Patent Description:
To be exact, the present invention relates to the preamble portion of claim <NUM>.

In the prior art especially loudspeakers with two or more drivers (multiway loudspeakers) have exhibited problems with sound diffractions created by discontinuities on the front baffle surface (Face) of the loudspeaker. In practice the high frequency driver (tweeter) has been the most critical part in this sense. The applicant of the present application has created solutions where the surroundings of the tweeter have been formed as a continuous waveguide for high and midrange frequency audio signals either merely for a tweeter and/or midrange driver or alternatively for a coaxial midrange-tweeter driver.

In this application, these kinds of sound sources are referred to as waveguide drivers and they include any drivers located in the centre of this three dimensional waveguide structure. By these solutions good sound quality and accurate directing of the sound energy may be achieved. However, the frequency range and effectiveness of the waveguide for controlling the directivity of radiation depends on the size of the waveguide, determined to a great extent by the surface area covered by the waveguide, and therefore the size of the front baffle (Face) of the loudspeaker. Small waveguide area limits directivity control to high frequencies, such as the tweeter range only. A large waveguide area enables extending the frequency range of directivity control towards lower frequencies, such as the midrange driver frequency range.

When a smaller size loudspeaker is designed, all the drivers usually cannot be placed in the center of the waveguide (such as the low frequency radiator, the woofer) the surface area taken by these other drivers and the drivers themselves will either limit the baffle area available for the waveguide or additionally create harmful diffractions of audio energy, causing deterioration of the quality of the audio signal audible to the listener.

In the prior art there have been attempts to create a loudspeaker with one or more waveguides on the front side of the loudspeaker. The applicant of the present application has earlier created various solutions like this, e.g. in EP-application <CIT> and applications <CIT> and <CIT>. In these applications were presented solutions where non-coaxial drivers were positioned such that they are not disturbing the waveguide form created on the front surface (Face) of the enclosure and if positioned on the same surface (the front side (Face) of the enclosure) they are covered with a material that functions advantageously as a solid surface in selected frequencies and restricts penetration of the frequencies emitted by the sound source(s) for which the waveguide has been designed and on the other hand being permeable to other frequencies, more specifically the frequencies radiated by the non-coaxial driver(s), typically woofer(s), emit.

Additionally, a spherical loudspeaker is known from <CIT>, the front section of which has been recessed to form a waveguide, wherein an external driver pod has been added to the void formed by said recess.

Covering the low frequency driver may cause some problems with the dynamic performance of the driver because the volume displacement of air by the driver requires sufficient openings to allow flow of air. In addition the sub volume in front of the woofer may cause unwanted resonances.

In accordance with the invention at least some of the problems described above are solved by acoustically connecting either resistive or reactive resonators, which are separate elements of the cast enclosure, to the sub volume of the woofer such that the total volume of the loudspeaker stays as small as possible. Advantageously these resonators are located at least partially around the coaxial element. In addition, the aim of the invention is to improve the dynamical performance of the woofer(s).

More specifically, loudspeaker according to the invention is characterized by what is stated in characterizing portion of claim <NUM>.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the loudspeaker includes at least one resonator acoustically connected to the sub volume, the resonator being tuned to at least one of unwanted resonances of the sub volume.

Considerable advantages are gained with the aid of the present invention.

With help of one embodiment of the invention the low frequency driver may be covered and yet problems with the resonances caused by the sub volume of the woofer may be suppressed. In some embodiments the suppression may take place in multiple frequencies by multiple resonators tuned to different frequencies.

With help of the invention the entire front surface (Face) of the loudspeaker can be formed as a continuous waveguide for mid- and high frequencies without any disturbing resonances on form the sub volume of the bass driver, yet keeping the total volume of the loudspeaker as small as possible. By this measure the whole audio range from <NUM> - <NUM> may be directed precisely to one "sweet spot" and in addition the rest of the sound energy is divided to the listening room due to the full waveguide form of the loudspeaker such that the loudspeaker enclosure itself does not essentially affect to the frequency response in other directions than the main direction.

In other words, in the traditional loudspeakers where the complete baffle plate is either planar or only partly curved as a waveguide, the signal formed into other directions than the "sweet spot" will be reflected from the walls of the listening room in a non controlled manner. The invention however provides an enclosure where the sound pressure is optimally distributed to all directions, whereby also the wall reflections sound natural to human ear.

