Patent Description:
Combustible plastics generally have to be equipped with flame retardants in order to be able to attain the high flame retardancy demands made by the plastics processors and in some cases by the legislator. Preferably.

Among these flame retardants, the salts of alkylphosphinic acids (phosphinates) have been found to be particularly effective for thermoplastic polymers (<CIT> and <CIT>). At first there were descriptions essentially of alkali metal phosphinates and their flame-retardant action in polyester moulding compounds (<CIT>) and in polyamides (<CIT>) was claimed. Interest later concentrated in particular on zinc salts (<CIT>; <CIT>), and more recently on the calcium and aluminium phosphinates (<CIT>; <CIT>), as what were thought to be the most suitable flame retardants of that type.

In addition, synergistic combinations of phosphinates with particular nitrogen-containing compounds have been found, and these have in many cases been found to have better efficacy as flame retardants than the phosphinates alone (<CIT>, and also <CIT> and <CIT>).

While the use of flame retardants in polymer resins can considerably reduce inflammability, this can lead to high evolution of smoke when the polymer resins are exposed to heat or flames. Such evolution of smoke should be avoided since it can lead to major damage and also to poisoning resulting in death. Phosphinates are very effective flame retardants, especially for polyamides and polyesters, but the gas phase activity of the phosphinates and the alkyl radicals bonded to the phosphorus atom in the molecule generally lead to increased smoke formation. <CIT> mentions the use of flame retardant mixtures comprising aluminium diethylphosphinate (DEPAL), ammonium polyphosphate or melamine pyrophosphate and a zeolite for producing thermoplastic vulcanizate compositions having high flame retardancy and low smoke emission.

It has now been found that, surprisingly, titanium phosphinates and titanyl phosphinates, in combination with aluminium phosphinates or zinc phosphinates and optionally with aluminium phosphite or zinc phosphite and further synergists and additives, have particularly good flame-retardant action in thermoplastic polymers and are notable for very low smoke gas density.

The use of titanium phosphinates and titanyl phosphinates is described in <CIT>. Emphasis is given to the particularly good flame-retardant action of titanium phosphinates and titanyl phosphinates. In glass fibre-reinforced PBT and PA <NUM>, the UL <NUM> V-<NUM> fire class is achieved with <NUM>% DEPTI or <NUM>% DEPTI and <NUM>% melamine cyanurate. There is no description of the smoke gas density and smoke gas toxicity.

The present invention therefore provides flame retardant-stabilizer combinations comprising.

The flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention preferably comprises.

The flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention more preferably comprises.

The flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention especially comprises.

Preference is also given to a flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention comprising.

In a preferred embodiment, the flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention comprises.

In another preferred embodiment, the flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention comprises.

In a further preferred embodiment, the flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to the invention comprises.

X in formula (I) is preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, such that the ratio of Ti to diethylphosphinate is from <NUM> to <NUM>.

Component C is preferably zinc phosphite, secondary zinc phosphite (ZnHPO<NUM>), Zn(H<NUM>PO<NUM>)<NUM>, Zn<NUM>/<NUM>HPO<NUM>, zinc phosphite hydrates, zinc pyrophosphite (ZnH<NUM>P<NUM>O<NUM>), basic zinc phosphite of the formula.

with x = <NUM> to <NUM> and/or sodium zinc phosphites of the formula.

Zn<NUM>-xNa2xHPO<NUM> with x = <NUM> to <NUM>.

Components C are more preferably zinc salts of phosphorous acid (also called zinc phosphites here) with <NPL>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>.

Component C preferably comprises aluminium phosphite [Al(H<NUM>PO<NUM>)<NUM>], secondary aluminium phosphite [Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>], basic aluminium phosphite [Al(OH)(H<NUM>PO<NUM>)<NUM>*2aq], aluminium phosphite tetrahydrate [Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*4aq], aluminium phosphonate, Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>(OH)<NUM>(hexane-<NUM>,<NUM>-diamine)<NUM>*<NUM><NUM>O, Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*xAl<NUM>O<NUM>*nH<NUM>O where x = <NUM> - <NUM> and/or Al<NUM>H<NUM>P<NUM>O<NUM>, and aluminium phosphites of the formulae (IV), (V), and/or (VI), where.

Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM> x (H<NUM><NUM>)q     (IV).

Al<NUM>Mz(HPO<NUM>)y(OH)v x (H<NUM>O)w     (V).

Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)u(H<NUM>PO<NUM>)t x (H<NUM>O)s     (VI).

and/or comprises mixtures of aluminium phosphite of the formula (IV) with sparingly soluble aluminium salts and nitrogen-free extraneous ions, mixtures of aluminium phosphite of the formula (VI) with aluminium salts, aluminium phosphite [Al(H<NUM>PO<NUM>)<NUM>], secondary aluminium phosphite [Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>], basic aluminium phosphite [Al(OH)(H<NUM>PO<NUM>)<NUM>*2aq], aluminium phosphite tetrahydrate [Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*4aq], aluminium phosphonate, Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>(OH)<NUM>(hexane-<NUM>,<NUM>-diamine)<NUM>*<NUM><NUM>O, Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*xAl<NUM>O<NUM>*nH<NUM>O with x = <NUM> - <NUM> and/or Al<NUM>H<NUM>P<NUM>O<NUM>.

The invention also encompasses the use of a flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to one or more of Claims <NUM> to <NUM> as flame retardant in or as flame retardant for clearcoats and intumescent coatings, in or as flame retardant for wood and other cellulosic products, in or as reactive and/or nonreactive flame retardant for polymers, for production of flame-retardant polymer moulding compounds, for production of flame-retardant polymer mouldings and/or for rendering polyester and pure and blended cellulose fabrics flame-retardant by impregnation, and/or as synergist and/or as synergist in further flame retardant mixtures.

The invention also relates to flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymer moulding compounds or polymer mouldings, films, filaments and/or fibres comprising <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to one or more of Claims <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of thermoplastic or thermoset polymer or mixtures thereof, <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of additives and <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of filler or reinforcing materials, where the sum of the components is <NUM>% by weight.

Preference is given to flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymer moulding compound or polymer mouldings, films, filaments and/or fibres comprising <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of flame retardant-stabilizer combination according to one or more of Claims <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of thermoplastic or thermoset polymer or mixtures thereof, <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of additives and <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of filler or reinforcing materials, where the sum of the components is <NUM>% by weight.

Preference is given to flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymer moulding compounds or polymer mouldings, films, filaments and/or fibres comprising flame retardant mixtures according to one or more of Claims <NUM> to <NUM>, characterized in that the polymer comprises thermoplastic polymers of the HI (high-impact) polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, polyamide, polyester or polycarbonate type, and blends or polymer blends of the ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) or PC/ABS (polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) or PPE/HIPS (polyphenylene ether/HI polystyrene) polymer type.

The polymers in the flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymer moulding compound or polymer mouldings, films, filaments and/or fibres comprising flame retardant mixtures according to one or more of Claims <NUM> to <NUM> are especially thermoplastic polymers of the nylon-<NUM> or nylon-<NUM>,<NUM> type, semiaromatic polyamides, and polyesters of the polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCT) and/or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) type.

The additives are preferably antioxidants, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, metal deactivators, peroxide-destroying compounds, polyamide stabilizers, basic costabilizers, nucleating agents, further flame retardants and/or other additions.

Component E preferably comprises fillers and reinforcers such as calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite and/or other suitable substances.

The flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset polymer moulding compounds or polymer mouldings, films, filaments and/or fibres according to one or more of Claims <NUM> to <NUM> are preferably used in or for plug connectors, current-bearing components in power distributors (residual current protection), circuit boards, potting compounds, power connectors, circuit breakers, lamp housings, LED lamp housings, capacitor housings, coil elements, ventilators, grounding contacts, plugs, in/on printed circuit boards, housings for plugs, cables, flexible circuit boards, charging cables, motor covers, textile coatings and other products.

Preferably suitable components C are aluminium phosphites having <NPL>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>.

Particular preference is given to the aluminium phosphites having CAS number [<NPL>].

