Patent Description:
The rapid development of lithium ion batteries has caused a worldwide energy revolution. The ever-improving electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries has greatly promoted the vigorous development of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage power stations. However, with the increase of energy density, lithium batteries have more fire and explosion accidents, showing more prominent safety problems. In this context, solid-state batteries are considered to be one of the next-generation battery technologies most likely to replace traditional lithium batteries due to their thermal-electrochemical stability, high safety performance, and excellent cycle performance. Currently, various solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), such as inorganic SSEs, polymer-based SSEs, inorganic-polymer-based composite SSEs, or gel polymer-based SSEs, have been proposed and investigated to fabricate rechargeable solid-state Li metal batteries. The polymer-based SSE is an SSE most likely to be commercialized.

In order to further optimize the electrochemical performance and safety performance of solid-state lithium metal batteries, further fundamental research and development of polymer-based SSEs are required in terms of operating temperature, safety, ionic conductivity, transference number, and mechanical properties. Compared with other emerging lithium ion conducting polymer-based SSEs, polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer-based SSEs are considered as a competitive candidate. However, PEO polymer-based SSEs are pure polymer electrolytes with poor mechanical properties. Moreover, the pure polymer electrolytes can spontaneously recrystallize according to an ordered structure during the lithium-conducting process, resulting in a low room-temperature ionic conductivity.

In view of this, an objective of the present disclosure is to provide a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) with a sandwich structure and a preparation method and use thereof, and a solid-state lithium ion battery. In the present disclosure, the SSE with a sandwich structure has relatively high room-temperature ion conductivity and mechanical strength.

To achieve the above objective, the present disclosure provides the following technical solutions:.

The present disclosure provides an SSE with a sandwich structure, including a lithium battery separator and a first composite SSE and a second composite SSE that are coated on two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator, respectively; where raw materials of the first composite SSE and the second composite SSE independently include PEO, a ceramic powder, an ionic liquid, a lithium salt, and a photoinitiator, such as specified in claim <NUM>.

The PEO, the ceramic powder, the ionic liquid, the lithium salt, and the photoinitiator are at a mass ratio of (<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>).

Preferably, the lithium battery separator is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene separator, a polypropylene separator, a ceramic separator, and a cellulose separator.

The PEO has a weight-average molecular weight of <NUM> million to <NUM> million.

The ceramic powder is one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (LLTO), lithium aluminum oxide (LAO), doped LLZO, lithium germanium phosphorus sulfide (LGPS), and lithium phosphorus sulfide (LPS).

The ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of an imidazole-based ionic liquid and a pyrrolidine-based ionic liquid.

The lithium salt is one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, and lithium bis(oxalate)borate; and the photoinitiator includes a hydrogen abstraction photoinitiator.

The present disclosure further provides a preparation method of the SSE with a sandwich structure, including the following steps:.

The present disclosure further provides use of the SSE with a sandwich structure or an SSE with a sandwich structure prepared by the preparation method in a solid-state lithium ion battery.

The present disclosure further provides a solid-state lithium ion battery, including a cathode, an SSE with a sandwich structure, and an anode that are sequentially laminated; where
the SSE with a sandwich structure is the SSE with a sandwich structure described above or an SSE with a sandwich structure prepared by the preparation method.

The present disclosure provides an SSE with a sandwich structure, including a lithium battery separator and a first composite SSE and a second composite SSE that are separately coated on two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator; where raw materials of the first composite SSE and the second composite SSE independently include PEO, a ceramic powder, an ionic liquid, a lithium salt, and a photoinitiator. In the present disclosure, the SSE with a sandwich structure uses a separator used in the liquid lithium ion battery for the SSE, and uses the lithium battery separator as a support; there are uniformly arranged pores in a lithium battery separator of the SSE with a sandwich structure, and these pores can regulate a lithium flux and allow lithium ions to pass through in an orderly manner. In this way, the uniform deposition of lithium ions on the anode is promoted, thus inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites. This aims to provide desirable interfacial compatibility, lower interfacial impedance and polarization voltage, and highly stable cycle efficiency, thereby improving an electrochemical stability of the SSE. Both sides of the lithium battery separator are coated with a composite SSE containing a lithium salt, a ceramic powder, and an ionic liquid. These organic-inorganic materials can disrupt the order of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, thereby inhibiting recrystallization of the PEO polymer. This makes the PEO polymer more efficient in transporting lithium ions, thus enhancing ion conductivity and widening electrochemical window. In addition, the lithium battery separator can also enhance mechanical properties of the PEO polymer-based SSE.

