Patent Description:
Training manikins having sensors to measure CPR performance, such as ventilation volume and compression depth and frequency are presently known. However, it is desired to provide alternative and/or improved solutions for registering performance of a trainee using a training manikin.

<CIT> discloses a system and a computer program product for the formative testing of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills. The system comprises a sensor cluster for installation in a manikin comprising a chest plate and a lung. The sensor cluster comprises a distance sensor for measuring chest plate displacement and a pressure pad for measuring external pressure applied to the manikin and for measuring pressure due to expansion of the lung.

<CIT> discloses a system for measuring chest compressions in a manikin, especially a manikin for CPR training, comprising an optical proximity sensor and a reflector, one of which being in the back part of the manikin and the other on the chest part opposite each other for measuring the movement between them.

<CIT> discloses a CPR training mannequin including a humanoid torso. The torso is composed of a material having a degree of transparency. A humanoid head is connected to the torso and has a mouth opening connected to a ventilation tube within the head. The torso is supported by resilient elements from the base to simulate resistance to chest compressions. A simulated heart and simulated lungs are arranged within the torso and are visible through the front surface of the torso. Sensors measure the air flow during CPR ventilation and depth of CPR chest compressions. Lights within the heart, brain and lungs indicate the chest compressions and ventilation are adequate to resuscitate the simulated victim.

It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a solution, which at least improve the solutions of the prior art and/or provide alternatives to the prior art.

Thus, the present disclosure relates to a training manikin for practicing CPR, and to a method for registering performance of a trainee during practice of CPR. Also, methods for retrofitting a sensor system on a training manikin are disclosed.

The training manikin comprises a chest portion and a back portion. The chest portion is deflectable along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position.

The training manikin comprises one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session, wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of deflection of the chest portion.

The training manikin comprises at least one processing device connected to the one or more sensors and adapted to obtain and/or provide one or more output signals based on the one or more parameters. The one or more output signals comprises a compression signal indicative of deflection of the chest portion. For example, the compression signal may be indicative of distance of deflection of the chest portion relative to the non-deflected chest position.

The method for registering performance of a trainee during practice of CPR comprises providing a training manikin, such as the training manikin disclosed herein. For example, wherein the training comprises a chest portion and a back portion, and wherein the chest portion is deflectable along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position, wherein the training manikin further comprises one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session, and wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of deflection of the chest portion.

The method comprises: starting a training session, measuring the one or more parameters with the one or more sensors during the training session, and providing a compression signal indicative of deflection of the chest portion based on the one or more parameters.

The deflection direction may generally be perpendicular to the back portion of the manikin, e.g. when the manikin is positioned on a floor, the deflection direction may be perpendicular to the ground.

Measuring the one or more parameters may be performed at a sample rate and/or the one or more parameters may be provided at the sample rate. The sample rate may be between <NUM>-<NUM>, such as between <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some examples the sample rate may be variable. The sample rate may be different for different sensors.

Measuring the one or more parameters may include measuring an internal chest distance. The compression signal may be based on the measured internal chest distance. For example, the one or more sensors may comprise an optical distance sensor (e.g. a Time of Flight (ToF) sensor) arranged at a sensor position and may measure an internal chest distance between the optical distance sensor and a reflector. The optical distance sensor may be attached to the back portion. The reflector may move with the chest portion during deflection of the chest portion. The sensor position may be stationary, e.g. relative to the back portion, e.g. during deflection of the chest portion. Alternatively, the optical distance sensor may be attached to the chest portion. The sensor position may be movable with the chest portion. The reflector may be stationary, e.g. relative to the back portion, e.g. during deflection of the chest portion.

The optical distance sensor may provide a distance sensor signal indicative of the measured internal chest distance to the processing device. The distance sensor signal may have a sample rate between <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>. The compression signal may be based on the distance sensor signal, e.g. the processing device may obtain the compression signal based on the distance sensor signal.

The training manikin may comprise an internal block element. The internal block element may be a resilient material, such as foam. The internal block element may bias the chest portion towards the non-deflected chest position.

The internal block element may have a hole therethrough from a first block side to a second block side. The internal block element may be arranged between the sensor position and the reflector. The hole may be arranged to provide a visible path between the optical distance sensor and the reflector. The first block side may be arranged towards the sensor position and/or the second block side may be arranged towards the reflector. The internal block element may be enclosed by a cover element. The cover element may have an opening exposing the hole of the internal block element on the first block side. The cover element may cover the hole of the internal block element on the second block side. The cover element may form the reflector. The cover element may comprise a reinforcement part covering the hole of the internal block element on the second block side. The cover element may have an increased thickness covering the hole forming the reinforcement part. Alternatively or additionally, the cover element may comprise an additional layer of material (e.g. the same or a different material than the remainder of the cover element) covering the hole forming the reinforcement part.

Alternatively or additionally, the training manikin may comprise a compression spring biasing the chest portion towards the non-deflected chest position. The chest portion may comprise an internal chest support structure in engagement with the compression spring. The internal chest support structure may form the reflector. Alternatively, the reflector may be attached to the internal chest support structure and may extend lateral from the internal chest support structure.

The reflector may be hingedly attached to the internal chest support structure, e.g. to allow rotation of the reflector around a hinge axis perpendicular to the deflection direction. The reflector may be rotatable between a first reflector position and a second reflector position. The reflector may, in the first reflector position, be substantially perpendicular to the deflection direction. The reflector may, in the second reflector position, be substantially parallel with the deflection direction. The reflector may be biased towards the first reflector position, e.g. by a torsion spring.

The measured internal chest distance may be filtered, e.g. by applying one or more filters, e.g. one or more finite impulse response (FIR) filters, e.g. Savitzky Golay filter(s), to obtain a filtered internal chest distance. For example, the processing device may be adapted to filter the distance sensor signal, e.g. by applying one or more filters, e.g. one or more finite impulse response (FIR) filters, e.g. Savitzky Golay filter(s), to obtain a filtered distance signal. The compression signal may be based on the filtered internal chest distance. The processing device may be adapted to obtain and/or provide the compression signal based on the filtered distance signal.

Filtering the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal may comprise determining a rate of change of the internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal. The rate of change of the internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal may be performed by using a <NUM>st derivative filter, such as a <NUM>st derivative Savitzky-Golay filter.

In accordance with the rate of change of the internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal being above a high threshold (e.g. <NUM>/sec), a first filter may be applied on the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal. The first filter may be based on a first number of sampling points of the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal.

In accordance with the rate of change of the internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal being below a low threshold (e.g. <NUM>/sec), a second filter may be applied on the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal. The second filter may be based on a second number of sampling points of the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal. The second number of sampling points may be more than the first number of sampling points. For example, the first number of sampling points may be between <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>. The second number of sampling points may be between <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>.

In accordance with the rate of change of the internal chest distance being below the high threshold and above the low threshold, a combination of both the first filter and the second filter may be applied on the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal.

The training manikin may comprise a mouth and/or nostrils and a lung portion. The lung portion may comprise a lung bag and one or more airway components fluidly connecting the lung bag with the mouth and/or the nostrils. The one or more airway components may comprise an airway tube, a lung adaptor and/or a mouth adaptor. At least part of the one or more parameters may be indicative of ventilation of the lung portion. The one or more output signals may comprise a ventilation signal indicative of ventilation of the lung portion. The ventilation signal may be provided. The ventilation signal may be indicative of volume of air contained in the lung portion and/or administered to the lung portion.

Measuring the one or more parameters may include measuring air pressure in the lung portion. The one or more sensors may comprise a pressure sensor measuring air pressure in the lung portion.

