Patent Description:
Abrading tools and associated consumable abrasive products are used in numerous industries. For example, consumable abrasive products are used in the woodworking industries, marine industries, automotive industries, construction industries, and so on. Consumable abrasive products can include bonded abrasive wheels such as cut-off wheels and grinding wheels that are used for physically abrading workpieces. Bonded abrasive wheels are typically in the shape of a circular wheel and are arranged around a central hub. Bonded abrasive wheels include abrasive particles such as rods bonded together by a bonding medium (i.e., a binder). The bonding medium may be an organic resin (e.g., resin bond wheels), but may also be an inorganic material such as a ceramic or glass (i.e., vitreous bond wheels).

Consumable abrasive products are consumable in the sense that they can be consumed and replaced much more frequently than the abrading tools with which they are used. For instance, a grinding wheel for an angle grinder can only last for a few days of work before needing to be replaced, but the angle grinder itself can last many years.

This disclosure describes apparatuses, techniques and methods for embedding electronic circuitry within bonded abrasive wheels. Such circuitry can comprise Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) circuity, Near Field Communication (NFC) circuitry, or another type of circuitry that be used for communication, for example. Also disclosed herein are systems and techniques related to communication equipped abrading tools, consumable abrasive products (here a bonded grinding wheel), workpieces, and/or operating devices (e.g., robotic devices). As described herein, communication among components of the system (e.g., the abrading tool(s), the grinding wheel(s), workpiece(s), operating devices, etc.) and potentially one or more other computing systems can provide/utilize data that can be used enhance safety, quality, asset security, regulatory compliance, and inventory management.

The invention claims a bonded abrasive wheel as defined in claim <NUM>.

In another example, not part of the claimed invention, a bonded abrasive wheel is disclosed. The bonded abrasive wheel can optionally comprise: a plurality of abrasive particles disposed in a binder; a first grinding surface; an outer circumference; a rotational axis extending through a central hub; and a circuit configured as a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) unit coupled to the bonded abrasive wheel, wherein the circuit can optionally comprise: an antenna embedded within the bonded abrasive wheel; and an integrated circuit (IC) operably coupled to the antenna, wherein the integrated circuit is encapsulated within a material having a modulus of greater than <NUM> MPa but less than <NUM> GPa.

In yet another example, not part of the claimed invention, a bonded abrasive wheel is disclosed. The bonded abrasive wheel can optionally comprise: a plurality of abrasive particles disposed in a binder; a first grinding surface; an outer circumference; a rotational axis extending through a central hub; and a circuit configured for communication coupled to the bonded abrasive wheel, wherein the circuit can optionally comprise: an antenna embedded within the bonded abrasive wheel, the antenna comprising a mesh having a plurality of openings, each of the plurality of openings being defined between a plurality of strands of the mesh, and wherein, in cross-section, wherein a total area of all of the plurality of openings is between <NUM> times and <NUM> times smaller than a central opening defined by the antenna having the radius of curvature; and an integrated circuit (IC) operably coupled to the antenna.

The invention defines a method as defined in claim <NUM>.

Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

Abrading tools and associated consumable abrasive products including bonded abrasive wheels present various challenges for individuals and organizations. In one example, inventory of tools, worker information, and consumable abrasive products may not be centrally managed, leading to inconsistent tracking of tool usage. In another example, damaged or worn bonded abrasive wheels can damage workpieces or can have the potential to cause injury. In yet another example, abrading tools can be used improperly, which can result in excessive use of bonded abrasive wheels, damage to abrading tools or workpieces, potential injury to workers, or the like. Furthermore, abrading tools and associated consumable abrasive products including bonded abrasive wheels are frequently stolen. In still another example, over time workers frequently develop an intuitive sense of when a workpiece is of desired quality or when the bonded abrasive wheel is wearing out. However, a robot using the abrading tool may not acquire such an intuitive sense or needs to obtain additional data to enable machine learning to be utilized. In another example, consumable abrasive products, including bonded abrasive wheels are consumed, and therefore, accurate planning and managing of inventory of consumable abrasive products is desirable.

According to one aspect of this disclosure, apparatuses and methods are disclosed that allow for embedding of circuits, such as circuits that facilitate communication within consumable abrasive products, and specifically, within bonded abrasive wheels. Typically, with bonded abrasive wheels, the high heat and/or pressure required in forming (i.e. bonding) such wheels have in the past negated or strongly discouraged the use of embedded circuits because of the high likelihood of failure of such circuits during the forming process. However, the present inventors have recognized various constructs, methods and techniques that have greatly increased the likelihood of the circuits surviving the forming process.

According to another aspect of this disclosure, a system is disclosed that includes communication-equipped abrading tools, communication-equipped consumable abrasive products (CAPs)-here bonded abrasive wheels and/or communication-equipped workpieces. As described herein, in some examples, the abrading tool can read information from the bonded abrasive wheel and, in some cases, can send information to various locations including the bonded abrasive wheel for storage in a data storage device (memory). The data storage device can be located in various places including the cloud, within or on the abrading tool (e.g., in a memory of the abrading tool), within or on a robotic device (e.g., in a memory of the robotic device), etc. Conversely, in some examples, the bonded abrasive wheel can send information to the abrading tool, receive data from the abrading tool, and store data based on the received data. Furthermore, in some examples, the abrading tool sends and/or receives data from a computing system that stores and retrieves information from the data storage device. Thus, the data storage device can comprise a database according to some examples. In some examples, the bonded abrasive wheel sends and/or receives data from the computing system that stores and retrieves information from the database.

As described in detail below, such communication and storage of data can help to address various challenges associated with abrading tools and associated CAPs. These challenges include, but are not limited to, safety challenges, quality challenges and use challenges. For instance, the systems disclosed herein can enable the collection of vibration dosimetry data for individual workers. Some examples of this disclosure can reduce the likelihood of using CAPs in a manner that would produce a poor-quality or undesired quality workpiece. Some examples of this disclosure can reduce the chances of using damaged CAPs. Furthermore, some examples of this disclosure can help to prevent improper use of abrading tools and associated CAPs. Some examples of this disclosure can reduce the potential of injury. Additionally, some examples of this disclosure can help to prevent theft of abrading tools and associated CAPs.

<FIG> is a block diagram illustrating an example system <NUM> for monitoring abrading tools, CAPs (e.g., a bonded abrasive wheel) and/or workpieces, in accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure. In the example of <FIG>, system <NUM> includes a computing system <NUM>, a data storage device <NUM>, an abrading tool <NUM>, a workpiece <NUM>, a consumable abrasive product (CAP) <NUM> (here a bonded abrasive wheel), and a user identification (ID) <NUM>. As depicted by arrow <NUM>, computing system <NUM> can read and write data to the data storage device <NUM>, which can comprise a database. Additionally, as depicted by arrow <NUM>, the computing system <NUM> can communicate with the abrading tool <NUM>. Furthermore, as depicted by arrow <NUM>, the computing system <NUM> can communicate with the CAP <NUM>. As depicted by arrow <NUM>, the computing system <NUM> can communicate with the workpiece <NUM>. Additionally, as depicted by arrow 18A, abrading tool <NUM> can communicate with CAP <NUM>. The abrading tool <NUM> can communicate with the workpiece <NUM> as indicated by arrow 18B. Furthermore, as depicted by arrow <NUM>, the computing system <NUM> can communicate with user ID <NUM>. Additionally, as depicted by arrow <NUM>, the abrading tool <NUM> can communicate with user ID <NUM>. Communication between one or more of the system <NUM> components can be facilitated by a communication unit (indicated by arrows <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, 18A, <NUM> and/or <NUM>). The system <NUM> can include a sensor(s) <NUM> that can be implanted in or adjacent one or more of the abrading tool <NUM>, workpiece <NUM> and CAP <NUM>.

Thus, system <NUM> optionally includes one or more of the data storage device <NUM>, the computing system <NUM>, the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, the user ID <NUM> and the sensor <NUM>. The CAP <NUM> can be attachable to and detachable from the abrading tool <NUM>. The user ID <NUM> can comprise user identification information, and the computing system <NUM> can comprise one or more computing devices configured to receive first data and store second data in the data storage device <NUM>. In the disclosed example, the second data can be based on the first data. For instance, the second data can be the same as the first data or determined in various ways using the first data.

As previously discussed, in one example the computing system <NUM> can receive the first data from the communication unit regarding the sensor <NUM>. The first data can be indicative of at least one operating parameter of one or more of the abrading tool <NUM>, the CAP <NUM> and the workpiece <NUM>.

In some examples, the first data comprises data received from abrading tool <NUM>. In some instances, the first data is based on the sensor(s) <NUM> in, on or adjacent the abrading tool <NUM>. Furthermore, in some examples, the first data comprises data received from and regarding the CAP <NUM> and/or the workpiece <NUM>. As described elsewhere in this disclosure, the first data can be based on the sensor(s) <NUM> in or on the CAP <NUM> and/or the workpiece <NUM>. Additionally, in some examples, the first data can comprise user identification information from user ID <NUM>.

