Patent Description:
Neurodegenerative diseases are one of the major threats to human health. Their common pathological features are abnormal entanglement of proteins and their amyloidosis in nerve cells, and associated neuronal apoptosis and neurological impairment. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most typical two of them. The clinical manifestations of AD are characterized by memory and cognitive dysfunction and changes in personality and behaviors, while the clinical manifestations of PD mainly include static tremor, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, postural gait disorder and other dyskinesia. Both AD and PD mainly occur among old people, and the incidence increases with age. Taking AD for example, the incidence among the people above <NUM> is <NUM>%, but above <NUM>% among the people above <NUM>. Therefore, the number of patients, suffering from these two diseases, is increasing incessantly as the prolonging of lifespans and the intensifying of population aging. AD, in particular, by far has affected more than <NUM> million patients, which would reach <NUM> million in <NUM>. For the United States alone, more than <NUM> billion U. dollars are spent on AD patients caring per year, as twice as cancer, which makes it the most expensive disease of the world. The number of PD patients of the world, according to a conservative estimation, has exceeded <NUM> million. However, the etiology of these two diseases is still unknown. In terms of clinical treatment, although several drugs have been approved by the US FDA to treat mild and moderate AD or PD, these drugs are neurotransmitter regulating drugs that can only temporarily improve the patient's cognitive or motor functions. The symptoms will rebound soon as soon as ceasing the drugs. Till now, no drug can terminate or reverse the pathological process of these two diseases. Therefore, it is extremely meaningful to develop new drugs for the treatment of AD or PD.

The research finds that: The amyloid proteins in the brains of AD patients are mainly β-amyloid (Aβ) protein and Tau protein, as well as a small amount of α- synuclein (α-syn), and the initial site of onset is the hippocampus that performs the functions of memory and learning and spatial orientation in the brain. The brain damage of PD patients starts from the substantia nigra, which is responsible for somatic motor function. The difference in the initial site of onset determines different symptoms of the patients with these two diseases. However, studies indicate that more than half of AD patients have dyskinesia in the later stage, and most PD patients also share the same symptoms of AD patients in the later stage. These phenomenons suggest that the two diseases have intrinsic correlations in pathogenesis and disease progression.

The formation of senile plaques in the brain is one of the basic pathological features of AD. As a main constituent substance in the senile plaques, Aβ is a polypeptide consisting of <NUM>-<NUM> amino acids, which is a hydrolysis product of amyloid precursor protein (APP), wherein the content of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) accounts for more than <NUM>% of the total amount of Aβ. The current study has clarified that although Aβ has normal physiological functions and can regulate acetylcholinergic signaling between synapses by regulating the catalytic activity of cholinesterase, but excessive aggregation and fibrosis of Aβ in the brain can cause synapse dysfunction, and subsequent secondary inflammatory response, leading to loss of neuronal function and neuron death. Therefore, developing substances that can inhibit the aggregation and fibrosis of Aβ as well as block its neurotoxicity is one of the important approaches for the research and development of AD medication.

The pathological features of PD are mainly manifested as progressive loss of dopamine (DA)-ergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system, along with the production of Lewy bodies. The Lewy bodies mainly comprise hollow radial amyloid fibers formed by the aggregation of denatured α-syn. α-Syn is located at the presynaptic membrane terminal of neurons, and the natural state in the body is a soluble and unfolded state. Misfolding of α-Syn occurs under pathological conditions, generates β-sheet structures, which in turn are aggregated and fibrillated to form Lewy body lesions. Research indicates that amyloidosis of α-syn plays a key role in the pathological process of the disease. Therefore, inhibiting α-syn aggregation and fibrosis has become one of the approaches in the research and development of medication for PD's prevention and treatment. On the other hand, <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-phenyl-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin. It is not toxic per se, but after it enters the brain, <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-phenylpyridine cation (MPP+) generated from its metabolism can destroy DA-ergic neurons in the substantia nigra. At the same time, MPP+ can also interfere with NADH dehydrogenase, an important substance in the respiratory chain of mitochondrial metabolism, then causes cell death and accumulation of free radicals. The mass death of DA-ergic neurons caused by this process severely affects the cerebral cortex's motion control, resulting in similar symptoms of PD. Therefore, MPTP and MPP+ are widely used in the establishment of PD-related animal models and cell models as well as the research and development of PD medications.

Gold nanoparticles are nanoscale gold particles (the diameter of the gold cores of the gold nanoparticles used in research is greater than <NUM> in general). Because of the unique optical and electric properties, good biocompatibility as well as convenient surface modification, gold nanoparticles are widely used in biology and related medical fields such as biosensors, medical imaging and tumor detection. Due to the chemical inertness and large specific surface area and the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier at low concentrations, gold nanoparticles are also used as drug carriers in the research of directional transport and controllable release of drugs, etc. In the recent years, research is made on binding gold nanoparticles with specific ligands (such as heteropolyacids and specific sequence polypeptides) that inhibit the aggregation of fibrotic proteins, achieving certain effects in vitro protein fibrosis inhibition experiments. (<NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>), but the results of the cell model indicate that although there is a synergistic effect on cell viability when gold nanoparticles (gold core size is above <NUM>) are used together with compounds that have a protective effect on fibrin damaged cells (<NPL>), the effect is not obvious when they are used alone. AD experiments at the level of animal model have not yet been reported. Moreover, in these researches, gold nanoparticles were mainly used as drug carriers other than as active ingredients.

Gold clusters (AuCs) are ultrafine gold nanoparticles with a gold core less than <NUM> in diameter. It contains only a few to hundreds of gold atoms, causing the face-centered cubic packing structure of the gold atoms in the conventional gold nanoparticles to collapse and the energy level to split, thus showing molecule-like properties that are completely different from the conventional gold nanoparticles of above <NUM>: On the one hand, due to energy level splitting, AuCs do not possess the surface plasmon effect and derived optical properties of conventional gold nanoparticles, but exhibit excellent fluorescence emission properties similar to semiconductor quantum dots. On the other hand, in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of AuCs, the plasmon resonance peak at <NUM>±<NUM> disappears, while one or more new absorption peaks appear above <NUM>, and such absorption peaks cannot be observed in conventional gold nanoparticles. Therefore, the disappearance of the plasmon resonance absorption peak (<NUM>±<NUM>) and the appearance of the new absorption peaks above <NUM> in the UV-visible absorption spectrum are important indicators for judging whether AuCs are successfully prepared (<NPL>). AuCs also have magnetic, electrical and catalytic properties and photothermal effects that are significantly different from those of conventional gold nanoparticles, so they have broad application prospects in the fields of single-molecule optoelectronics, molecular catalysis, and photothermal conversion.

In addition, AuCs have also been used in the fields of bioprobes and medical imaging due to their excellent fluorescence emission properties. For example, Sandeep Verma team uses purine-modified AuCs as green fluorescent probes for nucleus imaging, (<NPL>). This type of literatures utilizes the fluorescence properties of AuCs and does not involve the medicinal activity of AuCs themselves.

<NPL> discloses substances containing gold clusters (AuCs; here ultrasmall AuNPs), wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y (the natural tripeptide glutathione (GSH)) that coats AuCs externally. The particles have a mean particle size smaller than <NUM>. <CIT> discloses substances containing gold clusters (AuCs), wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y (the natural tripeptide glutathione (GSH) or glutathione (GSH) and cysteamine). The particles have a mean particle size smaller than <NUM> (<NUM>). <NPL> discloses substances containing gold clusters (AuCs), wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y (dipeptides functionalised with a thiol containing moiety). The particles have a mean particle size smaller than <NUM> (<NUM>). <NPL> discloses substances containing gold clusters (AuCs), wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y (the dipeptide beta-Alanyl-L-tyrosine). The particles have a mean particle size of <NUM>. <NPL> discloses substances containing gold clusters (AuCs; here in the form of AuNPs), wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y (cysteine functionalised polyaspartate). The core Au particles have a mean particle size of <NUM>. The peptide ligands of present independent claims <NUM> and <NUM> differ from these disclosures inter alia in that different cysteine containing oligopeptides are used. The other disclosures below disclose AuCs with non peptide ligands: CHANG-CHENG YOU ET AL mentioned above also discloses pentane-<NUM>-thiol-coated gold NPs (C5-AuNP, diameter <NUM>). <NPL> discloses mercaptosuccinic acid-coated gold clusters of <NUM> in diameter. <NPL> discloses gold nanoparticles of <NUM> diameter coated with decanethiol. <NPL> discloses tiopronin (N-(<NUM>-mercaptopropionyl)glycine) monolayer protected/coated gold clusters of <NUM> and <NUM>. <CIT> discloses <NUM> gold nanoparticles (GNPs) capped with a linear alkanethiol such as dodecanethiol and furthermore coated with <NUM>-mercapto-<NUM>-(exo-<NUM>-norbornen-<NUM>-oxy)-decane. <CIT> discloses monolayer coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with a core diameter of <NUM>. The organic ligands that were used as coating are <NUM>-ethylhexanethiol, tert-dodecanethiol and hexanethiol. Smaller particle sizes down to <NUM> are also envisaged. <CIT> discloses tetraethylene glycol thiol coated gold nanoparticles of <NUM> (example <NUM>), diethylene glycol thiol coated gold nanoparticles of <NUM> and tiopronin coated gold nanoparticles of <NUM>. <CIT> discloses various alkanethiolatecoated gold nanoparticles of less than <NUM>; <CIT> discloses hexadecanethiol-stabilized gold clusters with diameter of <NUM>. <NPL> discloses glutathione-covered gold nanoparticles (AuSG_7) with an average size of <NUM> (abstract) and their effect on the formation of amyloid fibrils. They are disclosed in the framework of the development of effective drugs against amyloid diseases (amyloidoses) such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. It relates to traditional gold nanoparticles, which by common knowledge are structurally (no cubic packing) and size-wise different from the presently claimed gold nanoclusters (smaller than <NUM>).

