Patent Description:
The technical field of the invention is the protection of artworks, mainly paintings but also other colored objects of any kind and form.

All art materials are prone to environmental degradation. In particular, the introduction of new production techniques, mainly in the 20th century, has reduced their lifespan. Fading, yellowing and discoloration are the most common decomposition effects resulting from exposure to ultraviolet and visible light, as well as oxidizing agents. These effects of aging mechanisms lead to a serious and irreversible deterioration in the readability of artworks, which is an invaluable legacy of mankind. The idea that there have been so many famous paintings for <NUM> years or <NUM> years without having altered is false. Recently, it has been revealed that the red lead pigment used by van Gogh is faded (<NPL>).

The impurities in the paint triggered a chemical reaction with the sunlight, and scientists found a rare lead-based mineral in the paint. This reacts with carbon dioxide from the air to create white crystals. It has also been found that the particular yellow pigment - cadmium yellow - reacts with sunlight and moisture, and degrades to another beige compound. The reaction can make the paint/color even fall off the canvas. Van Gogh's "Flowers in the Blue Vase" (<NPL>), in particular, has been badly affected by this process. Works by many artists are at risk.

Solvents and varnishes that have long been used to protect artworks often prove to be destructive solutions. Resin-based systems for the protection of artworks exhibited in museums and galleries affect irreversibly the underlying surface of the work, while the specially used glass display cases are not capable of protecting the works adequately from the aforementioned damaging agents.

While materials like graphene films have been described as gas and moisture barriers (e.g. <CIT>) in organic solar cells and other similar applications, no consideration has been given to damages occurring by UV ration in this context. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide possibilities and means to protect artwork from especially UV radiation but also from other detrimental environmental effects and damaging agents.

The object is achieved by the subject-matter of claim <NUM>. Advantageous further developments are subject-matter of the dependent claims.

The present invention for the first time discloses and provides an easily applicable and also easily removable protective layer that can be applied onto artworks or other surfaces which are exposed to environmental conditions which result in a deterioration of the artwork or surface in general, especially its colors and overall appearance. The inventors found that, using a process which is described in more detail below, a graphene membrane can be formed and deposited onto such artwork or other surfaces to be protected.

Since its discovery and isolation in <NUM> by Geim and Novoselov which were awarded with the <NUM> Nobel Prize in Physics, graphene has been considered as a "miracle material" due to its excellent chemical stability, its ability to conduct heat and electricity, and of its excellent physical/mechanical properties. Graphene is one of the many allotropic forms of carbon and can be regarded as the absolute aromatic hydrocarbon, which exists as a single layer of carbon atoms, bonded together in a two-dimensional, sheet-like hexagonal structure that creates many unique properties. Graphene is practically impermeable to all known chemical substances even atomic hydrogen; thus it provides protection to underlying substrates against all gases inclusive of oxygen and also against water vapor. It also absorbs only <NUM>% of visible light absorption, which makes it practically invisible.

Graphene related materials have been found to provide significant shielding of the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum as coatings, since a monolayer of graphene absorbs up to three times more in the UV region (<NUM>-<NUM>) than in the visible region (<FIG>). In addition, it is known that chemical molecules such as water or oxygen cannot penetrate a continuous graphene membrane which accordingly provides complete protection against degradation caused by such molecules.

The present invention describes the development of an invisible "veil" in the form of a graphene membrane of atomic thickness on paintings that can provide protection against UV radiation, moisture, oxygen or any other chemical penetration. According to the invention, the protection of the artworks is achieved by producing and transferring various sizes of graphene layers without defects onto various surfaces used by artists, such as polymers, canvas or paper substrates. Such a protective layer can even be applied to larger three-dimensional structures for which similar protection is desired.

A schematic representation of an especially preferred embodiment of this first aspect of the inventive method is shown in <FIG>. According to this first aspect, a graphene membrane which preferably constitutes a graphene monolayer, is formed and transferred onto the surface to be protected. The various process steps and preferred embodiments will be described in more detail in the following.

Step a) of the method employed in the present invention includes depositing graphene onto at least one side of a supporting substrate to produce a graphene/substrate composite including a continuous graphene membrane formed on at least one side of said substrate. Step a) is represented by step <NUM>. in <FIG> in which graphene is in this embodiment applied onto a copper foil to produce a graphene/Cu foil composite.

