Patent Description:
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is commercially available in several forms such as linear, branched, and dendrimeric.

PEI is available in several forms such as linear, branched, and dendrimeric. Linear PEI can be represented by Formula I, below:
<CHM>
wherein --- indicates continued linear polymeric ethylenimine-derived units or H. Linear PEI is available by post-modification of other polymers like poly(<NUM>-oxazolines) or N-substituted polyaziridines. Linear PEIs are commercially available and/or can be made according to known methods.

An exemplary branched PEI fragment can be represented by Formula II, below:
<CHM>
wherein --- indicates continued linear and/or branched polymeric ethylenimine-derived units or H. As branching is typically more or less random, branched PEIs typically contain many compounds of this general type as a mixture. Branched PEI can be synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of aziridine. Branched PEIs are commercially available and/or can be made according to known methods.

Dendrimeric PEI is a special case of a branched PEI. An exemplary (generation <NUM>) dendrimeric PEI is represented by Formula III, below:
<CHM>
In this case, the PEI contains only primary and tertiary amino groups. Dendrimeric PEIs are commercially available and/or can be made according to known methods.

As used herein, the term "polyethylenimine" also includes protonated forms.

PEI can be covalently crosslinked (i.e., at least partially cured) by combining it with a polyfunctional (e.g., difunctional) crosslinking agent such as, for example, hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA). The HDDA reacts with a primary amino group by Michael addition at each acrylate group. However, reactions with such crosslinkers are typically too fast to permit their use in a one-part curable composition.

<CIT> discloses a flocculant composition, comprising a silicon-containing polymer flocculant for a desilication product and an anionic polymer flocculant for a Bayer process red mud, wherein the weight ratio of the amount of said silicon-containing polymer flocculant to the amount of said anionic polymeric flocculant in said flocculant composition is in the range of about <NUM>: <NUM> to about <NUM> :<NUM>.

<CIT> discloses a process for treating a surface of a substrate with a composition comprising:-the reaction product of an amino-functional organic polymer, preferably a polyethylenimine and a reactive silane or a mixture of reactive silanes of the formula: (R3O)n(R4)<NUM>-n SiX in a non-aqueous solvent, by applying the composition on to the surface to form a layer and curing the layer in the presence of moisture.

<CIT> discloses a surface-coating composition comprising (A) a polyethyleneimine bearing no Si(OR1) group (R1 may be the same or different, and represents H, a lower alkyl group or an acyl group), (B) a compound bearing functional groups reactive with the amino group in the polyethyleneimine in the molecule, (C) an organic silane and/or the hydrolyzate thereof and (D) a solvent that can dissolve (A) polyethyleneimine, (B) the compound reactive with the compound A and (C) an organic silane and/or the hydrolyzate and condensate of the organic silane.

<CIT> discloses hydrophobically modified Si-containing polyamines used for treating scale in industrial process streams. In particular, it discloses hydrophobically modified Si-containing polyamines used for treating aluminosilicate scale in difficult-to-treat industrial process streams, such as in the Bayer alumina process streams, nuclear waste streams and kraft paper mill effluent streams.

<CIT> discloses an anti-bacterial and anti-fingerprint coating composition for forming a multi-functional coating layer having both anti-bacterial functions and anti-fingerprint functions on surfaces of touchscreens provided in portable terminals such as cellular phones, of panels or the like, provided in display devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) or plasma display panels (PDPs), by a dry deposition method.

<NPL>, discloses Primary amine groups attached to a silica surface by using α,ω-diamines derivatives and (<NUM>-glycidyloxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane activation. The same activation is disclosed to be used to graft polyethylenimine, which also contains secondary and tertiary amine groups. These silica aminated structures are tested as heterogeneous catalysts in nitroaldol condensation with nitromethane, the derivative with the polyethylenimine moiety being the more active catalyst. This catalyst are also used in the Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehydes with ethyl cyanoacetate under very mild reaction conditions.

It would be desirable to provide a reasonably stable one-part curable PEI-derived composition that can be applied to a substrate and cured.

The present disclosure provides reasonably stable one-part curable PEI-derived compositions that can be applied to a substrate and cured to provide durable amine-functional coatings on the substrates. The coatings may be useful, for example, in chemical monitors (e.g., for monitoring exposure to an aldehydic disinfectant), and/or for modifying the hydrophilicity of and/or protecting a surface of a substrate.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising compound preparable by reaction of components comprising a crosslinked polyethylenimine and at least one an amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilane represented by the formula:.