Preferably suitable components C are also mixtures of aluminium phosphite and aluminium hydroxide having a composition of <NUM>-<NUM>% by weight of Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*nH<NUM>O and <NUM>-<NUM>% by weight of Al(OH)<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>% by weight of Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*nH<NUM>O and <NUM>-<NUM>% by weight of Al(OH)<NUM>, most preferably <NUM>-<NUM>% by weight of Al<NUM>(HPO<NUM>)<NUM>*nH<NUM>O and <NUM>-<NUM>% by weight of Al(OH)<NUM>, and in each case n = <NUM> to <NUM>.

The aforementioned aluminium phosphites preferably have particle sizes of <NUM> to <NUM>.

Component D preferably comprises condensation products of melamine and/or reaction products of melamine with polyphosphoric acid and/or reaction products of condensation products of melamine with polyphosphoric acid or mixtures thereof; and/or melamine cyanurate.

Component D more preferably comprises melem, melam, melon, dimelamine pyrophosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melem polyphosphate, melam polyphosphate, melon polyphosphate and/or mixed poly salts thereof.

Particular preference is given to using, as component D, Melapur® <NUM> (from BASF, D) melamine polyphosphate (referred to as MPP), Melapur® MC50 (from BASF, D) melamine cyanurate (referred to as MC), Delflam® <NUM> (from Delamin Ltd. , UK) melem, and other products.

The fillers and reinforcers (component E) are preferably calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, wollastonite, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite and/or other suitable substances.

Component E more preferably comprises glass fibres.

Suitable components F are, for instance, mixtures of Irgafos® <NUM>/Irganox® <NUM><NUM>:<NUM> for nylon-<NUM>,<NUM> and Ultranox® <NUM>/Irganox® <NUM><NUM>:<NUM> for PBT.

A suitable component G is, for instance, Licomont® CaV <NUM> from Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH (a Ca salt of montan wax acid).

Examples of suitable antioxidants as a constituent of component F are alkylated monophenols, for example <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methylphenol; <NUM> alkylthiomethylphenols, for example <NUM>,<NUM>-dioctylthiomethyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol; hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, for example <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methoxyphenol; tocopherols, for example α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and mixtures thereof (vitamin E); hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methylphenol), <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-octylphenol), <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methylphenol), <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methylphenol), <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-sec-amylphenol), <NUM>,<NUM>'-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-dimethyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide; alkylidenebisphenols, for example <NUM>,<NUM>'-methylenebis(<NUM>-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methylphenol);
O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, e.g. <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>',<NUM>'-tetra-tert-butyl-<NUM>,<NUM>'-dihydroxydibenzyl ether; hydroxybenzylated malonates, e.g. dioctadecyl <NUM>,<NUM>-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzyl)malonate; hydroxybenzyl aromatics, e.g. <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tris(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl)-<NUM>-hydroxybenzyl)-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-trimethylbenzene, <NUM>,<NUM>-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzyl)-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetramethylbenzene, <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tris(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzyl)phenol; triazine compounds, e.g. <NUM>,<NUM>-bisoctylmercapto-<NUM>-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyanilino)-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-triazine; benzyl phosphonates, e.g. dimethyl <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzylphosphonate; acylaminophenols, <NUM>-hydroxylauramide, <NUM>-hydroxystearanilide, N-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)carbamic acid octyl ester; esters of β-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols; esters of β-(<NUM>-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols; esters of β-(<NUM>,<NUM>-dicyclohexyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols; esters of <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenylacetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols; amides of β-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, for example N,N'-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine.

Examples of suitable UV absorbers and light stabilizers as further additives are <NUM>-(<NUM>'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, for example <NUM>-(<NUM>'-hydroxy-<NUM>'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole; <NUM>-hydroxybenzophenones, for example the <NUM>-hydroxy, <NUM>-methoxy, <NUM>-octoxy, <NUM>-decyloxy, <NUM>-dodecyloxy, <NUM>-benzyloxy, <NUM>,<NUM>',<NUM>-trihydroxy, <NUM>'-hydroxy-<NUM>,<NUM>'-dimethoxy derivative; esters of optionally substituted benzoic acids, for example <NUM>-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(<NUM>-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butylphenyl <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzoate, <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butylphenyl <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzoate; acrylates, for example ethyl or isooctyl α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylate, methyl α-carbomethoxycinnamate, methyl or butyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate, methyl α-carbomethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate, N-(β-carbomethoxy-β-cyanovinyl)-<NUM>-methylindoline.