The objective of the present invention is to tackle the technical defects in the prior art. In the first aspect, the present invention provides AuCs-containing substances wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y that coats AuCs externally, the gold core diameter of the AuCs is smaller than <NUM>,
the ligand Y includes L-cysteine-L-arginine dipeptide (CR), L-arginine-L-cysteine dipeptide (RC), L-histidine-L-cysteine dipeptide (HC), L-cysteine-L-histidine dipeptide (CH), glycine-L-cysteine-L-arginine tripeptide (GCR), L-proline-L-cysteine-L-arginine tripeptide (PCR), L-lysine-L-cysteine-L-proline tripeptide (KCP), glycine-L-serine-L-cysteine-L-arginine tetrapeptide (GSCR), glycine-L-cysteine-L-serine-L-arginine tetrapeptide (GCSR), thiophenol, D-<NUM>-trolovol, <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline, thioglycollic acid.

The gold core diameter of the AuCs is smaller than <NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>.

In the second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the above AuCs-containing substance, said method comprising the following steps:.

The solvent in step (<NUM>) is one or more of methanol, ethyl acetate, water, ethanol, n-propanol, pentane, formic acid, acetic acid, diethyl ether, acetone, anisole, <NUM>-propanol, <NUM>-propanol, <NUM>-butanol, <NUM>-butanol, pentanol, ethanol, butyl acetate, tributyl methyl ether, isopropyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, isobutyl acetate, methyl acetate, <NUM>-methyl1-propanol and propyl acetate.

In the third aspect, the present invention provides the in vitro use of the AuCs-containing substance in near-infrared fluorescent probes in the fields of catalyst preparation or molecular catalysis, chiral recognition, molecular detection, biomedical detection and imaging.

In a reference aspect, the present specification provides the application of the AuCs-containing substance in the preparation of drugs for the disease associated with the aggregation and fibrosis of Aβ and for the disease associated with the aggregation and fibrosis of α-syn.

In a further reference aspect, the present specification provides the application of the AuCs-containing substance in the preparation of drugs for prevention and treatment of AD.

In antoher reference aspect, the present specification provides the application of the AuCs-containing substance in the preparation of drugs for prevention and treatment of PD.

In an even further reference aspect, the present specification provides the application of AuCs in the preparation of drugs for the disease associated with the aggregation and fibrosis of Aβ.

The disease associated with the aggregation and fibrosis of Aβ is AD.

The AuCs are modified with L-glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl-L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-NAC), N-isobutyryl-L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-NIBC), L-cysteine-L-arginine dipeptide (CR), L-arginine-L-cysteine dipeptide (RC), <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline (Cap) or L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-Cys).

In a further reference aspect, the present specification provides the application of AuCs in the preparation of medication for the disease associated with the α-syn aggregation and fibrosis.

The disease associated with the Aβ aggregation and fibrosis is PD. The AuCs are modified with L-glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl-L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-NAC), N-isobutyryl-L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-NIBC), L-cysteine-L-arginine dipeptide (CR), L-arginine-L-cysteine dipeptide (RC), <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline (Cap) or L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-Cys).

The AuCs-containing substance provided by the present invention shows excellent effect on inhibiting Aβ and α-syn aggregation in the in vitro experiment for Aβ and α-syn aggregation inhibition, and shows excellent effect on improving cell viability in Aβ induced cell AD model and MPP+ induced cell PD model experiments. In the transgenic mouse model of AD, the AuCs-containing substance can significantly improve the cognitive behavioral ability of sick mice, and plays a significant role in inhibiting the formation of Aβ (<NUM>-<NUM>) and Aβ (<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice. In the MPTP-induced PD mouse model, the AuCs-containing substance can significantly ameliorate and correct the dyskinetic disorder of MPTP lesion model mice, improve the motor abilities of sick mice, and substantially inhibit MPTP-induced specific apoptosis of DA-ergic neurons of substantia nigra and striatum of mice. And it also has good biosafety at the cell level and animal level. The above results indicate that the AuCs-containing substance provided by the present invention not only affects the aggregation and fibrosis of fibrotic proteins, but also influences the process of neurodegenerative diseases at deeper levels such as signaling functions related to energy metabolism and neurotransmitter metabolism of nerve cells. Therefore, the AuCs-containing substance provided by the present invention is important for the research and development of new medication for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and / or PD.

On the other hand, since ligand molecules did not show any inhibitory effect in the kinetic experiment for in vitro inhibition of Aβ aggregation, and Aβ-lesioned AD cell model test, or any increase of cell viability in Aβ lesioned cell AD model and MPP+-lesioned PD cell model, this suggests that the efficacy to AD and PD comes from AuCs other than ligands. Based on the medicinal activity of AuCs itself, development of competitive new medication is expected.

When studying the effect of gold nanoparticles with certain ligands on Aβ aggregation, the inventors found that when the gold core diameter of gold nanoparticles was changed from large to small, the promoting effect of gold nanoparticles modified with the same ligand on their surfaces on Aβ aggregation was converted into inbibitory one; when the particle size was small enough to become AuCs, complete inhibition of Aβ aggregation could be achieved. In addition, it was also found that AuCs also had a complete inhibitory effect on α-syn. In this effect, it is AuCs themselves other than ligands to play an inhibitory role.

Generally, the gold core diameter of the gold nanoparticles used in the research is greater than <NUM>, and when the diameter of the gold core is smaller than <NUM>, they are called AuCs. The disappearance of plasmon resonance absorption peak (<NUM>±<NUM>) and the appearance of new absorption peaks above <NUM> in UV-visible absorption spectrum indicate that the AuCs are prepared successfully. Without ligands, AuCs cannot exist stably in a solution. It combines with thiol-containing ligand to form ligand-modified AuCs (or called AuCs) via Au-S bond.

The existing ligand-modified AuCs disclosed in the literature include AuCs modified with L-glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl-L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-NAC), N-isobutyryl-L(D)-cysteine (L(D)-NIBC), etc. The preparation process is shown in the literatures (<NPL>; <NPL>); they are mainly applied in the fields of catalysis, chiral recognition, molecular detection, biosensing, drug delivery and bioimaging (<NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>).

The present specification investigated the effects of AuCs on AD and / or PD, at least including: firstly, AuCs of different sizes containing different ligands (the ligands not having inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation) were used as research objects. Through research at three levels of experiments, including in vitro experiments for inhibition of Aβ aggregation and -syn aggregation, Aβ induced AD cell model and MPP+ induced PD cell model experiments, and AD transgenic mouse model and MPTP induced PD mouse model experiments, and in consideration of AuCs cytotoxicity, acute toxicity experiment in mice, in vivo distribution experiment in mice, etc., ligand-modified AuCs were provided, their application in the preparation of drugs treating AD and PD was found, and the results were compared with the experimental results of gold nanoparticles, indicating that gold nanoparticles with a diameter of greater than <NUM> do not have a desirable effect for this purpose, and cannot be used to prepare drugs treating AD or PD, while ligand-modified AuCs can be used to prepare drugs treating AD and/or PD.

Hereunder the present invention will be further detailed in Examples.

The purity of the raw materials used in the following embodiments shall be chemical purity or higher. They all may be purchased from the market.

This Example discloses a method for preparing the ligand-modified AuCs subject to the claimed invention, said method comprising the following steps:.

As detected (the specific detection method is shown in Example <NUM>), the particle size of the powdery or flocculant substance obtained by the foregoing method is smaller than <NUM> (distributed in <NUM>-<NUM> in general). The UV-visible absorption spectrum has one or more absorption peaks above <NUM>, and no obvious absorption peak at <NUM>. It is determined that the obtained powder or floc is AuCs.

