Patent Description:
From among light-emitting devices, self-emissive devices (for example, organic light-emitting devices, etc.) have relatively wide viewing angles, excellent or suitable contrast ratios, fast response times, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.

In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially arranged on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as the holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons are transitioned from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light. Examples may be found in <CIT>, <CIT> or <CIT>.

The present invention provides a light-emitting device as defined in claim <NUM> having suitable frontal luminescence efficiency and lateral luminescence efficiency at substantially the same time, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

Additional aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

Provided is a light emitting device including:.

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a consumer product including the light-emitting device.

The above and other aspects and features of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:.

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As utilized herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression "at least one of a, b or c", "at least one selected from a, b, and c", etc., indicates only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

A light-emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer which is between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer; and a capping layer.

The emission layer includes a first emitter. The first emitter emits first light having a first emission spectrum, and the capping layer is in a path on which (e.g., in the path through or via which) the first light travels.

The emission peak wavelength (maximum emission wavelength, or maximum emission peak wavelength) of the first light is in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>.

For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the first light may be in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

The emission peak wavelength (or maximum emission wavelength) and FWHM of the first light described in the present disclosure may be evaluated from the emission spectrum of a film including the first emitter (for example, see Evaluation Example <NUM>). The emission peak wavelength in the present disclosure refers to the peak wavelength having the maximum emission intensity in the emission spectrum or electroluminescence spectrum.

The first light having the emission peak wavelength and FWHM as described above may be green light.

In an embodiment, the first emitter may be an organometallic compound containing iridium. The first emitter may be neutral, may include one iridium, and may not include (e.g., may exclude) transition metals other than iridium. In particular, the first emitter may be an organometallic iridium complex.

In an embodiment, the iridium complex may include, in addition to the iridium, a first ligand, a second ligand, and a third ligand, each of which is coupled to the iridium. In this regard, the first ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM>, the second ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM>, the third ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM>, Y<NUM>, Y<NUM>, and Y<NUM> may each be nitrogen(N),and Y<NUM>, Y<NUM>, and Y<NUM> may each be carbon(C). At least two of the ligands may differ from each other, i.e. the iridium complex may be a heteroleptic complex. For example, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be different from each other.

In one or more suitable embodiments, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be a polycyclic group. For example, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be a polycyclic group in which three or more a monocyclic group are condensed with each other. In an embodiment, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be a polycyclic group in which one <NUM>-membered monocyclic group (for example, a furan group, a thiophene group, a selenophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, etc.) is condensed with at least two <NUM>-membered monocyclic groups (for example, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, etc.).

In an embodiment, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be a monocyclic group. For example, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be a <NUM>-membered monocyclic group (for example, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, etc.).

In an embodiment, the first emitter may be a heteroleptic complex.

In an embodiment, the third ligand may be identical to the second ligand.

In an embodiment, the third ligand may be identical to the first ligand.

In an embodiment, the third ligand may be different from each of the first ligand and the second ligand.

More details for the first emitter are as described herein.

The capping layer is in a path on which (e.g., in the path through or via which) the first light travels and is extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device, thereby increasing the external extraction rate of the first light.

The capping layer includes an amine-containing compound. The "amine" in the amine-containing compound refers to a group represented by
<CHM>
wherein *, *', and *" indicate binding sites to neighboring atoms A<NUM>, A<NUM> and A<NUM>, respectively, and each of A<NUM>, A<NUM>, and A<NUM> is not linked via a single bond or an any atom group therebetween. Each of A<NUM>, A<NUM> and A<NUM> may be any atom, for example, carbon, hydrogen, and/or the like. In other words, the amine-containing group may be a primary amine, a secondary amine, or a tertiary amine. Most preferred are tertiary amines. For example, CBP does not belong to the amine-containing compound described in the present disclosure.

In an embodiment, the capping layer may include a monoamine-containing compound. For example, the number of "amine(s)" in the amine-containing compound included in the capping layer may be <NUM>.

The amine-containing compound included in the capping layer includes a benzoxazole group, a benzthiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, or one or more combinations thereof.

The value of ratio of CIEy to refractive index (RCR value) of the first light extracted to the outside through the capping layer is <NUM> or less. In this regard, the RCR value is calculated by Equation <NUM>: <MAT>
wherein, in Equation <NUM>,.

In an embodiment, the RCR value of the first light extracted through the capping layer may be <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM>.

When the emission peak wavelength of the first light is <NUM> to <NUM>, and the RCR value of the first light extracted to the outside through the capping layer satisfies the ranges as described above, the light-emitting device has excellent or suitable frontal (<NUM>°) luminescence efficiency and lateral luminescence efficiency (for example, at a location moved <NUM>° from the front (<NUM>°)) at the same time (concurrently). By utilizing such a light-emitting device, a high-quality electronic apparatus may be manufactured.

In an embodiment, the CIEy may be <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM>.

The R(cap) may be evaluated by actually measuring the refractive index of a film including (e.g., consisting of) the amine-containing compound (see, for example, Evaluation Example <NUM>).

The R(cap) is the refractive index of the amine-containing compound with respect to second light having a wavelength of <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the R(cap) may be <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM>.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer which is between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer; and a capping layer, wherein the emission layer includes a first emitter, the first emitter may emit first light having a first emission spectrum, and the capping layer may be in a path on which (e.g., in a path through or via which) the first light travels, the first emitter may include a first ligand, a second ligand, and a third ligand, each of which is bonded to the iridium, the first ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM>, the second ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM>, the third ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM>, Y<NUM>, Y<NUM>, and Y<NUM> may each be nitrogen(N),Y<NUM>, Y<NUM>, and Y<NUM> may each be carbon(C), and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> and Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be different from each other, and the capping layer includes an amine-containing compound, and the amine-containing compound may include a benzoxazole group, a benzthiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, or one or more combinations thereof.