A chemical vapor deposition method is preferred for the synthesis of continuous graphene structures as the conditions of production can be controlled in such way as to yield graphene sheets that contain minimal defects such as cracks, gaps or holes. Other methods of applying graphene onto a substrate can also be used within the context of the invention as long as they create a defect-free thin graphene layer, preferably a monolayer.

As the supporting substrate, preferably a metal, polymer or other non-metal material, is used. Advantageously, this supporting substrate is in the form of a flexible sheet or foil. Most preferably, a copper foil or sheet is used as in <FIG>.

According to the present invention, in step b), a further supporting layer is applied onto the graphene membrane-bearing side of the graphene/substrate composite. In such preferred embodiment, a layered composite is formed consisting of the graphene membrane enclosed by or sandwiched between the supporting layer and the supporting substrate. A polymer-based backing substrate or adhesive film can be conveniently used as the supporting layer. In an especially preferred embodiment, a pressure-sensitive adhesive film is used as the supporting layer. It is further preferred, to apply the supporting layer via a roll-to-roll coating process or by direct compression transfer (stamping). This preferred embodiment is exemplified as step <NUM>. in <FIG> in which an adhesive film is applied to the graphene/Cu foil and fixated by applying pressure. As the polymer-based backing substrate or the adhesive film, a flexible and/or transparent material can be used, which preferably is selected from PET-, PMMA-, and PET/silicone films or membranes.

In a further preferred embodiment, after step a) and, preferably, after the additional step of applying a supporting layer onto the graphene membrane bearing side of the graphene/substrate composite, an oxygen plasma treatment is performed. This additional step is shown as step <NUM>. The oxygen plasma treatment removes graphene which, during the deposition of graphene onto the supporting substrate surface, was inadvertently deposited on the other (opposite) side of the substrate.

In step c) of the method employed in the present invention, the graphene membrane is separated from the supporting substrate. This separation can be performed by removing the substrate or by lifting off the graphene membrane from the substrate. In the first case, especially in the context of the preferred embodiment, in which a Cu foil or sheet is used as the supporting substrate and a further supporting layer was applied, this Cu material is conveniently removed by an etching treatment thus leaving a graphene/supporting layer composite. Such treatment is shown as step <NUM> in <FIG>.

Any further means or method to separate the composite of supporting layer/graphene/substrate by removing the supporting substrate can also be used within the context of the present invention. Furthermore, any further means or methods of removal or lifting off of the graphene membrane from a supporting substrate, on which the membrane was formed, is also applicable, especially in cases in which an additional supporting layer is not included.

In step d), the obtained graphene membrane is deposited onto the surface to be protected. In a preferred embodiment, this deposition is performed via a roll-to-roll coating or unrolling process. This preferred embodiment is shown as steps <NUM> and <NUM> in <FIG> where graphene/adhesive film composite is deposited on the painting (or other artwork) and is attached thereto by applying pressure in the roll-to-roll process. As a second alternative, especially in cases in which the structure or size of the artwork prohibits such roll-to-roll coating, also a direct compression (stamping) method can be used to deposit the graphene membrane onto the artwork surface and to attach it thereto. The supporting layer can then easily be removed to result in a very thin protective graphene membrane layer on the artwork surface.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the roll-to-roll coating process or the unrolling process are performed under certain conditions which are listed in the following. The important conditions mainly include temperature, pressure and rolling speed. While the various conditions can be applied in combination, it is also possible to apply only one of the conditions as stated and to vary the other two, or to apply two of the stated conditions and to vary the third one. For temperature, the usually preferred range is <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>. For the pressure applied within the process, the preferred value is <NUM> to <NUM> MPa, more preferably from <NUM> to an upper value of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> MPa.

Depending on the artwork and the dimensions of the surface to be protected, a continuous graphene membrane is preferably applied, which has dimensions from a few centimeters up to some meters in length and width, and this membrane is deposited to fully or at least partially cover the surface. Within the context of the present invention, it is further possible to apply a membrane consisting of a graphene monolayer, or multiple graphene layers can be used. If a multilayer graphene membrane is used, it can be prepared by depositing several graphene layers onto the supporting substrate in step a), or, alternatively, additional graphene layers can be applied to an adhesive film onto which already a first graphene layer has been deposited in the process as described above. Finally, it is also possible to apply the inventive methods multiple times to transfer multiple graphene membrane layers onto the artwork as a coating.