Taking ligand L-NIBC for example, the preparation and confirmation of AuCs modified with ligand L-NIBC are detailed.

Characterization experiment was conducted for the powder obtained above (ligand L-NIBC modified AuCs). Meanwhile, ligand L-NIBC modified gold nanoparticles are used as control. The method for preparing gold nanoparticles with ligand being L-NIBC refers to the reference (<NPL>;<NPL>).

The test powders (L-NIBC modified AuCs sample prepared in Example <NUM> and L-NIBC modified gold nanoparticle sample) was dissolved in ultrapure water to <NUM>/L as samples, and then test samples were prepared by hanging drop method. The specific method: <NUM>µL of the samples were dripped on an ultrathin carbon film, volatized naturally till the water drop disappeared, and then observe the morphology of the samples by JEM-2100F STEM/EDS field emission high-resolution TEM.

The four TEM images of ligand L-NIBC modified gold nanoparticles are shown in panels B, E, H, and K of <FIG>; the three TEM images of ligand L-NIBC modified AuCs are shown in panels B, E, and H of <FIG>.

The images in <FIG> indicate that the L-NIBC-modified AuCs samples have a uniform particle size and good dispersibility, and the average diameter of L-NIBC-modified AuCs (refer to the diameter of gold core) is <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively, in good accordance with the results in panels C, F and I of <FIG>. In comparison, ligand L-NIBC modified gold nanoparticle samples have a larger particle size. Their average diameter (refer to the diameter of gold core) is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively, in good accordance with the results in panels C, F, I and L of <FIG>.

The test powder was dissolved in ultrapure water till the concentration was10mg·L-<NUM>, and was measured by UV-vis absorption spectrum at room temperature. The scanning range was <NUM>-<NUM>, the sample cell was a standard quartz cuvette with an optical path of <NUM>, and the reference cell was filled with ultrapure water.

The UV-vis absorption spectra of the four ligand L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticle samples with different sizes are shown in panels A, D, G and J of <FIG>, and the statistical distribution of particle size is shown in panels C, F, I and L of <FIG>; the UV-vis absorption spectra of three ligand L-NIBC modified AuCs samples with different sizes are shown in panels A, D and G of <FIG>, and the statistical distribution of particle size is shown in panels C, F and I of <FIG>.

<FIG> indicates that due to the surface plasmon effect, ligand L-NIBC modified gold nanoparticles had an absorption peak at about <NUM>. The position of the absorption peak is relevant with particle size. When the particle size is <NUM>, the UV absorption peak appears at <NUM>; when the particle size is <NUM>, the UV absorption peak appears at <NUM>; when the particle size is <NUM>, the UV absorption peak appears at <NUM>, and when the particle size is <NUM>, the absorption peak appears at <NUM>. None of the four samples has any absorption peak above <NUM>.

<FIG> indicates that in the UV absorption spectra of three ligand L-NIBC-modified AuCs samples with different particle sizes in Example <NUM>, the surface plasmon effect absorption peak at <NUM> disappeared, and two obvious absorption peaks appeared above <NUM> and the positions of the absorption peaks varied slightly with the particle sizes of AuCs. This is because AuCs exhibit molecule-like properties due to the collapse of the face-centered cubic structure, which leads to the discontinuity of the density of states of AuCs, the energy level splitting, the disappearance of plasmon resonance effect and the appearance of a new absorption peak in the long-wave direction. It could be concluded that the three powder samples in different particle sizes obtained in Example <NUM> are all ligand-modified AuCs.

Infrared spectra were measured on a VERTEX80V Fourier transform infrared spectrometer manufactured by Bruker in a solid powder high vacuum total reflection mode. The scanning range is <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM> and the number of scans is <NUM>. Taking the L-NIBC modified AuCs samples prepared in Example <NUM> for example, the test samples were L-NIBC modified AuCs dry powder with three different particle sizes and the control sample was pure L-NIBC powder. The results are shown in <FIG>.

<FIG> shows the infrared spectrum of L-NIBC modified AuCs with different particle sizes. Compared with pure L-NIBC (the curve at the top), the S-H stretching vibrations of L-NIBC modified AuCs with different particle sizes all disappeared completely at <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, while other characteristic peaks of L-NIBC were still observed, proving that L-NIBC molecules were successfully anchored to the surface of AuCs via Au-S bond. The figure also shows that the infrared spectrum of the ligand-modified AuCs is irrelevant with its size.

AuCs modified by other ligand Y were prepared by a method similar to the above method, except that the solvent of solution B, the feed ratio between HAuCl<NUM> and ligand Y, the reaction time and the amount of NaBH<NUM> added were slightly adjusted. For example: when L-cysteine, D-cysteine, N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine (L-NIBC) or N-isobutyryl-D-cysteine (D-NIBC) is used as ligand Y, acetic acid is selected as the solvent; when dipeptide CR, dipeptide RC or <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline is used as ligand Y, water is selected as the solvent, and so on and so forth; other steps are similar, so they won't be described in details here.

The present invention prepared and obtained a series of ligand-modified AuCs by the foregoing method. The ligands and the parameters of the preparation process are shown in Table <NUM>.

Table <NUM> Preparation parameters of AuCs modified with different ligands some of which according to the present invention.

The samples in AUCs listed in Table <NUM> are confirmed by the foregoing method. <FIG> are UV spectra (panel A in <FIG>), infrared spectra (panel B in <FIG>), transmission electron microscope (TEM ) images (panel C in <FIG>) and particle size distribution (panel D in <FIG>) of AuCs modified with ligand CR, RC, <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline (abbreviation: Cap), GSH and D-NIBC.

The results indicate that the diameters of AuCs modified with different ligands obtained from Table <NUM> are all smaller than <NUM>. Ultraviolet spectra also show disappearance of peak at <NUM>±<NUM>, and appearance of absorption peak above <NUM>. Only the position of this absorption peak varies slightly with ligand and particle size. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared spectrum also shows disappearance of ligand thiol infrared absorption peak (between the dotted lines in panel B of <FIG>), while other infrared characteristic peaks are all retained, suggesting that all ligand molecules have been successfully anchored to the surface of AuCs, and the present invention has successfully obtained AuCs modified with the ligands listed in Table <NUM>.

This Example validated the functions of ligand-modified AuCs were evaluated by in vitro experiment of Aβ aggregation kinetics, and compared the effects on Aβ aggregation kinetics with ligand-modified gold nanoparticles and independent use of ligand molecules to prove that the function is from AuCs other than ligand. The experiment used ThT fluorescent labeling method to characterize the kinetics of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) aggregation and fibrosis.

Thioflavin T (abbreviation: ThT) is a dye specifically for dyeing amyloid fibers. When it is incubated together with monomers of polypeptides or proteins, its fluorescence does not change substantially. When it encounters amyloid polypeptides or proteins with a fiber structure, it will immediately couple with the amyloid polypeptides or proteins and its fluorescence intensity will increase exponentially. Just because of this property, ThT is widely used as a marker to monitor amyloidosis of peptides or proteins. The fibrosis process of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) is also a nucleation-controlled polymerization process. Therefore, the growth curve of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) fiber measured by ThT fluorescent labeling method is mainly divided into three stages: Initial stage, growth stage and platform stage. The initial stage is mainly a stage when Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) undergoes conformational transition to form misfolding and then aggregates and nucleates. The growth stage is a stage when Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) monomers are accumulated onto the cores of oligomers along the axial direction to form fibers and grow rapidly. The platform stage is a stage when all Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) molecules form mature long fibers, i.e., a stage when the fibers no longer grow. ThT fluorescent labeling method can conveniently monitor the kinetics process of fibrotic aggregation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) molecules.

Freeze-dried powder of amyloid polypeptide Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) (Invitrogen Corp. ) was dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) to obtain a <NUM>/L Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) solution, and the solution was inculated at room temperature for <NUM>-<NUM> after sealing, then blowed to dry HFIP (for about <NUM>) with high-purity nitrogen (N2, <NUM>%) at an appropriate flow rate in a fume hood. Lastly the dried Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) was dissolved in <NUM>µL of DMSO, and after sealing, the solution was kept in a refrigerator at -<NUM> for no more than one week for future use. Before use, the DMSO solution of the amyloid polypeptide was diluted with profuse phosphate buffer solution (PBS, <NUM>, pH = <NUM>) till the concentration of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) reached <NUM> to obtain an Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) PBS solution. All the Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) PBS solutions for the experiments were prepared freshly.

