Patent Description:
The present invention relates to a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and phenyl pyrrole aminoguanidine derivative compounds such as AP1189, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for use in a method of treating an arthritis disease, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

An arthritic disease is a condition that implies damage or inflammation in one or more joints. The condition often presents with pain, swelling, heat, redness and limitation of movement. There are many different forms of arthritic disorders, the most common types being osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative join disease and results from the wearing down of cartilage. Since the cartilage cannot be properly replaced by the body, it may make new bone at the edge of the joint to compensate for the loss of cartridge. This in turn produces bony swellings which are painful because the new bone is stretching the sensitive lining of the pre-existing bone. This condition is common in the fingers. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints and between <NUM>-<NUM>% of adults in the developed world are affected by RA. While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The goal of current treatments is to reduce pain and inflammation to improve the quality of life of the patients suffering from the condition. Pain medications, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used as treatment to reduce symptoms. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as hydroxychloroquine and in particular methotrexate (MTX), may be employed in an attempt to slow down the progression of disease. However, MTX can be a challenge to properly dosage to avoid side effects, and not all patients respond properly to MTX.

The melanocortin system is a set of neuropeptidergic and immunoendocrine signaling pathways that play an integral role in the homeostatic control of a diverse array of physiological functions, including melanogenesis, stress response, inflammation, immunomodulation and adrenocortical steroidogenesis. It consists of multiple components, including the five G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors: melanocortin receptor <NUM> (MC1R) to MC5R; peptide ligands: α, β, γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α, β, γ- MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by the anterior pituitary; and endogenous antagonists. The biological functions of melanocortin system are mediated by the five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), which have distinct tissue distribution, convey different signalling and exert varying biological activities in different organ systems. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and agonist for all melanocortin receptors <NUM> to <NUM> (MC1-5R), of which MC2R specifically binds ACTH; steroidogenesis is triggered only by ACTH and mediated via MC2R in the adrenal cortex. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) is a small endogenous peptide hormone, structurally related to ACTH, which binds all of the MCRs except MC2R. MC1R, abundantly expressed by melanocytes in the skin, is a key control point in melanogenesis and determines hair colour.

Peripheral MC1 and MC3 can be pharmacologically activated to induce anti-inflammation. The endogenous agonist α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), like other protective mediators, is released by immune cells to counterbalance proinflammatory signals, thus preventing excessive tissue damage. Therapeutics targeting the receptors MC1 and MC3 will then act by mimicking the body's own protective resources and might be characterized by a lighter burden of side effects.

Current treatments of arthritic disorders, such as treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate, often involves risk of side effects and also may not be fully effective when administered alone, and subjects suffering from arthritic disorders are in need of new and efficient treatment regimens.

<NPL> discloses methotrexate in treating rheumatoid arthritis, administered alone or in combination with further active agents.

Phenyl pyrrole aminoguanidine derivatives with activity on the melanocortin receptors are disclosed in <CIT>. One example of such compound is the anti-inflammatory compound AP1189 ((E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidium acetate) which was first shown to bind the MC1R (<CIT>) and later was identified as a biased dual agonist at receptors MC1R and MC3R that does not provoke canonical cAMP generation (and hence no MC1R-induced melanogenesis) but instead appear to induce alternative pathways including ERK1/<NUM>-phosphorylation and Ca<NUM>+ mobilization (<NPL>).

Embodiments not falling within the scope of the appended claims are provided merely for descriptive purposes. Any references in the description to methods of treatment refer to the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments of the present invention for use in a method for treatment of the human (or animal) body by therapy.

The present inventors have found that the phenyl pyrrole aminoguanidine derivative AP1189 ((E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidium acetate), when used in combination with the current standard-care methotrexate (MTX), exhibits significantly superior anti-arthritic effects compared to either of the compounds when administered alone. By provision of a new anti-arthritic combination treatment as disclosed herein, the present inventors provide a therapeutically effective alternative to current anti-arthritic treatments, and an attractive means for potentially reducing MTX toxicity and providing a novel therapeutic management of patients with a low response rate to MTX, such as MTX non-responders.

It is an aspect of the present disclosure to provide a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia)
<CHM>
including tautomeric enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms and racemic forms, thereof; wherein.

In one embodiment there is provided a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (II);
<CHM>
including tautomeric, enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms and racemic forms, thereof;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease.

It is also an aspect of the present disclosure to provide a composition comprising methotrexate (MTX) and a compound selected from the group consisting of {<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine; {<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate; (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine; and (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease.

In one embodiment said arthritic disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable derivative" in the present context includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which indicate a salt which is not harmful to the subjects. Such salts include pharmaceutically acceptable basic or acid addition salts as well as pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts, ammonium salts and alkylated ammonium salts.

The term "acid addition salt" is intended to include "pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt" which indicates salts which are not harmful to the subject. Acid addition salts include salts of inorganic acids as well as organic acids. Representative examples of suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric acids and the like. Representative examples of suitable organic acids include formic, acetic, trichloroacetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, benzoic, cinnamic, citric, fumaric, glycolic, lactic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, oxalic, picric, pyruvic, salicylic, succinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, tartaric, ascorbic, pamoic, bismethylene salicylic, ethanedisulfonic, gluconic, citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, EDTA, glycolic, p-aminobenzoic, glutamic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic acids and the like. Further examples of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid addition salts include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed in <NPL>).

The term "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound as used herein refers to an amount sufficient to cure, alleviate, prevent, reduce the risk of, or partially arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease or disorder and its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as "therapeutically effective amount". Effective amounts for each purpose will depend on the severity of the disease or injury as well as the weight and general state of the subject. It will be understood that determining an appropriate dosage may be achieved using routine experimentation, by constructing a matrix of values and testing different points in the matrix, which is all within the ordinary skills of a trained physician or veterinary.

