Patent Description:
Solar panels typically include a first subassembly including a printed circuit in the form of a printed circuit board (PCB), a flexible printed circuit (flex circuit), or a rigid surface (referred to herein as a substrate), and a second subassembly including an individual solar cell or an array of solar cells formed as a separate assembly (referred to herein as a circuit). During construction of the solar panel, the substrate and the circuit are attached together using a paste adhesive. Once the adhesive is dispensed onto one or both of the subassemblies, the substrate and circuit are closely positioned in contact with the adhesive. The subassemblies are then aligned and secured, typically with fixture during curing of the adhesive, which may require <NUM> hours to seven days. Continuous external compressive pressure using, for example, a vacuum is applied. The external pressure is sufficient to set the thickness or bond line of the adhesive so that the spacing between the subassemblies and the thickness of the adhesive is within a design tolerance. Additionally, the adhesive may include glass fillers having a diameter approximately equal to the designed adhesive bond line so that the thickness of the adhesive and the spacing between the subassemblies is correct in the final solar panel assembly. Prior to achieving full cure of the adhesive, excess adhesive that flows from between the circuit and the substrate is removed. The external compressive pressure may be removed once handling cure is achieved, and additional assembly may be subsequently performed.

Document <CIT> is titled "SOLAR CELL PANEL AND THE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME".

Document <CIT> relates, according to its abstract, to a self supported underfill film which adhesively bonds surface mount integrated circuit packages to a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board has conductive traces and exposed conductive pads on the surface. Solder paste is printed on the conductive pads, and one or more additional solder paste deposits are printed in an area outside the conductive pads to serve as tack pads for a film adhesive. The film adhesive is strategically positioned on the printed circuit board over the tack pads and near the conductive pads, and the surface mount integrated circuit package is then placed on the board so that the conductive pads on the package align with the conductive pads on the board. The film adhesive softens when the package is soldered to the board, and the film ultimately serves as an underfill to increase the mechanical integrity of the solder joints.

A simplified method for attaching a first assembly to a second assembly, and in particular for forming a solar panel, and the solar panel resulting from the simplified method, would be a welcome addition to the art.

A method for forming an assembly, particularly a panel such as a solar panel is defined in claim <NUM>. An assembly, particularly a panel such as a solar panel is defined in claim <NUM>.

The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of one or more implementations of the present teachings. This summary is not an extensive overview, nor is it intended to identify key or critical elements of the present teachings, nor to delineate the scope of the disclosure. Rather, its primary purpose is merely to present one or more concepts in simplified form as a prelude to the detailed description presented later.

While the present teachings are now described with reference to solar panels and the adhesion of two solar panel subassemblies together, the present teachings contemplate other uses for attaching a first assembly to a second assembly together.

In an implementation of the present teachings, a method for forming a solar panel includes adhering at least one tacking pad to a first surface of a first solar panel subassembly, dispensing an adhesive onto one of the first surface, a second surface of a second solar panel subassembly, or both, and placing the second surface in physical contact with the at least one tacking pad after the adhering of the at least one tacking pad and after the dispensing of the adhesive, thereby tacking the first and second solar panel subassemblies together. The method further includes physically contacting the adhesive with the first and second surfaces during the placing wherein, during the placing, a thickness of the adhesive decreases and a surface area of the adhesive increases, and curing the adhesive after the tacking of the first and second solar panel subassemblies together. Optionally, the adhering of the at least one tacking pad to the first surface can further include adhering a plurality of tacking pads to the first surface. The dispensing of the adhesive can optionally include dispensing a plurality of physically spaced adhesive dots across the one of the first surface, the second surface, or both the first surface and the second surface. Optionally, the tacking pad(s) maintain fixed alignment of the solar panel subassemblies during curing of the adhesive, and establish a bond line of the adhesive.