The pressure sensor may provide a pressure sensor signal indicative of the measured air pressure in the lung portion to the processing device. The ventilation signal may be based on the measured air pressure in the lung portion and/or the pressure sensor signal. The pressure sensor may be fluidly connected with a sensor tube to a side port of the one or more airway components. The airway tube of the one or more airway components may comprise the side port. The airway tube may comprise a first airway tube part and a second airway tube part. The airway tube may further comprise a side port adapter inserted between the first airway tube part and the second airway tube part. The side port adapter may comprise the side port.

Measuring the one or more parameters may include measuring air pressure outside the lung portion. The one or more sensors may comprise an ambient pressure sensor measuring air pressure outside the lung portion. The ambient pressure sensor may provide an ambient pressure sensor signal indicative of the measured air pressure outside the lung portion to the processing device. The ventilation signal may be based on the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on the difference between the air pressure outside the lung portion and the air pressure in the lung portion.

Measuring the one or more parameters includes measuring temperature. The temperature may be measured within the manikin and/or in the vicinity of the manikin. temperature may be measured inside the lung portion, and/or outside the lung portion. The one or more sensors may comprise a temperature sensor measuring temperature, e.g. within the manikin and/or in the vicinity of the manikin, inside the lung portion and/or outside the lung portion. The temperature sensor may provide a temperature sensor signal indicative of the measured temperature to the processing device. The ventilation signal is based on the measured temperature and/or the temperature sensor signal.

The ventilation signal may be based on a rate of change of the one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a rate of change of the measured air pressure in the lung portion and/or the pressure sensor signal, e.g. in combination with the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal. The rate of change of the measured air pressure(s) may be performed by using a 1st derivative filter, such as a 1st derivative Savitzky-Golay filter.

The ventilation signal may be based on a rise time of the one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters, e.g. the time since the one or more measured air pressure parameters were at a baseline value. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a rise time of the measured air pressure in the lung portion and/or the pressure sensor signal, e.g. in combination with the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal. The rise time of the measured air pressure(s) may be determined based on values of a <NUM>st derivative filter, such as a <NUM>st derivative Savitzky-Golay filter of the measured air pressure(s).

The ventilation signal may be based on a conversion of one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a conversion of the measured air pressure in the lung portion and/or the pressure sensor signal, e.g. in combination with the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a conversion of the difference between the air pressure outside the lung portion and the air pressure in the lung portion. The conversion may use an nth order polynomial equation. "n" may be between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as <NUM>. For example, the conversion may use a <NUM>st order, a <NUM>nd order, a <NUM>rd order, a <NUM>th order, or a <NUM>th order polynomial equation and/or a look-up table of values derived from such polynomial equation. The nth order polynomial equation may be empirically established by inflating lung portions of a plurality of manikins of the same type as the training manikin with a known volume of air, e.g. at various temperatures and/or with varying rate of change, and measuring the resulting pressure. Alternatively or additionally, the ventilation signal may be based on a conversion using a look-up table of values derived from inflating lung portions of a plurality of manikins of the same type as the training manikin with a known volume of air, e.g. at various temperatures and/or with varying rate of change, and measuring the resulting pressure. The ventilation signal may be obtained by retrieving, from the look-up table, one or more values corresponding to the measured air pressure(s), e.g. in combination with a rate of change and/or rise time of the measured air pressure(s), to thereby obtain the ventilation signal. Obtaining the ventilation signal may include interpolation between the retrieved one or more values from the look-up table, e.g. using linear or barycentric interpolation.

The training manikin may comprise an electronic memory. The electronic memory may be connected with the at least one processing device. The electronic memory may store one or more variables to be used in converting the measured internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal to the compression signal. The electronic memory may store one or more variables to be used in converting the measured air pressure parameters, and optionally rate of change, rise time and/or temperature, to the ventilation signal. For example, the electronic memory may store a type parameter. The type parameter may be indicative of a first type of training manikin selected from a plurality of types of training manikins. The compression signal and/or the ventilation signal may be based on the type parameter.

The compression signal may be based on a compression baseline value. The compression baseline value may be based on measurement of at least part of the one or more parameters, e.g. the internal chest distance/distance sensor signal, during a compression baseline period. For example, the at least part of the one or more parameters, such as the internal chest distance and/or the distance sensor signal, may be measured with the one or more sensors during the compression baseline period to obtain a compression baseline value. The compression baseline period may be before the starting of the training session. The compression baseline period may be a predetermined period, e.g. <NUM> seconds, e.g. at the beginning of a session and/or in between compressions.

The ventilation signal may be based on a ventilation baseline value. The ventilation baseline value may be based on measurement of at least part of the one or more parameters, e.g. the air pressure in the lung portion/pressure sensor signal and/or the air pressure outside the lung portion/ambient pressure sensor signal, during a ventilation baseline period. For example, the at least part of the one or more parameters, such as the air pressure in the lung portion, the pressure sensor signal, the air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal, may be measured with the one or more sensors during the ventilation baseline period to obtain a ventilation baseline value. The ventilation baseline period may be before the starting of the training session. The ventilation baseline period may be a predetermined period, e.g. <NUM> seconds, e.g. at the beginning of a session and/or in between ventilations. The ventilation baseline period and the compression baseline period may be the same period. The ventilation baseline value and the compression baseline value may be based on measurements during the same period.

The at least one processing device may comprise a first processing device and a second processing device. For example, the first processing device may be adapted to obtain and/or provide the compression signal, and the second processing device may be adapted to obtain and/or provide the ventilation signal.

The one or more output signals, such as the compression signal and/or the ventilation signal, may be provided to a display, e.g. of the manikin, for being displayed. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more output signals, such as the compression signal and/or the ventilation signal, may be provided to a connected device, e.g. via wireless communication. For example, the training manikin may comprise a wireless communication module for communicating with one or more connected devices.

The training manikin may comprise a battery holder, e.g. being electrically connected to the one or more sensors and/or the at least one processing device. The battery holder may comprise a battery compartment adapted to receive one or more batteries. The battery holder may have a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The battery holder may comprise a removable cover portion to close the battery compartment to the outside. The cover portion may form part of the first side of the battery holder. The battery holder may comprise an on/off actuator adapted to connect and disconnect an electrical connection between the one or more batteries in the battery compartment and the one or more sensors and/or the at least one processing device. The on/off actuator may be arranged on the first side of the battery holder.

The back portion of the training manikin may comprise a recess. The battery holder may be arranged in the recess such that the second side is arranged towards the chest portion and the first side is facing away from the chest portion.

The training manikin may comprise a surface element. The surface element may form an outside surface of at least part of the training manikin. The surface element may be a skin, such as a flexible skin. The surface element may be made of polyvinylchloride. The surface element may comprise a surface part with an opening. The battery holder may be fitted in the opening of the surface element, e.g. such that the first side of the battery holder is substantially parallel and/or flush with the surface part of the surface element. The surface part with the opening may be at a shoulder portion of the surface element. The surface part with the opening may be substantially parallel with the deflection direction. Alternatively, the surface part with the opening may be substantially perpendicular with the deflection direction.

The training manikin may comprise a first mounting element and a second mounting element. The first mounting element and the second mounting element may be adapted to mount the battery holder to the surface element.

The first mounting element may have a first rim portion in a first primary plane. The first mounting element may have a first lower portion in a first secondary plane. The first secondary plane may be parallel with the first primary plane. The first primary plane and the first secondary plane may be separated by a first distance. The first distance may be substantially equal to a battery holder thickness between the first side and the second side of the battery holder. The battery holder may be engaged with the first mounting element, e.g. such that the second side of the battery holder is facing the first lower portion and/or such that the first side of the battery holder is flush with the first rim portion.