In examples of this disclosure, the computing system <NUM>, the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, and the user ID <NUM> can communicate various types of data, in various ways, at various times, and in response to various events. For instance, in some examples, the CAP <NUM> can send to the abrading tool <NUM> and/or the computing system <NUM> one or more of: use data, quality data, safety data other types of data regarding CAP <NUM>. Use data can include a manufacture data of the CAP <NUM> (a type of CAP), indication the abrading tool <NUM> is coupled to the CAP <NUM>, a type of backing used for the CAP <NUM>, a duration of use, a date and time of use, and product authentication data. Use, safety and quality data can include sensor data (e.g., wear, maximum rotations per minute (RPM), other RPM related data, temperature, pressure, force, torque) measured by the sensor(s) <NUM> generated during usage, or other types of data regarding CAP <NUM>.

In some examples, the user ID <NUM> can send to abrading tool <NUM>, the CAP <NUM> and/or computing system <NUM> the user identification information. In some instances, the CAP <NUM> can communicate data indicating whether the CAP <NUM> has been, is or can potentially be damaged (this data is included in the safety data discussed herein). In some examples, certain data (e.g., manufacture date, maximum recommended RPM) can be stored on or within the CAP <NUM> prior to initial use of CAP <NUM>.

In some examples, the CAP <NUM> receives, from the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM> and/or the computing system <NUM>, one or more of the use data, quality data and/or safety data discussed above (e.g., CAP usage time, an operator identifier, operator usage time, abrasive wear state, data enabling dosimetry and wear reporting, and the like). In some examples, certain data (e.g., usage time, operator identification) can be generated during use of the CAP <NUM>, written to the data storage device <NUM> (which can be coupled to or positioned within the CAP <NUM>), and then subsequently read from the data storage device <NUM> (which can be coupled to or positioned within the CAP <NUM>).

In some examples, the abrading tool <NUM> and/or the workpiece <NUM> receives, from the CAP <NUM> (the other of the abrading tool <NUM> and/or workpiece <NUM>) and/or the computing system <NUM>, one or more of the use data, quality data and/or safety data discussed above (e.g., usage time, an operator identifier, operator usage time, finish imparted to the workpiece, data enabling dosimetry and wear reporting, and the like). In some examples, certain data (e.g., usage time, operator identification) can be generated during use of the abrading tool <NUM>, written to the data storage device <NUM> (which can be coupled to or positioned within the abrading tool <NUM> such as within the memory), and then subsequently read from the data storage device <NUM> (which can be coupled to or positioned within the abrading tool <NUM> such as within the memory). In some examples, the workpiece <NUM> can include sensor(s) <NUM> from which sensor data regarding use data, quality data and/or safety data is derived.

Computing system <NUM> can comprise one or more computing devices, such as personal computers, server devices, mainframe computers, and other types of devices. The data storage device <NUM> comprises the database with an organized collection of data. The data storage device <NUM> can be implemented in various ways. For example, the data storage device <NUM> can comprise one or more relational databases such as a quasi-logarithmic database discussed in reference to later of the FIGURES, object-oriented databases, data cubes, and so on. Although <FIG> shows the data storage device <NUM> as a single database, data described in the disclosure as being stored in the data storage device <NUM> can be distributed across one or more separate databases, the cloud, etc. These database/databases can be stored on non-transitory computer readable data storage media.

The CAP <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM> and/or the abrading tool <NUM> can communicate in various ways that can be facilitated by the communication unit (or indeed via multiple communication units). For example, the CAP <NUM> can have the communication unit mounted therein or mounted thereto. The communication unit in this case can be a Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) or Near Field Communication (NFC) interface (i.e., a tag). <FIG> provide further examples of the communication unit comprising a circuit (RFID or NFC) that can be embedded within a bonded abrasive wheel.

In some examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can have the communication unit mounted therein or mounted thereto. In such cases, this communication unit can be RFID or NFC reader, configured to read data from and/or write data to the RFID or NFC interface of the CAP <NUM> when the CAP <NUM> is brought sufficiently close to the abrading tool <NUM>. Thus, in this example, the CAP <NUM> and the abrading tool <NUM> can communicate without the use of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or other similar wireless technologies.

In some examples, the communication unit can use energy harvesting techniques to derive power needed for charging, communication, sensing, data storage, and other operations. These techniques can be applied from external to the CAP <NUM>, such as from the abrading tool <NUM>.

The CAP <NUM> can have a communication unit, such as an RFID or NFC tag. In this example, a tag reading device, such as a fixed location device or wand, can read data from the communication unit mounted on or within the CAP <NUM>. The tag reading device can send the data to the computing system <NUM>. In another example, a mobile device <NUM> such as shown in <FIG> (such as a worker's mobile phone) can read data from the communication unit and send the data to the computing system <NUM> via a communications network. In some examples, mobile device <NUM> can perform some or all of the functionality described in this disclosure with respect to the computing system <NUM>. Indeed, the mobile device <NUM> can receive alerts, notifications, etc. in some cases of certain events (e.g., a notification that the CAP <NUM> is in an unsafe condition and is subject to breakage or possible breakage). Thus, in some examples, the communication network used by the communication unit(s) can include the Internet, a cellular data network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or another type of communication networks.

The user ID <NUM> and the abrading tool <NUM> can communicate in various ways. For example, the user ID <NUM> can utilize a communication unit, such as a Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) or Near Field Communication (NFC) interface (i.e., tag). In some examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can utilize the communication unit, such as an RFID or NFC reader, configured to read data from and/or write data to the RFID or NFC interface of the user ID <NUM> when user ID <NUM> is brought sufficiently close to the abrading tool <NUM>. Thus, in this example, the CAP <NUM> and the abrading tool <NUM> can communicate without Wi-Fi or Bluetooth infrastructure. In some examples, the communication unit of the user ID <NUM> can use energy harvesting techniques as previously discussed herein. In some examples, the user ID <NUM> can utilize an optical code as the communication unit. The optical code can comprise a machine-readable representation of data, such as a barcode or Quick Response (QR) code. The abrading tool <NUM> or another device can receive data from the user ID <NUM> by reading the optical code, and such data can allow the abrading tool <NUM> to become operable, for example.

The user ID <NUM> and the computing system <NUM> can communicate in various ways via the communication unit (indicated by arrow <NUM>). For example, the user ID <NUM> can utilize an RFID or NFC tag. In this example, a tag reading device, such as a fixed location device or wand, can read data from the communication unit of the user ID <NUM>. The tag reading device can send the data to the computing system <NUM> via a communications network. In another example, the mobile device <NUM> (such as a worker's mobile phone) can read data from the communication unit of user ID <NUM> and send the data to the computing system <NUM> via a communications network. In yet another example, the mobile device <NUM> can comprise the user ID <NUM> and can send the data to the computing system <NUM> via the communications network. In some examples, the mobile device <NUM> can perform some or all of the functionality described in this disclosure with respect to the computing system <NUM>. The communication network utilized can include the Internet, a cellular data network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or another type of communication networks.

The abrading tool <NUM> and the computing system <NUM> can communicate in various ways. For example, the abrading tool <NUM> can utilize the communication unit, such as an RFID or NFC interface (e.g., an RFID or NFC tag). In this example, a tag reading device, such as a fixed location device or wand, can read data from the communication unit of the abrading tool <NUM> and send the data to the computing system <NUM> via a communications network. In some examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can utilize a wireless network interface, such as a Wi-Fi interface, Bluetooth interface, cellular data network interface (e.g., a <NUM> LTE interface), and/or another type of wireless network interface. In such examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can use the wireless network interface to send and/or receive data from the computing system <NUM>. In some examples, abrading tool <NUM> can use a communication unit that is a wire-based communication interface, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface or another type of interface. In such examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can use the wire-based communications interface to send and/or receive data from the computing system <NUM>. For instance, the abrading tool <NUM> can use a USB connection with another device, such as the mobile device <NUM>, that is configured to communicate with the computing system <NUM>. In this example, the abrading tool <NUM> can communicate with the computing system <NUM> while connected to the mobile device <NUM>. In some examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can utilize an internal communication bus, such as a serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus or I2C bus. In such examples, the abrading tool <NUM> can use the internal communication bus to send and/or receive data from the computing system <NUM>.

Furthermore, in some examples, abrading tool <NUM> has a communication unit that communicates with the computing system <NUM> via hub wireless hardware. The hub wireless hardware can comprise a device located at a worksite to which multiple assets (e.g., tools, personal protection equipment, consumable products, etc.) communicate. In this example, the hub wireless hardware can communicate via another network (e.g., the internet) to the computing system <NUM>.

In some examples, the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, and/or the CAP <NUM> can communicate with the computing system <NUM> via the mobile device <NUM>. For instance, the abrading tool <NUM> can utilize a communication unit, such as an RFID or NFC tag, Bluetooth interface, or other short-range wireless communication interface. In this example, the mobile device <NUM> can relay data between computing system <NUM> and abrading tool <NUM>.

In some examples, the communication unit of the abrading tool <NUM> does not communicate directly with the communication unit of the CAP <NUM>. For instance, the abrading tool <NUM> can send data to the computing system <NUM> and the computing system <NUM>, in response, can send data to the communication unit and/or the data storage device <NUM> housed within the CAP <NUM>. Similarly, the CAP <NUM> can send data to the computing system <NUM> and the computing system <NUM>, in response, can send data to the abrading tool <NUM> (e.g., to memory of the abrading tool <NUM>). In some examples, the mobile device <NUM> can read data from the CAP <NUM> and, in response, send data to the abrading tool <NUM>. Similarly, the abrading tool <NUM> can send data to the mobile device <NUM> and the mobile device <NUM> can send the data to the CAP <NUM>. In further examples, the mobile device <NUM> can read data from the workpiece <NUM>, and in response, send data to the abrading tool <NUM> and/or the CAP <NUM>. Similarly, the workpiece <NUM> can send data to the mobile device <NUM> and the mobile device <NUM> can send the data to the CAP <NUM> and/or the abrading tool <NUM>.