Ligand-modified AuCs and gold nanoparticles were added to <NUM> Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) PBS respectively to form samples of AuCs modified with different ligands at different concentrations and different particle sizes, and samples of gold nanoparticles modified with different ligands correspondingly. The samples were incubated continuously in a <NUM>-well plate at <NUM> by ThT fluorescent labeling method, and monitored the fluorescence intensity by microplate reader once every <NUM> minutes. The kinetic process of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) aggregation was characterized through the change of fluorescence intensity of ThT.

Three sizes of L-NIBC-modified AuCs with particle sizes of <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively prepared in Example <NUM> were used as experiment groups. Four sizes of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles with particle sizes of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively, and L-NIBC molecules uncombined with AuCs or gold nanoparticles were used as control groups. Every size of AuCs or gold nanoparticles were in six concentrations respectively, which were: <NUM> ppm (not containing AuCs, gold nanoparticles or L-NIBC, as blank control), <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm respectively. L-NIBC molecules in two concentrations were used, which were: <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm respectively.

The results are shown in <FIG> and <FIG>.

<FIG> shows AFM topographies of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) after coincubating with each experiment group and control group for <NUM>. Panel A is the AFM topography after Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) was incubated alone for <NUM>. Panel B is an AFM topography after Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) was coincubated with L-NIBC for <NUM>. Panel C and panel D are AFM topographies after Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) was coincubated with gold nanoparticles with an average particle size of <NUM> and <NUM> respectively (modified with L-NIBC) for <NUM>. And panel E is an AFM topography after Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) was coincubated with AuCs in an average particle size of <NUM> (modified with L-NIBC) for <NUM>.

In <FIG>, the amyloidosis kinetics curve of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) in different concentrations of L-NIBC is shown in panel A. The amyloidosis kinetics curves of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) in different concentrations of gold nanoparticles with sizes of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively are shown in panel B-E. The amyloidosis kinetics curves of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) in different concentrations of AuCs with sizes of <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively are shown in panel F-H. The amyloidosis kinetics curves of Aβ in panels A-H are curves when Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) was coincubated gold nanoparticles or AuCs in different concentrations, □ represented <NUM> ppm (i.e., no gold nanoparticles and AuCs), o represented <NUM> ppm, △ represented <NUM> ppm, ∇ represented <NUM> ppm, ◇ represented <NUM> ppm, ☆ represented <NUM> ppm.

It could be seen from <FIG> that as control, Aβ fibers was filled in panel A; the same as panel B; though fibers reduced to some extent, long fibers could still be seen in panel C; though there was no long fibers, many Aβ short fibers still existed in panel D. It was indicated that L-NIBC had no obvious effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) fibers. The addition of L-NIBC-modified small-size gold nanoparticles could delay the amyloidosis process of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>), but not inhibit completely because short fibers would continue to grow into long fibers after more time. It has neither long fibers nor short fibers in panel E of <FIG>, what was suggested that L-NIBC-modified AuCs could inhibit the amyloidosis process of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) completely.

<FIG> is a qualitative experiment, but <FIG> is a quantitative experiment. The result of <FIG> indicates that the addition of L-NIBC had no obvious effect on Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) amyloidosis kinetics (panel A of <FIG>); for gold nanoparticles, when the particle diameter was greater than or equal to <NUM>, the addition of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles pushed forward both the growth stage and platform stage of Aβ aggregation kinetics (when the concentration of gold nanoparticles was <NUM> ppm, the growth stage of Aβ aggregation kinetics was pushed forward to <NUM>th h, and the platform stage was pushed forward to <NUM>th h), suggesting that L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles could accelerate Aβ aggregation (panels B and C of <FIG>); when the diameter of gold nanoparticles was smaller than or equal to <NUM> (panel D and E of <FIG>), the starting time of Aβ aggregation could be delayed (when the concentration of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles was <NUM> ppm, the growth stage of Aβ aggregation kinetics was delayed to <NUM>th h), suggesting that gold nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation. However, <FIG> indicates that even if the concentration was very high (<NUM> ppm), the addition of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles was unable to inhibit completely (i.e., no growth stage appeared, and the fluorescent curve was completely flat). On the other hand, after addition of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles, since the fluorescence emission peak of ThT locates at <NUM>, while the plasmon resonance absorption peak of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles locates near <NUM>, the decrease of ThT fluorescent intensity observed here should be the partial quenching of the plasmon resonance effect of the gold nanoparticles to ThT fluorescence, but should not be attributed to the inhibitory effect of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles on Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) aggregation.

Panels F-H of <FIG> indicate that all the L-NIBC-modified AuCs could significantly inhibit Aβ aggregation (the starting time of the growth stage was postponed. When the concentration of L-NIBC-modified AuCs was <NUM> ppm, the starting time of the growth stage in aggregation kinetics of <NUM> Aβ could be delayed to later than <NUM>). When the concentration of L-NIBC-modified AuCs was <NUM> ppm or above, Aβ aggregation could be completely inhibited (growth stage did not appear, and the fluorescent curve was completely flat). The minimum concentration of L-NIBC-modified AuCs needed for complete inhibition is relevant to the ligand type and the diameter of AuCs. The minimum concentrations of L-NIBC-modified AuCs with sizes of <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> were <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm respectively. Besides, as L-NIBC-modified AuCs do not have plasmon resonance effect, they do not have quenching effect on ThT fluorescence. Therefore, the decrease in fluorescence intensity observed here was entirely due to the inhibitory effect of L-NIBC-modified AuCs on Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) aggregation. The quantitative results of <FIG> are in good agreement with the qualitative results of <FIG>.

This experiment indicates that: when the size of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles is smaller than or equal to <NUM>, they have certain inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation and fibrosis, but limitedly; L-NIBC-modified AuCs has the function of completely inhibiting Aβ aggregation and fibrosis. As L-NIBC molecules per se cannot influence the aggregation and fibrosis of Aβ (in view of panel B of <FIG> and panel A of <FIG>), this function is from AuCs, but not L-NIBC ligand. This lays a foundation for the formation of medications for Aβ aggregation and fibrosis-related diseases, which can be classified as AuCs-containing substances as defined by the present invention.

This Example also validates the functions of AuCs modified with other ligands listed in Table <NUM>. For example, panels A-H of <FIG> show the inhibitory effect of AuCs modified with CR, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC), GSH, <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline (Cap), D-NIBC, RC or L-cysteine and D-cysteine (the dose is <NUM> ppm) on Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) aggregation and fibrosis. A similar phenomenon was observed for AuCs modified with different ligands, and the same conclusion can be made: These ligands per se cannot influence Aβ aggregation and fibrosis, the ligand-modified gold nanoparticles with a size of greater than <NUM> have a limited inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation and fibrosis, and larger gold nanoparticles even promote Aβ aggregation and fibrosis; but ligand-modified AuCs have excellent inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation and fibrosis, and when the concentration is above <NUM>-<NUM> ppm, effect of complete inhibition can be achieved, while the minimum concentration needed for complete inhibition varies slightly with ligand and particle size of AuCs. Likewise, these ligand-modified AuCs are classified into AuCs-containing substances defined in the present invention.

The cell viability was used as an index in the experiment of this Example. The test result of CCK-<NUM> method reflected the effects of ligand-modified AuCs or gold nanoparticle samples on the toxicity of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>), and showed if ligand-modified AuCs or gold nanoparticles had a neuroprotective effect on the pathogenesis of amyloid protein misfolding. The cells used in the experiment were SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Aβ-induced AD cell model was established according to the description in the literature (<NPL>). Specific method:.

L-NIBC-modified AuCs in Example <NUM> was taken for example, L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles were compared with AuCs and the results are shown in <FIG>.

Panels A-C of <FIG> respectively shows the effects of L-NIBC-modified AuCs with a particle size of <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> at different concentrations on the cell viability in Aβ induced AD cell model; panels D-F respectively shows the effects of L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles with a particle size of <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> at different concentrations on the cell viability of the Aβ induced AD cell model.

As shown in <FIG>, the addition of L-NIBC only did not improve cell viability. L-NIBC-modified AuCs with different sizes (the average sizes were <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively) raised the cell viability from nearly <NUM>% to above <NUM>% in Aβ-induced AD cell model (P values were all less than <NUM>, in panels A-C of <FIG>) even at a very low dose (<NUM>-<NUM> ppm for instance). L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles in an average diameter of <NUM> raised the cell viability to some extent with the increase of concentrations in AD cell model (panel D of <FIG>), but not obviously (P><NUM>). L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles in average diameters of <NUM> and <NUM> respectively did not have effect on cell viability (panels E and F of <FIG>). The above results indicated that L-NIBC-modified AuCs had a significant medicinal efficacy on Aβ-induced AD cell model, while L-NIBC-modified gold nanoparticles had no obvious efficacy.

