Patent Description:
This relates generally to electronic devices, and, more particularly, to electronic devices with displays.

Electronic devices often include displays. In some cases, displays may include lenticular lenses that enable the display to provide three-dimensional content to the viewer. The lenticular lenses may be formed over an array of pixels such as organic light-emitting diode pixels or liquid crystal display pixels.

If care is not taken, it may be difficult to provide lenticular displays with desired form factors. Lenticular displays may also be susceptible to crosstalk and other visible artifacts at wide viewing angles. <CIT> discloses a curved multi-view image display apparatus. <CIT> discloses a display apparatus and a control method thereof.

An electronic device includes a lenticular display. The lenticular display has a lenticular lens film formed over an array of pixels. A plurality of lenticular lenses may extend across the length of the display. The lenticular lenses may be configured to enable stereoscopic viewing of the display such that a viewer perceives three-dimensional images.

It may be desirable for a lenticular display to have convex curvature based on a desired form factor for the electronic device. To enable more curvature in the display while ensuring satisfactory display performance, the display may have stereoscopic zones and non-stereoscopic zones. The stereoscopic zones may be configured to present three-dimensional content whereas the non-stereoscopic zones may be configured to present two-dimensional content. A central stereoscopic zone may be interposed between first and second non-stereoscopic zones. The non-stereoscopic zones may have more curvature than the stereoscopic zone.

To prevent crosstalk within the lenticular display, a louver film may be incorporated into the display. The louver film may have a plurality of transparent portions separated by opaque walls. The opaque walls may control the emission angle of light from the display, reducing crosstalk. The louver film may be interposed between the lenticular lens film and the display panel, or the lenticular lens film may be interposed between the display panel and the louver film.

Pixel arrays may have a diagonal pixel pattern with each row shifted laterally relative to the preceding row. The overlying lenticular lenses may be vertically oriented, resulting in a non-zero angle between the pixel pattern and the lenticular lenses. Various pixel layouts may be used in the diagonal pixel pattern to mitigate cross-talk.

An illustrative electronic device of the type that may be provided with a display is shown in <FIG>. Electronic device <NUM> may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wristwatch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, an augmented reality (AR) headset and/or virtual reality (VR) headset, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user's head, or other wearable or miniature device, a display, a computer display that contains an embedded computer, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, or other electronic equipment.

As shown in <FIG>, electronic device <NUM> may have control circuitry <NUM>. Control circuitry <NUM> may include storage and processing circuitry for supporting the operation of device <NUM>. The storage and processing circuitry may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry <NUM> may be used to control the operation of device <NUM>. The processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processors, power management units, audio chips, application specific integrated circuits, etc..

To support communications between device <NUM> and external equipment, control circuitry <NUM> may communicate using communications circuitry <NUM>. Circuitry <NUM> may include antennas, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry, and other wireless communications circuitry and/or wired communications circuitry. Circuitry <NUM>, which may sometimes be referred to as control circuitry and/or control and communications circuitry, may support bidirectional wireless communications between device <NUM> and external equipment over a wireless link (e.g., circuitry <NUM> may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry such as wireless local area network transceiver circuitry configured to support communications over a wireless local area network link, near-field communications transceiver circuitry configured to support communications over a near-field communications link, cellular telephone transceiver circuitry configured to support communications over a cellular telephone link, or transceiver circuitry configured to support communications over any other suitable wired or wireless communications link). Wireless communications may, for example, be supported over a Bluetooth® link, a WiFi® link, a <NUM> link or other millimeter wave link, a cellular telephone link, or other wireless communications link. Device <NUM> may, if desired, include power circuits for transmitting and/or receiving wired and/or wireless power and may include batteries or other energy storage devices. For example, device <NUM> may include a coil and rectifier to receive wireless power that is provided to circuitry in device <NUM>.

Input-output circuitry in device <NUM> such as input-output devices <NUM> may be used to allow data to be supplied to device <NUM> and to allow data to be provided from device <NUM> to external devices. Input-output devices <NUM> may include buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, speakers, tone generators, vibrators, cameras, sensors, light-emitting diodes and other status indicators, data ports, and other electrical components. A user can control the operation of device <NUM> by supplying commands through input-output devices <NUM> and may receive status information and other output from device <NUM> using the output resources of input-output devices <NUM>.

Input-output devices <NUM> may include one or more displays such as display <NUM>. Display <NUM> may be a touch screen display that includes a touch sensor for gathering touch input from a user or display <NUM> may be insensitive to touch. A touch sensor for display <NUM> may be based on an array of capacitive touch sensor electrodes, acoustic touch sensor structures, resistive touch components, force-based touch sensor structures, a light-based touch sensor, or other suitable touch sensor arrangements.

Some electronic devices may include two displays. In one possible arrangement, a first display may be positioned on one side of the device and a second display may be positioned on a second, opposing side of the device. The first and second displays therefore may have a back-to-back arrangement. One or both of the displays may be curved.

Sensors in input-output devices <NUM> may include force sensors (e.g., strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, resistive force sensors, etc.), audio sensors such as microphones, touch and/or proximity sensors such as capacitive sensors (e.g., a two-dimensional capacitive touch sensor integrated into display <NUM>, a two-dimensional capacitive touch sensor overlapping display <NUM>, and/or a touch sensor that forms a button, trackpad, or other input device not associated with a display), and other sensors. If desired, sensors in input-output devices <NUM> may include optical sensors such as optical sensors that emit and detect light, ultrasonic sensors, optical touch sensors, optical proximity sensors, and/or other touch sensors and/or proximity sensors, monochromatic and color ambient light sensors, image sensors, fingerprint sensors, temperature sensors, sensors for measuring three-dimensional non-contact gestures ("air gestures"), pressure sensors, sensors for detecting position, orientation, and/or motion (e.g., accelerometers, magnetic sensors such as compass sensors, gyroscopes, and/or inertial measurement units that contain some or all of these sensors), health sensors, radio-frequency sensors, depth sensors (e.g., structured light sensors and/or depth sensors based on stereo imaging devices), optical sensors such as self-mixing sensors and light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors that gather time-of-flight measurements, humidity sensors, moisture sensors, gaze tracking sensors, and/or other sensors.

Control circuitry <NUM> may be used to run software on device <NUM> such as operating system code and applications. During operation of device <NUM>, the software running on control circuitry <NUM> may display images on display <NUM> using an array of pixels in display <NUM>.

Display <NUM> may be an organic light-emitting diode display, a liquid crystal display, an electrophoretic display, an electrowetting display, a plasma display, a microelectromechanical systems display, a display having a pixel array formed from crystalline semiconductor light-emitting diode dies (sometimes referred to as microLEDs), and/or other display. Configurations in which display <NUM> is an organic light-emitting diode display are sometimes described herein as an example.

Display <NUM> may have a rectangular shape (i.e., display <NUM> may have a rectangular footprint and a rectangular peripheral edge that runs around the rectangular footprint) or may have other suitable shapes. Display <NUM> may be planar or may have a curved profile.

Device <NUM> may include cameras and other components that form part of gaze and/or head tracking system <NUM>. The camera(s) or other components of system <NUM> may face a user's eyes and may track the user's eyes and/or head (e.g., images and other information captured by system <NUM> may be analyzed by control circuitry <NUM> to determine the location of the user's eyes and/or head). This eye-location information obtained by system <NUM> may be used to determine the appropriate direction with which display content from display <NUM> should be directed. If desired, image sensors other than cameras (e.g., infrared and/or visible light-emitting diodes and light detectors, etc.) may be used in system <NUM> to monitor a user's eye and/or head location.

A top view of a portion of display <NUM> is shown in <FIG>. As shown in <FIG>, display <NUM> has an array of pixels <NUM> formed on substrate <NUM>. Substrate <NUM> may be formed from glass, metal, plastic, ceramic, or other substrate materials. Pixels <NUM> may receive data signals over signal paths such as data lines D and may receive one or more control signals over control signal paths such as horizontal control lines G (sometimes referred to as gate lines, scan lines, emission control lines, etc.). There may be any suitable number of rows and columns of pixels <NUM> in display <NUM> (e.g., tens or more, hundreds or more, or thousands or more). Each pixel <NUM> may have a light-emitting diode <NUM> that emits light <NUM> under the control of a pixel circuit formed from thin-film transistor circuitry (such as thin-film transistors <NUM> and thin-film capacitors). Thin-film transistors <NUM> may be polysilicon thin-film transistors, semiconducting-oxide thin-film transistors such as indium gallium zinc oxide transistors, or thin-film transistors formed from other semiconductors. Pixels <NUM> may contain light-emitting diodes of different colors (e.g., red, green, and blue diodes for red, green, and blue pixels, respectively) to provide display <NUM> with the ability to display color images.

Display driver circuitry may be used to control the operation of pixels <NUM>. The display driver circuitry may be formed from integrated circuits, thin-film transistor circuits, or other suitable circuitry. Display driver circuitry <NUM> of <FIG> may contain communications circuitry for communicating with system control circuitry such as control circuitry <NUM> of <FIG> over path <NUM>. Path <NUM> may be formed from traces on a flexible printed circuit or other cable. During operation, the control circuitry (e.g., control circuitry <NUM> of <FIG>) may supply circuitry <NUM> with information on images to be displayed on display <NUM>.

