Patent Description:
The present invention relates to bio-sample detection and therapy suggestion, more particularly to a method for pathogen detection and associated therapy development and suggestions for physicians.

Identification of microorganisms is clinically critical. The conventional procedure of microorganism identification is culturing a sample with medium for several days and observing the morphology as well as the compositions of the microorganism and optionally performing more tests. Moreover, drug sensitivity and effective dosage assays play important roles in treating infection. The conventional procedure of drug sensitivity assay is applying a candidate agent to microorganism cultures and observing if any growth suppression appears, which even takes weeks to obtain the result. Currently, spectroscopy is utilized for assisting the microorganism growth observation based on turbidity of the culturing medium. Due to the sensitivity of the spectrum, the signal can only be detected when the count of microorganism reaches <NUM><NUM> cfu/mL, usually after <NUM> to <NUM> hours of culturing. In another aspect, polymerase chain reaction and MALDI-TOF are also applied in accurate microorganism identification. However, such techniques cannot be used in drug sensitivity assay.

The patent application <CIT> describes an electrochemical method for detecting and classifying microbial cells comprising the steps of: applying a sweep potential between a working electrode and a counter electrode while the microbial cells are brought into contact with the working electrode and, then, measuring the generated current between the electrodes, wherein the cell numbers are determined by measuring the peak current of the generated current.

The current procedures of pathogen identification and drug sensitivity assay are time consuming and limited.

The claimed invention in its broadest aspect concerns a method for pathogen detection, comprising: applying a biological sample to a culturing chamber comprising an interacting agent, wherein the interacting agent is an agent that interacts with a pathogen; driving a sensing chip in direct contact with a culturing medium containing the interacting agent in the culturing chamber, wherein the culturing medium comprises the biological sample; measuring an electrical signal from the sensing chip by measuring a drain current of a transistor over a predetermined period, wherein the predetermined period is less than <NUM> hours; obtaining pathogen-related information of the biological sample based on the electrical signal; and determining the existence of at least a blip in the drain current during the predetermined period, wherein the blip is a statistically distinguishable signal in the drain current as in independent claim <NUM>. Preferred embodiments are defined in dependent claims <NUM>-<NUM>.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for pathogen detection, including operations that applying a biological sample to a culturing chamber comprising an interacting agent; driving a sensor electrically coupled to the biological sample in the culturing chamber; measuring an electrical signal from the sensor; and obtaining pathogen-related information of the biological sample based on the electrical signal.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, measuring the electrical signal from the sensor includes measuring a drain current of a transistor over a predetermined period.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, obtaining pathogen-related information of the biological sample includes determining the existence of at least a blip in the drain current during the predetermined period.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the predetermined period is less than about <NUM> hours.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the applying the biological sample to a plurality of culturing chambers includes applying the biological sample containing less than <NUM> colony-forming unit (CFU) per <NUM>µL.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the blip is a statistically distinguishable signal in the drain current.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the interacting agent includes an agent causing spore germination, an agent causing oxidative stress, an agent causing chemical damage or enzymatic destruction, an agent causing nutritional deficiency, UV irradiation, bacteriophages, an antibiotics, an agent causing essential ions deficiency, enzymes, radiation, or heat.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, two of the culturing chambers includes identical interacting agent and with different dosages or intensities.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, two of the culturing chambers includes different interacting agents.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the pathogen-related information includes the existence of the pathogen, susceptibility of the pathogen to the interacting agent, dosage of the interacting agent sufficient to induce resistance of the pathogen, dosage of the interacting agent sufficient to suppress activity of the pathogen, and a fingerprint characteristic of the pathogen.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the fingerprint characteristic of the pathogen includes the pathogen being alive or dead, being active or dormant, being contagious or noncommunicable, or being in one of phases comprising dormant, germination, outgrowth, vegetative, lag, stationary, or death.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the biological sample includes body fluid, blood, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, at least a blip exists in the current, further including performing a monotonic increasing interacting agent dosage spread test or applying a different interacting agent to determine whether the pathogen in biological sample being resistant or sensitive to one of the interacting agents.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, no blip exists in the current, further including performing a monotonic decreasing interacting agent dosage spread test or applying a different interacting agent to determine whether the biological sample being free of pathogen or pathogen being sensitive to one of the interacting agents.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the monotonic increasing interacting agent dosage spread test or the monotonic decreasing interacting agent dosage spread test each comprises a dosage of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the one of the interacting agents.

In one aspect, the present disclosure also provide a method for pathogen detection, including applying a biological sample to a pathogen detection chip, wherein the chip includes a culturing chamber configured to accommodate the biological sample, a sensor electrically coupled to the culturing chamber, and a reader configured to obtain an electrical signal from the sensor; driving the sensor; measuring the electrical signal from the sensor through the reader; and obtaining pathogen-related information of the biological sample based on the electrical signal.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, applying the biological sample to the pathogen detection chip includes contacting the biological sample to a solid surface of the sensor electrically coupled to the culturing chamber.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the pathogen detection chip further comprises a microfluidic structure configured to inoculate, concentrate, dilute, or filter the biological sample to or in the culturing chamber.

The claimed invention is defined in claims <NUM>-<NUM>.

Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present invention shall have the meaning commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear; however, in the event of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedence over any dictionary or extrinsic definition.

Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include the plural and plural terms shall include the singular. For example, the term "a" or "an," as used herein, is defined as one or more than one.

