Patent Description:
Thermoplastic composite materials are used in a wide variety of applications. For example, thermoplastic composite materials are employed within aircrafts. Some example applications of thermoplastic composites within aerospace devices and aerospace vehicles such airplanes, rotocraft, drones, and other aircraft include the following: framing, flooring, and seats; wings and wing parts, control surfaces, fuselage panels, engine parts, and other like components and parts. It is desired to have efficient joining of composite structures for cost-effective manufacture of modern aerospace components and aerospace vehicles.

Thermoplastics pose challenges relative to adhesive bonding. The bonding quality greatly depends on surface energies of the thermoplastic materials, which is related to wetting angle/contact angle of the surface. Bonding effectiveness of a thermoplastic material can be enhanced by altering the surface of the thermoplastic material to provide a lower contact angle. Therefore, conventional bonding methods require specialized surface preparation and cleaning is necessary to obtain increased bonding.

Plasma treatment of thermoplastic surfaces is one known pre-treatment before adhesive bonding is applied. Plasma cleaning is the removal of impurities and contaminants from surfaces through the use of an energetic plasma or dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma created from gaseous species. Gases such as argon and oxygen, as well as mixtures such as CO<NUM>, O, ozone, other air components, and hydrogen/nitrogen are typically used. The plasma is created by using high frequency voltages to ionize the low pressure gas, although atmospheric pressure plasmas are also common. The plasma can then be used to interact with (i.e., clean) any surface placed in the plasma.

The use of plasma treatment as a precursor to adhesive bonding currently has issues related to shelf-life. In particular, samples subjected to conventional plasma pre-treatment processes have limited shelf-life with regard to retaining enhanced surface activity over a period of time, typically two weeks. The limited shelf-life prevents the use of plasma treatment as a widely used industrial process in manufacturing of thermoplastic composites and assemblies.

It would be advantageous to provide methods for enhancing the bonding capabilities of thermoplastic materials. In particular, it would be advantageous to provide pre-treatment processes for thermoplastic polymers which extend the shelf-life of plasma-treated thermoplastic materials (i.e., the shelf-life available for subsequent processes after the application of plasma).

<CIT> states that a coating composition is provided comprising a) an aqueous dispersion, having a pH of less than <NUM>, of silica nanoparticles having average particle diameters of <NUM> nanometers or less, b) an alkoxysilane oligomer; c) a silane coupling agent, and d) optionally a metal β-diketone complexing agent. The compositions may be used to prepare coated articles wherein the coating is substantially uniform in thickness, durably adheres to the substrate, and provides hydrophilic and/or antireflection surface properties to the substrate.

<CIT> states a method of modifying a polymeric surface of a substrate including: (iii) providing the polymeric surface with functional groups; and (iv) contacting the surface with (a) a polyamine compound reactive with the surface functional groups said polyamine comprising at least four amine groups including at least two amine groups selected from primary and secondary amine groups and (b) a crosslinking agent reactive with the polyamine; to provide a crosslinked network grafted to the substrate surface.

<CIT> states an adhesion method which has an irradiation process for irradiating a resin molded body or a rubber molded body with deep ultraviolet light from a light-emitting diode that emits deep ultraviolet light, and an application process for applying a modified silicone-based adhesive, which is an elastic adhesive, to a surface of the resin molded body or the rubber molded body after irradiated with the deep ultraviolet light.

<CIT> states a method for bonding two surfaces to one another, which particularly pertains to the use of such method in which one of the surfaces is a polymeric plastic (and more preferably a polymeric thermoplastic (especially poly-(methyl methacrylate) ("PMMA") or cyclic olefin copolymer ("COC")). More particularly, the method relates to treating at least one of the contacting surfaces with UV in the presence of oxygen to thereby generate ozone (O<NUM>) and atomic oxygen under conditions of temperature below that of the glass transition temperature of the polymeric plastic. The UV/Oa-mediated bonding results in high bond strength and zero-deformation method. This bonding method can be applied to micro/nano-scale polymer devices, and particularly to microfluidic devices.

