Patent Description:
This relates to a trapping system and, more particularly, a multi-stage trapping system including an open tubular capillary trap and a packed trap capable of capturing semi-volatile compounds from air.

Adsorbents can be used to collect organic compounds in gas phase samples. It has long been understood that using adsorbents followed by thermal desorption into a GC or GCMS can be effective for the analysis of volatile to semi-volatile compounds in the boiling point range of -<NUM> <NUM>C to about <NUM> <NUM>C, but recovery of <NUM>-<NUM> ring aromatic compounds and paraffinic compounds to C30 that boil higher than <NUM> have not been as successful. In addition, recovery of many thermally labile compounds such as Pesticides, Herbicides, and in general heteroatomic semi-volatile compounds containing not only Carbon and Hydrogen, but Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Bromine and other atoms have also been unreliable using thermal desorption techniques due to the high temperatures required to get heavier compounds off of packed adsorbent traps.

One theory is that "channeling" of the adsorbents interferes with full recovery of these compounds. During the normal expansion and contraction of adsorbents during heating and cooling, channels are created in the sorbent. During trapping, while the sorbent is at a relatively cool temperature compared to the temperature during desorption, heavier compounds penetrate the gaps in the sorbent to an extent that is too great for effective or complete recovery during thermal desorption. Poor recovery not only affects the analytical accuracy due to run-to-run variability. The lack of recovery can cause these heavier compounds to "bleed" out of the adsorbent on subsequent analyses.

Due to these challenges of using thermal desorption traps, the US EPA and others instead developed more laborious sample preparation methods utilizing sorbents (e.g., XAD-<NUM> resins and Polyurethane Foam (PUF) cartridges) followed by solvent extraction rather than using a thermal desorption approach. Solvent extraction of adsorbents, however, cause dilution of the sample, and use high-volume sampling devices that can have limited portability. In some cases, solvents are not able to completely recover all compounds from the adsorbents, as the collected compounds may be tightly bound to the adsorbent such that the solvents are ineffective at liberating them without using multiple extraction steps and potentially multiple solvents. Many of these techniques use large amount of solvent, often <NUM> to <NUM> liter per sample, which is very wasteful and which takes up a lot of space in the laboratory. After solvent extraction, most of the solvent must be removed through evaporation, so sample compounds lighter than Naphthalene are not recovered, but instead are lost to evaporation along with the solvent. Labs now have to invest in solvent recovery systems which are very expensive, yet still do not prevent some of the solvents from escaping into the environment. Solvents also produce health risks to chemists and to the environment, so creation of more "green" techniques has become a high priority for most environmental agencies world-wide.

Thus, there exists a need for a trapping technique with improved recovery of heavy and thermally labile compounds, better reproducibility, sensitivity, and portability while eliminating the use of solvents to reduce the effects on both humans and on the Environment.

<CIT> discloses a sample extraction device including a lower chamber holding a sorbent. The sample extraction device can extract sample headspace gas from a sample vial by placing the sorbent inside the vial and creating a vacuum to increase recovery of low volatility compounds, for example. Once the sample has been collected, the sample extraction device can be inserted into a desorption device. The desorption device can control the flow of a carrier fluid (e.g., a liquid or a gas) through the sorbent containing the sample and into a pre-column and/or a primary column of a chemical analysis device for performing GC, GCMS, LC, LCMS, and/or some other chemical analysis process.

The invention relates to a field-portable air trapping device according to claim <NUM> and to a method for trapping an air sample according to claim <NUM>. The invention relates to a trapping system and, more particularly, a multi-stage trapping system including an open tubular capillary trap and a packed trap capable of capturing semi-volatile compounds from air. The disclosed techniques use non-solvent based thermal desorption in a way that allows recovery of GC compatible compounds that are not recovered using classical packed adsorbent traps.

Some embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a trapping system that includes a packed stage and a capillary stage. The packed stage includes a packed sorbent bed. The capillary stage includes a capillary column, such as a WCOT (wall-coated open tubular) column or a PLOT (porous-layer open tubular) column. During sampling, a gas sample (e.g., air) is drawn first through the capillary stage and then through the packed stage. The capillary stage can trap particulates in the air and other heavy compounds, thereby preventing their transport to the downstream packed trap stage. It is understood that heavier semi-volatile compounds are adsorbed onto the particulate matter in the air, and the initial capillary trap effectively prevents these particles from reaching the packed traps. Lighter compounds that traverse the capillary stage, primarily those compounds not already adsorbed onto larger particles, are trapped by the packed stage. To analyze the trapped compounds, the trapping device is inserted into a thermal desorption device and coupled to a chemical analysis system, such as a GC (gas chromatograph). Analysis can be conducted by a detector, such as an MS (mass spectrometer) or other detector.

Some embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a method of trapping and analyzing a gas sample. According to the invention, the gas is air. The sample is drawn through a trapping device that includes a capillary stage and a packed stage. After sample collection, the trapping device is inserted into a thermal desorption device coupled to a chemical analysis system. The desorption device, trapping device, and sample are heated to a desorption temperature (e.g., <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C) before being transferred to a pre-column. A split port at the end of the pre-column opposite the desorption device allows bulk gases and water vapor to exit the system while heavier (e.g., SVOC, VOC) compounds are trapped on the pre-column. Then, the split port is closed and the compounds on the pre-column are transferred to another column for separation, followed by analysis by the detector. During transfer from the pre-column to the other column, another split port fluidly coupled to the trapping device is opened to allow compounds that did not transfer to the pre-column to exit the system, or to backflush extremely heavy compounds back off the precolumn.

After multiple (e.g., <NUM>-<NUM>) uses, the capillary stage of the trapping device can be replaced. Additionally, the desorption device can include a replaceable liner that provides a clean flow path from the trapping device to the pre-column. Thus, replacing the capillary stage of the trapping device and/or the desorption device liner can improve the lifespan of the trapping device and desorption device, respectively, lowering the cost of maintenance and operation of these systems.