As used herein, the term "crosslinker" refers to a compound that forms multiple covalent bonds to a material (e.g., PEI) resulting in crosslinking.

As used herein, the terms "polymer" and "polymeric" refer to organic polymers only.

As used herein, the term "aqueous" means containing at least <NUM> weight percent of water (e.g., at least <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> weight percent of water, or even <NUM> percent of water).

<FIG> is a schematic side view of an exemplary article <NUM> according to the present disclosure. The figure may not be drawn to scale.

Compositions according to the present disclosure may comprise one or more compounds that are preparable, and optionally prepared, by reaction of components comprising an optionally crosslinked (e.g., using a crosslinker) polyethylenimine and at least one amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilane.

Polyethylenimines include a large family of water-soluble polyamines of varying molecular weight. Polyethylenimines (PEIs) used in practice of the present disclosure may be linear, branched (e.g., randomly branched), or dendrimeric, as discussed hereinabove. Preferably, the PEIs are branched and contain a combination of primary and secondary amino nitrogen atoms.

It is generally known that the polymerization of ethylenimine (i.e., aziridine) itself does not result in a polymer that is completely composed of units having a linear structure, but that the degree of branching in polyethylenimine depends on the acid concentration and the temperature during polymerization. The degree of branching may, for example, vary between <NUM> and <NUM> percent. The formula of this type of branched polyethylenimine can be represented in the form of A, B, or C units, where A is an -R<NUM>-N(R<NUM>)<NUM> unit, B is an R<NUM>-N(R<NUM>-)<NUM> unit, and C is an (-R<NUM>)<NUM>N- unit, where R<NUM> is hydrogen and R<NUM> is an ethylene (-CH<NUM>CH<NUM>-) group. In some embodiments, the ratio of A to B to C units is from about <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> to about <NUM>:<NUM>: <NUM>, preferably from about <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> to about <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>.

Polyethylenimines are widely available from commercial sources including, for example, BASF Corp. (Florham Park, New Jersey) under the trade designation "LUPASOL" polyethylenimine (e.g., LUPASOL FG, LUPASOL G <NUM>, LUPASOL G <NUM> WF, LUPASOL G <NUM>, and LUPASOL FT FP), and Sigma-Aldrich Corp. Louis, Missouri).

The molecular weight of the PEI may be tailored depending on specific application requirements. In some embodiments, the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments, the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of <NUM> to <NUM>/mole. In some embodiments the PEI has a molecular weight (MW) of greater than or equal to <NUM>/mole.

In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine is crosslinked prior to, or simultaneous with, reaction with the amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilane using a crosslinker. Suitable crosslinkers have a plurality (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>) of amine-reactive groups that form covalent bonds to the amino groups. Preferably, the crosslinker has two amine reactive groups. Typically, crosslinking is effected by simply combining the PEI and the crosslinker under relatively high dilution conditions (favoring intramolecular crosslinking) to minimize gelation caused by interchain crosslinking. Determination of appropriate conditions is within the capabilities of those skilled in the art.

Generally crosslinkers for PEIs include, for example, polyfunctional compounds such as: halohydrins (e.g., epichlorohydrin); alkylene dihalides (e.g., <NUM>,<NUM>-dibromobutane, <NUM>,<NUM>-diiodoethane); polyfunctional acrylates (e.g., <NUM>,<NUM>-hexanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylates, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate); diepoxides (e.g., aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and glycidyl ether diepoxides such as, for example, vinylcyclohexene dioxide, <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxycyclohexylmethyl <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxy-<NUM>-methylcyclohexylmethyl <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxy-<NUM>-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-epoxy-<NUM>-methylcyclohexylmethyl) adipate, dipentene dioxide, diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A, diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol F, <NUM>,<NUM>-butanediol diglycidyl ether); diesters (e.g., diethyl adipate, dimethyl fumarate, diethyl sebacate, and dimethyl maleate); divinylsulfone; polyfunctional acrylamides (e.g., piperazine diacrylamide, diacrylamide, N,N-methylene diacrylamide, and N,N'-(ethane-<NUM>,<NUM>-diyl) diacrylamide); polyisocyanates (e.g., hexamethylene diisocyanate, methylene diisocyanate), and polyaziridinyl compounds (e.g., tris-(<NUM>-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide), carbodiimides (e.g., <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-(<NUM>-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide ), and N-hydroxysuccinimide.