To display the images on display pixels <NUM>, display driver circuitry <NUM> may supply image data to data lines D while issuing clock signals and other control signals to supporting display driver circuitry such as gate driver circuitry <NUM> over path <NUM>. If desired, circuitry <NUM> may also supply clock signals and other control signals to gate driver circuitry on an opposing edge of display <NUM>.

Gate driver circuitry <NUM> (sometimes referred to as horizontal control line control circuitry) may be implemented as part of an integrated circuit and/or may be implemented using thin-film transistor circuitry. Horizontal control lines G in display <NUM> may carry gate line signals (scan line signals), emission enable control signals, and other horizontal control signals for controlling the pixels of each row. There may be any suitable number of horizontal control signals per row of pixels <NUM> (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.).

Display <NUM> may sometimes be a stereoscopic display that is configured to display three-dimensional content for a viewer. Stereoscopic displays are capable of displaying multiple two-dimensional images that are viewed from slightly different angles. When viewed together, the combination of the two-dimensional images creates the illusion of a three-dimensional image for the viewer. For example, a viewer's left eye may receive a first two-dimensional image and a viewer's right eye may receive a second, different two-dimensional image. The viewer perceives these two different two-dimensional images as a single three-dimensional image.

There are numerous ways to implement a stereoscopic display. Display <NUM> may be a lenticular display that uses lenticular lenses (e.g., elongated lenses that extend along parallel axes), may be a parallax barrier display that uses parallax barriers (e.g., an opaque layer with precisely spaced slits to create a sense of depth through parallax), may be a volumetric display, or may be any other desired type of stereoscopic display. Configurations in which display <NUM> is a lenticular display are sometimes described herein as an example.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticular display that may be incorporated into electronic device <NUM>. Display <NUM> includes a display panel <NUM> with pixels <NUM> on substrate <NUM>. Substrate <NUM> may be formed from glass, metal, plastic, ceramic, or other substrate materials and pixels <NUM> may be organic light-emitting diode pixels, liquid crystal display pixels, or any other desired type of pixels.

As shown in <FIG>, lenticular lens film <NUM> is formed over the display pixels. Lenticular lens film <NUM> (sometimes referred to as a light redirecting film, a lens film, etc.) includes lenses <NUM> and a base film portion <NUM> (e.g., a planar film portion to which lenses <NUM> are attached). Lenses <NUM> may be lenticular lenses that extend along respective longitudinal axes (e.g., axes that extend into the page parallel to the Y-axis). Lenses <NUM> may be referred to as lenticular elements <NUM>, lenticular lenses <NUM>, optical elements <NUM>, etc..

The lenses <NUM> of the lenticular lens film cover the pixels of display <NUM>. An example is shown in <FIG> with display pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. In this example, display pixels <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> are covered by a first lenticular lens <NUM>, display pixels <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> are covered by a second lenticular lens <NUM>, and display pixels <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> are covered by a third lenticular lens <NUM>. The lenticular lenses may redirect light from the display pixels to enable stereoscopic viewing of the display.

Consider the example of display <NUM> being viewed by a viewer with a first eye (e.g., a right eye) <NUM>-<NUM> and a second eye (e.g., a left eye) <NUM>-<NUM>. Light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>. In this way, the viewer's right eye <NUM>-<NUM> receives images from pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>, whereas left eye <NUM>-<NUM> receives images from pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. Pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may be used to display a slightly different image than pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. Consequently, the viewer may perceive the received images as a single three-dimensional image.

Pixels of the same color may be covered by a respective lenticular lens <NUM>. In one example, pixels <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may be red pixels that emit red light, pixels <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may be green pixels that emit green light, and pixels <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may be blue pixels that emit blue light. This example is merely illustrative. In general, each lenticular lens may cover any desired number of pixels each having any desired color. The lenticular lens may cover a plurality of pixels having the same color, may cover a plurality of pixels each having different colors, may cover a plurality of pixels with some pixels being the same color and some pixels being different colors, etc..

<FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative stereoscopic display showing how the stereoscopic display may be viewable by multiple viewers. The stereoscopic display of <FIG> may have one optimal viewing position (e.g., one viewing position where the images from the display are perceived as three-dimensional). The stereoscopic display of <FIG> may have two optimal viewing positions (e.g., two viewing positions where the images from the display are perceived as three-dimensional).

Display <NUM> may be viewed by both a first viewer with a right eye <NUM>-<NUM> and a left eye <NUM>-<NUM> and a second viewer with a right eye <NUM>-<NUM> and a left eye <NUM>-<NUM>. Light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>, light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards left eye <NUM>-<NUM>, and light from pixel <NUM>-<NUM> is directed by the lenticular lens film in direction <NUM>-<NUM> towards right eye <NUM>-<NUM>. In this way, the first viewer's right eye <NUM>-<NUM> receives images from pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>, whereas left eye <NUM>-<NUM> receives images from pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. Pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may be used to display a slightly different image than pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. Consequently, the first viewer may perceive the received images as a single three-dimensional image. Similarly, the second viewer's right eye <NUM>-<NUM> receives images from pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>, whereas left eye <NUM>-<NUM> receives images from pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. Pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may be used to display a slightly different image than pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>. Consequently, the second viewer may perceive the received images as a single three-dimensional image.

Pixels of the same color may be covered by a respective lenticular lens <NUM>. In one example, pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may be red pixels that emit red light, pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may be green pixels that emit green light, and pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may be blue pixels that emit blue light. This example is merely illustrative. The display may be used to present the same three-dimensional image to both viewers or may present different three-dimensional images to different viewers. In some cases, control circuitry in the electronic device <NUM> may use eye and/or head tracking system <NUM> to track the position of one or more viewers and display content on the display based on the detected position of the one or more viewers.

It should be understood that the lenticular lens shapes and directional arrows of <FIG> and <FIG> are merely illustrative. The actual rays of light from each pixel may follow more complicated paths (e.g., with redirection occurring due to refraction, total internal reflection, etc.). Additionally, light from each pixel may be emitted over a range of angles. The lenticular display may also have lenticular lenses of any desired shape or shapes. Each lenticular lens may have a width that covers two pixels, three pixels, four pixels, more than four pixels, more than ten pixels, etc. Each lenticular lens may have a length that extends across the entire display (e.g., parallel to columns of pixels in the display).

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative lenticular lens film that may be incorporated into a lenticular display. As shown in <FIG>, elongated lenses <NUM> extend across the display parallel to the Y-axis. For example, the cross-sectional side view of <FIG> and <FIG> may be taken looking in direction <NUM>. The lenticular display may include any desired number of lenticular lenses <NUM> (e.g., more than <NUM>, more than <NUM>, more than <NUM>,<NUM>, more than <NUM>,<NUM>, etc.).

<FIG> is a side view of an illustrative planar lenticular display. The pixels in the display may emit light over an emission angle <NUM> (sometimes referred to as an emission cone) that is controlled at least in part by the lenticular lens film of the display. The display may be viewable across a range of viewing angles that correspond to the emission angles of the display pixels. For example, viewing cone 54F may correspond to a viewer looking at display <NUM> from the front of the display (e.g., at an on-axis direction parallel to the display's surface normal <NUM>). Viewing cone 54A may correspond to a viewer looking at display <NUM> in a direction that is angled by <NUM>° relative to the surface normal <NUM>. As shown in <FIG>, from both the front view 54F and angled view 54A, the viewing cone overlaps the emission cones of the display pixels. Therefore, a viewer may properly see the pixels on both the left side of the display, the center of the display, and the right side of the display. This may be true across viewing angles from <NUM>° (e.g., parallel to the surface normal) to ±<NUM>°. Beyond <NUM>°, the viewer may not be able to properly see certain pixels (e.g., pixels at the edges of the display). The lenticular lens film used in the display of <FIG> may therefore be considered a <NUM>° field-of-view film (because the film enables a viewer to properly view the display at angles between -<NUM>° and +<NUM>° relative to the surface normal of the display).

<FIG> shows an example of a planar display. However, in some electronic devices, it may be desirable for display <NUM> to be curved. Curving display <NUM> may allow the display to conform to a desired form factor for the electronic device <NUM>, may provide a desired aesthetic appearance, etc. The display may have concave curvature or convex curvature.

Providing curvature in a lenticular display may impact the performance of the lenticular display. In particular, the curvature of the display means that the angle of the surface of the display relative to the viewer is not constant. This may make it difficult for all of the pixels in the lenticular display to be properly viewable.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative lenticular display having convex curvature. In other words, the edges of the display are curved away from the emission direction of the display. The lenticular display of <FIG> may use the same lenticular lens film as the display of <FIG>, meaning that angle <NUM> in <FIG> is the same as angle <NUM> in <FIG>. As shown in <FIG>, the convex curvature of lenticular display <NUM> causes some of the pixels to fall outside of the viewing cone of the viewer. Similar to <FIG>, viewing cone 54F corresponds to a viewer looking at display <NUM> from the front of the display (e.g., at an on-axis direction parallel to the display's surface normal <NUM> at the center of the display). Viewing cone 54A may correspond to a viewer looking at display <NUM> in a direction that is angled by <NUM>° relative to the surface normal <NUM>.

