Patent Description:
The present disclosure relates generally to medical systems that are used in the human body. In particular, in many embodiments, the present disclosure relates to 3D electrophysiology navigation and mapping systems allowing for visualization of the proximity from at least one electrode to cardiac geometry.

Electrophysiology studies provide testing that helps physicians understand the nature of the heart muscle by testing the electrical activity of the heart. For example, abnormal heart rhythms can be detected during said testing. The results help determine if an individual needs to correct an abnormal heart rhythm by medical means, including but not limited to, medicine, a pacemaker, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac ablation, and/or surgery. Cardiac arrhythmias, for example are sometimes treated using ablation therapy. When tissue is ablated, or at least subjected to ablative energy generated by an ablation generator and delivered by an ablation catheter, lesions form in the tissue. Electrodes mounted on or in ablation catheters are used to create tissue necrosis in cardiac tissue to correct conditions such as atrial arrhythmia (including, but not limited to, ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter). Physicians are able to advance said catheters through the individual's blood vessels and into the heart. Electrical signals produced by the heart may be detected by the catheters and recorded using cardiac mapping, allowing the physician to locate the abnormality within the heart. This allows the physician to view, on a screen, a digital geometric model of the heart along with the location of the catheter while the catheter is being guided through the heart.

Procedures such as electrical mapping and catheter ablation require an accurate visual model to perform the most efficient procedure. To provide the most accurate results, the proximity between one or more electrodes and the cardiac tissue needs to be illustrated in a straightforward and intuitive manner.

<CIT> relates to a medical system for determining the location of a medical probe relative to a location of interest within a three-dimensional space, wherein the position of the probe can be derived from determined location element positions within a coordinate system.

The present disclosure generally relates to electrophysiology navigation and mapping systems.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an electrophysiology system to facilitate visualizing a proximity of at least one catheter electrode to a 3D geometry of a biological tissue. The system includes a computing device including at least one processor in communication with a memory, wherein the processor is configured to determine the proximity between the at least one catheter electrode and the biological tissue using at least one measurement. The system further includes a display device configured to display the 3D geometry of the biological tissue and a visual effect illustrating the proximity between the at least one catheter electrode and the biological tissue.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for displaying a distance between at least one electrode and a 3D geometry of a biological tissue during 3D electrophysiology. The method includes determining a proximity between the at least one electrode and the biological tissue using at least one measurement using a computer including at least one processor in communication with a memory. The method further includes displaying, on a display device, a 3D geometry of the biological tissue and a visual effect that indicates the proximity between the at least one electrode and the biological tissue.

The foregoing and other aspects, features, details, utilities and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from reading the following description and claims, and from reviewing the accompanying drawings.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings. It is understood that that Figures are not necessarily to scale.

The present disclosure relates generally to medical systems devices that are used in the human body. In particular, in many embodiments, the present disclosure relates to an electrophysiological system for mapping electrodes during catheter navigation. The disclosed embodiments may lead to more consistent and improved patient outcomes with therapy, diagnostic, navigation, and/or mapping performed using a catheter. It is contemplated, however, that the described features and methods of the present disclosure as described herein may be incorporated into any number of systems as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the disclosure herein.

The disclosure provides a system that enables visualizing the proximity between at least one catheter electrode and a 3D geometry of a biological tissue for mapping. In the example embodiment, biological tissue includes cardiac tissue from a human and/or animal heart. The 3D geometry is a digital reconstruction of the biological tissue. The 3D geometry or geometries can be constructed or imported using other known imaging modalities, including but not limited to, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. The system is used for mapping during 3D electrophysiology navigation, wherein catheters including electrodes are placed in cardiac chambers. Using the system determined herein, the catheter(s) can be located and tracked in real time. The tracking accuracy of the system allows for a non-invasive medical procedure to monitor the rhythm of a heart muscle. The catheter may be any catheter suitable for electrically mapping a biological tissue, such as cardiac tissue.

