Patent Description:
Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, hemp, and by numerous other names, is a preparation of the cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug and as medicine. Pharmacologically, the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) representing one of hundreds of known compounds in the plant, including many other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG). The use of both neutral and acid forms of the cannabinoids results in distinctly different therapeutic endpoints.

While certain of the cannabinoids are known to help with certain medical conditions, the illegality of cannabis has prevented wide spread usage for medical conditions. On the other hand, recreational, illegal use has flourished. However, as more and more states legalize cannabis for medical use, there is a need to develop cannabis for the efficient and effective treatment of many medical conditions.

Many cannabis-based products contain harmful preservatives (e.g., BHT, BHA), and stabilizers, artificial flavorings, colors, mycotoxins, simple sugars, as well as toxic byproducts (e.g., Benzene, Hexane, heavy metals, etc.) from extraction methods, and/or trigger side effects and fail to provide effective relief for the subject medical condition. <CIT> describes therapeutic and/or diagnostic formulations intended to improve glucose uptake and the oxidation of nutrients in warm-blooded animals, including humans, presenting with cancer, in a manner that diminishes toxic by-products generated by these metabolic events, may be administered either for single daily independent administration or a binary morning and nighttime administration which also promotes sleep. This document describes that cannabis sativa is a natural plant family containing approximately sixty cannabinoids, compounds for which a number of receptors exist in both cerebral neurons and other cells that are involved in the regulation and/or propagation of appetite and nausea, two qualities which affect a cachexic patient's QoL. <CIT> describes cannabinoid compositions and methods of administering said cannabinoid compositions. The cannabinoid compositions disclosed include compounds which have been strategically selected to eliminate, or least mitigate, one of the negative side effects associated with consuming cannabinoids. A daytime formula includes compounds aimed at nullifying the negative side effects that cannabinoid consumption has on a patient's daily operations and activities. A nighttime formula includes compounds aimed at nullifying the negative side effects that cannabinoid consumption has a patient's sleep. <CIT> describes liquid compositions for use in a personal vaporizer. More particularly, the described technology relates to liquid compositions comprising winterized Cannabis extract, and to methods of administering vaporized winterized Cannabis extract to a subject by inhalation.

Provided herein are compositions and formulations comprising cannabis extract and melatonin. As set out in the claims, the invention provides a formulation comprising a cannabis extract and melatonin, wherein the formulation is provided in a tablet, capsule, lozenge, troche, suppository, tincture, transdermal patch, via inhalation from a vaporizer or metered dose inhaler; and wherein the cannabis extract comprises cannabidiol (CBD) at a concentration of <NUM>%-<NUM>%.

In some embodiments, the formulation is a pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the melatonin is present at a concentration of <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the melatonin is present at <NUM> to <NUM> per individual formulation (for example, from <NUM> to <NUM> per individual tablet, capsule, lozenge, troche, tincture dose, transdermal patch, or per inhalation from a vaporizer or metered dose inhaler).

The cannabis extract according to the invention comprises cannabidiol (CBD) at a concentration of <NUM>%-<NUM>%. Cannabis extracts may comprise tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and/or other cannabinoids, such as cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) (at least <NUM> cannabinoids have been identified at the time of this application). In some embodiments, the extract comprises natural, neutral, or acidic forms of the cannabinoids, or semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabis extract comprises terpenes and/or flavonoids.

In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a base selected from polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin, agar, tapioca, pectin, fatty acid and wax. In some embodiments, the composition or formulation comprises PEG. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the composition or formulation comprises pectin. In some embodiments, the composition or formulation comprises tapioca (a non-gelatin alternative).

In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises citric acid.

In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises acacia, gum acacia or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, the formulation described herein further comprises a natural sweetener. In some embodiments, the natural sweetener is derived from the stevia plant. In some embodiments, the natural sweetener is stevia extract powder. In some embodiments, the natural sweetener is Luo Han Gou. In some embodiments, the natural sweetener comprises Monoammonium Glycyrrhizinate and/or Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate. In some embodiments, the natural sweetener is honey or an extract thereof. However, in some embodiments, the formulation does not contain a natural sweetener such as stevia extract. In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain stabilizers, artificial flavorings, colors, mycotoxins, simple sugars, as well asor toxic byproducts (e.g., Benzene, Hexane, heavy metals, etc.) from extraction methods.

In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises one or more organic oils. In some embodiments, the one or more organic oils are selected from peppermint, sweet orange, ginger, lavender, tangerine, cherry and/or mango.