As shown by viewing cone 54F, a viewer from the front of the display can properly see a pixel at the center of the display. However, the emission cones of the pixels at the left and right edges of the display are too narrow to overlap with viewing cone 54F. A viewer at the front of the display therefore will not see the pixels at the left and right edges of the display. As shown by viewing cone 54A, a viewer from an off-axis position can properly see pixels at the center of the display and at the right edge of the display. However, the emission cones of the pixels at the left edge of the display do not overlap viewing cone 54A. A viewer at the <NUM>° angle may therefore not properly see pixels on the far edge of the display.

To enable convex curvature in lenticular displays, the lenticular lens film may be modified to increase the angle of the emission cone of light from the pixels. For example, the lenticular lens film may have lenticular lenses with more curvature. <FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of a display of this type. As shown in <FIG>, the display pixels may have an emission angle <NUM> that is larger than the emission angle of the display pixels in <FIG> and <FIG>. The emission angle in <FIG> may be <NUM>° in one illustrative example (e.g., ±<NUM>°). This is in contrast to the emission angle in <FIG> which may be <NUM>° in one illustrative example (e.g., ±<NUM>°).

Similar to <FIG> and <FIG>, viewing cone 54F in <FIG> corresponds to a viewer looking at display <NUM> from the front of the display (e.g., at an on-axis direction parallel to the display's surface normal <NUM> at the center of the display). Viewing cone 54A may correspond to a viewer looking at display <NUM> in a direction that is angled by <NUM>° relative to the surface normal <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, from both the front view 54F and angled view 54A, the viewing cone overlaps the emission cone of the display pixels. Therefore, a viewer may properly see the pixels on the left side of the display, the center of the display, and the right side of the display. This may be true across viewing angles from <NUM>° (e.g., parallel to the surface normal <NUM>) to ±<NUM>°.

Lenticular display <NUM> with convex curvature may have a width <NUM>, height <NUM>, and radius of curvature <NUM>. Width <NUM> may refer to the width of the footprint of display <NUM> (e.g., the width of the outline of the display when viewed from above, not accounting for the display's curvature). Width <NUM> may sometimes be referred to as a footprint width. Display <NUM> may also have a panel width that refers to the width of display <NUM> before bending occurs. Height <NUM> may refer to the vertical distance (e.g., along the Z-axis) between the upper-most portion of the upper surface of the display (e.g., the center of the display) and the lower-most portion of the upper surface of the display (e.g., the left and right edges of the display). In <FIG>, width <NUM> may be between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters etc. Height <NUM> may be greater than <NUM> millimeter, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, etc. In one illustrative arrangement, width <NUM> is approximately (e.g., within <NUM>% of) <NUM> millimeters and height <NUM> is approximately (e.g., within <NUM>% of) <NUM> millimeters.

The curvature of the display in <FIG> may also be characterized by radius of curvature <NUM>. The radius of curvature refers to the radius of the circular arc that best approximates the curve at that point. Therefore, a large radius of curvature indicates a mild curvature (because the curve develops over a longer distance) whereas a small radius of curvature indicates tight curvature (because the curve develops over a shorter distance). In <FIG>, the radius of curvature is uniform across the display. The radius of curvature may be approximately (e.g., within <NUM>%) of <NUM> millimeters. This example is merely illustrative, and the radius of curvature may be lower or higher if desired (e.g., greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, etc.).

In some cases, it may be desirable to form a lenticular display with more curvature than the lenticular display in <FIG>. For example, a larger degree of curvature may be desired to match the form factor of the electronic device. The radius of curvature may be reduced to increase curvature in the display. However, the pixels may then not be properly viewable (similar to as shown in connection with <FIG>). In <FIG>, the emission angle <NUM> is already increased relative to <FIG>, yet viewing cone 54A barely overlaps the emission cone <NUM>. Therefore, to enable proper pixel viewing with a higher degree of curvature, the emission angle would have to be increased. However, this may not be possible due to constraints in the lenticular lens film manufacturing process. The emission angle <NUM> in <FIG> may be the maximum possible emission angle for the lenticular lens film. Therefore, the emission angle cannot be increased to accommodate increased convex curvature in the display.

In addition to or instead of modifying the lenticular lens film for increased emission angle, other techniques may be used to enable forming of stereoscopic displays with desired convex curvature. One way to increase the curvature of the display while avoiding visible artifacts is to have non-stereoscopic regions along the edges of the display. The non-stereoscopic regions may be configured to present two-dimensional content instead of three-dimensional content. Accordingly, the viewing angle constraints for the non-stereoscopic regions may be alleviated. This allows for a greater degree of curvature to be used in the display.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display with non-stereoscopic portions for increased convex curvature. As shown in <FIG>, the display has a central stereoscopic portion <NUM>. The display also has non-stereoscopic portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> that are formed around the central stereoscopic portion along the left and right edges of the display, respectively.

In non-stereoscopic display portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>, pixel data may be used such that the same image is provided to both the left and right eye of the user. This prevents the user from perceiving a three-dimensional image in this area. However, the pixels in these regions may be properly viewed from a wide range of viewing angles, not just viewing angles that overlap emission cones <NUM>. This effectively removes any viewing angle constraints for the pixels in non-stereoscopic portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>. The viewing angle constraints may still be present for the pixels in stereoscopic portion <NUM>, but the reduced width of this portion (due to the presence of the non-stereoscopic portions) allows for more aggressive curvature of the display.

As shown in <FIG>, from both the front view 54F and angled view 54A, the viewing cone overlaps the emission cone of the display pixels. Therefore, a viewer may properly see the pixels on the left side of the stereoscopic portion of the display, the center of the stereoscopic portion of the display, and the right side of the stereoscopic portion of the display. This may be true across viewing angles from <NUM>° (e.g., parallel to the surface normal <NUM>) to ±<NUM>°. Because the pixels in non-stereoscopic display portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> are not constrained to viewing within angle <NUM>, the pixels in non-stereoscopic display portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may also be viewable from both the front view 54F and the angled view 54A.

In <FIG>, width <NUM> may be the same as the width <NUM> in <FIG>. Alternatively, the panel width in <FIG> may be the same as the panel width in <FIG> and the footprint width <NUM> in <FIG> may be smaller than the footprint width in <FIG> due to the increased curvature in <FIG>. Width <NUM> in <FIG> may be between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters etc. Height <NUM> in <FIG> may be greater than height <NUM> in <FIG>, due to the increased curvature of the display. Height <NUM> may be greater than <NUM> millimeter, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, etc. In one illustrative arrangement, display <NUM> in <FIG> has a width <NUM> of approximately (e.g., within <NUM>% of) <NUM> millimeters and a height <NUM> of approximately (e.g., within <NUM>% of) <NUM> millimeters.

The curvature of the display in <FIG> may also be characterized by radius of curvature <NUM>. In <FIG>, the radius of curvature is uniform across the display. The radius of curvature <NUM> in <FIG> is smaller than the radius of curvature <NUM> in <FIG> due to the increased curvature in <FIG>. The radius of curvature may be approximately (e.g., within <NUM>% of) <NUM> millimeters. This example is merely illustrative, and the radius of curvature may be lower or higher if desired (e.g., greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, etc.).

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative lenticular display with a stereoscopic zone and non-stereoscopic zones. As shown in <FIG>, the display may have a stereoscopic zone <NUM> (sometimes referred to as stereoscopic region, stereoscopic portion, three-dimensional portion, central portion, etc.) that is interposed between non-stereoscopic zone <NUM>-<NUM> and non-stereoscopic zone <NUM>-<NUM> (sometimes referred to as non-stereoscopic regions, non-stereoscopic portions, two-dimensional portions, edge portions, etc.). The stereoscopic zone may present three-dimensional content for the viewer whereas the non-stereoscopic zones may present two-dimensional content for the viewer. The presence of the non-stereoscopic zones may enable more convex curvature in the display without disruption to the stereoscopic viewing in the stereoscopic zone.

Each zone of the display may have any desired width. Stereoscopic zone <NUM> may have a width <NUM> (either a footprint width or a panel width) that is between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters etc. Non-stereoscopic zone <NUM>-<NUM> may have a width <NUM> (either a footprint width or a panel width) that is greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, etc. Non-stereoscopic zone <NUM>-<NUM> may have a width <NUM> (either a footprint width or a panel width) that is greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, etc..

Decreasing the width of stereoscopic zone <NUM> (and accordingly, increasing the width of the non-stereoscopic zones) may increase the maximum allowable curvature of the display. However, decreasing the width of the stereoscopic portion reduces the amount of three-dimensional content that can be displayed using the lenticular display. These factors may be balanced based on the design requirements for a particular lenticular display.

<FIG> have shown examples of displays with a uniform radius of curvature across the display. These examples are merely illustrative. Some lenticular displays may have varying curvature across the display. <FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display with two different radii of curvature. As shown in <FIG>, stereoscopic portion <NUM> may have a first radius of curvature <NUM>. The display may also include non-stereoscopic portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>. Because the non-stereoscopic portions are not used to present three-dimensional content, these portions may be less constrained in their radius of curvature. Therefore, if useful to fit a desired form factor, the non-stereoscopic portions of the display may have a higher degree of curvature than the stereoscopic portions of the display. <FIG> shows dashed lines <NUM> to indicate the position of the non-stereoscopic display portions if the curvature remained uniform across the entire display. Instead, the radii of curvature <NUM> and <NUM> are smaller than the radius of curvature <NUM>. The display is therefore more curved in edge portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> than in central portion <NUM>.

