Patent Description:
Colored metallic pigments in their simplest form are manufactured from colored metals. Flakes in these pigments have been coated with colored transparent or semi-transparent low refractive index material or high refractive index material. The color effect can come from a combination of reflection, absorption and interference of incident light. Interference colors in interference pigments have been created by formation on the surface of an aluminium flake of a Fabry-Perot structure consisting of a transparent dielectric and semi-transparent metallic absorber.

Methods of fabrication of colored metallic pigments vary in their nature. In one method, aluminium flakes were coated by layers of metal oxides by one of numerous wet chemistry methods, such as a hydrolysis of organic metal ester compounds. Pigments have also been colored by sol-gel precipitation of silicon dioxide from tetraethyl silicate together with a dispersed colorant. Vacuum deposition technology has been used for fabrication of colored metallic pigment based on the Fabry-Perot structure. For example, colored pigments with saturated color were produced when a spacer layer was made from a material with high (n > <NUM>) index of refraction. Color-shifting interference pigments were fabricated when the dielectric layer had a low index of refraction (n < <NUM>).

<CIT> discloses optically variable pigment flakes. <CIT> discloses pigment flakes. <CIT> discloses flake-based pigments. <CIT> discloses multilayered pigment flakes.

In an aspect, there is disclosed a method of making a pigments according to Claim <NUM>.

Optionally the core particle is a reflector material comprising at least one of a metal and metal alloy.

Optionally the core particle is a metal comprising aluminium, zinc, steel, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, niobium, chromium, tin, and a mixture thereof.

Optionally the core particle is a metal alloy comprising at least one of stainless steel, brass, and bronze.

Optionally, the vapor deposited colorant further comprises an organic uncolored material.

Optionally the particle is a thin film interference pigment or a special effect pigment.

Additional features and advantages of various embodiments will be set forth, in part, in the description that follows, and will, in part, be apparent from the description, or may be learned by the practice of various embodiments. The objectives and other advantages of various embodiments will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the description herein.

The present disclosure in its several aspects and embodiments can be more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:.

Throughout this specification and figures like reference numbers identify like elements.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are intended to provide an explanation of various embodiments of the present teachings. The layers/components shown in each Figure may be described with regard to a particular Figure, but it is understood that the description of a particular layer/component would be applicable to the equivalent layer/component in the other Figures.

In its broad and varied embodiments, a pigment, hereinafter defined as a "particle" is disclosed, such as a special effect pigment or a thin film interference pigment, having saturated colors. A core particle is encapsulated with a vapor deposited colorant comprising at least one of an organic colored material and an inorganic material. The vapor deposited colorant can be used for changing the optical properties of the particles, protecting the resultant particle against oxidation, decreasing the resultant particle reactivity with a surrounding media, and /or functionalizing the particle surface. Encapsulationof the core particle can be done in a dry environment, i.e., not a wet environment, and therefore does not require any filtration, drying, etc. processes that would be used in encapsulation in a wet environment. The encapsulation of the core particles can occur at almost atmospheric pressure and therefore can avoid the use of equipment necessary for operating under a vacuum. The particles can be used with light detection and radar (LIDAR) technology applications.

The particlescan be obtained by simple addition of selectively absorbing layers on core particles, such as platelets, and/or by a combination of absorption and thin film interference. In some aspects, the particles, can include an encapsulating absorber layer to produce a special effect pigment.

<FIG> illustrates a particle comprising a core particle <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> that encapsulates the core particle <NUM>. The core particle <NUM> can be in a form of a platelet or a flake.

The core particle <NUM> can include any material that can render the core particle <NUM> opaque, such as a reflector material. In an embodiment, the material can be a metal and/or metal alloy. In one example, the material for the core particle <NUM> can include any materials that have reflective characteristics. An example of a reflector material can be aluminium, which has good reflectance characteristics, is inexpensive, and easy to form into or deposit as a thin layer. However, other reflector materials can also be used in place of aluminium. For example, aluminium, zinc, steel, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, niobium, chromium, tin, and combinations or alloys of these or other metals can be used as reflective materials, such as bronze, brass, and stainless steel. In an embodiment, the material for the core particle <NUM> can be a white or light colored metal. Other useful reflector materials include, but are not limited to, the transition and lanthanide metals and combinations thereof.