In the example embodiment, during an electrophysiological procedure, a physician guides a catheter including multiple electrodes into a blood vessel and eventually into the heart. The catheter is configured to communicate, wirelessly or wired, with a computing device configured to determine the proximity between the multiple electrodes and the cardiac tissue using at least one measurement. The computing device includes at least one processor in communication with a memory.

In the example embodiment, the at least one measurement includes the shortest distance from the location of the at least one electrode to the geometry surface of the biological tissue. Another measurement includes contact force. The contact force is a positive value when the at least one electrode is in contact with the biological tissue surface. The contact force is a measured force (i.e., grams) exerted by the catheter's distal electrode upon the endocardial tissue. A force sensing catheter typically uses pressure transducers to determine the magnitude and direction of the force on the tissue at the catheter tip. Another measurement includes an electrode-tissue coupling index value. The coupling index is a measurement of the degree of coupling between an electrode and the endocardial tissue. This measurement is derived from the first and second components of a complex impedance (e.g., resistance and reactance or impedance magnitude and phase angle). Additional details of the electrode-coupling index may be found in <CIT> and <CIT> and <CIT>. Another measurement includes a Peak to Peak voltage value of an electrogram at the at least one electrode. The peak to peak voltage measurement increases when good contact between the tissue and the electrode is established. In other embodiments the at least one measurement may include any other measurement suitable for indicating the proximity between a catheter electrode and a biological tissue. Additional suitable measurements and/or additional details on the measurements described herein may be found in <CIT> and <CIT>.

The computing device is further configured to communicate with a display device. The display device provides the physician with a real-time view of the catheter inside the biological tissue, allowing for accurate catheter navigation. The display device includes any type of device suitable for displaying digital projections, such as a 3D geometric model of a biological tissue and/or model.

To properly display the location of the catheter relative to the biological tissue, the measurements are combined and translated into a 3D reconstructed catheter and placed alongside the reconstructed 3D geometry of the biological tissue. The computing device displays a visual effect, based upon the at least one measurement, showing the proximity between the electrodes within the catheter and the biological tissue. In the example embodiment, the visual effect is a digital 2D effect, oftentimes having a substantially circular shape, that highlights various degrees of proximity. This effect shall herein be referred to as a "spotlight" effect. The spotlight effect, or spotlight, appears on the reconstructed 3D geometry of the digital display corresponding to the catheter's position to the actual biological tissue. For example, as the physician moves the catheter closer to a location on the biological tissue, the spotlight becomes brighter on the corresponding reconstructed 3D geometry.

The visual effect includes attributes that correspond to the actual proximity between the catheter electrodes and the biological tissue. This further provides accurate electrical mapping of the catheter and the biological tissue. In the example embodiment, as explained above, one attribute includes a change in brightness of the visual effect as the proximity of the electrode and the biological tissue changes. For example, as the proximity between the electrode and the biological tissue decreases (i.e., as the electrode moves closer to the biological tissue), the brightness of the spotlight increases on the corresponding position of the reconstructed 3D model of the biological tissue.

Another attribute includes a change in color intensity of the visual effect. For example, as the proximity between the electrode and the biological tissue decreases, the intensity of the color on the reconstructed 3D geometry near the spotlight increases. Yet another attribute includes a decrease of the diffuseness of the visual effect. For example, as the proximity between the electrode and the biological tissue decreases, the diffuseness of the visual effect decreases, showing a smaller and more focused visual effect on the reconstructed 3D geometry. Yet another attribute includes a change in transparency of the reconstructed 3D geometry surface relative to the proximity between the electrode(s) and the reconstructed 3D geometry. For example, locations of the displayed reconstructed 3D geometry may become less transparent as the proximity between the electrode(s) and the biological tissue decreases (i.e., as the electrode moves closer to the biological tissue). Alternatively, locations of the displayed reconstructed 3D geometry may become more transparent as the electrode moves closer to the biological tissue. Further, in some embodiments, the locations may be opaque, without any change in transparency as the electrode moves closer to the biological tissue.