Having more curvature in non-stereoscopic portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> allows for the display height <NUM> in <FIG> to be larger than in <FIG> (when uniform curvature is used). Height <NUM> in <FIG> may be greater than <NUM> millimeter, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, etc..

The radius of curvature <NUM> may be approximately (e.g., within <NUM>%) of <NUM> millimeters. This example is merely illustrative, and radius of curvature <NUM> may be lower or higher if desired (e.g., greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, etc.). Radius of curvature <NUM> may be less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, etc. Radius of curvature <NUM> may be less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM> millimeters, greater than <NUM>,<NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, less than <NUM> millimeters, between <NUM> and <NUM> millimeters, etc. Radius of curvature <NUM> may the same or may be different than radius of curvature <NUM>.

If desired, the radius of curvature may vary within stereoscopic region <NUM>. In general, the radius of curvature of any portion of display <NUM> may be selected based on the particular design and form factor of the lenticular display.

<FIG> is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with a display having both stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic portions. Electronic device <NUM> may include a graphics processing unit <NUM> that provides image data (e.g., brightness values to be used for each pixel) to display driver circuitry <NUM>. Display driver circuitry <NUM> may supply the image data to data lines D of the display. The images corresponding to the image data are then displayed using display pixels <NUM> of lenticular display <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, graphics processing unit <NUM> (GPU) may provide both three-dimensional content (e.g., stereoscopic image content) and two-dimensional content (e.g., non-stereoscopic image content) to the display driver circuitry <NUM>. The three-dimensional content may be configured to be displayed in the stereoscopic portion of the display whereas the two-dimensional content may be configured to be displayed on the non-stereoscopic portions of the display. The two-dimensional content may include duplicate values for some of the display pixels to ensure that the pixel appears the same regardless of viewing angle. In other words, the pixels are provided with image data such that the same image is provided to the left and right eye of the user. This prevents a three-dimensional image from being perceived by the user, but avoids errors that may be caused due to having a lenticular display with convex curvature.

The example in <FIG> of a graphics processing unit <NUM> providing the image data to display driver circuitry <NUM> is merely illustrative. In general, any desired circuitry or display component may be used to provide the image data to display driver circuitry <NUM>.

In some cases, display <NUM> may be operable in multiple modes. <FIG> is a state diagram showing illustrative modes of operation for display <NUM>. As shown, the display may operate in a two-dimensional display mode <NUM> and a three-dimensional display mode <NUM>. In the two-dimensional display mode <NUM>, the entire display may be treated as non-stereoscopic. The pixel data may be selected such that the displayed image appears the same in both eyes, preventing the stereoscopic effect that results in perception of a three-dimensional image. In three-dimensional display mode <NUM>, three-dimensional image data may be provided to the stereoscopic portion(s) of the display. For example, stereoscopic portion <NUM> may be used to present three-dimensional content. In the three-dimensional display mode, non-stereoscopic display portions such as non-stereoscopic display portions <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> in <FIG> may still present two-dimensional content in order to enable increased curvature of the lenticular display.

<FIG> show another technique for enabling increased convex curvature in lenticular displays. In particular, the lenticular lenses may have a varying shape across the display to direct the light in a desired direction. <FIG> shows a lenticular display with shifted lenticular lenses before the lenticular display is curved. As shown in <FIG>, lenticular display <NUM> has display pixels <NUM> on a substrate <NUM>, similar to as discussed previously. Lenticular lens film <NUM> includes lenticular lenses <NUM> on a base film <NUM>. Each lenticular lens may have an axis <NUM> that corresponds to the primary emission direction of light that is redirected by the lens (e.g., the direction of a chief ray associated with the lenticular lens). Said another way, light may be redirected by the lenticular lens to have an emission cone with a center defined by axis <NUM>. The shape of the lens may be shifted in order to control the direction of axis <NUM>. To allow for increased convex curvature in the display, the axis of each lenticular lens may vary depending on the position of the lenticular lens within the display.

As shown in <FIG>, the angle of axis <NUM> relative to the planar upper surface of base film <NUM> varies among the lenticular lenses. A lenticular lens at the center of the display may have an axis at an angle <NUM> relative to the planar upper surface of base film <NUM>. Angle <NUM> may be <NUM>°, indicating how the light from the lenticular lens may be emitted in a direction orthogonal to the upper surface of the base film. However, as the lenticular lenses move closer to the edge of the display, the angle of axis <NUM> may decrease. A lenticular lens at the edge of the display may have an axis <NUM> at an angle <NUM> relative to the upper surface of base film <NUM>. Angle <NUM> may be less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, more than <NUM>°, more than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc..

The angle of each lenticular lens axis relative to the base film may progressively decrease from a maximum at the center of the display (e.g., <NUM>°) to a minimum at the edge of the display. The angle of each axis may decrease continuously and monotonically, or may decrease according to a step function. There may be at least two different angles present in the display, at least three different angles present in the display, at least five different angles present in the display, at least ten different angles present in the display, etc. The lens shape may be shifted (e.g., distorted, made asymmetric, etc.) in order to control the axis of the lens. Accordingly, the lens shape may progressively shift from a symmetric shape at the center of the display to a maximally shifted shape at the edge of the display. The amount of shift in each lenticular lens shape may increase continuously and monotonically from the center to the edge or may increase according to a step function. There may be at least two different lens shapes present in the display, at least three different lens shapes present in the display, at least five different lens shapes present in the display, at least ten different lens shapes present in the display, etc..

The lenticular lens shapes may be shifted such that light from the display is emitted in an on-axis direction after the display is curved. <FIG> shows a cross-sectional side view of the lenticular display in a curved state. As shown, the shift of the lens results in the axes <NUM> being parallel to the Z-axis, regardless of whether the lens is in the center of the display or the edge of the display. Therefore, the shifted shapes of lenticular lenses <NUM> in <FIG> can be used to redirect the light in the Z-direction. This may enable more curvature in the display, as edge pixels may still be able to present three-dimensional content despite the curvature due to the shifted lenticular lenses. The example in <FIG> where each axis <NUM> is parallel to the Z-axis is merely illustrative. In general, lenticular lenses <NUM> may be shifted such that the axes <NUM> are closer to being parallel to the Z-axis, but the axes may still not all be parallel with the Z-axis.

Although only half of the display is shown in <FIG>, it should be understood that this technique may be used for both halves of the lenticular display. On both halves of the display, one or more lenticular lenses may have shapes that are distorted to cause light to be redirected more towards the center of the display (in a planar configuration) and therefore closer to the Z-axis (in a bent configuration).

Another potential problem that may affect lenticular displays is errors due to crosstalk. <FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display illustrating this issue. As shown in <FIG>, pixels in the display may emit light over an emission angle <NUM> (sometimes referred to as an emission cone) that is controlled at least in part by the lenticular lens film of the display. The optimal viewing angle of the display may only correspond to emission area <NUM>. However, the light emitted in regions <NUM> and <NUM> may still be viewable by viewers at large viewing angles outside of the normal field of view. The light emitted in regions <NUM> and <NUM> may cause image inversion or repeated pixels for these viewers. These type of noticeable defects in the displayed image are undesirable.

To block crosstalk that causes noticeable defects in a lenticular display, a louver film may be incorporated into the display. <FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display with a louver film. As shown in <FIG>, louver film <NUM> may be interposed between display panel <NUM> and lenticular lens film <NUM>. The louver film may block light past certain viewing angles. This ensures that light corresponding to the optimal viewing angle is still emitted from the display (as shown by emission area <NUM> in <FIG>). However, light outside of this area is blocked by louver film <NUM>. Accordingly, the light from regions <NUM> and <NUM> in <FIG> is not present in <FIG>. Outside of the optimal field of view, the display pixels will simply appear dark instead of presenting a repeated or incorrect image to the viewer.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of a lenticular display showing a detailed view of a louver film included in the lenticular display. Display <NUM> includes pixels <NUM> on substrate <NUM>. Substrate <NUM> may be formed from glass, metal, plastic, ceramic, or other substrate materials and pixels <NUM> may be organic light-emitting diode pixels, liquid crystal display pixels, or any other desired type of pixels. Lenticular lens film <NUM> may be formed over the display pixels. Lenticular lens film <NUM> includes lenses <NUM> and a base film portion <NUM>.

The display of <FIG> also includes a polarizer <NUM> formed over display pixels <NUM>. Polarizer <NUM> may be a linear polarizer (e.g., formed from layers of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tri-acetate cellulose (TAC) or formed from other desired materials). Louver film <NUM> is interposed between polarizer <NUM> and lenticular lens film <NUM>. The louver film includes both transparent portions <NUM> and opaque portions <NUM>. The transparent portions of the louver film may be formed from a polymer material such as polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. The transparent portions of the louver film may be formed from other materials such as glass if desired. The transparent portions of the louver film may transmit more than <NUM>% of light, more than <NUM>% of light, more than <NUM>% of light, etc..