This relates to a trapping system and, more particularly, a multi-stage trapping system including an open tubular capillary trap and a packed trap capable of capturing semi-volatile compounds from air. The disclosed techniques use non-solvent based thermal desorption in a way that allows recovery of GC compatible compounds that are not recovered using classical packed adsorbent traps.

Some embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a trapping system that includes a packed stage and a capillary stage. The packed stage includes a packed sorbent bed. The capillary stage includes a capillary column, such as a WCOT (wall-coated open tubular) column or a PLOT (porous-layer open tubular) column. During sampling, a gas sample (according to the invention, the gas is air) is drawn first through the capillary stage and then through the packed stage. The capillary stage can trap particulates in the air and other heavy compounds, thereby preventing their transport to the downstream packed trap stage. It is understood that heavier semi-volatile compounds are adsorbed onto the particulate matter in the air, and the initial capillary trap effectively prevents these particles from reaching the packed traps. Lighter compounds that traverse the capillary stage, primarily those compounds not already adsorbed onto larger particles, are trapped by the packed stage. To analyze the trapped compounds, the trapping device is inserted into a thermal desorption device and coupled to a chemical analysis system, such as a GC (gas chromatograph). Analysis can be conducted by a detector, such as an MS (mass spectrometer) or other detector.

A new approach for sampling volatile and semi-volatile compounds for thermal desorption analysis by GC or GCMS is presented. The problems associated with alternate trapping techniques are solved by placing a short capillary trap, such as either a WCOT (Wall Coated Open Tubular) column or a PLOT (Porous Layer Open Tubular) column, at the inlet of a packed trap. This capillary stage prevents heavier compounds from reaching the packed stage of the trap, but using a mechanism much different than simply using a weaker packed stage in a multi-bed packed trap.

A trapping device including a capillary column in fluid communication with a single- or multi-bed packed trap allows heavier semi-volatile compounds to be captured by the addition of the capillary stage for more effective recovery during thermal desorption. Particles in air can be retained by the capillary stage, which prevents non-volatile debris from entering the packed stage. In particular, a WCOT capillary column has a polymeric coating that causes particles to stick to the walls of the open tubular column, preventing the particles and the heavy organic compounds that are adsorbed onto the particles from reaching the packed trap. The open tubular nature of the capillary trap prevents channeling from occurring within the capillary column, as the capillary column has substantially the same open architecture whether the trap is hot or cool, making for a reliable and reproducible analytical device. Keeping the heavy, particle-bound compounds at the inlet of the trap, on a polymeric material that is much less adsorptive than most adsorbents found in packed traps, allows for the heavy compounds to be desorbed at much lower temperatures, and at higher linear velocities, due to the small cross sectional area of the capillary stage relative to the packed stage. These factors all add up to more effective recovery of both the lower volatility compounds, and the more thermally labile compounds. Finally, the non-volatile particles and debris that would otherwise reduce the lifetime of the downstream packed stage are prevented from reaching that stage, both during sampling and during thermal desorption analysis. The capillary stage can be replaced after several uses to regenerate a clean, particle-free flow path through the capillary stage without having to replace the entire sampling device.

The trapping system is typically used to collect from <NUM> to <NUM> liters of air, followed by thermal desorption into a GC or GCMS system for analysis either using a field-portable GC/GCMS, or by delivery to a mobile or stationary laboratory. Although PUF cartridges and XAD-<NUM> resins can be used to trap thousands of liters of sample, there is a typical 1000x dilution because only <NUM>µL of the final <NUM>µL of solvent concentrate can be analyzed due to the negative effects in injecting larger amounts of solvent; namely back-expansion of the sample into the carrier gas delivery lines, which creates the need to disassemble and clean the contaminated GC injector assembly. The capillary stage improves recovery of heavier compounds by preventing them from exposure to the stronger adsorbent in the packed trap, and by maintaining a higher linear velocity during the desorption process to the GC or GCMS. Preventing exposure to the packed trap also reduces contamination of the packed trap and carryover of heavier compounds from run to run, which is a known problem when trying to analyze these heavy compounds with packed adsorbent traps. Finally, collection on the much weaker capillary trap allows recovery of heavy and thermally labile compounds at lower desorption temperatures, allowing the accurate analysis of many compounds known to be poorly recovered using packed traps alone.

An advantage of the disclosed trapping system is reducing the negative effects of channeling. Packed traps are completely filled with adsorbent, while capillary columns such as WCOT or PLOT columns just have the absorbent or adsorbent coated on the inner walls of the column. Thus, placing a capillary column at the inlet of the packed trap can prevent heavier compounds from being subjected to the channeling effect, whereby compounds are delivered further into the trapping media of packed traps than would otherwise be expected based on their high affinity to the adsorbent. In particular, heavier compounds already adsorbed onto particles may not stick to most adsorbents found in packed traps, allowing them to penetrate even further into the adsorbent, further reducing the recovery of compounds adsorbed onto the particles. Additionally, the possibility of migration of sample compounds heightens the importance of preventing particles from reaching the packed sorbents, as allowing these particles to migrate further into the packed sorbents could interfere with recovery during desorption and analysis. Thus, trapping particles and other heavy compounds with the capillary stage prevents these particles from contaminating the packed sorbent and ensures recovery of the compounds stuck to these particles during desorption and analysis.

Sorbents, including the sorbents used in packed traps, have a coefficient of thermal expansion that cause them to expand when heated and contract when cooled. During desorption, the sorbent can expand due to being heated to a high temperature. After desorption, such as during trapping, the sorbent can contract due to being cooled to a low temperature. Repeated heating and cooling cycles can cause channels to form in the sorbent when the sorbent is at a reduced temperature for trapping, allowing heavier compounds to become trapped within the channel and unable to escape during desorption, when the sorbent expands, which can close the channels. In addition, the transport of packed traps to the sampling location may cause settling of the adsorbent in a way that causes channels to form along the inside walls of the tubing containing the adsorbent, causing further channeling and deeper penetration during sampling. Failure to eliminate heavy compounds from the trapped stage during desorption can not only compromise the chemical analysis results by reducing the detected quantity of the heavy compounds, but can also lead to contamination of the packed trap, as the heavy compounds may be desorbed during a subsequent use of the trap, thereby increasing the detected quantity of the heavy compounds during subsequent uses of the trap. The extent of channel formation and the exact structure of these channels (lots of small channels or a few larger ones) can create a wide variability when using classical packed traps, but keeping the heavier compounds from reaching these channels by using a hybrid capillary/packed trap can considerably improve the trap to trap consistency, which of course is important with any good analytical technique.