The second mounting element may have a second rim portion in a second primary plane. The second mounting element may have a second lower portion in a second secondary plane. The second secondary plane and the second primary plane may be parallel. The second primary plane and the second secondary plane may be separated by a second distance. The first mounting element may be engaged with the second mounting element, e.g. such that the first lower portion of the first mounting element is arranged against the second lower portion of the second mounting element.

The second rim portion may be contacting an internal side of a boundary portion of the surface element around the opening. The first rim portion may be contacting an external side of the boundary portion of the surface element around the opening.

The battery holder may be fixed to the second mounting element with one or more fastening elements, e.g. screws. The one or more fastening elements may be extending between the battery holder and the second mounting element. The one or more fastening elements may extend through apertures of the first mounting element.

The first rim portion and/or the second rim portion may surround the battery holder.

An outer perimeter of the first rim portion and/or the second rim portion may encircle the opening of the surface element.

Also disclosed herein is a method for retrofitting a sensor system on a training manikin for practicing CPR comprising a chest portion and a back portion, and wherein the chest portion is deflectable along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position. The method for retrofitting a sensor system may obtain a training manikin as disclosed herein.

The method for retrofitting may comprise providing a sensor assembly. The sensor assembly comprises one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session, wherein at least part of the one or more parameters is indicative of deflection of the chest portion. The sensor assembly comprises at least one processing device connected to the one or more sensors and adapted to provide one or more output signals based on the one or more parameters. The method for retrofitting may comprise providing a replacement back portion comprising the sensor assembly.

The method for retrofitting may comprise removing the back portion of the training manikin, and after removing the back portion of the training manikin, attaching the replacement back portion to the training manikin.

When the training manikin comprises a mouth and/or nostrils and a lung portion comprising a lung bag and one or more airway components, e.g. including a mouth adaptor and/or an airway tube, fluidly connecting the lung bag with the mouth and/or the nostrils, and wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of ventilation of the lung portion, the method for retrofitting may comprise providing a replacement mouth adaptor having a side port, removing the mouth adaptor of the training manikin, and after removing the mouth adaptor of the training manikin, attaching the replacement mouth adaptor. Alternatively, the method may comprise providing a side port adapter having a side port, cutting the airway tube of the training manikin to form a first airway tube part and a second airway tube part, and after cutting the airway tube, inserting the side port adaptor between the first airway tube part and the second airway tube part.

The method further may comprise fluidly connecting a pressure sensor of the one or more sensors with a sensor tube to the side port of the replacement mouth adaptor and/or of the side port adaptor.

When the training manikin comprises a surface element forming an outside surface of at least part of the training manikin, the method may comprise removing the surface element of the training manikin, and after removing the surface element of the training manikin, attaching the sensor assembly to a sensor position internal of the training manikin.

The method for retrofitting may comprise providing a reflector and attaching the reflector to an internal chest support structure of the chest portion of the manikin.

The method for retrofitting may comprise providing a replacement surface element comprising a battery holder, electrically connecting the sensor assembly and the battery holder of the replacement surface element, and attaching the replacement surface element to the training manikin.

Embodiments of the disclosure will be described in more detail in the following with regard to the accompanying figures. The figures show one way of implementing the present disclosure and are not to be construed as being limiting to other possible embodiments falling within the scope of the attached claim set.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary CPR training system <NUM> comprising a training manikin <NUM> and a plurality of client devices including a first client device <NUM>, a second client device <NUM> and a further second client device <NUM>. For example, the first client device <NUM> may be an instructor device, and the second client device <NUM> and the further second client device <NUM> may be client devices of trainees, e.g. two trainees performing cooperative training on the manikin <NUM>, or one trainee training on the manikin while another trainee is studying. Alternatively or additionally a client device, e.g. the second client device <NUM> or the further second client device <NUM> may work as a simulated defibrillator or other equipment relevant for the CPR training.

The training manikin <NUM> is for practicing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), e.g. for allowing a trainee to practice chest compression and/or lung ventilation. The training manikin <NUM> comprises a head <NUM> and a torso <NUM>. The torso <NUM> comprises a chest portion <NUM> and a back portion <NUM>. The chest portion <NUM> is configured to simulate a patient's chest to allow compression during practice of chest compression. The chest portion <NUM> is deflectable, e.g. during compression training, along a deflection direction <NUM> towards the back portion <NUM>. The deflection direction <NUM> may generally be perpendicular to the ground and/or back portion <NUM>. The chest portion <NUM> may be deflectable between a non-deflected chest position (as illustrated) and a maximum-deflected chest position wherein the distance between the chest portion <NUM> and the back portion <NUM> is minimised.

The manikin <NUM> may comprise a surface element <NUM> forming an outside surface of at least part of the training manikin <NUM>. The surface element <NUM> may be a skin of the manikin <NUM>. The surface element <NUM> may be flexible. The surface element <NUM> may be polyvinylchloride. In some examples, the surface element <NUM> may cover the majority of the torso <NUM>, as illustrated, in other examples, the surface element <NUM> may cover only some part of the training manikin <NUM>.

The training manikin <NUM> further comprises a lung portion (not shown), which is in fluid communication with a mouth <NUM> and nostrils <NUM> of the head <NUM>. The lung portion and the mouth <NUM> and nostrils <NUM> simulates a patient's airways so as to allow practice of lung ventilation. Alternative training manikins may be only for practicing chest compression, i.e. the head <NUM> and/or the lung portion of the illustrated examples may be omitted.

The training manikin <NUM> is provided with one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of the trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session. Exemplary parameters may include parameters indicative of lung ventilation volume, stomach inflation, compression depth, hand position on the chest, compression frequency and other parameters relevant for assessment of the training. For example, the one or more parameters, or part thereof may be indicative of deflection of the chest portion, and/or one or more parameters or part thereof may be indicative of ventilation of the lung portion.

In <FIG>, the training manikin <NUM> is illustrated as an adult sized training manikin. However, it is noted that the training manikin <NUM> according to the present disclosure may be any sized manikin, such as a baby sized manikin or a toddler sized manikin.

The client devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may comprise respective displays <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, which may be touch sensitive displays. The client devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be tablets and/or smart phones.

The manikin <NUM> may comprise a wireless communication module adapted to establish wireless communication links with the plurality of client devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, e.g. such as to enable transmission of training data based on the one or more parameters to the first client device <NUM>, to the second client device <NUM>, and/or to the further second client device <NUM>.

The manikin <NUM> may, e.g. via the wireless communication module, be adapted to receive first device data from the first client device <NUM>, second device data from the second client device <NUM>, and/or further second device data from the further second client device <NUM>.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary training manikin <NUM>, such as the training manikin <NUM> as illustrated in <FIG>. The training manikin <NUM> comprises an optional head <NUM> and a torso <NUM>. The torso <NUM> comprises a chest portion <NUM> and a back portion <NUM>. The chest portion <NUM> is deflectable along a deflection direction <NUM> towards the back portion <NUM>.

The training manikin <NUM> may, as illustrated in <FIG>, comprise a compression spring <NUM> biasing the chest portion <NUM> towards a non-deflected chest position. Furthermore, the chest portion <NUM> comprises an internal chest support structure <NUM> in engagement with the compression spring <NUM>.

Alternatively, the training manikin <NUM> may, as illustrated in <FIG>, comprises an internal block element <NUM>. The internal block element <NUM> may be made by a resilient material, such as foam, which biases the chest portion <NUM> towards the non-deflected chest position. Hence, during compression training, the vertical thickness of the internal block element <NUM> may be compressed. The internal chest support structure <NUM> may be provided also in combination with the internal block element <NUM>, as illustrated, or may alternatively be omitted. The internal block element <NUM> comprises a first block side <NUM> and a second block side <NUM>. The first block side <NUM> is arranged towards the back portion <NUM>, and the second block side <NUM> is arranged towards the chest portion <NUM>.