Opaque portions <NUM> of the louver film may be formed from an opaque material. For example, the opaque portions may transmit less than <NUM>% of light, less than <NUM>% of light, less than <NUM>% of light, less than <NUM>% of light, less than <NUM>% of light, less than <NUM>% of light, less than <NUM>% of light, etc. The opaque portions may be formed from an opaque polymer material or an opaque material of another type. The opaque portions may extend from an upper surface of the louver film to a lower surface of the louver film. Opaque portions <NUM> may sometimes be referred to as opaque walls. The opaque portions may be elongated parallel to the Y-axis, similar to the pattern for the lenticular lenses shown in <FIG>. Each opaque portion may extend in the Y-direction across the entire display.

Due to the presence of opaque portions <NUM>, the angle of light emitted through transparent portions <NUM> is limited. The angle of emission through the louver film may be less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, between ±<NUM>° and ±<NUM>°, between ±<NUM>° and ±<NUM>°, etc. Because louver film <NUM> reduces the angle-of-emission and accordingly the viewing angle of the display, louver film <NUM> may sometimes be referred to as an angle-of-emission reduction layer <NUM>, a viewing angle reduction layer <NUM>, an emission angle reduction angle <NUM>, etc. The louver film may also be referred to as privacy film <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, in some cases an additional film may be formed over lenticular lens film <NUM>. Film <NUM> may conform to the upper surface of lenticular lens film <NUM>. The film may have a smooth upper surface <NUM> and curved lower surface <NUM> that directly contacts the upper surface of lens film <NUM>. Forming film <NUM> over the lens film may provide a smooth upper surface (instead of the non-uniform upper surface of lens film <NUM>), which may provide manufacturing benefits. Covering lens film <NUM> with film <NUM> may also protect lens film <NUM> from damage.

Film <NUM> may be formed from a transparent material (e.g., a polymer material) having a low index-of-refraction. For example, the index-of-refraction of film <NUM> may be less than <NUM>, less than <NUM>, less than <NUM>, less than <NUM>, etc. Forming film <NUM> from a low-index material may improve the lens power of lenticular lenses <NUM> relative to arrangements where a higherindex film is used. Film <NUM> may sometimes be referred to as a low-index film, protective film, planarization film, low-index layer, protective layer, or planarization layer.

If desired, opaque portions <NUM> may be selectively opaque. For example, the opaque portions <NUM> may be switched between a transparent state and an opaque state. The opaque portions may only have two states (e.g., fully transparent and fully opaque) or may have additional states between the two extremes if desired. To switch the transparency of selectively opaque portions <NUM>, control circuitry <NUM> may apply signals to contact <NUM> and/or contact <NUM>. In one example, opaque portions <NUM> may be formed from a liquid crystal material. Control circuitry <NUM> may apply different voltages to electrodes on either side of the opaque portion (e.g., at contacts <NUM> and <NUM>) to control the transparency of the opaque portions. In another example, the opaque portions may include electronic ink (e.g., negatively and positively charged black and white particles that are suspended in a clear fluid). Control circuitry may apply signals to contact <NUM> and/or contact <NUM> to change the opacity of selectively opaque portion <NUM> to control the emission angle of the display.

Control circuitry <NUM> may control all of the opaque portions in the display universally or may have per-opaque-portion control. In some cases, control circuitry <NUM> may control some selectively opaque portions to be transparent and some selectively opaque portions to be opaque at the same time. In one example, control circuitry <NUM> may control the opacity of the selectively opaque portions based on information from eye and/or head tracking system. For example, based on the user's head and/or eye position, the control circuitry may make some of the portions <NUM> opaque to block cross-talk.

The example in <FIG> and <FIG> of having louver film <NUM> formed separately from lenticular lens film <NUM> is merely illustrative. As shown in <FIG>, in one possible embodiment the opaque portions of the louver film may be incorporated directly into the base portion of the lenticular lens film. Said another way, the louver film may serve as the base film for the lenticular lenses. As shown in <FIG>, base film <NUM> for lenticular lens film <NUM> includes opaque portions <NUM>. The opaque portions <NUM> may be static or may optionally be selectively opaque portions as shown in <FIG>. The opaque portions <NUM> in <FIG> may extend from an upper surface of the base film to a lower surface of the base film. Opaque portions <NUM> may sometimes be referred to as opaque walls. Due to the presence of opaque portions <NUM>, the angle of light emitted through the display is limited. The angle of emission through the louver film may be less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, between ±<NUM>° and ±<NUM>°, between ±<NUM>° and ±<NUM>°, etc..

In <FIG>, protective film <NUM> is shown as being formed over lenticular lens film <NUM>. This example is merely illustrative and the protective film may be omitted if desired. Additionally, <FIG> have shown illustrative lenticular display arrangements where a louver film is formed below the lenticular lens film. In other words, the light from the display pixels reaches the opaque portions <NUM> before reaching lenticular lenses <NUM>. However, the order of these components may be reversed if desired.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative display having lenticular lenses interposed between the display pixels and a louver film. As shown in <FIG>, display pixels <NUM> may be formed on substrate <NUM> and polarizer <NUM> may be formed over display pixels <NUM> (similar to as in <FIG>). However, lenticular lens film <NUM> is interposed between louver film <NUM> and polarizer <NUM>. Forming the louver film above the lenticular lens film may desirably reduce specular reflections off of the upper surface of the display. The lenticular lens film has a base portion <NUM> with lenticular lenses <NUM>. However, the lenticular lenses have convex curvature that extends towards the display pixels instead of away from the display pixels. A low-index film <NUM> is interposed between lenticular lens film <NUM> and display pixels <NUM>. The low-index film may form a smooth surface that can be better adhered to polarizer <NUM>.

Louver film <NUM> with transparent portions <NUM> and opaque portions <NUM> may be formed over lenticular lens film <NUM>. The louver film operates as previously described, limiting the angle of light that may be emitted from the display. The angle of emission through the louver film may be less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, less than ±<NUM>°, between ±<NUM>° and ±<NUM>°, between ±<NUM>° and ±<NUM>°, etc..

In <FIG>, the opaque portions of the louver film may be incorporated into base film <NUM> of the lenticular lens film instead of having separately formed lenticular lens and louver films (similar to as shown in <FIG>). Additionally, opaque portions <NUM> in <FIG> may be selectively opaque as shown in connection with <FIG>. In <FIG>, polarization layer <NUM> may optionally be omitted if desired. In <FIG>, although a planar portion of the lenticular display is shown, it should be understood that the lenticular display (and all of its components in each cross-section) may have convex curvature (as in <FIG>) or may be entirely planar.

As shown in <FIG>, the opaque portions of the louver film may be angled to ultimately be parallel after the louver film is curved. The opaque portions may be elongated portions that each extend along a respective axis <NUM>. In the center of the curved louver film, axis <NUM>-<NUM> may be perpendicular to the upper and lower surfaces of the louver film (and other layers in the display stack). At the edge of the curved louver film, axis <NUM>-<NUM> may be angled relative to the upper (and lower) surface of the louver film. Axis <NUM>-<NUM> may be at an angle relative to the upper surface of the louver film that is less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, more than <NUM>°, more than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc. Axis <NUM>-<NUM> may be angled such that the axis is parallel to the Z-axis.

The angle of each axis may progressively decrease from a maximum at the center of the display (e.g., <NUM>°) to a minimum at each edge of the display. Accordingly, all of the axes <NUM> for the opaque portions in the louver film may be parallel (or close to parallel). In other words, the axes are angled to account for the curvature of the film. The angle of each axis may decrease continuously and monotonically from the center to the edge of the display, or may decrease according to a step function.

This example is merely illustrative. In other arrangements, the axes may not all be parallel. Any desired pattern of axes may be used to control the pattern of light emitted through the louver film.

The parallel opaque portions of the curved film of <FIG> may be applied to the louver film regardless of the rest of the display stack-up. For example, the opaque portions of <FIG> may be angled as in <FIG> when the display is curved, the opaque portions of <FIG> may be angled as in <FIG> when the display is curved, the opaque portions of <FIG> may be angled as in <FIG> when the display is curved, and the opaque portions of <FIG> may be angled as in <FIG> when the display is curved.

Additionally, a lenticular display having a louver film may have non-stereoscopic regions (as in <FIG> and <FIG>), may have non-uniform radius of curvature across the display (as in <FIG>), and/or may have lenticular lenses with shifted axes (as in <FIG>).

<FIG> are top views of an illustrative display showing how the lenticular lenses may be at an angle relative to the pixel array. As shown in <FIG>, the display may include a lenticular lens film with lenticular lenses <NUM>. The display may have a rectangular periphery with first and second (e.g., upper and lower) opposing edges as well as third and fourth (e.g., left and right) opposing edges. <FIG> shows upper edge <NUM> and side edge <NUM> (e.g., a left edge). Upper edge <NUM> and <NUM> may be orthogonal, as shown in <FIG>. The active area of the display and a substrate for the display may have corresponding upper, lower, left, and right edges. The example in <FIG> of the upper edge <NUM> being orthogonal to left edge <NUM> is merely illustrative. If desired, there may be a rounded corner between the adjacent edges in the display. The display may also include interruptions such as notches or holes in the active area.

Each lenticular lens <NUM> in the display may extend along a corresponding longitudinal axis <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). In other words, the lenticular lens may have a width, a length, and a height. The length may be greater than the width and height (e.g., by a factor of more than <NUM>, more than <NUM>, more than <NUM>,<NUM>, etc.) and the longitudinal axis may extend parallel to the length of the lenticular lens.