In the description that follows, a number of terms are used and the following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of the claimed subject matter. Terms that are not expressly defined herein are used in accordance with their plain and ordinary meanings.

As used herein, the term "or" in the claims is used to mean "and/or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive.

As used herein, the term "a pathogen" refers to an organism that causes an infection or infectious disease. Preferably, the pathogen is single-celled organism. More preferably, the cell is a microorganism. Examples of the microorganism include but are not limited to archaea, virus, bacteria and eukaryotes such as protists, fungi and plants. Preferably, the pathogen according to the disclosure is culturable. In another aspect, the pathogen according to the disclosure is isolated, non-isolated or partially isolated.

As used herein, the term "a pathogen detection" refers to a process for detecting a specific characteristic for distinguishing a pathogen species from others. It is believed, though not intended to be restricted by any theoretical, each pathogen species has specific growth pattern and the corresponding metabolites may produce detectable and specific electrical signal, and by collecting the electrical signal during a course of culturing, a fingerprint pattern identifying the pathogen can be obtained.

As used herein, the term "a biological sample" refers to a sample containing the pathogen. The biological sample according to the disclosure is derived from a naturally occurring origin or derived from artificial manipulation. Preferably, the biological sample is derived from a naturally occurring origin such as a subject or patient, an extract, bodily fluid, tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy, or cell culture. Preferably, the biological sample is derived from artificial manipulation such as culture medium or food composition. In another aspect, the biological sample is processed according to the reaction of detection. For example, the pH value or ion strength of the biological sample may be adjusted. In one preferred embodiment of the disclosure, the biological sample is body fluid, blood, or combinations thereof.

As used herein, the terms "a subject" and "a patient" are used interchangeably herein and will be understood to refer to a warm blood animal, particularly a mammal. Non-limiting examples of animals within the scope and meaning of this term include guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rats, mice, horses, goats, cattle, sheep, zoo animals, non-human primates, and humans. Preferably, the subject is suspected as an infection patient. More preferably, the subject is a suspected sepsis patient.

As used herein, the term "an interacting agent" refers to an agent that interacts with a pathogen or causes stress to growth of a pathogen. As used herein, the term "growth of a pathogen" refers to the difference of a pathogen culture before and after a period of culturing. Examples of the difference include but are not limited to cell counts, cell growth rates, metabolism, phases, or stages. Examples of the growth include but are not limited to being alive or dead, being active or dormant, being contagious or noncommunicable, growth phase changes, dormant growth, germination, outgrowth, or vegetative growth. The method according to the disclosure is not only able to detect the pathogen counts or growth rates, but also to detect several statuses of the pathogen growth. Examples of the interacting agent include but are not limited to an agent causing spore germination, an agent causing oxidative stress, an agent causing chemical damage or enzymatic destruction, an agent causing nutritional deficiency, UV irradiation, bacteriophages, an antibiotics, an agent causing essential ions deficiency, enzymes, radiation, or heat. Some bacteria may form spores to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material in times of extreme stress, such as environmental assaults; and the term "spore germination" means the event that result in the loss of the spore-specific properties. Examples of the agent causing oxidative stress include but are not limited to excessive irons or free radicals. Examples of the interacting agents causing nutritional deficiency include but are not limited to an agent causing phosphates deficiency or an agent causing amino acids deficiency. Examples of the agents causing essential ion deficiency include but are not limited to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to remove Ca, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Na, or Mn in the biological sample. Examples of the interacting agents being antibiotic include but are not limited to amoxicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, azithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clavulanate, or levofloxacin.

Examples of the "pathogen-related information" include but are not limited to the existence of the pathogen, susceptibility or sensitivity of the pathogen to the interacting agent, dosage of the interacting agent sufficient to induce resistance of the pathogen, dosage of the interacting agent sufficient to suppress activity of the pathogen, or a fingerprint characteristic of the pathogen. Examples of the fingerprint characteristic of the pathogen include but are not limited to the pathogen being alive or dead, being active or dormant, being contagious or noncommunicable, being in one of phases comprising dormant, germination, outgrowth, vegetative, lag, stationary, or death.

As used herein, the term "susceptibility of a pathogen to an interacting agent" refers to sensitivity of the pathogen to the agent. In other words, the method according to the disclosure is provided to screen if the interacting agent affects the growth of the pathogen, such as suppress or inhibit the growth of the pathogen.

In order to facilitate determining the electrical signals, the sample preferably contacts with a solid surface. As used herein, the term "solid surface" refers to a solid support including but not limited to a silicon, silicon oxide, polymer, paper, fabric, or glass. Preferably, the solid surface is an electrical sensor or an electromagnetic sensor. Preferably, the solid surface to be employed varies depending on an electrical change detecting element as mentioned below. For example, when the method adopts a field-effect transistor to detect the electrical change, the solid surface is a transistor surface of the field-effect transistor; when the method adopts a surface plasmon resonance, the solid surface is a metal surface of a surface plasmon resonance.

Preferably, the solid surface is coupled with an electrical signal detecting element for detecting the change of electrical signal. In some embodiments, the electrical signal detecting element is a field-effect transistor or a surface plasmon resonance device, a CMOS image sensor, a backside illumination sensor, or an organic or non-organic miniaturized electrode. Preferably, the field-effect transistor is a nanowire field-effect transistor or a nano-plate field-effect transistor.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the material of the solid surface is silicon, preferably polycrystalline silicon or single crystalline silicon; more preferably polycrystalline silicon. Polycrystalline silicon is cheaper than single crystalline silicon, but the grain boundary in the polycrystalline silicon may hinder the electron transfer mobility. Such phenomenon makes the solid surface uneven and quantification difficult. Furthermore, ions may penetrate into the grain boundary of the polycrystalline silicon and cause detection failure in solution. In addition, polycrystalline silicon is not stable in air. The abovementioned drawbacks, however, would not interfere with the function of the method according to the present disclosure.