In some embodiments, the formulation is provided for use in a method of treating a disorder. In some embodiments, the methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation described herein to a subject or patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the melatonin is provided in an amount effective to aid the sleep of a subject. In some embodiments, the melatonin is provided in an amount effective to treat at least one symptom of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), insomnia, or chronic cluster headaches.

In some embodiments, the disorder is selected from inflammation (chronic or acute), inflammatory bowel disease (IBS), Crohn's disease (CD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with or without diarrhea or constipation, ulcerative colitis (UC), nausea, vomiting, anorexia, cachexia, all forms of pain (i.e. acute, chronic, neuropathic, and pain associated with or accompanying migraine headaches and cancer), gastrointestinal tract distress (i.e. heartburn, indigestion, stomachache, etc.), migraine headaches whether hormone mediated or not, chronic cluster headaches, seizures, postmenstrual syndrome (PMS), Cancer, neurodegenerative diseases including Lou Gehrig's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian-type symptoms; spinal-cord injuries, HIV/AIDS, agitation, sleep disorders such as insomnia, and seasonal affective disorder (SAD); depression, muscle spasms, spasticity from multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with or without hyperactivity, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders.

In some embodiments, methods for making or manufacturing a formulation described herein are described. In some embodiments, the method comprises (i) preparing or obtaining a cannabis extract, wherein the cannabis extract comprises cannabidiol (CBD) at a concentration of <NUM>%-<NUM>%, and (ii) adding melatonin to the extract e.g. in an amount sufficient to treat a sleep disorder of a subject that is administered or consumes the pharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises mixing the composition or formulation with a base selected from polyethylene glycol, gelatin, pectin, tapioca, fatty acid and/or wax. In some embodiments, the base is PEG. In some embodiments, the base is gelatin. In some embodiments, the base is pectin. In some embodiments, the base is a gelatin alternative (e.g., tapioca). In some embodiments, the sleep disorder is insomnia, seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The method further comprises step (iii) providing the formulation as a tablet, capsule, lozenge, troche, suppository, tincture, transdermal patch, per inhalation from a vaporizer or metered dose inhaler.

In some embodiments, the compositions or formulations described herein avoid harmful preservatives (e.g., BHT, BHA) and stabilizers, artificial sweeteners and artificial colors, while addressing subtherapeutic dosing and optimizing the synergistic qualities of the ratios of the individual cannabinoids (either in their acid or neutral form), terpenes and flavonoids. Moreover, embodiments described herein allow for accurate and reproducible therapeutic effects along with ease of dosage adjustments.

It will be understood that certain ingredients can be added to the compositions described herein without materially affecting the basic and novel properties of the compositions described herein. For example, the compositions can include undisclosed and/or unclaimed ingredients that do not materially affect the basic and novel properties of the compositions described herein, therapeutic or otherwise. Examples of such ingredients include flavorings and sweeteners that provide a more pleasant taste and/or odor, but do not materially affecting the desired properties, therapeutic or otherwise, of the compositions described herein.

Other variations, embodiments and features of the present disclosure will become evident from the following detailed description and drawings.

The term "formulation" includes the compositions described herein and any additional components that are desired for administering the composition to a subject or for consumption of the composition by a subject. The term "formulation" includes suitable delivery systems or "dosage forms," such as but not limited to a tablet, capsule, lozenge, troche, tincture, suppository, transdermal patch, vaporizer or other inhalation device, or metered dose inhaler.

The term "polyethylene glycol" ("PEG") refers to any of a series of polymers H(OCH<NUM>CH<NUM>)nOH where n is greater than three and are used as a base for the pharmaceutical formulations and compositions described herein. As used herein, PEG followed by a number refers to the average molecular weight in daltons, for example PEG <NUM> refers to PEG with an average molecular weight of <NUM>. As is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, PEGs typically include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights (i.e., they are polydisperse). For example, the average molecular weight may include PEG molecules having a molecular weight of +/- <NUM>% or +/- <NUM>% (i.e., <NUM>% greater than or less than) the average molecular weight. In one embodiment, PEG <NUM> has a range of average molecular weight of <NUM> - <NUM>. In one embodiment, the PEG has an average molecular weight of <NUM> +/- <NUM>.