Experiments on AuCs modified with other ligands listed in Table <NUM> in various sizes were conducted in this embodiment. The results also indicated that ligand-modified AuCs significantly improved the cell viability in Aβ-induced AD cell model. It was indicated that AuCs modified with different ligands had excellent therapeutic effects on AD at least at the cell model level, which could be classified into the AuCs-containing substances as defined in the present invention and be used for AD treatment.

The results showed that the ligand-modified AuCs provided in the present invention could significantly improve the cognitive behavior of AD transgenic mice, and inhibit the formation of senile plaques in the brain and the development of the disease, which may be used to treat AD as AuCs-containing substances.

Specific method: After the mice were administered consecutively for <NUM> days and <NUM> days, <NUM>-<NUM> mice were taken from each group to do immunohistochemistry of hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Here, the mice with <NUM> days of administration were those had completed the MWM experiment. After the mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of <NUM>% chloral hydrate (<NUM>µL/g), the limbs were fixed on the experiment table, and the chests were opened to expose the hearts fully. Pay attention to not cut the livers during thoracotomy. The left ventricles were washed with <NUM> <NUM> mol/L PBS for <NUM> firstly to remove blood, and then <NUM>. 1mol/L PBS containing <NUM>% paraformaldehyde was used for perfusion and fixation for <NUM>. After perfusion and fixation, the brains were removed and placed in <NUM>% paraformaldehyde at <NUM> and were fixed overnight. The tissues were dehydrated with <NUM>%, <NUM>% and <NUM>% sucrose solution by gradient in turn and stored at -<NUM> for future use. The tissues were embedded with paraffin. The midbrain hippocampus and cerebral cortex (<NUM> thick) were sliced in reference to mouse brain map and used for immunohistochemical staining. The steps were as follows: the frozen <NUM> thick slices were kept at room temperature for <NUM>, fixed in <NUM> acetone for <NUM>, washed with PBS for three times (<NUM> each time), and then incubated in <NUM>% H<NUM>O<NUM> for <NUM> to eliminate peroxidase activity. After washed with PBS for three times (<NUM> a time), the slices were blocked with <NUM>% normal goat serum for <NUM> at room temperature (the slices used for Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) immunohistochemistry were incubated in <NUM>% formic acid for <NUM> before blocking to repair antigenic activity). The serum was poured out, anti-Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) (ab20068, <NUM>:<NUM> dilution) or anti-Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) working fluid (ab12267, <NUM>:<NUM> dilution) were added into the slices, and were incubated for <NUM> at room temperature, were washed with PBS for three times (<NUM> a time). Horseradish enzyme labeled streptavidin (diluted with PBS) was added dropwise to the secondary antibody working solution, and was incubate at room temperature for <NUM>. After washed with PBS for three times (<NUM> a time), nickel sulfate enhanced DAB blue reaction method was adopted for coloration for <NUM>. When the positive product was dark blue and the background was clear, it was rinsed with distilled water for <NUM> times to stop coloration. After counter-stained with hematoxylin for <NUM>, it was rinsed with tap water, was dried in a ventilated place, and sealed with neutral gum. The number of Aβ plaques in the entire hippocampus and cerebral cortex was observed and counted by a confocal microscope. Each sample included two slices containing both left and right ventricles as parallel samples. The average value was calculated for statistical analysis. All data were processed by SPSS software (SPSS <NUM>), and undergone t test or one-way analysis of variance. P < <NUM> meaned that the difference is statistically significant.

L-NIBC-modified AuCs with an average size of <NUM> in Example <NUM> was taken for example, the result of the water maze experiment after <NUM> days of administration was shown in <FIG>. The result indicated that there was no statistical difference between the mice in the model control group and in the high dose and low dose groups in escape latency on day <NUM>-<NUM> of the positioning navigation test (P><NUM>, n=<NUM>-<NUM>/group) (panel A of <FIG>). With the increase of training time, the escape latency of the mice in the high dose group was obviously lower than that in the model group on day <NUM> and day <NUM> (P<<NUM> and P<<NUM>), and the escape latency in the low dose group was lower than that in the model group, but no statistical difference (P><NUM>, see panel A of <FIG>). After mouse positioning navigation experiment was completed, the platform was removed and started space search experiment. The results showed that compared with the mice in the model control group, the mice in the high dose group had significant increase in the times of crossing the platform and the swimming distance in the target quadrant (P<<NUM>), and the time of staying in the target quadrant was also significantly increased, too (P=<NUM>). Compared with the mice in the model control group, the mice in the low dose group showed increase in the times of crossing the platform, the swimming distance in the target quadrant and the time of stay in the target quadrant, but no significant difference (P><NUM>) (panels B-D of <FIG>). The above results indicated that after <NUM> days' administration of AuCs, AuCs significantly improved the ability of APP/PS1 mice to learn and remember spatial position and sense of direction. And this effect was dose dependent.

The results of the immunohistochemistry experiment for detecting the distribution of amyloid deposition of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) and Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex are shown in <FIG>.

Panels A, B and C of <FIG> were results of typical immunohistochemical slices of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) in the high dose group, low dose group and model control group on the 100th day of administration. Panel D of <FIG> was the statistical result. The experimental results indicated that compared with the model control group, mice in the high dose group had significantly reduced Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus (<NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM>) on the <NUM>th day of administration, but not in the cerebral cortex (P><NUM>). The low dose group did not have a significant effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (P><NUM>). <FIG> showed the corresponding results of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>). It indicated that the administration at a high dose could significantly reduce the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the cerebral cortex (reduced by <NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM>), but not in the hippocampus (P><NUM>). The administration at a low dose does not have a significant effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (P><NUM>). These results indicated that on the 100th day of administration, AuCs had shown a significant inhibitory effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) and Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques, and this effect showed an obvious dose-dependent relationship.

With the increase of administration time and age of mice, the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) and Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice increased significantly in the model control group with <NUM> days of administration compared with <NUM> days of administration. To be specific, Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) increased <NUM>±<NUM>% in the hippocampus (P<<NUM>), and <NUM>±<NUM>% in the cerebral cortex (P<<NUM>), and Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) increased <NUM>±<NUM>% in the hippocampus (P<<NUM>), and <NUM>±<NUM>% in the cerebral cortex (P<<NUM>). It was suggested that the older the model mice were, the greater the influence on memory and cognitive functions might be. Panels A, B and C of <FIG> were results of typical immunohistochemical slices of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) in the high dose group, low dose group and model control group on the 150th day of administration respectively. Panel D of <FIG> was the statistical result. The results indicated that in the high dose group, Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) decreased obviously in both the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice (reduced by <NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM> in the hippocampus; and <NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM> in the cerebral cortex), while administration at a low dose did not have a significant effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus (P><NUM>), but significantly reduced Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the cerebral cortex (reduced by <NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM>). It was indicated AuCs had a significant inhibitory effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques on the 150th day. This effect also showed a dose-dependent relationship. In addition, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation between the numbers of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques and the times of crossing the platform in the <NUM>-day water maze experiment. The analysis revealed that the numbers of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was significantly negative correlative with the times of crossing the platform (the hippocampus: R=-<NUM>, P<<NUM>; cerebral cortex: R=-<NUM>, P<<NUM>). This result further supported the correlation between the reduction of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex induced by AuCs administration and the improvement of memory and learning abilities of mice induced by AuCs administration.

<FIG> shows the corresponding results of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) upon <NUM>-day AuCs administration. The results indicated that the AuCs administration at a high dose obviously inhibited the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (reduced by <NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM> in the hippocampus; and <NUM>±<NUM>%, P<<NUM> in the cerebral cortex). Administration at a low dose did not have an obvious effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice (P><NUM>). It was indicated that AuCs had a significant inhibitory effect on the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques on the 150th day. This effect showed a dose-dependent relationship. The correlation statistics analysis by SPSS revealed that the numbers of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were significant negative correlative with the times of crossing the platform (hippocampus: R=-<NUM>, P<<NUM>; cerebral cortex: R=-<NUM>, P<<NUM>). This result further supported the correlation between the reduction of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex induced by AuCs administration and the improvement of memory and learning abilities of mice induced by AuCs administration.

In summary, AuCs could significantly improve the cognitive behavior of AD model mice, and inhibit the formation of Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) and Aβ(<NUM>-<NUM>) plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, thus AuCs could inhibit the development of the illness condition of sick mice, and be used to prevent and treat AD as AuCs-containing substances.

The AuCs modified with other ligands listed in Table <NUM> had similar effects, so they were not described in details here.

This Example validated the functions of ligand-modified AuCs through in vitro α-syn aggregation kinetics experiment, and compared it with the effect of ligand molecules on α-syn aggregation kinetics when used alone, so as to prove that this function is from AuCs other than ligand.