As used herein, the term "change of electrical signal" refers to the variation of an electrical signal of a cell culture during the course of culturing. The change of electrical signal according to the disclosure includes but is not limited to variation of electrical current or differential electrical current. The change of electrical signal can be measured using suitable electronic device or system. The change of electrical signal includes but is not limited to a change of electrical charge, a change of electrical current, a change of electrical resistance, a change of threshold voltage, a change of electrical conductivity, a change of electric field, a change of electrical capacitance. Preferably, the change of electrical signal is the change of a threshold voltage of a field effect transistor and hence a differential drain current can be measured.

It is believed, though not intended to be restricted by any theoretical, that since the sensitivity of detecting the pathogen using the method for pathogen detection described herein can be as low as less than <NUM> colony-forming unit (CFU) per <NUM>µL, and taking only few hours of culturing (e.g., less than <NUM> hours). The susceptibility of the interacting agent to the growth of the pathogen can be identified rapidly with relatively low concentration of pathogen.

Referring to <FIG> shows a cross section of a pathogen detection chip <NUM>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in <FIG>, the pathogen detection chip <NUM> includes a culturing chamber <NUM> disposed on a carrier <NUM>, for example, a circuit board or any substrate compatible to semiconductor manufacture. The culturing chamber <NUM> is configured to accommodate a culturing medium <NUM> and a sensing chip <NUM> immersed or partially immersed in the culturing medium <NUM>. As previously described, the culturing medium <NUM> is in contact with a solid surface of the sensing chip <NUM> to generate electrical signals. In some embodiments, the solid surface can refer to a source, a drain, a channel, or a passivation layer of a field effect transistor (FET) or a Bio-FET. The sensing chip <NUM> is devised to be in direct contact with the culturing medium <NUM> which is at least composed of biological sample and/or interacting agents. A reference electrode <NUM> is integrated in a way that the reference electrode <NUM> may be in contact with the culturing medium <NUM> so as to apply a desired bias to the culturing medium <NUM>. In some embodiments, the reference electrode <NUM> can be composed of metal such as Ag or AgCl. The reader <NUM> electrically connected to the sensing chip <NUM> is configured to read the electrical signal generated by the sensing chip <NUM> as a result of the interaction between the solid surface of the FET and the culturing medium <NUM> for a predetermined time period. In some embodiments, the reader <NUM> is electrically connected to the sensing chip <NUM> via the conductive connections in the carrier <NUM> (e.g., the conductive traces in a printed circuit board or the redistribution layer in a substrate suitable for semiconductor manufacturing).

Referring to <FIG> depicts a schematic diagram of a sensor <NUM>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in <FIG>, the sensor <NUM> includes a transistor, a field effect transistor (FET), or a bio-FET having conductive regions such as a source <NUM> and a drain <NUM> in a semiconductor layer <NUM>. A channel region may be disposed between the source <NUM> and the drain <NUM>. A first gate <NUM> or a front gate described herein is in contact with the culturing medium <NUM>, a second gate <NUM>' or a back gate described herein free from being in contact with the culturing medium <NUM>. As exemplified in <FIG>, the culturing medium <NUM> includes biological sample 207A and interacting agent 207B that imposing survival stress or vital stress to the biological sample 207A. The biological sample 207A may be in a form of body fluid, blood, sweat, urine, or combinations thereof. The biological sample 207A may include at least one type of bacteria. In some embodiments, the interacting agent 207B may include antibiotics, enzymes, irons, free radicals, phosphate, amino acids, and chelating agents such as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In some embodiments, the interacting agent 207B may not be chemical substance but a form of energy such as radiation or heat. Optionally, a passivation layer <NUM> can be disposed to cover a portion of the surface of the semiconductor layer <NUM> and exposing another portion of the semiconductor layer <NUM> to be in contact with the culturing medium <NUM>.

As illustrated in <FIG>, a front gate voltage Vgs-fg and a back gate voltage Vgs-bg can be established. The drain voltage Vds may cause a drain current Ids to be measured as the electrical signal. In some embodiments, during the course of culturing the biological sample 207A, metabolites and/or the ions of the biological sample 207A generated due to the interaction of which with the interacting agents 207B may cause the front gate voltage Vgs-fg to change and thus the change of drain voltage Vds as well as the measured drain current Ids. By analyzing the electrical signal of the differential drain current ΔIds, several characteristics of the biological sample 207A can be determined within a short time frame and at a relative low sample concentration. In some embodiments, the sensor <NUM> may occupies a footprint of <NUM> by <NUM>. A culturing medium <NUM> of about 200µL can be loaded to the culturing chamber (shown in <FIG>). A bias of +<NUM>. 8V can be applied to the first gate <NUM> and a bias of -<NUM>. 5V can be applied to the second gate <NUM>' during the measurement of drain current Ids.