The training manikin <NUM> may further, as illustrated, comprise a lung portion <NUM>, which is in fluid communication with the mouth <NUM> and nostrils <NUM> of the head <NUM>. The lung portion <NUM> comprises a lung bag <NUM> and one or more airway components <NUM> fluidly connecting the lung bag <NUM> with the mouth <NUM> and nostrils <NUM>. The airway components <NUM> may comprise airway tube(s), a lung adaptor and/or a mouth adaptor.

<FIG> is a block diagram of an exemplary training manikin <NUM> and two client devices, including a first client device <NUM> and a second client device <NUM>. The manikin <NUM> and client devices <NUM>, <NUM> may be the corresponding devices of the system <NUM> described in relation to <FIG> and <FIG>. For example, the client devices <NUM>, <NUM> may comprise respective displays <NUM>, <NUM>, which may be touch sensitive displays.

The manikin <NUM> comprises sensors including one or more ventilation sensor <NUM> and a compression sensor <NUM>. As noted above, a manikin may in some embodiments be only for practicing chest compression, in which case the ventilation sensor(s) <NUM> may be omitted. The sensors <NUM>, <NUM> may measure one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the manikin <NUM>. For example, the parameters or parts thereof may be indicative of deflection of the chest portion, and/or one ventilation of the lung portion.

The manikin <NUM> comprises a processing device <NUM> connected to the sensors <NUM>, <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may further be connected to a wireless communication module <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to obtain and/or provide one or more output signals based on the one or more parameters received from the sensors <NUM>, <NUM>. For example, the output signals from the processing device <NUM> may comprise a compression signal indicative of deflection, e.g. distance of deflection, of the chest portion <NUM>, e.g. relative to the non-deflected chest position. The output signals from the processing device <NUM> may alternatively or additionally comprise a ventilation signal indicative of ventilation of the lung portion, e.g. the ventilation signal may be indicative of volume of air contained in the lung portion and/or administered to the lung portion. The output signals may be provided, e.g. as training data, to the client devices <NUM>, <NUM>. For example, the output signals may be provided, e.g. as training data, to the wireless communication module <NUM>. Alternatively, the output signals may be provided to the client devices <NUM>, <NUM> using a wired connection. The processing device <NUM> may further be connected to an electronic memory <NUM> of the manikin <NUM>, which may be adapted to store various information, e.g. including parameters based on data received from the client devices <NUM>, <NUM>, the training data, and/or the one or more parameters from the sensors <NUM>, <NUM>.

The wireless communication module <NUM> may establish wireless communication links with the first client device <NUM> and/or the second client device <NUM>, e.g. with a first client wireless communication module <NUM> of the first client device <NUM>, and/or with a second client wireless communication module <NUM> of the second client device <NUM>, respectively. The wireless communication modules <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be Bluetooth modules configured for communication in accordance with a Bluetooth protocol. Alternatively, the wireless communication modules <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may utilize other wireless communication modalities.

The sensors <NUM>, <NUM>, the wireless communication module <NUM>, the processing device <NUM>, and the electronic memory <NUM> may be provided as a sensor module <NUM>. For example, the components may be provided on a single PCB and/or may be provided in a common housing. The manikin <NUM> comprises a power unit <NUM>, which may be external to the sensor module <NUM>. The power unit <NUM> may comprise one or more batteries, and/or may provide for a connection to an external power socket. The power unit <NUM> may be electrically connected to the sensor module <NUM>, such as to the one or more sensors <NUM>, <NUM>, the wireless communication module <NUM>, and/or the processing device <NUM>. In some examples, the power unit <NUM> is a battery holder, e.g. comprising a battery compartment adapted to receive one or more batteries.

The electronic memory <NUM> may be adapted to store parameters received from the client devices <NUM>, <NUM>. For example, the electronic memory <NUM> may be adapted to store personal and/or other information to be shared between the connected client devices <NUM>, <NUM>. The electronic memory <NUM> may comprise parameters of the manikin <NUM>, which may be used in generating training data based on the parameters from the sensors <NUM>, <NUM>. For example, the electronic memory <NUM> may store a type parameter indicative of the type of the training manikin <NUM>, e.g. a first type of training manikin selected from a plurality of types of training manikins. For example, the type parameter may be indicative of whether the training manikin <NUM> is a baby manikin, a toddler manikin, an adult manikin of a first type or an adult manikin of a second type. The electronic memory <NUM> may further store other manikin specific data, e.g. production year, date of last service check etc..

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary training manikin <NUM>, corresponding to the training manikins as illustrated in <FIG>, respectively, with an exemplary compression sensor <NUM>.

The compression sensor <NUM> comprises an optical distance sensor <NUM> arranged at a sensor position <NUM>. The optical distance sensor <NUM> may be attached to the back portion <NUM>, as illustrated. The optical distance sensor <NUM> may be embedded in the back portion <NUM>. The optical distance sensor <NUM> is measuring an internal chest distance <NUM>, e.g. between the optical distance sensor <NUM> and a reflector <NUM>, which may be a dedicated element. Alternatively, the internal chest support structure <NUM> may form the reflector <NUM>. Thus, the reflector <NUM> moves with the chest portion <NUM> during deflection of the chest portion <NUM>, along the deflection direction <NUM>. Thus, the compression signal obtained and/or provided by the processing device may be based on the internal chest distance <NUM>, as measured by the optical distance sensor <NUM>. The optical distance sensor <NUM> may comprise a Time of Flight (ToF) sensor.

As exemplified in <FIG>, the internal block element <NUM> may be provided with a hole <NUM> therethrough from the first block side <NUM> to the second block side <NUM>. The hole <NUM> is arranged to provide a visible path between the optical distance sensor <NUM> and the reflector <NUM>.

In the illustrated examples, the sensor position <NUM> is stationary relative to the back portion <NUM> during deflection of the chest portion <NUM>. However, alternatively, the optical distance sensor <NUM> could be attached to the movable chest portion <NUM>, and the reflector <NUM> could be formed by the back portion <NUM>, or be attached to the back portion.

<FIG> schematically illustrates some internal components of an exemplary manikin <NUM>, such as a manikin <NUM> in accordance with the example of <FIG>. The manikin <NUM> comprises a compression sensor <NUM> comprising an optical distance sensor <NUM> arranged at a sensor position <NUM>. The optical distance sensor <NUM> may be attached to the back portion <NUM>, as illustrated. The optical distance sensor <NUM> is measuring an internal chest distance <NUM>, e.g. between the optical distance sensor <NUM> and a reflector <NUM>. The present example shows a reflector <NUM> attached to the internal chest support structure <NUM>. The reflector <NUM> extends laterally from the internal chest support structure <NUM>.

The reflector <NUM> may be hingedly attached to the internal chest support structure <NUM>, allowing rotation of the reflector <NUM> around a hinge axis <NUM>, e.g. perpendicular to the deflection direction <NUM>. The hinged attachment of the reflector <NUM> may reduce the risk of the reflector being broken by a trainee deflecting the chest portion <NUM> by pressing on the chest portion over the reflector <NUM>. The reflector <NUM> may be rotatable between a first reflector position and a second reflector position. In the first reflector position the reflector <NUM> may be substantially perpendicular to the deflection direction <NUM>, as illustrated. In the second reflector position, the reflector may be deflected such as to be more parallel with the deflection direction <NUM>. For example, the reflector <NUM> may be substantially parallel with the deflection direction <NUM> in the second reflector position. Further details of the reflector is provided in relation to <FIG>.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary reflector assembly <NUM>, comprising a reflector <NUM> such as the reflector <NUM> as described in relation to <FIG>, which may be attached to an internal chest support structure <NUM> of a training manikin <NUM>. The reflector assembly <NUM> comprises a reflector hinge <NUM> which allows the reflector <NUM> to be hingedly attached to the internal chest support structure. The reflector hinge <NUM> allows rotation of the reflector <NUM> around the hinge axis <NUM>.