The terms "treatment" and "treating" as used herein refer to the management and care of a subject for the purpose of combating a condition, disease or disorder. The term is intended to include the full spectrum of treatments for a given condition from which the subject is suffering. The subject to be treated is preferably a mammal, in particular a human being. Treatment of animals, such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep and pigs, is, however, also within the scope of the present context. The subjects to be treated can be of various ages.

An "arthritic disease" as referred to herein is an inflammatory disease which presents with joint inflammation. Also known as arthritis.

The term "remission" as used herein refers to reduction or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of the arthritic disease. The remission can be temporary or permanent. Partial remission is a reduction in the signs and symptoms of the arthritic disease, while complete remission is understood herein as a disappearance of the signs and symptoms of the arthritic disease.

The present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX) and a compound of formula (I), (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, for treatment of an arthritic disease (or arthritis).

In an aspect of the present disclosure, a composition is provided comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia)
<CHM>
including tautomeric, enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms and racemic forms, thereof;
wherein.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia), wherein each of n, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are as defined herein, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as arthritic disease in a subject.

In one embodiment, there is provided a method of treating an arthritic disease comprising one or more steps of administering to a subject, such as a subject in need thereof, a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a method of treating an arthritic disease comprising one or more steps of administering methotrexate (MTX), and one or more steps of administering a compound of formula (Ia), wherein each of n, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are as defined herein, to a subject, such as a subject in need thereof,.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided the use of a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia):.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides the use of methotrexate (MTX) and a compound of formula (Ia), wherein each of n, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are as defined herein, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an arthritic disease.

The present disclosure provides a combination of methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia), wherein each of n, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are as defined herein above, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease. In particular embodiment, each of n, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are specified according to the below disclosure.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (II):
<CHM>
including tautomeric, enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms and racemic forms, thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; for treatment of an arthritic disease, such as arthritic disease in a subject.

In one embodiment said compound is {<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine, preferably (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment there is provided a composition comprising methotrexate, and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein including pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an inorganic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an organic acid.

In one embodiment the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of: formic acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, oxalic acid, picric acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, pamoic acid, bismethylene salicylic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, gluconic acid, citraconic acid, aspartic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, EDTA, glycolic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, glutamic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.

In one embodiment said organic acid is acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid or propionic acid.

In one embodiment said inorganic acid is selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

In one embodiment said pharmaceutically acceptable acid is acetic acid.

In one embodiment said compound is {<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate, preferably (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189).

In a specific embodiment there is provided a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX) and (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189) for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease.

In a particular embodiment there is provided a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX) and (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189), for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

In an embodiment there is provided methotrexate (MTX) and (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189) for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

"(E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate" and "E-N-[trans-<NUM>-{<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrole-<NUM>-yl}-allylideneamino] guanidinium acetate" (IUPAC) are used interchangeably herein.

In one embodiment there is provided a composition comprising methotrexate, and a compound of formula (la), wherein said R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are each hydrogen, said R<NUM> is selected from the group consisting of CF<NUM>, CCl<NUM>, F, Cl, NO<NUM> or CN, and n = <NUM> for use in the treatment of arthritis.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.

In one embodiment, a composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the composition further comprises - separately or together - folic acid, such as folic acid at a dose of at least <NUM>/week. Folic acid can be provided to further minimize MTX toxicity.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II); as defined herein, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, wherein said methotrexate is selected from the group consisting of methotrexate (systemic), methotrexate (oral), methotrexate tablet, methotrexate oral solution, methotrexate (injection), methotrexate sodium, Methotrexate LPF Sodium, Trexall (Xatmep), Rheumatrex, Rasuvo, Otrexup, Alltrex, Beltrax, Biotrexate, Caditrex, Carditrex, Cytotrex, Dermotrex, Folitrax, HI-Trex, Imutrex, Merex, Methocip, Methorex, Methotrexate, Metorex, Metrex, Mexate, MTX-Korea, Neotrexate, Nidtrex, Oncotrex, Onotrex, Plastomet, Remtrex, Rextop, Roxate, Tevatrex, Throtex, Trex, Thixilem and Vibzi and Zexate.

The present disclosure provides methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia), wherein each of n, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM> and R<NUM> are as defined herein, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as arthritic disease in a subject, wherein the arthritic disease is specified herein below.

'Arthritic disease' and 'arthritis' may be used interchangeably herein.

The term arthritis is often used to refer to any disorder that affects the joints. These disorders fall within the broader category of rheumatic diseases. "Arthritis" literally means joint inflammation, which is a symptom of the disease.

In one embodiment the arthritic disease is an auto-immune disease and/or an inflammatory disease that presents with joint inflammation.

In one embodiment, the arthritic disease is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory arthritis, degenerative arthritis, metabolic arthritis, reactive arthritis and infectious arthritis.

In one embodiment, the arthritic disease is inflammatory arthritis. In one embodiment, the inflammatory arthritis is selected from the group consisting of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Psoriatic Arthritis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis.

In one embodiment, the degenerative arthritis is osteoarthritis.

In one embodiment, the metabolic arthritis is gouty arthritis.

In one embodiment, the reactive and/or infectious arthritis is arthritis associated with infection with one or more of Hepatitis C, Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, salmonella or shigella.

In one embodiment the arthritic disease is arthritis as part of a systemic inflammatory disease.

In one embodiment, the arthritis as part of a systemic inflammatory disease, such as an inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of Systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Still's disease, and Polymyalgia Rheumatica.