Thioflavin T (abbreviation: ThT) is a dye for dyeing amyloid fibers specifically. When it is incubated together with monomers of polypeptides or proteins, its fluorescence does not change much. When it encounters amyloid polypeptide or protein with a fiber structure, it will immediately couple with the amyloid polypeptides or proteins and its fluorescence intensity will increase exponentially. For this reason, ThT is widely used as markers to monitor amyloidosis of peptides or proteins. This Example utilizes ThT fluorescent labeling method to monitor the kinetics process of fibrosis aggregation of α-syn with the existence of AuCs. The specific experiment method was as follows:.

Pretreatment of α-syn monomers: Freeze-dried powder (Bachem Corp. ) of α-syn was dissolved in HFIP to obtain a <NUM>/L α-syn solution. The solution was incubated at room temperature for <NUM>-<NUM> after sealing, then blowed to dry HFIP by high-purity nitrogen in a fume hood. Lastly the dried α-syn was dissolved in 200µL DMSO, after sealing, the solution was kept in a refrigerator at -<NUM> for no more than one week for future use. Before use, the DMSO solution of α-syn was diluted with plenty of phosphate buffer solution (PBS, <NUM>, pH = <NUM>) till the concentration of α-syn reached <NUM> to obtain an α-syn PBS solution. All the α-syn PBS solutions in the experiment were prepared freshly.

Sample preparation and detection: Ligand-modified AuCs in different concentrations listed in Table <NUM> were added to <NUM> α-syn PBS solutions respectively, and incubated continuously in a <NUM>-well plate at <NUM>, by ThT fluorescent labeling method, and were monitored the fluorescence intensity by microplate reader once every <NUM> minutes. The kinetic process of α-syn aggregation was characterized through the change of fluorescence intensity of ThT. L-NIBC-modified AuCs with a particle size of <NUM> prepared in Embodiment <NUM> were taken for example as experiment groups. L-NIBC molecules uncombined with AuCs were used as a ligand control group. Four concentrations of AuNCs are adopted, which were: <NUM> ppm (containing α-syn only, not containing AuCs or L-NIBC, as a model control group), <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm respectively. L-NIBC molecules in two concentrations were used, which were: <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm respectively.

The results were shown in <FIG>. The results indicated that in the incubation process of <NUM> α-syn at <NUM>, ThT-labeled fluorescence intensity increased rapidly from the 48th hour. It was demonstrated that α-syn aggregation and fibrosis happened. This was consistent with the result reported in the literature (<NPL>). The result of the ligand control group indicated that using L-NIBC only did not have an obvious effect on kinetics of α-syn aggregation (panel A of <FIG>). In the experimental group with addition of AuCs in a low concentration (such as: <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm), ThT-labeled fluorescence intensity decreased significantly compared with the model control group and ligand control group without the addition of AuCs, and the starting time delayed obviously (panel B of <FIG>). It was suggested that the addition of AuCs could significantly inhibit α-syn aggregation and fibrosis. When AuCs concentration reached <NUM> ppm, ThT-labeled fluorescence intensity remained near the base line without any increase throughout the <NUM> hours of the experiment (panel B of <FIG>). It was suggested that when AuCs concentration was high enough, α-syn aggregation and fibrosis could be inhibited completely.

In this Example, AuCs modified with other different ligands listed in Table <NUM> were also studied. For example, panels C-J of <FIG> showed the inhibitory effects of AuCs modified with D-NIBC, CR, RC, <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline (Cap), GSH, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC), L-cysteine (L-Cys) and D-cysteine (D-Cys) (the dose were all <NUM> ppm) on α-syn aggregation and fibrosis. A similar phenomenon was also observed for AuCs modified with different ligands, and the same conclusion could be reached: These ligands per se could not influence α-syn aggregation and fibrosis, while ligand-modified AuCs had an excellent inhibitory effect on α-syn aggregation and fibrosis. When the concentration reached <NUM> ppm, an effect of complete inhibition could all be achieved. The minimum concentration needed for complete inhibition varies slightly with different ligands. Likewise, these ligand-modified AuCs were classified into AuCs-containing substances defined in the present invention. Other AuCs listed in Table <NUM> had similar effects. Only the concentrations of AuCs needed for complete inhibition of α-syn aggregation and fibrosis were different. It would not be described in details.

The experiment uses cell viability as an indicator; the test results obtained from CCK-<NUM> method reflect the resistence efficacy of ligand-modified AuCs or gold nanoparticles against the toxic effect of MPP+ (a common-used neurotoxin) in SH-sy5y nerve cell model of PD, so as to demonstrate their neuroprotection effect on PD. The MPP+ induced PD cell model is established according to the description in literatures (<NPL>). Specific method was as follows:.

The same steps were adopted to carry out the experiments for AuCs and gold nanoparticles modified with different ligands. The results indicated that the ligand-modified AuCs provided in the present invention had a neuroprotective effect on PD. This effect was also originated from AuCs, rather than the ligand. They can be used as substances containing AuCs to resist PD.

The experiment uses cell viability as an indicator. The test restuls obtained from CCK-<NUM> method reflect the resistence efficacy of ligand-modified AuCs or gold nanoparticles against the toxic effect of MPP+ (a common-used neurotoxin) in SH-sy5y nerve cell model of PD, demonstrate their neuroprotection effect on PD. The MPP+ induced PD cell model is established according to the description in the reference (<NPL>). Specific method:.

The experimental results of L-NIBC-modified AuCs or gold nanoparticles were taken for example, as shown in <FIG>. The results indicated that after <NUM> hours of cultivation, the cell viability of the AuCs control group, adding <NUM> AuCs without MPP+, increased to <NUM>±<NUM>% relative to the blank control group (set as <NUM>%) (P<<NUM>), suggesting that AuCs were nontoxic. The cell viability of the model control group, adding <NUM> MPP+ but without AuCs, decreased to <NUM>±<NUM>% (v. the blank control group, P<<NUM>), the cell viability of the ligand control group was <NUM>±<NUM>% (v. the blank control group, P<<NUM>), suggesting that ligand only did not raise the viability of MPP+ introdued cell model. While the cell viability of the administration group, adding <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm of AuCs respectively, increased to <NUM>±<NUM>% (v. the model control group, P<<NUM>), <NUM>±<NUM>% (v. the model control group, P<<NUM>), <NUM>±<NUM>% (v. the model control group, P<<NUM>) and <NUM>±<NUM>% (v. the model control group, P<<NUM>) respectively, suggesting that the ligand-modified AuCs provided in the present invention had a protective effect on nerve cells in PD, and this effect was also originated from AuCs rather than the ligand. On the other hand, the corresponding gold nanoparticles with the same ligand did not help to improve the viability of the model cells at all experiment concentrations, indicating that the gold nanoparticles could not be used as a medicine for the prevention and treatment of PD.

The same steps were adopted to carry out the experiments for the AuCs modified with different ligands listed in Table <NUM>. The effects were similar, so it will not be described in details here.

The model of MPP+ (<NUM>) induced apoptosis of PC12 cells was used, combining with the flow cytometry technique to observe the protective effect of AuCs on MPP+-induced cell injury and apoptosis in this experiment. Specific method: A blank control group was the one without addition of MPP+ and AuCs, an MPP+ model group was the one with addition of MPP+ only, an AuCs control group was the one with addition of AuCs only, and an experiment group was the one with addition of both MPP+ and AuCs. In a experiment group, the solution of L-NIBC-modified AuCs with an average particle size of <NUM> was added into PC12 cell suspension (final concentration of AuCs was <NUM> ppm) half an hour later, MPP+ was added, and the mixture was incubated for <NUM> hours, Annexin V- FITC/PI cell apoptosis detection kit (purchased from Roch) and FACSCalibur flow cytometer were used to detect the growth activity and apoptosis of the cells, and the data was acquired and analyzed by CellQuest Pro.

The experiment results were shown in <FIG>. The cell cytometry detection results indicated that after incubation with MPP+ for <NUM>, as indicated in the cell cytometry detection, the cell apoptosis percentage of the blank control group, without addition of MPP+, was <NUM>±<NUM>%. When <NUM> ppm AuCs alone was coincubated with PC12 cells, the cell apoptosis percentage was <NUM>±<NUM>%, which did not show a significant difference from the blank control group, suggesting that AuCs did not have apparent cytotoxic effect. The cell apoptosis percentage of the MPP+ model group was <NUM>±<NUM>%, which increased significantly compared with the blank control group (P<<NUM>). When PC12 cells were incubated with AuCs for a half hour before the addition of MPP+, and were coincubated for <NUM>, the cell apoptosis percentage decreased to <NUM>±<NUM>%, compared with the MPP+ model group, the cell apoptosis reduced significantly (P<<NUM>).