The disclosure provides a thermoplastic material, as defined in appended claim <NUM>, exhibiting an enhanced shelf-life for subsequent bonding processes after the thermoplastic material has been treated with plasma. As defined in appended claim <NUM>, a method for enhancing the shelf-life for subsequent bonding processes after a thermoplastic material has been treated with plasma is also provided herein.

Treating the surface of a thermoplastic material with plasma can enhance the bonding of the thermoplastic material in composite structures. However, such pretreated samples have limited shelf-life in regard to retaining the enhanced surface activity over a period of time, typically two weeks. The current disclosure demonstrates a capping mechanism of plasma-treated thermoplastic surfaces with a layer of thin adhesion promoter coating, which restricts the plasma treated surface from recovery processes and increases the shelf-life of such polymers.

The present disclosure includes the following claimed embodiments.

The presence of the at least one adhesion promoter is effective to maintain the contact angle in the range of from <NUM> to <NUM>° for a time of <NUM> days or greater.

Other features of the method of enhancing the shelf-life of an activated surface of a thermoplastic material are defined in appended dependent claims <NUM>-<NUM>.

Embodiment <NUM>: A polyether ether ketone thermoplastic material comprising an activated surface,.

Other features of the thermoplastic material are defined in appended dependent claims <NUM>-<NUM>.

The present disclosure further includes the following non claimed examples.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings, which are briefly described below and which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the described aspects.

The present disclosure now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all aspects of the disclosure are shown. Indeed, the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the aspects set forth herein; rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements.

Thermoplastics are difficult to join using adhesive bonding alone. Plasma treatment technologies are used to activate (i.e., clean) the surface of a thermoplastic material such that the bonding characteristics of the thermoplastic material are enhanced. However as noted herein above, the activated surface retains the activity for a very limited time and there is a need to extend the shelf-life of the activated surface. Without being limited by theory, extending the shelf-life of the plasma treatment, which provides an activated surface of the treated material, can allow for better alignment with time scales relevant for industrial manufacturing practice. For example, conventional plasma treated samples should be used (i.e., subjected to any desired processes such as bonding following the plasma treatment) within <NUM>-<NUM> days, thereby limiting the application of the plasma treatment. As described in more detail herein below, the present disclosure provides thermoplastic materials exhibiting an activated surface of <NUM> days or longer, methods for extending the shelf-life of a plasma-activated surface, and methods for forming composite structures exhibiting an enhanced bonding strength.

As noted herein above, the bonding characteristics of a thermoplastic material are related to the contact angle of the surface of the thermoplastic material. Bonding effectiveness of a thermoplastic material can be enhanced by altering the surface of the thermoplastic material to provide a lower contact angle. Low contact angles are generally desired for good bonding strength. Plasma treatment is effective to lower the surface contact angle of a thermoplastic material. Methods of the present disclosure can include any plasma treatment process known in the art to provide an activated surface of a thermoplastic material. See, e.g.,<NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; and <NPL>.

Good bonding strength of a thermoplastic material can be achieved for thermoplastic materials having a surface contact angle in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the activated surface of a plasma-treated thermoplastic material can have a surface contact angle in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, or from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°. In some embodiments, the activated surface of a plasma-treated thermoplastic material can have a surface contact angle of about <NUM>° or less, about <NUM>° or less, about <NUM>°or less, about <NUM>° or less, or about <NUM>° or less.

<FIG>, for example, illustrates the surface contact angle of an untreated polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sample. The untreated PEEK surface is mildly hydrophobic (contact angle <NUM> degrees). As illustrated in <FIG>, and described in Example <NUM> below, a plasma-treated PEEK surface exhibits a contact angle of about <NUM>°, but the same degrades back to contact angle of <NUM>° in <NUM> days time.