The at least one tacking pad can optionally be a pressure-sensitive tacking pad, and can optionally include a polymer carrier positioned between two layers of an acrylic adhesive. The adhesive can optionally include a silicone elastomer that has a working time of from <NUM> minutes to <NUM> hours, and can extend across from <NUM>% to <NUM>% of the first surface after the placing of the second surface in physical contact with the at least one tacking pad.

In an implementation, at least one of the first and second solar panel subassemblies can optionally include an array of solar cells, and the other of the first and second solar panel subassemblies can include a printed circuit. The method can further optionally include selecting the tacking pad to have a thickness based on a bond line of the adhesive of the solar panel.

In another implementation, a solar panel includes a first solar panel subassembly having an array of solar cells, a second solar panel subassembly including a printed circuit, at least one tacking pad positioned between the first solar panel subassembly and the second solar panel subassembly, and adhered to a first surface of the first solar panel subassembly and a second surface of the second solar panel subassembly with a first adhesive force, and an adhesive layer positioned between the first solar panel subassembly and the second solar panel subassembly, and adhered to the first surface of the first solar panel subassembly and the second surface of the second solar panel subassembly with a second adhesive force that is greater than the first adhesive force.

The at least one tacking pad can optionally include a plurality of tacking pads, wherein each tacking pad includes a width of from about <NUM> inches to about <NUM> inch, or from about <NUM> to about <NUM> [about <NUM> to about <NUM> inches]. The adhesive layer can optionally include a plurality of physically spaced adhesive dots. The at least one tacking pad can optionally be a pressure-sensitive tacking pad, and can optionally include a polymer carrier and an acrylic adhesive. The adhesive of the solar panel can optionally be or include a silicone elastomer.

In an implementation, the at least one tacking pad can optionally be attached to the first and second surfaces with an adhesion force of from <NUM>,<NUM>/m<NUM> to <NUM>,<NUM>/m<NUM> [<NUM> ounces per square inch (oz/in<NUM>) to <NUM> oz/in<NUM>]. The adhesive can optionally extend across, and physically contact, from <NUM>% to <NUM>% of an area of the first surface. A thickness of the at least one tacking pad can optionally be within ±<NUM>% of a bond line of the adhesive.

In another implementation, an electronic device includes a plurality of solar panels, wherein each solar panel includes a first solar panel subassembly having an array of solar cells, a second solar panel subassembly having a printed circuit, at least one tacking pad positioned between the first solar panel subassembly and the second solar panel subassembly, and adhered to a first surface of the first solar panel subassembly and a second surface of the second solar panel subassembly with a first adhesive force, and an adhesive layer positioned between the first solar panel subassembly and the second solar panel subassembly, and adhered to the first surface of the first solar panel subassembly and the second surface of the second solar panel subassembly with a second adhesive force that is greater than the first adhesive force. The electronic device can optionally further include at least one battery electrically coupled to the solar panels.

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in, and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate implementations of the present teachings and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. In the figures:.

It should be noted that some details of the figures have been simplified and are drawn to facilitate understanding of the present teachings rather than to maintain strict structural accuracy, detail, and scale.

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary implementations of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

As discussed above, solar panel subassemblies including a substrate and a circuit are attached together using an adhesive during formation of the solar panel. During curing of the adhesive, the solar panel subassemblies are typically placed within a fixture that aligns and maintains the two subassemblies in fixed relative position. The fixture may apply a compressive pressure to the subassemblies to set a bond line of the adhesive, or the curing may be performed in a vacuum environment. Curing of the adhesive may require from one to seven days.

While currently recognized as the state of the art for solar panel manufacture, the use of a fixture to position the subassemblies during curing of the adhesive has various drawbacks. For example, designing and manufacturing fixtures, or purchasing the fixtures from a supplier, increases solar panel manufacturing costs. Additionally, fixtures are typically customized for the particular design of the solar panel and thus require replacement or retooling for a solar panel design change. Furthermore, the fixtures must be stored and maintained, and attaching the fixtures to the solar panel subassemblies and their subsequent removal adds labor costs. Cleaning up of adhesive squeeze-out between the circuits/cells is also time consuming and exposes the circuits/cells to breakage.