Examples of suitable polyamide stabilizers are copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds, and salts of divalent manganese.

Suitable basic costabilizers are melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, polyurethanes, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids, for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate, potassium palmitate, antimony catecholate or tin catecholate.

Examples of suitable nucleating agents are <NUM>-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, and diphenylacetic acid.

Suitable further flame retardants are, for example, aryl phosphates, organic phosphonates, salts of hypophosphorous acid and red phosphorus.

Examples of other added substances include plasticizers, expandable graphite, emulsifiers, pigments, optical brighteners, flame retardants, antistats, blowing agents.

The abovementioned additives may be introduced into the polymer in a wide variety of different process steps. For instance, it is possible in the case of polyamides or polyesters, at the start or at the end of the polymerization/polycondensation or in a subsequent compounding operation, to mix the additives into the polymer melt. In addition, there are processing operations in which the additives are not added until a later stage. This is practised especially when using pigment or additive masterbatches. There is also the possibility of applying additives, particularly in powdered form, to the polymer pellets, which may be warm as a result of the drying operation, by drum application.

The flame retardant-stabilizer combination is preferably in the form of pellets, flakes, fine grains, powder and/or micronizate.

The flame retardant-stabilizer combination is preferably in the form of a physical mixture of the solids, of a melt mixture, of a compactate, of an extrudate, or in the form of a masterbatch.

The flame retardant-stabilizer combination preferably has an average particle size of <NUM>-<NUM>.

DEPAL and DEPTi in the mixture preferably have a particle size D<NUM> (% by volume, measured by means of laser diffraction in a Malvern Mastersizer <NUM> particle size analyser instrument, in acetone) of ≤ <NUM>, more preferably of ≤ <NUM>.

The invention also provides moulding compounds of thermoplastic or thermoset polymers comprising the flame retardant mixtures according to the invention.

Zinc phosphite can be prepared, for example, in the following manner:
To an initial charge of <NUM> of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and <NUM> of demineralized water was added <NUM> of disodium phosphite solution (<NUM>%) within <NUM>, and then <NUM> of demineralized water. The resultant zinc phosphite was crystallized at <NUM> for <NUM>. Subsequently, the slurry was discharged and filtered three times in a suction filter with five times the mass of demineralized water, and the filtercake was dried at <NUM> in a drying cabinet. This results in <NUM> of product (<NUM>% yield).

Zinc phosphites preferably have particle sizes of <NUM> to <NUM> and more preferably of <NUM> to <NUM>.

The polymer more preferably comprises polyamides and/or polyesters.

Suitable polyesters derive from dicarboxylic acids and esters thereof and diols and/or from hydroxycarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones. Particular preference is given to using terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, propane-<NUM>,<NUM>-diol and butane-<NUM>,<NUM>-diol.

Suitable polyesters include polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate (Celanex® <NUM>, Celanex® <NUM>, from Celanese; Ultradur®, from BASF), poly-<NUM>,<NUM>-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate, polyhydroxybenzoates, and block polyether esters which derive from polyethers with hydroxyl end groups; and also polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS.

Suitable polystyrenes are polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene) and/or poly(alphamethylstyrene).

The polymers are preferably polyamides and copolyamides which derive from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams, such as nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>,<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>, nylon-<NUM>, etc. These are known, for example, by the trade names Nylon®, from DuPont, Ultramid®, from BASF, Akulon® K122, from DSM, Zytel® <NUM>, from DuPont; Durethan® B <NUM>, from Bayer and Grillamid®, from Ems Chemie.

Also suitable are aromatic polyamides proceeding from m-xylene, diamine and adipic acid; polyamides prepared from hexamethylenediamine and iso- and/or terephthalic acid and optionally an elastomer as a modifier, for example poly-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-trimethylhexamethyleneterephthalamide or poly-m-phenyleneisophthalamide, block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bound or grafted elastomers, or with polyethers, for example with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol. In addition, EPDM- or ABS-modified polyamides or copolyamides; and polyamides condensed during processing ("RIM polyamide systems").

The polymers are preferably thermoplastic elastomers.

Thermoplastic elastomers (abbreviation: TPE) are materials which are thermoplastically processable and have rubber-like use properties.