The first light, the first emitter, and the amine-containing compound may each independently be the same as described above.

In an embodiment, the Y<NUM>-containing ring B<NUM> may be a polycyclic group.

In an embodiment, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about or <NUM> to about <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the FWHM of the first light may be in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the refractive index of the amine-containing compound with respect to second light having a wavelength of <NUM> may be in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM>.

As described above, a light-emitting device concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) including i) an emission layer including iridium and a first emitter including a first ligand, a second ligand, and a third ligand, each of which is bonded to the iridium and ii) a capping layer including the amine-containing compound, the amine-containing compound including a benzoxazole group, a benzthiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, or one or more combinations thereof, may have excellent or suitable frontal luminescence efficiency and excellent or suitable lateral luminescence efficiency at the same time (concurrently). Accordingly, by utilizing the light-emitting device, high-quality electronic apparatuses may be manufactured.

In an embodiment, the first emitter may include at least one deuterium.

In an embodiment, the first emitter may include a deuterated C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, a deuterated C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group, or one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may include at least one deuterium.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may include a deuterated C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, a deuterated C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group, or one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the first emitter may be in the range of -<NUM> eV to -<NUM> eV or -<NUM> eV to - <NUM> eV.

In an embodiment, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the first emitter may be in the range of -<NUM> eV to -<NUM> eV or -<NUM> eV to - <NUM> eV.

The HOMO and LUMO energy levels may be evaluated through cyclic voltammetry analysis (for example, Evaluation Example <NUM>) of the organometallic compound.

In an embodiment, the triplet (T<NUM>) energy of the first emitter may be <NUM> eV to <NUM> eV or <NUM> eV to <NUM> eV.

The evaluation method for the triplet energy of the first emitter may be understood by referring to, for example, Evaluation Example <NUM>.

The emission layer may further include, in addition to the first emitter, a host, an auxiliary dopant, a sensitizer, a delayed fluorescence material, or one or more combinations thereof. Each of the host, the auxiliary dopant, the sensitizer, the delayed fluorescence material, or one or more combinations thereof may include at least one deuterium.

For example, the emission layer may include the first emitter and the host. The host may be different from the first emitter, and the host may include an electron-transporting compound, a hole-transporting compound, a bipolar compound, or any combination thereof. The host may not include (e.g., may exclude) metal. The electron-transporting compound, the hole-transporting compound, and the bipolar compound are different from each other.

In an embodiment, the emission layer includes the first emitter and a host, and the host may include an electron-transporting compound and a hole-transporting compound. The electron-transporting compound and the hole-transporting compound may form an exciplex.

For example, the electron-transporting compound may include at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group. For example, the electron-transporting compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the hole-transporting compound may include at least one π electron-rich C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group, a pyridine group, or one or more combinations thereof, and may not include (e.g., may exclude) an electron transport group (for example, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group, a cyano group, a sulfoxide group, and/or a phosphine oxide group; in which a pyridine group (e.g., any pyridine group) is excluded from the foregoing listing).

In an embodiment, the following compounds may be excluded from the hole-transporting compound.

In an embodiment, the electron-transporting compound may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM> or a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, the hole-transporting compound may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, or one or more combinations thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The capping layer of the light-emitting device may be outside the first electrode and/or outside the second electrode.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer outside of the first electrode and/or a second capping layer outside of the second electrode, wherein at least one of the first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may include the amine-containing compound described in the present disclosure.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include:.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include a third capping layer, and the third capping layer may include a compound which is different from the amine-containing compound described in the present disclosure. The third capping layer may be in a path on which (e.g., in a path through or via which) the first light emitted from the first emitter travels.

In an embodiment, the third capping layer may include a material having a refractive index (at <NUM>) of <NUM> or more.

In an embodiment, the third capping layer may be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, and/or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

For example, the third capping layer may include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or one or more combinations thereof. Optionally, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or one or more combinations thereof.

For example, the third capping layer may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the third capping layer may include at least one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, at least one of Compounds CP1 to CP6 (Compound CP3 is identical to Compound B02/Compounds CP1 to CP6 are distinguishable from Compound CP01 to CP06 described in the present disclosure, respectively), β-NPB, or one or more compounds thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include:.

In this regard, the first light emitted from the first emitter of the emission layer included in the interlayer may be extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device through the second electrode and then the second capping layer (or the second capping layer and the third capping layer), and the second electrode may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

The wording "the interlayer (or, a capping layer) includes a first emitter (or an amine-containing compound)" refers to "the interlayer (or a capping layer) may include one type or kind of a compound belonging to the category of the first emitter or two or more types (kinds) of different compounds belonging to the first emitter (or one type or kind of compound belonging to an amine-containing compound or two or more different compounds belonging to an amine-containing compound).

The term "interlayer" as utilized herein refers to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or one or more combinations thereof. For more details on the electronic apparatus, related descriptions provided herein may be referred to.

For example, the consumer product may be one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a TV, a billboard, indoor or outdoor illuminations and/or signal light, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a phone, a cell phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wearable device, laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro displays, 3D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, a signage, etc..

The first emitter may be, for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula <NUM>. In some embodiments, the amine-containing compound may be, for example, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:.

Formula <NUM>     Ir(L<NUM>)(L<NUM>)(L<NUM>).

