Patent Description:
Embodiments of the invention relate to the field of field of alignment guides; and more specifically, to alignment guides for attaching surgical instruments to teleoperated actuators.

Minimally invasive medical techniques have been used to reduce the amount of extraneous tissue which may be damaged during diagnostic or surgical procedures, thereby reducing patient recovery time, discomfort, and deleterious side effects. Traditional forms of minimally invasive surgery include endoscopy. One of the more common forms of endoscopy is laparoscopy, which is minimally invasive inspection or surgery within the abdominal cavity. In traditional laparoscopic surgery, a patient's abdominal cavity is insufflated with gas, and cannula sleeves are passed through small (approximately <NUM>) incisions in the musculature of the patient's abdomen to provide entry ports through which laparoscopic surgical instruments can be passed in a sealed fashion.

The laparoscopic surgical instruments generally include a laparoscope for viewing the surgical field and surgical instruments having end effectors. Typical surgical end effectors include clamps, graspers, scissors, staplers, and needle holders, for example. The surgical instruments are similar to those used in conventional (open) surgery, except that the working end or end effector of each surgical instrument is separated from its handle by an approximately <NUM>. long extension tube, for example, so as to permit the operator to introduce the end effector to the surgical site and to control movement of the end effector relative to the surgical site from outside a patient's body.

In order to provide improved control of the working tools, it may be desirable to control the surgical instrument with teleoperated actuators. The surgeon may operate controls on a console to indirectly manipulate the instrument that is connected to the teleoperated actuators. The surgical instrument is detachably coupled to the teleoperated actuators so that the surgical instrument can be separately sterilized and selected for use as needed instrument for the surgical procedure to be performed. The surgical instrument may be changed during the course of a surgery.

Performing surgery with teleoperated surgical instruments creates new challenges. One challenge is the need to maintain the region adjacent the patient in a sterile condition. However, the motors, sensors, encoders and electrical connections that are necessary to control the surgical instruments typically cannot be sterilized using conventional methods, e.g., steam, heat and pressure or chemicals, because they would be damaged or destroyed in the sterilization process.

Another challenge with teleoperated surgery systems is that a number of connections are required between the surgical instrument and the teleoperated actuator and its controller. Connections are required to transmit the actuator forces, electrical signals, and data. This makes the attachment of the surgical instrument to the teleoperated actuator and its controller complex.

It would be desirable to provide an easier and more effective way to engage and disengage a surgical instrument and a teleoperated actuator drive while preventing contamination of the teleoperated actuator and allowing quick and reliable attachment of a succession of surgical instruments that maintains a sterile area around the surgical instrument.

<CIT> discloses a surgical instrument arrangement which has a modular motor drive unit which has a drive arrangement with an output element and an instrument shaft which is detachably connected to the drive unit. The drive arrangement is provided with an input drive element. The output arrangement and the drive arrangement are coupled to each other by a mechanical interface which has a single-sided linkage, a pin and a cut-out. The pin is expanded in the cut-out radially, in particular elastically or by a separate body.

<CIT> discloses a robotic surgical system including a sterile surgical instrument, a robotic surgical manipulator, and a sterile drape covering at least a portion of the robotic surgical manipulator. The surgical instrument has a proximal interface and a distal end effector. The proximal interface includes a gimbal assembly with two intersecting rotational axes coupled to the distal end effector. The robotic surgical manipulator has a drive plate that bears against the gimbal assembly. The drive plate has two degrees of rotational freedom about a center of motion that is coincident with an intersection of the axes of the gimbal assembly. The sterile drape includes a sterile sheet that covers at least a portion of the robotic surgical manipulator, a frame bonded to the sterile sheet, an instrument interface that covers the drive plate of the robotic surgical manipulator, and a diaphragm that connects the instrument interface to the frame.

<CIT> discloses a latch mechanism that selectively retains a first assembly to a second assembly. The first and second assemblies are configured for sliding engagement along an engagement axis. The latch mechanism includes a latch shaft mounted to the first assembly to rotate about a latch shaft axis, a torsion spring to bias the latch shaft relative to the first assembly, and a transverse latch member coupled with the second assembly. The latch mechanism is configured to automatically latch in response to the first assembly being pushed toward the second assembly. The transverse latch member interacts with the latch shaft to rotate the latch shaft in a first direction in response to movement of the first assembly toward the second assembly. Further motion of the first assembly toward the second assembly results in rotation of the latch shaft opposite to the first direction into a retention configuration that retains the transverse latch member.