The thickness of the core particle <NUM> can range from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, although this range should not be taken as restrictive. In an aspect, the core particle <NUM> can include a thickness ranging from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, for example from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, and as a further example from about <NUM> to about <NUM>. For example, the lower limit of <NUM> can be selected for a material, such as aluminium, so that the aluminium is of a minimum optical density of about <NUM> at a wavelength of about <NUM>. Other reflector materials can justify higher or lower minimum thicknesses in order to obtain a sufficient optical density or achieve the desired effect. The upper limit of about <NUM> can also be higher or lower depending on the desired effect and the materials used.

The core particle <NUM> can be microstructured so as to provide a diffractive property of light. In an embodiment, the core particle <NUM> can made of any material and in any thickness so long as the core particle <NUM> is opaque.

To assist understanding of the method of the invention, <FIG> shows the core particle <NUM> encapsulated by a vapor deposited colorant <NUM>. The vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can comprise any organic colored material, such as organic pigments and organic dyes. Non-limiting examples of an organic colored material include perylene, perinone, quinacridone, quinacridonequinone, anthrapyrimidine , anthraquinone, anthanthrone, benzimidazolone, disazo condensation, azo, quinolones, xanthene, azomethine, quinophthalone, indanthrone, phthalocyanine, triarylcarbonium, dioxazine, aminoanthraquinone, isoindoline , diketopyrrolopyrrole, thioindigo, thiazineindigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone, pyranthrone, isoviolanthrone, miyoshi methane, triarylmethane, or mixtures thereof.

Additional non-limiting examples of an organic colored material for use in the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> include, for example, C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red190 (C. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Violet <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Violet <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>/<NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>/<NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>/<NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM>, C. Pigment Yellow <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Brown <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Violet <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM>; C. Pigment Brown <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Blue <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Green <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Green <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>); C. Pigment Blue <NUM>:<NUM>, <NUM>:<NUM>, <NUM>:<NUM>, <NUM>:<NUM>, <NUM>:<NUM> and <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>); C. Pigment Blue <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Blue <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>:<NUM>), C. Pigment Violet <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Violet <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM>, C. Pigment Orange <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Yellow <NUM>, C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Orange <NUM>, C. Pigment Red <NUM>:<NUM>/<NUM>/<NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>:<NUM>/<NUM>/<NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM>:<NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>:<NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), C. Pigment Red <NUM> (C. No. <NUM><NUM>), Pigment Black <NUM> (C<NUM>H<NUM>N<NUM>O<NUM>), Pigment Orange <NUM> (C<NUM>H<NUM>C<NUM>N<NUM>O<NUM>),.

<FIG> illustrates a special effect pigment according to the present invention, comprising a core particle <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> encapsulating the core particle <NUM>, wherein the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> is a composite layer 2a comprising an organic colored material, as described above with regard to <FIG>, and an inorganic material. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>. The inorganic material for use in the composite layer 2a can be made from any materials. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials include magnesium fluoride, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum fluoride, titanium dioxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, boron carbide, tungsten oxide, cerium fluoride, lanthanum fluoride, neodymium fluoride, samarium fluoride, barium fluoride, calcium fluoride, lithium fluoride, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, zinc sulfide, glass flakes, diamond-like carbon, and combinations thereof. The inorganic material can be made from materials including a refractive index ranging from about <NUM> to about <NUM>. In an aspect, the inorganic material can be a material including a low refractive index of less than about <NUM>. In another aspect, the inorganic material can be a material including a high refractive index of greater than about <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates a special effect pigment that can be used in the method of the present invention, and comprising a core particle <NUM>, a first vapor deposited colorant 2a encapsulating the core particle <NUM>; and a second vapor deposited colorant 2b encapsulating the first vapor deposited colorant 2a. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>. The particle, such as a pigment, can be obtained by encapsulation of a core particle <NUM> in a form of a platelet with successive vapor deposited colorants <NUM>, such as a first vapor deposited colorant 2a, a second vapor deposited colorant 2b, a third vapor deposited colorant 2c (not shown in <FIG>), etc. Each vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can selectively absorb some of the wavelengths of light.

Each vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can be the same or different. In an embodiment, a first vapor deposited colorant 2a can be the same composition as a second vapor deposited colorant 2b. For example, each vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can be the same organic colored material, such as those described above. In another embodiment, a first vapor deposited colorant 2a can have the same thickness as a second vapor deposited colorant 2b.

Alternatively, each vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can be different. A first vapor deposited colorant 2a can be a different composition as a second vapor deposited colorant 2b. For example, the first vapor deposited colorant 2a can comprise an organic colored material whereas a second vapor deposited colorant 2b can be a composite comprising an organic colored material and an inorganic material, such as those described above. Additionally, the first vapor deposited colorant 2a can be a composite comprising an organic colored material and an inorganic material whereas a second vapor deposited colorant 2b can comprise an organic colored material.