Because the resonator is a separate part, it can be processed from different material with different manufacturing procedure than the cast enclosure. This facilitates manufacturing more detailed components like curved or spiral-shaped resonance cavities. In addition this makes it possible to produce different kind of resonators for alternative drivers for the same cast loudspeaker enclosure. The material for the resonator may also be selected freely from plastics to wood based materials and even metal can be used.

In the following, certain preferred embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:.

In accordance with <FIG> prior art loudspeaker <NUM>, which can at least partially be used in connection with the invention includes a coaxial waveguide driver <NUM> comprising a tweeter <NUM> and a midrange driver <NUM> around it. The coaxial driver <NUM> is positioned in the centre of the three dimensional waveguide surface <NUM>, also a front surface (Face) of the enclosure <NUM>. The enclosure is typically made of cast metal, advantageously aluminium. Also other castable or moldable materials, such as λtic combination may be used as a material of the enclosure.

The waveguide surface <NUM> radiates the main acoustic power of the driver <NUM>. The waveguide <NUM> has a smooth continuous surface with axially symmetrical features around the centre of the waveguide driver <NUM>. Two woofer drivers <NUM> are positioned symmetrically on both sides of the waveguide driver <NUM> inside the enclosure <NUM> and narrow ports (openings) <NUM>, first ports are formed just behind the waveguide surface for the woofers <NUM> in order to let the acoustic energy out from the enclosure <NUM>. These first ports <NUM> are in this embodiment in the narrow front ends of the enclosure <NUM> and these ports are partially visible from the listening direction. In other words the first port <NUM> is a U-form slot.

With dashed line are presented the woofers <NUM> and outlines of the woofer sub volumes <NUM> and resonators <NUM> connected to the woofer sub volume <NUM>. The function of the resonators <NUM> is to suppress resonations of the woofer sub volume <NUM>. These resonators <NUM> are positioned partially behind the coaxial driver <NUM> and each sub volume <NUM> has two resonators on both sides of the coaxial driver <NUM>. The sub volume <NUM> has width W and height H such that the ratio W/H is around <NUM> and typically in the range of <NUM> - <NUM>. The resonators <NUM> are typically an integral part of the enclosure.

The resonators are dimensioned such that the longest dimension, in this time length L is λ/<NUM> or alternatively λ/<NUM> of the wavelength to be suppressed. In other words if the sub volume <NUM> has an unwanted resonance at wavelength λ, the resonator should be λ/<NUM> long. In frequency domain this means that at resonance f<NUM> , λ=v/f<NUM>, where v is the velocity of sound. Advantageously the resonator <NUM> is filled with a suppressive material <NUM> like PES wool, open-cell foam material, fibre glass, mineral wool, felt, or other fiberous or open cell or porous materials, or alternatively of any solid material that is manufactured in the place of the volume such that the material an open cell or fiberous structure where the cell size or the fiber size as in the dimensional area of <NUM> (micrometer) to <NUM> (millimeter).

With reference to <FIG>, the resonators <NUM> may be also are located at least partially behind the coaxial driver <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG> the two woofers <NUM> positioned symmetrically around the coaxial driver form an equivalent large woofer radiating essentially along the same acoustic axis <NUM> through ports <NUM> as the waveguide driver <NUM> even though the woofers have their own acoustic axis <NUM>.

In other words the loudspeaker <NUM> includes a first driver <NUM>, which is configured to produce a first frequency band B1 and a corresponding first acoustic axis <NUM>, and a second driver <NUM>, which is configured to produce a second frequency band B2, which is different from the first frequency band B1 but may overlap in a cross-over region, and which second frequency band B2 has a second acoustic axis <NUM>. The enclosure <NUM> encloses said drivers <NUM>, <NUM> and comprises a three dimensional waveguide <NUM> positioned on a front surface of the enclosure <NUM> and around the first driver <NUM>.

As described above the second acoustic axis <NUM> of individual woofer drivers are non-coaxial with the first acoustic axis <NUM>, however the resultant axis of the multiple symmetrical woofers working together (equivalent woofer driver) has the same acoustic axis as the coaxial driver, waveguide driver <NUM>. This symmetry is however not required in all embodiments of the invention. The axes <NUM> and <NUM> may be parallel or non-parallel.