Per Poiseuille's Law, doubling of the inner diameter of a channel or column's inner diameter will increase the relative flow rate by the forth power of that increase. Thus, increasing the separation of the particles in a packed adsorbent trap, such as by channeling, by a factor of <NUM> will increase the flow rate through that channel by a factor of <NUM>. At sampling flow rates well above the diffusion rates of gases at a particular temperature, chemicals can be introduced much further into the adsorbent through these channels before they come in contact with the sorbent. Heavier organic compounds will adhere so strongly to the sorbent that just a small increase in penetration can result in poor recoveries during thermal desorption. In addition, the greater penetration causes many thermally labile compounds to be retained long enough on the tube during thermal desorption at high temperatures that they decompose, and are therefore not measured accurately during analysis.

Although all compounds are subject to channeling within the packed trap stage, the heaviest compounds are most affected and will show the greatest losses during analysis, and the greatest potential for carry-over in subsequent analyses. Capillary columns, such as WCOT and PLOT columns, are not as susceptible to channeling as packed columns because they only have a thin sorbent coating on the walls instead of the entire inside of the column being packed with sorbent, as is the case for packed columns. Capillary tubing that is open through the center does not close off when heated. For example, capillary columns with an inner diameter of <NUM> have a <NUM>-<NUM> coating on their inner walls, which leaves a pathway with an inner diameter of <NUM>-<NUM> completely open, which is <NUM>% to over <NUM>% of the inner diameter of the capillary tubes. During heating and cooling of capillary columns, the size of this opening remains approximately constant, eliminating the channeling that can occur in packed traps. This greatly increases the consistency from analysis to analysis, and from sampler to sampler, because these capillary traps are usually used to make capillary columns, which today are extremely reproducible, so much more than packed columns, and their counterpart, the packed adsorbent trap. In addition, the volume of sorbent particles in a capillary column are typically <NUM>-<NUM> times smaller than the sorbent particles used in packed traps, as the use of larger sorbent particles in packed traps are required to create reasonably large gaps between the particles and therefore a reasonable flow rate through the packed trap during sampling. If much smaller particles are used in packed traps, the flow rate can drop to near zero, considering there is no open space to flow through. Therefore, a capillary column on the front of a packed trap offers both a compact design for sampling of organic compounds in air or other volatile matrices, while offering substantially improved recovery relative to other thermal desorption devices.

Another benefit of the disclosed system and method is particle management. To get an accurate measurement of semi-volatile compounds in air, collection of particulate matter is important, as a large fraction of heavier organics found in air are bound to these particles. These particles can stick to the polymer phase of the capillary column, allowing their capture and substantially preventing them from proceeding on to the packed stage of the trap. During thermal desorption, most particles do not have a strong adsorptive effect on chemical compounds, so the compounds (e.g., heavy volatile compounds, semi-volatile compounds, etc.) can be desorbed from the particles, allowing quantitative measurement of the compounds. After <NUM> to <NUM> samplings of air, the capillary section can be removed and replaced with a clean section of capillary at a fraction of the cost of replacing an entire trap. The ability to replace the capillary column provides an air monitoring solution that can last for up to hundreds of cycles of sampling and thermal desorption.

Finally, by placing a capillary trap at the entrance to a packed trap, complete recovery of compounds, including compounds having a boiling point of <NUM> <NUM>C can be accomplished at lower desorption temperatures. Although some methods demonstrate the ability to recover compounds out to C30 using conventional packed adsorbent traps, desorption temperatures as high as <NUM> <NUM>C have to be used, and then only compounds that are stable at this temperature can be recovered. By placing a capillary trap with its lower surface area and much lower adsorptive strength at the entrance of a packed trap, heavy compounds can be recovered at lower desorption temperatures (e.g., <NUM>-<NUM>), allowing more thermally labile compounds to also be recovered. In addition, when thermal degradation takes place, adsorbent-damaging free radicals can be produced, shortening the lifetime of the trapping device. Reducing the desorption temperature enables the recovery of more thermally labile compounds to achieve a more complete, comprehensive analysis, while vastly increasing the life time of the sampling device.

Collection of air in the field is performed by using either a vacuum pump with a known flow rate, or by using a vacuum reservoir where the volume collected can be determined by the change in vacuum within a reservoir of known volume. Since all or substantially all of the sample is thermally desorbed into the chemical analysis device (e.g., GC, GCMS, etc.), a typical dilution of 1000x found in solvent extraction techniques means that just a <NUM> liter volume of collected air using the new hybrid sampler can give equivalent sensitivity to that of <NUM> liters of air collected onto PUF (Polyurethane Foam) or XAD-<NUM> resins. In addition, the lack of laboratory processing means much faster analysis, and makes it possible to perform analysis in the field using portable GCs or mobile labs.

<FIG> illustrates a trapping device <NUM> according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Trapping device <NUM> includes a capillary stage <NUM> followed by a packed stage <NUM>. The capillary stage <NUM> and packed stage <NUM> are fluidly coupled, and air that flows through the capillary stage <NUM> exits the capillary stage <NUM> to flow through the packed stage <NUM> during sample collection. The capillary stage <NUM> is a capillary column such as a PLOT column or WCOT column. The packed stage <NUM> includes a plurality of adsorbent beds <NUM>-<NUM> arranged from weak to strong in the sampling flow direction. That is to say, adsorbent bed <NUM> has a lower chemical affinity to one or more target compounds than adsorbent bed <NUM>, which has a lower chemical affinity to one or more target compounds than adsorbent bed <NUM>. In other words, adsorbent bed <NUM> is the strongest and adsorbent bed <NUM> is the weakest. In some embodiments, a different number of adsorbent beds, such as a single adsorbent bed or a different number of multiple adsorbent beds can be used for packed stage <NUM>.

