Patent Description:
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to airflow sensors, including pressure sensors.

Contained spaces within a data center, such as hot and cold aisles, can be controlled or monitored with pressure sensors. The data center airflow consists of series of fans that are modulating to control different control variables within the system. The temperature in the server is typically controlled by a fan within the server and the fan is modulated to ensure the server stays cool. Fans within the cooling systems, perimeter air conditioning units, in-row coolers, even rear door heat exchangers, can be controlled with respect to pressure or temperature setpoints.

<CIT> discloses a rack airflow monitoring system configured to measure airflow through an equipment rack. <CIT> discloses an apparatus and method for use in determining one or more fluid flow properties of a fluid in a conduit. <CIT> discloses a thermal, flow measuring device having a first heatable, resistance thermometer and at least one additional, second heatable resistance thermometer. <CIT> discloses apparatus for determining fluid flow, said apparatus comprising flow obstruction means and two heat-emitting members. <CIT> discloses a method and apparatus for measuring flow velocity and direction of a fluid such as gas or liquid.

The systems, methods and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, implementations, or aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of sensors or sensor assemblies, methods of using sensors, and systems including the sensors disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly can include an enclosure having a first opening in a first side of the enclosure and a second opening in a second side of the enclosure, a first passageway in fluid communication with the first and second openings, and a solid-state sensor positioned within the first passageway. In some embodiments, the solid-state sensor can include a first sensor (which can also be referred to herein as a first sensor component) positioned at a first axial position in the first passageway, a second sensor (which can also be referred to herein as a second sensor component) positioned at a second axial position in the first passageway, and a flow deflector positioned at a third axial position in the first passageway that is between the first and second axial positions. In some embodiments, the flow deflector can extend into the first passageway so as to constrict the first passageway.

Any embodiments of the sensor assembly, systems, and methods disclosed herein can include, in additional embodiments, one or more of the following steps, features, components, and/or details, in any combination with any of the other steps, features, components, and/or details of any other embodiments disclosed herein: wherein the flow deflector can be configured to deflect at least a portion of a flow of a fluid flowing through the first passageway in a first direction around the second sensor but not the first sensor, wherein the second sensor is downstream of the first sensor when a fluid is flowing in the first direction; wherein the flow deflector can be configured to deflect at least a portion of a flow of a fluid flowing through the first passageway in a second direction around the first sensor but not the second sensor, wherein the first sensor is downstream of the second sensor when a fluid is flowing in the second direction; wherein the flow deflector includes a first recess on a first side of the flow deflector and a second recess on a second side of the flow deflector; wherein the first sensor is positioned adjacent to the first recess and the second sensor is positioned adjacent to the second recess; wherein the first and second recesses are positioned symmetrically about the flow deflector and/or the deflector has a symmetrical shape; wherein the device can include a first channel extending from the first opening to the second opening; wherein the first passageway extends through the first channel; wherein the sensor further includes an airflow velocity sensor; wherein the sensor further includes an airflow velocity sensor positioned within a second passageway of the enclosure; wherein the solid-state sensor can be used in a data center; wherein at least one of the first and second sensors is a thermistor element that has a positive temperature coefficient (PTC); wherein the sensor is configured to measure a temperature of the air flowing through the sensor; and/or wherein the sensor or any system or method using the sensor can be configured to determine the pressure using at least Bernoulli's equation.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of systems including any of the embodiments of the sensor assemblies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the system can include a solid-state sensor and a processor configured to determine a pressure difference across the sensor. In some embodiments, the system can be configured to determine the pressure at a high degree of accuracy.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a system for controlling a thermal management system in a data center having a first zone and a second zone. In some embodiments, the system for controlling a thermal management system in a data center having a first zone and a second zone can include any of the embodiments of the solid-state sensor disclosed herein and a controller for cooling air supplied to the first zone. In some embodiments, the solid-state sensor can be located in a partition between a first zone and a second zone. In some embodiments, the controller can be configured to increase a flow of air to the cooling zone when either a pressure differential between the cooling zone and the hot zone drops below a threshold value and/or wherein a direction of a flow of air through the solid-state sensor is from the hot zone to the cooling zone. In any embodiments, the first zone can be a cooling zone and the second zone can be a hot zone.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a method of using any embodiments of the sensors or sensor assemblies disclosed herein, wherein the method is used to control air flow within a data center. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method of measuring a direction of fluid flow in a passageway. In some embodiments, the method can include providing a first current to a first temperature sensor, measuring a first resistance of the first temperature sensor as a fluid is flowing through the passageway, providing a second current to a second temperature sensor, and , measuring a second resistance of the second temperature sensor as the fluid is flowing through the passageway, and comparing the first resistance to the second resistance to determine a direction of the fluid flow. In some embodiments, the second temperature sensor can be positioned so as to be spaced apart from the first temperature sensor. In some embodiments, a flow deflector of any of the embodiments disclosed herein can be positioned between the second temperature sensor and the first temperature sensor.