Referring now to the drawings, <FIG> is a schematic and block diagram view of an electrophysiological system <NUM> for mapping electrodes during catheter navigation. System <NUM> includes a computing device <NUM> configured to communicate with at least one of a display device <NUM> and/or a catheter <NUM>. Computing device <NUM> includes at least one processor <NUM> in communication with at least one memory <NUM>. Display device <NUM> is configured to display a digital image. Specifically, display device <NUM> is configured to display a reconstructed 3D geometry <NUM> along with a visual effect <NUM>. Reconstructed 3D geometry <NUM> is herein described as geometry <NUM>.

As described above, display device <NUM> includes any display device suitable for displaying geometry <NUM> or geometries <NUM> that are constructed or imported using other known imaging modalities, including but not limited to, computed tomography (CT), intracardiac ultrasound echocardiography (ICE), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In some embodiments, display device <NUM> and computing device <NUM> are the same device. Geometry <NUM> is an image of a digital reconstruction of the biological tissue <NUM> used for navigating a catheter <NUM> within the biological tissue. In the example embodiment, biological tissue <NUM> is cardiac tissue, and geometry <NUM> is a digital reconstruction of a human or animal heart muscle. Catheter <NUM> includes at least one electrode <NUM> for electrical mapping of biological tissue <NUM>. In the example embodiment, catheter <NUM> is an electrophysiology catheter suitable for electrically mapping a human heart for providing real-time images in vivo of biological tissue regions. In some embodiments, catheter <NUM> is an ablation catheter capable of both mapping and therapy.

In the example embodiment, catheter <NUM> may be coupled to a tracking device (not shown) and electrode(s) <NUM> to generate location signals associated with biological tissue <NUM>. Processor <NUM> registers the detected electrical activity using the location signals from the tracking device and electrode(s) <NUM>. Processor <NUM> then transmits an output signal with the electrical activity signals to display device <NUM>.

In some embodiments, system <NUM> is the EnSite™ Velocity™ or EnSite Precision™ cardiac mapping and visualization system of Abbott Laboratories. Other localization systems, however, may be used in connection with the present teachings, including for example the RHYTHMIA HDX™ mapping system of Boston Scientific Corporation, the CARTO navigation and location system of Biosense Webster, Inc. , the AURORA® system of Northern Digital Inc. , Sterotaxis' NIOBE® Magnetic Navigation System, as well as MediGuide™ Technology from Abbott Laboratories. The localization and mapping systems described in the following patents can also be used: <CIT><CIT><CIT><CIT><CIT><CIT><CIT> and <CIT>.

Processor <NUM> is further configured to determine the proximity between at least one electrode <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM> using at least one measurement <NUM>. In the example embodiment, measurement <NUM> includes the shortest distance from the location of at least one electrode <NUM> to the surface of biological tissue <NUM>. Another measurement <NUM> includes a contact force. The contact force is a positive value when at least one electrode <NUM> is in contact with a surface of biological tissue <NUM>. Another measurement <NUM> includes an electrode-tissue coupling index value. The electrode-tissue coupling index value is determined from the complex impedance measured when a voltage is applied to at least one electrode <NUM>. Yet another measurement <NUM> includes a Peak to Peak voltage value of an electrogram of at least one electrode <NUM>. In other embodiments, the at least one measurement may include any other measurement suitable for indicating the proximity between a catheter electrode and a biological tissue.

As described above, visual effect <NUM> is a digital display effect used to indicate the location of catheter <NUM>, specifically electrode(s) <NUM>, relative to biological tissue <NUM>. At least one measurement <NUM> is used to determine a proximity between electrode <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>, and the determined proximity is translated into a 3D image of catheter <NUM>. Visual effect <NUM> is placed alongside geometry <NUM> of the biological tissue to indicate to a user, or a physician, the location of catheter <NUM> in relation to biological tissue <NUM>.

Display device <NUM> displays visual effect <NUM> alongside geometry <NUM>, based upon at least one measurement <NUM>, showing the proximity between electrodes <NUM> within catheter <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. This provides a real-time map of catheter <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. In the example embodiment, visual effect <NUM> is a digital 2D circle effect that highlights various degrees of proximity between electrode(s) <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. Additionally or alternatively, visual effect <NUM> may be any other visual effect that highlights various degrees of proximity between electrode(s) <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>.