<CIT> discloses an operation system and a connecting adapter. The operation system includes an operation microscope, an external device connectable to the operation microscope, and a connecting adapter for electrically connecting the operation microscope and the external device without bringing the operation microscope and the external device into contact with each other, which maintains a state of sterilization of the external device.

The present invention is set out in the appended independent claim. Optional features are set out in the appended dependent claims. In the following, any examples and embodiments not falling within the scope of the claims do not form part of the invention and are provided for illustrative purposes only.

An instrument sterile adapter for coupling a surgical instrument and an instrument carriage includes an adapter control surface that extends control features of a control surface of the instrument carriage and receives an instrument control surface of the surgical instrument. A curved surface extends from the adapter control surface. The curved surface receives a corresponding curved surface on the instrument control surface. A bullet portion on the curved surface may engage a bullet receiving feature in the corresponding curved surface on the instrument control surface. A locating pin or slot on the adapter control surface may engage a locating slot or pin on the instrument control surface. The instrument control surface may be supported by landing pads on the adapter control surface. Latch arms on the adapter control surface may engage latch receptacles on the instrument control surface.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows below.

The invention may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings that are used to illustrate embodiments of the invention by way of example and not limitation. In the drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate similar elements:.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description.

In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and mechanical compositional, structural, electrical, and operational changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the embodiments of the present invention is defined only by the claims of the issued patent.

Spatially relative terms, such as "beneath", "below", "lower", "above", "upper", and the like may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element's or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The device may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated <NUM> degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The term "object" generally refers to a component or group of components. For example, an object may refer to either a pocket or a boss of a disk within the specification or claims. Throughout the specification and claims, the terms "object," "component," "portion," "part" and "piece" are used interchangeably.

The terms "instrument" and "surgical instrument "are used herein to describe a medical device configured to be inserted into a patient's body and used to carry out surgical or diagnostic procedures. The instrument includes an end effector. The end effector may be a surgical tool associated with one or more surgical tasks, such as a forceps, a needle driver, a shears, a bipolar cauterizer, a tissue stabilizer or retractor, a clip applier, an anastomosis device, an imaging device (e.g., an endoscope or ultrasound probe), and the like. Some instruments used with embodiments further provide an articulated support (sometimes referred to as a "wrist") for the surgical tool so that the position and orientation of the surgical tool can be manipulated with one or more mechanical degrees of freedom in relation to the instrument's shaft. Further, many surgical end effectors include a functional mechanical degree of freedom, such as jaws that open or close, or a knife that translates along a path. Surgical instruments may also contain stored (e.g., on a semiconductor memory inside the instrument) information that may be permanent or may be updatable by the surgical system. Accordingly, the system may provide for either one-way or two-way information communication between the instrument and one or more system components.

The terms "or" and "and/or" as used herein are to be interpreted as inclusive or meaning any one or any combination. Therefore, "A, B or C" or "A, B and/or C" mean "any of the following: A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B and C. " An exception to this definition will occur only when a combination of elements, functions, steps or acts are in some way inherently mutually exclusive.

<FIG> is a view of an illustrative patient-side portion <NUM> of a teleoperated surgical system. The patient-side portion <NUM> includes support assemblies <NUM> and one or more surgical instrument manipulators <NUM> at the end of each support assembly. The support assemblies optionally include one or more unpowered, lockable setup joints that are used to position the surgical instrument manipulator(s) <NUM> with reference to the patient for surgery. As depicted, the patient-side portion <NUM> rests on the floor. In other embodiments the patient-side portion may be mounted to a wall, to the ceiling, to the operating table <NUM>, which also supports the patient's body <NUM>, or to other operating room equipment. Further, while the patient-side portion <NUM> is shown as including four manipulators <NUM>, more or fewer manipulators <NUM> may be used. Still further, the patient-side portion <NUM> may consist of a single assembly as shown, or it may include two or more separate assemblies, each optionally mounted in various possible ways.