In some examples, communication between the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM> and/or the CAP <NUM> and computing system <NUM> can occur asynchronously. For instance, data from the computing system <NUM> can be stored at an intermediary device (e.g., the mobile device <NUM>, wireless hub hardware, an RFID or NFC reader, etc.) until a communication link between the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM> and/or the CAP <NUM> and the intermediary device is established. When the communication link is established, the intermediary device transmits or receives the data to or from the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM> and/or the CAP <NUM>. A similar asynchronous communication style can be used for communication between CAP <NUM> and computing system <NUM>.

In some examples, abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, and/or the CAP <NUM>, and the user ID <NUM> can communicate with the computing system <NUM> in a similar way. For example, the abrading tool <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, and the user ID <NUM> can all utilize a same communication unit, such as an RFID or NFC tag, while the computing system <NUM> can include or be communicatively coupled, such as through a USB cable, to a tag reading device, such as an RFID or NFC tag reader. In this example, the tag reading device, such as a fixed location device or wand, can read data from the communication unit of abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, and/or user ID <NUM>. The tag reading device can send the data to the computing system <NUM> via a communications network. In another example, the mobile device <NUM> (such as a worker's mobile phone) can read data from the communication unit of the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, and/or the user ID <NUM> and send the data to the computing system <NUM> via a communications network. The communication network can include the Internet, a cellular data network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or another type of communication network as previously discussed.

In some examples, the computing system <NUM> can mine data stored in the data storage device <NUM>. For instance, the computing system <NUM> can mine data in the data storage device <NUM> for data that is then report to and receive fed back from appropriate entities, e.g., safety or compliance manager, production foreman, maintenance manager, and so on such a via a text or another alert notification method. In some examples, the computing system <NUM> can associate the reported data with an urgency level. For instance, reporting that the abrading tool <NUM> is being operated beyond recommended Rotation Per Minute (RPM) level can be designated as more urgent than reporting that a sanding disk inventory is running low. The RPM reporting can be a safety, compliance, or productivity issue which might need to be reported as soon as possible to the safety officer or shop foreman; low inventory can be reported to a purchasing agent with less urgency.

In further examples, the computing system <NUM> can be configured to only store data to the data storage device <NUM> in certain instances when the computing system <NUM> identifies if the at least one operating parameter falls outside a predetermined operating parameter range. This can reduce power and memory burden for the system, for example. In such instances, data can be written to the data storage device <NUM>, such operating parameter range(s) can include, but is not limited to: revolutions per minute of the abrading tool or the consumable abrasive product, a type of the abrading tool; a type of the consumable abrasive product; a force applied on one or more of the abrading tool, the consumable abrasive product and the workpiece; a temperature of one or more of the abrading tool, the consumable abrasive product and the workpiece; a finish imparted to the workpiece; a duration of operation; a type of backing used for the consumable abrasive product; a type of attachment used to couple the abrading tool to the consumable abrasive product; an identity of a tool operator; a location of the system; a date and time of use; and an indication the abrading tool is coupled with the consumable abrasive product.

Thus, for example, if the revolutions per minute maximum for the CAP <NUM> is exceeded, data regarding such event/operation is written to the data storage device <NUM>. In another example, if the force applied on one or more of the abrading tool, the consumable abrasive product and the workpiece exceeds a maximum recommended force (or indeed is less than a recommended force) data regarding such event/operation is written to the data storage device <NUM>. In yet a further example, if the temperature of one or more of the abrading tool, the consumable abrasive product and the workpiece exceeds a maximum recommended temperature data regarding such event/operation is written to the data storage device <NUM>.

In some examples, the computing system <NUM> can be configured to only store data to the data storage device <NUM> in certain instances where the computing system <NUM> identifies the CAP <NUM> has been damaged or is about to be potentially damaged based upon the at least one operating parameter falling outside the predetermined operating parameter range. Thus, in response to receiving data indicating that the CAP <NUM> has been damaged or is about to be potentially damaged, the computing system <NUM> can be configured to store the data in the data storage device <NUM>. Furthermore, in some examples, in response to receiving data indicating that the CAP <NUM> has been damaged or is about to be potentially damaged, the computing system <NUM> can be configured to perform one or more of: generate a warning, send instructions to the abrading tool or a robotic device configured to operate the abrading tool, prevent use of the abrading tool while the consumable abrasive product is attached to the abrading tool, and store the data indicating that the consumable abrasive product has been damaged or is about to be potentially damaged as the second data. The data indicating that the CAP <NUM> has been damaged or is about to be potentially damaged can be derived from one or more of a voltage measurement from a crack detection system, the temperature the consumable abrasive product, the revolutions per minute of the consumable abrasive product and the force on the consumable abrasive product as is further elaborated upon herein.

Additionally, in further examples, the computing system <NUM> can mine and/or analyze data in the data storage device <NUM> for information on productivity, security, inventory, safety, quality or other topics. For example, the computing system <NUM> can generate various types of reports on these topics. Productivity: reporting on tool RPM, runtime, force, etc., basically how the tool and abrasive is being used. Security: has abrading tool <NUM> disappeared? Inventory: is the site running low on a specific product, such as CAPs? Computing system <NUM> can automatically place orders. Safety: is PPE being used correctly? Is a worker using the proper abrading tool? Is the worker using an abrading tool properly? Quality: is a desired finish to the workpiece being achieved?.

Examples of this disclosure can be used separately or in combination. Some examples of the disclosure can omit certain components of the system <NUM>, for example, the computing system <NUM>, the data storage device <NUM>, the sensor <NUM>, the communication unit, the mobile device <NUM>, and any of the abrading tool <NUM>, the workpiece <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, and/or the user ID <NUM>. Examples of this disclosure can be configured in any operable configuration. Certain components such as the sensor <NUM> and the communication unit(s) can comprise a single component, for example. In another example, while the computing system <NUM> and the data storage device <NUM> have been described as separate units, either or both can be part of the same network. Similarly, the computing system <NUM> and/or the communication unit(s) described need not be coupled to or part of any of the abrading tool <NUM>, the CAP <NUM>, the mobile device <NUM>, but can be located on an external device, such as in proximity to a workstation or on a local server or remote server, for example.

Further disclosure regarding systems, methods and techniques for monitoring abrading tools, CAPs and workpieces can be found in co-owned and co-pending United States Provisional Patent Application, entitled "ABRASIVE DATA RECORDER SYSTEM", filed on the even day as the present application, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

<FIG> show an example of a bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> according to an example of the present application. The bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> (shown as a depressed-center bonded abrasive wheel) has a depressed central portion <NUM> encircling a central hub <NUM> that extends from an abrading surface <NUM> (also called a front surface) to a back surface <NUM> (also called an opposing surface). The central hub <NUM> can comprise a bushing <NUM>, which can be used, for example, for attachment to a power driven tool (not shown). In some examples, the bushing <NUM> can be constructed so as to minimize interference with the circuits described herein. Thus, for example, the bushing <NUM> can be comprised of a non-metallic material (e.g., a polymer), for example. In other examples the bushing <NUM> can be split and/or may not extend entirely through the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>. An abrasive layer <NUM> comprises abrasive particles <NUM> (e.g., crushed but in other examples shaped) retained in binder <NUM>. The abrasive layer <NUM> optionally further comprises reinforcing material <NUM> adjacent to the abrading surface <NUM>. The abrasive layer <NUM> optionally further comprises a secondary reinforcing material <NUM> adjacent to the back surface <NUM>.

The bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> has a rotational axis <NUM> around which the wheel rotates in use, and which is generally perpendicular to the disc of the bonded abrasive wheel.

The layer <NUM> comprises a curable composition that includes the binder <NUM> that retains abrasive particles <NUM>. The binder <NUM> may be inorganic (e.g., vitreous) or organic resin-based, and is typically formed from a respective binder precursor.

Suitable binders may be vitreous or organic, for example, as described hereinbelow. Organic binders (e.g., crosslinked organic polymers) are generally prepared by curing (i.e., crosslinking) a resinous organic binder precursor. Examples of suitable organic binder precursors include thermally-curable resins and radiation-curable resins, which may be cured, for example, thermally and/or by exposure to radiation. Exemplary organic binder precursors include glues, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, urethane resins, acrylic resins (e.g., aminoplast resins having unsaturated groups, acrylated urethanes, acrylated epoxy resins, acrylated isocyanurates), acrylic monomer/oligomer resins, epoxy resins (including bismaleimide and fluorene-modified epoxy resins), isocyanurate resins, an combinations thereof. Curatives such as thermal initiators, catalysts, photoinitiators, hardeners, and the like may be added to the organic binder precursor, typically selected and in an effective amount according to the resin system chosen. Exemplary organic binders can be found in <CIT>).

Typically, organic binders are prepared by crosslinking (e.g., at least partially curing and/or polymerizing) an organic binder precursor. Suitable organic binder precursors for the shaped abrasive composites may be the same as, or different from, organic binder precursors that can be used in the layer described hereinabove. During the manufacture of the structured abrasive article, the organic binder precursor may be exposed to an energy source which aids in the initiation of polymerization (typically including crosslinking) of the organic binder precursor. Examples of energy sources include thermal energy and radiation energy which includes electron beam, ultraviolet light, and visible light. In the case of an electron beam energy source, curative is not necessarily required because the electron beam itself generates free radicals.