In an embodiment, the organometallic compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be a heteroleptic complex.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula <NUM>,.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM>, ring B<NUM>, and ring B<NUM> may each independently be:.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM>, ring B<NUM>, and ring B<NUM> may each be a pyridine group.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, or a pyridazine group, to which a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a selenophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, or one or more combinations thereof is condensed.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> may be a polycyclic group in which one of a furan group, thiophene group, a selenophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, and a silole group is condensed with at least two selected from a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, and a pyridazine group.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> may be a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a naphthobenzoselenophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzofluorene group, a benzodibenzosilole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dinaphthoselenophene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dinaphthosilole group, a phenanthrenonbenzofuran group, a phenanthrenonbenzothiophene group, a phenanthrenobenzoselenophene group, a naphthocarbazole group, a naphthofluorene group, a phenanthrenobenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azanaphthobenzoselenophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azabenzodibenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadinaphthoselenophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, an azadinaphthosilole group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzofuran group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzothiophene group, an azaphenanthrenobenzoselenophene group, an azanaphthocarbazole group, an azanaphthofluorene group, or an azaphenanthrenobenzosilole group.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> may be a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a naphthobenzoselenophene group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dinaphthoselenophene group, a phenanthrenonbenzofuran group, a phenanthrenonbenzothiophene group, a phenanthrenonbenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azanaphthobenzoselenophene group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadinaphthoselenophene group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzofuran group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzothiophene group, or an azaphenanthrenonbenzoselenophene group.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, or a pyridazine group.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a naphthobenzoselenophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzofluorene group, a benzodibenzosilole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dinaphthoselenophene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dinaphthosilole group, a phenanthrenonbenzofuran group, a phenanthrenonbenzothiophene group, a phenanthrenonbenzoselenophene group, a naphthocarbazole group, a naphthofluorene group, a phenanthrenobenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azanaphthobenzoselenophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azabenzodibenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadinaphthoselenophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, an azadinaphthosilole group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzofuran group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzothiophene group, an azaphenanthrenonbenzoselenophene group, an azanaphthocarbazole group, an azanaphthofluorene group, or an azaphenanthrenobenzosilole group.

In an embodiment, Ar<NUM> to Ar<NUM> and Z<NUM> to Z<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a benzoxazole group, a benzthiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, or a naphthothiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a. For example, at least one of Z<NUM> to Z<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be a benzoxazole group, a benzthiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, or a naphthothiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a. In this regard, R10a may be: deuterium; a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group substituted or unsubstituted with at least one deuterium; a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group, or one or more combinations thereof.

x1, x2, and x3 in Formula <NUM> respectively indicate the number of Ar<NUM>(s), the number of Ar<NUM>(s), and the number of Ar<NUM>(s), and, for example, may each independently be <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>.

In an embodiment, W<NUM> to W<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be:.

In this regard, Q<NUM> to Q<NUM> are each the same as described above.

In an embodiment, at least one of W<NUM> to W<NUM> may include at least one deuterium.

In an embodiment, at least one of W<NUM> to W<NUM> may be a deuterated C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, or a deuterated C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group.

The term "biphenyl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent substituent having a structure in which two benzene groups are connected to each other through a single bond.

Examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group as utilized herein are a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and/or the like.

The term "deuterated" utilized herein includes both (e.g., simultaneously) fully deuterated and partially deuterated.

The term "fluorinated" utilized herein includes both (e.g., simultaneously) fully fluorinated and partially fluorinated.

b1 to b6 in Formula <NUM> respectively indicate the numbers of W<NUM> to W<NUM>, and for example, may be, each independently <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. When b1 is <NUM> or more, two or more of W<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b2 is <NUM> or more, two or more of W<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b3 is <NUM> or more, two or more of W<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b4 is <NUM> or more, two or more of W<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b5 is <NUM> or more, two or more of W<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b6 is <NUM> or more, two or more of W<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

In an embodiment, the first emitter may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1A:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, the first emitter may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1A-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

Because n is <NUM> or <NUM> in Formula 1A and 1A-<NUM>, Formulae 1A and 1A-<NUM> may correspond to an organometallic compound in which the third ligand in Formula <NUM> is the same as the second ligand or the first ligand.

In an embodiment, a ring B<NUM> in Formula 1A may be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, or a benzoquinazoline group.

In an embodiment, ring B<NUM> in Formula 1A may be a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, or a benzoquinazoline group.

In an embodiment, at least one of Y<NUM> to Y<NUM> in Formula 1A-<NUM> may be N.

In an embodiment, Y<NUM> in Formula 1A-<NUM> may be N.

In an embodiment, each of Y<NUM> to Y<NUM> in Formula 1A-<NUM> may not be N, and Y<NUM> may be N.

In an embodiment, each of Y<NUM> to Y<NUM>, Y<NUM>, Y<NUM>, Y<NUM> to Y<NUM> and Y<NUM> to Y<NUM> in Formula 1A and 1A-<NUM> may not be N.

In an embodiment, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formulae 1A and 1A-<NUM>, and a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formulae 1A and 1A-<NUM> may each independently be a group represented by one of Formulae BN-<NUM> to BN-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, and a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be a group represented by one of Formulae BC-<NUM> to BC-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

Formulae BC-<NUM> to BC-<NUM> may be substituted or unsubstituted with W<NUM>, W<NUM>, or W<NUM> as described above, and may be understood with reference to the structures of Formulae <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>.

In an embodiment, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may be one of Formulae BC-<NUM> to BC-<NUM>.

In an embodiment, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may be represented by one of Formulae BC-<NUM> to BC-<NUM>.

In an embodiment, the amine-containing compound may be represented by a compound such as Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

b51 to b53 in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> indicate numbers of L<NUM> to L<NUM>, respectively, and may each be an integer from <NUM> to <NUM>. When b51 is <NUM> or more, two or more of L<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b52 is <NUM> or more, two or more of L<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b53 is <NUM> or more, two or more of L<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, b51 to b53 may each independently be <NUM> or <NUM>.

L<NUM> to L<NUM> in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be.

In Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>, X<NUM> may be N or C(R<NUM>), X<NUM> may be N or C(R<NUM>), X<NUM> may be N or C(R<NUM>), and at least one of X<NUM> to X<NUM> may be N. R<NUM> to R<NUM> may each independently be the same as described above. In an embodiment, two or three of X<NUM> to X<NUM> may be N.