Crosslinkers according to the invention are represented by the formula.

wherein each of R and Z is independently as previously defined. Examples include diacrylates (e.g., <NUM>,<NUM>-hexanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, and tetraethylene glycol diacrylate), triacrylates
(e.g., ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylates, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and glycerol triacrylate), diepoxides (e.g., aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and glycidyl ether diepoxides such as, for example, vinylcyclohexene dioxide, <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxycyclohexylmethyl <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxy-<NUM>-methylcyclohexylmethyl <NUM>,<NUM>-epoxy-<NUM>-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-epoxy-<NUM>-methylcyclohexylmethyl) adipate, dipentene dioxide, diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A, diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol F, <NUM>,<NUM>-butanediol diglycidyl ether), diesters (e.g., diethyl adipate, dimethyl fumarate, diethyl sebacate, and dimethyl maleate), divinylsulfone, and diacrylamides (e.g., piperazine diacrylamide, diacrylamide, N,N-methylene diacrylamide, and N,N'-(ethane-<NUM>,<NUM>-diyl)diacrylamide).

Additional crosslinkers are known in the art, and will be available to those of skill in the art.

Preferably, an amount of the crosslinker is used that results in reaction with from <NUM> to <NUM> percent of the available primary nitrogen atoms in the PEI, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> percent.

Amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilane according to the invention are represented by the formula:.

Each Y independently represents a hydrolyzable group. The term "hydrolyzable group', as used herein, denotes a group that can be hydrolyzed, which means it can react with water to provide silanol groups (Si-OH groups) that can further react with groups (e.g., hydroxyl groups) on the surface of the substrate. The hydrolysis and condensation reactions may occur spontaneously and/or in the presence of a hydrolysis/condensation catalyst. Examples of hydrolyzable groups include halide groups, such as chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine, alkoxy groups (-OR<NUM> wherein R<NUM> represents an alkyl group, preferably containing <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and which may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms), acyloxy groups (-O-(C=O)-R<NUM> wherein R<NUM> is as defined for R<NUM>), aryloxy groups (-OR<NUM> wherein R<NUM> represents an aryl moiety, preferably containing <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably containing <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogens and C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl groups which may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms). In the above formulas, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, and R<NUM> may include branched structures. In some preferred embodiments, each Y is independently selected from methoxy, ethoxy, hydroxy, acetoxy, chlorine, and bromine, of which methoxy and ethoxy are particularly preferred.

Specific examples of suitable amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilanes include <NUM>-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, <NUM>-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane, <NUM>-isocyanatoethyltriethoxysilane, <NUM>-isocyanatoethyltrimethoxysilane, <NUM>-acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, <NUM>-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, <NUM>-acryloxyethyltriethoxysilane, <NUM>-acryloxyethyltrimethoxysilane <NUM>-. Combinations of amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilanes may be used.

Suitable amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilanes may be purchased from commercial sources (e.g., as silane coupling agents, for example, from Gelest, Inc. , Morrisville, Pennsylvania) and/or can be prepared by known methods. Preferably, the amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilanes are reactive with primary amino groups, and optionally with secondary and/or tertiary amino groups. Preferably, he amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilanes react more rapidly with primary amino groups than secondary and tertiary groups (if at all).

Typically, from <NUM> to <NUM> percent of the primary amino groups, preferably <NUM> to <NUM> percent of the primary amino groups in the PEI are reacted with the amine-reactive hydrolyzable silane, although this is not a requirement. In order to minimize leaching, preferably, at least <NUM> (e.g., at least <NUM>, at least <NUM>, or even at least <NUM> hydrolyzable silane groups are attached to each PEI polymer chain. The reaction is typically carried out in an organic solvent, although water may be present if desired. Upon coating and drying of the silane-functionalized PEI on a substrate, the hydrolyzable groups hydrolyze and form siloxane crosslinks to other silane groups. This results in a crosslinked PEI disposed on the substrate, and depending on the specific substrate, it may be chemically bonded to the substrate (e.g., if the substrate has available hydroxyl groups at its surface; e.g., as in the case of cellulosic paper). Exemplary substrates may include any substrate described herein.

The composition comprises an aqueous liquid vehicle, chosen to minimize reaction between them and other components of the composition. Examples of aqueous liquid vehicles include water and water-alcohol mixtures (e.g., water-isopropanol mixtures). The other ingredients are dissolved or dispersed in the liquid vehicle.