Each surgical instrument manipulator <NUM> supports one or more surgical instruments <NUM> that operate at a surgical site within the patient's body <NUM>. Each manipulator <NUM> may be provided in a variety of forms that allow the associated surgical instrument to move with one or more mechanical degrees of freedom (e.g., all six Cartesian degrees of freedom, five or fewer Cartesian degrees of freedom, etc.). Typically, mechanical or control constraints restrict each manipulator <NUM> to move its associated surgical instrument around a center of motion on the instrument that stays stationary with reference to the patient, and this center of motion is typically located to be at the position where the instrument enters the body.

A functional teleoperated surgical system will generally include a vision system portion (not shown) that enables the operator to view the surgical site from outside the patient's body <NUM>. The vision system typically includes a surgical instrument that has a video-image-capture function <NUM> (a "camera instrument") and one or more video displays for displaying the captured images. In some surgical system configurations, the camera instrument <NUM> includes optics that transfer the images from the distal end of the camera instrument <NUM> to one or more imaging sensors (e.g., CCD or CMOS sensors) outside of the patient's body <NUM>. Alternatively, the imaging sensor(s) may be positioned at the distal end of the camera instrument <NUM>, and the signals produced by the sensor(s) may be transmitted along a lead or wirelessly for processing and display on the video display. An illustrative video display is the stereoscopic display on the surgeon's console in surgical systems commercialized by Intuitive Surgical, Inc. , Sunnyvale, California.

A functional teleoperated surgical system will further include a control system portion (not shown) for controlling the movement of the surgical instruments <NUM> while the instruments are inside the patient. The control system portion may be at a single location in the surgical system, or it may be distributed at two or more locations in the system (e.g., control system portion components may be in the system's patient-side portion <NUM>, in a dedicated system control console, or in a separate equipment rack). The teleoperated master/slave control may be done in a variety of ways, depending on the degree of control desired, the size of the surgical assembly being controlled, and other factors. In some embodiments, the control system portion includes one or more manually-operated input devices, such as a joystick, exoskeletal glove, a powered and gravity-compensated manipulator, or the like. These input devices control teleoperated motors which, in turn, control the movement of the surgical instrument.

The forces generated by the teleoperated motors are transferred via drivetrain mechanisms, which transmit the forces from the teleoperated motors to the surgical instrument <NUM>. In some telesurgical embodiments, the input devices that control the manipulator(s) may be provided at a location remote from the patient, either inside or outside the room in which the patient is placed. The input signals from the input devices are then transmitted to the control system portion. Persons familiar with telemanipulative, teleoperative, and telepresence surgery will know of such systems and their components, such as the da Vinci® Surgical System commercialized by Intuitive Surgical, Inc. and the Zeus® Surgical System originally manufactured by Computer Motion, Inc. , and various illustrative components of such systems.

As shown, both the surgical instrument <NUM> and an optional entry guide <NUM> (e.g., a cannula in the patient's abdomen) are removably coupled to the distal end of a manipulator <NUM>, with the surgical instrument <NUM> inserted through the entry guide <NUM>. Teleoperated actuators in the manipulator <NUM> move the surgical instrument <NUM> as a whole. The manipulator <NUM> further includes an instrument carriage <NUM>. The surgical instrument <NUM> is detachably connected to the carriage <NUM>. The teleoperated actuators housed in the carriage <NUM> provide a number of controller motions which the surgical instrument <NUM> translates into a variety of movements of the end effector on the surgical instrument. Thus the teleoperated actuators in the carriage <NUM> move only one or more components of the surgical instrument <NUM> rather than the instrument as a whole. Inputs to control either the instrument as a whole or the instrument's components are such that the input provided by a surgeon to the control system portion (a "master" command) is translated into a corresponding action by the surgical instrument (a "slave" response).

<FIG> is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of the surgical instrument <NUM>, comprising a distal portion <NUM> and a proximal control mechanism <NUM> coupled by an elongate tube <NUM>. The distal portion <NUM> of the surgical instrument <NUM> may provide any of a variety of end effectors such as the forceps <NUM> shown, a needle driver, a cautery device, a cutting tool, an imaging device (e.g., an endoscope or ultrasound probe), or a combined device that includes a combination of two or more various tools and imaging devices. In the embodiment shown, the end effector <NUM> is coupled to the elongate tube <NUM> by a "wrist" <NUM> that allows the orientation of the end effector to be manipulated with reference to the instrument tube <NUM>.