It was discovered that thermoplastic materials treated with an adhesion promoter prior to the plasma treatment exhibit an extended shelf-life of the plasma-activated surface. As illustrated in <FIG> and described in Example <NUM> below, for example, a plasma-treated PEEK sample that was first coated with a thin layer of PEG-silane adhesion promoter demonstrated a contact angle of about <NUM>° for a duration as long as <NUM> weeks. For example, <FIG> shows the contact angle of a sample prepared according to an embodiment of the present disclosure staying at <NUM>° after <NUM> days (<FIG>contact angle of <NUM>° after <NUM> days (<FIG> contact angle of <NUM>° after <NUM> days (<FIG>and contact angle of <NUM>° after <NUM> days <FIG>As used herein, an "adhesion promoter" refers to materials that can serve as a coating layer with promotion for interlayer adhesion of thermoplastic materials. In some embodiments, the adhesion promoter can have brush polymer-like properties, therefore having a tendency to form a dense structure at the interface of the surface of the thermoplastic material to be coated and thereby block the release of the short and long chain oligomers from the bulk of the coated thermoplastic polymer material. The surface adhesion depends on the functional groups present at the surface. The adhesion promoter promotes adhesion due to the steric hindrance provided by its structure and thus, retards the decay in the effects of plasma treatment. Although the claimed embodiments of the present disclosure refer to treatment processes applied to polyether ether ketone (PEEK), the methods according to the non claimed examples are applicable to all thermoplastic materials and any additional materials capable of being subjected to a plasma treatment process. According to various embodiments, the modification of the surface of the thermoplastic polymer includes a chemical capping layer of an adhesion promoter (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG)-silane), which extends the time horizon for surface recovery of plasma exposed thermoplastic material surfaces.

<FIG> is a block diagram illustrating the mechanism involved in preparing an example thermoplastic material of the present disclosure. Treatment of a PEEK surface with plasma and a PEG-silane adhesion promoter enhances activation of the surface. Specifically, plasma enhances the availability of OH groups for bonding. The PEG-silane extends the availability of the OH groups to bond for a longer time by capping those groups. The long term stability of the plasma modified surfaces improves adhesion aspects with epoxy inter-layers for bond assemblies between thermoplastic polymer composites.

<FIG>-(d) show FESEM images of different PEEK samples. <FIG> is as FESEM image of an untreated PEEK sample. <FIG> is an FESEM image of a plasma-treated PEEK sample. <FIG> is an FESEM image of a PEG-silane coated PEEK sample. <FIG> is an FESEM image of a plasma-treated and PEG-silane coated PEEK sample. FTIR spectra of the different PEEK samples show that the -OH and N-H groups are significantly increased after plasma treatment. With time, the -OH and N-H groups decrease in the plasma-treated PEEK sample (<FIG>) at a higher rate than in the plasma-treated and PEG-silane coated PEEK sample (<FIG>). FTIR spectra of the different PEEK samples also show that -CH groups are decreased at the surface following plasma treatment. With time, the -CH groups increased in the plasma-treated PEEK sample (<FIG>) at a higher rate than in the plasma-treated and PEG-silane coated PEEK sample (<FIG>).

In the claimed embodiments of the present disclosure, the adhesion promoter is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-silane, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), <NUM>-Glycidoxypropyl methyldimethoxysilane, <NUM>-Chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, zirconium acetylacetonate, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure include treating (e.g., coating) the surface of a thermoplastic polymer with PEG-silane prior to a subsequent plasma treatment.

In various embodiments, the presence of at least one adhesion promoter on a surface of a thermoplastic material subjected to a plasma treatment process is effective to maintain the contact angle of the plasma-treated thermoplastic material in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°, or from about <NUM> to about <NUM> ° for a time of about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, or about <NUM> days or greater.