Moreover, a first vapor deposited colorant 2a can comprise an organic colored material, such as Pigment Red <NUM> and a second vapor deposited colorant 2b can comprise an organic colored material, such as Violet <NUM>. Similarly, a first vapor deposited colorant 2a can be a composite comprising an organic colored material and an inorganic material, such as a high refractive index material, and a second vapor deposited colorant 2b can be a composite comprising an organic colored material and an inorganic material, such as a low refractive index material. Each and every combination and permutation of compositions possible for the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> are envisioned as well as each and every combination and permutation of compositions possible for each vapor deposited colorant (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, etc.).

In another embodiment, a first vapor deposited colorant 2a can have a different thickness as a second vapor deposited colorant 2b. Each vapor deposited colorant <NUM> within a particle can vary, e.g., same composition, different thickness or different composition and same thickness.

<FIG> illustrates a special effect pigment, comprising a core particle <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> encapsulating the core particle <NUM>, wherein the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> is a composite layer 2c comprises two or more organic colored materials and an inorganic material. Each organic colored material present in the composite layer 2c can selectively absorb a different wavelength of light. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>.

The vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can include a thickness of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, such as from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, for example from about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates a a thin film interference pigment that can be used in the method of the present invention, comprising a core particle <NUM>; a dielectric layer <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the core particle <NUM>; an absorber layer <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the dielectric layer <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the absorber layer. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>.

The dielectric layer <NUM> can include materials, such as transparent materials. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials include magnesium fluoride, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum fluoride, titanium dioxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, boron carbide, tungsten oxide, cerium fluoride, lanthanum fluoride, neodymium fluoride, samarium fluoride, barium fluoride, calcium fluoride, lithium fluoride, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, zinc sulfide, glass flakes, diamond-like carbon, and combinations thereof. The absorber layer <NUM> can be formed to substantially surround or encapsulate the dielectric layer <NUM>. Suitable materials for the absorber layer <NUM> can include all metals having uniform absorption or selective absorption in the visible spectrum. Examples of such metals include chromium, nickel, iron, titanium, aluminium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, combinations or alloys thereof, such as Inconel (Ni--Cr--Fe), metals mixed in a dielectric matrix, or other substances that are capable of acting as a uniform or selective absorber in the visible spectrum. The absorber layer <NUM> can be formed to include have a thickness in a range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, such as from about <NUM> to about <NUM>. It should be appreciated, however, that still other thicknesses for the absorber layer <NUM> is contemplated for altering the optical performance of the pigment. It should be understood that the absorber layer <NUM> at thin thicknesses does not need to be continuous to still work as an optical absorber. For example, a plurality of islands or dots of absorber material can suffice as an absorber.

<FIG> illustrates a special effect pigment that can be used in the method of the present invention, and which compriss a core platelet comprising a core particle <NUM>, a first dielectric layer 3a and a second dielectric layer 3b on opposites sides of the core particle <NUM>, a first absorber layer 4a on the first dielectric layer 3a, and a second absorber layer 4b on the second dielectric layer 3b; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> encapsulating the core particle <NUM>, such as a platelet. The core particle 1can include exposed sides on the core particle <NUM>, first and second dielectric layers 3a, 3b, and first and second absorber layers 4a, 4b. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates a thin film interference pigment that can be used in the method of the present invention, comprising a core particle <NUM> comprising a dielectric layer <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> encapsulating the dielectric layer <NUM>. In an embodiment, the particle can further comprise an absorber layer <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the dielectric layer <NUM>, wherein the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> totally encapsulates the absorber layer <NUM>. The dielectric layer <NUM> and the absorber layer <NUM> can be made of the materials as described above.

<FIG> illustrates a thin film interference pigment that can be used in the method of the present invention, comprising a dielectric layer <NUM>, such as an all dielectric multilayer; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the dielectric layer <NUM>. In this embodiment, the dielectric layer <NUM> can be a dielectric stack comprising at least one high refractive index layer <NUM> and at least one low refractive index layer <NUM>. The dielectric stack can have a predetermined number of layers. In this example, the stack can include one or more layers of a low refractive index material <NUM> and one or more layers of a high refractive index material <NUM>. The layers having low refractive index material (low refractive index layers) <NUM> and the layers having high refractive index material (high refractive index layers) <NUM> can alternate. In this particular example, as shown in <FIG>, the alternating low and high refractive index layers have been repeated <NUM> times. The alternating layers can be stacked in any sequence, for example, the layers can be stacked in a sequence of (H/L)n, (H/L)nH, or L(H/L)n wherein H denotes higher refractive index layer <NUM> and L denotes a lower refractive index layer <NUM>. The number of alternating low refractive index layers and the high refractive index layers (n) can range from about <NUM> to over about <NUM>, such as from about <NUM> to about <NUM> alternating layers, or for example from about <NUM> to about <NUM> alternating layers.