R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R57a, R57b, R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, -C(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>), -Si(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>), - N(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>), -B(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>), -C(=O)(Q<NUM>), -S(=O)<NUM>(Q<NUM>), or -P(=O)(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>). Q<NUM> to Q<NUM> may each independently be the same as described in the present disclosure.

For example, i) R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R5a, R5b, R6a, R6b, R7a, R7b, R', and R" in Formula <NUM>, ii) R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R57a, R57b, R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>, and iii) R10a may each independently be:.

In an embodiment, i) W<NUM> to W<NUM>, W<NUM> to W<NUM>, W<NUM> to W<NUM>, W27a, W27b, W<NUM> to W<NUM>, W<NUM> to W<NUM>, W<NUM> to W<NUM>, W<NUM>, W80a, and W80b in Formulae <NUM>, 1A, 1A-<NUM>, BN-<NUM> to BN-<NUM>, and BC-<NUM> to BC-<NUM>, ii) R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R57a, R57b, R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R<NUM> to R<NUM>, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>, and iii) R10a may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, cyano group, a nitro group, -CH<NUM>, - CD<NUM>, -CD<NUM>H, -CDH<NUM>, -CF<NUM>, -CF<NUM>H, -CFH<NUM>, a group represented by one of Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>, a group represented by one of Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>, -C(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>), -Si(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>), or -P(=O)(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>)(where Q<NUM> to Q<NUM> may each independently be the same as described above) (where each of R10a and W<NUM> to W<NUM> is not hydrogen):
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
wherein, in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>, * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom, "Ph" represents a phenyl group, and "TMS" represents a trimethylsilyl group.

a71 to a74 in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM> respectively indicate numbers of R<NUM> to R<NUM>, and may each independently be an integer from <NUM> to <NUM>. When a71 is <NUM> or more, two or more of R<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a72 is <NUM> or more, two or more of R<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a73 is <NUM> or more, two or more of R<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a74 is <NUM> or more, two or more of R<NUM>(s) may be identical to or different from each other. a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from <NUM> to <NUM>.

In Formula <NUM>, i) two or more of W<NUM>(s) in the number of b1 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, ii) two or more of W<NUM>(s) in the number of b2 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, iii) two or more of W<NUM>(s) in the number of b3 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, iv) two or more of W<NUM>(s) in the number of b4 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, v) two or more of W<NUM>(s) in the number of b5 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and/or vi) two or more of W<NUM>(s) in the number of b6 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.

L<NUM> to L<NUM> in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be:.

In some embodiments, a group represented by
<CHM>
in Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may be represented by one of Formulae CY71-<NUM>(<NUM>) to CY71-<NUM>(<NUM>) and/or,.

In an embodiment, the first emitter or the organometallic compound represented by Formula <NUM>, 1A or 1A-<NUM> may be one of Compounds GD-<NUM> to GD-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, the amine-containing compound may be one of Compounds CP01 to CP12:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

<FIG> is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device <NUM> according to an embodiment. The light-emitting device <NUM> includes a first electrode <NUM>, an interlayer <NUM>, a second electrode <NUM>, and a second capping layer <NUM>.

Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device <NUM> according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device <NUM> will be described with reference to <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, a substrate may be additionally located under the first electrode <NUM> or above the second capping layer <NUM>. As the substrate, a glass substrate and/or a plastic substrate may be utilized. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include plastics with excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene napthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or one or more combinations thereof.

The first electrode <NUM> may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> on the substrate. When the first electrode <NUM> is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.

The first electrode <NUM> may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode <NUM> is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO<NUM>), zinc oxide (ZnO), or one or more combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode <NUM> is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminumlithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or one or more combinations thereof.

The first electrode <NUM> may have a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, the first electrode <NUM> may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

The interlayer <NUM> may be on the first electrode <NUM>. The interlayer <NUM> may include an emission layer.

The interlayer <NUM> may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode <NUM> and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode <NUM>.

The interlayer <NUM> may further include, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, the interlayer <NUM> may include i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> and ii) a charge generation layer between neighboring two emitting units. When the interlayer <NUM> includes emitting units and a charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device <NUM> may be a tandem light-emitting device.

The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.

The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron-blocking layer, or one or more combinations thereof.

For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, the layers of each structure being stacked sequentially from the first electrode <NUM>.

The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, or a combination thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

For example, each of Formulae <NUM> and <NUM> may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217. <CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

R10b and R10c in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be the same as described in connection with R10a, ring CY<NUM> to ring CY<NUM> may each independently be a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY<NUM> to ring CY<NUM> in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae <NUM> and <NUM> may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In one or more embodiments, Formula <NUM> may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula <NUM>, xa1 may be <NUM>, R<NUM> may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be <NUM>, and R<NUM> may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae <NUM> and <NUM> may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae <NUM> and <NUM> may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae <NUM> and <NUM> may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY217.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include at keast one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, <NUM>-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, <NUM>,<NUM>',<NUM>"-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(<NUM>,<NUM>-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(<NUM>-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(<NUM>-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or one or more combinations thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or a combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory (suitable) hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron-blocking layer may block or reduce the leakage of electrons from an emission layer to a hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may also be included in the emission auxiliary layer and/or the electron-blocking layer.

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be substantially uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a charge-generation material).

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

For example, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be -<NUM> eV or less.

In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or one or more combinations thereof.

Examples of the quinone derivative are TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, etc..

Examples of the cyano group-containing compound are HAT-CN, and a compound represented by Formula <NUM>. <CHM>
<CHM>.

In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be metal, metalloid, or one or more combinations thereof, and element EL2 may be non-metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the metal are an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); and/or lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.).

Examples of the metalloid are silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and/or tellurium (Te).

Examples of the non-metal are oxygen (O) and/or halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).