In one embodiment, the rheumatoid arthritis is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). JRA is an autoimmune, non-infective, inflammatory joint disease of more than <NUM> weeks duration in children less than <NUM> years of age. The disease commonly occurs in children from the ages of <NUM> to <NUM>, but it may develop as late as <NUM> years of age.

In one embodiment, the JRA is selected from the group consisting of pauciarticular JRA, systemic-onset JRA, polyarticular JRA, and seronegative spondylarthritis.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of dormula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease selected from the group consisting of.

In one embodiment, the arthritic disease presents in association with synovitis. Synovitis refers to inflammation of the synovial membrane, which is specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheath.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, for use in the treatment of joint inflammation.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, for use in the treatment of synovitis.

In one embodiment, the arthritic disease is affecting one or more of joints in a hand, a knee, a hip, the spine, a wrist, an ankle, hips, a toe, and/or an elbow.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure provides treatment of an arthritic disease, wherein the arthritic disease presents with one or more further symptoms selected from the group consisting of: joint stiffness, joint tenderness, inability to use a hand, inability to walk, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, poor sleep, muscle aches, pain, muscle weakness, loss of flexibility and decreased aerobic fitness.

In a particular embodiment the arthritic disease is undifferentiated polyarthritis (UP).

In a particular embodiment the arthritic disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, RA.

In one embodiment, the rheumatoid arthritis is severe active RA (CDAI > <NUM>). In one embodiment, the rheumatoid arthritis is RA with a CDAI > <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure provides treatment of newly diagnosed subjects with severe active RA (CDAI > <NUM>).

In one embodiment, the rheumatoid arthritis is RA with a DAS28 score of above <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the subject tests positive for rheumatoid factor and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) IgG antibodies prior to the treatment.

The subject to be treated is preferably a mammal, in particular a human being. Treatment of animals, such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep and pigs, is, however, also within the scope of the present disclosure. The subject to be treated can be of various ages.

The severity of arthritic disease, as well as the efficacy of medical treatment, of the subject can be assessed by a number of different clinical score systems, e.g. the DAS28 score, the CDAI score and the ACR-score.

For example, the change in one or more clinical scores after treatment can be evaluated by assessing the resulting chance in said clinical scores, and comparing same to baseline or placebo.

There are a wide range of measures of disease activity in RA including:.

In one embodiment, the treatment according to the present disclosure results in improved physical function in the subject as determined by the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI).

In one embodiment, the treatment according to the present disclosure results in improved function in the subject as determined by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue).

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure results in partial or complete remission of one or more arthritis symptoms.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure reduces joint inflammation.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure reduces the level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure reduces the number of tender joints and/or reduces the number of swollen joints.

The DAS28 score is a measure of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DAS stands for 'disease activity score' and the number <NUM> refers to the <NUM> joints that are examined in this assessment.

The DAS28 is a composite score derived from <NUM> of the above measures. This '<NUM>' version is a simplification of the original DAS score, which requires <NUM> joints to be counted. Other versions of the DAS28 allow the CRP to be used instead of the ESR, or the omission of either. The DAS28-CRP, part of the many DAS scores for RA, is very useful to make an objective, reproducible and comparable assessment of the rheumatoid arthritis activity. DAS28-CRP in particular takes into account the following items:.

The <NUM> tender or swollen joint scores target the same joints (shoulders, elbows, wrists, metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal interphalangeal joints and the knees). The computation of the score can be done through the following equation: <MAT>.

Generally, remission is considered achieved if the score is between <NUM> and <<NUM>. Low disease activity corresponds to <NUM> to <<NUM>. Moderate disease activity is between <NUM> and ≤<NUM>, while high disease activity is strictly above <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the composition as disclosed herein for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as RA, is provided, wherein the Disease Activity Score <NUM> (DAS28) is determined for the subject prior to and after treatment, wherein the treatment results in a reduced DAS28 score,
such as wherein the treatment results in a DAS28 score below <NUM>, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, such as wherein the treatment results in a DAS28 score below <NUM>, preferably <NUM> or less, more preferably <NUM> or less.

In one embodiment the composition according to the present disclosure is administered to a subject with a DAS28 score of <NUM> or above. In one embodiment said subject's DAS28 score during and/or after treatment is reduced to between <NUM> and ≤<NUM> (moderate activity), such as reduced to between <NUM> to <<NUM> (low activity), such as reduced to between <NUM> and <<NUM> (remission).

In one embodiment the composition according to the present disclosure is administered to a subject with a DAS28 score of between <NUM> and ≤<NUM>.

In one embodiment the composition according to the present disclosure is administered to a subject with a DAS28 score of between <NUM> to <<NUM>.

In a preferred embodiment, the DAS28 score is reduced to below <NUM> by the treatment of the present disclosure (low disease activity). In a preferred embodiment, the DAS28 score is reduced to below <NUM> by the treatment of the present disclosure (remission).

The CDAI (Clinical Disease Activity Index) is a useful clinical composite score for following patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The CDAI is the sum of <NUM> outcome parameters: tender and swollen joint counts (<NUM> joints assessed) and patient's and physician's global assessments of disease activity (on a <NUM>-<NUM>-cm visual analog scale). The CDAI is the same as the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), except that the SDAI includes the C-reactive protein level.

Descriptive changes in CDAI where CDAI = SJC (<NUM>) + TJC (<NUM>) + PGA + IGA;.

Remission is considered achieved if the score is between <NUM> and <<NUM>; Low disease activity corresponds to <NUM> to <<NUM>. Moderate disease activity is between <NUM> and ≤<NUM>, while high disease activity is strictly above <NUM> (CDAI><NUM>).