Any embodiments of the sensors (including the embodiments of the solid-state sensors), sensor assemblies, systems, and methods disclosed herein can include, in additional embodiments, one or more of the following steps, features, components, and/or details, in any combination with any of the other steps, features, components, and/or details of any other embodiments disclosed herein: wherein the flow deflector includes a first recess on a first side of the flow deflector and a second recess on a second side of the flow deflector; wherein the first sensor is positioned in the first recess and the second sensor is positioned in the second recess; wherein the first and second recess are positioned symmetrically about the flow deflector; wherein the method further includes determining flow direction within a data center; wherein the method further includes determining flow direction through a partition between a hot and cold zone within a data center.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a method of measuring a pressure of fluid flowing in a system, that can include measuring a temperature of the fluid flowing through the system using a first temperature sensor, providing a first current to the first temperature sensor, measuring a first resistance of the first temperature sensor as a fluid is flowing past the first temperature sensor, providing a second current to a second temperature sensor, measuring a second resistance of the second temperature sensor as the fluid is flowing past the second temperature sensor, and comparing the first resistance to the second resistance. In some embodiments, the second temperature sensor can be positioned apart from the first temperature sensor and a flow deflector of any of the embodiments disclosed herein can be positioned between the second temperature sensor and the first temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the method can also include measuring a velocity of fluid flow in the system, and determining a pressure of the fluid flowing in the system. In some embodiments, the method can include determining a direction of the fluid flowing in the system by comparing the first resistance to the second resistance. In some embodiments, the method can include transmitting pressure differential, pressure, temperature, and/or direction of flow of the fluid. In some embodiments, measuring a pressure of fluid flowing in a system can include measuring a pressure of fluid flowing in the system through a fixed opening.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a data center climate control system that can include systems for control of a cooling system for IT Equipment in a data center. Some embodiments of the data center climate control system can include any of the embodiments of the sensors or sensor assemblies disclosed herein positioned in a partition or boundary between different zones of a space in which temperature is being controlled (e.g., a data center). In some embodiments of the data center climate control system, the system can be configured to calculate a pressure differential between opposite sides of the partition or boundary between different zones of a space in which temperature is being controlled by sensing properties of the flow imparted on the sensor or sensor assemblies and/or different components of the sensor. Disclosed herein are embodiments of a method of measuring airflow properties substantially as described below or shown in the accompanying drawings. Disclosed herein are embodiments of a solid-state airflow sensor substantially as described below or shown in the accompanying drawings.

In many facilities, fans of one type are not typically synced with fans of other types. For example, the facility fans (including AC fans and other air movers) in typical facilities and data centers operate independently of server fans, etc. and not as a coordinated system. In some arrangements, fans in data centers can operate in conjunction with server fans. Independent control coupled with air containment systems produce a condition where air can be in deficit or surplus supply within the spaces. This can happen multiple times per day, depending on server loads. Reducing deficit and surplus supply air conditions is very important to maintain proper operating temperatures and conditions in a data center and also to the efficient operation of data center airflow systems. In deficit conditions, servers can overheat, leading to malfunctions and damage to valuable equipment, and/or processors can operate more slowly, leading to lower performance and higher operating costs. In surplus conditions, energy is wasted, leading to lower efficiency and higher operating costs.