Referring to <FIG> the woofer <NUM> is positioned inside the enclosure <NUM> such that a sub volume <NUM> is formed in front of the woofer <NUM> and limited by the woofer <NUM> itself and side walls <NUM>. The resonator <NUM> is acoustically connected to the sub volume <NUM>. A suitable suppressing material <NUM> may be used inside the resonator <NUM> in order to further attenuate the unwanted frequencies.

The side walls <NUM> of the sub volume (front space) <NUM> form a spacer between the driver <NUM> and the enclosure <NUM> sealing the sub volume <NUM> from the rest of the inner volume <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>. In more detail the inner volume <NUM> is limited by the enclosure <NUM> walls, namely front portion <NUM>, side portions <NUM> and back portion <NUM>.

Typically the first ports <NUM> are directed substantially orthogonally in relation to first <NUM> and second <NUM> axes, most preferably in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> degrees in relation to these axes. However when the first ports <NUM> are conducted to the back portion <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>, e.g. by channels, the difference between the direction of the first ports <NUM> and the axes <NUM> and <NUM> may be even <NUM> degrees.

The total area of the first ports <NUM> is the critical feature, therefore the first ports <NUM> may be only one single first port <NUM> for each woofer <NUM> as presented in the figures or may be formed of multiple first ports <NUM> like a grid with an area corresponding one single port.

The first ports <NUM> should not disturb the three dimensional waveguide surface <NUM>, and therefore they are advantageously positioned on the side portions <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>. Of course these first ports <NUM> may be conducted to the back portion <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM> by suitable tubes or channels (not shown). In other words the first ports <NUM> form air passages to areas outside the three dimensional waveguide <NUM> of the front portion <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>.

The graph of <FIG> shows frequency response of the sub volume <NUM> of the woofer <NUM> (solid line) with one resonance at f<NUM> and corresponding frequency response of a resonator <NUM> acoustically connected to the sub volume <NUM> (dashed line), while the resonator <NUM> compensates for the unwanted resonance of the sub volume <NUM>.

<FIG> shows an alternative embodiment with two resistive resonators <NUM> with different lengths L for two unwanted frequencies of the sub-volume. Also one or two resistive broad band resonator may be used, advantageously filled with suppressive material. In this case the mechanical dimensions (length, width and depth) of the resonator cavity define the tuning frequency or frequencies of the resonator.

<FIG> shows an alternative embodiment with one reactive Helmholtz resonator <NUM>. In general reactive resonators have high quality factor and they are very effective narrow band resonators. Also these type of resonators can be installed several in one sub volume <NUM> if there are several sharp unwanted resonances. This type of resonator is also tuned to the unwanted frequency or frequencies f<NUM>. The dimensioning of the Helmholtz resonator is explained in the following:
The resonance arises from the effect of the acoustic air mass neck of the resonator <NUM> and the series resonance circuit created by the acoustic compliance of the air volume of the chamber of the resonator. Close to the resonance frequency, the Helmholtz resonator attenuates the unwanted resonance of sub volume <NUM>. The neck-cavity system of the resonator <NUM>, can be derived from the air volume of the cavity of the resonator and the diameter of the neck and its length. <MAT> in which f<NUM> is the resonance frequency, c is the speed of sound, A is the cross-sectional area of the neck, L is the length of the neck, and V is the volume of the chamber.

<FIG> shows an alternative embodiment with one reactive panel resonator as a resonator. This embodiment is dimensioned in the following way based on the panel <NUM> mass per unit and cavity depth d:.

Panel resonator/membrane absorber resonant frequency f is defined in the following way: <MAT>.

Stiffness of the membrane fixing is assumed to be negligible
<FIG> shows as a top view a woofer <NUM> having a planar cover <NUM> and short tubes <NUM> forming as well a Helmholtz resonator where the tubes are the necks and the volume between the cover and the woofer cone forms the volume of the resonator. In <FIG> this solution is presented as a A-A cross section. The tuning principle is the same as in <FIG>.