Two approaches can be used to measure the differential drain current ΔIds. One approach is to subtract the drain current Ids measured from a control group of the sensor <NUM> where no biological sample is introduced into the culturing medium <NUM> from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group of the sensor <NUM> where biological sample is introduced into the culturing medium <NUM> during the course of culturing. The other approach is to subtract the initial drain current Ids (e.g. at t=<NUM>) from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group of the sensor <NUM> where biological sample is introduced into the culturing medium <NUM> during the course of culturing. The latter approach can be adopted for real-time pathogen detection, and the former approach can be adopted in a more systematic study where the concentration of biological sample and the pH value of the culturing medium <NUM> can be recorded simultaneously.

Referring to <FIG> shows a cross section of a pathogen detection chip <NUM>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The pathogen detection chip <NUM> includes an incubation unit <NUM> affixed to the sensor <NUM> which can be substantially identical to the sensor <NUM> described in <FIG>. The incubation unit <NUM> may include a microfluidic structure <NUM> configured to inoculate concentrate, dilute, or filter the biological sample to or in the corresponding culturing chamber. In some embodiments, the pathogen detection chip <NUM> may include a plurality of culturing chambers each with an independent sensor devised therein. Users of the pathogen detection chip <NUM> may inoculate the biological sample to the microfluidic structure <NUM> so that the biological sample can be evenly distributed to the plurality of culturing chambers. Prior to the biological sample inoculation, various interacting agents with identical or different concentration can be loaded to each of the plurality of culturing chamber, depending on the characteristic (e.g., existence of the pathogen, susceptibility of the pathogen to the interacting agent, dosage of the interacting agent sufficient to induce drug resistance of the pathogen, and a fingerprint characteristic of the pathogen) of the biological sample to be screened.

The present disclosure provides a method for pathogen detection utilizing the pathogen detection chip <NUM> and <NUM> described in <FIG> and <FIG>, as well as the sensor <NUM> described in <FIG> of the present disclosure. Referring to <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG>, the method includes (<NUM>) applying a biological sample 207A to a culturing chamber <NUM> comprising an interacting agent 207B; (<NUM>) driving a sensor <NUM> electrically coupled to the biological sample 207A in the culturing chamber <NUM>; (<NUM>) measuring an electrical signal (e.g., the drain current Ids) from the sensor <NUM>; and (<NUM>) obtaining pathogen-related information of the biological sample 207A based on the electrical signal. As will be addressed in the following description, the electrical signal observed in some of the embodiments can be the differential drain current ΔIds. By analyzing the electrical signal pattern during the course of detection, different characteristics of the biological sample 207A can be determined in a short period of time (e.g., less than <NUM> hours) and at a low initial biological sample concentration (e.g., less than <NUM> CFU per <NUM>µL).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Klebsiella pneumoniae is used as biological sample and no interacting agent is applied in Example 1A.

To prepare the culturing medium, <NUM>µL of non-buffered LB broth having predetermined dosages (including zero dosage) of interacting agent was inoculated with predetermined concentration of Klebsiella pneumoniae and cultured at a temperature of <NUM>. The sample was subjected to the pathogen detection using the pathogen detection chip and sensor described herein with a front gate voltage of +<NUM>. 8V and a back gate voltage of -<NUM>. 5V for drain current Ids measurement at predetermined time points (e.g., at each hour). The differential drain current ΔIds can be determined using the two approaches previously described, including (<NUM>) subtracting the drain current Ids measured from a control group from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing; and (<NUM>) subtracting the initial drain current Ids (e.g. at t=<NUM>) from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing. When the former approach is taken, the concentration of biological sample can be determined by agar plating under the same environmental condition.

As shown in <FIG>, since the differential drain current ΔIds (or ΔI described herein) does not appear to have a statistically distinguishable signal therein, or in some simplified and specific examples for illustration only, there is no local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value during the first <NUM> hours of culturing, no blip in the differential drain current ΔIds can be identified. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic increasing after the <NUM>st hour, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae) being in an environment free of interacting agent.

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Klebsiella pneumoniae is used as biological sample and Gentamicin is used as an interacting agent in Example 1B.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 1A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, a blip of about <NUM>. 15µA can be identified at the <NUM>rd hour of the culturing. When a local maximum ΔIds value is greater than or equal to about <NUM> times of a base ΔIds value (e.g., the corresponding ΔIds value measured in the control group without biological sample or the corresponding ΔIds value measured in the experimental group with biological sample at t=<NUM>), a blip can be identified in the differential drain current ΔIds measurement. In some embodiments, since the sensor possesses finite signal variation associated with the stability of signal processing system, a differential drain current ΔIds of about ±<NUM>. 01µA to about ±<NUM>. 03µA can be observed as background noise. People having ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that sensors with different signal processing system may provide different degree of electrical signal stability and hence the aforesaid background noise may change accordingly. Determining whether the electrical signal constitutes a blip should take the device-sensitive factor such as background noise into consideration. For example, in Example 1B, a differential drain current ΔIds greater than <NUM>. 07µA can be considered as a blip in the electrical signal, a differential drain current ΔIds greater than <NUM>. 03µA but lower than <NUM>. 07µA can be considered as a sub-blip in the electrical signal, and a differential drain current ΔIds lower than <NUM>. 03µA does not constitute a blip or a sub-blip. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic increasing after the <NUM>st hour, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae) being resistant to the interacting agent (e.g., Gentamicin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being sensitive to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Klebsiella pneumoniae is used as biological sample and Tetracycline is used as an interacting agent in Example 1C.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 1A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value, but demonstrating two local maxima lower than <NUM> times of the base value at the <NUM>rd hour and the <NUM>th hour, respectively. For example, in Example 1C, the differential drain current ΔIds are lower than <NUM>. 07µA but greater than <NUM>. 03µA at the <NUM>rd hour and the <NUM>th hour, therefore two sub-blips can be identified in the electrical signal. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of neither increasing or decreasing, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae) being sensitive to the interacting agent (e.g., Tetracycline).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Staphylococcus aureus is used as biological sample and no interacting agent is applied in Example 2A.