An implementation of the present teachings can result in simplified construction of a solar panel that can decrease rework, for example, by using tacking pads to set a consistent adhesive bond line, thereby preventing the need to rework an assembly having an improperly sized adhesive bond line. Implementations of the construction method described herein decrease the amount of tooling required, for example, tooling that conventionally maintains subassemblies in fixed relative alignment during an adhesive cure, and further eliminates the labor associated with placing and removing such tooling. By reducing rework, tooling, and labor, manufacturing costs can be decreased compared to conventional methods of solar panel construction.

In further contrast to conventional solar panel construction methods, an implementation of the present teachings does not require a compressive pressure to be applied to hold the first solar panel assembly and the second solar panel subassembly together during a partial cure or complete cure of the adhesive. In conventional methods, one or more of a fixture, a vacuum, or another compression source is applied to the solar panel subassemblies to maintain them in fixed alignment during the cure of an adhesive. In this respect, because a compressive pressure need not be applied to the solar panel subassemblies to hold them in fixed alignment while the adhesive is curing, an implementation of the present method is referred to herein as "pressureless," though some implementations may include the use of an applied pressure. In an implementation, one or more tacking pads maintain the solar panel subassemblies in fixed alignment to each other during an adhesive curing processing stage.

<FIG> depict in-process structures during formation of a solar panel according to an implementation of the present teachings. <FIG> is a perspective view depicting a first solar panel subassembly <NUM> having a first surface <NUM>, where the first solar panel subassembly <NUM> includes solar panel circuitry <NUM> formed on and/or within a first substrate <NUM>. The first substrate <NUM> can be, for example, a printed circuit board, a flexible printed circuit (i.e., flex circuit), a rigid substrate, etc. <FIG> depicts a second solar panel subassembly <NUM> having a second surface <NUM>, where the second solar panel subassembly <NUM> includes one or more solar cell arrays <NUM> each including a plurality of solar cells (not individually depicted for simplicity) formed on a second substrate <NUM>. The second substrate <NUM> can be, for example, one or more glass panels including patterned metallization that forms the solar cell array <NUM>. The first <NUM> and second <NUM> solar panel subassemblies can be formed in accordance with known techniques.

<FIG> further depict at least one tacking pad <NUM>, for example a plurality of tacking pads <NUM>, attached to one of the first surface <NUM>, the second surface <NUM>, or both the first surface <NUM> and second surface <NUM>. Additionally, <FIG> depict an adhesive <NUM> dispensed onto one of the first surface <NUM>, the second surface <NUM>, or both the first surface <NUM> and second surface <NUM>. For purposes of explanation, <FIG> depict tracking pads <NUM> attached to, and adhesive <NUM> dispensed onto, both the first surface <NUM> and the second surface <NUM>.

The tacking pads <NUM> may be placed manually by an operator or technician, using automated equipment such as automated pick-and-place equipment, or using another suitable placement technique. Similarly, the adhesive <NUM> may be dispensed manually or using automated equipment such as an automated adhesive dispense system.

The tacking pads <NUM> can be placed across surfaces <NUM> and/or <NUM> at locations that do not adversely affect the construction or operation of the completed device. For example, electrically conductive contact pads <NUM> to which electrical contact will be made during operation of the completed solar panel can be avoided, as placement of either the tacking pads <NUM> or adhesive <NUM> may hinder or prevent subsequent electrical connection to the electrically conductive contact pads <NUM>.