<FIG> shows another alternative solution, where the resonator <NUM> is formed between the frontal baffle portion and <NUM> and the sub volume <NUM> of the woofer. The resonator may be either resistive type without any neck portion or reactive type if the opening to the sub volume <NUM> is made as a tube. The tuning principle is the same as in previous figures.

Typically the loudspeaker in accordance with the invention functions in accordance with well-known bass reflex principle, where the low frequency driver <NUM> is tuned in resonance with help of the compliance of the air volume contained inside the enclosure <NUM> and the air volume contained inside the reflex port <NUM> of <FIG>.

One embodiment of the prior art which can be used at least partially with the invention (<FIG>) can be also described in the following way:
The loudspeaker <NUM> comprises an enclosure <NUM> defining an inner volume <NUM> and including a frontal baffle portion <NUM> (front portion), which has a front port <NUM> for providing a fluid passageway between the inner volume <NUM> and the ambient volume <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM> and a side portion <NUM> extending rearward from the periphery of the baffle portion <NUM>. The side portion <NUM> forms side walls or the enclosure <NUM>. The enclosure further includes a back portion <NUM>, which is typically essentially parallel with the frontal baffle portion <NUM> and forming the back side of the enclosure <NUM>. The loudspeaker <NUM> further comprises a driver <NUM> attached to the enclosure <NUM>, such that the driver <NUM> is arranged at a distance from the baffle portion <NUM>, forming a sub volume <NUM> inside the enclosure <NUM> such that a sub volume <NUM> is formed between the driver <NUM> and the baffle portion <NUM> by a spacer <NUM>, wherein said front port <NUM> acts as a front port between the sub volume <NUM> and the ambient volume <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>. In accordance with this embodiment a first port <NUM> is formed to the enclosure <NUM> either in the side portion <NUM> or back portion <NUM> in order to connect the sub volume <NUM> and the ambient volume <NUM> with each other.

In accordance with <FIG> one embodiment of the invention two woofer drivers <NUM> are positioned on both sides of the waveguide driver <NUM> inside the enclosure <NUM> and suitable ports (openings) <NUM> are formed for the woofers <NUM> in order to let the acoustic energy out from the enclosure <NUM>.

With reference to <FIG>, the openings <NUM> are covered with an acoustically transparent layer <NUM> forming part of the waveguide surface <NUM>. If needed the acoustically transparent layer <NUM> may be supported from below with support bars <NUM>. The woofer driver <NUM> is typically spaced from the acoustically transparent layer <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG> the two woofers <NUM> form an equivalent large woofer radiating essentially along the same acoustic axis <NUM> as the waveguide driver <NUM> even though the woofers have their own acoustic axis <NUM>.

In other words the loudspeaker <NUM> includes a first driver <NUM>, which is configured to produce a first frequency band B1 and a corresponding first acoustic axis <NUM>, and a second driver <NUM>, which is configured to produce a second frequency band B2, which is different from the first frequency band B1 but may overlap in a cross-over region, and which second frequency band B2 has a second acoustic axis <NUM>. The enclosure <NUM> encloses said drivers <NUM>, <NUM> and comprises a three dimensional waveguide <NUM> positioned on a front surface of the enclosure <NUM> and around the first driver <NUM>. The three dimensional waveguide <NUM> comprises an acoustically selectively transparent portion <NUM> which is acoustically essentially reflecting to sound waves of the first frequency band B1 propagating in a direction angled to the first acoustic axis <NUM>, the waveguide portion <NUM> is essentially transparent to sound waves of the second frequency band B2 propagating in the direction of the second acoustic axis through the waveguide portion <NUM>, and the second driver <NUM> is positioned inside the enclosure <NUM> behind the acoustically selectively transparent portion <NUM>.

As described above the second acoustic axis <NUM> of individual woofer drivers are non-coaxial with the first acoustic axis <NUM>, however the resultant axis of the multiple woofers working together (equivalent woofer driver) has the same acoustic axis as the coaxial driver, waveguide driver <NUM>. This symmetry is however not required in all embodiments of the invention. The axes <NUM> and <NUM> may be parallel or non-parallel.