To prepare the culturing medium, <NUM>µL of non-buffered LB broth having predetermined dosages (including zero dosage) of interacting agent was inoculated with predetermined concentration of Staphylococcus aureus and cultured at a temperature of <NUM>. The sample was subjected to the pathogen detection using the pathogen detection chip and sensor described herein with a front gate voltage of +<NUM>. 8V and a back gate voltage of -<NUM>. 5V for drain current Ids measurement at predetermined time points (e.g., at each hour). The differential drain current ΔIds can be determined using the two approaches previously described, including (<NUM>) subtracting the drain current Ids measured from a control group from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing; and (<NUM>) subtracting the initial drain current Ids (e.g. at t=<NUM>) from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing. When the former approach is taken, the concentration of biological sample can be determined by agar plating under the same environmental condition.

As shown in <FIG>, since the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value during the first <NUM> hours of culturing, no blip in the differential drain current ΔIds can be identified. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic increasing, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) being in an environment free of interacting agent.

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Staphylococcus aureus is used as biological sample and Gentamicin is used as an interacting agent in Example 2B.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 2A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, two local maxima can be identified at the <NUM>nd hour and the <NUM>th hour, respectively. For example, in Example 2B, a differential drain current ΔIds greater than <NUM>. 07µA can be considered as a blip in the electrical signal, a differential drain current ΔIds greater than <NUM>. 03µA but lower than <NUM>. 07µA can be considered as a sub-blip in the electrical signal, and a differential drain current ΔIds lower than <NUM>. 03µA does not constitute a blip or a sub-blip. As a result, the differential drain current ΔIds of <FIG> shows a blip at the <NUM>nd hour and a sub-blip at the <NUM>th hour.

As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic increasing, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) being resistant to the interacting agent (e.g., Gentamicin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being sensitive to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Staphylococcus aureus is used as biological sample and Ampicillin is used as an interacting agent in Example 2C.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 2A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value. For example, in Example 2C, the differential drain current ΔIds are all lower than <NUM>. 03µA throughout the first <NUM> hour of culturing, therefore no blips or sub-blips can be identified in the electrical signal. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic decreasing after the <NUM>st hour, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) being sensitive to the interacting agent (e.g., Ampicillin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used as biological sample and no interacting agent is applied in Example 3A.

To prepare the culturing medium, <NUM>µL of non-buffered LB broth having predetermined dosages (including zero dosage) of interacting agent was inoculated with predetermined concentration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cultured at a temperature of <NUM>. The sample was subjected to the pathogen detection using the pathogen detection chip and sensor described herein with a front gate voltage of +<NUM>. 8V and a back gate voltage of -<NUM>. 5V for drain current Ids measurement at predetermined time points (e.g., at each hour). The differential drain current ΔIds can be determined using the two approaches previously described, including (<NUM>) subtracting the drain current Ids measured from a control group from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing; and (<NUM>) subtracting the initial drain current Ids (e.g. at t=<NUM>) from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing. When the former approach is taken, the concentration of biological sample can be determined by agar plating under the same environmental condition.

As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value during the first <NUM> hours of culturing. However, the differential drain current ΔIds appear to have two local maxima lower than <NUM>. 07µA but greater than <NUM>. 03µA at the <NUM>th hour and the <NUM>th hour, zero blip and two sub-blips in the differential drain current ΔIds can be identified. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic increasing after the <NUM>nd hour, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., pseudomonas aeruginosa) being in an environment free of interacting agent.

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used as biological sample and Ampicillin is used as an interacting agent in Example 3B.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 3A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value at the <NUM>st hour of culturing. For example, in Example 3B, a differential drain current ΔIds of about <NUM>. 16µA can be identified as a blip in the electrical signal.

As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic increasing, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., pseudomonas aeruginosa) being resistant to the interacting agent (e.g., Ampicillin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being sensitive to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG> shows pH values of the culturing medium with respect to time corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used as biological sample and Gentamicin is used as an interacting agent in Example 3C.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 3A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value. For example, in Example 3C, the differential drain current ΔIds are all lower than <NUM>. 03µA throughout the first <NUM> hour of culturing, therefore no blips or sub-blips can be identified in the electrical signal. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of monotonic decreasing, and as shown in <FIG>, the pH value of the culturing medium approximately remains unchanged or with a variation less than <NUM> with respect to the initial pH value (t=<NUM>), indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) being sensitive to the interacting agent (e.g., Gentamicin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Escherichia coli are used as biological sample and no interacting agent is applied in Example 4A.