The reflector assembly <NUM> further comprises a reflector attachment part <NUM>, adapted to couple top the internal support structure. For example, the reflector attachment part <NUM> may comprise one or more engagement elements <NUM>, adapted to engage with a coupling portion of the internal support structure, e.g. by resiliently engage with an edge of the internal support structure. The reflector hinge <NUM> may couple the reflector <NUM> and the reflector attachment part <NUM>, allowing rotation of the reflector <NUM> around the hinge axis <NUM>, relative to the reflector attachment part <NUM>, and thereby relative to the internal chest support structure, when attached thereto.

The reflector <NUM> is biased towards the first reflector position, as illustrated, by a biasing element <NUM>, such as a torsion spring, as illustrated.

<FIG> schematically illustrates internal components of another exemplary manikin <NUM>, such as a manikin <NUM> in accordance with the example of <FIG>. The manikin <NUM> of <FIG> comprises an internal block element <NUM>. The internal block element <NUM> forms the interior of the chest portion <NUM> of the manikin <NUM>. The internal block element <NUM> may be made by a resilient material, such as foam, which biases the chest portion <NUM> towards the non-deflected chest position. Hence, during compression training, the trainee compresses the vertical thickness of the block element.

An optical distance sensor <NUM> (see <FIG>) may be arranged at a sensor position <NUM>. For example, the optical distance sensor may be attached to the back portion <NUM>. The internal block element <NUM> may be arranged between the sensor position and the reflector <NUM>.

The internal block element <NUM> is further illustrated in <FIG>, respectively showing the internal block element <NUM> from a first block side <NUM> of the internal block element and from a second block side <NUM> of the internal block element <NUM>. The first block side <NUM> is arranged towards the sensor position, in the present example towards the back portion <NUM>, and the second block side <NUM> is arranged towards the reflector <NUM>. The internal block element <NUM> is provided with a hole <NUM> therethrough from the first block side <NUM> to the second block side <NUM>. The hole <NUM> is arranged to provide a visible path between the optical distance sensor and the reflector <NUM>.

The internal block element <NUM> may, as illustrated, be enclosed by a cover element <NUM> having an opening <NUM> exposing the hole <NUM> of the internal block element <NUM> on the first block side <NUM>. The cover element <NUM> may cover the hole <NUM> of the internal block <NUM> element on the second block side <NUM>, whereby, the cover element <NUM> may form the reflector <NUM>. Alternatively, the reflector <NUM> may be formed by a plate, such as illustrated in <FIG> or such as the internal chest support structure <NUM> as illustrated in <FIG>, in which case the cover element <NUM> may be omitted, or the cover element <NUM> may be provided with a second opening exposing the hole <NUM> of the internal block element <NUM> on the second block side <NUM>.

The cover element <NUM> may comprises a reinforcement part <NUM> covering the hole <NUM> of the internal block element <NUM> on the second block side <NUM>. The reinforcement part <NUM> of the cover element <NUM> may be positioned such as to reduce the risk that the deflection of the chest portion and thereby of the internal block element <NUM> during training of compressions, cause breakage of the non-supported part of the cover element <NUM>, i.e. the part covering the hole <NUM>. The reinforcement part <NUM> may be provided by the cover element <NUM> comprising an extra plate of material forming the reinforcement part, or that the thickness of the reinforcement part <NUM> of the cover element <NUM> is thicker than the remainder of the cover element <NUM>.

The solution as illustrated by <FIG> is particularly suitable for a baby sized training manikin.

With reference to previous <FIG>, the processing device <NUM> may be adapted to filter an incoming signal to obtain a filtered signal. For example, the processing device <NUM> may be adapted to filter the distance sensor signal to obtain a filtered distance signal and base the compression signal on the filtered distance signal.

For example, the processing device <NUM> may filter the distance sensor signal by determining a rate of change of the distance sensor signal, and in accordance with the rate of change of the distance sensor signal being above a high threshold applying a first filter on the distance sensor signal to obtain the filtered distance signal, and in accordance with the rate of change of the distance sensor signal being below a low threshold applying a second filter on the distance sensor signal to obtain the filtered distance signal. In accordance with the rate of change of the distance sensor signal being below the high threshold and above the low threshold, a combination of both the first filter and the second filter may be applied on the distance sensor signal to obtain the filtered distance signal. The first filter may be based on a first number of sampling points of the distance sensor signal and the second filter may be based on a second number of sampling points of the distance sensor signal. The second number of sampling points may be more than the first number of sampling points. Thereby, the filtered distance signal is allowed to change more rapidly when the rate of change of the distance sensor signal is high, while suppressing more noise when the rate of change of the distance sensor signal is low. Employing such filtering dependent on rate of change has been found advantageous in the present case, as compressions are usually performed in cycles alternating between periods of no change, e.g. when no compressions are performed, e.g. while performing ventilation, and periods with continuous compressions, e.g. of <NUM>-<NUM> for an adult manikin, usually with a rate of <NUM>-<NUM> compressions per minute. The first filter and/or the second filter may be finite impulse response (FIR) filter, such as a Savitsky-Golay filter, such as a <NUM>nd order Savitsky-Golay filter. The high threshold may be between <NUM>-<NUM>/s, such as <NUM>/s. The low threshold may be between <NUM>-<NUM>/s, such as <NUM>/s.

As mentioned above, the electronic memory <NUM> may store a type parameter indicative of the type of the training manikin <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to base the compression signal on the type parameter. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to retrieve the type parameter from the electronic memory <NUM> and base the compression signal on the type parameter. For example, different types of manikin may be constructed differently or the compression sensor <NUM> may be positioned differently, leading to the measured distance being indicative of different compression parameters, e.g. compression depths, for different types of manikins. For example, in some types of manikin compressions may result in a pivoting movement of an internal mechanism, while others may result in a linear motion of the chest portion. Thus, in some examples, the measured distance needs to be adjusted to account for a difference in lever arm between the measured position and the intended position of the trainee's hand during compression training.

The compression signal may be based on a compression baseline value. The compression baseline value may be based on measurement of the one or more parameters during a compression baseline period. For example, the compression baseline value may be based on the distance sensor signal during the compression baseline period. The compression baseline period may be a predetermined period, e.g. <NUM> seconds, e.g. at the beginning of a session, such as following turning on of the manikin <NUM>, or following connecting a client device <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or following an instruction or a signal received from one of the client devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to base the compression signal on the compression baseline value and/or to obtain the compression baseline value, e.g. based on measurement of the one or more parameters, such as the distance sensor signal, during the compression baseline period.

<FIG> is a block diagram of exemplary sensors of an exemplary manikin, such as the ventilation sensor(s) <NUM> as described in relation to <FIG>. Particularly, <FIG> illustrates sensors on which the ventilation signal may be based. However, the illustrated sensors may alternatively or additionally be employed for other purposes, i.e. the output of the sensors of the following may be used to obtain or adjust other signals.

The one or more sensors, such as the ventilation sensor(s) <NUM>, may comprise a pressure sensor <NUM>, e.g. measuring air pressure in the lung portion <NUM> (see also <FIG>). The pressure sensor <NUM> provides a pressure sensor signal indicative of the measured air pressure in the lung portion <NUM>. The pressure sensor signal may be provided to the processing device <NUM> (<FIG>), which may base the ventilation signal on the pressure sensor signal. The pressure sensor <NUM> may be fluidly connected with a sensor tube <NUM> to the lung portion <NUM>, such as to the one or more airway components <NUM> (<FIG>) of the lung portion <NUM>.

