
wherein the first period is a period in which fading exists, and the second period is a period in which fading does not exist.