Examples of the compound including element EL1 and element EL2 are metal oxide, metal halide (for example, metal fluoride, metal chloride, metal bromide, and/or metal iodide), metalloid halide (for example, metalloid fluoride, metalloid chloride, metalloid bromide, and/or metalloid iodide), metal telluride, or one or more combinations thereof.

Examples of the metal oxide are tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W<NUM>O<NUM>, WO<NUM>, WO<NUM>, W<NUM>O<NUM>, etc.), vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V<NUM>O<NUM>, VO<NUM>, V<NUM>O<NUM>, etc.), molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo<NUM>O<NUM>, MoO<NUM>, MoO<NUM>, Mo<NUM>O<NUM>, etc.), and/or rhenium oxide (for example, ReO<NUM>, etc.).

Examples of the metal halide are alkali metal halide, alkaline earth metal halide, transition metal halide, post-transition metal halide, and/or lanthanide metal halide.

Examples of the alkali metal halide are LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCI, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, Lil, Nal, KI, Rbl, and/or CsI.

Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide are BeF<NUM>, MgF<NUM>, CaF<NUM>, SrF<NUM>, BaF<NUM>, BeCl<NUM>, MgCl<NUM>, CaCl<NUM>, SrCl<NUM>, BaCl<NUM>, BeBr<NUM>, MgBr<NUM>, CaBr<NUM>, SrBr<NUM>, BaBr<NUM>, BeI<NUM>, MgI<NUM>, CaI<NUM>, SrI<NUM>, and/or BaI<NUM>.

Examples of the transition metal halide are titanium halide (for example, TiF<NUM>, TiCl<NUM>, TiBr<NUM>, Til<NUM>, etc.), zirconium halide (for example, ZrF<NUM>, ZrCl<NUM>, ZrBr<NUM>, Zrl<NUM>, etc.), hafnium halide (for example, HfF<NUM>, HfCl<NUM>, HfBr<NUM>, Hfl<NUM>, etc.), vanadium halide (for example, VF<NUM>, VCl<NUM>, VBr<NUM>, VI<NUM>, etc.), niobium halide (for example, NbF<NUM>, NbCl<NUM>, NbBr<NUM>, NbI<NUM>, etc.), tantalum halide (for example, TaF<NUM>, TaCl<NUM>, TaBr<NUM>, TaI<NUM>, etc.), chromium halide (for example, CrF<NUM>, CrCl<NUM>, CrBr<NUM>, CrI<NUM>, etc.), molybdenum halide (for example, MoF<NUM>, MoCl<NUM>, MoBr<NUM>, MoI<NUM>, etc.), tungsten halide (for example, WF<NUM>, WCl<NUM>, WBr<NUM>, WI<NUM>, etc.), manganese halide (for example, MnF<NUM>, MnCl<NUM>, MnBr<NUM>, MnI<NUM>, etc.), technetium halide (for example, TcF<NUM>, TcCl<NUM>, TcBr<NUM>, TcI<NUM>, etc.), rhenium halide (for example, ReF<NUM>, ReCl<NUM>, ReBr<NUM>, ReI<NUM>, etc.), iron halide (for example, FeF<NUM>, FeCl<NUM>, FeBr<NUM>, FeI<NUM>, etc.), ruthenium halide (for example, RuF<NUM>, RuCl<NUM>, RuBr<NUM>, RuI<NUM>, etc.), osmium halide (for example, OsF<NUM>, OsCl<NUM>, OsBr<NUM>, OsI<NUM>, etc.), cobalt halide (for example, CoF<NUM>, CoCl<NUM>, CoBr<NUM>, CoI<NUM>, etc.), rhodium halide (for example, RhF<NUM>, RhCl<NUM>, RhBr<NUM>, RhI<NUM>, etc.), iridium halide (for example, IrF<NUM>, IrCl<NUM>, IrBr<NUM>, IrI<NUM>, etc.), nickel halide (for example, NiF<NUM>, NiCl<NUM>, NiBr<NUM>, NiI<NUM>, etc.), palladium halide (for example, PdF<NUM>, PdCl<NUM>, PdBr<NUM>, PdI<NUM>, etc.), platinum halide (for example, PtF<NUM>, PtCl<NUM>, PtBr<NUM>, PtI<NUM>, etc.), copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, Cul, etc.), silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and/or gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, Aul, etc.).

Examples of the post-transition metal halide are zinc halide (for example, ZnF<NUM>, ZnCl<NUM>, ZnBr<NUM>, ZnI<NUM>, etc.), indium halide (for example, InI<NUM>, etc.), and/or tin halide (for example, SnI<NUM>, etc.).

Examples of the lanthanide metal halide are YbF, YbF<NUM>, YbF<NUM>, SmF<NUM>, YbCl, YbCl<NUM>, YbCl<NUM> SmCl<NUM>, YbBr, YbBr<NUM>, YbBr<NUM>, SmBr<NUM>, Ybl, YbI<NUM>, YbI<NUM>, SmI<NUM>, and/or the like.

An example of the metalloid halide is antimony halide (for example, SbCls, etc.).

Examples of the metal telluride are alkali metal telluride (for example, Li<NUM>Te, Na<NUM>Te, K<NUM>Te, Rb<NUM>Te, Cs<NUM>Te, etc.), alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe<NUM>, ZrTe<NUM>, HfTe<NUM>, V<NUM>Te<NUM>, Nb<NUM>Te<NUM>, Ta<NUM>Te<NUM>, Cr<NUM>Te<NUM>, Mo<NUM>Te<NUM>, W<NUM>Te<NUM>, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu<NUM>Te, CuTe, Ag<NUM>Te, AgTe, Au<NUM>Te, etc.), post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), and/or lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).

When the light-emitting device <NUM> is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may further include a host, an auxiliary dopant, a sensitizer, delayed fluorescence material, or one or more combinations thereof, in addition to the first emitter as described in the present disclosure.