To prepare the culturing medium, <NUM>µL of non-buffered LB broth having predetermined dosages (including zero dosage) of interacting agent was inoculated with predetermined concentration of Escherichia coli and cultured at a temperature of <NUM>. The sample was subjected to the pathogen detection using the pathogen detection chip and sensor described herein with a front gate voltage of +<NUM>. 8V and a back gate voltage of -<NUM>. 5V for drain current Ids measurement at predetermined time points (e.g., at each hour). The differential drain current ΔIds can be determined using the two approaches previously described, including (<NUM>) subtracting the drain current Ids measured from a control group from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing; and (<NUM>) subtracting the initial drain current Ids (e.g. at t=<NUM>) from the drain current Ids measured from an experimental group during the course of culturing. When the former approach is taken, the concentration of biological sample can be determined by agar plating under the same environmental condition.

As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value during the first <NUM> hours of culturing. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of substantial monotonic increasing after the <NUM>nd hour, indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Escherichia coli) being in an environment free of interacting agent.

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being resistant to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Escherichia coli are used as biological sample and Kanamycin is used as an interacting agent in Example 4B.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 4A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value at the <NUM>nd hour of culturing. For example, in Example 4B, a differential drain current ΔIds of greater than <NUM>µA (e.g., about <NUM>. 08µA) can be identified as a blip in the electrical signal. In addition, a differential drain current ΔIds of about <NUM>. 04µA can be identified as a sub-blip at the <NUM>th hour. As previously described, electrical signal lower than <NUM>. 03µA is not considered as a blip or a sub-blip in some of the embodiments. As a result, a blip at the <NUM>nd hour and a sub-blip at the <NUM>th hour can be identified in <FIG>.

As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of substantial monotonic increasing after the <NUM>rd hour, indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Escherichia coli) being resistant to the interacting agent (e.g., Kanamycin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a value of current variation (e.g., differential drain current ΔIds, or equivalent to ΔIds previously described) with respect to time (Hr) for a biological sample being sensitive to a interacting agent, <FIG> shows a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) with respect to time (Hr) corresponding to the biological sample of <FIG>, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Escherichia coli are used as biological sample and Spectinomycin is used as an interacting agent in Example 4C.

Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 4A and are not repeated here for brevity. As shown in <FIG>, the differential drain current ΔIds does not appear to have a local maximum value greater than or equal to <NUM> times of the base value. However, a local maximum can be observed at the <NUM>nd hour of the culturing. For example, in Example 4C, the differential drain current ΔIds are all lower than <NUM>. 07µA throughout the first <NUM> hour of culturing, therefore no blips can be identified in the electrical signal. The local maximum of about <NUM>. 05µA can be identified as a sub-blip in the electrical signal. As shown in <FIG>, the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) obtained from agar plating shows a trend of neither increasing or decreasing, indicating that the electrical signal pattern shown in <FIG> corresponds to the biological sample (e.g., Escherichia coli) being sensitive to the interacting agent (e.g., Spectinomycin).

Referring to <FIG> shows a Table summarizing the electrical signal measured in Example 1A to Example 4C. As previously discussed, when taking device-sensitive factor such as background noise into consideration, a differential drain current ΔIds showing local maximum lower than <NUM>. 03µA is not identified as a blip or a sub-blip; a differential drain current ΔIds showing local maximum greater than <NUM>. 03µA and lower than <NUM>. 07µA is identified as a sub-blip; a differential drain current ΔIds showing local maximum greater than <NUM>. 07µA is identified as a blip. <NUM> and <NUM> indicated in the blip column refer to absence of blip/sub-blip and existence of blip/sub-blip, respectively. <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> indicated in the magnitude column refer to three levels of electrical signal intensities, including a differential drain current lower than <NUM>. 07µA (indicated as "<NUM>"), a differential drain current greater than <NUM>. 07µA but lower than <NUM>. 1µA (indicated as "<NUM> "), and a differential drain current greater than <NUM>. 1µA (indicated as "<NUM>"). <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> indicated in the number column refer to the total number of blips and sub-blips.

The reference numbers shown in <FIG> may be summarized as Table <NUM> below.

By using the method for pathogen detection described herein, the characteristics of a pathogen (e.g., bacteria) can be extracted from the electrical signal and converted into a series of digits as shown in the Table of <FIG>. Further information extracted from the electrical signal can be digitized and included in the Table. For example, magnitude of <NUM> or <NUM> may indicate the corresponding pathogen being drug resistant to the corresponding interacting agent (e.g., antibiotics). For example, magnitude of <NUM> may indicate the corresponding pathogen being drug sensitive to the corresponding interacting agent (e.g., antibiotics) or substantially no pathogen.

Furthermore, when an unknown pathogen carried in the body fluid and/or blood of a patient is inoculated in a culturing medium including one or more known interacting agent(s), the digitized information on the look-up Table similar to <FIG> can quickly identify the type of pathogen (e.g., within <NUM> hours), and provide effective treatment to the patient carrying said pathogen.

In addition, the electrical signal recorded with respect to time can provide fingerprint characteristic of the specific pathogen to a specific interacting agent. For example, the electrical signal recorded may correspond to a number of colony-forming unit (CFU) and indicate the pathogen being alive or dead, being active or dormant, being contagious or noncommunicable, or being in one of a growth phases comprising dormant, germination, outgrowth, or vegetative, during the course of culturing.