Thermoplastic elastomers can be shaped very easily, since they pass through the plastic state in the course of processing. They can be produced in all hardnesses from <NUM> Shore A to more than <NUM> Shore D.

Thermoplastic elastomers have, in partial ranges, physical crosslinking points which break down with heating, without decomposition of the macromolecules. Therefore, they have much better processability than normal elastomers. Thus, the polymer wastes can also be melted again and processed further. According to the internal structure, a distinction is made between block copolymers and elastomer alloys.

Block copolymers have hard and soft segments within one molecule. The polymer thus consists of one type of molecule in which both properties are distributed.

Elastomer alloys are polyblends, i.e. mixtures (blends) of finished polymers, i.e. the polymer consists of two or more molecule types. Through different mixing ratios and additives, tailored materials are obtained (for example polyolefin elastomer formed from polypropylene (PP) and natural rubber (NR) - according to the ratio, they cover a wide hardness range).

A distinction is made between the following groups:.

Particularly preferred thermoplastic elastomers are thermoplastic copolyesters and thermoplastic copolyamides.

Copolyether esters that are suitable for the compositions according to the invention are polymers that are prepared by reacting a C<NUM>-C<NUM> diol with aromatic diacid unit and a poly(alkylene oxide) diol.

Particularly preferred copolyether esters are selected from:.

Particular preference is given to a copolyether ester of butylenediol, terephthalate and PTMEG.

The invention finally also relates to a process for producing flame-retardant polymer shaped bodies, characterized in that inventive flame-retardant polymer moulding compounds are processed by injection moulding (for example injection-moulding machine of the Aarburg Allrounder type) and pressing, foam injection moulding, internal gas-pressure injection moulding, blow moulding, film casting, calendering, laminating or coating at elevated temperatures to give the flame-retardant polymer shaped body.

The compositions according to the invention achieve a good combination of low flammability and reduced evolution of smoke.

The testing of smoke density can be conducted according to test standard.

ISO <NUM> in an NBS smoke chamber. The specimens are produced as sheets having an area of <NUM> x <NUM> and a thickness of <NUM>. The specimens are mounted horizontally in the chamber and exposed on their top side to a constant heat flow of <NUM> kW/m<NUM> via a cooler cone and a heat flow meter and in the presence of an ignition flame for a period of about <NUM>. The smoke formed over the course of time is collected in the chamber, and the attenuation of a light beam passing through the smoke is measured with a photometric system comprising a <NUM> V incandescent lamp, a photomultiplier tube and a high-accuracy photodetector. The results are measured as transparency over time and reported as the specific optical density Ds. This is inversely proportional to transparency and is reported for a particular path length corresponding to the thickness of the shaped sample. The evolution of smoke is reported as the maximum specific optical density, Ds, max. Each droplet from the plaque test specimen that occurs during the test is recorded. Low values of Ds, max are desirable and indicate material that impairs vision in the event of fire to a lesser degree and hence enables rapid escape of personnel from tight spaces. Without smoke, transparency is <NUM>% and Ds is <NUM>.

Thermoplastic copolyester: a copolyether ester elastomer comprising polytetramethylene oxide and polybutylene terephthalate as polyester block segments.

The flame-retardant components were mixed with the polymer pellets and any additives in the ratio specified in the tables and incorporated in a twin-screw extruder (Leistritz ZSE <NUM>/HP-44D) at temperatures of <NUM> to <NUM>. The homogenized polymer strand was drawn off, cooled in a water bath, and then pelletized.

After sufficient drying, the moulding compounds are processed in an injection moulding machine (Arburg 320C/KT) at melt temperatures of <NUM> to <NUM> to give test specimens. The flame retardancy of the moulding compounds was tested by method UL94V (<NPL>).

The fire tests were conducted by the UL <NUM> vertical test. The UL <NUM> fire classifications are as follows:.

Not classifiable (n. ): does not comply with fire classification V-<NUM>.

The examples report the afterflame time for <NUM> flame applications to <NUM> test specimens.