In addition, the solid-state lithium ion battery assembled by the SSE with a sandwich structure provided by the present disclosure has stable cycle performance, high capacity utilization rate, and safety performance.

The present disclosure provides an SSE with a sandwich structure, including a lithium battery separator and a first composite SSE and a second composite SSE that are separately coated on two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator; where raw materials of the first composite SSE and the second composite SSE independently include PEO, a ceramic powder, an ionic liquid, a lithium salt, and a photoinitiator.

Unless otherwise specified, the present disclosure has no special requirements for sources of the used raw materials, and commercially-available products well known to those skilled in the art may be adopted.

In the present disclosure, the SSE with a sandwich structure includes a lithium battery separator. The lithium battery separator includes preferably a polyethylene separator, a polypropylene separator, a ceramic separator, or a cellulose separator, more preferably the polyethylene separator; and the lithium battery separator has a thickness of preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>. There is no special limitation on a source of the lithium battery separator, and a commercially available lithium battery separator can be selected as required.

In the present disclosure, the SSE with a sandwich structure includes a first composite SSE and a second composite SSE that are coated on two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator.

In the present disclosure, raw materials of the first composite SSE and the second composite SSE independently include PEO, a ceramic powder, an ionic liquid, a lithium salt, and a photoinitiator.

In the present disclosure, the PEO has a weight-average molecular weight of <NUM> million to <NUM> million, more preferably <NUM> million to <NUM> million. The ceramic powder includes one or more of LATP, LLZO, LLTO, LAO, doped LLZO, LGPS, and LPS, more preferably one or more of Li<NUM>+xAlxTi<NUM>-x(PO<NUM>)<NUM>, <NUM><x≤<NUM> (LATP), Li<NUM>La<NUM>Zr<NUM>O<NUM> (LLZO), LiyLa<NUM>/<NUM>-yTiO<NUM>, <NUM><y≤<NUM> (LLTO), LiAlO<NUM> (LAO), Li<NUM>-zLa<NUM>Zr<NUM>-zMzO<NUM>, M=Ta, Nb, <NUM><z<<NUM> (LLZMO), Li<NUM>+aGeaP<NUM>-aS<NUM>, <NUM><a<<NUM> (LGPS), and bLi<NUM>S·(<NUM>-b)P<NUM>S<NUM>, <NUM><b<<NUM> (LPS), and most preferably one or more of Li<NUM>+xAlxTi<NUM>-x(PO<NUM>)<NUM>, <NUM><x≤<NUM> (LATP), Li<NUM>La<NUM>Zr<NUM>O<NUM> (LLZO), LiyLa<NUM>/<NUM>-yTiO<NUM>, <NUM><y≤<NUM> (LLTO), LiAlO<NUM> (LAO), Li<NUM>-zLa<NUM>Zr<NUM>-zMzO<NUM>, M=Ta, Nb, <NUM><z<<NUM> (LLZMO), Li<NUM>+aGeaP<NUM>-aS<NUM>, <NUM><a<<NUM> (LGPS), or bLi<NUM>S·(<NUM>-b)P<NUM>S<NUM>,<NUM><b<<NUM> (LPS). When the ceramic powder includes the above types, there is no special limitation on a ratio of different types of ceramic powders, and any ratio can be adopted.

In the present disclosure, the ionic liquid is an imidazole-based ionic liquid or a pyrrolidine-based ionic liquid, more preferably the imidazole-based ionic liquid. The imidazole ionic liquid is <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI) or <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole tetraborate (EMIM-BF<NUM>), more preferably the <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI). The pyrrolidine-based ionic liquid is preferably <NUM>-n-butyl-<NUM>-methylpyrrolidine bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (Pyr14-TFSI).

In the present disclosure, the lithium salt includes one or more of lithium perchlorate (LiClO<NUM>), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF<NUM>), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF<NUM>), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF<NUM>), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF<NUM>SO<NUM>), and lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), more preferably the lithium bis(oxalate)borate and/or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide. When the lithium salt includes the above types, there is no special limitation on a ratio of different types of lithium salts, and any ratio can be adopted.