After this polymerization process, the organic binder precursor is converted into a solidified organic binder. Alternatively, for a thermoplastic organic binder precursor, during the manufacture of the abrasive article the thermoplastic organic binder precursor is cooled to a degree that results in solidification of the organic binder precursor.

Organic binders are contemplated in amounts of from <NUM> to <NUM> percent by weight, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> percent by weight, and even more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> percent by weight, based on the total weight of the respective first and secondary abrasive layers, however other amounts may also be used. The organic binder is typically formed by at least partially curing a corresponding organic binder precursor.

There are two main classes of polymerizable resins that may preferably be included in the organic binder precursor, condensation polymerizable resins and addition polymerizable resins. Addition polymerizable resins are advantageous because they are readily cured by exposure to radiation energy. Addition polymerized resins can polymerize, for example, through a cationic mechanism or a free-radical mechanism. Depending upon the energy source that is utilized and the binder precursor chemistry, a curing agent, initiator, or catalyst may be useful to help initiate the polymerization.

Examples of typical binder precursors include phenolic resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, aminoplast resins, urethane resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, cyanate resins, isocyanurate resins, (meth)acrylate resins (e.g., (meth)acrylated urethanes, (meth)acrylated epoxies, ethylenically-unsaturated free-radically polymerizable compounds, aminoplast derivatives having pendant alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl groups, isocyanurate derivatives having at least one pendant acrylate group, and isocyanate derivatives having at least one pendant acrylate group) vinyl ethers, epoxy resins, and mixtures and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term "(meth)acryl" encompasses acryl and methacryl.

Phenolic resin is an exemplary useful organic binder precursor, and may be used in powder form and/or liquid state. Organic binder precursors that can be cured (i.e., polymerized and/or crosslinked) to form useful organic binders include, for example, one or more phenolic resins (including novolac and/or resole phenolic resins) one or more epoxy resins, one or more urea-formaldehyde binders, one or more polyester resins, one or more polyimide resins, one or more rubbers, one or more polybenzimidazole resins, one or more shellacs, one or more acrylic monomers and/or oligomers, and combinations thereof. The organic binder precursor(s) may be combined with additional components such as, for example, curatives, hardeners, catalysts, initiators, colorants, antistatic agents, grinding aids, and lubricants.

Conditions for curing each of the foregoing are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Useful phenolic resins include novolac and resole phenolic resins. Novolac phenolic resins are characterized by being acid-catalyzed and having a ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of less than one, typically between <NUM>:<NUM> and <NUM>:<NUM>. Resole phenolic resins are characterized by being alkaline catalyzed and having a ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of greater than or equal to one, typically from <NUM>:<NUM> to <NUM>:<NUM>. Novolac and resole phenolic resins may be chemically modified (e.g., by reaction with epoxy compounds), or they may be unmodified. Exemplary acidic catalysts suitable for curing phenolic resins include sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, oxalic, and p-toluenesulfonic acids. Alkaline catalysts suitable for curing phenolic resins include sodium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, organic amines, or sodium carbonate.

Phenolic resins are well-known and readily available from commercial sources. Examples of commercially available novolac resins include DUREZ <NUM>, a two-step, powdered phenolic resin (marketed by Durez Corporation, Addison, Texas, under the trade designation VARCUM (e.g., <NUM>), or HEXION AD5534 RESIN (marketed by Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. , Louisville, Kentucky).

Examples of commercially available resole phenolic resins useful in practice of the present disclosure include those marketed by Durez Corporation under the trade designation VARCUM (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>); those marketed by Ashland Chemical Co. , Bartow, Florida under the trade designation AEROFENE (e.g., AEROFENE <NUM>); and those marketed by Kangnam Chemical Company Ltd. , Seoul, South Korea under the trade designation "PHENOLITE" (e.g., PHENOLITE TD-<NUM>).

Curing temperatures of thermally curable organic binder precursors will vary with the material chosen and wheel design. Selection of suitable conditions is within the capability of one of ordinary skill in the art. Exemplary conditions for a phenolic binder may include an applied pressure of about <NUM> tons per <NUM> inches diameter (<NUM>/cm<NUM>) at room temperature followed by heating at temperatures up to about <NUM> for sufficient time to cure the organic binder material precursor.

The abrasive particles <NUM> contemplated for use herein can comprise either shaped or non-shaped (e.g., crushed) particles of various material(s) including, but not limited to metals, ceramics, composites, etc. The abrasive particles <NUM>, if ceramic, can comprise any ceramic material (preferably a ceramic abrasive material), for example, selected from among the ceramic materials listed below, and combinations thereof. Ceramic materials contemplated can include, for example, alumina (e.g., fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, ceramic aluminum oxide materials such as those commercially available as <NUM> CERAMIC ABRASIVE GRAIN from <NUM> Company of St. Paul, Minnesota), black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol-gel derived ceramics (e.g., alumina ceramics doped with chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silica, and/or tin oxide), silica (e.g., quartz, glass beads, glass bubbles and glass fibers), feldspar, or flint. Examples of sol-gel derived crushed ceramic particles can be found in <CIT>), <CIT>); <CIT>), <CIT>); and <CIT>).

Further details concerning methods of making sol-gel-derived ceramic particles suitable or use as ceramic bodies can be found in, for example, <CIT>), <CIT>), <CIT>), <CIT>), <CIT>), <CIT>), <CIT>), and <CIT>), and in <CIT>) and <CIT>).

Shaped abrasive particles and precisely-shaped abrasive particles may be prepared by a molding process using sol-gel technology as described in <CIT>); <CIT>)); and <CIT>). <CIT>) describes alumina particles that have been formed in a specific shape, then crushed to form shards that retain a portion of their original shape features. In some embodiments, the ceramic bodies are precisely-shaped (i.e., the ceramic bodies have shapes that are at least partially determined by the shapes of cavities in a production tool used to make them).

Exemplary shapes of abrasive particles if shaped include cylindrical, vermiform, hourglass-shaped, bow tie shaped, truncated pyramids (e.g., <NUM>-, <NUM>-, <NUM>-, or <NUM>-sided truncated pyramids), truncated cones, and prisms (e.g., <NUM>-, <NUM>-, <NUM>-, or <NUM>-sided prisms), and crushed ceramic abrasive particles. Useful ceramic bodies may have an average aspect ratio (i.e., length to thickness ratio) of at least <NUM>, in some embodiments at least <NUM>, in some embodiments at least <NUM>, and in some embodiments at least <NUM>. Useful ceramic platelets include triangular ceramic platelets (e.g., triangular prismatic ceramic platelets and truncated triangular ceramic platelets).

Details concerning such shaped ceramic particles and methods for their preparation can be found, for example, in <CIT>); <CIT>); and <CIT>); and in <CIT>); <CIT>); and<CIT>).

Other contemplated material for the abrasive particles <NUM> include those of fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, ceramic aluminum oxide materials such as those commercially available under the trade designation <NUM> CERAMIC ABRASIVE GRAIN from <NUM> Company of St. Paul, Minnesota, black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol-gel derived abrasive particles, iron oxide, chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silicates, tin oxide, silica (such as quartz, glass beads, glass bubbles and glass fibers) silicates (such as talc, clays (e.g., montmorillonite), feldspar, mica, calcium silicate, calcium metasilicate, sodium aluminosilicate, sodium silicate), flint, and emery. Examples of sol-gel derived abrasive particles can be found in <CIT>), <CIT>); <CIT>), <CIT>); and <CIT>).

Abrasive particles used in the bonded abrasive wheels of the present disclosure, may be independently sized according to an abrasives industry recognized specified nominal grade. Exemplary abrasive industry recognized grading standards include those promulgated by ANSI (American National Standards Institute), FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives), and JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard). Such industry accepted grading standards include, for example: ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, ANSI <NUM>, and ANSI <NUM>; FEPA P8, FEPA P12, FEPA P16, FEPA P24, FEPA P30, FEPA P36, FEPA P40, FEPAP50, FEPA P60, FEPA P80, FEPA P100, FEPA P120, FEPA P150, FEPA P180, FEPA P220, FEPA P320, FEPA P400, FEPA P500, FEPA P600, FEPA P800, FEPA P1000, FEPA P1200; FEPA F8, FEPA F12, FEPA F16, and FEPA F24;. and JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, JIS <NUM>, and JIS <NUM>,<NUM>. More typically, the crushed aluminum oxide particles and the non-seeded sol-gel derived alumina-based abrasive particles are independently sized to ANSI <NUM> and <NUM>, or FEPA F36, F46, F54 and F60 or FEPA P60 and P80 grading standards.

Alternatively, the abrasive particles can be graded to a nominal screened grade using U. Standard Test Sieves conforming to ASTM E-<NUM> "Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes". ASTM E-<NUM> prescribes the requirements for the design and construction of testing sieves using a medium of woven wire cloth mounted in a frame for the classification of materials according to a designated particle size. A typical designation may be represented as -<NUM>+<NUM> meaning that the shaped ceramic abrasive particles pass through a test sieve meeting ASTM E-<NUM> specifications for the number <NUM> sieve and are retained on a test sieve meeting ASTM E-<NUM> specifications for the number <NUM> sieve. In one embodiment, the shaped ceramic abrasive particles have a particle size such that most of the particles pass through an <NUM> mesh test sieve and can be retained on a <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> mesh test sieve. In various embodiments, the shaped ceramic abrasive particles can have a nominal screened grade comprising: -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>/+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, - <NUM>+<NUM>, <NUM> -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>/+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, - <NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, - <NUM>+<NUM>, -<NUM>+<NUM>, or -<NUM>+<NUM>. Alternatively, a custom mesh size could be used such as -<NUM>+<NUM>.