<FIG> show electrical signal with respect to time under different dosages of interacting agents, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Escherichia coli K12 is used as the pathogen and Kanamycin is used as the interacting agents in <FIG>. Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 4A and are not repeated here for brevity. In <FIG>, Kanamycin with a dosage of <NUM>. 5µg/mL is applied to the culturing medium, and one blip at the <NUM>nd hour of culturing can be identified. The electrical signal indicates that the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) of Escherichia coli K12 still maintain at a certain level at least within several hours of culturing. Alternatively, Kanamycin with a dosage of <NUM>. 5µg/mL cannot effectively inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli K12. However, in <FIG>, Kanamycin with a dosage of 50µg/mL is applied to the culturing medium, and no blips can be identified during first several hours of culturing. The electrical signal indicates that the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) of Escherichia coli K12 decreases at least within several hours of culturing. Alternatively, Kanamycin with a dosage of 50µg/mL can effectively inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli K12. The transition of the electric signal from the existence of a blip to no blips indicates that a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Kanamycin with respect to Escherichia coli K12 may sits between the Kanamycin dosages used in the experiment of <FIG> and the experiment of <FIG>.

Following with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for Kanamycin with respect to Escherichia coli K12, Kanamycin with a dosage of 25µg/mL can be determined as the MIC. The dosage of Kanamycin is equivalent to <NUM> time of MIC in the lower dosage experiment of <FIG>, therefore the growth of Escherichia coli K12 cannot be effectively inhibited. Whereas the dosage of Kanamycin is equivalent to <NUM> times of MIC in the higher dosage experiment of <FIG>, therefore the growth of Escherichia coli K12 can be effectively inhibited.

<FIG> show electrical signal with respect to time under different dosages of interacting agents, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Escherichia coli pku57 is used as the pathogen and Kanamycin is used as the interacting agents in <FIG>. Sample preparation and measurement condition can be referred to those in Example 4A and are not repeated here for brevity. In <FIG>, Kanamycin with a dosage of 25µg/mL is applied to the culturing medium, and two blips at the <NUM>st hour and the <NUM>th of culturing can be identified. The electrical signal indicates that the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) of Escherichia coli pku57 still maintain at a certain level at least within several hours of culturing. Alternatively, Kanamycin with a dosage of 25µg/mL cannot effectively inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli pku57. In <FIG>, Kanamycin with a dosage of 50µg/mL is applied to the culturing medium, and a blip can be identified at the <NUM>nd hour of culturing. The electrical signal indicates that the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) of Escherichia coli pku57 still maintain at a certain level at least within several hours of culturing. Alternatively, Kanamycin with a dosage of 50µg/mL cannot effectively inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli pku57. Given the consistent showing of at least a blip in the electric signal in both cases, the result indicates that Escherichia coli pku57 behaves drug resistant to Kanamycin at both the lower dosage 25µg/mL used in the experiment of <FIG> and the higher dosage 50µg/mL used in the experiment of <FIG> since the MIC of Kanamycin with respect to Escherichia coli pku57 is lower than 50µg/mL.

In view of the results in <FIG>, <FIG>, when a blip is identified in the electric signal such as the differential drain current described herein, a monotonic increase spread can be applied to determine whether the pathogen being drug sensitive (e.g., <FIG>) or drug resistant (e.g., <FIG>) to the corresponding interacting agent. When a blip cannot be identified in the electric signal pattern, a monotonic decrease spread can be applied to determine whether the pathogen being drug sensitive (e.g., <FIG>) to the corresponding interacting agent or substantially no pathogen in the culturing medium.

Referring to <FIG> illustrates a plurality of culturing wells or culturing chambers of a pathogen detection chip, each of the three samples are introduced into two culturing wells with differential interacting agent concentration spread, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As previously described in <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG>, after inoculating the pathogen 207A to the pathogen detection chip <NUM> through a microfluidic structure <NUM> connecting to a plurality of individual culturing wells, the pathogen sample is delivered to the designed culturing environment for detection. As shown in <FIG>, one of the three results can be obtained from the electric signal measurement described herein.

Pathogen sample <NUM> is inoculated into two culturing wells <NUM>, <NUM>. Culturing well <NUM> includes an interacting agent of a lower dosage, and culturing well <NUM> includes the same interacting agent of a higher dosage. In some embodiments, the culturing wells <NUM> may possess an interacting agent dosage lower than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or lower than MD prescribed dosage. Similarly, the culturing wells <NUM> may possess an interacting agent dosage greater than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by CLSI or greater than MD prescribed dosage. Neither the culturing well <NUM> nor culturing well <NUM> shows the electrical signal (i.e., the blip described herein) in first <NUM> hours of culturing, indicating that pathogen sample <NUM> can be substantially free of pathogen.

Pathogen sample <NUM> is inoculated into two culturing wells <NUM>, <NUM>. Culturing well <NUM> includes an interacting agent of a lower dosage, and culturing well <NUM> includes the same interacting agent of a higher dosage. In some embodiments, the culturing wells <NUM> may possess an interacting agent dosage lower than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by CLSI or lower than MD prescribed dosage. Similarly, the culturing wells <NUM> may possess an interacting agent dosage greater than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by CLSI or greater than MD prescribed dosage. The electrical signal (i.e., the blips described herein) is present in the culturing well <NUM> but is absent in the culturing well <NUM> in first <NUM> hours of culturing. This signal combination not only indicates that pathogen sample <NUM> includes pathogen but also the pathogen is sensitive to the interacting agent.