The tacking pads <NUM> can be formed to have any desired shape, for example, round, square, rectangular, etc., and any desired size, for example, from <NUM> to about <NUM> [<NUM> inches to about <NUM> inches], depending on solar cell size. Tacking pads <NUM> that are excessively large and/or have an unsuitable shape would not lend themselves to straightforward placement in regions that do not interfere with the operation of the completed solar panel. Tacking pads <NUM> that are too small would require placement of a large number of tacking pads <NUM> to maintain proper stable alignment of the solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM> during the cure of the adhesive <NUM>. In an implementation, the tacking pads <NUM> can be formed over from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> in the completed solar panel. Applying the tacking pads <NUM> to too small of an area would not securely maintain the solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM> in fixed relative position during a cure of the adhesive <NUM>, and thus the solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM> can become misaligned. Applying the tacking pads <NUM> to too large of an area would decrease an adhesive strength of the solar panel assemblies <NUM>, <NUM> subsequent to curing of the adhesive <NUM>, and may therefore result in failure of the completed solar panel.

Similarly, the adhesive <NUM> can be placed at locations across surfaces <NUM> and/or <NUM> at locations that do not adversely affect the construction or operation of the completed device, for example, avoiding the electrically conductive contact pads <NUM>, as well as the regions where the tacking pads are placed so as to avoid interfering with the adhesive properties of the tacking pads <NUM>. In an implementation, the adhesive <NUM> can be applied as a plurality of adhesive dots as depicted in <FIG>, where each adhesive dot is targeted for a specific volume or weight of adhesive <NUM>. In one implementation, each adhesive dot can have a weight of from about <NUM> grams to about <NUM> grams, or from about <NUM> grams to about <NUM> grams. A number of adhesive dots are applied to sufficiently adhere the first and second solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM> together after curing the adhesive <NUM> to avoid separation of the completed solar panel under anticipated operating conditions. Applying an excessive amount of adhesive <NUM> can result in an excess of adhesive flowing from between the first and second solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM>, thereby requiring excessive cleanup, and the possibility of adhesive <NUM> flowing over undesired solar panel locations. An insufficient amount of adhesive <NUM> can result in inadequate adhesion, and possible separation and failure of the completed solar panel. In an implementation, the adhesive <NUM> can be formed over from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> in the completed solar panel.

<FIG> is a magnified cross section along <NUM>-<NUM> of <FIG> after placing the second surface <NUM> in proximity to the first surface <NUM> during the assembly process. In this implementation, the first solar panel subassembly <NUM> may be placed onto a work surface <NUM> during assembly.

As depicted in <FIG>, the tacking pads <NUM> can be pressure-sensitive tacking pads <NUM> that include a carrier (i.e., carrier layer) <NUM> positioned between two adhesive layers <NUM>, where the adhesive layers <NUM> self-adhere to the carrier <NUM>. The carrier <NUM> can be, for example, a polymer such as a polyimide or a thermosetting plastic that has adequate surface adhesion strength. The adhesive layers <NUM> can be dry and tacky adhesive layers of a material such as an acrylic adhesive. Commercially available materials suitable for use as the tacking pads <NUM> include <NUM>™ High Temperature Acrylic Adhesive <NUM>, for example, Adhesive Transfer Tape <NUM> that has been cut to a desired size and shape.

The adhesive <NUM> can be an adhesive that is suitable for the anticipated operating conditions of the completed solar panel during use. In an aerospace implementation, for example, the adhesive <NUM> can be a space grade, low outgas, platinum cure adhesive that maintains sufficient adhesion across a wide range of operating temperatures, for example, in the environment and extreme temperature ranges of space. In one implementation, the adhesive <NUM> after curing can maintain sufficient adhesive properties across a temperature ranging from -<NUM> to +<NUM>. The adhesive <NUM> can be or include a heat-curable adhesive to decrease solar panel manufacture time, for example, a silicone elastomer. Commercially available materials suitable for use as the adhesive <NUM> includes CV1-<NUM>-<NUM> silicone elastomer available from NuSil Technology LLC. The adhesive <NUM> has a working time sufficient to allow assembly of the first and second solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM>, for example, from <NUM> minutes to <NUM> hours.