The term "about" when used to modify a numerical value or range described herein includes normal variation expected by one of ordinary skill in the art of formulations. Thus, the term about can include from +/- <NUM>% to +/- <NUM>% variation in a numerical value or range, such as +/- <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, or +/- <NUM>% of the numerical value or range. It will be understood that any numerical value or range described herein can be modified by the term "about," even if the numerical value or range is not expressly modified by the term "about.

In some embodiments, the compositions and formulations described herein comprise, consist essentailly of, or consist of the recited ingredients.

Subject-matter described below that does not fall within the scope of the claims, is provided for reference. The formulations described herein are useful for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of disorders, including, for example, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBS), Crohn's disease (CD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis (UC), nausea, vomiting, anorexia, cachexia, all forms of pain (i.e. acute, chronic, neuropathic, and pain associated with or accompanying migraine headaches and cancer), gastrointestinal tract distress (i.e. heartburn, indigestion, stomachache, etc.), migraine headaches, seizures, postmenstrual syndrome (PMS), Cancer, neurodegenerative diseases like Lou Gehrig's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian-type symptoms, spinal-cord injuries; HIV/AIDS, agitation, insomnia, depression, muscle spasms, spasticity from multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders. The actives used in the formulations described herein affect the human physiology in positive ways including the improvement of the immune system, prevention or treatment of certain cancers, and reduction of inflammation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments described herein may be used to treat any and all medical conditions that respond favorably thereto.

The cannabis extract according to the claimed invention comprises cannabidiol (CBD) at a concentration of <NUM>%-<NUM>%. The effects of the following cannabinoids: CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBC, CBCA, Delta-<NUM> THCA, Delta-<NUM> THC and/or Delta-<NUM> THC (and others not well charaterized in the literature, recognizing that <NUM> cannabinoids have been identified at this point in time), as well as the very important group of physiologically active compounds called terpenes and flavonoids need to be present at certain percentages to optimize the clinical effects on each type of symptom and/or disease for which the product is being used. The present disclosure also recognizes the importance of the ratios of each of the aforementioned actives. These cannabinoids are also temperature sensitive and the embodiments described herein recognize the significance of temperature during each relevant step of making the product. For instance, keeping the temperature controlled along with the amount of the acid form of THC and/or CBD may have a profound effect on certain conditions mentioned earlier.

Some of the drawbacks associated with prior art cannabinoid formulations surround the route of administration and the dosage form used. Ease of dosage adjustment is an important component with the use of cannabis as a treatment. The delivery system disclosed herein offers easy adjustment of the dose needed by the patient, which improves the overall outcome of the use of cannabis therapy.

In some embodiments, the dosage form is solid at room temperature. In one embodiment, the dosage form is a lozenge or troche. In either instance, the product may be refrigerated or frozen without harm. Advantageously, with a melting point of approximately ><NUM> (<NUM>°F), the lozenge or troche dissolves at body temperature within the mouth of a user where the majority of absorption takes place resulting in optimizing the dose absorbed and avoiding the variables of oral absorption and first pass metabolizm.

In some embodiments, the Formulation is manufactured by combining cannabis extracts with melatonin. According to the invention, the cannabis extract comprises cannabidiol (CBD) at a concentration of <NUM>%-<NUM>%. In some embodiments, the melatonin is added such that the concentration is from <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of the composition and/or formulation. In some embodiments, polyethylene glycol with approximate average molecular weights of <NUM> to <NUM>/mol, or any value between <NUM> and <NUM>/mol, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>/mol, is combined with the cannabis extract and melatonin. In some embodiments, polyethylene glycol with approximate molecular weights of from <NUM> to <NUM>/mol, or any value between <NUM> and <NUM>/mol, for example <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>/mol, is combined with the cannabis extract and melatonin. In some embodiments, additional ingredients such as specific forms of gum acacia, citric acid, stevia extract powder, oils of peppermint, and/or menthol are added at specific temperatures with a cannabis extracts providing specific doses that include Cannabidiol (CBD) in doses of <NUM> to <NUM> with a Delta-<NUM> THC content less than or equal to <NUM> (making this dosage form legal in all states of the United States). Other oils such as sweet orange, ginger, lavender, mango, cherry, tangerine, etc., may be substituted or used in combination with oils of peppermint, menthol and cream de mint. The cannabinoid dosage range of the different doseage forms (i.e. troche, suppository, etc.) may increase to <NUM> with the use of pure Cannabidiol.