Any amount of the liquid vehicle can be used, and will typically depend on the particular composition and/or intended use.

The composition further comprises a polymeric binder. The polymeric binder is dispersible or soluble in the liquid vehicle. Exemplary polymeric binders include water-soluble polymers such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and polymer latexes (e.g., polyurethane latexes, acrylic latexes, and vinyl acetate latexes). Suitable polymeric binders include film-forming polymeric binders, which may be provided, for example, as a latex. In some preferred embodiments, the latex is added to the composition prior to depositing the mixture on a substrate. Suitable film-forming polymers include acrylics (e.g., polybutyl acrylate and polymethyl methacrylate), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (and partially or completely hydrolyzed versions thereof, polyvinyl alcohols, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrenes, polyesters, polycarbonates, natural and synthetic rubbers, and combinations thereof. The film-forming polymeric binder may be self-crosslinkable.

The composition may optionally further comprise various additives such as, for example, thickeners, fillers, fragrances, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, and surfactants.

Compositions according to the present disclosure can typically be prepared by simply mixing the various components in a vessel, optionally with heating or cooling.

Compositions according to the present disclosure are useful, for example, for method of making an article by coating at least a portion of a surface of a substrate with the composition, and then hydrolyzing at least some of the hydrolyzable groups to forms form covalent crosslinks (e.g., having Si-O-Si units) between PEI chains and/or the substrate. Hydrolysis may occur spontaneously on drying or standing. Optional heating may be advantageous in some instances.

Referring now to <FIG>, exemplary article <NUM> comprises crosslinked layer <NUM> (i.e., a crosslinked reaction product of a composition according to the present disclosure) disposed on surface <NUM> of substrate <NUM>. Crosslinked layer typically is hydrophilic, due to the presence of amino groups; however, this is not a requirement. Layer <NUM> may have any thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the crosslinked layer is less than <NUM> microns, preferably less than <NUM> microns.

Suitable substrates may be transparent or opaque. For example, the substrate may comprise glass, organic polymer, metal, ceramic, fabric, paper, and/or wood. Specific examples of suitable substrates include vehicles (e.g., buses, trucks, cars, rail cars, locomotives, vans, trolleys, motor homes, airplanes, bicycles, boats, and barges), mirrors, windows, lenses, visors, bridges, exterior architectural panels, showers, bathtubs, trailers, signs (e.g., traffic signs, advertising signs, neon signs), substrates with polymeric clearcoats, and outdoor furniture (e.g., plastic or metal chairs and tables). In another embodiment, the substrate may comprise a transparent film (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, or polycarbonate), membrane (e.g., nylon membranes or polyethersulfone membranes), or paper that is adapted for use as an indicator in an automated endoscope recycling apparatus.

The composition can be applied by a suitable method including, for example, spin coating, dip coating, spraying, brushing, roll coating, gravure coating, curtain coating, knife coating, and slot coating. In some embodiments, heating may be advantageously applied after coating (e.g., to facilitate crosslinking and/or remove any optional solvent).

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS", Gelest Inc. ) in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form Solution A. NEOCRYL A612 (abbreviation of "A612", DSM Corporation) was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution B). Solutions A and B were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution A: Solution B to form the final coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color.

Individual testing solutions of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water were prepared at concentrations of <NUM> wt. %, and <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath of the OPA testing solution for <NUM> minutes with the bath temperature maintained at <NUM>. The test strip was removed from the bath and checked for a color change by visual examination. In addition, test strips were evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath. For this test a new test strip was immersed and maintained in a fresh OPA bath (<NUM> wt. % at <NUM>) for <NUM> minutes. The bath contained the minimum amount of OPA to fully cover the test strip (typically <NUM>-<NUM>). The test strip was then removed from the bath and the bath liquid was checked for color change by visual examination (no leaching = colorless bath, leaching = change in bath color from colorless to either a pale yellow or yellow color). The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions A and B were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution A: Solution B to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS", Gelest Inc. ) in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form Solution C. A612 was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution D). Solutions C and D were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution C:Solution D to form the final coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for color change and color leaching according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions C and D were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution C:Solution D to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions C and D were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution C: Solution D to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form Solution E. A612 was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution F). Solutions E and F were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution E:Solution F to form the final coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for color change and color leaching according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions E and F were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution E: Solution F to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions E and F were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution E:Solution F to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form Solution G. A612 was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution H). Solutions G and H were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution G: Solution H to form the final coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for color change and color leaching according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 mutifunctional acrylate (ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, Sartomer Corporation, Exton, PA) in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI: SR454 to form the coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for color change and color leaching according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

For Examples <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> colorimetric analysis of the test strips following immersion in an OPA bath was conducted using an X-Rite SP64 colorimeter (X-Rite Inc. The collected CIE L*a*b* color scale values (established by the International Commission on Illumination) are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of AS) in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form Solution I. NEOREZ R966 polyurethane dispersion (abbreviation of "R966", DSM Corporation) was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution J). Solutions I and J were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution I:Solution J to form the final coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color.