In various embodiments, the adhesion promoter coating can be applied to a surface of a thermoplastic polymer through a spin coating, dip coating, and/or spray coating process. In certain embodiments, the adhesion promoter can be applied to the surface of a thermoplastic polymer using a blade coating process and a vacuum desiccator. Correct thermal treatment can be used to ensure stability of the coating (e.g., drying the coatings for a period of <NUM>-<NUM> hours at an elevated temperature such as about <NUM>-<NUM>). In some embodiments, the adhesion promoter coating can be dried for a period of about <NUM>-<NUM> hours, or about <NUM>-<NUM> hours, or about <NUM>-<NUM> hours. In various embodiments, the adhesion promoter coating can be dried at a temperature of at least about <NUM>, at least about <NUM>, at least about <NUM>, or at least about <NUM>. The drying time and temperature for the correct thermal treatment can depend on, for example, the adhesion promoter selected, the thermoplastic material selected, and the thickness of the adhesion promoter coating.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesion promoter film/coating on the surface of thermoplastic polymer after thermal treatment can be in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM> microns, from about <NUM> to about <NUM> microns, or from about <NUM> to about10 microns. Detection of the adhesion promoter coating is possible through spectroscopic characterization of surfaces, for example.

The PEG- Silane coating can be applied over the Peek surfaces by using blade coating and vacuum desiccator. The films can also be dried for up to about <NUM> hr in an oven at a temperature of about <NUM>, for example.

Thermoplastic materials prepared according to the present disclosure (i.e., coated with an adhesion promoter and then treated with plasma) exhibit an improved bond strength capability. Thermoplastic materials of the present disclosure can be used to prepare composite structures using any bonding methods known in the art. See, e.g., the processes described in <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>;<NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL> 'Thermoplastic-epoxy interactions and their potential applications in joining composite structures - A review'.

In some embodiments, a thermoplastic material coated with an adhesion promoter and then treated with plasma can be used to form a composite structure having a bond strength of from about <NUM> to about <NUM> MPa, or from about <NUM> to about <NUM> MPa. It is noted that the current disclosure is applicable for all types of adhesive bonds. As such, bond strength can vary based on different parameters (e.g., materials being bonded, adhesive used to bond, etc.) and therefore applicable bond strengths may be outside of this range. In various embodiments, a thermoplastic material coated with an adhesion promoter and then treated with plasma can show an increase in bond strength, as compared to an untreated thermoplastic material, of at least about <NUM> MPa, at least about <NUM> MPa, or at least about <NUM> MPa.

A method of preparing a thermoplastic material exhibiting an improved shelf-life of an activated surface is also provided herein, as defined in appended claim <NUM>. The method includes coating the at least a portion of a surface of the thermoplastic material with the at least one adhesion promoter to provide a coated surface, and treating the coated surface with plasma to provide the activated surface of the thermoplastic material. As described above, an activated surface refers to a surface that provides enhanced adhesive bonding capabilities. The activated surface can be defined by a surface contact angle in the range of from <NUM> to <NUM>°. In various embodiments of the methods described herein, the presence of the at least one adhesion promoter is effective to maintain the contact angle in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>° for a time of about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, or about <NUM> days or greater.

In relation to the non claimed examples presented above, a method of forming a thermoplastic composite structure can include providing a first thermoplastic part and a second thermoplastic part, coating at least a portion of a surface of the first thermoplastic part with at least one adhesion promoter to provide a coated surface, treating the coated surface with plasma to provide an activated surface, and bonding the first thermoplastic part and the second thermoplastic part at the activated surface with at least one adhesive to form the thermoplastic composite structure. Examples of adhesives include, but are not limited to, epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic and mixtures of different types of adhesives. It is noted that one or both of the first and thermoplastic part can be treated to have an activated surface. As such, the method of forming a thermoplastic composite structure can further include coating at least a portion of a surface of the second thermoplastic part with at least one adhesion promoter to provide a coated surface, and treating the coated surface with plasma to provide a second activated surface. The first thermoplastic part can be adhesively bound to the second thermoplastic part such that the activated surface of the first thermoplastic part is adjacent to and facing the activated surface of the second thermoplastic part. In other words, the adhesive material can be applied between two activated surfaces. As described herein above, the one or more activated surfaces can each have a contact angle in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>°and the presence of the at least one adhesion promoter can be effective to maintain the contact angle in the range of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>° for a time of about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, about <NUM> days or greater, or about <NUM> days or greater. Furthermore, the thermoplastic composite structure can have a bond strength of from about <NUM> to about <NUM> MPa. The thermoplastic composite structure can be configured for use in an aerospace vehicle.