Surgical instruments that are used with the invention may control their end effectors (surgical tools) with a plurality of rods and/or flexible cables. Rods, which may be in the form of tubes, may be combined with cables to provide a "push/pull" control of the end effector with the cables providing flexible sections as required. A typical elongate tube <NUM> for a surgical instrument <NUM> is small, perhaps five to eight millimeters in diameter, roughly the diameter of a large soda straw. The diminutive scale of the mechanisms in the surgical instrument <NUM> creates unique mechanical conditions and issues with the construction of these mechanisms that are unlike those found in similar mechanisms constructed at a larger scale, because forces and strengths of materials do not scale at the same rate as the size of the mechanisms. The cables must fit within the elongate tube <NUM> and be able to bend as they pass through the wrist joint <NUM>.

In order to provide a sterile operation area while using a functional teleoperated surgical system, it is preferred that a barrier be placed between the non-sterile system and the sterile surgical field. Therefore, a sterile component, such as an instrument sterile adapter (ISA), is placed between the surgical instrument <NUM> and the teleoperated surgical instrument manipulator <NUM>. The placement of an instrument sterile adapter between the surgical instrument <NUM> and the surgical instrument manipulator <NUM> includes the benefit of ensuring a sterile coupling point for the surgical instrument <NUM> and the surgical instrument manipulator <NUM>. This permits removal of surgical instruments from the surgical instrument manipulator <NUM> and exchange with other surgical instruments during the course of a surgery.

<FIG> is a perspective view of a setup joint that supports the carriage <NUM> which in turn supports the surgical instrument <NUM> on a strut <NUM>. In preparation for surgery, the setup joint is covered with a sterile drape <NUM>. The sterile drape protects the setup joint from contamination and provides a sterile surface around the setup joint. The majority of the sterile drape <NUM> is a plastic sheet, which may be in the form of a tube or bag, that covers the arms of the setup joint. For example, a single layer thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) may be used. A lubricant may be included to reduce the tackiness of the plastic. The sheet may be about <NUM> micrometers (<NUM> inch) thick. Other suitable materials may be used for the sheet.

<FIG> is a perspective view of the strut <NUM> portion of the setup joint that supports the carriage <NUM>. The sterile drape is not shown to allow the carriage <NUM> to be seen more clearly. One surface <NUM> of the carriage provides a number of mechanical and electrical interfaces to communicate mechanical motion and data signals between the control system, the teleoperated actuators, and the surgical instrument. It will be appreciated that the connections to the surgical instrument may require a penetration through the sterile drape. It is difficult to provide a penetration through the plastic sheet that is compatible with the connections between the carriage <NUM> and a surgical instrument. Further, the carriage <NUM> is shaped to allow the elongate tube <NUM> (<FIG>) of the surgical instrument <NUM> to pass through an indentation <NUM> along one side of the carriage. It is difficult to drape the carriage with the plastic sheet due to the shape of the carriage.

<FIG> is a perspective view of the portion of the sterile drape that is constructed to be placed around the carriage <NUM>. The sterile drape includes three portions. The first portion is the plastic sheet <NUM> described above. The second portion is a pouch <NUM> shaped to fit around the carriage <NUM>. The third portion is a largely rigid instrument sterile adapter (ISA) <NUM> that engages the control features <NUM> of the carriage <NUM> and provides a sterile counterpart of the control features for connection to a surgical instrument. The sterile drape is a disposable assembly.

The pouch <NUM> may be made from a material such as a cast urethane. The pouch <NUM> may be flexible but it should return to its original shape when not subject to stress. The pouch provides a portion of the drape that is a loose form fit around the carriage <NUM> to provide a clear work space for the teleoperated actuators and the surgical instrument.

An aperture <NUM> is formed in the plastic sheet <NUM> where the pouch <NUM> is joined to the plastic sheet. The plastic sheet may be joined to the pouch by any process that is compatible with the materials of the sheet and the pouch, such as by heat welding.

