Patent Description:
The stage is an important part of high-resolution microscopes. It sits in front of the objective lens and has the function of holding the subject very still relative to the optical system so that it may be clearly viewed at a high resolution. A precision laboratory microscope stage also moves the sample smoothly in orthogonal X and Y directions to view any part of the subject required by the user.

<CIT> describes a compact microscope designed to fit in a jacket pocket. To do this the instrument folds flat, making it highly portable. This microscope does not include the smoothly positionable, precision stage seen on laboratory microscopes because it would be too large to fit in a pocket and susceptible to contamination in the field from animal faeces, plant debris, water and biochemical stains. It would also be difficult to manufacture in volume with a low cost. <CIT> does include a compact miniaturised version of the precision laboratory microscope stage. However, the small precision parts required are fragile, expensive and susceptible to contamination in the field and this stage is not generally used. Designing an XY stage that is thin, compact, accurate, inexpensive and robust is difficult, but without such an XY stage, the application of portable microscopes is limited.

<CIT> describes a multi-part stage for a microscope comprising upper, middle and lower plates. The upper plate comprises two parallel grooves for receiving two convex portions of a holder. The holder is movable along the direction defined by the two parallel grooves and comprises springs for holding glass slides.

The present invention provides a microscope comprising a base defining a planar surface, at least two parallel grooves formed in the planar surface and extending in a first direction, a carriage mountable on the base, the carriage comprising at least two projections on the underside wherein at least one projection is slidably receivable in each groove in the planar surface whereby the carriage is movable relative to the base in the first direction, the carriage defining a receiver configured to receive a sample holder, the receiver defining at least one guide, a biasing means configured to bias the sample holder against the guide while permitting movement of the sample holder relative to the guide in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

Further advantageous features are set out in the dependent claims.

The invention will now be described solely by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:.

The upper surface of the base of the microscope has two or more parallel grooves cut into it. In the preferred embodiment, the grooves are V-shaped, with rounded or sharp points; trapezoidal or any other shape that is wider at the top than at the bottom. A carriage is placed on the base such that projections from the underside of the carriage closely fit into the grooves allowing it to move smoothly backwards and forwards in a direction defined by the grooves. The close fit of the projections into the grooves prevents the carriage from travelling in any other direction.

The carriage features an aperture with a flat side that is substantially orthogonal to the grooves in the base. The preferred embodiment of the aperture is somewhat larger than a typical <NUM> X <NUM> microscope slide such that a microscope slide can be placed into the aperture parallel to the plane of the microscope base. Other sample carriers or counting chambers may be placed into the aperture instead of a microscope slide, as required by the application.

The carriage also features a spring plunger that urges the sample carrier snugly against the flat side of the carriage aperture orthogonal to the grooves. In this way, the long axis of the sample carrier is always held perpendicular to the grooves as the carriage travels along the grooves. The spring plunger may be replaced by multiple spring plungers, one or more leaf springs or any other mechanism to urge the slide against a side of the aperture that is orthogonal to the grooves in the base. The microscope slide may be pushed manually along the long side of the carriage aperture in either direction, always being held perpendicular to the grooves. The slide is firmly held in the carriage such that it cannot move in any other direction. The invention therefore allows the slide to be pushed along the stage in either the X or the Y direction, perpendicular to or parallel to the grooves to facilitate counting of cells or other small subjects on a microscope slide.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the carriage is held firmly onto the microscope base using magnets. In this embodiment, the microscope base contains magnetic material. This ensures that the carriage stays engaged with the grooves, but can be removed easily for compact storage and cleaning of the carriage and the grooves.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the parallel grooves on the base and corresponding projections on the carriage are V-shaped or trapezoidal. Standard milling machines can cut these shaped grooves parallel to very tight angular tolerance at a low cost.

Fabricating the distance between the grooves and the depth of the grooves with similar precision is more difficult and more expensive. The V-Shaped or trapezoidal grooves are preferred because any imprecision in the depth of the grooves or the distance between them will not affect the smooth operation of this bearing. The smooth operation of the bearing with V-Shaped or trapezoidal grooves relies solely on the grooves and the projections being precisely parallel. The present invention, therefore, relies on a low-cost fabrication process, that is machining precisely parallel grooves. It is not dependent on the expensive high accuracy fabrication of the separation and depth of the grooves.

The present invention may be fabricated using any other groove cross-section. Preferably both the grooves on the base and the projections on the carriage should increase smoothly in width being narrow at the bottom and wide at the top.

The balance between the surface finish on the grooves and carriage and the strength of the magnets is important. In the preferred embodiment, these are selected to ensure a smooth slide, but to keep the stage still when required to give the highest microscope resolution. Preferred surfaces include finishes or materials such as hard anodised aluminium, polished or fine bead-blasted steel, bronze, acetal, dense nylon, PEEK or PTFE.