The present disclosure can be more fully illustrated by the following examples, which are set forth to illustrate some embodiments of the present disclosure and are not to be construed as limiting thereof. All weight percentages are expressed on a dry weight basis, meaning water content is excluded, unless otherwise indicated.

The contact angles of a control PEEK sample and an inventive PEEK sample subjected to a plasma treatment process were measured over time.

The inventive PEEK sample was first coated with a coating film of PEG-silane. A blade coating process was used to apply the coating layer over the inventive PEEK surface and the layer was subsequently dried at <NUM> for <NUM> hours. The thickness of the coating layer was <NUM> to <NUM>.

The control PEEK sample (i.e., having no PEG-silane coating) and the inventive PEEK sample (i.e., having a PEG-silane coating) were subjected to a nitrogen plasma treatment process. The parameters of the plasma treatment powers were the following: <NUM> Watt power, <NUM>-torr pressure, and <NUM> sec duration. The plasma parameters are specific to nitrogen. However, similar chemistries can be easily induced on the thermoplastic surface with gases such as ammonia, oxygen, hydrogen, etc. by taking these gases into plasma states where the amide and hydroxide bonds on the surface can be initiated, thereby providing an increase the bond strength. The parametric optimization for the different gases can be independently carried out according to conventional plasma treatment methods.

<FIG>show the time dependent change in the contact angles of the: (a-b) plasma-treated control PEEK sample and (c-h) the PEG-silane and plasma-treated inventive PEEK sample. <FIG> is an ATR- FTIR spectra of the PEG-silane and plasma treated inventive PEEK sample at different time instants. This figure shows the quantitative difference in the presence of various bonds due to plasma treatment. The PEG-silane coating increases the -OH functional groups on the PEEK surface and retains to the long term surface modification durability due to the steric hindrance effect emerged by its brush-like structure. As shown in <FIG> the contact angle of the control PEEK sample directly after the plasma treatment (i.e., time = <NUM> days) was <NUM>°. As shown in <FIG>the contact angle of the control PEEK sample <NUM> days after the plasma treatment was <NUM>°. As shown in <FIG> the contact angle of the inventive PEEK sample directly after the plasma treatment (i.e., time = <NUM> days) was <NUM>°. As shown in <FIG>the contact angle of the inventive PEEK sample did not significantly change over time. As shown in <FIG>the contact angle of the control PEEK sample <NUM> days after the plasma treatment was <NUM>°, which is still within the contact angle range representative of an activated surface (i.e., a contact angle in the range of about <NUM> to about <NUM>°). The PEG-silane coating improves the durability of the modified PEEK surfaces due to steric hindrance provided from its brush-like nature. However, the PEG-silane coating increases the initial contact angles of the PEEK surfaces, which, without being limited by theory, may be due to the change in the surface roughness of the coated surface.

Accordingly, it is clear that the PEG-silane coating layer applied to the inventive PEEK sample prior to plasma treatment extended the time which the plasma-treated material maintained an activated surface (i.e., a surface having a contact angle in the range of <NUM>-<NUM>°). Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the adhesion promoter monolayer alters the surface chemistry relative to plasma activation and helps retain hydrophilicity of the surface for an extended duration of time.

The effects of temperature on the samples prepared according to Example <NUM> above were measured.

<FIG> shows comparative Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) plots for the control PEEK and PEG-silane coated inventive PEEK samples. The TGA was performed on the control PEEK and inventive PEG-Silane coated PEEK samples in the temperature range of <NUM> to <NUM>. <FIG> shows minor difference between the thermal degradation of both the samples. At <NUM>, the PEEK control sample displays a weight of <NUM>%. At <NUM>, the inventive PEG-silane coated PEEK sample displays a weight of <NUM>%. A slightly more visible change of weight loss was observed for both samples at <NUM> with weight retention of <NUM>% for the control PEEK sample, and <NUM>% for the inventive PEG-silane coated PEEK sample. These results confirm that the PEG-silane coating has only a minor effect on the thermal properties of the PEEK material. Thus, the PEG-silane coating can be used for temperature sensitive applications.