Temperature control is necessary in the processing of cannabis extracts. As a result, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and use temperatures necessary to optimize cannabinoid, terpene and flavonoid content and ratios. Temperatures in the range of approximately -<NUM>°F to <NUM>°F (-<NUM>,<NUM> to <NUM>; at normal atmospheric pressure; temperatures change with negative pressures which allow for extraction and processing using different methods), maintain certain percentages of all cannabinoids and retain natural terpene and flavonoid content in the extracts thereby resulting in more medicinal value being retained instead of isolating one active. Notwithstanding the importance of the natural mixture of actives, it is understood that one single active ingredient can be used in the dosage form providing its own unique physiologic and clinical value.

Cannabis, C. ruderalis and hybrids in the raw material can be used to create specific ratios of CBD to THC. Percentages range from <NUM>:<NUM> CBD:THC (i.e., <NUM> CBD to <NUM> THC) to <NUM>:<NUM> CBD:THC (i.e., <NUM> CBD to <NUM> THC). In another part of the disclosure, percentages range <NUM>,<NUM>:<NUM> CBD:THC and <NUM>:<NUM>,<NUM> CBD:THC.

The present disclosure contemplates dosage forms with a total weight of between approximately <NUM> grams and <NUM> grams, depending on the formulation of the actives, and size of the tablet, capsule, lozenge or troche. The suppository dosage form may raise the total weight to up to <NUM> gm. These dosage forms can be used for all natural, acidic or neutral, semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives of all cannabinoids. Handling and processing of the extract is significant in the proper delivery of the actives with the associated terpenes and flavonoids, all which synergistically work to improve the medicinal value of the cannabinoids chosen for the particular ailment under treatment.

In some embodiments, assembly of the dosage form (e.g., lozenge or troche) comprises: (i) preparing a proprietary base of polyethylene glycol with average molecular weights of about <NUM> to <NUM>/mol, or any value between <NUM> and <NUM>/mol, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>/mol, or an average molecular weight from about <NUM> to <NUM>/mol, or any value between <NUM> and <NUM>/mol, for example about <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>/mol, by melting the PEG at a temperature of approximately <NUM> to <NUM> at normal atmospheric pressure; (ii) adding the desired cannabis extract in amount sufficient to treat the symptom or disease state (e.g., in a reference exmaple that is not claimed <NUM> CBD dose with <NUM>-<NUM> of THC is effective for treating patients with autism, arthritis, and seizures); (iii) adding melatonin to a concentration of <NUM> - <NUM> per dosage form (or <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight per dosage form); and (iv) adding solution to a dosge form mold device to deliver accuracy of dosage desired. Range of standard deviation is < <NUM>% in weight and less than <NUM>% of stated active goals. In some embodiments, additional ingredients can be added that do not affect the therapeutic properties of the dosage form (e.g., the tablet, capsule, lozenge, troche suppository, transdermal patch or inhaled dose). Examples of additional ingredients include citric acid, gum acacia, natural sweeteners such as stevia extract or Magnasweet®; essential oils, flavoring and/or allergy avoidance.

A reference method (not claimed) of producing <NUM> troches comprises: (i) measuring <NUM> grams of PEG <NUM> (or PEG having an average molecular weight of <NUM> +/- <NUM>; or PEG having an average molecular weight of <NUM> +/- <NUM>) (the <NUM> grams of PEG makes up approximately <NUM>% to <NUM>% total weight); (ii) melting the <NUM> grams of PEG to a maximum temperature of approximately <NUM>-<NUM> (many devices work; stir/hot plate, heated mix/pump/delivery automation - if used under vacuum, temperatures will be lower under automation assembly lines); (iii) once the PEG is melted, adding powders (e.g., citric acid - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight, acacia gum - <NUM>% to <NUM>%, optionally stevia (and/or Luo Han Gou) - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight, and/or Magnasweet® - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight) and mixing until suspended uniformly; (iv) adding <NUM> to <NUM> of active CBD and THC to each troche in ratios of <NUM>:<NUM> to <NUM>:<NUM> (e.g., for a <NUM> troche add <NUM> of CBD and <NUM> of THC if a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio is desired and add <NUM> of CBD and. <NUM> of THC if a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio is desired. For a <NUM> troche add <NUM> of CBD and <NUM> of THC for a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio and <NUM> of CBD and <NUM> of THC if a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio is desired) (v) adding <NUM> to <NUM> of melatonin. In some embodiments, <NUM> to <NUM> of essential oils (e.g., <NUM> of peppermint, <NUM> of menthol (made by dissolving 10gm menthol crystals into <NUM> of peppermint oil and <NUM> of <NUM>% ETOH) and <NUM> of cream de mint are added, and mixed to uniformity (the concentration of active oil extract is variable to determine total volume of oil and base to be added). The temperature is maintained between approximately <NUM> and <NUM>. After the ingredients are completely mixed, a micro pipette is used to deliver <NUM> micro liters per troche (for the dosage form of <NUM>. 9725gm/troche); and the mixture is allowed to cool at room temperature.