Abrasive particles may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed throughout the primary abrasive layer and several types of abrasive particles can be used in combination. For example, abrasive particles with sharper edges and/or larger can be distributed in the bonded abrasive wheel so as to be concentrated toward the from outer surfaces thereof. Smaller and/or particles having less edges or less sharp edges can be concentrated near the circuits described subsequently. A center portion of the bonded abrasive wheel may contain a lesser amount of abrasive particles relative to other locations. The abrasive particles may be homogenously distributed among each other, however, such is not always the case.

The abrasive layer may contain additional components such as, for example, filler particles, subject to weight range requirements of the other constituents being met. Filler particles may be added to occupy space and/or provide porosity. Porosity enables the bonded abrasive wheel to shed used or worn abrasive particles to expose new or fresh abrasive particles. The abrasive layer may have any range of porosity; for example, from about <NUM> percent to <NUM> percent, typically <NUM> percent to <NUM> percent by volume. Examples of fillers include bubbles and beads (e.g., glass, ceramic (alumina), clay, polymeric, metal), cork, gypsum, marble, limestone, flint, silica, aluminum silicate, and combinations thereof.

Bonded abrasive wheels (and especially depressed-center bonded abrasive wheels) according to the present disclosure preferably have one or more additional layers or discs of reinforcing material integrally molded and bonded therein. One layer of reinforcing material is preferably bonded to and situated in between the secondary and primary abrasive layers of the wheel. In some embodiments, a central hub portion of the abrasive wheel adjacent the central hub may be further reinforced with a disc of fiberglass cloth molded in and bonded to the bottom side of the primary abrasive layer. As discussed hereinabove, bonded abrasive wheels according to the present disclosure may include one or more reinforcing materials (e.g., a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a nonwoven fabric, and/or a scrim) that reinforces the bonded abrasive wheel. The reinforcing material may comprise inorganic fibers (e.g., fiberglass) and/or organic fibers such as polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, or polyimide fibers. In some instances, it may be desirable to include reinforcing staple fibers within the first and/or second organic binders so that the fibers are homogeneously dispersed throughout the bonded abrasive wheel.

Bonded abrasive wheels according to the present disclosure can be made by a molding process. During molding, first and second organic binder precursors, which may be liquid or powdered, or a combination of liquid and powder, is mixed with abrasive particles. In some embodiments, a liquid medium (either curable organic resin or a solvent) is first applied to the abrasive particles to wet their outer surface, and then the wetted abrasive particles are mixed with a powdered organic binder precursor. Bonded abrasive wheels according to the present disclosure may be made, for example, by compression molding, injection molding, and/or transfer molding.

For example, in one exemplary process with aspects partially shown in <FIG>, a mold (reference <FIG>) having a central-aperture-forming arbor (reference <FIG>) can be surrounded by a circular cavity in which the center is optionally depressed (e.g., for making depressed- center or raised-hub wheels). Bonded abrasive wheels may be molded by first placing a disc of reinforcing material having a center hole around the arbor and in contact with the bottom of the mold. Then, spreading a uniform layer of curable composition comprising the abrasive particles, and the organic binder precursor on top of the disc of reinforcing material. Next a circuit (construct further shown and disclosed below) can be added to the mold atop the first layer of the curable composition. Next, another disc of reinforcing material with a center hole positioned around the arbor is placed onto the first layer of the curable composition, followed by spreading a second layer of the curable composition comprising the abrasive particles, and the binder precursor thereon. This method sandwiches the circuit between the two layers of curable composition and the two layers of reinforcing material. Lastly, a hub reinforcing disc with a center hole therein is placed around the arbor and onto the layer of the curable composite, and a top mold plate of the desired shape to either produce the depressed-center or the straight center hub portion of the wheels, is placed on top of the layers to form a mold assembly. The mold assembly is then placed between the platens of either a conventional cold or hot press. Then the press is actuated to force the mold plate downwardly and compress the discs and abrasive mixtures together, at a pressure of from <NUM> to <NUM> tons per square inch, into a self-supporting structure of predetermined thickness, diameter and density. After molding the wheel is stripped from the mold and placed in an oven heated (e.g., to a temperature of approximately <NUM> to <NUM> for approximately <NUM> hours) to cure the curable mixture(s) and convert the organic binder precursor(s) into useful organic binder(s).

Further details regarding the construction of the abrasive grinding wheel can be found in Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Publication No. <CIT>, and co-owned by the applicant, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

<FIG> also shows a portion of a circuit <NUM> comprising an antenna <NUM> embedded within the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> adjacent the back surface <NUM>, thereof. For the circuit <NUM> configured for NFC, the antenna <NUM> can be spaced away from either the first grinding surface <NUM> or the back surface <NUM> by between <NUM>% and <NUM>% percent of the radius of curvature of the antenna. Exemplary constructs of the circuit <NUM> are further illustrated in <FIG> and <FIG> and discussed in reference to those FIGURES. As discussed in <FIG>, the circuit <NUM> and the other circuits discussed herein can be configured to facilitate communication in various ways to convey or receive data, including data from one or more sensors (e.g., sensors <NUM>) that are not specifically shown in the remaining <FIG>.

<FIG> and <FIG> show an exemplary circuit <NUM> configured for RFID or NFC communication. The circuit <NUM> can include an antenna <NUM>, an integrated circuit (IC) <NUM>, a capacitor <NUM> and leads <NUM>.

As shown the antenna <NUM> can be operably coupled (electrically connected in a manner to facilitate the movement of electrical current) to the IC <NUM> via the leads <NUM>. The capacitor <NUM> can optionally be utilized, and can be operatively coupled in parallel with the IC <NUM> to the antenna <NUM> via the leads <NUM>. The IC <NUM> and/or the capacitor <NUM> may be coupled to the antenna directly without the use of leads <NUM> in the form of a leadless package, unpackaged IC, etc. Although shown as substantially a single loop having a circular substantially constant radius of curvature as described below, in other examples, further loops and other circuit shapes are contemplated including those that are non-circular and do not utilize a radius of curvature or have a varying radius of curvature throughout most/all of their extent.

According to the example of <FIG> and <FIG>, the antenna <NUM> can configured to communicate with one or more external devices in the manner previously discussed in reference to <FIG>. The antenna <NUM> can include a first end <NUM> and a second end <NUM>. The antenna <NUM> can have a radius of curvature RC about an axis <NUM> along at least a portion thereof such that the first end <NUM> can be disposed adjacent to but is spaced from the second end <NUM>. Such spacing between the first end <NUM> and the second end <NUM> can amount to a distance of less than <NUM> inch in the case of the example of <FIG> and <FIG>. The axis <NUM> can comprise an axis of symmetry of the antenna <NUM> according to some examples including the example of <FIG> and <FIG>. In some examples, the axis <NUM> can substantially align with the axis <NUM> (<FIG>) of the bonded abrasive wheel. However, in other examples the axis can be offset from that of the axis <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the antenna <NUM> can comprise a single non-complete loop with the first end <NUM> spaced a short distance from but interfacing with the second end <NUM>. According to one example, the antenna <NUM> can have a radius of curvature RC of between about <NUM> inch and about <NUM> inches and can have a width <NUM> of between about <NUM> inch and about <NUM> inches. Additionally, the width <NUM> can vary according to the radius of curvature RC such as to be a ratio thereof. For example, the width <NUM> can be about <NUM>% of the radius of curvature RC in some examples. The thickness of the antenna <NUM> can be greater than <NUM> inches thick to about <NUM> inches thick in some examples. However, other geometries for the antenna <NUM> are contemplated and can vary depending upon the application, desired resonant frequency, position of the antenna <NUM> within the bonded abrasive wheel, the size (e.g., diameter) of the bonded abrasive wheel, and other operational factors. In some cases, it is desirable to have the radius of curvature RC of the antenna <NUM> be sufficiently larger than depressed central portion <NUM> (<FIG>) of the bonded abrasive wheel.

The antenna <NUM> according to the example of <FIG> and <FIG> can comprise a metallic foil such as a copper foil, copper alloy foil, aluminum foil, aluminum alloy foil, alloys thereof, or the like. The antenna <NUM> can also be constructed of a composite including a polymer foil in some cases. The antenna <NUM> can be laminated with several foil layers combined together. For example, an aluminum foil and a polymer film can be heat laminated together. Suitable polymer films include elastomeric polyurethane, co-polyester, polyimide, polysulfide, silicone or polyether block amide films. In other embodiments, a material is extruded directly onto a metallic foil forming a substrate layer attached to the metallic foil. For example, a polyurethane resin may be extruded onto a copper foil. In other embodiments, a material, such as a urethane, is solvent coated onto a metallic foil. The metallic foil can be patterned using conventional wet etching techniques to produce the antenna <NUM>. Alternatively, the antenna <NUM> can be formed through a milling process or through a die cutting process. Each foil may have a thickness in the range of about <NUM> micrometers or about <NUM> micrometer to about <NUM> micrometers or to about <NUM> micrometers.