Referring to <FIG> the woofer <NUM> is positioned inside the enclosure <NUM> such that a sub volume <NUM> is formed in front of the woofer <NUM> and limited by the woofer <NUM> itself, side walls <NUM> and the acoustically selectively transparent layer <NUM>. To the sub volume <NUM> is connected a resonator <NUM>, which is tuned to unwanted frequencies created by the sub volume <NUM>. The resonator <NUM> may be either resistive or reactive. With resistive resonator the suppressive characteristics are of broad band type. In other words the notch around the center frequency f<NUM> created by resistive resonator is not so sharp like in the reactive resonators. The side walls <NUM> of the sub volume (front space) <NUM> form a spacer between the driver <NUM> and the enclosure <NUM> sealing the sub volume <NUM> from the rest of the inner volume <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>. In more detail the inner volume <NUM> is limited by the enclosure <NUM> walls, namely front portion <NUM>, side portions <NUM> and back portion <NUM>.

In some embodiments of the invention the acoustically selectively transparent layer <NUM> may be replaced by a mechanically protective grid, the grid limiting in this case the sub volume, as well as the inner volume <NUM>. Advantageously the first ports <NUM> are formed in the side walls <NUM> of the sub volume <NUM> and to the side portions <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM> in order to optimize the operation of the woofer <NUM>. Without these first ports <NUM> the performance of the woofer <NUM> may be compromised. The first ports <NUM> may be positioned on any of the side portions <NUM>, e.g. on the short side portions <NUM> as shown in the figures or alternatively to the long side portions <NUM>.

The area of these first ports <NUM> is typically <NUM>-<NUM> % of the area of the openings <NUM> for the woofer <NUM>, most advantageously in the range of <NUM>-<NUM>% of the area of the openings <NUM> for the woofer <NUM>. The total area of the first ports <NUM> is the critical feature, therefore the first ports <NUM> may be only one single first port <NUM> for each woofer <NUM> as presented in the figures or may be formed of multiple first ports <NUM> like a grid with an area corresponding one single port.

Typically the second driver <NUM> is positioned inside the enclosure <NUM> behind the acoustically selectively transparent portion <NUM> and spaced from it, such that a sub volume <NUM> is formed inside the enclosure <NUM> and separated from the inner volume <NUM> by the driver <NUM> and side walls <NUM> formed as a spacer between the driver <NUM> and the front portion <NUM> of the enclosure <NUM>.

In connection with the acoustically selectively transparent layer <NUM> essentially reflecting means reflection or absorption of at least <NUM>-<NUM> % of the acoustic energy, preferably in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> %.

In the same way essentially transparent means transparency of at least <NUM>-<NUM>% of the acoustic energy preferably in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> %.

In the following additional advantageous properties of the acoustically selectively transparent layer <NUM> are presented:
The thickness of the layer <NUM> is advantageously:.

The layer <NUM> should attenuate the acoustical radiation of the waveguide driver <NUM>, meaning typically in frequencies above <NUM>.

In other words the layer <NUM> should have an acoustical impedance (or absorption) as a function of frequency therefore functioning as an acoustical filter in the following way:.

Advantageously the layer <NUM> is formed of holes or pores or their combination in the following way:.

The properties for the ideal material for layer <NUM> are the following:.

The layer <NUM> may cover the loudspeaker front (tweeter <NUM> excluded) or only the holes <NUM>.

The layer <NUM> may be also formed as a metal structure, like mesh or grid with on one or several layers in accordance with the above requirements for porosity and frequency properties. This kind of structure could be formed e.g. by a stack of perforated metal sheets or plates of thickness around <NUM>-<NUM>. The properties of this kind of stack could be adjusted by placement (distribution) of the holes or pores, percentage (openness) of the holes or pores, and the spacing of the plates from each other. The hole or aperture diameter may vary typically around <NUM> -<NUM>. The spacing between the sheets or plates is typically around <NUM>-<NUM>.

A metal structure described above is advantageous, because its propertied can be adjusted freely and the external properties like colour can be as well selected without limitations.

The crossover frequency C is typically the following:.

In accordance with the invention in combination with the large waveguide <NUM>:.

Also an embodiment with only one woofer is possible, however directivity for low frequencies will not be obtained beyond what is provided by the size of the air displacing surface of the woofer in combination with the size of the front baffle of the loudspeaker enclosure.