While it is usually desirable to provide an "invisible veil", in certain circumstances such as in artwork storage, a not completely transparent coating consisting of a thicker membrane can be beneficial to provide even stronger protection. As the protective coating is easily removable, such thicker coating can be especially applied in cases in which temporarily a very high protection is desired or required. Thus, in especially preferred embodiments, in step a) a continuous graphene monolayer or multilayer membrane is formed, and the membrane preferably has a thickness of <NUM> (monolayer) to n x <NUM> (multi-layered). As mentioned above, also a repeated application of the process or transferring of multiple membranes onto the supporting layer can result in a multi-layered graphene membrane.

While the inventive method can be used to apply a protective coating onto any surface, it is nevertheless preferred that the surface to be coated exhibits a surface roughness from <NUM> to <NUM>, preferably a surface roughness of between <NUM> and <NUM>. Furthermore, it is preferred that the surface has a surface energy of <NUM> to <NUM> mN/m, preferably at least <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> mN/m and up to <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> mN/m. An especially preferred range is <NUM> to <NUM> mN/m. As explained throughout the description of the inventive process, the surface to be protected usually is a two- or three-dimensional artwork or other colored surface. Such surfaces to be coated are preferably selected from the group of canvas, paper, cardboard, photographic paper, wood, polymers, paintings, papyrus, covers of old music vinyl records, cover pages and interior pages of magazines and books, murals, artistic masonry and art installations of any material.

In a more detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the inventive process, a metal substrate (usually a copper sheet) is heated to a high temperature and exposed to precursor gases (hydrocarbons) which react on its surface, to result in a graphene coating on the metal substrate. Using basic starting materials such as methane (CH<NUM>), the CVD method has the ability to produce high-quality graphene on a variety of supporting substrates such as metals (Cu, Ni etc.), polymers and non-metals. The process of transferring the graphene from a polymer-based backing substrate such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) onto the surface of an artwork has been developed by the inventors. The inventive roll-to-roll process allows for dry transfer of graphene CVD membranes (both monolayer and fewlayers or multi-layers) onto the surface of art materials as shown in <FIG>. A further schematic representation of the inventive process including some further relevant information for the various steps is shown in <FIG>. Paintings with a graphene membrane applied to part of the surface (indicated by arrows) are shown in <FIG> and <FIG>.

The present invention is highly advantageous since it provides a protective coating especially for artwork, which especially protects colors from fading, but also prevents other detrimental environmental effects. Not only is the application of the graphene membrane onto the artwork easy to perform and does not endanger the artwork itself, but the protective coating can also easily be removed so that it does not irreversibly interfere with the artwork. The protective membrane, mono- as well as multi-layered graphene membranes, can for example be removed dryly by means of a soft rubber eraser or similar methods of ablation without damaging the integrity, especially the optical integrity, of the artwork. An additional advantage is that the present invention provides protection at an affordable price since the required graphene quantities are minimal. Graphene-coated samples have been exposed to ultraviolet and visible radiation and to accelerated environmental conditions. Results from such experiments show that graphene reduces Delta E by about half, compared to a sample that has no graphene coating. Delta E is the most commonly used index for color change, a low Delta E represents less color change (e.g. <FIG>). The experimental results also showed that, while the monolayer graphene provides very good protection against the discoloration of paintings, the percentages of protection increase as the graphene layers increase. Also, a similar decrease in the membrane's transmittance is observed, which may not be desirable in certain uses. Accordingly, it will depend on the actual use and the actual artwork or surface to be protected, whether a graphene monolayer membrane or multiple graphene layers are used in a certain context.

The observations of the inventors during the development of the above described method showed that the protective graphene coating prepared and deposited according to this method provides protection for a surface, especially at two- or three-dimensional artwork or any colored surface, against color degradation, especially fading, yellowing and discoloration due to exposure to UV radiation. It also provides protection against accumulation of dirt or dust, or a negative influence by moisture as well as chemical and/or oxidizing agents contained in the environment surrounding the artwork or colored surface. Accordingly, the inventive use of a graphene membrane prepared and applied to the artwork according to the above described method, especially a two- or three-dimensional artwork or any other colored surface, against any of such detrimental effects constitutes the subject of the present invention.