The capillary stage <NUM> is able to trap compounds with boiling points in the <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C range, while the packed stage <NUM> is able to collect compounds boiling from -<NUM> to <NUM> <NUM>C, depending on the adsorbents used. The small inlet diameter to the capillary stage <NUM> results in net diffusion rates that are virtually zero, so virtually no diffusion offset occurs when performing active sampling at flow rates as low as <NUM>-<NUM> cc/min. That is to say, trapping device <NUM> can be left uncapped with very little addition to the sample due to diffusion. Using slow, active sampling rates may be desirable when performing long term time integrated sampling, when average concentrations are desired, such as over a <NUM> day or <NUM> week period of time, or longer. In addition to trapping the heavier compounds, the capillary stage <NUM> will trap particulates, preventing their introduction into the packed stage <NUM>.

The capillary stage <NUM> can either be a standard fused silica capillary column, or a coated metal column for enhanced durability. The diameter of the capillary stage <NUM> can be <NUM> inches (<NUM>) to <NUM> inches (<NUM>) in diameter or somewhat smaller or larger IDs can be used. The length of the capillary stage is in the range of <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM> inches. The capillary stage <NUM> can be coupled to the packed stage <NUM> using a number of techniques, including a press fit, a threaded connection, a high temperature polymer connection or ceramic connection, and others. Due to the low mass of the capillary stage <NUM>, very little retaining force is needed to keep it in place. After multiple (e.g., <NUM>-<NUM>) uses (e.g., multiple cycles of sampling and thermal desorption into a GC or GCMS), the capillary stage <NUM> can be removed and replaced with a new capillary stage to eliminate the buildup of particles on the capillary stage <NUM>. By replacing the capillary stage <NUM> after multiple uses, a new flow path into and out of the packed stage <NUM> is created, improving the adsorptive strength of the capillary stage <NUM> and preventing or reducing contamination of the packed stage <NUM>.

The trapping device <NUM> further includes a screen <NUM> to maintain the sorbent in the packed stage <NUM>, preventing direct exposure of the sorbent to the capillary stage <NUM>. The adsorbent beds in the packed trap cannot be allowed to mix during transportation to and from the field. Thus, trapping device <NUM> includes a retaining frit <NUM> or other material to keep the sorbent <NUM>-<NUM> in place, preventing it from shifting within the body <NUM> of the trapping device. The packed stage <NUM> is typically ¼ inches in outer diameter, but other sizes are also possible. Additionally, trapping device <NUM> further includes screens between each bed of sorbents <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> to keep each type of sorbent separate from the others. That is to say, there is a screen between sorbent <NUM> and <NUM> and a screen between sorbent <NUM> and sorbent <NUM>.

The packed stage <NUM> can include one or multiple sorbents can be used depending on the desired volatility range of target compounds. Using a single adsorbent, compounds from <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C can be retained and recovered in the packed stage <NUM>, which combined with the capillary stage <NUM> yields an overall boiling point range of <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C. In some cases where recovery of even lighter compounds is desired, <NUM> or <NUM> adsorbent beds can be used, with screens inserted between each bed. In this case, the first bed after the capillary column is the weakest in strength, followed by beds of increasing strength or retention. The use of multiple sorbent beds allows recovery of even more volatile compounds without compromising recovery of <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C boiling point compounds retained on the weaker first packed adsorbent bed and inlet capillary stages.

The trapping device <NUM> also includes sealing o-rings <NUM>, desorption port <NUM>, and an integrated valve <NUM>. The top of the trapping device <NUM> includes a detent <NUM> at which the trapping device <NUM> can be attached to a vacuum source during trapping. The o-rings <NUM> and integrated valve <NUM> can make sampling and analysis easier, and can help to automate the analysis using a robotic rail or other autosampler mounted on top of the GC or GCMS. However, the disclosure also includes tubes that are isolated using conventional compression fittings.

The details and functionality of o-rings <NUM>, desorption port <NUM>, and valve <NUM> during sampling, storage, and desorption will be described in more detail below with reference to <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates the trapping device <NUM> in an enclosure <NUM> according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Enclosure <NUM> includes sleeve <NUM> and cap <NUM>, which are threading coupled to each other by threads <NUM>. The inner diameter of enclosure <NUM> is sized such that o-rings <NUM> form a seal against the inner surface of sleeve <NUM> when the trapping device <NUM> is placed in enclosure <NUM>.

While the trapping device <NUM> is not in use, such as during transportation to and from the sampling location, cap <NUM> can be fitted to sleeve <NUM> to isolate the inner cavity of the body <NUM> of the sampling device <NUM> from the external environment of the sampling device. As described above, o-rings <NUM> form a seal against the inner surface of sleeve <NUM> to seal the desorption port <NUM>. Cap <NUM> seals the inlet end of the capillary stage <NUM> of the sampling device. Valve <NUM> of the sampling device <NUM> remains closed, such as due to the force of a spring of the valve, sealing the top of the trapping device <NUM>. Sealing the trapping device <NUM> in this way prevents contamination of the sampling device <NUM>.

During sampling, cap <NUM> is removed, allowing air to enter the trapping device <NUM> through the capillary stage <NUM>, while o-rings <NUM> and the sleeve <NUM> continue to seal the desorption port <NUM>. Thus, sample is able to enter the trapping device <NUM> through the capillary stage <NUM>, but not through the desorption port <NUM>. Removing cap <NUM> while leaving sleeve <NUM> in place also prevents contamination of the outside of the sampling device tube <NUM>, such as during handling (e.g., when collecting samples). Removal of sleeve <NUM> during handling could cause fatty acids, aldehydes, and other contaminants from human contact to be introduced. A metering pump or vacuum reservoir is connected to the detent <NUM> on top of the trapping system <NUM> to draw a known volume of air into the trapping system <NUM> to collect the sample. After sample collection, the cap <NUM> is replaced. Additionally, the metering pump or vacuum reservoir is disconnected from the detent <NUM>, allowing valve <NUM> to close. Replacing cap <NUM> and allowing valve <NUM> to close prevent contamination of the trapping device <NUM> during return to the laboratory and while awaiting thermal desorption analysis by GC or GCMS.