<FIG> is a perspective view of the control surface <NUM> of the carriage, the ISA <NUM>, and proximal control <NUM> of a surgical instrument that has been rotated to show the instrument control surface <NUM>. The ISA <NUM> is coupled to the control surface <NUM> of the carriage as suggested by the figure. The ISA <NUM> provides an adapter control surface that extends the control features of the control surface <NUM> of the carriage <NUM> as a sterile, disposable surface that can receive the proximal control <NUM> of the teleoperated actuated surgical instrument <NUM> and engage the control features of the instrument control surface <NUM>.

The ISA <NUM> includes a curved surface <NUM> that receives a corresponding curved surface <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> as the instrument is being placed on the ISA. The curved surface <NUM> of the ISA is substantially perpendicular direction to the adapter control surface. The curved surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> work in concert with the instrument shaft <NUM> location in the entry guide <NUM> and a shaft receiving slot <NUM> in the ISA to locate the instrument roughly in the plane parallel to the control surface of the ISA. The entry guide <NUM> constrains the instrument shaft <NUM> to rotation around a cylindrical axis of the instrument shaft and axial translation along the cylindrical axis of the instrument shaft. The curved surfaces <NUM>, <NUM> of the ISA and the instrument control surface <NUM> tend to constrain the instrument control surface to rotation about the cylindrical axis of the ISA curved surface <NUM> and translation along the ISA curved surface. Since the cylindrical axis of the instrument shaft and the cylindrical axis of the ISA curved surface are spaced apart, they provide an effective constraint on the position of the instrument control surface.

Further insertion of the instrument shaft <NUM> into the entry guide <NUM> causes the instrument's bullet receiving feature <NUM> to engage the bullet portion <NUM> of the ISA curved surface <NUM>. This combination more tightly constrains the instrument movements.

As the instrument control surface <NUM> approaches the ISA, latch arms <NUM> on the ISA enter latch receptacles <NUM> on the surgical instrument's proximal control <NUM>. The latch receptacles <NUM> may provide a sloped surface to further aid in positioning the instrument control surface <NUM>. It will be appreciated that the latch arms <NUM> are movable and that their positioning function is secondary to their primary latching function.

When the instrument is fully installed onto the ISA control surface, a locating pin <NUM> on the ISA enters a locating slot <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> to tightly constrain movement of the proximal control <NUM> in the plane of the instrument control surface <NUM>. The proximal control <NUM> is further constrained by the landing pads <NUM> on the ISA that support the control surface <NUM> of the instrument. When the proximal control <NUM> is latched to the ISA, the landing pads <NUM> on the ISA tightly constrain movement of the proximal control <NUM> perpendicular to the plane of the instrument control surface <NUM>.

<FIG> is a perspective view of the instrument control surface <NUM> at the start of the installation onto the ISA <NUM>. The curved surface <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> is shown as it engages the corresponding curved surface <NUM> on the ISA <NUM>. The remainder of the surgical instrument's proximal control is not shown to allow the curved surface <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> to be seen more clearly.

<FIG> is a plan view of a portion of the instrument control surface <NUM> showing the locating slot <NUM> that receives the locating pin <NUM>. The lower end of the bullet portion <NUM> acts somewhat like a pin in a hole although being a half-pin in a half-hole it cannot completely constrain the position of instrument control surface <NUM>. The bullet portion <NUM> works with the locating pin <NUM> and locating slot <NUM> to control the tendency of the instrument control surface <NUM> to rotate in reaction to the applied rotary control torques. The locating slot <NUM> is only extended lengthwise by a small amount to compensate for the lack of control by the bullet feature. In another embodiment, not shown, the locating pin is on the instrument control surface and the locating slot is on the ISA.

<FIG> is a perspective view of the instrument control surface <NUM> fully installed onto the ISA <NUM>.

<FIG> is a side view of the ISA <NUM>. It will be seen that the curved surface <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> provides a locating surface when the instrument control surface first engages the ISA. The bullet portion <NUM> provides a locating surface when the instrument control surface is moved closer to the ISA. The latch arms <NUM> contribute to the positioning of the instrument control surface as it moves still closer to the ISA. The locating pin <NUM> engages the instrument control surface and provides the final positioning and constraint of the instrument control surface <NUM> as the lower surface reaches the landing pads <NUM>.

<FIG> is a top view of the ISA <NUM>. The control surfaces-the landing pads <NUM>, the curved surface <NUM>, the bullet portion <NUM>, the locating pin <NUM>, the latch arms <NUM>, and the shaft receiving slot <NUM>-have been highlighted with heavier lines.