<FIG> further depicts an initial variable thickness "T<NUM>" of adhesive <NUM> relative to a fixed thickness "T<NUM>" of the tacking pads <NUM> after dispensing the adhesive <NUM> and before solar panel assembly. In this implementation, at the processing stage of <FIG>, T<NUM> > T<NUM>. As depicted in <FIG>, the adhesive <NUM> has a first surface area subsequent to dispensing the adhesive <NUM>. <FIG> further depicts adhesive <NUM> having an initial width of "W<NUM>" across, and physically contacting, the surface onto which it is dispensed which, in <FIG>, is the first surface <NUM> of the first solar panel subassembly <NUM>.

Between <FIG>, the second surface <NUM> is placed in physical contact with the tacking pads <NUM> after the adhering of the tacking pad <NUM> to at least one of the first surface <NUM> and the second surface <NUM>, and after the dispensing of the adhesive <NUM> to at least one of the first surface <NUM> and the second surface <NUM>. A sufficient compressive force is applied between the first and second solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM> to thin the adhesive <NUM> and to contact both the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> with the adhesive <NUM> and the adhesive layers <NUM> of the tacking pads <NUM>. As depicted in <FIG>, the first surface <NUM> and the second surface <NUM> are tacked together using the tacking pads <NUM>, thereby tacking the first solar panel subassembly <NUM> and the second solar panel subassembly <NUM> together. As depicted in <FIG>, during the physical contacting of the second surface <NUM> with the adhesive <NUM>, the thickness of the adhesive <NUM> decreases from T<NUM> in <FIG> to T<NUM> in <FIG>, and a width of the adhesive <NUM> increases from W<NUM> in <FIG> to W<NUM> in <FIG>, thereby also increasing the surface area of the adhesive <NUM>. The thickness T<NUM> of the tacking pad <NUM> thereby determines a bond line of the adhesive <NUM> in <FIG>, which is equal to T<NUM>.

After tacking the first solar panel subassembly <NUM> and the second solar panel subassembly <NUM> together as depicted in <FIG>, the adhesive <NUM> is cured using a process suitable to the adhesive <NUM> and the other components of the solar panel sufficient process to result in a completed solar panel <NUM> as depicted in <FIG>. The method of curing can include maintaining the adhesive <NUM> at room temperature for a period of time, for example, <NUM> days. In another implementation, the method of curing can include heating the adhesive <NUM> to a temperature of from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, for example about <NUM>, for a duration of from about <NUM> minutes to about <NUM> hours, for example about <NUM> hours. As current solar panel processing techniques require a minimum adhesive cure time of <NUM> days, this improvement in curing time compared to conventional solar panel formation decreases product processing time, increases manufacturing output, and thereby decreases costs.

After forming the solar panel <NUM>, one or more solar panels <NUM> can be utilized as an electronic device subcomponent to generate solar power for an electronic device.

<FIG> depicts a plurality of solar panels <NUM> that are used in the conversion of solar energy to electrical energy, where the plurality of solar panels <NUM> are assembled with other components to form an electronic device <NUM>, representationally depicted as a satellite. In this particular representational implementation, the other components can include a housing <NUM> that encases and protects, for example, one or more batteries <NUM> electrically coupled to the plurality of solar panels <NUM>, fuel tanks <NUM>, etc. The other components can also include one or more antennas <NUM>. Use of one or more solar panels <NUM> with an electronic device <NUM> other than a satellite is contemplated, for example, other aerospace equipment and transportation vehicles, military and commercial vehicles and equipment, raw electrical power generation such as solar farms, etc..

A process or method <NUM> for forming a solar panel is depicted in the flow chart of <FIG>. The method <NUM> can proceed by operation or use of one or more of the structures depicted in the figures described above, and thus is described with reference to <FIG>; however, it will be appreciated that the method <NUM> is not limited to any particular structure or use unless expressly stated herein. It will be appreciated that while the method <NUM> is described as a series of acts or events, the present teachings are not limited by the ordering of such acts or events. Some acts can occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events apart from those described herein. Further, a method in accordance with the present teachings can include other acts or events that have not been depicted for simplicity, while other illustrated acts or events can be removed or modified.