<FIG> illustrates the trapping device <NUM> fitted into the desorption device liner <NUM> according to some embodiments of the disclosure. During desorption, the trapping device <NUM> and the desorption device liner <NUM> are placed inside of a thermal desorption device that is used to back-desorb the sample from the trapping device <NUM> onto a GC or GCMS. A thermal desorption device is described in more detail below with reference to <FIG>.

Liner <NUM> fits around the body <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM>. Unlike enclosure <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>, the liner <NUM> does not seal the desorption port <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM>. During desorption, a desorption gas (e.g., an inert carrier gas such as hydrogen or helium) enters the trapping device <NUM> through the desorption port <NUM>. Liner <NUM> includes an opening <NUM> that allows the sample to exit the trapping device <NUM> for analysis, as will be described in more detail below with reference to <FIG>.

The liner <NUM> can be made of inert glass, or from stainless steel that is coated with an inert material, such as a silica coating. The liner <NUM> keeps the chemical analysis system clean by allowing its replacement after several (or several hundred) cycles of thermal desorption. The ability to insert desorption device <NUM> into the liner ensures that simply by replacing the liner <NUM>, the capillary stage <NUM> of the desorption device <NUM>, and occasionally the pre-column <NUM> (as required in any GC analyzer), a "like-new" flow path can be created for sample analysis. In this way, the performance of a completely new analyzer can be achieved, thus providing the same quality analysis for the life of the chemical analyzer.

<FIG> illustrates the system <NUM> used to analyze the sample collected in the trapping device <NUM> according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The system <NUM> includes a thermal desorption device <NUM>, a gas chromatograph <NUM>, a plurality of valves <NUM>-<NUM>, detector <NUM>, and flow controllers <NUM> and <NUM>. The gas chromatograph <NUM> houses a pre-column <NUM>, another column <NUM>, and carrier fluid (e.g., an inert or non-reactive gas, such as hydrogen or helium) source <NUM>. Flow controller <NUM> controls the flow rate of carrier fluid <NUM> through desorption valve <NUM> to the trapping device <NUM> and/or the flow rate of carrier fluid <NUM> through bypass valve <NUM> to column <NUM>. Split control <NUM> controls the flow rate from the trapping device <NUM> through split valve <NUM> and/or from junction <NUM> through split valve <NUM> out of the system <NUM>.

Bypass valve <NUM> couples the carrier fluid source <NUM> to a junction <NUM> between the pre-column <NUM> and column <NUM>. Desorption valve <NUM> couples the carrier fluid source to the trapping device <NUM>. Split valve <NUM> couples the trapping device <NUM> to split controller <NUM>, allowing compounds to exit the system before pre-column <NUM>. Split valve <NUM> couples the junction <NUM> between the pre-column <NUM> and column <NUM> to split controller <NUM>, allowing compounds that traversed the pre-column <NUM> to exit the system before entering column <NUM>. The operation of these valves will be described in more detail below with reference to <FIG>.

The thermal desorption device <NUM> is attached on top of the gas chromatograph (GC) <NUM> to allow the sample to be introduced directly into the GC <NUM>. This arrangement improves recovery of the sample relative to systems that desorb the sample into a remote "conditioning" device that must then deliver the sample through rotary valves and an additional heated line to the GC. The thermal desorption device <NUM> only exposes the sample to the thermal desorption device liner <NUM>, and the pre-column <NUM> that can be used to further concentrate the sample after desorption.

During desorption, the thermal desorption device <NUM> is heated to a desorption temperature in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C. This heat causes the compounds trapped in trapping device <NUM> to be released by the sorbents of the trapping device <NUM>, including the packed sorbents in the packed stage and the sorbent coating of the capillary stage. During desorption, split port <NUM> downstream of the pre-column is opened to increase the flow rate through the trapping device <NUM> to improve recovery rates of heavier compounds. During desorption, heavy VOCs and all SVOCs are collected on the pre-column <NUM>, with water vapor and lighter compounds being mostly split out between pre-column <NUM> and column <NUM> via split port <NUM>.

After desorption is complete, split port <NUM> is opened to substantially stop any residual compounds left in the trapping device <NUM> from reaching the pre-column <NUM>, and split port <NUM> can be closed. In this way, the complete contents of the pre-column <NUM> are transferred to column <NUM> as the temperature of GC <NUM> is ramped to higher temperatures, thereby maximizing the sensitivity of the technique. Later, in some embodiments, bypass valve <NUM> is opened to enable the flow of carrier fluid <NUM> through column <NUM> without flowing through pre-column <NUM>. In yet other embodiments, by opening bypass valve <NUM> and then opening split valve <NUM>, the pre-column can be backflushed to remove the very heaviest compounds to avoid contamination of the primary analytical column <NUM>. Due to the temperature and flow consistency of today's GC analyzers, this backflush point in the analysis can be very reproducible to ensure all target compounds are recovered, while still optimizing sample throughput as the very heaviest compounds can be backflushed off the pre-column <NUM> much faster than they can be pushed through the entire length of the main column <NUM>. Compounds eluting from the column <NUM> are introduced to detector <NUM>. Detector can be a non-specific detector, such as an FID, PID, ECD, FPD, PFPD, PPD, Hall Detector, CLD, or others or a Mass Spectrometer.