An aspect of the disclosure herein is the recognition that with conventional sensors, the sensors typically need to be calibrated periodically due to drift in the readings and are generally sensitive to rapid pressure changes, which can cause damage to such sensors. Some embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein can be configured to operate for an extended period of time, or, in some embodiments, indefinitely, before needing to be checked for calibration or needing to be calibrated. In other words, in some embodiments, the sensor can operate indefinitely without calibration or can operate with less frequent calibration. Further, conventional sensors are typically expensive and are only designed to read pressure. Very low-pressure values can be difficult to read with conventional sensors and means. Some embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein can read very low pressure values with high accuracy. For example and without limitation, most conventional sensors will have an accuracy of approximately <NUM>-<NUM>% or <NUM>-<NUM>% over the full range, with <NUM>% repeatability over a year. Some embodiments of the sensors <NUM> disclosed herein can have an accuracy of at least <NUM>%, or greater than approximately <NUM>% over the full range, and at least <NUM>% repeatability per year.

Some sensors can read positive and negative pressure, however <NUM>% of the full range of the sensor output is dedicated for the positive side of the range and <NUM>% of the full range of the sensor output is dedicated for the negative side of the range. Resolution can be a problem with these types of sensors due to the reduced resolution. Conventional split sensors (i.e., sensors that read positive and negative ranges) have an output range that is in the middle of the total range. For example, a <NUM>-<NUM> volt sensor with no pressure applied will read <NUM> volts. Half of the range is typically for reading pressure in each direction and the ability for automation systems to translate that very small range is problematic. The embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein read a full range with pressure on either side of the middle point of the range, resulting in a much greater resolution. For example, some embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein have double the resolution of conventional split sensors. Consequently, one can buy a sensor that reads only positive pressure and get a fair reading. However, if the pressure moves to the negative range or to beyond the low limit, the conventional sensor will read zero regardless of the difference in pressure.

As mentioned above, problems can result when air is under or over supplied in a data center climate control system. Oversupply can cause excessive costs to cool IT equipment and undersupply can cause overheating and reduced server performance. Typically, a pressure sensor would be deployed to monitor or control the pressure in contained space. The pressure readings are usually differential pressure readings between the inside and outside of the containment zone or room. The absolute pressures and pressure differentials can be very small and thus hard to measure. Therefore, resolution and range are concerns for pressure sensors used for this purpose. A sensor with a large range of readings can have poor resolution but can allow for a wider band of setpoints. Conversely, a narrow range sensor can have good resolution and controls in a very narrow setpoint range.

The embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> (also referred to herein as a solid-state airflow sensor and a solid-state pressure sensor) disclosed herein provide a better solution for monitoring and measuring airflow properties including, without limitation, direction, pressure, velocity, and/or temperature, in data centers. The embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> disclosed herein can be used for any of a wide range of applications where flow characteristics or properties of a flowing or moving fluid (liquid or gas) are desired to be measured. As described below, the solid-state sensor <NUM> can be designed and manufactured to have no moving parts, and can be designed and manufactured to be fully electronic.

Monitoring of airflow in containment systems is most often accomplished with pressure transducers. These transducers often contain MEMS (miniature electromechanical systems) circuits. The MEMS contain a membrane that flexes a miniature strain gage to send an electrical current to signal conditioning electronics and eventually a control system. Conventional sensors typically need to be hardwired back to a building management system to be processed. This can be costly and invasive as a retrofit. When purchasing these devices, a range of pressure readings must be specified. The range of this sensor is fixed and relates to the linear output of the sensor. Some embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> are configured such that flow through a fixed opening or openings is used to calculate airflow properties, in contrast with other systems in which pressure is read directly. Advantages of some embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> include the ability to read a wide range of pressures without accuracy loss, less or no susceptibility to pressure spikes, significantly less calibration required, no moving parts to wear out, and more accurate readings at low pressure differentials. Note that the solid-state sensor <NUM> is also referred to herein as a sensor assembly or a solid-state sensor assembly. Conventional pressure sensors only read pressure. As mentioned, any embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> can read air flow direction, pressure, velocity, and temperature, reducing the cost of additional temperature sensors over standard pressure only sensors. Any embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> disclosed herein can be configured to be an IoT (internet of things) device, further reducing the implementation cost over conventional means. Any embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> disclosed herein can be hardwired.