<FIG> and <FIG> are electrophysiology maps <NUM> and <NUM> of system <NUM>. Electrophysiology maps <NUM> and <NUM> illustrate geometry <NUM> alongside visual effect <NUM> and a catheter image <NUM>. Catheter image <NUM> is a digitally reconstructed image representing catheter <NUM> in relation to biological tissue <NUM>. Maps <NUM> and <NUM> illustrate several exemplary variations in attributes of visual effects <NUM> relative to the proximity between electrode(s) <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. Display device <NUM> is configured to display maps <NUM> and <NUM>.

As described above, in the example embodiment, visual effect <NUM> is a digital 2D circle effect that highlights various degrees of proximity between electrode(s) <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. This is what is referred to as the "spotlight" effect. The spotlight effect, or spotlight, appears on reconstructed 3D geometry <NUM> of digital display device <NUM> corresponding to catheter's <NUM> position relative to biological tissue <NUM>. For example, as the physician moves catheter <NUM> from a first position (<FIG>) to a second position (<FIG>) in relation to a location on biological tissue <NUM>, the spotlight becomes weaker (for example, less bright and more diffused) on corresponding reconstructed 3D geometry <NUM>. In some embodiments, when the distance between a particular electrode <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM> exceeds a proximity threshold value, no visual effect is produced for the particular electrode <NUM>. In some embodiments, the user may select whether to always display a visual effect or to only display the visual effect for electrodes <NUM> that are closer than the proximity threshold value to the biological tissue <NUM>. The proximity threshold value may be user selected or predetermined. In the example embodiment, the default proximity threshold value is four mm, but the user may select a different proximity threshold in a range from one mm to twelve mm. In other embodiments, the proximity threshold is fixed, i.e., not user variable, at four mm. In still other embodiments, the proximity threshold may be varied by the user within any other suitable range of distances.

As described above, visual effect <NUM> includes attributes that correspond to the actual proximity between catheter electrodes <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. This further provides an even more accurate electrical mapping of catheter <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. In the example embodiment, as explained above, one attribute includes a change in brightness of visual effect <NUM> as the proximity of electrode <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM> changes. Other attributes include, but are not limited to, a change in color intensity of visual effect <NUM>, a decrease of the diffuseness of visual effect <NUM>, and a change in transparency of reconstructed 3D geometry <NUM> surface relative to the proximity between electrode(s) <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. For example, locations of the displayed reconstructed 3D geometry <NUM> may become less transparent as the proximity of electrode(s) <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM> decrease (i.e., as electrode(s) move closer to biological tissue <NUM>).

Referring to <FIG>, catheter image <NUM> is within a certain proximity to geometry <NUM>. Catheter image <NUM> includes visual effects <NUM> in the form of spotlights <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> (as described above). The various sizes and color intensities illustrate different proximities between catheter <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM>. Referring to <FIG>, catheter <NUM> has moved to a second location within biological tissue <NUM>, thus changing the proximity of electrodes <NUM> to biological tissue <NUM>. As a result, visual effects <NUM> on catheter image <NUM> appear visually distinct from the appearance of visual effects <NUM> in the first location (<FIG>). Specifically, spotlights <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> appear less bright, more diffused, and illustrate a lower intensity of color. Spotlight <NUM> cannot be seen in the second location, indicating that the threshold proximity has been reached. The proximity threshold may be defined by the user or physician and programed into processor <NUM>.

Maps <NUM> and <NUM> show that the proximities between electrodes <NUM> and biological tissue <NUM> are smaller at the first location (<FIG>) than at the second location (<FIG>). By moving catheter <NUM> between positions in biological tissue <NUM>, and viewing the changed attributes of visual effects <NUM>, a physician is able to accurately guide catheter <NUM> through a blood vessel and into a biological region, such as the chamber of a heart.