<FIG> illustrates a method <NUM> of collecting a sample in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The method <NUM> can be performed using one or more of the devices, such as trapping device <NUM>, described above with reference to <FIG> and performed prior to analysis according to method <NUM>, described below with reference to <FIG>. Trapping device <NUM> is portable between the lab and the location in which the sample is to be collected. Thus, one or more steps of method <NUM> occur at the sampling location. Prior to performing method <NUM>, the trapping device <NUM> can be transported from another location, such as a lab that conducted a previous analysis using trapping device <NUM> or a storage location, to the sampling location. After performing method <NUM>, the trapping device <NUM> can be transported to the lab for analysis or to another location for storage prior to analysis. In some embodiments, a mobile lab can be set up to enable analysis of the sample at the location at which the sample was collected. In some embodiments, one or more steps of method <NUM> can be automated.

In step <NUM>, while in the environment in which the air is to be sampled, cap <NUM> of enclosure <NUM> is removed, exposing the inlet of capillary stage <NUM> of trapping device <NUM> to the environment. The sleeve <NUM> of enclosure <NUM> remains in place so that desorption port <NUM> is sealed by o-rings <NUM> against the inner surface of sleeve <NUM>. In embodiments that utilize automation, a robot removes the cap <NUM> of the enclosure, such as by lifting the trapping device <NUM> while retaining the cap <NUM>, thus separating the trapping device <NUM> from the cap.

In step <NUM>, a metering pump or vacuum source is attached to the trapping device <NUM> at detent <NUM>. Steps <NUM> and <NUM> can be performed in any order or simultaneously. In some embodiments that utilize automation, the metering pump or vacuum source can be attached by a robot or other automated system. Attaching the metering pump or vacuum source at detent <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM> causes valve <NUM> to open, thereby coupling the metering pump or vacuum source to the inner cavity of the body <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM>.

After steps <NUM> and <NUM>, the metering pump or vacuum source is used to draw a known volume of air into the trapping device <NUM> in step <NUM>. Drawing air through the trapping device <NUM> with the pump or vacuum source causes air to flow into the capillary stage <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM>, through the capillary stage <NUM> of the trapping device, into the packed stage <NUM> of the trapping device, and through the packed stage <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM>. In other words, a single actuation of the pump or vacuum source can cause the air to flow through both the capillary stage <NUM> and the packed stage <NUM> of the trapping system <NUM>. Sampling can occur over a period of time up to one or more weeks. Sampling over one or more days or more weeks allows an analysis of the average concentrations over the sampling period of various compounds to be determined during chemical analysis. For risk assessment, the average concentration over an extended period of time can be more relevant than a quick collection which may be during a short lived low or high concentration episode. In some embodiments that utilize automation, the metering pump or vacuum source can be activated automatically to draw air into the trapping system <NUM> at a predetermined rate for a predetermined time to draw a known volume of air into the trapping system <NUM>. After sampling is complete, the metering pump or vacuum is removed from the trapping system <NUM>. In some embodiments that utilize automation, the metering pump or vacuum can be removed by a robot or other automated device.

After collecting the sample in step <NUM>, the cap <NUM> of enclosure <NUM> can be replaced to seal the inlet of the capillary stage <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM> in step <NUM>. The metering pump or vacuum source can also be removed, allowing valve <NUM> of trapping device <NUM> to close. In this way, the trapping device <NUM> is sealed from the external environment during the period of time between collecting the sample and performing chemical analysis as described below in <FIG>. In some embodiments that utilize automation, the trapping device <NUM> can be placed in the position of the cap <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM> using a robot, autosampler, or other automated device. For example, if the cap <NUM> is held below the trapping device <NUM> during trapping, the robot can lower the trapping system <NUM> towards the cap <NUM> to replace the cap <NUM> of the enclosure.

<FIG> illustrates an exemplary process <NUM> of performing chemical analysis on a sample according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The sample can be collected using one or more devices, such as trapping device <NUM>, described above with reference to <FIG> and according to method <NUM> described above with reference to <FIG>. In some embodiments, one or more steps of method <NUM> can be automated. For example, a sample preparation rail robotic autosampler can pick up a sample preparation device <NUM> from a tray of multiple sample preparation devices (e.g., by grabbing the sample preparation device <NUM> by detent <NUM>) and place the trapping device <NUM> in thermal desorption device <NUM> (e.g., step <NUM>, described below). The remaining steps of the method can be controlled by a processor operatively coupled to chemical analysis system <NUM>. After analysis is complete, the robotic autosampler can remove the trapping device <NUM> from the desorption device and place the trapping device <NUM> back in the tray with the other trapping devices.

In step <NUM>, enclosure <NUM> is removed from the trapping device <NUM>, including both sleeve <NUM> and cap <NUM>. Removing enclosure <NUM> opens the desorption port <NUM> and the inlet of the capillary stage <NUM>, allowing carrier fluid and one or more compounds to flow through the trapping device <NUM>.

In step <NUM>, the trapping device <NUM> is inserted into desorption device <NUM>, which already contains desorption liner <NUM>. This arrangement provides a low volume, inert flow path to the GC column while eliminating the contamination of the desorption device <NUM> over time. As needed and after multiple uses, the desorption liner <NUM> can be replaced to provide a new flow path from the trapping device <NUM> through the desorption device <NUM>.

In step <NUM>, the desorption device <NUM> is heated to a preheat temperature. The preheat temperature can be in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C. Heating the desorption device <NUM> heats the sample contained in the trapping device <NUM> and causes the compounds of the sample to begin to desorb from the sorbents (e.g., the packed sorbents and the capillary column coating) in the trapping device <NUM>.

In step <NUM>, split port <NUM> is opened. Opening the split port <NUM> will increase the flow rate of carrier fluid and trapped compounds through trapping device <NUM> and into pre-column <NUM>.

In step <NUM>, desorption port <NUM> is opened to deliver a carrier fluid from carrier fluid source <NUM> to the trapping device <NUM>. Steps <NUM> and <NUM> can be performed in any order, but often simultaneously.

In step <NUM>, the desorption device <NUM> is heated to a desorption temperature. The desorption temperature is in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C. Heating the desorption device <NUM> heats the sample contained in the trapping device <NUM> and causes the compounds of the sample continue to desorb from the sorbents (e.g., the packed sorbents and the capillary column coating) in the trapping device <NUM>. Step <NUM> can be performed after or simultaneously with steps <NUM>-<NUM>. In some embodiments, preheating can begin prior to steps <NUM>-<NUM>, and steps <NUM>-<NUM> can be performed before the desorption device <NUM> reaches the final preheating temperature (e.g., heating starts, then steps <NUM>-<NUM> are performed while heating continues).