According to one example, the antenna <NUM> can be configured to have a resonance frequency of about <NUM> (e.g., <NUM> to <NUM>) as this is commonly used in NFC. It has been found that, in some embodiments, a desired resonance frequency of a reduced-reactance antenna can be achieved by including one or more stand-alone capacitors (e.g., capacitor <NUM>) connected in parallel with the antenna and arranged in parallel with IC <NUM>. The frequency band at about <NUM> is within a range sometimes referred to as a high frequency (HF) band. The circuit <NUM> of the present description can have resonance frequencies in other bands. Suitable bands include, for example, the high frequency (HF) band from <NUM>-<NUM> and the low frequency (LF) band from <NUM>-<NUM> and the ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands at about <NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>. Suitable bands also include, for example, other industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands such as those having frequencies of about <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. The antenna <NUM> can have a quality factor (Q factor) greater than about <NUM>, or greater than about <NUM>, or greater than about <NUM>, or greater than about <NUM>. In some embodiments, the antenna may have a Q factor in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

The circuit <NUM> may have a resonance frequency and can communicate with transceiver or another device at or about at the resonant frequency. According to one example, the circuit <NUM> can be configured to operate according any RFID standard, such as ISO/IEC <NUM>, ECMA-<NUM>, or ECMA-<NUM>, for example. Other suitable standards include ISO/IEC <NUM>, ISO/IEC <NUM>, ISO/IEC <NUM>-<NUM>, or NFC Forum specifications.

The IC <NUM> can comprise a micro-chip according to one example configured to store at least a first data such as instructions. The IC <NUM> can be configured to communicate with other external devices and/or sensor(s) as previously described. In some examples the IC <NUM> can communicate with a data storage device (not shown) embedded with or otherwise coupled to the bonded abrasive wheel. The IC <NUM> may have an effective capacitance less than about <NUM> pF, or less than about <NUM> pF, or less than about <NUM> pF, or less than about <NUM> pF, or less than about <NUM> pF, or less than about <NUM> pF, and may have an effective capacitance greater than <NUM> pF or greater than <NUM> pF.

Regarding the capacitor <NUM>, this can comprise one or more stand-alone capacitors that can be electrically connected in parallel with the antenna <NUM> and the IC <NUM>. The capacitor <NUM> can have an equivalent capacitance greater than about <NUM> pF, or greater than about <NUM> pF, or greater than about <NUM> pF, or greater than about <NUM> nF, or greater than about <NUM> nF, and may have an equivalent capacitance less than about <NUM> [tF or less than about <NUM>µF. The capacitor <NUM> can have an equivalent first capacitance and may include a single capacitor having the first capacitance or may include a plurality of capacitors electrically connected to provide an equivalent capacitance equal to the first capacitance, which can, for example, be in the ranges discussed previously. If a plurality of capacitors are included, the capacitors may be electrically connected together in any suitable way. In some embodiments, the plurality of capacitors may be connected in parallel, or in series, or a combination of parallel and series connections may be used.

The circuit <NUM> of the present description may be adapted to minimize an effect due to a local parasitic capacitance. The circuit <NUM> can be so adapted, for example, by limiting the number of loops of the antenna (for example, to the almost one loop shown (although further loops such as <NUM>, <NUM>, etc. are contemplated in other examples), using an antenna <NUM> having a sufficiently large cross-sectional area, and/or by including an appropriate stand-alone capacitor or a plurality of stand-alone capacitors (capacitor <NUM>) to provide a desired resonant frequency. In some examples, the IC <NUM> may have an effective capacitance and the capacitor <NUM> may have an equivalent first capacitance. A parallel sum of the effective capacitance and the first capacitance may be at least <NUM>, or at least <NUM>, or at least <NUM>, or at least <NUM> times the maximum local parasitic capacitance. In some examples, the equivalent capacitance is at least <NUM> times, or at least <NUM> times, or at least <NUM> times, or at least <NUM> times the maximum local parasitic capacitance. In some embodiments, the equivalent capacitance of the capacitor <NUM> is in a range of <NUM> times to <NUM> times the maximum local parasitic capacitance.

Further circuits constructs are disclosed in <CIT>, entitled "RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION TAG", which is co-owned by the Applicant, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

<FIG> shows a circuit <NUM> constructed in the manner of the circuit <NUM> have that the antenna <NUM> of the circuit <NUM> comprises a wire <NUM> having a circular cross-section as shown in <FIG>. The wire <NUM> can be constructed of a metallic material, for example, such as copper, aluminum, alloys thereof or the like. The diameter of the wire <NUM> can be in the range of about <NUM> mils in diameter to <NUM> mils. The wire <NUM> in some examples can be wound into a coil to form a geometry comprising at least about one loop of wire (similar to <FIG>), several loops of wire, or up to hundreds or thousands of loops as desired. Wire <NUM> can be inductor wire or magnet wire, for example. Wire <NUM> in some cases can comprise enameled copper (enameled for insulation between turns/loops).

<FIG> shows a portion of a circuit <NUM> (e.g., circuit <NUM> or circuit <NUM>) where the antenna <NUM> (e.g., antenna <NUM> or antenna <NUM>) has a first side that can be positioned on or closely adjacent a first backing <NUM>. The circuit <NUM> additionally can include a second backing <NUM> positioned on or closely adjacent a second opposing side of the antenna <NUM>. As such, the antenna <NUM> can be sandwiched between the first backing <NUM> and the second backing <NUM>. The first backing <NUM> and/or second backing <NUM> can act to support the antenna <NUM>. Backing thickness can be between <NUM> inch and <NUM> inches, for example. The backing can be constructed of elastomeric polyurethane, co-polyester, polyimide, polysulfide, silicone, polyether block amide films, epoxies, other urethanes, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone (PSU), poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and polyetherimide (PEI), poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyether ketones (PEK), or fluoropolymers.

<FIG> shows the circuit <NUM> of <FIG> with the width <NUM> as compared to a largest dimension (indicated as Y) of various types of abrasive particles <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. Abrasive particle <NUM> comprises a crushed particle. Abrasive particles <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> are shaped particles (e.g., particle <NUM> is a rod, <NUM> is a truncated pyramid, and <NUM> is a circle. As shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, a ratio of the width <NUM> of the antenna <NUM> to the largest dimension or a largest average dimension of the plurality of abrasive particles <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> is at least <NUM> to <NUM> or at least <NUM> to <NUM>, at least <NUM> to <NUM>, or at least <NUM> to <NUM>. This ratio or a greater ratio reduces the likelihood of one of the plurality of abrasive particles <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> being pressed through and completely severing the antenna <NUM> during the forming process of the bonded abrasive wheel.

<FIG> show example circuits <NUM> and <NUM>, respectively. These circuits <NUM>, <NUM> can be constructed in the manner of the circuits <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> previously described but differ in that they can include differently shaped antennas <NUM> and <NUM>. In particular, the antenna <NUM> of <FIG> can have a variable extent about the axis <NUM> such that a first one or more portions <NUM> of the antenna are disposed relatively closer to the axis <NUM> than a second one or more portions of the antenna <NUM>. Similarly, the antenna <NUM> can have a variable extent about the axis <NUM> such that a first one or more portions <NUM> of the antenna <NUM> are disposed relatively closer to the axis <NUM> than a second one or more portions <NUM> of the antenna <NUM>. The antenna <NUM> differs from antenna <NUM> in that the antenna <NUM> is variable extent relative to the axis <NUM> in three-dimensions while the antenna <NUM> is variable predominantly in extent in only two-dimensions.

The construction of the antennas <NUM> and <NUM> shown is exemplary and other shapes are contemplated. Shaping the antenna to have a variable extent can be provided to enable some yield due to the shape in anticipation of deformation that can occur during the forming process of the bonded abrasive wheel.

<FIG> shows another example of a circuit <NUM> similar to that of circuit <NUM> of <FIG> and <FIG>. However, the circuit <NUM> differs in that it does not include the capacitor <NUM> of <FIG> and <FIG> and further includes an encapsulation <NUM> around IC <NUM>. In some examples, it should be recognized that the capacitor <NUM> can be enclosed within the encapsulation <NUM> along with the IC. The encapsulation <NUM> can also surround the solder <NUM> (leads not specifically shown) and portions of the antenna <NUM>. The encapsulation <NUM> can comprise a material having a modulus of greater than about <NUM> MPa but less than about <NUM> GPa, the greater than about <NUM> MPa but less than about <NUM> Gpa, or greater than about <NUM> MPa but less than about <NUM> Gpa are contemplated. The material can comprise an epoxy such as <NUM>™ Scotch-Weld™ Epoxy Adhesive DP100 silicones, urethanes, epoxy resins, fluoropolymers. Silicone epoxy is also contemplated for the material including Duralco™ <NUM> or RESBOND™ <NUM>.

<FIG> and <FIG> show the circuit <NUM> of <FIG> embedded within a bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>. <FIG> also illustrates a region <NUM> adjacent and around at least an antenna <NUM> that can contain a second plurality of abrasive particles that differ in construction from the first plurality of abrasive particles that make up other regions of the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> such as along and adjacent the grinding surface <NUM>. These second plurality of abrasive particles (e.g., Norland Optical Adhesives: NOA <NUM>, NOA <NUM>, NOA <NUM>, NOA <NUM> , NOA <NUM>) can comprise particles that are smaller and/or particles having less edges or less sharp edges relative to the first plurality of abrasive particles. The region <NUM> in other examples can be provided with a filler material (previously described in <FIG>) rather than the abrasive particles. <FIG> also illustrated a bushing <NUM>. Similar to the bushing <NUM>, the bushing <NUM> can be comprised of a non-metallic material (e.g., a polymer), for example. In other examples the bushing <NUM> can be split and/or may not extend entirely through the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>.