Another reference method (not claimed) of producing <NUM> troches each including <NUM> of THC with approximately <NUM> of CBD and <NUM> of melatonin comprises: (i) measuring 767gm of PEG <NUM> (or PEG having an average molecular weight of <NUM> +/- <NUM>; or PEG having an average molecular weight of <NUM> +/- <NUM>) (in this formulation the PEG makes up approximately <NUM>% of total weight, based on a <NUM>% THC oil containing <NUM>% CBD); (ii) melting the 767gm of PEG to a maximum temperature of approximately <NUM>-<NUM> (many devices work; stir/hot plate, heated mix/pump/delivery automation - if used under vacuum, temperatures will be lower under automation assembly lines); (iii) once the PEG is melted, adding <NUM>. 4gm stated concentration cannabis extract oil; (iv) adding <NUM>. 4gm of melatonin; (v) adding a mixed set of powders (e.g., citric acid - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight, acacia gum - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight, optionally stevia (or Luo Han Gou) - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight, and/or Magnasweet® - <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight) and mixing until suspended uniformly; (vi) adding <NUM> of essential organic oils (e.g., <NUM> sweet orange oil and <NUM> organic peppermint oil); (vii) mixing to uniformity, maintaining temperature between approximately <NUM>° to <NUM>; (viii) once completely mixed using a micro pipette to deliver <NUM> micro liters per troche (for the dosage form of <NUM>. 9725gm/troche); and (ix) allowing mixture to cool at room temperature.

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the formulations set forth above, are exemplary. For example, the amount of cannabis extract oil used may vary based on concentration. More specifically, when using <NUM> THC/1gm oil versus <NUM> THC/1gm oil, the PEG base volume changes appropriately to maintain volume and correct dose, but density and weight changes. Moreover, different oils may be used in different amounts. For example, ginger is a potent oil such that a few drops may suffice whereas other oils may be used in units of milliliters. The combinations of oils may also differ. For example, a formulation may include peppermint oil but no extra menthol or cream de mint while another formulation may use ginger, orange and mint oil. That is, the oils provide a desired level of flavoring in addition to the therapeutic value of oils (e.g., peppermint oil).

In some embodiments, the formulation or dosage form can be made using three ingredients comrpising or selected from <NUM>) a base selected from PEG, gelatin, pectin, tapioca, agar, fatty acid and/or wax, <NUM>) cannabis extract, and <NUM>) melatonin. Or in another embodiment, the formulation or dosage form can be made using four ingredients comrpising or selected from <NUM>) a base selected from PEG, gelatin, pectin, tapioca, agar, fatty acid and/or wax, <NUM>) cannabis extract, <NUM>) melatonin and <NUM>) an essential organic oil. Or in another embodiment, the dosage form can be made using ingredients comrpising or selected from a base selected from PEG, gelatin, pectin, tapioca, agar, fatty acid and/or wax, cannabis extract, melatonin, and one or more of the following: gum acacia, citric acid, stevia extract powder, Luo Han Gou or, Monoammonium Glycyrrhizinate and Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate, and honey or honey extract.

The embodiments described herein demonstrate an improved efficacy that is unexpected compared to utilizing the same dose of the same active source of cannabis oil. In one particular example, the formulation comprising PEG, melatonin and high dose mint oil formula provides unexpected results as described herein.

In one embodiment, the claimed high concentration (<NUM>%-<NUM>%) CBD derived from hemp is used to achieve the desired ratio. The ratios may also be determined by the strain of cannabis that includes different amounts of CBD and THC.

Claim 1:
A formulation comprising a cannabis extract and melatonin,
wherein the formulation is provided in a tablet, capsule, lozenge, troche, suppository, tincture, transdermal patch, via inhalation from a vaporizer or metered dose inhaler; and
wherein the cannabis extract comprises cannabidiol (CBD) at a concentration of <NUM>%-<NUM>%.