In some embodiments, after a period of time during which one or more compounds transfer from the trapping device <NUM> to the pre-column <NUM>, split port <NUM> is closed in step <NUM>. Closing split port <NUM> enables the system <NUM> to perform a split less injection of all of the compounds from pre-column <NUM> to column <NUM> and into detector <NUM>. Performing a split less injection enables the entire sample to be analyzed, enabling the detector <NUM> to detect compounds of the sample that have low concentrations. In some embodiments, step <NUM> is not performed. That is to say, in some embodiments, split port <NUM> remains open to perform a split injection from pre-column <NUM> to column <NUM>. Performing a split injection prevents saturation of the detector <NUM> when analyzing highly-concentrated samples.

In step <NUM>, split port <NUM> is opened to allow compounds remaining within trapping device <NUM> to escape the system while the contents of pre-column <NUM> are transferred to column <NUM>. Split control <NUM> controls the flow of carrier fluids and any remaining compounds from trapping device <NUM> out of the system <NUM>.

In step <NUM>, the gas chromatograph <NUM> is gradually heated to a temperature in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> <NUM>C. Steps <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> can be performed in any order or simultaneously. If step <NUM> is not performed, steps <NUM> and <NUM> can be performed in any order or simultaneously.

In some embodiments, in step <NUM>, bypass port <NUM> is opened to direct the flow of carrier fluid from carrier fluid source <NUM> to column <NUM>. In some embodiments, step <NUM> is not performed. In particular, bypass port <NUM> can allow the backflushing of unwanted, very heavy compounds still on pre-column <NUM> back out through split port <NUM> to prevent the need to heat the GC to very high temperature to elute the very heavy compounds (during GC column bakeout), thereby both increasing the lifetime of the GC column, while reducing the runtime of the analysis thereby improving laboratory throughput.

In step <NUM>, the detector <NUM> conducts the analysis of the sample that elutes from column <NUM>.

After the steps of method <NUM> are complete, the gas chromatograph <NUM>, desorption device <NUM>, and trapping device <NUM> remain at an elevated temperature and are baked out to remove any compounds that remain. During bake out, desorption port <NUM> and split port <NUM> are opened. Baking out trapping device <NUM> removes any remaining compounds to prepare the trapping device <NUM> for re-use without remaining compounds carrying over into the next analysis. As described above, after several uses, the capillary stage <NUM> of the trapping device <NUM> and/or the desorption liner <NUM> can be replaced to create a new flow path from the trapping device <NUM> through desorption device <NUM> into pre-column <NUM>.

Detection limits depend on the volume of air collected, and the sensitivity of the detector <NUM>. Lately, mass spectrometry has seen a large increase in sensitivity in commercially available systems, such that a <NUM> liter air sample can produce quantitative measurements sufficient for analyzing compounds including pesticides, Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Phthalates, Endocrine Disrupters, Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA), Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), PCDDs, PBDDs, Phenols, air-borne THC and other Cannabinoids, and other chemicals down to <NUM>-<NUM> parts per trillion. In some situations, between <NUM>-<NUM> liters of sample can be collected. For example, sampling at a rate of <NUM> cc/min for <NUM> hours enables the system to collect <NUM> liters of sample and sampling at this rate for a week enables the system to collect around <NUM> liters of sample. Using Selective Ion Monitoring modes (SIM) or Triple Stage Quadrupole targeted analysis, detection limits another ten times lower are possible (e.g., <NUM>-<NUM> parts per trillion depending on collection <NUM> or <NUM> liter of sample). Higher-end mass spectrometers such as the Orbitrap or Time of Flight MS (TOF-MS) can provide both targeted quantitative analysis and non-targeted qualitative identification of unknown compounds in a sample using high resolution, full scan operation and spectral deconvolution to report concentrations below <NUM> part per trillion when analyzing <NUM> liter of sample.

Embodiments of the disclosure improve the accuracy and ease of collecting compounds in the range of C4-C30 in gas phase samples. In particular, compounds in ambient and indoor air can be collected using a pump or other metering device to draw a known volume through the trapping system <NUM>. These metering devices can draw air into the traps at varying rates, depending on the length of time integration desired. EPA Methods <NUM> and TO <NUM> can be performed using a fraction of the volume needed compared to the volume required when performing solvent extractions. Analysis in the field rather than in the laboratory continues to grow in importance. Embodiments of the disclosure allow for analysis in the field, unlike solvent extraction techniques that require a stationary lab that is set up with equipment such as extraction devices and fume hoods and now expensive solvent recovery systems due to legislation in most areas that prevent dumping of the solvent vapors into the environment. Elimination of solvents during chemical analysis has the advantage of achieving more environmentally-friendly techniques, which are also safer for lab personnel. Other sample types that can benefit from this technology include breath analyzers and other clinical techniques, large volume static headspace analyzers, collection and identification of odors, measurement of chemicals outgassing from industrial and consumer products, and trace fragrance and aroma analysis. Any GC or GCMS application that requires both higher sensitivity and more complete recovery of heavier compounds will benefit from embodiments of the disclosure.