<FIG> show a circuit <NUM> similar to that of the prior circuits previously discussed save that the circuit <NUM> has an antenna <NUM> comprising a mesh <NUM>. As shown in <FIG>, the mesh <NUM> can have a plurality of openings <NUM>. Each of the plurality of openings <NUM> being defined between a plurality of strands <NUM> of the mesh <NUM>. A total area of all of the plurality of openings <NUM> is between <NUM> times and <NUM> times smaller than a central opening <NUM> defined by the antenna <NUM> having the radius of curvature. Total area of plurality of openings can be between <NUM> times and <NUM> times smaller than the central opening <NUM>, or between <NUM> and <NUM> times smaller, or between <NUM> and <NUM> times smaller Alternatively, according to further embodiments a dimension of the plurality of openings <NUM> to width <NUM> (<FIG>) can be between <NUM> times and <NUM> times smaller than the width <NUM>, or <NUM> times and <NUM> times smaller, or about <NUM> times and <NUM> times smaller. The mesh <NUM> can act as a scrim for the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> of <FIG> in operation to provide support to the curable composition of the abrasive particles and the binder. The size of each of the plurality of openings <NUM> can be about <NUM> micrometers to about <NUM>, or about <NUM> micrometers to about <NUM>, for example.

<FIG> shows another bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> construct with a circuit <NUM> having an antenna <NUM>. The bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> can include a first scrim <NUM> disposed in close proximity (abutting or slightly spaced from) a first side of the antenna <NUM>. The bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> can include a second scrim <NUM>, disposed in close proximity (abutting or slightly spaced from) a second side of the antenna <NUM>. In this manner the first scrim <NUM> and the second scrim <NUM> can sandwich at least the antenna <NUM> and in some cases all of the circuit <NUM>.

<FIG> show examples of circuits that have portions of the circuit (e.g., the IC and/or leads) added after the forming of the abrasive wheels. <FIG> show an embodiment of a circuit <NUM> where the leads <NUM> extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to an antenna <NUM>. It should be noted in the example of <FIG>, components such as the leads <NUM> and IC <NUM> are not drawn to scale but are exaggerated in size for viewer understanding. The antenna <NUM> can be embedded in a bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> and the leads can extend through the abrasive wheel <NUM> such as to a back surface <NUM> (<FIG>) thereof or an abrading surface <NUM> (<FIG>) thereof. The IC <NUM> can be added to the circuit <NUM> by electrical connection to the leads <NUM> after the forming of the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>. According to the example of <FIG>, the IC <NUM> can be disposed on or adjacent the back surface <NUM> (<FIG>), for example.

<FIG> shows another example of a circuit <NUM> and a bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>. In <FIG>, the portion of the circuit <NUM> embedded in the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> again comprises the antenna <NUM>. However, in <FIG>, the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> includes a recess <NUM> with an opening <NUM> to either a back surface <NUM> or an abrading surface <NUM> of the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>. As shown in <FIG>, a plug <NUM> containing an IC <NUM> (<FIG>) and electrical connection pads <NUM> can be configured to insert into the recess <NUM> and make electrical contact with the antenna <NUM> after forming of the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>.

<FIG> show an example circuit <NUM> such as those previously described where an antenna <NUM> of the circuit <NUM> is configured to act as a bushing <NUM> for a bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> (<FIG> only). As shown in <FIG>, a small gap between a first end <NUM> and a second end <NUM> of the antenna <NUM> can remain as previously described in the example of <FIG> and <FIG>. In some cases, the gap may be filled with a non-signal interfering material, e.g., a polymer or the like. As shown in <FIG>, the IC can be placed in the gap between the first end <NUM> and the second end <NUM>.

<FIG> shows a portion of a method <NUM> of forming a bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> with a circuit <NUM> embedded therein. Related methods of forming the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM> have been previously discussed with reference to <FIG>. The method <NUM> includes a mold <NUM> having a circular mold cavity <NUM> with a central portion <NUM> (reference <FIG>) configured to create to a central hub. The mold <NUM> includes sidewalls <NUM> and a baseplate <NUM>. The central mold cavity <NUM> can have an outer circumference defined by the sidewalls <NUM>. The method <NUM> can include placing one or more scrims (scrims <NUM>) on the baseplate <NUM>. As shown in <FIG>, the method <NUM> includes positioning a first layer <NUM> of a first curable composition <NUM> into the mold <NUM>. The first curable composition <NUM> can comprise abrasive particles dispersed in a binder precursor as previously illustrated and discussed in reference to <FIG>.

As shown in <FIG>, the method <NUM> can include forming at least a first recess <NUM> in the first layer <NUM> of the first curable composition <NUM>. The method <NUM> can further include positioning the circuit <NUM> (including antenna <NUM> and IC <NUM> shown in <FIG>) within the mold <NUM> on the first layer <NUM> of the first curable composition <NUM>. The positioning can include positioning the IC <NUM> within the at least first recess <NUM>.

The method <NUM> can include positioning a second layer <NUM> of the first curable composition <NUM> (or a second curable composition with a different binder precursor or different type of abrasive particles) into the mold <NUM> on the first layer <NUM> and the circuit <NUM> such that the circuit <NUM> can be received between the first layer <NUM> and the second layer <NUM>. The method <NUM> can include at least partially curing the first curable composition <NUM> to provide the bonded abrasive wheel <NUM>. In some examples (such as in <FIG>) one or more scrims, backings, etc. <NUM> can be positioned in the mold <NUM> such as been the first layer <NUM> and the second layer <NUM> prior to various of the method steps discussed above including the at least partial curing.

As previously discussed, in some example methods a filler and/or a different plurality of abrasive particles (e.g., smaller particles, particles have less cutting edges or less sharp cutting edges) can be positioned in the mold <NUM> adjacent and around the circuit <NUM>. (Reference <FIG> and <FIG>). According to further example methods, the plurality of scrims <NUM> can include one or more scrims disposed to abut or be closely adjacent the circuit <NUM>. In the case of two scrims, these can be positioned so as to sandwich the circuit <NUM> therebetween. (Reference <FIG>). Furthermore, according to the invention, as previously discussed in reference to <FIG>, the antenna <NUM> is configured as a mesh antenna. Thus, one of the plurality of scrims <NUM> such as the one shown between the first layer <NUM> and the second layer <NUM> need not be provided as the antenna <NUM> with the mesh construct can act as a scrim.

It is to be recognized that depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in a different sequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the techniques). Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events can be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.

In one or more examples, the functions described can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof, located locally or remotely. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or transmitted over a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media can include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally can correspond to (<NUM>) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (<NUM>) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product can include a computer-readable medium.

Instructions can be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry, as well as any combination of such components. Accordingly, the term "processor," as used herein can refer to any of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein can be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules.

The techniques of this disclosure can be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless communication device or wireless handset, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Rather, as described above, various units can be combined in a hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

The functions, techniques or algorithms described herein may be implemented in software in one example. The software may consist of computer executable instructions stored on computer readable media or computer readable storage device such as one or more non-transitory memories or other type of hardware-based storage devices, either local or networked. Further, such functions correspond to modules, which may be software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. Multiple functions may be performed in one or more modules as desired, and the examples described are merely examples. The software may be executed on a digital signal processor, ASIC, microprocessor, or other type of processor operating on a computer system, such as a personal computer, server or other computer system, turning such computer system into a specifically programmed machine.

As used herein:
The term "a", "an", and "the" are used interchangeably with "at least one" to mean one or more of the elements being described.

The term "and/or" means either or both. For example, "A and/or B" means only A, only B, or both A and B.

The terms "including," "comprising," or "having," and variations thereof, are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

The term "adjacent" refers to the relative position of two elements, such as, for example, two layers, that are close to each other and may or may not be necessarily in contact with each other or that may have one or more layers separating the two elements as understood by the context in which "adjacent" appears.

The definitions provided herein are to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently in this application and are not meant to exclude a reasonable interpretation of those terms in the context of the present disclosure.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers in the description and the claims expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about. " Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviations found in their respective testing measurements.

The term "substantially" or "about" means within <NUM> percent (in some cases within <NUM> percent, in yet other cases within <NUM> percent, and in yet other cases within <NUM> percent) of the attribute being referred to. Thus, a value A is "substantially similar" to a value B if the value A is within plus/minus one or more of <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>% of the value A.

The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g. a range from <NUM> to <NUM> includes, for instance, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>) and any range within that range.

The term "central hub" refers to the central region of a bonded abrasive wheel that engages and/or contacts a rotatable shaft of a power tool in normal usage. Examples include an arbor hole, an arbor hole lined with a sleeve, grommet or rivet, an arbor hole filled having an insert therein, and a mechanical fastener centrally adhered to the bonded abrasive wheel. The term "ceramic" refers to any of various hard, brittle, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials made of at least one metallic element (which may include silicon) combined with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur.

The term "rotational axis" is reference to a bonded abrasive wheel refers to the axis around which the wheel is rotated during normal usage to abrade a workpiece.