In one embodiment the composition according to the present disclosure is administered to a subject with a CDAI score of <NUM> or above. In one embodiment said subject's CDAI score during and/or after treatment is reduced to between <NUM> and ≤<NUM> (moderate activity), such as reduced to between <NUM> to <<NUM> (low activity), such as reduced to between <NUM> and <<NUM> (remission).

In one embodiment the composition according to the present disclosure is administered to a subject with a CDAI score of between <NUM> and ≤<NUM>.

In one embodiment said subject's CDAI score during and/or after treatment result in a <NUM>-point decrease, such as a <NUM>-point decrease, such as a <NUM>-point decrease.

In a preferred embodiment, the CDAI score is reduced to below <NUM> by the treatment of the present disclosure (low disease activity). In a preferred embodiment, the DAS28 score is reduced to below <NUM> by the treatment of the present disclosure (remission).

In a preferred embodiment, the CDAI score is reduced by <NUM> points or more, such as <NUM> points or more, such as <NUM> point or more.

The ACR (American College of Rheumatology) Criteria is a standard criterion to measure the effectiveness of various arthritis medications or treatments in clinical trials for RA.

The ACR response rates ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 are defined as ≥<NUM>%, ≥<NUM>% and ≥<NUM>% improvement, respectively, in swollen and tender joint counts (SJC/TJC) and <NUM> of the following <NUM> assessments: Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity, Patient's Assessment of Pain, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ-DI), and C-Reactive Protein (CRP).

In a preferred embodiment, the ACR-score is improved by the treatment of the present disclosure In a preferred embodiment, the present therapy result in a ≥<NUM>%, a ≥<NUM>% or ≥<NUM>% improvement in ACR response rates.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, for use in a method of.

Methotrexate (MTX) remains the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug of first choice in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but response varies. In observational studies approximately <NUM>% of patients discontinue MTX in the medium term - around half due to inefficacy and half due to adverse events.

Predicting non-response to MTX could enable earlier access to alternative or additional medications and control of disease progression. In a recent study <NUM>% of patients with RA were classified as MTX non-responders (<NPL>).

Non-response to MTX treatment at <NUM> months can be defined as "no response" using the EULAR (European League Against Rheumatism) response criteria i.e. Disease Activity Score in <NUM> joints (DAS28) improvement ≤ <NUM>, or DAS28 improvement > <NUM> but ≤ <NUM> and <NUM>-month DAS28 > <NUM>.

The definition of non-response at <NUM> months embraced those who remained on the drug but had not exhibited enough improvement to be classified as moderate or good responders and also those who had discontinued the drug due to inefficacy, or started a bDMARD (biological DMARD - disease-modifying antirheumatic drug).

"Moderate" or "good" responders by the clinical score criteria are considered responders, as are patients who discontinued MTX by <NUM> months due to remission.

In one embodiment an MTX non-responder is predicted using a model predicting non-response in patients to identify an individual at high risk of non-response, such as the model disclosed by Sergeant et al <NUM>. Baseline predictors of non-response in their multivariable logistic regression model are RF (rheumatoid factor) negativity, higher HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire) score, higher tender joint count, higher HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) anxiety score and lower disease activity (lower baseline DAS28-CRP).

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II); as defined herein, such as AP1189, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as RA, in an MTX non-responder.

In one embodiment an MTX non-responder is selected from the group consisting of.

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, such as AP1189, for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as RA, in a subject with a low or insignificant response to MTX.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein treatment with MTX is continued and treatment with a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, is initiated at the time of defining the subject as an MTX non-responder.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the subject has received MTX for treatment of an arthritic disease, such as RA, prior to co-treatment with the compound of formula (Ia) or (II), as defined herein. In one embodiment, the MTX treatment has been suboptimal before initiation of treatment with the compound of formula (Ia) or (II).

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition as claimed for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, wherein said MTX and said compound are each provided in a therapeutically effective amount.

A combination treatment for use as provided herein may allow for reduced toxicity in the subject, preferably by administration of a lower dose of methotrexate than the dose used by solo administration of methotrexate in the treatment of an arthritic disease. Alternatively, a combination treatment for use as provided herein may allow for increased effect in the subject, preferably by enhancing the effect of methotrexate compared to solo administration of methotrexate in the treatment of an arthritic disease.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the methotrexate (MTX) is administered in an amount of about <NUM> to about <NUM> per week, for example about <NUM> per week.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the methotrexate (MTX) is administered in an amount of <NUM> to <NUM>/week, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM> such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM> such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM> to <NUM>/week.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the methotrexate (MTX) is administered in a weekly amount of about <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the methotrexate (MTX) is administered in an oral dosage form in an amount of about <NUM> to about <NUM> once per week/weekly. Once per week means once every <NUM> days, preferably on the same week day.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the methotrexate (MTX) is administered subcutaneously in an amount of about <NUM> to about <NUM> once per week/weekly. Once per week means once every <NUM> days, preferably on the same week day.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is administered in an amount of about <NUM> to about <NUM> per day, for example about <NUM> to about <NUM> per day, such as about <NUM> to about <NUM> per day.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is administered in an amount of <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>/day.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound is {<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine, for example (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such as (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189), and said compound is administered in an amount of <NUM>, such as <NUM>, for example <NUM>, such as <NUM>, for example <NUM>, such as <NUM> once daily.

In one embodiment there is provided a composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX) and (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189), for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA),.

In a preferred embodiment MTX is administered once weekly. Commercially available dosage forms of MTX are available, for oral administration or subcutaneous administration. Both are to be administered one a week, preferably on the same week day.

In a preferred embodiment the compound of formula, (Ia) or (II) is administered daily, such as once daily, twice daily or three times daily.