The replacement of one of the bearings with grooves and projections engineered in this way eliminates the need for one set of precision bearings without adding any height to the assembly. The second, orthogonal set of bearings is replaced by the microscope slide, sample carrier, or counting chamber moving smoothly along the straight edge of the aperture in the carriage, held in place by the spring. The combination of the grooves and carrier projections in one direction and the slide moving along the carrier aperture in the orthogonal direction forms a compact XY stage that is inexpensive to manufacture. It has no small parts that would be susceptible to dirt and is easily removed for cleaning. The proposed stage has a very low profile which could be as thin as a microscope slide and is easily portable.

In an example not covered by the subject-matter of the claims, the microscope can be used without the XY stage if required. The grooves do not interfere with the movement of the sample if the carriage is removed.

The preferred embodiment of the compact stage does not restrict the integrated illumination system of the microscope. Transmitted light from an illuminator below the compact stage passes through the sample carrier to an objective lens or sensor above. Similarly, incident light from an illuminator above the sample is reflected by the sample back up to an objective lens or sensor above. In the case of an inverted microscope, transmitted light from an illuminator above the sample passes through the slide carrier to an objective lens or sensor below the sample. Similarly incident light from an illuminator below the sample is reflected back down to an objective lens or sensor below the sample.

<FIG> shows the preferred embodiment of the microscope stage.

The top surface <NUM> of the compact microscope has two or more parallel grooves <NUM> machined into it. The carriage <NUM> features projections <NUM>, which are machined to fit the grooves <NUM> such that the carriage <NUM> slides smoothly in a direction <NUM> defined by the grooves <NUM>. A sample carrier <NUM> fits into an aperture in the carriage <NUM>. The sample carrier <NUM>, may be a microscope slide, counting chamber, haemocytometer or any other carrier for the sample. The sample carrier <NUM> is urged against the long side of the aperture carriage <NUM> by a spring plunger <NUM>, or similar force, such that it slides smoothly along the long side of the aperture in a direction <NUM> perpendicular to the grooves <NUM>.

<FIG> shows a plan view of the preferred embodiment of the carriage <NUM> with an aperture <NUM>. The sample carrier <NUM> is urged against the edge of the aperture <NUM> by a spring plunger <NUM> exerting a force in a direction <NUM> perpendicular to the axis of the carriage <NUM>. The sample carrier <NUM> moves smoothly in a direction <NUM> along the axis of the carriage <NUM>.

<FIG> shows a vertical section through a preferred embodiment of the carriage <NUM> and the microscope base <NUM>. The V-shaped projections <NUM> on the carriage <NUM> run in the V-Shaped grooves <NUM> in the microscope base <NUM>. <FIG> shows a small manufacturing inaccuracy, in this case the projections <NUM> are slightly further apart than the grooves <NUM>. This just causes the carriage <NUM> to be positioned slightly higher and the bearing still works well. In this embodiment the carriage <NUM> is held firmly onto the microscope base <NUM> by permanent magnets <NUM> embedded in the carriage <NUM>. The magnets <NUM> act on the microscope base <NUM>, which in this embodiment includes magnetic material.

<FIG> shows vertical sections through two further embodiments of the carriage <NUM> and the microscope base <NUM>. In the <FIG>, the grooves <NUM> and projections <NUM> are rectangular and in the <FIG>, the grooves <NUM> and projections <NUM> are trapezoidal.

<FIG> shows two possible illumination schemes in the preferred embodiment of the current invention. Both of these schemes use the standard illumination provided by the compact microscope. In <FIG>, the carriage <NUM> is illuminated from a light source <NUM> below the sample. The light passes through the transparent sample carrier <NUM> and the sample and continues towards an objective lens or sensor <NUM> above the sample. This may be referred to as transmitted illumination. In <FIG>, the carriage <NUM> is illuminated from a light source <NUM> above the sample. The light is reflected by the sample carrier <NUM> and the sample and travels back towards an objective lens or sensor <NUM> above the sample and close to the light source <NUM>. This may be referred to as incident illumination. It may be seen that the aperture in this embodiment of the carriage allows light from the microscope's standard illumination system to operate as it would without the compact microscope stage so no additional illumination is required.

<FIG> shows how additional illumination may be integrated into the carriage <NUM> by mounting one or more LEDs or other illuminators <NUM> in the walls of the carriage to provide side illumination <NUM> onto the subject. Similarly, one or more LEDs or other illuminators may be mounted on fixed or flexible stands <NUM> on the carriage allowing illumination <NUM> to be applied to the subject in a wide range of different directions. These lighting options are useful for thicker subjects, such as insects.