As shown in <FIG>, the lenticular lenses may be at an angle <NUM> relative to the upper edge <NUM> of the display. In this case, angle <NUM> is less than <NUM>°. The lenticular lenses may be referred to as being angled relative to the display. Angle <NUM> (e.g., the lower of the two supplementary angles that may be measured between axis <NUM> and upper edge <NUM>) may be any desired angle (e.g., less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc.). The lenticular lenses may also be at an angle relative to the pixel array.

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative pixel array that is covered by lenticular lenses <NUM> from <FIG>. As shown in <FIG>, each pixel <NUM> may include a red sub-pixel R, a green sub-pixel G, and a blue sub-pixel B. Each pixel <NUM> may have the same sub-pixel layout (e.g., the sub-pixels are in the same relative location in each pixel in the array).

In <FIG>, the pixels are arranged in a grid such that each row of pixels is placed directly below the preceding row of pixels. Consider the center of each red sub-pixel as an indicator of the pixel layout. The red sub-pixels are arranged in a line <NUM> that extends vertically across the display. In other words, line <NUM> is parallel to the left edge <NUM> of the display and orthogonal to the upper edge <NUM> of the display. This may be referred to as a vertical pixel pattern (because each pixel is positioned vertically below the pixel in the row above). Said another way, there is no lateral shift between each row and a preceding row.

The longitudinal axis <NUM> of a lenticular lens is overlaid on <FIG> to show the angle between the longitudinal axis <NUM> and the axis <NUM> that defines the pixel pattern. As shown in <FIG>, angle <NUM> between the pixel pattern axis and the longitudinal axis is greater than <NUM>°. Angle <NUM> may have any desired magnitude (e.g., greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc.).

To summarize, in <FIG> there is an angle (<NUM>) between the longitudinal axes of the lenticular lenses and the underlying pixel pattern. In <FIG>, the lenticular lenses are at an angle relative to the upper edge of the display whereas the pixel array follows a vertical pixel pattern that is orthogonal to the upper edge of the display. However, this example is merely illustrative. If desired, the angle between the longitudinal axes of the lenticular lenses and the underlying pixel pattern may be maintained while having the longitudinal axes of the lenticular lenses be orthogonal to the upper edge of the display.

<FIG> are top views of an illustrative display showing how the pixel rows may be shifted such that there is an angle between the pixel pattern and the lenticular lenses. As shown in <FIG>, each lenticular lens <NUM> may extend along an axis <NUM> that is orthogonal to the upper edge <NUM> of the display. Having the lenticular lenses <NUM> run orthogonal to the upper and lower edges of the display (and parallel to the left and right edges of the display) in this manner may result in the lenticular lenses being less detectable to a viewer during operation of the display.

Although having lenticular lenses <NUM> run orthogonal to the edges of the display (as in <FIG>) may be desirable for certain design criteria, it may still be desirable for the lenticular lenses to extend diagonally across the pixel array. In <FIG>, the lenticular lenses extend diagonally relative to the display borders and the pixel array has a vertical layout. In <FIG>, the lenticular lenses are orthogonal to the display borders and the pixel array may extend diagonally relative to the display borders.

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative pixel array having a row shift to produce the desired angle between the pixel array and lenticular lenses. As shown in <FIG>, each row of pixels may be offset from the above row of pixels. Consider the center of each red sub-pixel as an indicator of the pixel layout. The red sub-pixels are arranged in a line <NUM> that extends diagonally across the display. In other words, line <NUM> is not parallel to the left edge <NUM> of the display and is not orthogonal to the upper edge <NUM> of the display. This may be referred to as a diagonal pixel pattern or diagonal pixel layout (because each pixel is positioned diagonally below the pixel in the row above).

The longitudinal axis <NUM> of a lenticular lens is overlaid on <FIG> to show the angle between the longitudinal axis <NUM> and the axis <NUM> that defines the pixel pattern. As shown in <FIG>, angle <NUM> between the pixel pattern axis and the longitudinal axis is greater than <NUM>°. Angle <NUM> may have any desired magnitude (e.g., greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, greater than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc.).

The diagonal pattern of <FIG> may be the result of a shift of each row relative to the preceding row. For example, in <FIG> each red sub-pixel is laterally sifted by distance <NUM> relative to the red sub-pixel of the preceding row. This row shift results in the diagonal line <NUM> that defines the pixel array pattern in <FIG>. Distance <NUM> may be greater than <NUM> and less than the center-to-center pitch of adjacent pixels in a single row.

The illustrative pixel layouts shown in <FIG> and <FIG> are merely illustrative. Other pixel layouts may be used as desired. For example, some pixel layouts may include diamond shaped sub-pixels (e.g., sub-pixels that are rotated relative to the edges of the display). The shapes and size of each sub-pixel may be selected based on the particular design constraints for a given display.

One alternate pixel layout possibility is shown in <FIG>. The layout of <FIG> is similar to the layout of <FIG>. The pixels may have a diagonal layout that follows axis <NUM> which is at a non-zero angle <NUM> relative to the axis <NUM> of the lenticular lenses. However, in.

<FIG> the orientation of each blue sub-pixel is changed relative to the pattern of <FIG>.

As shown in <FIG>, each blue sub-pixel has a width <NUM> and a length <NUM> (where the length is longer than the width). In the layout of <FIG>, the length of each blue sub-pixel extends orthogonal to the longitudinal axis <NUM> of the lenticular lenses. To mitigate cross-talk, in <FIG> the length of each blue sub-pixel extends parallel to the longitudinal axis <NUM> of the lenticular lenses. This results in the shorter dimension of the blue sub-pixels being orthogonal to the lenticular lenses (and the longer dimension of the blue sub-pixels being parallel to the lenticular lenses). Arranging the blue sub-pixels in this way may mitigate cross-talk, because a lenticular lens is less likely to partially overlap a blue sub-pixel.

Additional pixel layout options are shown in <FIG> show illustrative examples where more than one pixel layout is used in the pixel array. In the example of <FIG>, the pixels have a diagonal arrangement (as discussed in connection with <FIG> and <FIG>) and may be covered by vertical lenticular lenses. However, the layout of the pixels vary.

As shown in <FIG>, the display includes pixels <NUM>-<NUM> with a first layout and pixels <NUM>-<NUM> with a second layout. In the first layout (of pixels <NUM>-<NUM>), the blue sub-pixel (B) is oriented vertically (e.g., with the length extending vertically, parallel to the lenticular lenses) similar to as in <FIG>. Additionally, pixels <NUM>-<NUM> include a red sub-pixel (R) that is positioned over a green sub-pixel (G). Pixels <NUM>-<NUM> have a similar layout to pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. However, the layout in pixels <NUM>-<NUM> is flipped vertically relative to the layout of pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. In pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, the blue pixel is adjacent to the upper edge of the pixel. In contrast, in pixel <NUM>-<NUM> the blue pixel is adjacent to the lower edge of the pixel. Additionally, in pixel <NUM>-<NUM> the green sub-pixel is positioned above the red sub-pixel (instead of the opposite arrangement in pixel <NUM>-<NUM>).

Every other pixel in a given row may have the same layout. As shown in <FIG>, the pixels <NUM>-<NUM> of the first layout alternate with the pixels <NUM>-<NUM> of the second layout. Therefore, each diagonal column of pixels has pixels of a single layout. However, the pixel layout in each column alternates.

In the example of <FIG>, the pixels have a diagonal arrangement (as discussed in connection with <FIG> and <FIG>) and may be covered by vertical lenticular lenses. The display includes pixels <NUM>-<NUM> with a first layout and pixels <NUM>-<NUM> with a second layout. In the first layout (of pixels <NUM>-<NUM>), the blue sub-pixel (B) is oriented horizontally (e.g., with the length extending horizontally) similar to as in <FIG>. Additionally, pixels <NUM>-<NUM> include a red sub-pixel (R) that is positioned to the left of a green sub-pixel (G). The red and green sub-pixels are positioned over the blue sub-pixel in pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. Pixels <NUM>-<NUM> have a similar layout to pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. However, the layout in pixels <NUM>-<NUM> is flipped vertically relative to the layout of pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. In pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, the blue pixel is adjacent to the lower edge of the pixel. In contrast, in pixel <NUM>-<NUM> the blue pixel is adjacent to the upper edge of the pixel. Additionally, in pixels <NUM>-<NUM> the green and red sub-pixels are positioned below the blue sub-pixel (instead of the opposite arrangement in pixel <NUM>-<NUM>).

In the example of <FIG>, the pixels again have a diagonal arrangement (as discussed in connection with <FIG> and <FIG>) and may be covered by vertical lenticular lenses. The pixels in <FIG> may have diamond and/or triangular shaped sub-pixels (instead of only rectangles as in <FIG> and <FIG>).

As shown in <FIG>, the display includes pixels <NUM>-<NUM> with a first layout and pixels <NUM>-<NUM> with a second layout. In the first layout (of pixels <NUM>-<NUM>), the blue sub-pixel (B) is diamond shaped (e.g., has an edge that is rotated relative to the upper edge of the pixel/display). In other words, the blue sub-pixel has an edge that is neither parallel nor orthogonal to the upper edge of the pixel. Additionally, pixels <NUM>-<NUM> include a red sub-pixel (R) that is positioned to the left of a green sub-pixel (G). The red and green sub-pixels have a triangular shape. The red and green sub-pixels are positioned over the blue sub-pixel in pixel <NUM>-<NUM>.