In alternative embodiments of the invention the selectively transparent portion <NUM> may be replaced by a mechanically protective grid not having complete properties of selective transparency.

In accordance with <FIG> the resonator may be divided into multiple independent sub resonators <NUM>', each having its own resonance frequency.

<FIG> shows the typical positioning of the loudspeakers <NUM> in accordance with the invention, where the loudspeakers are directed to the listening position, sweet spot <NUM>. Due to the fact that the complete front surface of the enclosure <NUM> is formed as a waveguide <NUM>, a very good directivity is achieved. Additionally the waveguide form <NUM> causes a uniform distribution of all frequencies to all directions in the listening room and therefore the reflections from the walls, ceiling and floor cause no coloration of the sound. <FIG> indicates also the front portion <NUM>, side portions <NUM> and back portion <NUM> of the loudspeaker <NUM> enclosure <NUM>.

In <FIG> is presented a loudspeaker in which suppressive material <NUM> is positioned in the resonator cavity <NUM>. Only the upper cavities <NUM> in the figure are filled with the material but in reality both upper and lower cavities <NUM> will be filled with suppressive material.

In accordance with <FIG> the resonator unit <NUM> is typically made of plastic. Other materials like moldable wood or metal can also be used. <FIG> shows the side of the resonator <NUM> which will be attached to the front plate <NUM> of the cast enclosure. The attachment is made typically by screws from the attachment lugs <NUM>. The resonator unit is typically conical such that the highest part of the unit is in the center close to the resonator openings <NUM> and the edges of the unit <NUM> are correspondingly low. Because the resonator unit <NUM> is separate from the large cast metal enclosure also detailed structures can be made. In this case the resonator cavity is made strongly curved in order to obtain the desired length L for the resonator cavity in as small total dimension for the resonator unit <NUM> as possible.

<FIG> shows the resonator unit 51connected to the cast metal enclosure, especially to the front portion <NUM> of the enclosure such that the resonator openings <NUM> are directed to the coaxial driver including tweeter <NUM> and midrange driver <NUM>. So the openings <NUM> of the resonator unit <NUM> are directed away from the first port <NUM> of the loudspeaker. In <FIG> can also be seen suppressive material <NUM> positioned in the cavities and extending to the openings <NUM> of the cavities.

<FIG> an <NUM> show to embodiments of the resonator units as dashed lines. Only one resonator unit <NUM> for each loudspeaker is presented but of course, also a second resonator unit is located in the bottom part of each loudspeaker.

The dimensioning of the resonator cavities <NUM> is made in connection with <FIG> with the same principles as described in connection with other figures, especially <FIG>.

Claim 1:
A loudspeaker (<NUM>) including
- a uniform enclosure (<NUM>) having front (<NUM>) portion, side portions (<NUM>) and back portion (<NUM>) defining an inner volume (<NUM>),
- the front portion (<NUM>) is formed as a waveguide surface (<NUM>) and includes at least one driver (<NUM>, <NUM>) in the waveguide surface (<NUM>) and is capable of radiating the main acoustic power of the loudspeaker (<NUM>) to direction of first acoustic axis (<NUM>), and
- an at least one additional driver (<NUM>) attached to the enclosure (<NUM>),
- the additional driver (<NUM>) is attached inside the enclosure (<NUM>) such that a sub volume (<NUM>) is formed inside the inner volume (<NUM>), the sub volume (<NUM>) limited by the driver (<NUM>), spacers (<NUM>) between the driver (<NUM>) and the front portion (<NUM>), and the front portion (<NUM>) of the enclosure (<NUM>),
- at least one first port (<NUM>) is adapted to open from the sub volume (<NUM>) to ambient volume (<NUM>) either to side portion (<NUM>) or back portion (<NUM>) of the enclosure (<NUM>), and
at least one resonator (<NUM>) including at least one resonator cavity (<NUM>) acoustically connected to the sub volume (<NUM>), the resonator (<NUM>) being tuned to at least one of unwanted resonances of the sub volume (<NUM>), characterized in that
- the resonator (<NUM>) is formed as a separate unit (<NUM>) connected to the uniform enclosure (<NUM>), and in that
- the resonator unit (<NUM>) is connected to the inside surface of the front portion (<NUM>) of the enclosure (<NUM>).