As depicted at <NUM>, the method <NUM> can include attaching at least one tacking pad <NUM> to a first surface <NUM> of a first solar panel subassembly <NUM> or to a second surface <NUM> of a second solar panel subassembly <NUM>, or to both the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM>. Adhesive <NUM> is dispensed onto one or both of the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> as at <NUM>. Subsequently, as depicted at <NUM>, the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> are placed in contact with the one or more tacking pads <NUM>, thereby tacking the first solar panel subassembly <NUM> and the second solar panel subassembly <NUM> together. During the placing of the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> in contact with the tacking pads <NUM>, the first and second surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> contact the adhesive <NUM> as at <NUM>, which decreases a thickness, and increases a surface area, of the adhesive <NUM> as at <NUM>. Next, the adhesive <NUM> is cured to form a solar panel <NUM> as depicted at <NUM>. At <NUM>, one or more solar panels <NUM> can be assembled with other components to form an electronic device <NUM>.

Thus an implementation of the present teachings provides a simplified method for forming a solar panel compared to conventional methods, and a solar panel formed using the method. The solar panel includes one or more tacking pads that provide a secondary adhesive that maintains the first solar panel assembly and the second solar panel subassembly in fixed alignment during the curing of a primary adhesive. While the tacking pads remain a part of the completed solar panel, the primary adhesive provides the majority of adhesion of the first and second solar panel subassemblies in the completed solar panel. That is, the first and second surfaces are adhered together in the completed solar panel by the tacking pads with a first adhesive force, and are adhered together by the adhesive with a second adhesive force, where the second adhesive force is greater than the first adhesive force. In some implementations of a completed solar panel, the primary adhesive can contribute <NUM>% or more (but generally less than <NUM>%) of the adhesive force between the first and second solar panel subassemblies, while the tacking pads provide <NUM>% or less (but generally, more than <NUM>%) of the adhesive force. In an implementation, the adhesive forces may be defined as adhesion forces, where the adhesion force of the tacking pad or plurality of tacking pads is from about <NUM>,<NUM>/m<NUM> to about <NUM>,<NUM>/m<NUM> [about <NUM> ounces per square inch (oz/in<NUM>) to about <NUM> oz/in<NUM>]. The first and second adhesive forces can be measured, for example, using destructive and/or non-destructive testing. The adhesive forces can be measured and compared using a first test sample including first and second solar panel subassemblies <NUM>, <NUM> adhered with only a number of tacking pads <NUM>, and a second test sample including first and second solar panels <NUM>, <NUM> adhered with only an amount of adhesive <NUM>. The number of tacking pads <NUM> and the amount of adhesive <NUM> in the test samples can be analogous to those used in the completed solar panel <NUM> design. In one exemplary measurement technique, a tensile force can be applied to each of the test samples using conventional tensile strength testing equipment. The tensile forces can be measured, for example, in newtons per square meter (N/m<NUM> or pascals), kilograms per square centimeter (Kg/cm<NUM>), pounds per square inch (PSI), ounces per square inch (oz/in<NUM>), etc..

Additionally, the adhesive and the tacking pads are dielectric materials that do not contribute electrically to the operation of the completed solar panel. Moreover, a thickness of the tacking pads determines or establishes a bond line of the adhesive between the first and second solar panel subassemblies. In an implementation, a thickness of each tacking pad can be precisely defined, for example, by in-house manufacture, or by working with supplier, to provide a desired and controlled bond line of the completed solar panel.