In another embodiment, there is disclosed a pigment, comprising a core particle <NUM>, a dielectric layer <NUM> on opposite sides of the core particle <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the core particle <NUM> and dielectric layer <NUM>. The dielectric layer 3can, on each opposite side of the core particle <NUM>, be a dielectric stack of high and low refractive index layers, as disclosed above.

<FIG> illustrates a thin film interference pigment that can be used in the method of the present invention, comprising a dielectric layer <NUM>, such as an all dielectric multilayer; an absorber layer <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the dielectric layer <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the absorber layer <NUM>. In this embodiment, the dielectric layer <NUM> can be a dielectric stack comprising at least one high refractive index layer <NUM> and at least one low refractive index layer <NUM>.

In another embodiment, there is disclosed a pigment, such as a thin film interference pigment, comprising a core particle <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM>, wherein the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> is a composite layer comprising an organic uncolored material and an organic colored material. An example of an organic uncolored material is the family of Parylene:.

The Parylene is known for its low water permeability and UV protection. The physical and chemical properties of Parylene change depending on the type (N, C, or D). For example, a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> as a composite layer comprising Parylene C as an organic uncolored material can be more suitable in cases where an improved gas and moisture barrier properties are desired. It is envisioned that the composite layer comprising an organic uncolored material and an organic colored material can be used in place of the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> of <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates a particle according to a method of the present invention, comprising a core particle <NUM>; a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> encapsulating the core particle <NUM>; and an absorber layer <NUM> at least partially encapsulating the vapor deposited colorant <NUM>. The vapor deposited colorant is a composite layer comprising an organic colored material and an inorganic material, as described above. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates a particle, such as the pigment illustrated in <FIG>, and further comprising a protecting layer <NUM>. The protecting layer <NUM> can comprise an organic layer or an inorganic layer. The protecting layer <NUM> can protect the particle, can passivate the particle, and/or can functionalize the particle. Passivating the particle can inhibit partial oxidation, can decrease their reactivity to their surroundings, and/or can change the surface area of the external layers rendering the particle more or less hydrophobic or oleophobic. The core particle <NUM> can be a reflector material as described above with regard to <FIG>.

The particles/pigments disclosed herein can be obtained by using a fluidized bed reactor or equipment such as a rotating drum containing the tumbling the core particles. Particles, such as a core particle <NUM>, can be introduced into a fluidized bed reactor or another suitable reactor where the particles are tumbling. An organic colored material is introduced into the reactor using a carrier gas, such as argon. When the organic colored material comes into contact with the core particle <NUM> the organic vapor condensates, encapsulating the core particle 1with a vapor deposited colorant <NUM>. To assist understanding of the present invention, <FIG> is an illustration of an equipment set-up for the method of making the particles, for example as illustrated in <FIG>.

A method of making particles comprising a core particle <NUM>; and a vapor deposited colorant <NUM>, wherein the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> is a composite comprising an organic colored material and an inorganic material, can be obtained using an equipment set-up as shown in <FIG> is a representation of a combination atmospheric pressure organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a fluidized bed configuration.

The fluidized bed vapor deposition conditions can be similar to those for depositing a vapor deposited colorant <NUM> comprising an organic colored material, as shown in <FIG>. In an example, a particle, such as a pigment, can be formed with silicon dioxide at almost room temperature (about <NUM> to about <NUM>) , at atmospheric pressure using the hydrolysis of SiCl<NUM> and water as a precursor material. In another example, a particle, such as a pigment, can be formed with titanium dioxide at almost room temperature (about <NUM> to about <NUM>) , at atmospheric pressure using the hydrolysis of TiCl<NUM> and water as a precursor material. Silicon dioxide is a low refractive index material and titanium dioxide is a high refractive index material. Either material can be used in the method to produce a vapor deposited colorant wherein the vapor deposited colorant is a composite layer.

The method of making a pigment, can comprise introducing a carrier gas into an organic colored material container; heating the organic colored material container to produce an organic colored vapor; introducing a carrier gas into a fluidized bed reactor or another suitable reactor where core particles <NUM> are tumbling. The core particle <NUM> can be in a shape of particles, platelets, or flakes; and introducing the organic colored vapor into the fluidized bed reactor to encapsulate the core particle <NUM>.