A testing solution of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water was prepared at a concentration of <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath of the OPA testing solution for <NUM> minutes with the bath temperature maintained at <NUM>. The test strip was removed from the bath and checked for a color change by visual examination. Test strips were evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions I and J were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution I:Solution J to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form Solution K. R966 polyurethane dispersion was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution L). Solutions K and L were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution K: Solution L to form the final coating formulation. A sample of filter paper (Whatman <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for color change according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. Test strips were also evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions K and L were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution K:Solution L to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that Solutions K and L were mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution K:Solution L to form the final coating formulation. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon <NUM>,<NUM> membrane (single reinforced layer nylon three zone membrane with nominal pore size of <NUM> microns, #080ZN, obtained from <NUM> Purification Inc. , Meriden, Connecticut) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color.

Individual testing solutions of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water were prepared at concentrations of <NUM> wt. %, and <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath of the OPA testing solution for <NUM> minutes with the bath temperature maintained at <NUM>. The time point at which a color change of the test strip was first observed was recorded. Test strips were also evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI:AS in the final coating formulation was <NUM>:<NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI:AS in the final coating formulation was <NUM>:<NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS") in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for time to color change according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. Test strips were also evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 multifunctional acrylate in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI: SR454 to form the coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated for the time to color change according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. Test strips were also evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI: SR454 in the final coating formulation was <NUM>:<NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI: SR454 in the final coating formulation was <NUM>: <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI: SR454 in the final coating formulation was <NUM>:<NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>), abbreviation of "bPEI800") and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 multifunctional acrylate in ratios of either <NUM>:<NUM>, <NUM>:<NUM>, or <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI800:SR454 to form three separate coating formulations. Separate samples of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) were dip coated with one of the formulations and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried samples were cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. When the test strips were immersed into OPA baths according to the procedure described in Example <NUM> leaching of color into the test bath was observed for all of the test strips (visual examination). The greatest amount of color leaching was observed for the sample prepared with <NUM>:<NUM> ratio of bPEI800:SR454. The least amount of color leaching was observed for the sample with a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio of bPEI800:SR454.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 mutifunctional acrylate in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI: SR454 to form the coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color.

A testing solution of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water was prepared at a concentration of <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath of the OPA testing solution for <NUM> minutes with the bath temperature maintained at <NUM>. The test strip was removed from the bath and checked for a color change from white to yellow. Test strips were also evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 multifunctional acrylate in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:SR454 to form Solution M. NEOCRYL A612 was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution N). Solutions M and N were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution M: Solution N to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated by immersion in an OPA bath according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 multifunctional acrylate in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:SR454 to form Solution M. NEOREZ R966 polyurethane dispersion was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution O). Solutions M and O were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution M:Solution O to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated by immersion in an OPA bath according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI:SR454 in the final coating formulation was <NUM>:<NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 mutifunctional acrylate in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI: SR454 to form Solution P. NEOCRYL A612 was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution Q). Solutions P and Q were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution P:Solution Q to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated by immersion in an OPA bath according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of SR454 multifunctional acrylate in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:SR454 to form Solution P. NEOREZ R966 polyurethane dispersion was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution R). Solutions P and R were then mixed together in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight Solution P:Solution R to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated by immersion in an OPA bath according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of crosslinker <NUM>-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (abbreviation = "GPS", available from Gelest Inc. ) in ratios of either <NUM>:<NUM>, <NUM>:<NUM>, or <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:crosslinker to form three separate coating formulations. Separate samples of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) were dip coated with one of the formulations and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried samples were cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were immersed into OPA baths according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The test strips were evaluated for time to color change according to the procedure described in Example <NUM>. Test strips were also evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath using the procedure described in Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>. In addition, in a separate experiment the color of each strip was determined by visual inspection after being immersed in the OPA bath for <NUM> seconds and <NUM> seconds. At the <NUM> second time point, the test strips were a very pale yellow color. At the <NUM> second time point the test strips were a bright yellow color.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS") in a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:AS to form the final coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was dip coated with the coating formulation and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color.