In the present disclosure, the photoinitiator includes a hydrogen abstraction photoinitiator. The hydrogen abstraction photoinitiator includes preferably a benzophenone derivative, more preferably benzophenone or Michler's ketone, most preferably the benzophenone.

In the present disclosure, the PEO, the ceramic powder, the ionic liquid, the lithium salt, and the photoinitiator are at a mass ratio of (<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>). more preferably (<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>).

In the present disclosure, the SSE with a sandwich structure has a thickness of preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>.

In the present disclosure, the PEO, the ceramic powder, the ionic liquid, the lithium salt, and the photoinitiator are mixed with an organic solvent. The organic solvent includes preferably one or more of anhydrous acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and acetone, more preferably the anhydrous acetonitrile. When the organic solvent includes the above types, there is no special limitation on a ratio of different types of organic solvents, and any ratio can be adopted. A mass of the PEO and a volume of the organic solvent are at a ratio of preferably <NUM>: (<NUM>-<NUM>) mL, more preferably <NUM>: <NUM>.

In the present disclosure, a mixing process of the PEO, ceramic powder, ionic liquid, lithium salt, photoinitiator, and organic solvent includes preferably: dispersing the ceramic powder, ionic liquid, lithium salt, and photoinitiator in the organic solvent, adding the PEO, and stirring to obtain a slurry.

In the present disclosure, the dispersing is conducted at preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> for preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> preferably by stirring. There is no special limitation on a stirring rate, and it is sufficient to mix the materials evenly at a stirring rate well known in the art.

In the present disclosure, the stirring is conducted at preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> for preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM>. There is no special limitation on a stirring rate, and it is sufficient to mix the materials evenly at a stirring rate well known in the art.

In the present disclosure, an obtained slurry is coated on the two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator, and dried to obtain a film with a sandwich structure.

In the present disclosure, there is no special limitation on a coating process, as long as the slurry can be evenly coated on the two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator by using a coating process well known in the art.

In the present disclosure, the drying includes preferably normal-pressure drying and vacuum drying that are conducted in sequence. The normal-pressure drying is conducted preferably in a normal-temperature drying oven for preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM>. The vacuum drying is conducted preferably in a vacuum drying oven at preferably -<NUM> MPa to -<NUM> MPa, more preferably -<NUM> MPa and preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> for preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM>.

In the present disclosure, the film with a sandwich structure has a thickness of preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>.

In the present disclosure, the organic solvent used in the preparation of the film with a sandwich structure is completely removed by the drying.

In the present disclosure, the film with a sandwich structure is subjected to hot pressing.

In the present disclosure, the hot pressing is conducted at preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>. There is no special limitation on a hot pressing process, and a hot pressing process well known in the art can be used.

In the present disclosure, the film with a sandwich structure after the hot pressing is subjected to ultraviolet crosslinking to obtain the SSE with a sandwich structure.

In the present disclosure, the ultraviolet crosslinking is preferably conducted under ultraviolet radiation. The ultraviolet radiation is preferably produced by an ultraviolet lamp; the ultraviolet lamp has a power of preferably <NUM> W to <NUM> W, more preferably <NUM> W; the ultraviolet crosslinking is conducted for preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM>; and the ultraviolet crosslinking is preferably conducted on the both sides of the film with a sandwich structure separately.

In an example of the present disclosure, the photoinitiator is preferably benzophenone. The ultraviolet crosslinking has a reaction process shown in the following formula:
<CHM>
and
<CHM>.