Therefore, according to the above, in some embodiments, a trapping system, comprises a capillary stage, the capillary stage comprising an open tubular capillary column, wherein an interior surface of the open tubular capillary column is coated by a sorbent; a packed stage, the packed stage comprising a packed sorbent, the packed stage fluidly coupled to the capillary stage; a body, the body comprising: an interior cavity containing the packed sorbent; and a desorption port fluidly coupled to the interior cavity; and a valve attached to the body of the trapping system, wherein the valve is configured to fluidly couple an opening of the body to a pump when the pump is attached to the valve, the opening of the body fluidly coupled to the interior cavity of the body, the opening of the body being different from the desorption port of the body. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the packed sorbent includes a first packed sorbent and a second packed sorbent and the trapping system further comprises a screen between the first packed sorbent and the second packed sorbent. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the trapping system is configured to be inserted into an isolation enclosure that isolates the trapping system from an environment of the trapping system. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the desorption port is configured to accept a carrier fluid during desorption of a sample from the trapping system. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, during desorption of the sample from the trapping system: first compounds are desorbed from the capillary stage, second compounds are desorbed from the packed stage, and accepting the carrier fluid causes the first compounds to flow from the capillary stage into a pre-column and accepting the carrier fluid causes the second compounds to flow from the packed stage, through the capillary stage and into the pre-column. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the valve comprises a spring that applies a first force that closes the valve in the absence of a second force on the valve, and the pump applies the second force when the pump is attached to the valve. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the trapping system includes a first retaining screen; and a second retraining screen, wherein the packed sorbent is disposed between the first retaining screen and the second retaining screen and the packed sorbent is in contact with the first retaining screen and the second retaining screen. The open tubular capillary column is configured to be removed and replaced with a second open tubular capillary column, wherein one or more particles are adhered to the open tubular capillary column and removing the open tubular capillary column removes the one or more particles. The trapping system is portable. Collecting a sample with the trapping system may comprise transporting the trapping system to a sampling location different from an analysis location at which analysis of the sample is performed. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, analysis of a sample trapped by the trapping system is fully or partially automated. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, collection of a sample with the trapping system is fully or partially automated over a period of time ranging from one hour to one week. The capillary stage retains one or more particles collected by the trapping system, and the one or more particles are not transferred to the packed stage.

In some embodiments, a method for trapping a sample for chemical analysis comprises drawing the sample through a trapping system using a pump, the sample comprising first compounds and second compounds, the trapping system comprising a capillary stage and a packed stage, wherein drawing the gas sample using the pump comprises: drawing the first compounds and the second compounds into the capillary stage of the trapping system, the capillary stage comprising an open tubular capillary column, wherein an interior surface of the open tubular capillary column is coated by a sorbent; trapping the first compounds in the capillary stage of the trapping system; drawing the second compounds into the packed stage of the trapping system, the packed stage comprising a packed sorbent; and trapping the second compounds in the packed stage of the trapping system, wherein: the trapping system comprises a body, the body comprising: an interior cavity containing the packed sorbent; and a desorption port fluidly coupled to the interior cavity; drawing the gas sample through the trapping system includes attaching the pump to a valve attached to the body of the trapping system, wherein attaching the pump to the valve causes the valve to fluidly couple the pump to an opening of the body, the opening of the body fluidly coupled to the interior cavity of the body, the opening of the body being different from the desorption port of the body. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the packed sorbent includes a first packed sorbent and a second packed sorbent and the trapping system further comprises a screen between the first packed sorbent and the second packed sorbent. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the method further includes after drawing the gas sample through the trapping system, inserting the trapping system into an isolation enclosure that isolates the trapping system from an environment of the trapping system. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the desorption port is configured to accept a carrier fluid during desorption of a sample from the trapping system. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the method further includes during desorption of the sample from the trapping system: desorbing the first compounds from the capillary stage; desorbing the second compounds from the packed stage, wherein accepting the carrier fluid causes the first compounds to flow from the capillary stage into a pre-column and accepting the carrier fluid causes the second compounds to flow from the packed stage, through the capillary stage and into the pre-column. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the valve comprises a spring that applies a first force that closes the valve in the absence of a second force on the valve, and the pump applies the second force when the pump is attached to the valve. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the trapping system further comprises: a first retaining screen; and a second retraining screen, wherein the packed sorbent is disposed between the first retaining screen and the second retaining screen and the packed sorbent is in contact with the first retaining screen and the second retaining screen. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the method further includes removing the open tubular capillary column and replacing the open tubular capillary column with a second open tubular capillary column, wherein one or more particles are adhered to the open tubular capillary column and removing the open tubular capillary column removes the one or more particles. The trapping system is portable. Trapping the sample with the trapping system may comprise transporting the trapping system to a sampling location different from an analysis location at which analysis of the sample is performed. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, analysis of a sample trapped by the trapping system is fully or partially automated. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, collection of a sample with the trapping system is fully or partially automated over a period of time ranging from one hour to one week. The capillary stage retains one or more particles collected by the trapping system, and the one or more particles are not transferred to the packed stage.

Claim 1:
A field-portable air trapping system (<NUM>), comprising:
a capillary stage (<NUM>), the capillary stage comprising an open tubular capillary column and an inlet end for receiving a gas sample including particulates and one or more particulate-bound compounds, wherein:
the open tubular capillary column is configured to be removed and replaced following a plurality of sample collection and thermal desorption cycles,
one or more particulates are adhered to the open tubular capillary column and removing the open tubular capillary column removes the one or more particulates,
an interior surface of the open tubular capillary column is coated by a sorbent and wherein the trapping system is configured to introduce the sample directly through the capillary column;
a packed stage (<NUM>), the packed stage comprising a packed sorbent, the packed stage fluidly coupled to the capillary stage (<NUM>);
a body (<NUM>), the body comprising:
an interior cavity containing the packed sorbent; and
a desorption port (<NUM>) fluidly coupled to the interior cavity; and
a valve (<NUM>) attached to the body (<NUM>) of the trapping system (<NUM>), wherein the valve is configured to fluidly couple an opening of the body to a vacuum source, the vacuum source comprising a vacuum reservoir or a vacuum pump, when the vacuum source is attached to the valve, the opening of the body fluidly coupled to the interior cavity of the body, the opening of the body being different from the desorption port (<NUM>) of the body,
wherein:
the capillary stage (<NUM>) is configured to retain the particulates and the one or more particulate-bound compounds of the gas sample collected by the trapping system without transferring the particulates and the one or more particulate-bound compounds to the packed stage (<NUM>), and
the vacuum source is configured to cause a vacuum that draws one or more compounds from the sample from outside the trapping system (<NUM>) directly to the capillary stage (<NUM>) and through the capillary stage into the packed stage (<NUM>).