Individual testing solutions of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water were prepared at concentrations of <NUM> wt. %, and <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath prepared from the testing solution and maintained at either <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. The test strips were also immersed in the bath for varying periods of time (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> minutes). Prior to immersion in the OPA bath some of the test strips were immersed in a bath of <NUM>% Intercept detergent (Medivators Inc. ) for <NUM> minutes followed by immersion in a fresh distilled water bath for an additional <NUM> minutes and then air drying. Each test sample was removed from the OPA bath and the reflectance measurement of the test strip was determined at an emitted wavelength <NUM> using an X-Rite Handheld Spectrophotometer X-Rite eXact NGH Handheld Spectrophotometer with a <NUM> aperture (X-Rite Inc. The mean reflectance values (n= <NUM>) and corresponding test conditions are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of NEOREZ R966 polyurethane dispersion in a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> to form the coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was coated with a #<NUM> Meyer rod (RD Specialties, Webster, New York) and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color.

A testing solution of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water was prepared at a concentration of <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath of the OPA testing solution for either <NUM> or <NUM> minutes with the bath temperature maintained at <NUM>. Each test sample was removed from the bath and the reflectance measurement of the test strip was determined at an emitted wavelength <NUM> using an X-Rite Handheld Spectrophotometer X-Rite eXact NGH Handheld Spectrophotometer with a <NUM> aperture (X-Rite Inc. The mean reflectance values (n= <NUM>) and corresponding test conditions are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS") in a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> to form the coating formulation. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was coated with a #<NUM> Meyer rod and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated by immersion in an OPA bath according to the procedure described in Reference Example <NUM>. The mean reflectance values (n= <NUM>) and corresponding test conditions are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (cat # <NUM>) and diluted to a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution, abbreviation of "bPEI") was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % aqueous solution of <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS") in a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> to form Solution S. NEOREZ R966 polyurethane dispersion was diluted with distilled water to prepare a <NUM> wt. % solution (Solution T). Solutions S and T were then mixed together to form a final coating formulation with a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> bPEI:AS:R966. A sample of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) was coated with a #<NUM> Meyer rod and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes. The dried sample was cut into test strips (<NUM> by <NUM>). The coated surface of the test strips was white in color. The test strips were evaluated by immersion in an OPA bath according to the procedure described in Reference Example <NUM>. The mean reflectance values (n= <NUM>) and corresponding test conditions are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

Branched polyethylenimine (abbreviation of bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water) was mixed with a <NUM> wt. % polyurethane dispersion (#CS <NUM>, Incorez Copolymer Ltd. , United Kingdom) and distilled water to form a coating formulation with a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> by weight bPEI:polyurethane dispersion. The coating formulation (<NUM> microliters) was applied as a circular dot to the surface of an injection molded chip (<NUM> by <NUM> by <NUM>) of Bayblend T85 stock white (a polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blend; available from Bayer Material Science, Leverkusen, Germany). The chip with coated test dot was then dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes resulting in a clear coating over the white substrate.

Individual testing solutions of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water were prepared at concentrations of <NUM> wt. % and <NUM> wt. The coated chips were evaluated by immersing the coated portion of the chip into a bath prepared from the testing solution and maintained at <NUM>. The chips were immersed in the bath for either <NUM> minutes or <NUM> minutes. Each chip was removed from the bath and the coated dot was checked by visual inspection for a change in color from white to yellow. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The procedure of Reference Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI:polyurethane dispersion in the coating formulation was set at <NUM>:<NUM> by weight.

The procedure of Reference Example <NUM> was followed, except that the ratio of bPEI:polyurethane dispersion in the coating formulation was set at <NUM>:<NUM> by weight. Results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

A testing solution of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water was prepared at a concentration of <NUM> wt. Test chips prepared according to Reference Example <NUM> were evaluated by immersing the coated portion of a test chip into a bath prepared from a testing solution with the bath temperature maintained at either <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. The test chips were immersed in the bath for varying periods of time (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> minutes). Each test chip was removed from the bath and reflectance of the test dot was determined at an emitted wavelength of <NUM> using an X-Rite Handheld Spectrophotometer X-Rite eXact NGH Handheld Spectrophotometer with a <NUM> aperture (X-Rite Inc. The mean reflectance values (n=<NUM>) and the corresponding test conditions are reported in Table <NUM>.