When the emission layer further includes a host in addition to the first emitter, the amount of the first emitter is from about <NUM> to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the host.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent or suitable light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The host in the emission layer may include an electron-transporting compound described herein (for example, refer to the compounds represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM> or <NUM>-<NUM>), a hole-transporting compound described herein (for example, refer to a compound represented by one of Formulae <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>), or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or a combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or one or more combinations thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include at least one of Compounds H1 to H130, <NUM>,<NUM>-di(<NUM>-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-bis(naphthalen-<NUM>-yl)anthracene (MADN), <NUM>,<NUM>-di(<NUM>-naphthyl)-<NUM>-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), <NUM>,<NUM>'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-<NUM>,<NUM>'-biphenyl (CBP), <NUM>,<NUM>-di-<NUM>-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tri(carbazol-<NUM>-yl)benzene (TCP), or one or more combinations thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

The host may have one or more suitable modifications. For example, the host may include only one kind of compound, or may include two or more kinds of different compounds.

The emission layer includes, as a phosphorescent dopant, the first emitter as described herein.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may further include, in addition to the first emitter as described in the present disclosure, an organometallic compound represented by Formula <NUM>:.

Formula <NUM>     M(L<NUM>)xc1(L<NUM>)xc2.

For example, in Formula <NUM>, i) X<NUM> may be nitrogen, and X<NUM> may be carbon, or ii) each of X<NUM> and X<NUM> may be nitrogen.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula <NUM> is <NUM> or more, two ring A<NUM>(s) in two or more of L<NUM>(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T<NUM>, which is a linking group, or two ring A<NUM>(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T<NUM>, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T<NUM> and T<NUM> may each be the same as described herein with respect to T<NUM>.

L<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be an organic ligand. For example, L<NUM> may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), -C(=O), an isonitrile group, - CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or one or more combinations thereof.

The emission layer may further include a fluorescent dopant in addition to the first emitter as described in the present disclosure.

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or one or more combinations thereof.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

For example, Ar<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula <NUM> may be <NUM>.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one of Compounds FD1 to FD36; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or one or more combinations thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The emission layer may further include a delayed fluorescence material.

In the present disclosure, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer.

In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to <NUM> eV and less than or equal to <NUM> eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device <NUM> may be improved (increased).

For example, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group), and ii) a material including a C<NUM>-C<NUM> polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).

Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of the following compounds DF1 to DF9:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.

The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or one or more combinations thereof.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, the constituting layers of each structure being sequentially stacked from an emission layer.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:.

Formula <NUM>     [Ar<NUM>]xe11-[(L<NUM>)xe1-R<NUM>]xe21.

For example, when xe11 in Formula <NUM> is <NUM> or more, two or more of Ar<NUM>(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In other embodiments, Ar<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

In other embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>.

The electron transport region may include at least one of Compounds ET1 to ET46, <NUM>,<NUM>-dimethyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-diphenyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-phenanthroline (BCP), <NUM>,<NUM>-diphenyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or one or more combinations thereof:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

A thickness of the electron transport region may be from about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or one or more combinations thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be from about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory (suitable) electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or a combination thereof. The metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or one or more combinations thereof.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:
<CHM>.

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode <NUM>. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode <NUM>.

The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or one or more combinations thereof.

The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or one or more combinations thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or one or more combinations thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or one or more combinations thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and/or the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxide(s), halide(s) (for example, fluoride(s), chloride(s), bromide(s_, and/or iodide(s)), and/or telluride(s) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and/or the rare earth metal, or one or more combinations thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound may include one or more: alkali metal oxides, such as Li<NUM>O, Cs<NUM>O, or K<NUM>O; and/or alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, Lil, Nal, CsI, KI, Rbl; or one or more combinations thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr<NUM>-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of <NUM><x<<NUM>), BaxCa<NUM>-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of <NUM><x<<NUM>), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF<NUM>, ScF<NUM>, Sc<NUM>O<NUM>, Y<NUM>O<NUM>, Ce<NUM>O<NUM>, GdF<NUM>, TbF<NUM>, YbI<NUM>, ScI<NUM>, TbI<NUM>, or one or more combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride are LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La<NUM>Te<NUM>, Ce<NUM>Te<NUM>, Pr<NUM>Te<NUM>, Nd<NUM>Te<NUM>, Pm<NUM>Te<NUM>, Sm<NUM>Te<NUM>, Eu<NUM>Te<NUM>, Gd<NUM>Te<NUM>, Tb<NUM>Te<NUM>, Dy<NUM>Te<NUM>, Ho<NUM>Te<NUM>, Er<NUM>Te<NUM>, Tm<NUM>Te<NUM>, Yb<NUM>Te<NUM>, and/or Lu<NUM>Te<NUM>.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of metal ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal and ii) as a ligand linked to the metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or one or more combinations thereof.

The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or one or more combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>).

In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of): i) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or one or more combinations thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.

When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or one or more combinations thereof may be substantially uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, and, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory (suitable) electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The second electrode <NUM> may be on the interlayer <NUM> having a structure as described above. The second electrode <NUM> may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as the material for the second electrode <NUM>, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or one or more combinations thereof, each having a low-work function, may be utilized.

The second electrode <NUM> may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, IZO, or one or more combinations thereof. The second electrode <NUM> may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode <NUM> may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers.

The second capping layer <NUM> contains an amine-containing compound as described in the present disclosure. The amine-containing compound is the same as described in the present disclosure.

The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.

The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light. For details on the light-emitting device, related description provided above may be referred to. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot.

The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas.

A pixel-defining film may be among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color conversion areas.

The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) a quantum dot. For more details on the quantum dot, related descriptions provided herein may be referred to. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each include a scatterer.

For example, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.

The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.

The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) prevents (reduces) ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate and/or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

Various suitable functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and/or the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by utilizing biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to one or more suitable displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and/or a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The light-emitting apparatus of <FIG> includes a substrate <NUM>, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion <NUM> that seals the light-emitting device.