Airflow direction can be measured by directing air over two thermistor elements. In some embodiments, the two thermistor elements can each be a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) sensor. In some embodiments, the two thermistor elements can each be a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) sensor. These elements change resistance based on their temperature. Typical application for these devices is to measure temperature. In some embodiments, with PTC sensors, as the temperature around the sensors increases, the resistance will increase. In some embodiments, with NTC sensors, as the temperature around the sensors increases, the resistance will decrease. By nature, some thermistors self-heat or warm with the small electrical current that is required to measure temperature. Some embodiments of the solid-state airflow sensor can be configured to intentionally cause self-heating of two PTC temperature sensors and can measure the difference in current draw between two sensors (i.e., the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> described below). In any embodiments, the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can be maintained at a temperature that is above the operating ambient temperature. For example and without limitation, the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can be maintained at <NUM>-<NUM> degrees Fahrenheit, or otherwise at a temperature that is above the temperature of the air drawn from the IT cabinets or, in some embodiments, above the temperature of any air that the sensors would be exposed to. In any embodiments the current supplied to the sensors can be adjusted by the microprocessor in the unit to maintain a certain temperature above ambient (i.e. <NUM>°F) or controlled to maintain a static temperature (i.e., <NUM>°F).

When airflow is not moving, the two sensors of some embodiments will read essentially the same temperature. In some embodiments, air flowing across an air baffle or flow deflector positioned between the PTC sensors can cause an imbalanced amount of air imparted on the sensors, removing their heat energy, and changing the read temperature. This imbalance can cause different current readings between the sensors, which can be used to indicate airflow direction. In some embodiments, the leading PTC sensor will be cooler due to its exposure to airflow and the downstream sensor is shielded by a flow deflector and its temperature will be higher as a result. In some embodiments, the sensor can be symmetrical such that the flow deflector will be positioned at the midpoint between the first and second sensors and airflow in the opposite direction will be measured in the same way with opposite effects on the current draw. As mentioned above, direction of airflow is important for identifying surplus or deficit pressure conditions. In certain embodiments, the PTC sensors are positioned within recesses formed on either side of the flow deflector.

<FIG> are a front view and an orthogonal view, respectively, of an embodiment of a solid-state airflow sensor device <NUM>. In some embodiments, the solid-state sensor <NUM> can have an enclosure or case <NUM> (also referred to as a housing) that can be used to house or contain the electronics of the solid-state sensor <NUM>. The case <NUM> can include a first case portion <NUM> that can be coupleable with or otherwise joined with a second case portion <NUM>. For example and without limitation, the first and second case portions <NUM>, <NUM> can each have a mounting flange <NUM> that can be used to couple the first and second case portions <NUM>, <NUM> together. The case <NUM> can have a first passageway <NUM> and second passageway <NUM> therethrough that can permit a flow of fluid through the case <NUM>. The first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM> can be fixed openings. The case <NUM> and the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM> can be configured so that air can flow through the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM> in either direction. The device <NUM> can be positioned in a partition or boundary between different zones of a space in which temperature is being controlled (e.g., a data center). As will be explained below, the pressure differential between the opposite sides of the partition or boundary can be determined by sensing properties of the flow through the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM>. In certain embodiments, the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM> are positioned within <NUM> to <NUM> inches of each other. While in the illustrated embodiment, the sensor <NUM> includes an enclosure or case <NUM> that includes both the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM>, in certain embodiments that sensor can comprise more than one case wherein each of the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM> are positioned in a separate case that are arranged such that the first and second passageways <NUM>, <NUM> are positioned within <NUM> to <NUM> inches of each other.

A direction sensor <NUM> can be positioned within the first passageway <NUM>. A velocity sensor <NUM> can be positioned within the second passageway <NUM>. Therefore, the direction sensor <NUM> can be exposed to fluid passing through the first passageway <NUM> and the velocity sensor <NUM> can be exposed to fluid passing through the second passageway <NUM>.