In one embodiment, the composition comprising, separately or together, methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, is administered for <NUM> week such as more than <NUM> week, such as <NUM> weeks or more than <NUM> weeks, such as <NUM> weeks or more than <NUM> weeks, such as <NUM> weeks or more than <NUM> weeks,
such as for <NUM> month or more than <NUM> month, such as <NUM> months or more than <NUM> months, such as <NUM> months or more than <NUM> months, such as <NUM> months or more than <NUM> months, such as <NUM> months or more than <NUM> months, such as <NUM> months or more than <NUM> months, such as for more than <NUM> year.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the (co-)administration of the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) allows for administration of MTX at a sub-therapeutic dosage, or a reduced dosage (i.e. a dosage that is lower than normally prescribed).

In one embodiment, the treatment with the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) and MTX is synergistic. In one embodiment, the treatment with the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) and MTX is additive.

In one embodiment, the administration of a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, such as AP1189, and MTX result in a synergistic effect.

In one embodiment, the administration of a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, such as AP1189, and MTX result in an interaction to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.

In a particular embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is administered daily and the MTX is administered weekly.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is administered prior to and/or simultaneously with and/or after MTX thereof.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein treatment with MTX is discontinued for a period of time, while treatment with the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is continued.

The composition for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease comprises, separately or together, a compound of formula (Ia) or (II), and methotrexate (MTX) or a prodrug thereof, in any suitable formulation.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the MTX is formulated for oral administration, such as in the form of tablets or capsules.

In one embodiment, the MTX is formulated as a liquid. A liquid may be suitable for intravenous administration or injection, such as for subcutaneous injection.

In one embodiment, the MTX is formulated for extended release.

In one embodiment, the MTX is formulated for immediate release.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is formulated for oral administration, such as in the form of tablets or capsules.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is formulated as a liquid, such as a liquid for intravenous administration or continuous infusion, or a liquid for injection.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is formulated for extended release. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is formulated for immediate release.

In one embodiment, the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is formulated for oral administration; and the MTX is formulated for oral, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration.

In a particular embodiment the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) or (II) is formulated for oral administration.

In a particular embodiment the composition for use according to the present disclosure is provided, wherein the compound is {<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine, for example (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such as (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189), and said compound is formulated for oral administration.

In one embodiment said compound is formulated as an solid oral dosage form, such as a tablet.

In one embodiment said compound is formulated as a powder, such as an oral powder, such as an oral powder suitable for suspension in a liquid.

In one embodiment said compound is formulated as a suspension comprising dissolved oral powder.

In one embodiment said compound is formulated as an oral suspension, such as a suspension for oral administration.

In an also aspect of the present disclosure to provide a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, comprising methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (Ia)
<CHM>
including tautomeric, enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms and racemic forms, thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment there is provided a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, comprising methotrexate (MTX), and a compound of formula (II):
<CHM>
including tautomeric, enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms and racemic forms, thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment there is provided a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, comprising methotrexate (MTX) and (E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate (AP1189).

In one embodiment the present disclosure provides a composition comprising methotrexate a compound of formula (Ia) or (II) as defined herein, and folic acid.

Example <NUM>: Combination treatment with methotrexate and AP1189 ((E)-N-trans-{<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrol-<NUM>-yl]-allylidene}-aminoguanidinium acetate).

Six week-old C57/BL6 mice were purchased from Charles River and left for one week for acclimatization before starting the experiment.

Mice were randomly assigned to the following groups:.

Arthritis was induced with two i. injections of 100µl K/BxN serum on days <NUM> and <NUM> (for details see <NPL>).

AP1189 and Veh1 (<NUM>% PEG-<NUM> in PBS) were administered orally from day <NUM> until day <NUM> orally in a total volume of 200µl.

Methotrexate and Veh2 (<NUM>% carbonate) were administered on days <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> by i. injection (injected volume: 200µl).

Preparation of methotrexate formulation: A small volume of <NUM> carbonate-bicarbonate buffer pH=<NUM> was used to dissolve methotrexate (Sigma Cat no: A6770). Then, PBS was used to reach the desired concentration. The final buffer resulted in <NUM>% carbonate buffer. Diluted compound was divided in single-use aliquots and stored at -<NUM> until use.

The development of arthritis was monitored daily from day <NUM> to day <NUM>.

Mice were sacrificed on day <NUM> after recording the daily measurements.

K/BxN serum was produced by crossing KRN mice with NOD/Lt mice. The offspring develop spontaneous arthritis, evident at <NUM> weeks, with incidence of <NUM>%. At week nine, serum was collected and stored at -<NUM> until use, ie that the arthritis induced in the serum transfer model is due to administration of the collected serum to WT mice (for details see: <NPL>).

Visible signs of arthritis were assessed using the scoring method as described in <NPL> consisting on assigning a score of <NUM>-<NUM> per paw, reaching a maximum of <NUM> per mouse:.

Clinical score was used to calculate the following parameters (for details see <NPL>).

Swelling in lower paws was measured using a plethysmometer (Ugo Basile).

The incidence of severe arthritis was calculated as the % of mice in each group that reached a total score of ≥ <NUM>.

None of animal in group <NUM> (the time controls where arthritis was not induced) developed arthritis.

In group <NUM>, the vehicle treated animals with arthritis <NUM> out of <NUM> animals developed severe arthritis.

The incidence of severe arthritis in the animals treated with methotrexate (Group <NUM>) or AP1189 (Group <NUM>) alone was <NUM>%.

Surprisingly, none of the animals treated with the combination of methotrexate and AP1189 developed severe arthritis.

Treatment of arthritis was surprisingly effective using a combination of methotrexate and AP1189 as none of the animals treated by the combination developed severe arthritis.