<FIG> show the control surfaces of the ISA <NUM> and the corresponding control surfaces of the instrument control surface <NUM> in various stages of engagement.

<FIG> shows the initial engagement of the instrument control surface <NUM> with the ISA <NUM>. The position of the instrument control surface <NUM> is constrained by the engagement of the curved surface <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> with the corresponding curved surface <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> and by the instrument shaft <NUM> in the instrument guide (not shown) and the shaft receiving slot <NUM>. As can be seen, the instrument control surface <NUM> is only loosely constrained during the initial engagement. This allows the surgical instrument to be easily engaged with the ISA to start the process of bringing the surgical instrument into an accurately positioned latched engagement with the ISA. It will be appreciated that the surgical draping associated with the ISA and other visual obstacles may require attaching the surgical instrument to the ISA with little or no view of the surfaces being engaged.

<FIG> shows the instrument control surface <NUM> when the bullet receiving feature <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> engages the bullet portion <NUM> on the ISA <NUM>. As can be seen, engaging the bullet portion <NUM> greatly increases the constraint on the position of the instrument control surface <NUM>. The leading portion of the bullet portion <NUM> is tapered to aid in engaging the bullet portion. But the engagement of the curved surface <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> with the corresponding curved surface <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> allows the instrument control surface to be moved along a controlled path that assists with engaging the bullet portion <NUM> even if the bullet receiving feature <NUM> is not initially aligned with the leading portion of the bullet portion.

<FIG> shows the instrument control surface <NUM> when the latch arms <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> enter the latch receptacles <NUM> on the instrument control surface. While the engagement of the bullet portion <NUM> largely aligns the instrument control surface <NUM> so the latch arms <NUM> can readily enter the latch receptacles <NUM>, the latch receptacles may be shaped so that engaging the latch arms further positions the instrument control surface.

<FIG> shows the instrument control surface <NUM> when the locating pin <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> has engaged the locating slot <NUM> on the instrument control surface. Engaging the locating pin <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> with the locating slot <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> and engaging the bullet receiving feature <NUM> on the instrument control surface <NUM> with the bullet portion <NUM> on the ISA <NUM> constrains the movement between the instrument control surface and the ISA parallel to the plane of the instrument control surface (parallel to the plane of the figure). As previously discussed, the locating pin <NUM> and the bullet portion <NUM> also provide a torque reaction feature to prevent twisting of the surgical instrument's proximal control <NUM> in reaction to the torques applied to the instrument by the teleoperated actuators as transmitted through the ISA <NUM>.

Claim 1:
An instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>) for coupling a surgical instrument (<NUM>) and an instrument carriage (<NUM>) and for defining a sterile interface between the surgical instrument and the instrument carriage, the instrument sterile adapter comprising:
a first portion comprising an adapter control surface and a carriage engaging surface opposite the adapter control surface;
couplers connected to the first portion; and
a second portion coupled to the first portion and comprising a convex curved surface (<NUM>);
wherein the instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>) is configured to receive the surgical instrument (<NUM>) mounted thereto and, in a mounted state of the surgical instrument, the adapter control surface abuts an instrument control surface (<NUM>) of the surgical instrument (<NUM>);
wherein the instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>) is configured to be mounted to the instrument carriage (<NUM>) and, in a mounted state of the instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>), the carriage engaging surface abuts a carriage control surface (<NUM>) of the instrument carriage (<NUM>);
wherein, in the mounted state of the instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>) to the instrument carriage (<NUM>) and the mounted state of the surgical instrument (<NUM>) to the instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>), the couplers engage carriage control features of the carriage control surface (<NUM>) and instrument control features of the instrument control surface (<NUM>) such that motion of the carriage control features is transferred to the instrument control features via the couplers;
wherein the convex curved surface (<NUM>) is coupled to the adapter control surface with the convex curved surface (<NUM>) substantially perpendicular to and facing the adapter control surface and being convex from a perspective at the adapter control surface; and
wherein the convex curved surface (<NUM>) is configured to, as the surgical instrument (<NUM>) is mounted to the instrument sterile adapter (<NUM>), receive a corresponding concave curved surface (<NUM>) of the surgical instrument (<NUM>) extending from the instrument control surface (<NUM>).