With regard to both <FIG> and <FIG>, it should be understood that spotlights <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> are all examples of one embodiment of visual effect <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates an example configuration of display device <NUM> used in system <NUM> shown in <FIG>. Display device <NUM> may include, but is not limited to, a computer screen, and/or any device suitable for displaying a reconstructed digital 3D image. In the example embodiment, display device <NUM> includes a processor <NUM> for executing instructions. In some embodiments, executable instructions are stored in a memory area <NUM>. Processor <NUM> may include one or more processing units, for example, a multi-core configuration. Memory area <NUM> is any device allowing information such as executable instructions and/or written works to be stored and retrieved. Memory area <NUM> may include one or more computer readable media.

Display device <NUM> also includes at least one media output component <NUM> for presenting information to user <NUM>. Media output component <NUM> is any component capable of conveying information to user <NUM>. In some embodiments, media output component <NUM> includes an output adapter such as a video adapter and/or an audio adapter. An output adapter is operatively coupled to processor <NUM> and operatively couplable to an output device such as a display device, a liquid crystal display (LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or "electronic ink" display, or an audio output device, a speaker or headphones.

In some embodiments, display device <NUM> includes an input device <NUM> for receiving input from user <NUM>. Input device <NUM> may include, for example, a keyboard, a pointing device, a mouse, a stylus, a touch sensitive panel, a touch pad, a touch screen, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a position detector, or an audio input device. A single component such as a touch screen may function as both an output device of media output component <NUM> and input device <NUM>. Display device <NUM> may also include a communication interface <NUM>, which is capable of or configured to be communicatively coupled to a remote device such as the digital account. Communication interface <NUM> may include, for example, a wired or wireless network adapter or a wireless data transceiver for use with a mobile phone network, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), <NUM>, or other mobile data network or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), or an <NUM> wireless network (WLAN).

Stored in memory area <NUM> are, for example, computer readable instructions for providing a user interface to user <NUM> via media output component <NUM> and, optionally, receiving and processing input from input device <NUM>. A user interface may include, among other possibilities, a web browser and client application. Web browsers enable users, such as user <NUM>, to display and interact with media and other information typically embedded on a web page or a website.

<FIG> illustrates an example configuration of computing device <NUM> used in the system as shown in <FIG>. Computing device <NUM> includes a processor <NUM> for executing instructions. Instructions may be stored in a memory area <NUM>, for example. Processor <NUM> may include one or more processing units (e.g., in a multi-core configuration) for executing instructions. The instructions may be executed within a variety of different operating systems on the computing device <NUM>, such as UNIX, LINUX, Microsoft Windows®, etc. It should also be appreciated that upon initiation of a computer-based method, various instructions may be executed during initialization. Some operations may be required in order to perform one or more processes described herein, while other operations may be more general and/or specific to a particular programming language (e.g., C, C#, C++, Java, or other suitable programming languages, etc.).

Processor <NUM> is operatively coupled to a communication interface <NUM> such that computing device <NUM> is capable of communicating with a remote device such as a user system, a catheter <NUM>, a display device <NUM>, or another computing device <NUM>. Communication interface <NUM> may include, for example, a wired or wireless network adapter or a wireless data transceiver for use with a mobile phone network, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), <NUM>, or other mobile data network or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX).

Processor <NUM> may also be operatively coupled to a storage device <NUM>. Storage device <NUM> is any computer-operated hardware suitable for storing and/or retrieving data. In some embodiments, storage device <NUM> is integrated in computing device <NUM>. For example, computing device <NUM> may include one or more hard disk drives as storage device <NUM>. In other embodiments, storage device <NUM> is external to computing device <NUM> and may be accessed by a plurality of computing devices <NUM>. For example, storage device <NUM> may include multiple storage units such as hard disks or solid state disks in a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) configuration. Storage device <NUM> may include a storage area network (SAN) and/or a network attached storage (NAS) system.

In some embodiments, processor <NUM> is operatively coupled to storage device <NUM> via a storage interface <NUM>. Storage interface <NUM> is any component capable of providing processor <NUM> with access to storage device <NUM>. Storage interface <NUM> may include, for example, an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) adapter, a Serial ATA (SATA) adapter, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter, a RAID controller, a SAN adapter, a network adapter, and/or any component providing processor <NUM> with access to storage device <NUM>.