The substrate <NUM> may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer <NUM> may be located on the substrate <NUM>. The buffer layer <NUM> may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate <NUM> and may provide a substantially flat surface on the substrate <NUM>.

A TFT may be located on the buffer layer <NUM>. The TFT may include an activation layer <NUM>, a gate electrode <NUM>, a source electrode <NUM>, and a drain electrode <NUM>.

The activation layer <NUM> may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon and/or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

A gate insulating film <NUM> for insulating the activation layer <NUM> from the gate electrode <NUM> may be on the activation layer <NUM>, and the gate electrode <NUM> may be on the gate insulating film <NUM>.

An interlayer insulating film <NUM> may be located on the gate electrode <NUM>. The interlayer insulating film <NUM> may be located between the gate electrode <NUM> and the source electrode <NUM> and between the gate electrode <NUM> and the drain electrode <NUM>, to insulate (separate) the gate electrode from the source electrode and/or the gate electrode from the drain electrode.

The source electrode <NUM> and the drain electrode <NUM> may be on the interlayer insulating film <NUM>. The interlayer insulating film <NUM> and the gate insulating film <NUM> may be formed so as to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer <NUM>, and the source electrode <NUM> and the drain electrode <NUM> may be in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer <NUM>.

The TFT is electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and is covered and protected by a passivation layer <NUM>. The passivation layer <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. A light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer <NUM>. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode <NUM>, an interlayer <NUM>, and a second electrode <NUM>.

The first electrode <NUM> may be on the passivation layer <NUM>. The passivation layer <NUM> may be located (formed) so as to expose a portion of the drain electrode <NUM>, not fully covering the drain electrode <NUM>, and the first electrode <NUM> may be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode <NUM>.

A pixel defining layer <NUM> including an insulating material may be on the first electrode <NUM>. The pixel defining layer <NUM> may expose a certain region of the first electrode <NUM>, and an interlayer <NUM> may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode <NUM>. The pixel defining layer <NUM> may be a polyimide and/or polyacrylic organic film. At least some layers of the interlayer <NUM> may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer <NUM> to be located in the form of a common layer (i.e., may be provided as a common layer).

A second electrode <NUM> may be on the interlayer <NUM>, and a second capping layer <NUM> may be additionally formed on the second electrode <NUM>. The second capping layer <NUM> may be formed so as to cover the second electrode <NUM>.

The encapsulation portion <NUM> may be on the second capping layer <NUM>. The encapsulation portion <NUM> may be on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation portion <NUM> may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or one or more combinations thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and/or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), and/or the like), or one or more combinations thereof; or one or more combinations of the inorganic films and the organic films.

<FIG> shows a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The light-emitting apparatus of <FIG> is substantially the same as the light-emitting apparatus of <FIG>, except that a light-shielding pattern <NUM> and a functional region <NUM> are additionally located on the encapsulation portion <NUM>. The functional region <NUM> may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In an embodiment, the light-emitting device included in the light-emitting apparatus of <FIG> may be a tandem light-emitting device.

The layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, and/or the like.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, a vacuum degree of about <NUM>-<NUM> torr to about <NUM>-<NUM> torr, and a deposition speed of about <NUM>Å/sec to about <NUM>Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group and the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group has <NUM> to <NUM> ring-forming atoms.

The "cyclic group" as utilized herein may include the C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, and the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group.

The term "π electron-rich C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and does not include *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety, and the term "π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and includes *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety.

The terms "the cyclic group, the C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group, the π electron-rich C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group, or the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C<NUM>-C<NUM> cyclic group" as utilized herein refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is utilized. For example, the "benzene group" may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the "benzene group.

Examples of the monovalent C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group and the monovalent C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group are a C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the divalent C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group and the monovalent C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group are a C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkylene group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkylene group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenylene group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenylene group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylene group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group" as utilized herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof are a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a <NUM>-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenyl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, and examples thereof are an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynyl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkoxy group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group represented by -OA<NUM> (wherein A<NUM> is the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and examples thereof are a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[<NUM>. <NUM>]heptyl group), a bicyclo[<NUM>. <NUM>]pentyl group, a bicyclo[<NUM>. <NUM>]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[<NUM>. <NUM>]octyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkyl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and specific examples are a <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkyl group.

The term C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenyl group utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and specific examples thereof are a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group include a <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydro-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-oxatriazolyl group, a <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrofuranyl group, and a <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and the term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms. Examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group are a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group and the C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroarylene group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group are a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group and the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.

The term "monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group are an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term "divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

The term "monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group are a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphtho silolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term "divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group" as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryloxy group" as utilized herein indicates -OA<NUM> (wherein A<NUM> is the C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group), and the term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylthio group" as utilized herein indicates -SA<NUM> (wherein A<NUM> is the C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group).

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl alkyl group" utilized herein refers to -A<NUM>A<NUM> (where A<NUM> may be a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkylene group, and A<NUM> may be a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group), and the term C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl alkyl group" utilized herein refers to -A<NUM>A<NUM> (where A<NUM> may be a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkylene group, and A<NUM> may be a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group).

The term "R10a" as utilized herein refers to:.

Q<NUM> to Q<NUM>, Q<NUM> to Q<NUM>, Q<NUM> to Q<NUM>, and Q<NUM> to Q<NUM> in the present disclosure may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkoxy group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, or a C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or one or more combinations thereof.

The term "heteroatom" as utilized herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom are O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and one or more combinations thereof.

The term "third-row transition metal" utilized herein includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and/or the like.

"Ph" as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group, "Me" as utilized herein refers to a methyl group, "Et" as utilized herein refers to an ethyl group, "ter-Bu" or "But" as utilized herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and "OMe" as utilized herein refers to a methoxy group.