The method of making the particles does not involve a wet environment, i.e., a wet substrate, etc. and therefore does not use any processes needed in wet chemistry processes, such as filtration, drying etc. The method can be performed at about atmospheric pressure and therefore does not require vacuum or equipment for vacuums. The vapor deposited colorant <NUM> can be deposited at room temperature allowing for codeposition of materials, such as composites of organic colored materials and inorganic materials, and composites of organic colored materials and organic uncolored materials.

The reaction conditions shown in the following Examples are based upon a bench top set-up. A scale-up to a full production process would therefore requirement an adjustment in the reaction conditions, e.g., flow rate of carrier gas; temperature of the organic colored material container, coil heater, line heater, water bubbler, and inorganic material bubbler. Additionally, the time to encapsulate would also vary based upon, for example, the desired resultant color, or the number of the core particles <NUM> to be encapsulated. However, the adjustment to the process conditions is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art.

Example <NUM> - Using the equipment set-up illustrated in <FIG>, a pigment was formed with an aluminum core particle <NUM> and a Pigment Red <NUM> as the vapor deposited colorant <NUM>.

The molecular structure of Pigment Red <NUM>, a pyrrole, is as follows:
<CHM>
The source of the organic colored material vapor was heated at <NUM>° C. Argon was introduced in to the vapor source container as the carrier gas with a flow of <NUM> sccm. To avoid condensation into the pipeline delivering the organic colored material vapor inside the fluidized bed reactor, the line was heated at <NUM>° C. Argon was also used as the fluidization gas with a flow of <NUM> sccm. The encapsulation temperature was slightly higher than atmospheric temperature, for example from about <NUM>° C to about <NUM>° C. After <NUM> minutes, the encapsulated particles had become a light pink. After an additional <NUM> minutes of fluidized bed vapor deposition, the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> on the core particle <NUM> became stronger and finished with pigments having a strong red coloration.

Example <NUM> - Using the equipment set-up illustrated in <FIG>, a pigment was formed with an aluminium core particle <NUM> and a Pigment Violet <NUM> as the vapor deposited colorant <NUM>.

The molecular structure of Pigment Violet <NUM>, a quinacridone, is as follows:
<CHM>
The source of the organic colored material vapor was heated at <NUM>° C. Argon was introduced in to the vapor source container as the carrier gas with a flow of <NUM> sccm. To avoid condensation into the pipeline delivering the organic colored material vapor inside the fluidized bed reactor, the line was heated at <NUM>° C. Argon was also used as the fluidization gas with a flow of <NUM> sccm. The encapsulation temperature was slightly higher than atmospheric temperature, for example from about <NUM>° C to about <NUM>° C. After <NUM> minutes, the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> on the core particle <NUM> became stronger and finished with pigments having a dark violet coloration.

Example <NUM> - Using the equipment set-up illustrated in <FIG>, a pigment was formed with an aluminium core particle <NUM> and a Pigment Blue <NUM> as the vapor deposited colorant <NUM>.

The molecular structure of Pigment Blue <NUM>, a phthalocyanine, is as follows:
<CHM>
The source of the organic colored material vapor was heated at <NUM>° C. Argon was introduced in to the vapor source container as the carrier gas with a flow of <NUM> sccm. To avoid condensation into the pipeline delivering the organic colored material vapor inside the fluidized bed reactor, the line was heated at <NUM>° C. Argon was also used as the fluidization gas with a flow of <NUM> sccm. The encapsulation temperature was slightly higher than atmospheric temperature, for example from about <NUM>° C to about <NUM>° C. After <NUM> minutes, the vapor deposited colorant <NUM> on the core particle <NUM> became stronger and finished with pigments having a dark blue coloration.

Example <NUM> - Using the equipment set-up illustrated in <FIG>, a pigment was formed with an aluminum core particle <NUM> and a Pigment Yellow 17as the vapor deposited colorant <NUM>.

Claim 1:
A method of making pigments, comprising:
introducing a carrier gas into a container;
heating the container to produce an organic colored vapor from an organic colored material;
introducing the organic colored vapor into a fluidized bed reactor or a rotating drum comprising a core particle;
introducing a carrier gas into a container to produce an inorganic vapor from an inorganic material; and
introducing the inorganic vapor into the fluidized bed reactor;
wherein the core particle is totally encapsulated with the organic colored vapor and the inorganic vapor to form a composite layer.