Optical smoke gas density was determined according to standard ISO <NUM> in an NBS smoke chamber from Fire Testing Technologies, UK. Specimens produced by injection moulding with dimensions of <NUM> x <NUM> and a thickness of <NUM>. The specimens were clamped horizontally and irradiated with <NUM> kW/m<NUM> in the presence of a pilot flame for <NUM>. The attenuation of a light beam by the smoke is measured with a photodetector. Smoke gas density is inversely proportional to the attenuation of light.

Tensile properties were determined with a Z <NUM> tensile tester (from Zwick) according to DIN EN ISO <NUM>-<NUM>/-<NUM>/-<NUM>. The method is used in order to examine the tensile deformation characteristics of test specimens and to ascertain the tensile strength, tensile modulus and other features of the tensile stress/strain relationship under fixed conditions. The test specimens are preferably produced by injection moulding. The number of test specimens is guided by the tests required For the sample preparation, the test specimens are stored at <NUM>/<NUM>% rel. humidity in a climate-controlled room for at least <NUM>. Polyamide test specimens and other strongly water-absorbing test specimens must be stored in an airtight sealed bag.

The flowability of the moulding compounds was determined by establishing the melt volume flow rate (MVR) at <NUM>/<NUM>. A sharp rise in the MVR value indicates polymer degradation.

Table <NUM> shows that particularly the combination of DepAl or DepZn and DepTi, even at a dosage of <NUM>% flame retardant, attains the UL <NUM> V-<NUM> fire class. In addition, the combination of DepAl and DepTi achieves a low smoke gas density Ds.

Table <NUM> shows that the combination of DepAl and DepTi achieves the UL <NUM> V-<NUM> fire class even at a dosage of <NUM>% flame retardant; in a combination with MPP, likewise only <NUM>% flame retardant is needed.

Table <NUM> shows that the combination of DepAl and DepTi achieves the UL <NUM> V-<NUM> fire class even at a dosage of <NUM>% flame retardant; in a combination with melem, only <NUM>% flame retardant is needed.

Table <NUM> shows how the addition of zinc phosphate and aluminium phosphite reduces the smoke gas density of nylon-<NUM>,<NUM> with aluminium diethylphosphinate and titanium diethylphosphinate. Only the use of aluminium diethylphosphinate and titanium diethylphosphinate together with PHOPZN and/or PHOPAL achieves the UL <NUM> V-<NUM> fire class together with a low smoke gas density.

Table <NUM> shows comparative examples V15 and V16 in which a flame retardant-stabilizer combination based on aluminium diethylphosphinate with MPP and PHOPZN was used.

The results in which the flame retardant-stabilizer mixture according to the invention was used are listed in examples B21 to B24. All amounts are reported as % by weight and are based on the polymer moulding compound including the flame retardant-stabilizer combination and additives.

Table <NUM> shows the results in a thermoplastic copolyester. Only the inventive combination of Depal with Depti and the phosphites can achieve a high LOI coupled with simultaneously low smoke gas density Ds, max.

It is apparent from examples B21-B24 that the mixture according to the invention of the aluminium diethylphosphinate and titanium diethylphosphinate components, and also PHOPZN and/or PHOPAL and optionally MPP, achieves UL <NUM> V-<NUM> fire class, low MVR (little polymer degradation) and low optical smoke gas density.

Claim 1:
Flame retardant-stabilizer combinations comprising as component A <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of aluminium diethylphosphinate (DEPAL) and/or zinc diethylphosphinate (DEPZN),
as component B <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of titanium phosphinates and/or titanyl phosphinates of the formula (I) (DEPTI)
<CHM>
in which x is a number from <NUM> to <NUM>,
as component C <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of aluminium phosphite or zinc phosphite of the formulae (II) and (III)

        [HP(=O)O<NUM>]<NUM>-Zn <NUM>+     (II)

        [HP(=O)O<NUM>]<NUM>-<NUM>Al <NUM>+<NUM>     (III)

as component D <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of a nitrogen-containing synergist and/or of a phosphorus-containing and/or nitrogen-containing flame retardant,
as component E <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of a filler and reinforcer,
as component F <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of an organic phosphonite and/or an organic phosphite and/or mixtures with phenolic antioxidants and
as component G <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of an ester and/or salt of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids (fatty acids) typically having chain lengths of C<NUM> to C<NUM>, where the sum total of the components is always <NUM>% by weight.