The following figures and examples are provided to further illustrate the invention.

The included figures show the following:.

The graphene monolayers are synthesized on copper foils in an AIXTRON® BM Pro CVD chamber. A high quality copper substrate supplied by Viohalco® was used as the catalyst substrate. For the graphene production, the foil is cut into <NUM> x <NUM> cm2, cleaned by isopropanol to remove any organic contamination and introduced into CVD chamber. After the closure of the chamber, it is immediately pumped down to <NUM> mbar and then a mixture of argon/hydrogen (Ar/H2) gases is introduced (<NUM> sccm/<NUM> sccm) with a pressure below <NUM> mbar. The foil is heated in <NUM> and is kept there for <NUM> for annealing.

Afterwards the sample is cooled down to <NUM>, while methane (CH4) is introduced into chamber (<NUM> sccm) as carbon feedstock to initiate the graphene growth on copper foil surface. After <NUM>, the H<NUM> flow is terminated, the chamber is cooled down to <NUM> and the CH<NUM> flow is also terminated. Then the chamber is cooled down to room temperature under an Ar atmosphere. <FIG> illustrates the fluctuation of applied pressure, temperature and gases flow.

The roll-to-roll method (<NPL>) without the use of solvents or chemicals is ideal for graphene deposition without damaging the artworks. For that reason, a tailor-made roll-to-roll machine based on a commercial laminator was designed and built. The whole procedure is shown in <FIG>. Firstly, CVD graphene is cleaned from dust, dirt or/and water molecules by purging nitrogen gas on its surface. Then, the specimen is attached to one side of a commercial flexible PET/Silicone membrane by employing the roll-to-roll machine (<FIG>), at a rolling speed of <NUM>-<NUM>/sec and pressure of <NUM>-<NUM> MPa. The PET/Silicone film was chosen as a backing substrate because it adheres well to the copper sheet with the graphene on top of it and is transparent and flexible. Also, it is resistant to aggravating agents of subsequent processing steps (oxygen plasma, etching, and pressure - transfer temperature). Then, the graphene deposited on the other side of the membrane is removed by oxygen plasma. Subsequently a water solution of <NUM> ammonium persulfate is used to etch the copper, and afterwards, deionized water is used to clean any remaining dirt or residue of the ammonium persulfate. The PET/Silicone/graphene membrane is left for at least <NUM> hours inside a vacuum chamber in order to be de-hydrated. Afterwards, the membrane is ready to be transferred onto paper substrate. For the graphene transfer, the reverse procedure of rolling, i.e. unrolling (<FIG>), is performed, using the same parameters indicated above, at a temperature of <NUM>-<NUM>. For the deposition of bi-, tri- or multi-layered membranes, we iterated the same procedure so to have non-Bernal stacked multilayers.

The dry transfer method is based on the use of pressure-sensitive adhesive films (PSAF), like the PET/Silicone membrane as supporting layer. It takes advantage of the difference in wettability and adhesion energy of graphene with respect to PSAF and the target substrate. Then, the PSAF layer is simply peeled off from the target substrate, thus leaving the graphene membrane on the substrate. The basic parameters which define the success of the transfer process are estimated to be the transfer rate, temperature and pressure. Empirically, we have observed that the lower the transfer rate, the more effective the graphene transfer is. Finally, it was observed that mild heating to <NUM>-<NUM> has positive effect on the transfer quality. Such an effect is attributed to the change of surface properties of PET/Silicone since its surface energy decreases by the thermal treatment. For the graphene membranes, the transfer process must be performed at a slow rate to ensure the homogeneous heating to the desirable temperature by the laminator's rollers of graphene and the substrates. Regarding the transfer pressure, it is noticed that application of high pressure between the rollers results in a homogeneously transferred graphene film. Hence, the design of the laminator has been performed based on the above parameters and findings. A commercial cold/hot laminator FJK <NUM> was modified in order to be used as the roll-to-roll transfer system. The system could operate up to <NUM> and the initial motor's speed was <NUM> rpm which corresponds to a linear velocity of <NUM> mms-<NUM>, since the rollers' diameter is <NUM>. The measured speed was much higher than that required for the given application, so the initial motor was replaced by the NEMA-<NUM> stepper motor with an integrated planetary gearbox with a <NUM>:<NUM> drive ratio. The final configuration of the as-modified laminator is presented at <FIG>.