The first dose of AP1189 in healthy volunteers was administered in single ascending dosing using a suspension for oral administration (Part I - <FIG>), in a bioequivalence study using oral suspension as well as tablets (Part II) and in <NUM> days repeated dosing (<FIG>). Fourteen days repeated dosing was initiated using a tablet formulation (Part III) and was completed (Part IV) using the suspension for oral administration.

A total of <NUM> subjects were randomized; <NUM> young healthy male volunteers and eight (<NUM>) post-menopausal women. In Part I, <NUM> subjects received a single oral dose on one occasion (<NUM> received AP1189 and <NUM> subjects received placebo). In Part II, eight (<NUM>) subjects received one single AP1189 oral dose in three occasions separated by one-week wash-out. In Part III, eleven (<NUM>) subjects received a single oral dose daily for <NUM> days (<NUM> subjects received AP1189 and three (<NUM>) placebo) and in Part IV; thirty-six (<NUM>) subjects were treated with AP1189/ placebo once daily for <NUM> days (<NUM> subjects received AP1189, and nine (<NUM>) received placebo).

The study Parts I and II were completed. Study Part I was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose study with AP1189 or placebo administered as an oral suspension. Seven male groups with healthy volunteers (<NUM> males), and <NUM> female group with <NUM> healthy female post-menopausal volunteers (defined by at least a two-year amenorrhea period and an FSH level ><NUM> I. ) received a single ascending dose with AP1189/ placebo administered as an oral suspension of IMP dissolved in SyrSpend ALKA in fasting conditions. The two first male groups were composed of <NUM> subjects receiving active and one subject placebo; the other groups consisted of <NUM> subjects receiving active IMP and two subjects receiving placebo. Forty-eight (<NUM>) healthy male volunteers aged <NUM> to <NUM> years and eight (<NUM>) healthy postmenopausal female volunteers, aged <NUM> to <NUM> years were included.

The male subjects were treated with oral suspensions with doses in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> AP1189 (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>) or placebo. The females were treated with <NUM> AP1189 or placebo suspensions (See <FIG>).

Pharmacokinetic (PK) results showed that in male subjects on the dose range <NUM> - <NUM>, AP1189 was rapidly absorbed with a median tmax (time at which the Cmax is observed) between <NUM> and <NUM> hours. The inter-individual variability was low to moderate for Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and AUCs (area under the curve) (< <NUM>%). Mean t1/<NUM> was near to <NUM> (CV% < <NUM>%).

Mean Vd/F was between <NUM> and <NUM> with a CV% below <NUM>% and mean CL/F was between <NUM> and <NUM>/h with a CV% below <NUM>%.

In female subjects, after administration of <NUM> of AP1189, Cmax and AUCs were slightly increased compared to male subjects. The apparent clearance was lower in the female population (<NUM>/h) and the apparent volume of distribution was similar. Statistically, no conclusion could be made on the gender effect.

Twenty (<NUM>) subjects reported a total of <NUM> Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs). All TEAEs were of mild (<NUM>) or moderate (<NUM>) severity. No severe AEs nor serious AEs were reported during the study. Twenty-two (<NUM>) of the <NUM> TEAEs were considered related to the study treatment: <NUM> of these events were after administration of <NUM> to <NUM> AP1189, and one event was after the administration of placebo.

The most frequent related TEAEs were gastrointestinal disorders (<NUM> events reported by fourteen (<NUM>) subjects): nausea (<NUM> events), abdominal pain (<NUM> events), vomiting (<NUM> events), diarrhea (<NUM> events), abdominal distension (<NUM> event) and dyspepsia (<NUM> event). The frequency of these related TEAEs increased with the dose. Nevertheless, the amount of vehicle in the suspension increased with the dose leading to a consistency and taste increase of the study medicine. Amongst the TEAEs considered as not related, headache was reported by seven (<NUM>) subjects. Other TEAEs were sporadic.

Some mean changes and individual abnormalities were observed on laboratory parameters, vital signs, and ECG parameters. Most of these changes and abnormalities were limited and considered as not clinically significant.

A total of four (<NUM>) male subjects treated with AP1189 had isolated increases in aminotransferases (no concomitant changes in alkalic phosphatases or bilirubin were reported). The increases, which reached up to <NUM> above the normal upper value of ALT were observed in one (<NUM>) subject treated with <NUM>, two (<NUM>) subjects treated with <NUM> and one (<NUM>) subject treated with <NUM>. No increases in aminotransferases above the normal upper range were seen in placebo-treated subjects.

No treatment-related changes in vital signs were observed.

No AP1189 associated increases in QTcF (the corrected QT interval by Fredericia) nor changes in any other cardiac parameters were identified during continuous <NUM>-hours <NUM> Holter ECG recording evaluation.

It was concluded that the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached. At the maximum administrated dose (MAD) the exposure obtained was more than 10x above what is expected to be the exposure level for obtaining therapeutic efficacy.

Study Part II was a comparative bioavailability study of an AP1189 tablet vs. the oral suspension with additional assessment of food effect following administration of the tablet, according to a three-way cross-over design. A <NUM> AP1189 dose, administered once as an oral suspension, and on two separate occasions as two <NUM> AP1189 tablets; once during fasting conditions and once after a high-fat breakfast were tested. The results following dosing with the suspension confirmed the findings from study part <NUM>. Data from the administration of the tablet showed lower exposure with higher variability compared to data from the suspension.

Daily doses of AP1189 tablets of <NUM> (Group <NUM>), <NUM> (Group <NUM>) and <NUM> (Group <NUM>) were investigated. Part III was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose study with AP1189 administered as tablets.