The same testing procedure as reported in Reference Example <NUM> was followed, except that prior to immersion in the OPA bath the coated chips were immersed in a bath of <NUM>% Intercept detergent (Medivators, Inc. ) for <NUM> minutes followed by immersion in a fresh distilled water bath for an additional <NUM> minutes and then air drying. Results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

The coating formulations for Reference Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers <NUM>-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (abbreviation = "GPS" and prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) and PZ-<NUM> (a polyfunctional aziridine available from PolyAziridine LLC. , Medford, NJ and prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing to provide the specified coating formulations. The amount of each component (as <NUM> wt. % solutions) in a formulation is listed in Table <NUM>. Each coating formulation was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. A bath of OPA (<NUM> wt. % in water) was prepared and each test strip was evaluated by immersing the test strip in the bath for <NUM> seconds. The bath was maintained at <NUM>. The color of the test strip was determined by visual inspection after being immersed for <NUM> seconds and <NUM> seconds. The integrity of the test strip was determined by visually inspecting each test strip at <NUM> seconds for any signs of haze, cracking, blister formation, or swelling. In addition, test strips were evaluated to determine if any indicator color from a test strip leached into the OPA bath. For this test a new test strip was immersed and maintained in a fresh OPA bath (<NUM> wt. % at <NUM>) for <NUM> minutes. The bath contained the minimum amount of OPA to fully cover the test strip (typically <NUM>-<NUM>). The test strip was then removed from the bath and the bath liquid was checked for color change by visual examination (no leaching = colorless bath, while leaching = change in bath color from colorless to either a pale yellow or yellow color). The results for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), test strip integrity, and leaching are reported in Table <NUM>.

The coating formulations for Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinker GPS (neat liquid) or AS (neat liquid) was added next with continued mixing to form the specified coating formulations. The amount of each component in a formulation is listed in Table <NUM>. Each coating formulation was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films.

The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds) and for integrity of the test strip according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water), crosslinker AS (neat liquid), and polyvinyl alcohol (POVAL <NUM>-<NUM>, available from Kuraray Ltd. , Singapore; abbreviation = "PVA") were mixed together to form the coating formulation (amounts listed in Table <NUM>). The coating formulation was coated onto a clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated film.

Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water), crosslinker AS (neat liquid), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (K90, MW = <NUM>,<NUM>/mole, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, abbreviation = "PVP") were mixed together to form the coating formulation (amounts listed in Table <NUM>). The coating formulation was coated onto a clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod and then dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated film.

The coating formulations for Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). With continued mixing the crosslinker AS (neat liquid) was added followed by the addition of PVA (<NUM> wt. % solution in water). The amount of each component in a formulation is listed in Table <NUM>. Each coating formulation was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films.

The coating formulations for Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation = "AS", and prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) and PZ-<NUM> (prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing to form the specified coating formulations. The amount of each component (as <NUM> wt. % solutions) in a formulation is listed in Table <NUM>. Each coating formulation was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), color leaching, and test strip integrity according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The coating formulations for Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation = "AS", and prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) and PZ-<NUM> (prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing to form the specified coating formulations. The amount of each component in a formulation (as <NUM> wt. % solutions) is listed in Table <NUM>. Each coating formulation was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. A testing solution of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in water was prepared at a concentration of <NUM> wt. The test strips were evaluated by immersing a test strip into a bath of the OPA testing solution for either <NUM> or <NUM> minutes with the bath temperature maintained at <NUM>. Following immersion the test strip was removed from the testing solution, immersed in a fresh bath of distilled water for <NUM> minutes, and then rinsed with isopropyl alcohol for about <NUM> seconds. The test strip was placed on a white background and the reflectance measurement of the test strip was determined at an emitted wavelength <NUM> using an X-Rite Handheld Spectrophotometer X-Rite eXact NGH Handheld Spectrophotometer with a <NUM> aperture (X-Rite Inc. The mean reflectance values (n= <NUM>) and corresponding test conditions are reported in Table <NUM>.