The one or more sensors, such as the ventilation sensor(s) <NUM>, may comprise an ambient pressure sensor <NUM>, e.g. measuring air pressure outside the lung portion <NUM>, e.g. in the vicinity of the ambient pressure sensor <NUM>. The ambient pressure sensor <NUM> provides an ambient pressure sensor signal indicative of the measured air pressure outside the lung portion <NUM>. The ambient pressure sensor signal may be provided to the processing device <NUM> (<FIG>), which may base the ventilation signal on the ambient pressure sensor signal. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a difference between the measured air pressure inside and outside the lung portion, e.g. on a difference between the ambient pressure sensor signal and the pressure sensor signal.

The one or more sensors, such as the ventilation sensor(s) <NUM>, may comprise a temperature sensor <NUM>, e.g. measuring temperature, e.g. in the vicinity of the temperature sensor <NUM>. The temperature sensor <NUM> may provide a temperature sensor signal indicative of the measured temperature. The temperature sensor signal may be provided to the processing device <NUM> (<FIG>), which may base the ventilation signal on the temperature sensor signal.

As also described above, the processing device <NUM> may be adapted to filter an incoming signal to obtain a filtered signal. For example, the processing device <NUM> may be adapted to filter the pressure sensor signal, the ambient pressure sensor signal and/or a difference between the pressure sensor signal and the ambient pressure sensor signal to obtain one or more filtered pressure signals and base the ventilation signal on the one or more filtered pressure signals.

As mentioned above, the electronic memory <NUM> (see <FIG>) may store a type parameter indicative of the type of the training manikin <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to base the ventilation signal on the type parameter. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to retrieve the type parameter from the electronic memory <NUM> and base the ventilation signal on the type parameter. For example, different types of manikin may be constructed differently leading to the measured pressure being indicative of different ventilation parameters, e.g. ventilation volume, for different types of manikins.

The ventilation signal may be based on a ventilation baseline value. The ventilation baseline value may be based on measurement of the one or more parameters during a ventilation baseline period. For example, the ventilation baseline value may be based on the pressure sensor signal and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal during the ventilation baseline period. The ventilation baseline period may be a predetermined period, e.g. <NUM> seconds, e.g. at the beginning of a session, such as following turning on of the manikin <NUM>, or following connecting a client device <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or following an instruction or a signal received from one of the client devices <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. The ventilation baseline period and the compression baseline period described above may be the same, i.e. the ventilation baseline value and the compression baseline value may be based on measurements during the same period. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to base the ventilation signal on the ventilation baseline value and/or to obtain the ventilation baseline value, e.g. based on measurement of the one or more parameters, such as the pressure sensor signal, the ambient pressure sensor signal and/or a difference between the pressures sensor signal and the ambient pressure sensor signal, during the ventilation baseline period.

The measured pressure in the lung portion <NUM> is found to be closely related to the volume of air therein, likely because the lung portion <NUM> is constrained by surrounding elements of the manikin exhibiting elastic properties, leading to an increased pressure in the lung portion as volume of air therein is increasing. In effect, the lung portion acts like a spring making it possible to correlate the air volume to a measured pressure.

The ventilation signal may be based on a conversion, using an nth order polynomial equation. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to base the ventilation signal on the conversion using the nth order polynomial equation. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a conversion using the nth order polynomial equation of one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters, such as of the pressure sensor signal, the ambient pressure sensor signal and/or a difference between the pressure sensor signal and the ambient pressure sensor signal. For example, n may be between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as <NUM>. Alternatively or additionally, the ventilation signal may be based on a rate of change of the one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a rate of change of the measured air pressure in the lung portion and/or the pressure sensor signal, e.g. in combination with the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal. Alternatively or additionally, the ventilation signal may be based on a rise time of the one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters. For example, the ventilation signal may be based on a rise time of the measured air pressure in the lung portion and/or the pressure sensor signal, e.g. in combination with the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the ambient pressure sensor signal. The nth order polynomial equation may be empirically established, e.g. by inflating lung portions of a plurality of manikins, e.g. of each type and/or at various temperatures and/or with varying rate of change and/or rise time, with a known volume of air and measuring the resulting pressure. Thus, nth order polynomial equations of relationships between pressure and air volume, and optionally rate of change and/or rise time, may be obtained for different types of manikins and/or for different temperatures. Based on such empirically established relationship, optionally in combination with other factors such as temperature, the processing device <NUM> is able to convert a pressure measured by the pressure sensor to a volume of air in the lung portion, and thereby obtain the resulting ventilation signal. By using an empirically established relationship between pressure and air volume, optionally adjusted by temperature and/or other parameters, e.g. rate of change and/or rise time, reduces or eliminates the need for the instructor and/or trainee to calibrate the pressure-volume relationship. The nth order polynomial equation may be stored in the electronic memory <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to retrieve the nth order polynomial equation from the electronic memory <NUM>. Alternatively or additionally, the electronic memory <NUM> may comprise a look-up table with pre-calculated values associated with the nth order polynomial equation, and the processing device <NUM> may be adapted to retrieve one or more of the pre-calculated values from the look-up table of the electronic memory <NUM>, to convert the pressure measured, e.g. in combination with a rate of change and/or rise time of the pressure measured, to a volume of air in the lung portion, and thereby obtain the resulting ventilation signal. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to interpolate, e.g. using barycentric interpolation, between the retrieved one or more pre-calculated values from the look-up table, to obtain the resulting ventilation signal.

The electronic memory <NUM> may store one or more adjustment values, which may be used to adjust the nth order polynomial equation and/or values derived therefrom. Hence, the ventilation signal may be based on the one or more adjustment values. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to retrieve the one or more adjustment values from the electronic memory <NUM>. The processing device <NUM> may be adapted to base the ventilation signal on the one or more adjustment values, such as on the conversion using the nth order polynomial equation and/or values derived therefrom adjusted by the one or more adjustment values. For example, in case it is found, e.g. during quality control, that the pressure-volume relationship is incorrect for a particular manikin, the adjustment values, locally stored on the electronic memory of that manikin, may be changed, such that the effective polynomial equation used to calculate volume based on the pressure measurements fits that particular manikin. Similarly, the adjustment values may be changed following specific calibration of an individual manikin, e.g. after a time of which it is assumed that the mechanical properties of the manikin have changed leading to a different pressure-volume relationship.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary airway component <NUM>, in particular an airway tube <NUM> comprising a side port <NUM>. The airway tube <NUM> may be fluidly connecting the mouth or nostrils of the manikin with the lung bag of the lung portion. The pressure sensor <NUM> (<FIG>) may be fluidly connected with the side port <NUM> by sensor tube <NUM>.

The airway tube <NUM> may comprise a first airway tube part <NUM>-<NUM> and a second airway tube part <NUM>-<NUM>. Furthermore, the airway tube <NUM> may comprise a side port adapter <NUM> inserted between the first airway tube part <NUM>-<NUM> and the second airway tube part <NUM>-<NUM>. The side port adapter <NUM> may comprising the side port <NUM>. For example, the side port <NUM> may be retrofitted by cutting the airway tube <NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>, and inserting the side port adapter <NUM> between the first airway tube part <NUM>-<NUM> and the second airway tube part <NUM>-<NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary battery holder <NUM>, which may be the power unit <NUM>, as described with respect to <FIG>. Hence, the battery holder <NUM> may be electrically connected to the sensor module <NUM>, such as to the one or more sensors <NUM>, <NUM>, the wireless communication module <NUM>, and/or the processing device <NUM>.