<FIG> is an exploded diagram of an embodiment that includes an optical filter <NUM> below the sample carrier <NUM>. In this embodiment the carriage comprises a top half <NUM> with an aperture as described above and a bottom half <NUM>. These two halves are permanently joined to each other, but <FIG> is an exploded view to show the filter <NUM>. The filter <NUM> can have several functions including filtering out certain wavelengths or polarising the light from the illuminator below. The bottom half of the carriage <NUM> includes an aperture <NUM> parallel to the grooves in the base so that the sample can be illuminated from below with the carriage in any position. The filter <NUM> may be mounted in a recess around the aperture <NUM> or a slot fabricated in the bottom half of the carriage <NUM> for the purpose, or in any other way. One or more selectable filters may be mounted on a disc or strip that moves relative to the bottom half of the carriage <NUM> to insert each selectable filter into the aperture <NUM> in turn. This feature allows the user to select the desired filter for each application.

<FIG> shows an embodiment that includes a filter <NUM> above the sample carrier <NUM>. The filter <NUM> is mounted on top of the carriage <NUM> between the projections <NUM> to filter the light travelling from the sample to the objective lens. It only needs to cover the centre portion of the carriage that can be viewed by the objective lens of the microscope. The filter <NUM> can have several functions including filtering out certain wavelengths or polarising the light from the sample.

<FIG> shows an exploded view of an embodiment of the carrier <NUM> and <NUM> with a first polarisation filter <NUM> mounted below the sample stage <NUM> and a second polarisation filter <NUM> mounted above the sample stage <NUM>. The first polarisation filter has a first polarisation axis <NUM> and the second polarisation filter has a second polarisation axis <NUM>. Either or both of the first polarisation filter <NUM> and the second polarisation filter <NUM> may be rotatable about an axis perpendicular to the base <NUM> of the carriage. With no sample present, light travels through both filters when the first polarisation axis <NUM> and the second polarisation axis <NUM> are parallel and light is blocked when the first polarisation axis <NUM> and the second polarisation axis <NUM> are perpendicular. This feature may be used to measure birefringence of a sample placed on the sample stage <NUM> by measuring the angle between the first polarisation axis <NUM> and the second polarisation axis <NUM> at which features in the sample become visible or disappear.

<FIG> shows five examples of the sample carrier <NUM>.

In the first example in <FIG>, the sample carrier <NUM> is a normal microscope slide, such as the Fisher Scientific® Fisherbrand™ glass microscope slide. A sample <NUM> is placed on the microscope slide <NUM> and may be covered with a normal coverslip <NUM>, such as the Fisher Scientific® Fisherbrand™ borosilicate glass square coverslip, following any method for viewing samples on a laboratory microscope. The sample carrier slide <NUM>, sample <NUM> and coverslip <NUM> are then placed into the compact stage and positioned on the microscope according to the present invention.

The second example of the sample carrier <NUM> in <FIG>, has a cavity <NUM> that may be used to hold a sample. In this embodiment a mounting medium such as putty, Blu Tack®, cork or expanded polystyrene <NUM> may be placed in the cavity <NUM> to hold the sample <NUM>. The sample carrier <NUM> is then placed into the compact stage and positioned on the microscope according to the present invention.

The third example in <FIG>, of the sample carrier <NUM> also features a cavity <NUM> and mounting medium <NUM> as described above. In this embodiment a pin <NUM> is pushed through the mounting medium creating a point on which a sample <NUM> may be mounted. The sample carrier <NUM> is then placed into the compact stage and positioned on the microscope according to the present invention. This example is particularly useful for thick samples such as insects.

The fourth example in <FIG>, of the sample carrier <NUM> includes a counting chamber <NUM>. This can be filled with a liquid sample containing microscopic items for counting. Examples include eggs of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in a faecal sample for Worm Egg Counts or yeast cells in a beer sample. Standard commercially available counting chambers may be used, such as the Z11000 McMaster Egg Slide from Hawksley®, the AC2000 Neubauer from Hawksley® or the mini-FLOTAC® chambers. These chambers have grids printed, moulded or etched on a surface near to the samples so that the user can count the number of items per grid square and infer the number of items per gram or millilitre of sample. The sample carrier <NUM> is then placed into the compact stage and scanned on the microscope in X and Y directions according to the present invention.

Claim 1:
A microscope comprising a base defining a planar surface (<NUM>), at least two parallel grooves (<NUM>) formed in the planar surface (<NUM>) and extending in a first direction (<NUM>), a carriage (<NUM>) mountable on the base, the carriage (<NUM>) comprising at least two projections (<NUM>) on the underside wherein at least one projection (<NUM>) is slidably receivable in each groove (<NUM>) in the planar surface (<NUM>) whereby the carriage (<NUM>) is movable relative to the base in the first direction (<NUM>), the carriage (<NUM>) defining a receiver configured to receive a sample holder (<NUM>), the receiver defining at least one guide, a biasing means configured to bias the sample holder (<NUM>) against the guide while permitting movement of the sample holder (<NUM>) relative to the guide in a second direction (<NUM>) orthogonal to the first direction (<NUM>).