In the present disclosure, the cathode includes preferably a cathode current collector, a cathode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and an ion transport material. The cathode active material includes preferably one or more of layered lithium metal oxide, spinel structure material, polyanion structure material, and lithium-rich and manganese-based solid solution material, more preferably the layered lithium metal oxide. When the cathode active material includes the above types, there is no special limitation on a ratio of different types of cathode active materials, and any ratio can be adopted. The layered lithium metal oxide includes preferably one or more of LiMO<NUM>, M=Ni, Mn, Co, LiNixMnyCozO<NUM>, x + y + z = <NUM>, x ≥ <NUM> (NMC), and LiNi<NUM>Co<NUM>Al<NUM>O<NUM> (NCA), more preferably the LiNixMnyCozO<NUM>, x + y + z = <NUM>, x ≥ <NUM> (NMC). When the layered lithium metal oxide includes the above types, there is no special limitation on a ratio of different types of layered lithium metal oxides, and any ratio can be adopted. The spinel structure material is preferably LiMn<NUM>O<NUM>. The polyanion structure material includes preferably one or more of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO<NUM>), lithium cobalt phosphate (LiCoPO<NUM>), and lithium iron silicate (Li<NUM>FeSiO<NUM>), more preferably the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO<NUM>). When the spinel structure material includes the above types, there is no special limitation on a ratio of different types of spinel structure materials, and any ratio can be adopted. The lithium-rich and manganese-based solid solution material is preferably xLi<NUM>MnO<NUM>·(<NUM>-x)LiMnyM<NUM>-yO<NUM>, M=Ni, Co, x=<NUM>-<NUM>, y=<NUM>-<NUM>. The anode is preferably lithium metal.

In the present disclosure, there is no special limitation on a preparation method of the solid-state lithium ion battery, and a preparation method well known in the art can be used.

The technical solutions of the present disclosure will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the examples of the present disclosure.

An SSE with a sandwich structure included the following raw materials: a PE separator, as well as PEO (with a weight-average molecular weight of <NUM> million), LATP (Li<NUM>Al<NUM>Ti<NUM>(PO<NUM>)<NUM>), <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and benzophenone (BP) at a mass ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>.

A preparation method of the SSE with a sandwich structure included the following steps:
<NUM> of the LATP, <NUM> of the <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI), <NUM> of the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and <NUM> of the benzophenone (BP) were dispersed in anhydrous acetonitrile, and stirred at <NUM> for <NUM>; a resulting mixture was added with <NUM> of the PEO (a mass of the PEO and a volume of the anhydrous acetonitrile were at a ratio of <NUM>: <NUM>), and stirred at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a slurry.

The slurry was uniformly coated on both sides of the PE separator (with a thickness of <NUM>), dried in a normal-temperature drying oven for <NUM>, and then vacuum-dried at -<NUM> MPa in a vacuum drying oven at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a film with a sandwich structure; the film with a sandwich structure was subjected to hot pressing at <NUM>, and then both sides of the film with a sandwich structure were illuminated by a <NUM> W ultraviolet lamp for <NUM> to obtain the SSE with a sandwich structure.

An SSE with a sandwich structure included the following raw materials: a PE separator, as well as PEO (with a weight-average molecular weight of <NUM> million), LLZO (Li<NUM>La<NUM>Zr<NUM>O<NUM>), <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole tetraborate (EMIM-BF<NUM>), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), and benzophenone (BP) at a mass ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>.

A preparation method of the SSE with a sandwich structure included the following steps:
<NUM> of the LLZO, <NUM> of the <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole tetraborate (EMIM-BF<NUM>), <NUM> of the lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), and <NUM> of the benzophenone (BP) were dispersed in anhydrous acetonitrile, and stirred at <NUM> for <NUM>; a resulting mixture was added with <NUM> of the PEO (a mass of the PEO and a volume of the anhydrous acetonitrile were at a ratio of <NUM>: <NUM>), and stirred at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a slurry.

The slurry was uniformly coated on both sides of the PE separator (with a thickness of <NUM>) coated with aluminum oxide on one side, dried in a normal-temperature drying oven for <NUM>, and then vacuum-dried at -<NUM> MPa in a vacuum drying oven at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a film with a sandwich structure; the film with a sandwich structure was subjected to hot pressing at <NUM>, and then both sides of the film with a sandwich structure were illuminated by a <NUM> W ultraviolet lamp for <NUM> to obtain the SSE with a sandwich structure (<NUM>).

An SSE with a sandwich structure included the following raw materials: a PE separator, as well as PEO (with a weight-average molecular weight of <NUM> million), LATP (Li<NUM>Al<NUM>Ti<NUM>(PO<NUM>)<NUM>), <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and benzophenone (BP) at a mass ratio <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>.

This comparative example differed from Example <NUM> in that LATP, <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI), and benzophenone (BP) were not added, and no ultraviolet crosslinking was conducted. All the other steps were consistent with those of Example <NUM>.