Pathogen sample <NUM> is inoculated into two culturing wells <NUM>, <NUM>. Culturing well <NUM> includes an interacting agent of a lower dosage, and culturing well <NUM> includes the same interacting agent of a higher dosage. In some embodiments, the culturing wells <NUM> may possess an interacting agent dosage lower than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by CLSI or lower than MD prescribed dosage. Similarly, the culturing wells <NUM> may possess an interacting agent dosage greater than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by CLSI or greater than MD prescribed dosage. The electrical signal (i.e., the blips described herein) is present both in the culturing well <NUM> and the culturing well <NUM> in first <NUM> hours of culturing. This signal combination not only indicates that pathogen sample <NUM> includes pathogen but also the pathogen is resistant to the interacting agent.

When the interacting agent is to be in a form of energy such as radiation or heat, the culturing well or culturing chamber <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> receives energy of lower intensity, and the culturing well or culturing chamber <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> receives energy of higher intensity that has studied impact to the growth of the pathogen.

Referring to <FIG> shows a flow chart of a method <NUM> for pathogen detection, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. By carrying out the operations <NUM> to <NUM> described in the method <NUM>, the antibiotics susceptibility tests (AST) and the aseptic test can be performed. In operation <NUM>, the existence of at least one blip in the electrical signal (e.g., the differential drain current) is determined during a predetermined period of culturing (e.g., less than <NUM> hours). If at least one blip is present in the electrical signal (Y), the flow goes to operation <NUM>. In operation <NUM>, a monotonic increasing interacting agent dosage spread test (hereinafter increasing spread test) is performed, or a different interacting agent is applied. Through another operation <NUM> of determining the existence of at least a blip all the culturing wells in the increasing spread test, the pathogen in biological sample being resistant <NUM> or sensitive <NUM> to the interacting agent can be determined. The increasing spread test is further described in <FIG>.

Referring back to operation <NUM>, the existence of at least one blip in the electrical signal (e.g., the differential drain current) is determined during a predetermined period of culturing (e.g., less than <NUM> hours). If at least one blip is absent in the electrical signal (N), the flow goes to operation <NUM>. In operation <NUM>, a monotonic decreasing interacting agent dosage spread test (hereinafter decreasing spread test) is performed, or a different interacting agent is applied. Through another operation <NUM> of determining the existence of at least a blip all the culturing wells in the decreasing spread test, the pathogen in biological sample being sensitive <NUM> to the interacting agent or free of pathogen <NUM> can be determined. The decreasing spread test is further described in <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG> illustrates a plurality of culturing wells of a pathogen detection chip, each of the two samples are introduced into six culturing wells with monotonic increasing interacting agent concentration spread, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Interacting agent concentration or dosage is monotonically increased from the culturing well <NUM> to culturing well <NUM>, and in some embodiments, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the interacting agent is between the lowest concentration and the highest concentration of the spread. The interacting agent concentration in culturing well <NUM> coincides with the interacting agent concentration applied in operation <NUM>. When it is determined that at least a blip is observed in the operation <NUM>, the pathogen sample previously applied in operation <NUM> is inoculated into the culturing well <NUM> to <NUM>. Two conditions 130A, 130B can be expected. Under condition 130A, the presence of electrical signal (e.g., the blips described herein) in the culturing well <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and the absence of the electrical signal in the culturing well <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are observed, the result indicates that the pathogen sample is not free of pathogen and that the pathogen is sensitive to the interacting agent. Under condition 130B, the presence of electrical signal (e.g., the blips described herein) in the all six culturing well <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> is observed, the result indicates that the pathogen sample is not free of pathogen and that the pathogen is resistant to the interacting agent.

Referring to <FIG> illustrates a plurality of culturing wells of a pathogen detection chip, each of the two samples are introduced into six culturing wells with monotonic decreasing interacting agent concentration spread, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Interacting agent concentration or dosage is monotonically decreased from the culturing well <NUM> to culturing well <NUM>, and in some embodiments, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the interacting agent is between the highest concentration and the lowest concentration of the spread. The interacting agent concentration in culturing well <NUM> coincides with the interacting agent concentration applied in operation <NUM>. When it is determined that no blip is observed in the operation <NUM>, the pathogen sample previously applied in operation <NUM> is inoculated into the culturing well <NUM> to <NUM>. Two conditions 140A, 140B can be expected. Under condition 140A, the absence of electrical signal (e.g., the blips described herein) in the all six culturing wells <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> is observed, the result indicates that the pathogen sample is free of pathogen, so as to confirm the aseptic condition of the biological sample. Under condition 140B, the presence of electrical signal (e.g., the blips described herein) in the culturing well <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and the absence of the electrical signal in the culturing well <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are observed, the result indicates that the pathogen sample is not free of pathogen and that the pathogen is sensitive to the interacting agent.

Referring to the increasing spread test of <FIG> and the decreasing spread test of <FIG>, in some embodiments, the increasing spread test and the decreasing spread test are designed to encompass the interacting agent concentration greater and lower than the antibiotic sensitive dosage provided by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or MD prescribed dosage, if the MIC of the interacting agent to that particular pathogen is not readily known.

Claim 1:
A method for pathogen detection, comprising:
applying a biological sample to a culturing chamber comprising an interacting agent, wherein the interacting agent is an agent that interacts with a pathogen; driving a sensing chip in direct contact with a culturing medium containing the interacting agent in the culturing chamber, wherein the culturing medium comprises the biological sample;
measuring an electrical signal from the sensing chip by measuring a drain current of a transistor over a predetermined period, wherein the predetermined period is less than <NUM> hours;
obtaining pathogen-related information of the biological sample based on the electrical signal; and
determining the existence of at least a blip in the drain current during the predetermined period, wherein the blip is a statistically distinguishable signal in the drain current.