In art conservation, the reversibility of the treatment is mandatory for any intervention, especially in the case of paintings and graphical artworks. Graphene adheres to surfaces via weak bonds, and this should favor its removability*. Therefore, to verify our hypothesis, we deposited on "Biplane, Handley Page H. <NUM>" a single layer of CVD graphene, and then we removed the protective coating, by means of a soft rubber eraser (see <FIG>). To assess the effect of removal, colorimetric coordinates (ΔE*) were recorded on three colored spots before and after graphene deposition, and after the removal of the veil (see <FIG>). The values measured were close to zero bearing also in mind that the statistical error of the colorimeter is ±<NUM>, which proves that the process is reversible, and the graphene veil can be easily removed without damaging the optical integrity of the artwork.

General information about colorimetric measurements:
Colorimetric coordinates are extracted from reflectance spectra using standard illuminant D65 and a standard observer at <NUM>° (CIE <NUM>, <NPL>). The color difference between samples can be expressed in terms of the ΔE* parameter, calculated from the colorimetric coordinates and L*, a*, and b* as follows*: <MAT>.

To compare the colorimetric coordinates after the aging, of not protected and protected with graphene samples, we calculate a Protection Factor (PF), according to: <MAT>.

Detail about the preparation, characterization and aging of mockups and real artworks are reported below.

Paper mockups featuring a blue dye: preparation, characterization and aging:
Filter paper disks (Whatman n. <NUM>; <NUM>% made with cotton fibers; paper density = <NUM>/m2; diameter = <NUM>) were used to prepare paper mockups. On each disk, <NUM> of a Methyl Blue (Sigma-Aldrich; product number: M6900) aqueous solution at <NUM>% (w/w) was applied using a micropipette. Samples were left to dry under the hood for <NUM> hours. On each sample, graphene veils of <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> layers (<NUM> x <NUM> cm2) were deposited, using the roll-to-roll method described elsewhere. Graphene appears to be following the pattern of the surface with no apparent gaps or cracks. A not protected sample was used as a reference. Before and after deposition, reflectance spectra were acquired using a Cary <NUM> UV-VIS spectrophotometer, working in a λ range of <NUM>-<NUM> (with <NUM> of resolution), equipped with an integrating sphere having a circular sampling spot (diameter = <NUM>). The error related to ΔE* values obtained using this instrument is ± <NUM>.

All the samples were then artificially aged in an in-house built aging chamber, equipped with three Neon Light Color <NUM> BASIC Daylight Beghelli neon lamps. The average illuminance was <NUM> Lux, RH was <NUM>% and temperature was <NUM>. The aging lasted <NUM> weeks. A portion of each sample was covered during the aging, to be used as a reference. Every week, reflectance spectra were acquired as indicated above. Colorimetric coordinates were obtained as described above. After aging, the transferred graphene does not show any macroscopic defects such as cracks or holes. Data obtained on these set of samples are reported in Table <NUM>.

Paper mockups featuring a pink dye: preparation, characterization and aging:
Cardboard (Bristol type) was used to prepare paper mockups. A pink ink Carmine (Pelikan drawing ink) was applied on the samples using a paintbrush. Samples were left to dry under the hood for <NUM> hours. On each sample, a monolayer graphene veil (<NUM> x <NUM> cm2) was deposited, using the roll-to-roll method described elsewhere. Some samples were not protected with graphene and were used as references.

The samples were then artificially aged in an in-house built aging chamber, equipped with seven lights panel emitting white light. The aging lasted <NUM> hours. The bottom part of each sample was covered during the aging. At the end of the aging, the graphene was removed from the samples as described in Example <NUM>.

Before and after deposition, upon aging, and after the removal of graphene, reflectance spectra were acquired using FRU WR-<NUM> portable colorimeter. Colorimetric coordinates were obtained from reflectance spectra as described previously. The error related to ΔE* values obtained using this instrument is ± <NUM>. In <FIG>, and Table <NUM>, pictures and data about the experiments conducted on these mockups are reported.