The pharmacokinetic (PK) results obtained in Group <NUM> of the Study Part III, after a <NUM>-day repeated dose, showed a high and unpredicted degree of bioavailability both within and between subjects. Exposure judged on Cmax was seen in the span from below the limit of quantification (BLQ) up to levels expected to be more than three times the exposure expected to induce therapeutic effects.

A Part IV was added to the study that was identical to Study Part III but conducted with the oral suspension in fasting conditions.

Study Part IV was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeat dose study with AP1189 or placebo administered as an oral suspension given once daily for <NUM> days. Three cohorts of <NUM> subjects (<NUM> on active; <NUM> on placebo) each were dosed with the same formulation as used in part <NUM> of the study. The dose levels tested were <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> with matching placebo (See <FIG>).

The dose was <NUM> once daily. Cmax was observed between <NUM>- and <NUM>-hours post-dose regardless of the day of dosing. Steady state was achieved on Day <NUM> with Cmax around <NUM> ng/mL.

The PK analysis showed a steep increase in the plasma concentration and reached Cmax around <NUM> ng/ml at steady state, i.e., a peak increase by approximately <NUM>-fold, when compared to findings in cohort <NUM>.

The dose was <NUM> once daily. As for the two other cohorts, Cmax was reached within <NUM>-<NUM> hours post dosing. Cmax levels reached up to <NUM> ng/ml (group average) with the highest measured level of <NUM> ng/ml.

Fourteen (<NUM>) subjects reported a total of <NUM> Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs). All TEAEs were of mild (<NUM>) or moderate (<NUM>) severity. No severe AEs nor serious AEs were reported during the study. Four (<NUM>) of the <NUM> TEAEs were considered possibly related to the study treatment. These <NUM> events were all related to gastrointestinal disorders were seen after administration of the investigational drug (two (<NUM>) in the same subject at the <NUM> dose level (one episode of diarrhea and one episode of abdominal cramp, two (<NUM>) in the same subject at the <NUM> dose level (one episode of nausea and one episode of vomiting). Amongst the TEAEs considered as not related, headache was reported by nine (<NUM>) subjects, seven (<NUM>) treated with the investigational drug and two (<NUM>) treated with placebo. Other TEAEs were sporadic.

Some mean changes and individual abnormalities were observed on laboratory parameters, vital signs, and ECG parameters. Most of these changes and abnormalities were limited and considered as not clinically significant. No individual QTcF clinically significant values were observed at any time of this study part in repeated standard <NUM> lead safety ECG.

A total of five (<NUM>) subjects all included in Cohort <NUM> (<NUM>), three (<NUM>) treated with active and two (<NUM>) treated with placebo had isolated increases in aminotransferases (no concomitant changes in alkalic phosphatases or bilirubin were reported). The increases were most pronounced in the subjects treated with active where the increase reached up to <NUM>. 6x and <NUM>. 9x above the normal upper value (ALT). All values returned to normal following completion of the study.

It was concluded that MTD was not reached.

In this study, the doses of <NUM> and <NUM> AP1189 are selected.

The peak respectively trough concentrations identified in the repeated dose part of the study with AP1189 were during steady conditions as follows:.

The safety of AP1189 against placebo by evaluating adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), and laboratory abnormalities.

The change in CDAI after <NUM> weeks of treatment compared to baseline will be evaluated by assessing the following, by treatment group:.

The effects of AP1189 against placebo will be evaluated by assessing the following by treatment group:.

The effect of AP1189 compared to placebo at week <NUM> compared to baseline will be further evaluated by assessing the following by treatment group:.

This study is a multicenter, two-part, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, <NUM>-week study with repeated doses of AP1189. The study population will consist of newly diagnosed subjects with severe active RA (CDAI > <NUM>) who are to start up-titration with MTX. A minimum of <NUM> subjects are expected to complete the study. Up to <NUM> subjects are planned to be enrolled to account for up to <NUM> % discontinuation rate. Subjects who fulfill the enrollment criteria will be randomized in a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio in group A and B. One group will receive active treatment, and the other group will receive a placebo. Group C/D will have the same <NUM>:<NUM> ratio between active and placebo.

A minimum of <NUM> subjects is expected to complete Part <NUM> of the study. About <NUM> subjects are planned to be enrolled in accounting for approximately <NUM> % discontinuation rate.

All subjects will be randomized into one design only, either design <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>.

Total study duration is <NUM> months, and the study duration for each subject is approximately and up to <NUM> weeks.

The study is to be conducted at sites in Europe.

The study population will consist of subjects with severe active RA, defined as CDAI > <NUM>, who are about to begin up-titration with MTX.

Subjects meeting any of the following criteria are not eligible for participation in the study:.

The study drug information is presented in the below tables.

IUPAC: E-N-[trans-<NUM>-{<NUM>-(<NUM>-nitrophenyl)-<NUM>-pyrrole-<NUM>-yl}-allylideneamino] guanidinium acetate.

The substance is an acetic acid salt that appears as an odorless, yellow solid.

The molecular weight is <NUM> for the salt and <NUM> for the free base.

All subjects will follow the local guideline for starting treatment with MTX and continue MTX treatment throughout the study.

It is recommended with more frequent blood test in case of elevation of liver enzymes.

It is possible that AEs commonly associated with MTX treatment will occur. To minimize MTX toxicity, all subjects treated with MTX should be on folic acid or equivalent at a dose of at least <NUM>/week according to local guidelines and at the discretion of the investigator. Folic acid can either be given as a single dose weekly or be divided into daily doses to achieve at least <NUM> folic acid per week.

The following CYP1A2 substrates are not permitted: Alosetron, Clozapine, Flutamide, Frovatriptan, Melatonin, Mexiletine, mirtazapine, Olanzapine, Ramelteon, Rasagiline, Ropinirole, Tacrine, Theophylline, Tizanidine, Triamterene and zolmitriptan.