The same steps were adopted to carry out the experiments for the AuCs modified with different ligands listed in Table <NUM>. The effects were similar, so it would not be described in details here.

The results of Example <NUM> and Example <NUM> jointly indicated that AuCs could efficiently improve the cell viability and significantly inhibit the cell apoptosis of MPP+ induced PD cell model.

Experimental animals: <NUM> C57bl/<NUM> male mice, <NUM> weeks old, body weight <NUM>-<NUM>; <NUM> mice in each cage, were all raised in an environment of room temperature <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM> circadian rhythms, with eating and drinking freely, and acclimated for <NUM> days.

MPTP induced PD mice model: Mice were randomly divided into four groups, <NUM> mice per group, including a blank control group, an AuCs normal control group, an MPTP model group and an AuCs treatment group. In the MPTP model group and the AuCs treatment group, <NUM>/kg (free base) MPTP was injected subcutaneously once every <NUM> for four times. In the blank control group, <NUM>/kg normal saline was injected subcutaneously once every <NUM> for four times. <NUM> later than the last injection, in the blank control group and the MPTP model group, <NUM>µL normal saline was injected intravenously every day, while in the AuCs normal control group and the AuCs treatment group, <NUM>µL the normal saline solutions of ligand-modified AuCs listed in Table <NUM> (AuCs concentration <NUM>/L) were intraperitoneally injected respectively every day. The injection lasted for <NUM> days. The animals were put in feeding boxes with clean padding, and water and food freely.

Behavioral test: Rotarod test, rotarod test requires animals to maintain balance and move continuously on a roller. It is a test widely used to test the motor coordination. Roller diameter is <NUM> and the rotation speed is <NUM> rpm. After the animals adapted to the roller for five times, the test was started at an interval of <NUM>. The latency to fall off the rotarod was recorded consecutively for <NUM> times, and their average value was calculated.

Neurotransmitter determination: After behavioral test, the animals were sacrificed, and the mice striatum was taken and stored at -<NUM>. During measurement, the striatum was treated with <NUM>µL/mg (striatum) homogenate (<NUM> perchloric acid, <NUM> EDTA-2Na), was cracked by ultrasonication in an ice bath for <NUM>, was centrifuged in a refrigerated centrifuge at <NUM> r/min for <NUM>. The supernatant was taken and filtered with a <NUM> filter, was injected into the liquid chromatographic column of HPLC. The level of dopamine (DA) transmitter and its metabolites <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in striatum were detected by the high performance liquid phase system in laboratory. The chromatographic column must be maintained with a freshly prepared mobile phase for <NUM> before each test. HPLC conditions: flow rate: <NUM>/min; column temperature <NUM>; fluorescence detector excitation and absorption wavelengths were <NUM> and <NUM> respectively.

Determination of tyrosine hydroxylase: The brain tissues were taken out and fixed in 4wt%PFA+2wt% sucrose for <NUM>-<NUM>, then were soaked in a 30wt% sucrose solution, were embed with OCT after the tissues sinked to the bottom, were continuous coronal sectioned by frozen slicer, were stained in ABC (Avidibiotin-peroxidase complex) method, took out the frozen tissues of substantia nigra and sectionedthem, were stained in TH and colored in diphenylamine, were observed under a microscope and taken photos.

The results indicated that the ligand-modified AuCs provided in the present invention could significantly improve the motor behaviors of MPTP induced PD model mice, increase the numbers of dopaminergic neurons, improve the intracerebral level of dopamine neurotransmitters. They could be used as substances containing AuCs to treat PD.

MPTP induced PD mice model: Mice were randomly divided into four groups, <NUM> mice per group, including a blank control group, AuCs control groups (based on the dose of AuCs, they were classified into low dose group and high dose group), an MPTP model group, AuCs treatment groups (based on the dose of AuCs, they were classified into low dose group and high dose group). In the MPTP model group and AuCs experiment groups, <NUM>/kg (free base) MPTP was injected intraperitoneally respectively once a day for <NUM> days consecutively. In the blank control group, <NUM>/kg normal saline was injected subcutaneously once a day for <NUM> days consecutively. In the low dose AuCs control group and the low dose AuCs treatment group, <NUM>µL normal saline solutions of <NUM>/L L-NIBC-modified AuCs with an average particle size of <NUM> were injected intraperitoneally respectively once a day, while in the high dose AuCs control group and the high dose AuCs treatment group, <NUM>µL normal saline solutions of <NUM>/L L-NIBC-modified AuCs with an average particle size of <NUM> were injected intraperitoneally respectively once a day, for <NUM> days consecutively. The animals were put in a feeding box with clean padding, and water and food freely.

The test results of the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice were shown in <FIG>. Three to five minutes after administration of MPTP, mice showed tremor, decreased movement, arched back, hind limb opening, gait instability, vertical tail, and vertical hair. Individual epileptic seizures occurred after about <NUM> to <NUM> minutes. The above symptoms gradually reduced, and the mice returned to normal after <NUM> hours. However, with the increase of the number of administrations, the acute response was relieved, but after <NUM> hours, the performance of exercise decreased, gait instability and slow response became more obvious. After continuous administration of MPTP for seven days, the spontaneous activity distance and movement speed of the mice were significantly lower than those of the blank control group (P<<NUM>), showing the symptoms of bradykinesia. The administration of AuCs alone had no significant effect on the spontaneous activity distance and movement speed of normal mice (panels A and C of <FIG>). The combined administration of AuCs (high dose) in mice of the MPTP model could significantly increase the spontaneous activity distance and movement speed of the mice (panels B and D of <FIG>), suggesting that AuCs played a significant role in improving the spontaneous locomotor activity of MPTP model mice. Compared with MPTP model group, the difference was significant (spontaneous activity distance: P<<NUM>; movement speed: P<<NUM>).

The results of the swim test of mice were shown in <FIG>. After seven days of continuous MPTP injection, the mice were placed in a water tank to do the swimming test. Longer swimming time and farther swimming distance of mice indicate the mice had better motor coordination of limbs. The blank control group and the AuCs control group didn't have significant effect on the swimming time and swimming distance of mice (panels A and C of <FIG>). Compared with the blank control group, MPTP model group showed significant decrease of swimming distance in <NUM> (P<<NUM>), and significant decrease of the swimming time in the water tank (P<<NUM>), suggesting that MPTP significantly reduced the motor ability of swimming for the mice. Compared with the MPTP model group, the AuCs treatment group with administration of AuCs (high dose) and MPTP showed increase of swimming distance (P<<NUM>) and significant increase of swimming time (P<<NUM>) (panels B and D of <FIG>), suggesting that AuCs significantly improved MPTP-induced motor behavior disorder of swimming for the mice.

The results of the mouse rotarod test were shown in <FIG>. After the mice were injected with MPTP consecutively for <NUM> days, they were subjected to the rotarod test. In the blank control group administrated with normal saline, the latency to fall off the rotarod and the percentage of mice falling off the rotarod were <NUM>±<NUM> and <NUM>±<NUM>% (panels A and C of <FIG>). Compared with the blank control group, the rod drop latency of the mice in the MPTP model group was shortened significantly to <NUM>±<NUM>, and the rod drop percentage increased significantly to <NUM>±<NUM>%. It was indicated that after the administration of MPTP, the motor coordination of mice decreased and the mice, could not grasp the rod stably and were liable to falling off the rotarod (panels B and D of <FIG>). The administration of AuCs alone had no significant effect on the fall latency of mice (image A of <FIG>), but during long-time roller motion, the percentage of mice falling off the rotarod increased significantly (P<<NUM> v. the blank control group). It was indicated that the self-administration of AuCs had a certain effect on the roller behavior of mice (panel C of <FIG>). But compared with the MPTP model group, the AuCs treatment group with administration of both MPTP and AuCs showed obvious increase of latency to fall off the rotarod (low dose group: P<<NUM>; high dose group: P<<NUM>), and significant decrease of the percentage falling off the rotarod (P<<NUM> for both the high dose group and the low dose group). The results were shown in panels B and D of <FIG>. This indicated that AuCs have the effect to improve MPTP-induced motor coordination dysfunction.