The use of one or more tacking pads to tack solar panel subassemblies together eliminates the need for including glass beads or microballon additives in the adhesive for spacing, for example, to set a bond line, which contributes to reducing weight and need for using adhesives that are compatible with the additives. This also reduces and/or eliminates the need to mix the components thereby reducing manual mixing and improves ergonomics. Further, it also eliminates the need to manually remove excess adhesives e.g., no squeeze-out. It allows use of less adhesive material, which is important in reducing weight of the final assembly. It also provides the ability to more precisely control adhesive deposition amount and placement/patterning.

As discussed above, because a compressive pressure need not be applied to the solar panel subassemblies to hold them in fixed alignment while the adhesive is curing, an implementation of the present method is referred to herein as "pressureless," though some implementations may include the use of an applied pressure. In an implementation, one or more tacking pads maintain the solar panel subassemblies in fixed alignment to each other during an adhesive curing processing stage.

Further, the disclosure comprises the following examples:.

While the present teachings have been described with reference to solar panels and the adhesion of two solar panel subassemblies together, other uses of the present teachings for attaching a first assembly to a second assembly are contemplated. For example, in one particular use, a mirror reflector (a first assembly) can be bonded to a supporting substrate (a second assembly) using an implementation of the present teachings.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the present teachings are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "less than <NUM>" can include any and all sub-ranges between (and including) the minimum value of zero and the maximum value of <NUM>, that is, any and all sub-ranges having a minimum value of equal to or greater than zero and a maximum value of equal to or less than <NUM>, e.g., <NUM> to <NUM>. In certain cases, the numerical values as stated for the parameter can take on negative values. In this case, the example value of range stated as "less than <NUM>" can assume negative values, e.g. - <NUM>, -<NUM>, -<NUM>, -<NUM>, -<NUM>, -<NUM>, etc..

While the present teachings have been illustrated with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or modifications can be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the scope of the appended claims. For example, it will be appreciated that while the process is described as a series of acts or events, the present teachings are not limited by the ordering of such acts or events. Some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events apart from those described herein. Also, not all process stages may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with one or more aspects or implementations of the present teachings. It will be appreciated that structural components and/or processing stages can be added or existing structural components and/or processing stages can be removed or modified. Further, one or more of the acts depicted herein may be carried out in one or more separate acts and/or phases. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "including," "includes," "having," "has," "with," or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising. " The term "at least one of" is used to mean one or more of the listed items can be selected. As used herein, the term "one or more of" with respect to a listing of items such as, for example, A and B, means A alone, B alone, or A and B. Further, in the discussion and claims herein, the term "on" used with respect to two materials, one "on" the other, means at least some contact between the materials, while "over" means the materials are in proximity, but possibly with one or more additional intervening materials such that contact is possible but not required. Neither "on" nor "over" implies any directionality as used herein. The term "conformal" describes a coating material in which angles of the underlying material are preserved by the conformal material. The term "about" indicates that the value listed may be somewhat altered, as long as the alteration does not result in nonconformance of the process or structure to the illustrated implementation. Finally, "exemplary" indicates the description is used as an example, rather than implying that it is an ideal.

Claim 1:
A method (<NUM>) for forming an assembly (<NUM>), particularly a panel, the method (<NUM>) comprising:
adhering at least one tacking pad (<NUM>) to a first surface (<NUM>) of a first subassembly (<NUM>);
dispensing an adhesive (<NUM>) onto one of the first surface (<NUM>), a second surface (<NUM>) of a second subassembly (<NUM>), or both;
placing the second surface (<NUM>) in physical contact with the at least one tacking pad (<NUM>) after the adhering of the at least one tacking pad (<NUM>) and after the dispensing of the adhesive (<NUM>), thereby tacking the first (<NUM>) and second (<NUM>) subassemblies together;
physically contacting the adhesive (<NUM>) with the first (<NUM>) and second (<NUM>) surfaces during the placing wherein, during the placing, a thickness of the adhesive (<NUM>) decreases and a surface area of the adhesive (<NUM>) increases; and
curing the adhesive (<NUM>) after the tacking of the first (<NUM>) and second (<NUM>) subassemblies together.