Pixels <NUM>-<NUM> have a similar layout to pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. However, the layout in pixels <NUM>-<NUM> is flipped vertically relative to the layout of pixels <NUM>-<NUM>. In pixels <NUM>-<NUM>, the blue pixel is adjacent to the lower edge of the pixel. In contrast, in pixel <NUM>-<NUM> the blue pixel is adjacent to the upper edge of the pixel. Additionally, in pixels <NUM>-<NUM> the green and red sub-pixels are positioned below the blue sub-pixel (instead of the opposite arrangement in pixel <NUM>-<NUM>).

The example of diamond and triangular sub-pixels in <FIG> is merely illustrative. In general, each sub-pixel may have any desired shape depending upon the particular display. The different pixel layouts may minimize cross-talk and optimize display performance depending on the pixel pitch, lenticular lens layout, etc..

In some cases, different pixel layouts may be used in different portions of the display. For example, instead of having a uniform pattern across the entire display (e.g., the same layout for every pixel, every other column having pixels with the same layout as in <FIG>, etc.), different portions of the display may have different pixel layouts (e.g., in a non-periodic manner). For example, the central portion of the pixel array may have a different pixel layout pattern than the edges of the pixel array.

The signal paths such as data lines D and control lines G (sometimes referred to as gate lines, scan lines, emission control lines, etc.) may be modified to accommodate the row shifting of the pixel arrays of <FIG> and <FIG>. In a display with a vertically arranged pixel array (e.g., as in <FIG>), the data lines D may all extend in a first direction (e.g., orthogonal to the upper edge of the display or orthogonal to a side edge of the display) and the gate lines G may all extend in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction. However, the row shift of <FIG> and <FIG> and resulting diagonal pixel array results in modifications to the signal paths.

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative display showing an illustrative example where the signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> (e.g., the data lines or the gate lines) extend diagonally across the array in a continuous fashion. The signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may extend parallel to the axis <NUM> shown in <FIG> or <FIG>. The signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> (e.g., that extend from the upper edge of the display towards the lower edge of the display) may also be at a non-orthogonal angle relative to additional signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> (e.g., that extend from the left edge of the display towards the right edge of the display). The angle of signal path <NUM>-<NUM> relative to signal path <NUM>-<NUM> may be less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc..

In some situations, the display driver circuitry may be formed at the upper or lower edge of the display and the gate driver circuitry may be formed at the left or right edge of the display. In these cases, signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be data lines and signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be gate lines. In other arrangements, the gate driver circuitry may be formed at the upper or lower edge of the display and the display driver circuitry may be formed at the left or right edge of the display. In these cases, signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be gate lines and signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be data lines.

It should be understood that the labeling of the 'upper' edge of the display is merely illustrative. In some cases, the display may have an active area with one or more curved borders (e.g., rounded corners, curved edges, etc.). The edges may therefore not be strictly linear as with a purely rectangular display. However, the terms upper edge, lower edge, left edge, and right edge may still be used to characterize displays of this type. Angles described in relation the edges of the display may also be considered relative to the upper edge of the electronic device or an approximate edge based on the orientation of the device during use. For example, if the device has an active area with a curved upper edge, the aforementioned angles described relative to the upper edge may instead be applicable to a horizontal line that is at the top of the display during use of the electronic device.

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative display showing an illustrative example where the signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> (e.g., the data lines or the gate lines) extend in a zig-zag pattern across the array. The signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may have a zig-zag shape such that the signal paths generally extend vertically downward instead of both laterally and downward as in <FIG>. The signal path may have diagonal segments <NUM> and intervening horizontal (or substantially horizontal) segments <NUM>. The diagonal segments may extend both downward and laterally in a first direction. The horizontal segments may then extend laterally in a second direction that is the opposite of the first direction. The exact path and layout of the zig-zag signal paths may be selected based on the particular pixel layout of a given display. In general, any desired zig-zag paths may be used. Each diagonal and horizontal segment of the zig-zag signal path may have any desired length and may extend past any desired number of pixels (e.g., one, two, three, four, more than four, more than ten, more than twenty, between two and ten, etc.).

The diagonal segments <NUM> may be at a non-orthogonal angle relative to additional signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> (e.g., that extend from the left edge of the display towards the right edge of the display). The angle of segments <NUM> relative to signal path <NUM>-<NUM> may be less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, less than <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, between <NUM>° and <NUM>°, etc. Horizontal segments <NUM> may be parallel to signal path <NUM>-<NUM>.

In <FIG>, it should be understood that in some situations, the display driver circuitry may be formed at the upper or lower edge of the display and the gate driver circuitry may be formed at the left or right edge of the display. In these cases, signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be data lines and signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be gate lines. In other arrangements, the gate driver circuitry may be formed at the upper or lower edge of the display and the display driver circuitry may be formed at the left or right edge of the display. In these cases, signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be gate lines and signal paths <NUM>-<NUM> may be data lines.

<FIG> is a top view of an illustrative display with zig-zag signal paths showing a specific example where the diagonal segments extend past four pixels and the horizontal segments extend past one pixel. In general, each diagonal segment <NUM> of signal path <NUM>-<NUM> across the pixel array may extend diagonally past four pixels. A horizontal segment <NUM> then extends past one pixel horizontally. The horizontal segment may <NUM> may increase the loading on the signal path (e.g., because the signal path travels a longer distance to reach the next pixel when the intervening horizontal segment is present).

To equalize the loading along the signal path, supplemental segments <NUM> may be included in signal path <NUM>-<NUM>. Without supplemental segments <NUM>, the signal path may have an increased load every fourth row (e.g., because the horizontal segment <NUM> is required every four rows). Therefore, a supplemental segment <NUM> may be added to the signal path at the three rows between the horizontal segments <NUM>. Each supplemental segment may have a length that is approximately equal to (e.g., within <NUM>% of, within <NUM>% of, within <NUM>% of, within <NUM>% of, etc.) the length of the horizontal segments <NUM>.

In <FIG>, supplemental segments <NUM> are electrically connected to the rest of signal paths <NUM>-<NUM>. This example is merely illustrative. In another possible arrangement, shown in <FIG>, a display may include zig-zag signal paths with dummy segments. In general, each diagonal segment <NUM> of signal path <NUM>-<NUM> across the pixel array may extend diagonally past four pixels. A horizontal segment <NUM> then extends past one pixel horizontally. The horizontal segment may <NUM> may increase the loading on the signal path (e.g., because the signal path travels a longer distance to reach the next pixel when the intervening horizontal segment is present).

To equalize the loading along the signal path, dummy segments <NUM> in <FIG> may be interposed between adjacent pixels. For example, the dummy segments may extend horizontally between pixels in the same diagonal column (and different rows) where a horizontal segment <NUM> is not already present. Similar to supplemental segments <NUM> as discussed above in connection with <FIG>, dummy segments <NUM> may equalize the loading across the display. Each dummy segment <NUM> may be electrically connected to a bias voltage (e.g., a ground power supply voltage or positive power supply voltage). Each dummy segment <NUM> may have a length that is approximately equal to (e.g., within <NUM>% of, within <NUM>% of, within <NUM>% of, within <NUM>% of, etc.) the length of the horizontal segments <NUM>.

It should be understood that the aforementioned pixel layouts and signal path layouts may be used in any combination. Additionally, the aforementioned pixel layouts and signal path layouts may be used for any of the previously described displays (e.g., convex curved displays and/or displays including louver films).

In accordance with an embodiment, an electronic device that includes a display is provided that includes a substrate having convex curvature, an array of pixels formed on the substrate and a lenticular lens film formed over the array of pixels, a first portion of the array of pixels forms a stereoscopic portion of the display and a second portion of the array of pixels forms a non-stereoscopic portion of the display.

In accordance with another embodiment, the non-stereoscopic portion is a first non-stereoscopic portion and a third portion of the array of pixels forms a second non-stereoscopic portion of the display.

In accordance with another embodiment, the stereoscopic portion is interposed between the first and second non-stereoscopic portions.

In accordance with another embodiment, the stereoscopic portion forms a central portion of the display and the first and second non-stereoscopic portions form first and second edge portions of the display.

In accordance with another embodiment, the lenticular lens film covers the first, second, and third portions of the array of pixels.

In accordance with another embodiment, the electronic device includes a graphics processing unit that is configured to provide three-dimensional content to the stereoscopic portion of the display and two-dimensional content to the first and second non-stereoscopic portions of the display.

In accordance with another embodiment, the substrate has a first radius of curvature in the stereoscopic portion of the display, the substrate has a second radius of curvature in the first and second non-stereoscopic portions of the display and the first radius of curvature is the same as the second radius of curvature.

In accordance with another embodiment, the display has a width that is less than <NUM> millimeters and the first radius of curvature is less than <NUM> millimeters.

In accordance with another embodiment, the substrate has a first radius of curvature in the stereoscopic portion of the display, the substrate has a second radius of curvature in the first and second non-stereoscopic portions of the display and the first radius of curvature is the different than the second radius of curvature.

In accordance with another embodiment, the first radius of curvature is larger than the second radius of curvature.

In accordance with another embodiment, the array of pixels and the lenticular lens film conform to the substrate and have the convex curvature.