The coating formulations for Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and polyacrylic dispersion A612 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers <NUM>-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPS, neat) and PZ-<NUM> (prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing to form the specified coating formulations. The amount of each component in a formulation is listed in Table <NUM>. Each coating formulation was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), color leaching, and test strip integrity according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and diethyl glutaconate (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) were mixed together to form the coating formulations (amounts listed in Table <NUM>). Separate samples of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) were dip coated with one of the coating formulations. The coated samples were dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated samples.

The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds) and for leaching according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. In addition, the time point at which a color change of the test strip was first observed was recorded. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

The coating formulations for reference Example <NUM> and Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by mixing ethoxylated polyethylenimine (MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (abbreviation of "AS", Gelest Inc. ) in the amounts listed in Table <NUM>. Separate samples of nylon membrane (described in Example <NUM>) were dip coated with one of the coating formulations. The coated samples were dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated samples.

The coating formulation was prepared by first mixing <NUM> of branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and <NUM> of R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers diethyl glutaconate (<NUM>, neat) and PZ-<NUM> (<NUM>, prepared as <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing to form the coating formulation. The formulation was coated onto a clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated film was dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. Test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), color leaching, and test strip integrity according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

The coating formulation was prepared by first mixing <NUM> of branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and <NUM> of R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (<NUM>. <NUM> of a <NUM> wt. % solution in isopropyl alcohol) and PZ-<NUM> (<NUM> of a <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing. Finally, <NUM> of Nalco <NUM>, aqueous silica nanoparticle dispersion (spherical, <NUM>, <NUM> wt. %; available from Nalco Company, Naperville, Illinois) was added with mixing to form the coating formulation. The formulation was coated onto a clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated film was dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), color leaching, and test strip integrity according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

A modified silica nanoparticle dispersion was prepared by adding with mixing <NUM> of <NUM>-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) was added with mixing to <NUM> of a <NUM> wt. % Nalco <NUM> aqueous silica nanoparticle dispersion. The resulting dispersion was heated at <NUM> for <NUM> hours and then cooled to room temperature.

The coating formulation was prepared by first mixing <NUM> of branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % in water) and <NUM> of R966 (<NUM> wt. % in water). The crosslinkers <NUM>-(acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (<NUM> of a <NUM> wt. % solution in isopropyl alcohol) and PZ-<NUM> (<NUM> of a <NUM> wt. % in isopropyl alcohol) were added next with continued mixing. Finally, <NUM> the modified silica nanoparticle dispersion (described above) was added with mixing to form the coating formulation. The formulation was coated onto a clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated film was dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes to form a clear coat. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), color leaching, and test strip integrity according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>, below.

The coating formulations for Examples <NUM>-<NUM> were prepared by pre-mixing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, MW <NUM>,<NUM>/mole as a <NUM> wt. % solution in water, available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, that was diluted to <NUM> wt. % with added ethanol) with a 5wt. % ethanol solution of SR415 multifunctional acrylate (<NUM> mole ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, Sartomer Corporation). Next a <NUM> wt. % solution of the photoinitiator IRGACURE <NUM> (<NUM>-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, BASF Corporation, Florham Park, New Jersey) in ethanol was added with mixing followed by the optional addition of a <NUM> wt. % solution of R966 in ethanol with continued mixing. The amount of each component in a formulation is listed in Table <NUM>. Each of the resulting coating formulations was individually coated onto a separate clear PET polyester film substrate (<NUM> mil) using a #<NUM> Meyer rod. The coated films were dried at <NUM> for <NUM> minutes and then cured under a nitrogen atmosphere by <NUM> passes through a UV curing station (model MC-6RQN, Fusion UV Curing Inc. , Rockville, MD) with a Fusion "H" lamp at a speed of <NUM> meters/minute to form a clear coating. Test strips (about <NUM> by <NUM>) were prepared from the coated films. The test strips were evaluated for color change (at <NUM> and <NUM> seconds), color leaching, and test strip integrity according to the procedure described for Reference Example <NUM>. The results are reported in Table <NUM>.

Claim 1:
A composition comprising a compound preparable by reaction of components comprising a polyethylenimine and at least one an amine-reactive hydrolyzable organosilane represented by the formula:

        R-Z-SiY<NUM>

wherein:
R represents an amine-reactive group containing <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of an isocyanato group, an acryloxy group, a carboethoxy group, a carbomethoxy group, a vinylsulfonyl group, and an acrylamido group;
Z represents a divalent organic group containing <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms; and
each Y independently represents a hydrolyzable group; and
wherein the composition further comprises a polymeric binder material.