The results of immunohistochemical detection in substantia nigra and striatum and WB detection of striatum were shown in <FIG>. Compared with the blank control group, the MPTP model group showed obvious decrease in the number of TH immunopositive neurons (i.e., DA-ergic neurons) in substantia nigra with shrinkage of residual neurons and reduction or disappearance of neurites, and reduction of TH immunopositive neurons in striatum and decrease of nerve fiber density. The results of WB analysis indicated that DA-ergic neurons in striatum reduced to <NUM>±<NUM>% (blank control group: <NUM>%) (v. the blank control group, P<<NUM>, see panel C of <FIG>). The administration of AuCs alone didn't have significant effect on TH immunopositive neurons and the density of nerve fibers in substantia nigra and striatum (panels A and B of <FIG>). The combined administration of AuCs and MPTP could significantly inhibit MPTP induced down-regulation of TH immunopositive expression in cells and neurofilaments of substantia nigra and striatum. The results of WB analysis indicated that when low dose AuCs were adopted, the ratio of DA-ergic neurons in striatum was <NUM>±<NUM>% of the blank control group (P<<NUM>, v. the MPTP model group, see panel C of <FIG>), and when high dose AuCs were adopted, the ratio of DA-ergic neurons in striatum reached <NUM>±<NUM>% of the blank control group (P<<NUM>, v. the MPTP model group). The results indicate that AuCs had a significant effect on resisting MPTP cytotoxicity, and showed a remarkable protective effect against DA-ergic neuron loss in substantia nigra and striatum.

The same method was also adopted to conduct experiments using the AuCs modified with different ligands listed in Table <NUM>. The effects were similar, so it would not be described in details here.

The above results indicated that the ligand-modified AuCs provided in the present invention could significantly improve the spontaneous locomotor activity, motor ability and body coordination ability of MPTP induced PD model mice, and had a significant protective effect against DA-ergic neuron loss in substantia nigra and striatum, indicating that substances containing AuCs can be used to treat PD.

Specific method: SH-sy5y cells in the logarithmic growth phase of cells (cells at passage <NUM>) were collected. The concentration of cell suspension was adjusted, and added 100µL into each well. The cells were plated, and the cell density was adjusted to <NUM>-<NUM> per well. The cell cuture plates (the marginal wells of <NUM>-well plates were filled with cell culture medium) were put in a cell incubator and incubated in a <NUM>% CO<NUM>, <NUM> environment for <NUM> so that the cells attached to the wall. The <NUM>-well plates were taken out, and then put in a biosafety cabinet after disinfection by alcohol. The original cell culture medium was sucked out, and then solutions of ligand-modified AuCs listed in Table <NUM> were added, which were diluted with cell culture medium to obtain a final concentration of <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm, respectively. An equal volume of fresh cell culture medium was added to the control group (no AuCs). And put it in a cell incubator, and incubated for <NUM>. <NUM> duplicate wells were set for each of the experiment group and the control group. After <NUM> of incubation, the culture medium was removed by centrifuging, then washed with PBS for <NUM>-<NUM> times. 100µL fresh culture medium and 20µL methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) solution (<NUM>/ml, i.e., <NUM>% MTT) were added to each well, and continued to be cultivated for <NUM>. The cultivation was terminated, the <NUM>-well plate was taken out, and centrifuged (<NUM> r/min) for <NUM>. The supernatant was sucked out, and 200µL DMSO was added to each well, and put on a shaking table, and oscillated at a low speed for <NUM> till the color in the wells was uniform and crystal was fully dissolved. The absorbtance of each well was measured at <NUM> by microplate reader. The above operations must be conducted in a sterile environment. Except detection, all the steps were completed in a biosafety cabinet. The experimental supplies must be disinfected in an autoclave before use.

L-NIBC-modified AuCs in Example <NUM> were taken for example, the results were shown in <FIG> where panels A-C showed the effects of AuCs with particle sizes of <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> and at final concentrations of <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm or <NUM> ppm on SH-sy5y cell viability. It was indicated that at a fairly high concentration (such as: <NUM> ppm), the addition of L-NIBC-modified AuCs almost didn't have any influence on cell viability. At a higher concentration (such as: <NUM> and <NUM> ppm), the addition of L-NIBC-modified AuCs would cause slight cell injury (cell death rate is less than <NUM>%). Since <NUM> ppm was much higher than the lowest effect concentration of the AuCs (<NUM>~<NUM> ppm or lower), it could be concluded that L-NIBC-modified AuCs had high safety at the cell level.

Other ligand-modified AuCs with different sizes listed in Table <NUM> also had similar effects. They would not be described in detail here.

Adopt mouse acute toxicity study to evaluate the acute toxicity of substances containing AuCs.

Specific method: For different ligand-modified AuCs listed in Table <NUM>(L-NIBC-modified AuCs with an average diameter of <NUM> in Example <NUM> was taken for example), <NUM> adult mice were taken, and divided into four groups with <NUM> mice in each group, whch were: a control group and three experiment groups. In the control group, mice were fed normally, while in the three experiment groups, mice were fed with AuCs by oral administration (by gavage) at a dose of <NUM>/Kg body weight, <NUM>/Kg body weight and <NUM>/Kg body weight a day respectively for one week under the condition of normal diet. The mice were fed normally for <NUM> days after the feeding of AuCs was finished. Abnormal responses of the mice were observed.

In the mice experiment, the ingestion of AuCs with different sizes at three concentrations had no influence on the survival and activity of mice. Even though for high dose intake of <NUM>/Kg body weight, the mice still remained healthy.

Other ligand-modified AuCs listed in Table <NUM> also had similar results. They would not be described in details here. Based on the above results, it could be concluded that AuCs were very safe.

Operating steps: <NUM> mice were randomly divided into four groups, <NUM> mice in each group, and fed with ligand-modified AuCs listed in Table <NUM> by oral administration (by gavage) at doses of <NUM>/kg, <NUM>/kg, <NUM>/Kg and <NUM>/kg respectively in the groups. After feeding of AuCs, the <NUM> mice in each group were randomly divided into <NUM> subgroups with <NUM> mice in each subgroup. They were sacrified at the time points of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively after feeding. Heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain tissues were taken separatly. Each tissue was weighed, and <NUM> water was added to homogenize, and then <NUM> aqua regia was added and mixed under vortex, and oscillated for <NUM> on an oscillator. 2wt% nitric acid solution was added to a final volume of <NUM>, and centrifuged at <NUM> rpm for <NUM>. <NUM> of supernatant was sucked, and the content of gold element in the tissue fluid was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.

The results indicated that AuCs could pass through the blood-brain barrier and reached the brain. They could be excreted out of the body over time, so they didn't have obvious accumulation in the body. Therefore, the substances containing AuCs provided in the present invention had a good prospect in the application of preparation of medication treating AD or PD.

Operating steps: <NUM> mice were randomly divided into four groups with <NUM> mice in each group, and injected intraperitoneally with ligand-modified AuCs listed in Table <NUM>. The doses of AuCs (L-NIBC-modified AuCs with an average diameter of <NUM> were taken for example) in each group were <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm, <NUM> ppm and <NUM> ppm of mouse body weight respectively. After injection of AuCs, the <NUM> mice in each group were randomly divided into <NUM> groups, <NUM> mice in each group. They were sacrified at time points of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively after feeding. Heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain tissues were taken separatly. Each tissue was weigh, and <NUM> water was added to homogenize, then <NUM> aqua regia was added and mixed under vortex, and oscillated for <NUM> on an oscillator. 2wt% nitric acid solution was added to a final volume of <NUM>, and centrifuged at <NUM> rpm for <NUM>. <NUM> supernatant was sucked, and the content of gold element in the tissue fluid was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Above steps were adopted to carry out experiments for AuCs modified with other ligands listed in Table <NUM>.

The results indicated that after <NUM>, the content of gold element in the brain reached <NUM>% - <NUM>% of initial concentration. After <NUM>, the content in the brain could be maintained at a similar level. After <NUM>, the content in the brain decreased significantly. At hour <NUM>, the content decreased to near or below the detection limit except for the specimens at a dose of <NUM> ppm. The above results indicated that substances containing AuCs also had good biosafety at the animal level, which can pass through the blood-brain barrier, and had no obvious accumulation in the body.

In summary, the above experiment results illustrated the following points (the "gold nanoparticles" and "AuCs" mentioned below all refer to the cases with ligand modification):.

Claim 1:
Substances containing AuCs, wherein they comprise AuCs and ligand Y that coats AuCs externally, the gold core diameter of the AuCs is smaller than <NUM>,
the ligand Y includes L-cysteine-L-arginine dipeptide (CR), L-arginine-L-cysteine dipeptide (RC), L-histidine-L-cysteine dipeptide (HC), L-cysteine-L-histidine dipeptide (CH), glycine-L-cysteine-L-arginine tripeptide (GCR), L-proline-L-cysteine-L-arginine tripeptide (PCR), L-lysine-L-cysteine-L-proline tripeptide (KCP), glycine-L-serine-L-cysteine-L-arginine tetrapeptide (GSCR), glycine-L-cysteine-L-serine-L-arginine tetrapeptide (GCSR), thiophenol, D-<NUM>-trolovol, <NUM>-[(<NUM>)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-thiol-<NUM>-oxopropyl]-L-proline, thioglycollic acid.