In accordance with another embodiment, the electronic device includes an eye tracking system and control circuitry that is configured to control content on the display based at least in part on information from the eye tracking system.

In accordance with an embodiment, an electronic device that includes a display is provided that includes a curved substrate, an array of pixels formed on the curved substrate and a lenticular lens film formed over the array of pixels, the curved substrate has a central portion with a first radius of curvature and edge portions with a second radius of curvature that is less than the first radius of curvature.

In accordance with another embodiment, a first portion of the array of pixels is formed over the central portion of the curved substrate, a second portion of the array of pixels is formed over a first of the edge portions of the curved substrate and a third portion of the array of pixels is formed over a second of the edge portions of the curved substrate.

In accordance with another embodiment, the first portion of the array of pixels is configured to display three-dimensional images, the second portion of the array of pixels is configured to display two-dimensional images and the third portion of the array of pixels is configured to display two-dimensional images.

In accordance with another embodiment, the electronic device includes a graphics processing unit that is configured to provide three-dimensional content to the first portion of the array of pixels, two-dimensional content to the second portion of the array of pixels and two-dimensional content to the third portion of the array of pixels.

In accordance with another embodiment, the second radius of curvature is less than <NUM> millimeters.

In accordance with an embodiment, an electronic device that includes a display is provided that includes a substrate having convex curvature, an array of pixels formed on the substrate and a lenticular lens film formed over the array of pixels, the lenticular lens film includes at least first and second lenticular lenses, the first lenticular lens is formed at a center of the display and has a first shape and the second lenticular lens is formed at an edge of the display and has a second shape that is different than the first shape.

In accordance with another embodiment, the first lenticular lens is configured to direct light in a first direction that is orthogonal to the substrate and the second lenticular lens is configured to direct light in a second direction that is non-orthogonal to the substrate.

In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes a substrate having convex curvature, an array of pixels formed on the substrate, lenticular lenses formed over the array of pixels and a louver film formed over the array of pixels.

In accordance with another embodiment, the louver film has transparent portions that are separated by opaque walls.

In accordance with another embodiment, the louver film has a plurality of opaque portions and a plurality of transparent portions.

In accordance with another embodiment, the plurality of opaque portions controls an emission angle of light from the display.

In accordance with another embodiment, each one of the plurality of opaque portions extends along an axis between an upper surface of the louver film and a lower surface of the louver film, a first opaque portion in a center of the display has a respective first axis that is orthogonal to the upper surface of the louver film and a second opaque portion in an edge of the display has a respective second axis that is non-orthogonal to the upper surface of the louver film.

In accordance with another embodiment, the first and second axes are parallel.

In accordance with another embodiment, the lenticular lenses are part of a lenticular lens film, the lenticular lens film includes a base portion and the lenticular lenses are formed directly on the base portion.

In accordance with another embodiment, the louver film is interposed between the array of pixels and the lenticular lens film.

In accordance with another embodiment, the lenticular lens film is interposed between the array of pixels and the louver film.

In accordance with another embodiment, the display includes a film that is formed over the lenticular lens film that conforms to the lenticular lenses.

In accordance with another embodiment, the film has a lower surface that is in direct contact with the lenticular lenses and an upper surface with the convex curvature.

In accordance with another embodiment, the film has a first refractive index, the lenticular lenses have a second refractive index and the first refractive index is lower than the second refractive index.

In accordance with another embodiment, the display includes a polarizer that is interposed between the array of pixels and the lenticular lens film.

In accordance with another embodiment, the louver film includes a plurality of selectively opaque portions.

In accordance with another embodiment, the lenticular lenses are part of a lenticular lens film, the lenticular lens film includes a base portion and the base portion of the lenticular lens film has a plurality of opaque portions and serves as the louver film.

In accordance with another embodiment, the array of pixels and the louver film conform to the substrate and have the convex curvature.

In accordance with an embodiment, an electronic device is provided that includes a lenticular display having convex curvature, the lenticular display includes a substrate, an array of pixels formed on the substrate, a lenticular lens film formed over the array of pixels and a louver film having opaque portions that is interposed between the array of pixels and the lenticular lens film.

In accordance with another embodiment, the electronic device includes control circuitry, the opaque portions are selectively opaque portions and the control circuitry is configured to control the opacity of the selectively opaque portions.

In accordance with another embodiment, the lenticular display has a width that is less than <NUM> millimeters and a radius of curvature that is less than <NUM> millimeters.

In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes a substrate, an array of pixels formed on the substrate, a lenticular lens film formed over the array of pixels and a film having a lower surface, an upper surface and a plurality of opaque portions that extend between the lower and upper surface, the film is interposed between the lenticular lens film and the array of pixels and the film controls an emission angle of light from the display.

In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes a substrate, an array of pixels formed on the substrate and arranged in a plurality of rows and diagonal columns, each row extends in a first direction and each row is shifted in the first direction relative to a preceding row to form the diagonal columns and a lenticular lens film formed over the substrate, the lenticular lens film includes a plurality of elongated lenticular lenses that extend in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction.

In accordance with another embodiment, each row is shifted in the first direction relative to a preceding row by a distance that is greater than <NUM> and less than a center-to-center pitch between adjacent pixels.

In accordance with another embodiment, the diagonal columns extend along a first axis that is at a non-zero angle relative to the second direction.

In accordance with another embodiment, the non-zero angle is between <NUM> degrees and <NUM> degrees.

In accordance with another embodiment, each elongated lenticular lens overlaps at least two pixels in each row.

In accordance with another embodiment, each pixel includes a red sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel and a green sub-pixel, the blue sub-pixel of each pixel has a width and a length that is greater than the width and the length of the blue sub-pixel in each pixel extends parallel to the first direction.

In accordance with another embodiment, each pixel includes a red sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel and a green sub-pixel, the blue sub-pixel of each pixel has a width and a length that is greater than the width and the length of the blue sub-pixel in each pixel extends parallel to the second direction.

In accordance with another embodiment, each pixel includes red, blue and green sub-pixels in a layout.

In accordance with another embodiment, the layout of each pixel in the array of pixels is the same.

In accordance with another embodiment, a first plurality of pixels in the array of pixels has a first layout, a second plurality of pixels in the array of pixels has a second layout that is different than the first layout and, in each row, pixels having the first layout alternate with pixels having the second layout.

In accordance with another embodiment, the first layout is vertically flipped to form the second layout.

In accordance with another embodiment, at least one of the red, blue and green sub-pixels has a diamond shape.

In accordance with another embodiment, at least one of the red, blue and green sub-pixels has a triangular shape.

In accordance with another embodiment, the display includes first signal paths that extend in the first direction and second signal paths that extend parallel to the diagonal columns across the array of pixels.

In accordance with another embodiment, the display includes first signal paths that extend in the first direction and zig-zag signal paths that have diagonal segments that extend parallel to the diagonal columns and that are connected by intervening horizontal segments that extend in the first direction.

In accordance with another embodiment, the zig-zag signal paths include supplemental segments coupled to the diagonal segments, each supplemental segment has a length that is within <NUM>% of a length of the horizontal segments.

In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes a substrate, a lenticular lens film formed over the substrate, the lenticular lens film includes a plurality of elongated lenticular lenses that extend parallel to a first axis and an array of pixels formed on the substrate between the substrate and the lenticular lens film, the array of pixels is arranged in a diagonal pattern along a second axis that is at a non-zero, non-orthogonal angle relative to the first axis.

In accordance with another embodiment, the display has an upper edge and the first axis is orthogonal to the upper edge.

In accordance with another embodiment, the array of pixels is arranged in rows and diagonal columns, each row is laterally shifted by a given distance relative to a preceding row and the given distance is greater than <NUM> and less than a center-to-center pitch between adjacent pixels.

In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes a substrate having convex curvature, a lenticular lens film formed over the substrate, the lenticular lens film includes a plurality of elongated lenticular lenses that extend vertically across the substrate and an array of pixels formed on the substrate and covered by the lenticular lens film, the array of pixels is arranged in rows that extend horizontally across the substrate and columns that extend diagonally at a non-zero, non-orthogonal angle relative to the elongated lenticular lenses.

Claim 1:
An electronic device (<NUM>) that includes a display (<NUM>), the display comprising:
a substrate (<NUM>) having convex curvature;
an array of pixels (<NUM>) formed on the substrate (<NUM>); and
a lenticular lens film (<NUM>) formed over the array of pixels (<NUM>), wherein a first portion of the array of pixels (<NUM>) forms a stereoscopic portion (<NUM>) of the display (<NUM>), wherein a second portion of the array of pixels (<NUM>) forms a first non-stereoscopic portion (<NUM>-<NUM>) of the display (<NUM>), wherein a third portion of the array of pixels (<NUM>) forms a second non-stereoscopic portion (<NUM>-<NUM>) of the display (<NUM>), wherein the stereoscopic portion (<NUM>) forms a central portion of the display (<NUM>), and wherein the first (<NUM>-<NUM>) and second (<NUM>-<NUM>) non-stereoscopic portions form first and second edge portions of the display (<NUM>); and
a graphics processing unit (<NUM>) that is configured to provide three-dimensional content to the stereoscopic portion (<NUM>) of the display (<NUM>) and two-dimensional content to the first (<NUM>-<NUM>) and second (<NUM>-<NUM>) non-stereoscopic portions of the display (<NUM>).