The term "biphenyl group" as utilized herein refers to "a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. " For example, the "biphenyl group" is a substituted phenyl group having a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group as a substituent.

The term "terphenyl group" as utilized herein refers to "a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group". For example, the "terphenyl group" is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group substituted with a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group.

* and *' as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

Hereinafter, a light-emitting device according to examples will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.

According to the method in Table <NUM>, the HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, band gap and triplet (T<NUM>) energy of each of Compounds GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, A01, and A04 were evaluated. The results are shown in Table <NUM>.

PMMA in CH<NUM>Cl<NUM> solution and Compound GD-<NUM>(<NUM> wt% to PMMA) were mixed, and then, the resultant obtained therefrom was coated on a quartz substrate utilizing a spin coater, and then heat treated in an oven at <NUM>, followed by cooling to room temperature to manufacture a film GD-<NUM> having a thickness of <NUM>. Next, films GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, A01, and A04 were prepared utilizing substantially the same method as utilized to prepare film GD-<NUM>, except that GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, A01, and A04 were utilized instead of GD-<NUM>.

The emission spectrum of each of films GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, A01, and A04 was measured by utilizing a Quantaurus-QY Absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer of Hamamatsu Inc. (equipped with a xenon light source, a monochromator, a photonic multichannel analyzer, and an integrating sphere, and utilizing PLQY measurement software (Hamamatsu Photonics, Ltd. , Shizuoka, Japan)). During measurements, the excitation wavelength was scanned from <NUM> to <NUM> at <NUM> intervals, and the spectrum measured at the excitation wavelength of <NUM> was utilized to obtain the maximum emission wavelength (emission peak wavelength) and FWHM of the compound included in each film. Results thereof are shown in Table <NUM>.

From Table <NUM>, it can be confirmed that Compounds GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM>, GD-<NUM> and GD-<NUM> emit green light which satisfies the maximum emission wavelength range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, and has a relatively small FWHM compared to Compounds A01 and A04.

Compound CP01 was deposited on a glass substrate to prepare film CPL-<NUM> having a thickness of <NUM>. Then, for the film CP01, the refractive index of Compound CP01 with respect to light having a wavelength of <NUM> was measured according to the Cauchy Film Model by utilizing an Ellipsometer M-<NUM> (JA Woollam) at a temperature of <NUM> and in <NUM>% relative humidity. Results thereof are shown Table <NUM>. This experiment was repeatedly performed for each of Compounds CP12, CP06, B01, B02, and B03, and the results are summarized in Table <NUM>.

A glass substrate (available from Corning Co. , Ltd) on which an ITO anode (<NUM> Ohms per square centimeter (Ω/cm<NUM>)) having a thickness of <NUM>,<NUM>Å was formed, was cut to a size of <NUM> millimeters (mm)×<NUM>×<NUM>, sonicated for <NUM> minutes in isopropyl alcohol and then <NUM> minutes in pure water, cleaned with ultraviolet rays for <NUM> minutes, and then ozone, and was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 was vacuum-deposited on the ITO anode to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å, and HT40 was vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission auxiliary layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å.

Compound H125, Compound H126, and Compound GD-<NUM> (first emitter) were vacuum-deposited on the emission auxiliary layer at the weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> :<NUM> to form an emission layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å.

Compound ET37 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a buffer layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å, and ET46 and LiQ were vacuum-deposited on the buffer layer at the weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å. Subsequently, Yb was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å , and then, Ag and Mg were vacuum-deposited thereon to form a cathode having a thickness of <NUM>Å.

Subsequently, Compound CP01 was vacuum-deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å to complete the manufacturing of an organic light-emitting device. <CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that each of the compounds shown in Table <NUM> were utilized as materials for forming the first emitter in the emission layer and the capping layer.

The color purity (CIEx and CIEy coordinates) at <NUM> cd/m<NUM>, frontal (<NUM>°) luminescence efficiency (cd/A), and lateral (<NUM>°) luminescence efficiency (cd/A) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> to <NUM> were evaluated by utilizing a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A). Results thereof are shown in Tables <NUM> to <NUM>. The RCR values calculated with reference to Table <NUM> are also summarized in Table <NUM>.

Because the light-emitting device has excellent or suitable frontal luminescence efficiency and lateral luminescence efficiency at the same time (concurrently), a high-quality electronic apparatus can be manufactured utilizing the same.

The use of "may" when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to "one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

As used herein, the term "substantially," "about," and similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art.

Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of "<NUM> to <NUM>" is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of <NUM> and the recited maximum value of <NUM>, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than <NUM> and a maximum value equal to or less than <NUM>, such as, for example, <NUM> to <NUM>. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this disclosure, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

The light emitting device, electronic apparatus, the consumer product or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC
chips. Further, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

Claim 1:
A light-emitting device (<NUM>) comprising:
a first electrode (<NUM>);
a second electrode (<NUM>) facing the first electrode (<NUM>);
an interlayer (<NUM>) between the first electrode (<NUM>) and the second electrode (<NUM>) and comprising an emission layer; and
a capping layer (<NUM>),
wherein the emission layer comprises a first emitter,
the first emitter is configured to emit a first light having a first emission spectrum,
the capping layer (<NUM>) is in a path on which the first light travels,
the first emitter comprises iridium,
the capping layer (<NUM>) comprises an amine-containing compound, and
the value of ratio of CIEy to reflective index (RCR value) of the first light extracted to the outside through the capping layer is <NUM> or less, and
the RCR value is calculated according to Equation <NUM>: <MAT>
wherein, in Equation <NUM>,
CIEy is the y coordinate value of the CIE color coordinates of the first light extracted to the outside through the capping layer, and
R(cap) is the refractive index of the amine-containing compound with respect to a second light having a wavelength of <NUM>,
characterised in that a maximum emission peak wavelength of the first emission spectrum is from <NUM> to <NUM>.