An active material lithium iron phosphate, conductive carbon black, and a binder polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed at a mass ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>, and a N-methylpyrrolidone solvent was added and stirred until a uniform slurry was formed. The slurry was uniformly coated on an aluminum foil, dried at <NUM> for <NUM>, cut into <NUM> electrode sheets, and dried in a vacuum drying oven at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a cathode. A lithium iron phosphate/lithium metal button battery was obtained by assembling metal lithium serving as an anode, the cathode, and the SSE with a sandwich structure prepared in Example <NUM>. A charge-discharge curve and a cycle performance of the button battery were tested with a NEWARE battery program-controlled tester, and the results were shown in <FIG>.

As shown in <FIG>, the lithium iron phosphate/lithium metal battery assembled by the SSE with a sandwich structure had long-term cycle performance and stable performance at <NUM> C, <NUM> C, <NUM> C, <NUM> C, and <NUM> C under room temperature, and its capacities were <NUM> mAh/g, <NUM> mAh/g, <NUM> mAh/g, <NUM> mAh/g, and <NUM> mAh/g, respectively. When the rate was adjusted to <NUM> C, the capacity recovered to <NUM> mAh/g.

(<NUM>) An active material lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NMC <NUM>), conductive carbon black, and a binder polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed at a mass ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>, and a N-methylpyrrolidone solvent was added and stirred until a uniform slurry was formed. The slurry was uniformly coated on an aluminum foil, dried at <NUM> for <NUM>, cut into <NUM> electrode sheets, and dried in a vacuum drying oven at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a cathode. An NMC <NUM>/lithium metal button battery was obtained by assembling metal lithium serving as an anode, the cathode, and the SSE with a sandwich structure prepared in Example <NUM>. A charge-discharge curve and a relationship between cycle and capacity of the button battery were tested with a NEWARE battery program-controlled tester, the cycle performance at <NUM> C was shown in <FIG>, and the specific capacity-efficiency at <NUM> C was shown in <FIG>.

As shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the NMC <NUM>/lithium metal battery assembled by the SSE with a sandwich structure had a capacity of <NUM> mAh/g under room temperature at <NUM> C, and a capacity retention rate was still <NUM> mAh/g after <NUM> cycles.

(<NUM>) An active material lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NMC <NUM>), conductive carbon black, and a binder polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed at a mass ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>, and a N-methylpyrrolidone solvent was added and stirred until a uniform slurry was formed. The slurry was uniformly coated on an aluminum foil, dried at <NUM> for <NUM>, cut into <NUM> electrode sheets, and dried in a vacuum drying oven at <NUM> for <NUM> to obtain a cathode. An NMC <NUM>/lithium metal button battery was obtained by assembling metal lithium serving as an anode, the cathode, and the SSE with a sandwich structure prepared in Comparative Example <NUM>. A charge-discharge curve and a relationship between cycle and capacity of the button battery were tested with a NEWARE battery program-controlled tester, and the results were shown in <FIG>.

Claim 1:
A solid-state electrolyte (SSE) with a sandwich structure, comprising a lithium battery separator and a first composite SSE and a second composite SSE that are coated on two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator, respectively;
wherein the SSE with the sandwich structure is prepared by a method comprising
mixing polyethylene oxide, a ceramic powder, an ionic liquid, a lithium salt, and a photoinitiator with an organic solvent, coating an obtained slurry on the two side surfaces of the lithium battery separator, and drying to obtain a film with a sandwich structure; and
subjecting the film with the sandwich structure to hot pressing and ultraviolet crosslinking sequentially to obtain the SSE with the sandwich structure;
wherein the polyethylene oxide has a weight-average molecular weight of <NUM> million to <NUM> million;
the ceramic powder is one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide, lithium lanthanum titanium oxide, lithium aluminum oxide, doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide, lithium germanium phosphorus sulfide, and lithium phosphorus sulfide;
the lithium salt is one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, and lithium bis(oxalate)borate;
the photoinitiator comprises a hydrogen abstraction photoinitiator;
the ionic liquid is an imidazole-based ionic liquid or a pyrrolidine-based ionic liquid, the imidazole ionic liquid being <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide or <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-methylimidazole tetraborate, and the pyrrolidine-based ionic liquid being <NUM>-n-butyl-<NUM>-methylpyrrolidine bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide; and
the PEO, the ceramic powder, the ionic liquid, the lithium salt, and the photoinitiator are at a mass ratio of (<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>):(<NUM>-<NUM>).