Computing device <NUM> may also include at least one media output component <NUM> for presenting information, e.g., images, to user <NUM>. Media output component <NUM> is any component capable of conveying information to user <NUM>. In some embodiments, media output component <NUM> includes an output adapter such as a video adapter and/or an audio adapter. An output adapter is operatively coupled to processor <NUM> and operatively couplable to an output device such as a display device, a liquid crystal display (LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or "electronic ink" display, or an audio output device, a speaker or headphones.

Memory <NUM> may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM) such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and non-volatile RAM (NVRAM). The above memory types are example only, and are thus not limiting as to the types of memory usable for storage of a computer program.

Stored in memory area <NUM> are, for example, computer readable instructions for providing a user interface to user <NUM> via media output component <NUM> and, optionally, receiving and processing input from input device <NUM>, sensor interface <NUM>, display device <NUM>, and/or catheter <NUM>. A user interface may include, among other possibilities, an image viewer and client application. Image viewers enable users, such as user <NUM>, to display and interact with media and other information received from display device <NUM>, and/or catheter <NUM>. A client application allows user <NUM> to interact with display device <NUM>, and/or catheter <NUM>, e.g., requesting a frame to be captured.

<FIG> is a flow diagram of a method <NUM> for using catheter navigation and mapping systems. <FIG> may represent, for example, an exemplary method for displaying electrodes and visual effects on an electrophysiology map during catheter navigation using the exemplary system described herein with respect to <FIG>. A catheter, including a mounted tracking device and at least one electrode, is inserted <NUM> into the patient's heart at a location proximate a biological tissue for electrophysiological mapping. A computing device then communicates <NUM> with the catheter, either through a wired or wireless connection, and records <NUM> electrical location data retrieved from the catheter.

The computing device uses the recordings to calculate <NUM> measurements indicating the proximity of the electrodes within the catheter to the biological tissue. The computing device translates <NUM> the measurements into visual effect data. The computing device communicates <NUM> the electrical location data and the visual effect data to a display device. The display device displays <NUM> the location data and the visual effect data to the user on a display screen.

Although certain embodiments of this disclosure have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. All directional references (e.g., upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, leftward, rightward, top, bottom, above, below, vertical, horizontal, clockwise, and counterclockwise) are only used for identification purposes to aid the reader's understanding of the present disclosure, and do not create limitations, particularly as to the position, orientation, or use of the disclosure. Joinder references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and the like) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a connection of elements and relative movement between elements. As such, joinder references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims.

When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the preferred embodiment(s) thereof, the articles "a", "an", "the", and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising", "including", and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

Claim 1:
An electrophysiology system to facilitate visualizing a proximity of a plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) to a 3D geometry of a biological tissue (<NUM>), the system comprising:
the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>);
a computing device (<NUM>) configured to receive recordings received from the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) for calculating measurements indicating the proximity of the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) to the biological tissue and comprising:
at least one processor (<NUM>) in communication with a memory, wherein the processor is configured to determine the proximity between the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) and the biological tissue (<NUM>) using at least one measurement (<NUM>), and
to generate a real-time electrophysiology map (<NUM>) illustrating a 3D geometry (<NUM>) of the biological tissue (<NUM>) alongside a visual effect (<NUM>) and a catheter image (<NUM>), wherein the visual effect (<NUM>) is a digital spotlight having a 2D shape that is projected onto a surface of the 3D geometry, the digital spotlight indicating the proximity between the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) and the biological tissue (<NUM>), and the digital spotlight highlights various degrees of proximity between the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) and the biological tissue (<NUM>), wherein no visual effect is produced for a particular electrode of the plurality of catheter electrodes (<NUM>) when a distance between the particular electrode and the biological tissue (<NUM>) exceeds a predetermined proximity threshold value; and
a display device (<NUM>) configured to:
display the real-time electrophysiology map (<NUM>).