The battery holder <NUM> comprises a battery compartment <NUM> adapted to receive one or more batteries. For example, the battery compartment <NUM>, as illustrated may be adapted to receive three AAA batteries. The battery holder <NUM> comprises a cover portion <NUM>, such as a removable cover portion, to close the battery compartment <NUM> to the outside. The cover portion <NUM> is shown in <FIG>, while not shown in <FIG> to reveal the battery compartment <NUM>.

The battery holder <NUM> has a first side <NUM> and a second side <NUM>. The second side <NUM> is opposite the first side <NUM>. The cover portion <NUM> forms part of the first side <NUM>.

The battery holder <NUM> comprises an on/off actuator <NUM>. The on/off actuator <NUM> may be adapted to connect and disconnect the electrical connection between the one or more batteries in the battery compartment <NUM> and the sensor module <NUM> such as to the one or more sensors <NUM>, <NUM>, the wireless communication module <NUM>, and/or the processing device <NUM>. The on/off actuator <NUM> may, as illustrated, be arranged on the first side <NUM> of the battery holder <NUM>.

The battery holder <NUM> may have a battery holder thickness <NUM> between the first side <NUM> and the second side <NUM> of the battery holder.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary manikin <NUM>, such as the manikin <NUM> as described and illustrated in relation to previous figures. Particularly, <FIG> illustrates an exemplary position of the battery holder <NUM> as described with respect to <FIG>. The back portion <NUM> of the manikin <NUM> may comprise a recess <NUM>. The battery holder <NUM> may be arranged in the recess such that the second side <NUM> is arranged towards the chest portion (not visible) and the first side <NUM> is facing away from the chest portion. Thereby, the cover portion <NUM> and the on/off actuator <NUM> may be accessible from the back of the manikin <NUM>.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary manikin <NUM>, such as the manikin <NUM> as described and illustrated in relation to previous figures. Particularly, <FIG> illustrates an exemplary position for the battery holder <NUM> as described with respect to <FIG>.

The surface element <NUM> may comprise a surface part <NUM> with an opening <NUM>. The surface part <NUM> with the opening <NUM> may be at a shoulder portion of the surface element <NUM>, as illustrated. The surface part <NUM> may comprise a boundary portion <NUM> around the opening <NUM>. The battery holder <NUM> may be fitted in the opening <NUM>, e.g. such that the first side <NUM> of the battery holder <NUM> is substantially parallel with the surface part <NUM> of the surface element <NUM>.

The surface part <NUM> with the opening <NUM> may be substantially parallel with the deflection direction <NUM>, as illustrated. Alternatively, the surface part <NUM> may be substantially perpendicular with the deflection direction <NUM>. Hence, the battery holder <NUM> may be arranged as described on the front or back of the manikin <NUM>.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exploded view of an exemplary battery holder <NUM>, such as the battery holder <NUM> of the <NUM> and exemplary mounting elements <NUM>, <NUM> for attaching the battery holder <NUM> to the surface element of the manikin, as exemplified in <FIG>. A first mounting element <NUM> and a second mounting element <NUM> is shown.

The first mounting element <NUM> has a first rim portion <NUM> in a first primary plane <NUM> and a first lower portion <NUM> in a first secondary plane <NUM>. The first primary plane <NUM> and the first secondary plane <NUM> are parallel. The first primary plane <NUM> and the first secondary plane <NUM> are separated by a first distance <NUM>. The first distance <NUM> may be substantially equal to the battery holder thickness <NUM> between the first side <NUM> and the second side <NUM> of the battery holder <NUM>. The battery holder may be engaged with the first mounting element <NUM> such that the second side <NUM> of the battery holder <NUM> is facing the first lower portion <NUM> and the first side <NUM> of the battery holder <NUM> may be flush with the first rim portion <NUM>.

The second mounting element <NUM> has a second rim portion <NUM> in a second primary plane <NUM> and a second lower portion <NUM> in a second secondary plane <NUM>. The second primary plane <NUM> and the second secondary plane <NUM> are parallel. The second primary plane <NUM> and the second secondary plane <NUM> are separated by a second distance <NUM>.

The first mounting element <NUM> may be engaged with the second mounting element <NUM> such that the first lower portion <NUM> of the first mounting element <NUM> is arranged against the second lower portion <NUM> of the second mounting element <NUM>.

The boundary portion <NUM> around the opening <NUM> of the surface element <NUM> of the manikin <NUM> (see <FIG>) may be sandwiched between the second rim portion <NUM> and the first rim portion <NUM>. For example, the second rim portion <NUM> may be contacting an internal side of the boundary portion <NUM> of the surface element <NUM> around the opening <NUM>, and the first rim portion <NUM> may be contacting an external side of the boundary portion <NUM> of the surface element <NUM> around the opening <NUM>. The first rim portion <NUM> and the second rim portion <NUM> forms flanges for sandwiching the boundary portion <NUM> of the surface element <NUM>. After assembly, an outer perimeter of the first rim portion <NUM> and/or an outer perimeter of the second rim portion <NUM> may encircle the opening <NUM> of the surface element <NUM>.

The battery holder <NUM> may be fixed to the second mounting element <NUM> with one or more fastening elements <NUM>, e.g. screws, extending between the battery holder <NUM> and the second mounting element <NUM>. The first mounting element <NUM> may comprise apertures allowing the fastening elements to extend therethrough, such as to fasten in the second mounting element <NUM>. Thereby, the battery holder may be attached to the mounting elements <NUM>, <NUM> simultaneously with the mounting elements <NUM>, <NUM> being connected and clasping the boundary portion <NUM> around the opening <NUM> of the surface element <NUM>.

When assembled, the first rim portion <NUM> and/or the second rim portion <NUM> may surround the battery holder <NUM>.

<FIG> is a block diagram of an exemplary method <NUM> for registering performance of a trainee during practice of CPR.

The method <NUM> comprises providing <NUM> a training manikin, such as a training manikin <NUM> as described above in relation to the previous figures. For example, a training manikin comprising a chest portion and a back portion, and wherein the chest portion is deflectable along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position. The training manikin further comprises one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session. At least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of deflection of the chest portion.

The method <NUM> further comprises starting a training session <NUM> and measuring <NUM> the one or more parameters with the one or more sensors during the training session. Furthermore, the method comprises obtaining <NUM> and providing <NUM> a compression signal indicative of deflection of the chest portion based on the one or more parameters.

Measuring <NUM> the one or more parameters may include measuring an internal chest distance. Hence, the compression signal may be based on the measured internal chest distance. The internal chest distance may be measured <NUM> by an optical distance sensor as explained previously. The measured internal chest distance may be between the optical distance sensor and the reflector, as explained previously.

Obtaining <NUM> the compression signal may comprise filtering the measured internal chest distance to obtain a filtered internal chest distance and the compression signal may be based on the filtered internal chest distance. Thereby measurement noise may be reduced, and precision of the compression signal may be enhanced. Filtering of the measured internal chest distance may involve applying one or more filters, e.g. one or more finite impulse response (FIR) filters on the measured internal chest distance.

Filtering the measured internal chest distance may comprise determining a rate of change of the internal chest distance, in accordance with the rate of change of the internal chest distance being above a high threshold applying a first filter on the measured internal chest distance, to obtain the filtered internal chest distance, and in accordance with the rate of change of the internal chest distance being below a low threshold applying a second filter on of the measured internal chest distance to obtain the filtered internal chest distance. In accordance with the rate of change of the internal chest distance being below the high threshold and above the low threshold, a combination of both the first filter and the second filter may be applied on the measured internal chest distance to obtain the filtered internal chest distance. The first filter may be based on a first number of sampling points of the measured internal chest distance. The second filter may be based on a second number of sampling points of the internal chest distance. The second number of sampling points may be more than the first number of sampling points. Thereby, the filtered internal chest distance is allowed to change more rapidly when the rate of change of the distance sensor signal is high, while suppressing more noise when the rate of change of the distance sensor signal is low. The first filter and/or the second filter may be finite impulse response (FIR) filter, such as a Savitsky-Golay filter, such as a 2nd order Savitsky-Golay filter. The high threshold may be between <NUM>-<NUM>/s, such as <NUM>/s. The low threshold may be between <NUM>-<NUM>/s, such as <NUM>/s.