Contact angle measurement of water on cardboard with a deposited monolayer graphene:
Contact angle measurements were performed by a KRÜSS DSA <NUM> contact angle meter, and, the used liquid was distilled water. Sessile drop method was used while each point was being measured three times to calculate average value. The used cardboard was the same described in the previous paragraph. Graphene was transferred onto the cardboard with the procedure described above in Example <NUM>.

"Triton and Nereid" has been donated by a Greek artist (Mrs. Matina Stavropoulou (http://www. gr/website/painting/matina-stavropoulou/)). It has been realized with Indian inks on glossy paper placed over a canvas support. It measures approximately <NUM> x <NUM><NUM>. To perform our experiments, half of the artwork was protected with a monolayer graphene using the roll-to-roll method described elsewhere. Graphene appears to be following the pattern of the painting surface with no apparent gaps or cracks.

The artwork was then artificially aged in an in-house built aging chamber, equipped with seven lights panel emitting white light. The aging lasted <NUM> hours. A portion of the artwork was covered during the aging, to be used as a reference. After aging, the transferred graphene does not show any macroscopic defects such as cracks or wrinkles.

Reflectance spectra were acquired using FRU WR-<NUM> portable colorimeter. Colorimetric coordinates were obtained from reflectance spectra as described in Example <NUM>. The error related to ΔE* values obtained using this instrument is ± <NUM>. In Table <NUM>, data about the experiments conducted on this artwork are reported.

The color changes of light blue and pink dyes in the protected and not protected areas were monitored over time and are reported in <FIG>. An overall protecting factor (PF) for the light blue dye of about <NUM>% was obtained after <NUM> hours of exposure, as shown in <FIG>. The different amount of aging of the two spots can be ascribed to the fact that the light blue one is probably composed of a single dye, while the so-called pink, features different dyes, with different resistance to fading. Nevertheless, PF is about <NUM>% for light blue color after <NUM> hours of aging.

"Resistance" has been donated by a Greek artist (Mrs. Matina Stavropoulou (http://www. gr/website/painting/matina-stavropoulou/)). It has been realized with Indian inks on glossy paper placed over a canvas support. It measures approximately <NUM> x <NUM> cm2. To perform our experiments, half of the artwork was protected with a monolayer graphene using the roll-to-roll method already described. Graphene appears to be following the pattern of the painting surface with no apparent gaps or cracks.

The artwork was then artificially aged in an in-house built aging chamber, equipped with three Neon Light Color <NUM> BASIC Daylight Beghelli neon lamps. The average illuminance was <NUM> Lux, RH was <NUM>% and average temperature was <NUM>. The aging lasted <NUM> weeks. A portion of the artwork was covered during the aging, to be used as a reference. Every two weeks, colorimetric coordinates on different spots were recorded using a X-RITE SP60 VIS portable spectrophotometer, with an integrating sphere having a circular sampling spot (diameter = <NUM>). The error related to ΔE* values obtained using this instrument is ± <NUM>. After aging, the transferred graphene does not show any macroscopic defects such as cracks or holes. In <FIG>, pictures and data about the experiments conducted on this artwork are shown.

The color changes of blue and pink dyes in the protected and not protected areas were monitored over time and are reported in <FIG>. An overall protecting factor (PF) for the pink dye of about <NUM>% was obtained after four weeks of exposure. PF is about <NUM>% for both colors after four months of aging. This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of a monolayer graphene in the protection of highly light-sensitive dyes from fading.

Claim 1:
Use of a protective graphene coating for providing protection for a two- or three dimensional artwork or a colored surface against color degradation, especially fading, yellowing and discoloration, due to exposure to UV radiation, the use comprising applying the graphene coating onto the artwork or colored surface by a method comprising the following steps:
a) depositing, preferably by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), graphene onto at least one side of a supporting substrate to produce a graphene/substrate composite including a continuous graphene membrane formed on at least one side of said substrate;
b) wherein the method comprises after step a), applying a supporting layer onto the graphene membrane bearing side of the graphene/substrate composite to produce a supporting layer/graphene/substrate composite;
c) removing the substrate, or lifting off the graphene from the substrate and
d) depositing the graphene membrane onto the surface.