The term "major dimension" refers to the longest dimension of an object.

Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of the claims as defined in the appended claims.

NFC circuit NFC <NUM> was created using as a single loop antenna as shown in <FIG> using free-standing Cu foil. A <NUM> mil thick Cu film on a paper liner was die cut using a rotary die tool (Obtained from Wilson Manufacturing St. Louis, MO). Dimensions of the antenna are shown in <FIG>. An NFC chip (NXP Semiconductors NTAGI2C, obtained from Digi-Key Electronics, Thief River Falls, MN) and the capacitor chip (ceramic chip capacitor, <NUM> picofarads, size <NUM> (<NUM> metric), temperature coefficient NP0/C0G (obtained from Digi-Key Electronics, Thief River Falls, MN) was soldered across the gap. The chip and the capacitor were encapsulated by a droplet of NOA <NUM> (Norland Optical Adhesive Inc. , Cranbury, NJ).

NFC circuit NFC <NUM> was created using as a single loop antenna using free-standing Cu foil. A <NUM> mil thick Cu film (obtained as <NUM> Foil Tape, <NUM> Company, St. Paul, MN) on a paper liner was die cut using a rotary die tool (obtained from Wilson Manufacturing St. Louis, MO). The inner and outer radius of the antenna loop was <NUM> and <NUM> (again reference <FIG>), respectively. The dimensions of the antenna are shown in <FIG>. The NFC chip (NXP Semiconductors NTAGI2C, obtained from Digi-Key Electronics, Thief River Falls,MN)) and the capacitor chip ( <NUM><NUM> pF) was soldered across the gap in the single loop antenna. The chip and the capacitor were encapsulated by a blob of NOA <NUM> (Norland Optical Adhesive Inc. , Cranbury, NJ).

The NFC circuit NFC3 was created on a polyimide substrate. First, a resist was printed (ink from Cartridge-Free ColorQube(R) Ink, <NUM> Series", part 108R00930, Xerox Corporation, Norwalk, CT) on Cu/polyimide film (Espanex Polyimide Laminate, part number MC <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM> FRM, <NUM> Cu/ <NUM> mil polyimide obtained from Electro-Materials, Inc. , Eagan MN)) using a wax printer (obtained as Xerox ColorQube 8570DN, from Xerox Corporation, Norwalk, CT). The substrate was then immersed in Cu etchant solution (MG-Chemicals <NUM>-<NUM>, obtained from Mouser Electronics, Mansfield, Texas) to remove areas of Cu that are not protected by the resist. The resist was then washed away using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This completed the creation of a multiloop Cu NFC antenna (# loops- <NUM>, Cu trace width and pitch is <NUM>, respectively). The NFC chip (a NXP Semiconductors NTAGI2C, obtained from Digi-Key Electronics, Thief River Falls,MN)) and the tuning capacitor chip is then soldered onto the etched Cu pads. The jumper connecting the inside to the outside of the antenna loop (without shorting the other loop traces) is created by applying a piece of polyimide tape (tape <NUM>, obtained from <NUM> Company, St. Paul, MN) as the insulation material and then soldering a sheathed conductor cable across at the starting and finishing point of the antenna loop. The chip and the tuning capacitor are encapsulated usingepoxy (DP-<NUM>, obtained from <NUM> Company, St.

The mix was prepared according to the composition listed in Table <NUM>. The mix was prepared by first mixing SAP1 with PRL for <NUM> minutes in a paddle mixer, then the PMIX powder blend was added and mixed for <NUM> additional minutes.

A Type <NUM> depressed-center composite grinding wheel was prepared as follows. A <NUM>-inch (<NUM>) diameter disc of SCRIM1 was placed into a <NUM>-inch diameter (<NUM>-cm) mold made of hardened steel having the central portion <NUM> previously discussed in reference to <FIG>. <NUM> grams of MIX1 was spread out evenly and a <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) disc of SCRIM3 was placed on top of the mix <NUM>. The NFC circuit NFC1 was placed and centered inside the mold as shown in <FIG>. A second <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) disc of SCRIM3 was placed on top of the NFC1. Another <NUM> grams of Mix <NUM> was spread out evenly on the third scrim. A <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) SCRIM2 disc was inserted and centered into the cavity. The filled cavity mold was then pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons. The resulting wheel was removed from the cavity mold and placed on a spindle between depressed-center aluminum plates and pressed at <NUM> tons to give the wheel a Type <NUM> depressed-center shape. The wheel was then placed in an oven to cure for <NUM> hours at <NUM>, <NUM> hours at <NUM>, <NUM> hours at <NUM>, and a temperature ramp-down over <NUM> hours to <NUM>. The dimensions of the final grinding wheel were <NUM> diameter × <NUM> thickness. The center hole was <NUM>/<NUM> inch (<NUM>) in diameter.

The resonance of the NFC chip, capacitor, and antenna assembly was measured wirelessly with a portable vector network analyzer (miniVNA PRO, http://miniradiosolutions. com/minivna-pro/) and accompanying readout software (vna/J http://vnaj. com), with a near-field antenna (custom-fabricated circular antenna with <NUM> loops of copper on FR4 substrate having about <NUM> average antenna diameter with an SMA termination). Recording the reflected real part of impedance allowed resonant frequency and quality factor to be determined. After assembly of NFC chip with antenna, standard NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) plain text data was written to the tag with a Samsung Galaxy S5 model G900H (obtained from Samsung Electronics, South Korea) smartphone with application "NFC TagWriter by NXP" (obtained from NXP Semiconductors, Netherlands) The wheel was then scanned with a vector network analyzer (miniVNA PRO) and Samsung Galaxy S5 G900H phone (obtained from Samsung Electronics, South Korea) and the previously written data was successfully read and new data was able to be written as well.

A Type <NUM> depressed-center composite grinding wheel was prepared as follows. A <NUM>-inch (<NUM>) diameter disc of SCRIM1 was placed into a <NUM>-inch diameter (<NUM>-cm) mold made of hardened steel. <NUM> grams of MIX1 was spread out evenly and a <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) disc of SCRIM3 was placed on top of the mix <NUM>. The NFC circuit NFC2 was placed and centered inside the mold. A second <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) disc of SCRIM3 was placed on top of the NFC2. Another <NUM> grams of Mix <NUM> was spread out evenly on the third scrim. A <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) SCRIM2 disc was inserted and centered into the cavity. The filled cavity mold was then pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons. The resulting wheel was removed from the cavity mold and placed on a spindle between depressed-center aluminum plates and pressed at <NUM> tons to give the wheel a Type <NUM> depressed-center shape. The wheel was then placed in an oven to cure for <NUM> hours at <NUM>, <NUM> hours at <NUM>, <NUM> hours at <NUM>, and a temperature ramp-down over <NUM> hours to <NUM>. The dimensions of the final grinding wheel were <NUM> diameter × <NUM> thickness. The center hole was <NUM>/<NUM> inch (<NUM>) in diameter.

The wheel was then scanned with the vector network analyzer (miniVNA PRO) described previously and phone as previously described but was unable to read/write data.

A Type <NUM> depressed-center composite grinding wheel was prepared as follows. A <NUM>-inch (<NUM>) diameter disc of SCRIM1 was placed into a <NUM>-inch diameter (<NUM>-cm) mold made of hardened steel. <NUM> grams of MIX1 was spread out evenly and a <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) disc of SCRIM3 was placed on top of the mix <NUM>. The NFC circuit NFC3 was placed and centered inside the mold. A second <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) disc of SCRIM3 was placed on top of the NFC3. Another <NUM> grams of Mix <NUM> was spread out evenly on the third scrim. A <NUM>-inch (<NUM>-cm) SCRIM2 disc was inserted and centered into the cavity. The filled cavity mold was then pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons. The resulting wheel was removed from the cavity mold and placed on a spindle between depressed-center aluminum plates and pressed at <NUM> tons to give the wheel a Type <NUM> depressed-center shape. The wheel was then placed in an oven to cure for <NUM> hours at <NUM>, <NUM> hours at <NUM>, <NUM> hours at <NUM>, and a temperature ramp-down over <NUM> hours to <NUM>. The dimensions of the final grinding wheel were <NUM> diameter × <NUM> thickness. The center hole was <NUM>/<NUM> inch (<NUM>) in diameter.

Claim 1:
A bonded abrasive wheel (<NUM>) comprising:
a plurality of abrasive particles (<NUM>) disposed in a binder (<NUM>);
a first grinding surface (<NUM>);
a second surface (<NUM>) opposing the first grinding surface;
an outer circumference;
a rotational axis (<NUM>) extending through a central hub (<NUM>); and
a circuit (<NUM>, <NUM>) configured as a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) unit coupled to the abrasive wheel, wherein the circuit comprises:
an antenna (<NUM>, <NUM>) configured to communicate with one or more external devices and comprising a first end (<NUM>) and a second end (<NUM>), wherein the antenna has a radius of curvature (RC) about an axis (<NUM>) along at least a portion thereof such that the first end is disposed adjacent to but is spaced from the second end, wherein the antenna comprises a mesh (<NUM>) having a plurality of openings (<NUM>), each of the plurality of openings being defined between a plurality of strands (<NUM>) of the mesh; and wherein the antenna is embedded within the bonded abrasive wheel; and
an integrated circuit (IC) (<NUM>) operably coupled to the antenna and configured to store at least a first data.