In some examples, the training manikin may comprise a mouth and/or nostrils and a lung portion comprising a lung bag and one or more airway components fluidly connecting the lung bag with the mouth and/or the nostrils, and wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of ventilation of the lung portion. For example, measuring <NUM> the one or more parameters may include measuring air pressure in the lung portion, measuring air pressure outside the lung portion, and/or measuring temperature.

In such examples, where the training manikin comprises a lung portion and wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of ventilation of the lung portion, the method <NUM> may comprise obtaining <NUM> and providing <NUM> a ventilation signal indicative of ventilation of the lung portion based on the one or more parameters. The ventilation signal may be indicative of volume of air contained in the lung portion and/or administered to the lung portion. For example, the ventilation signal is may be based on the measured air pressure in the lung portion, the measured air pressure outside the lung portion and/or the measured temperature. The ventilation signal may be based on a conversion, e.g. using an nth order polynomial equation, of one or more measured air pressure parameters of the one or more parameters, such as of the pressure sensor signal, the ambient pressure sensor signal and/or a difference between the pressure sensor signal and the ambient pressure sensor signal. For example, n may be between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as <NUM>.

The compression signal and/or the ventilation signal may be based on a type parameter indicative of a first type of training manikin selected from a plurality of types of training manikins.

The method <NUM> may comprise measuring <NUM> at least part of the one or more parameters with the one or more sensors during one or more baseline periods, and obtain <NUM> one or more baseline values based on the measurement <NUM> during the respective baseline period. For example, at least part of the one or more parameters may be measured with the one or more sensors during a compression baseline period, and a compression baseline value may be obtained based on the measurement during the compression baseline period. The compression signal may be based on the compression baseline value. Alternatively or additionally, at least part of the one or more parameters may be measured with the one or more sensors during a ventilation baseline period, and a ventilation baseline value may be obtained based on the measurement during the ventilation baseline period. The ventilation signal may be based on the ventilation baseline value. As illustrated, the baseline period(s) may be before the starting <NUM> of the training session.

<FIG> is a block diagram of an exemplary method <NUM> for retrofitting a sensor system on a training manikin for practicing CPR. For example, the method <NUM> may be used to fit a sensor system to a manikin without measurement capabilities to obtain a manikin as described with respect to the previous figures. Particularly, the method <NUM> is for retrofitting a sensor system on a training manikin comprising a chest portion and a back portion, and wherein the chest portion is deflectable along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary manikin <NUM>, respectively before and after being retrofitted with a sensor system in accordance with the method <NUM>.

The method <NUM> comprises providing <NUM> a replacement back portion comprising a sensor assembly, e.g. comprising the sensor module <NUM> and/or the power unit <NUM> of <FIG>, comprising one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session. At least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of deflection of the chest portion. The sensor assembly further comprises at least one processing device connected to the one or more sensors and adapted to provide one or more output signals based on the one or more parameters.

The method <NUM> comprises removing <NUM> the back portion of the training manikin, and after removing <NUM> the back portion of the training manikin, attaching <NUM> the replacement back portion to the training manikin. As shown in <FIG>, the back portion 107A of the manikin <NUM> in <FIG> has been replaced by replacement back portion 107B comprising the sensor assembly <NUM>.

In some examples, the training manikin may comprise a mouth and/or nostrils and a lung portion comprising a lung bag and one or more airway components, including a mouth adaptor, fluidly connecting the lung bag with the mouth and/or the nostrils. In such examples, the method <NUM> may comprise providing <NUM> a replacement mouth adaptor having a side port, removing <NUM> the mouth adaptor of the training manikin. After removing <NUM> the mouth adaptor the method <NUM> may comprise attaching <NUM> the replacement mouth adaptor, and fluidly connecting <NUM> a pressure sensor of the one or more sensors with a sensor tube to the side port of the replacement mouth adaptor.

Alternatively, the method <NUM> may comprise providing <NUM> a side port adapter having a side port, cutting <NUM> the airway tube of the training manikin to form a first airway tube part and a second airway tube part (see <FIG>). After cutting <NUM> the airway tube, the method <NUM> may comprise inserting <NUM> the side port adaptor between the first airway tube part and the second airway tube part, and fluidly connecting <NUM> the pressure sensor of the one or more sensors with a sensor tube to the side port of the side port adaptor.

<FIG> is a block diagram of an exemplary method <NUM> for retrofitting a sensor system on a training manikin for practicing CPR. For example, the method <NUM> may be used to fit a sensor system to a manikin without measurement capabilities to obtain a manikin as described with respect to the previous figures. Particularly, the method <NUM> is for retrofitting a sensor system on a training manikin comprising a chest portion and a back portion, and wherein the chest portion is deflectable, e.g. during compression training, along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position. The training manikin may further comprise a surface element forming an outside surface of at least part of the training manikin.

The method <NUM> comprises providing <NUM> a sensor assembly, e.g. comprising the sensor module <NUM> and/or the power unit <NUM> of <FIG>, comprising one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session. At least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of deflection of the chest portion. The sensor assembly further comprises at least one processing device connected to the one or more sensors and adapted to provide one or more output signals based on the one or more parameters.

The method <NUM> comprises removing <NUM> the surface element of the training manikin, and after removing <NUM> the surface element of the training manikin, attaching <NUM> the sensor assembly to a sensor position internal of the training manikin.

The method <NUM> may further comprise providing <NUM> a reflector, and attaching <NUM> the reflector to an internal chest support structure of the chest portion of the manikin.

The method <NUM> may comprise providing <NUM> a replacement surface element comprising a battery holder, electrically connecting <NUM> the sensor assembly and the battery holder of the replacement surface element, and attaching <NUM> the replacement surface element to the training manikin.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an exemplary manikin <NUM>, respectively before and after replacing the surface element 109A with the replacement surface element 109B comprising the battery holder <NUM>.

The disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments, and alterations and modifications can be carried out without deviating from the scope of the invention.

Claim 1:
A training manikin (<NUM>, <NUM>', <NUM>") for practicing CPR comprising:
- a chest portion (<NUM>) and a back portion (<NUM>), and wherein the chest portion is deflectable along a deflection direction and towards the back portion between a non-deflected chest position and a maximum-deflected chest position,
- one or more sensors (<NUM>, <NUM>) for measuring one or more parameters indicative of the performance of a trainee during use of the training manikin in a training session, wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of deflection of the chest portion,
- at least one processing device (<NUM>) connected to the one or more sensors and adapted to provide one or more output signals based on the one or more parameters, the one or more output signals comprising a compression signal indicative of deflection of the chest portion,
wherein the training manikin (<NUM>, <NUM>', <NUM>") comprises a mouth (<NUM>) and/or nostrils (<NUM>) and a lung portion (<NUM>) comprising a lung bag (<NUM>) and one or more airway components (<NUM>) fluidly connecting the lung bag with the mouth and/or the nostrils, and wherein at least part of the one or more parameters are indicative of ventilation of the lung portion and the one or more output signals comprising a ventilation signal indicative of ventilation of the lung portion,
characterised in that the one or more sensors (<NUM>, <NUM>) comprises a temperature sensor (<NUM>) measuring temperature, and wherein the temperature sensor provides a temperature sensor signal indicative of the measured temperature to the processing device, and wherein the ventilation signal is based on the temperature sensor signal.