The latest updated reference ranges from the local laboratory will be used.

Hemoglobin, white blood cell (WBC) count (total and differential: leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes), red blood cells (RBC), thrombocytes and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) The hematology blood samples will be taken at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, glucose, creatinine, urea, albumin, unconjugated and total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and INR. The biochemistry blood samples will be taken at all visits. A serum β-HCG pregnancy test will be taken at screening.

Thyroxine (T4) free, triiodothyronine (T3) total or free, and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Blood samples for measuring the thyroid function.

A dipstick urine test for blood, protein, and glucose will be performed at the site at the Screening Visit. A urine sample may be sent for urine culture.

RF or anti-CCP, HBsAg, HBV antibody and HCV antibody.

RF is an antibody that is detectable in the blood of approximately <NUM>% of adults with RA.

CRP is an acute phase reactant, a protein made by the liver and released into the blood within a few hours after tissue injury, the start of an infection, or other cause of inflammation. The CRP will most often be increased by inflammation. One of the aims of treatment is to reduce the CRP to normal levels. CRP will be measured at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

Safety measures (AEs, SAEs, including laboratory abnormalities) will be registered during the whole study duration.

The arthroscopy sub-study in Part <NUM>, will assess the effect of <NUM> weeks treatment with AP1189/placebo compared to baseline by examining synovial fluid: (evaluating the change in the percentage of polymorphs, monocytes, and lymphocytes in synovial fluid).

In RA the immunohistological features of synovial inflammation change as the clinical manifestations change in response to conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, pulse methylprednisolone, or intra-articular glucocorticoids.

An assessment of <NUM> joints for swelling and <NUM> joints for tenderness will be made at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment. Joints will be assessed and classified as swollen/not swollen and tender/not tender by pressure and joint manipulation on physical examination. The subject will be asked for pain sensations on these manipulations and watched for spontaneous pain reactions. Any positive response to pressure, movement, or both will then be categorized as tender-versus-nontender. Swelling is defined as palpable fluctuating synovitis of the joint. Swelling secondary to osteoarthrosis will be assessed as not swollen unless there is unmistakable fluctuation.

Joint assessments of one particular subject should be performed by the same assessor (if at all possible) throughout the trial to minimize inter-observer variation.

The CDAI is a clinical composite score for following patients with RA.

The CDAI will be scored at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The DAS28 is a combined index for measuring disease activity in RA. The index includes swollen and tender joint counts, CRP, and general health status. In this trial CRP will be used to calculate the DAS28 score. The index is calculated using the following formula: <MAT> Where, TJC = tender joint count on <NUM> joints, SJC = swollen joint count on <NUM> joints, In = natural log, CRP = C-reactive Protein, and GH = general health, i.e., patient's global assessment of disease activity (<NUM>-mm VAS).

The DAS28 provides an absolute indication of RA disease activity on a scale of <NUM> to <NUM>.

Compared to an initial value the disease activity of the subject can be classified as follows:.

The DAS28 will be scored at baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The physician's assessment of the subject's current disease activity on a <NUM> horizontal VAS. The extreme left end of the line should be described as "no disease activity" (symptom-free and no arthritis symptoms) and the extreme right end as "maximum disease activity. " The efficacy assessor should complete this. Investigator Global VAS will be measured at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The subject's overall assessment of their current disease activity on a <NUM> horizontal VAS. The extreme left end of the line should be described as "no disease activity" symptom-free and no arthritis symptoms) and the extreme right end as "maximum disease activity" (maximum arthritis disease activity). Patient Global VAS will be measures at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The subject's assessment of his/her current level of pain on a <NUM> horizontal VAS. The extreme left end of the line should be described as "no pain" and the extreme right end as "unbearable pain. " Patient Pain VAS will be measured at screening, baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The FACIT-Fatigue assessment is a <NUM>-item questionnaire with subjects scoring each item on a <NUM>-point scale. The assessment was originally developed for chronic illnesses and is now validated for patients with RA. FACIT-Fatigue will be scored at baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

HAQ-DI is a validated tool to evaluate physical function. It consists of <NUM> questions referring to <NUM> component sets: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities. HAQ-DI will be scored at baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The ACR response rates ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 are defined as ≥<NUM>%, ≥<NUM>% and ≥<NUM>% improvement, respectively, in swollen and tender joint counts (SJC/TJC) and <NUM> of the following <NUM> assessments: Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity (see above), Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity (see above), Patient's Assessment of Pain (see above), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ-DI, see above), and C-Reactive Protein (CRP).

Plasma PK samples for exposure-response analysis will be taken after <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>- and <NUM>-weeks treatment.

Plasma samples for CXCL13, IL-1β, IL-<NUM>, IL-<NUM>, and TNF-α analysis will be taken at baseline, after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks treatment.

The following samples are kept at frozen storage in a biobank or similar, as applicable per country, during the study:.

Analysis of all cytokines and PK will be performed at a central laboratory. The samples will be sent and analyzed on a regular basis.

The severity of an event is evaluated in order to subcategorize events. Severity is not seriousness. A very severe event can be non-serious, and a serious event can be of mild severity. Each event will be graded for severity using <NPL>.

Claim 1:
A compound of formula (la)
<CHM>
wherein n is <NUM>; and
R<NUM> is NO<NUM>, CF<NUM>, CCl<NUM>, F, Cl, or CN, and R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, R<NUM>, and R<NUM> are hydrogen; including tautomeric forms, enantiomeric forms, diastereoisomeric forms, and racemic forms thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
for use in the treatment of an arthritic disease,
wherein said compound is to be administered with methotrexate (MTX).