The effects of solvents on the bond strength of the samples prepared according to Example <NUM> above were measured.

Plasma treated and PEG- Silane coated PEEK (PTPSP) samples were prepared according to Example <NUM> above. Two PTPSP samples were bonded with epoxy. Three separate PTPSP-Epoxy-PTPSP composite structures were formed. One PTPSP-Epoxy-PTPSP composite structure was immersed in water for <NUM> hours. A second PTPSP-Epoxy-PTPSP composite structure was immersed in ethanol for <NUM> hours. A third PTPSP-Epoxy-PTPSP composite structure was not immersed in a liquid.

<FIG> is a stress-strain diagram of a PTPSP-Epoxy-PTPSP joint and the effect of water/ethanol immersion on the stress-strain curves. The figure shows that there was no significant change in the joint strength of the samples due to water/ethanol immersion.

The bonding strength of different PEEK samples was evaluated.

Four different types of samples were prepared: (<NUM>) an untreated PEEK sample (P); (<NUM>) a plasma-treated PEEK sample (PTP); (<NUM>) a PEG-silane treated PEEK sample (PSP); and (<NUM>) a plasma-treated and PEG-silane treated PEEK sample (PTPSP). The total length of each sample was <NUM> ± <NUM> + L mm (where L is the joint length). The thickness of each sample was <NUM>. The width of each sample was <NUM> ± <NUM>. Two samples of the same type were bonded together using epoxy. A lap shear test was performed on the different contacting surfaces based on the ASTM D <NUM> standards.

<FIG> is a stress-strain diagram showing the bond strength of different PEEK samples. <FIG> is a stress-strain diagram showing the bond strength of different PEEK samples immediately after plasma exposure and also <NUM> days after plasma exposure. As illustrated in <FIG>, the P-epoxy-P composite structure exhibited a bond strength of <NUM> MPa. The PTP-epoxy-PTP composite structure exhibited a bond strength of <NUM> MPa. The PSP-epoxy-PSP composite structure exhibited a bond strength of <NUM> MPa. The PTPSP-epoxy-PTPSP composite structure exhibited a bond strength of <NUM> MPa. As illustrated in <FIG> days after plasma exposure, the PTP-epoxy-PTP composite structure exhibited a bond strength of <NUM> MPa. The PTPSP-epoxy-PTPSP composite structure exhibited a bond strength of <NUM> MPa.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these disclosed embodiments pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that although the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings describe example embodiments in the context of certain example combinations of elements and/or functions, different combinations of elements and/or functions may be provided by alternative embodiments without departing from the appended claims.

It should be understood that although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various steps or calculations, these steps or calculations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one operation or calculation from another. For example, a first calculation may be termed a second calculation, and, similarly, a second step may be termed a first step, without departing from the scope of this disclosure. As used herein, the term "and/or" and the "/" symbol includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

Claim 1:
A method of enhancing the shelf-life of an activated surface of a thermoplastic material, comprising:
coating at least a portion of a surface of the thermoplastic material with at least one adhesion promoter to provide a coated surface; and then
treating the coated surface with plasma to provide the activated surface of the thermoplastic material;
wherein the thermoplastic material is polyether ether ketone, and the at least one adhesion promoter is selected from the group consisting of PEG-silane, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), <NUM>-Glycidoxypropyl methyldimethoxysilane, <NUM>-Chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, zirconium acetylacetonate, and combinations thereof,
wherein the activated surface has a contact angle in the range of from <NUM> to <NUM>°; the presence of the at least one adhesion promoter being effective to maintain the contact angle in the range of from <NUM> to <NUM>° for a time of <NUM> days or greater.