<FIG> is a cross-section view of the embodiment of the direction sensor <NUM> of the solid-state sensor <NUM> embodiment shown in <FIG>. With reference to <FIG>, the direction sensor <NUM> can be positioned or supported within a first channel <NUM> having the first passageway <NUM> extending axially therethrough. The direction sensor <NUM> can have a first sensor <NUM> at a first axial position within the first passageway <NUM>, a second sensor <NUM> at a second axial position within the first passageway <NUM>, and a flow deflector <NUM> (also referred to herein as a baffle or as a projection) at a third axial position within the first passageway <NUM>, between the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> and/or between the first and second axial positions. The first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can be the same or, in some embodiments, can be configured to be different. In some embodiments, the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can each comprise a thermistor element that have a positive temperature coefficient (PTC). An example of a thermistor element that can be used for some embodiments of the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> is the thermistor PTC <NUM> Ohm <NUM>% Radial Lead <NUM> Lead Spacing thermistor sold by ntepartsdirect. com (https://www. ntepartsdirect. com/ENG/PRODUCT/<NUM>-P331-<NUM>), though there are many other similar and/or suitable products that could be used.

<FIG> illustrates a mode of operation of the direction sensor <NUM> in a condition where air is flowing in a first axial direction, i.e., such that the first pressure zone <NUM> on the left side (in the orientation shown in <FIG>) of the flow deflector <NUM> is upstream to the second pressure zone <NUM> on the right side of the flow deflector <NUM>. This illustration of <FIG> is a simplified illustration, meant to show one schematic, hypothetical and non-limiting example of how a fluid can flow through the direction sensor <NUM> and how the fluid <NUM> flowing through the first passageway <NUM> to the direction sensor <NUM> can be directed by the flow deflector <NUM>. An advantage of the embodiment of <FIG> and <FIG> is that the flow deflector <NUM> can be practically symmetrical. In some embodiments, the flow deflector <NUM> can be shaped in a specific way to bypass airflow around the leeward sensor at even very low flows. Conversely, some embodiments of the windward sensor can be in direct influence of flow.

In some embodiments, the flow deflector <NUM> is configured to extend across only a portion of the inside diameter of the passageway, thereby permitting flow around the flow deflector <NUM> along both sides of the flow deflector <NUM>. Some embodiments of the sensor can measure very low pressure differentials between the first and second sensors. Further, in some embodiments, one or more edges of the flow deflector <NUM> can be rounded. Further, in some embodiments, a top of the flow deflector <NUM> can be domed. In some embodiments, the sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can be positioned within a first and second recess of the flow deflector <NUM>.

The flow deflector <NUM> can be configured to constrict the first passageway <NUM> of the first channel <NUM>. The flow deflector <NUM> can be configured to deflect fluid flowing in a first axial direction (as shown in <FIG>) through the passageway of the first channel <NUM> at least partially around the second sensor <NUM>, the second sensor <NUM> being downstream of the first sensor <NUM> when the fluid is flowing in the first axial direction, such that the first sensor <NUM> will be more exposed to the fluid flowing in the first direction than the second sensor <NUM> will be. In this flow arrangement, the first pressure zone <NUM> will be positive, while the second pressure zone <NUM> will be neutral. This can result in a difference in the pressure and/or temperature readings of the first sensor <NUM> relative to the second sensor <NUM>, thereby enabling a determination of the direction of flow of fluid through the first passageway <NUM>.

Similarly, the flow deflector <NUM> can be configured to deflect fluid flowing in a second axial direction (not shown) through the first passageway <NUM> of the first channel <NUM> at least partially around the first sensor <NUM>, the first sensor <NUM> being downstream of the second sensor <NUM> when the fluid is flowing in the second axial direction, such that the second sensor <NUM> will be more exposed to the fluid flowing in the second direction than the first sensor <NUM> will be. This can result in a difference in the pressure and/or temperature readings of the first sensor <NUM> relative to the second sensor <NUM>, thereby enabling a determination of the direction of flow of fluid through the first passageway <NUM>.

With reference to <FIG>, some embodiments of the flow deflector <NUM> can have a main body portion <NUM> in a middle portion of the flow deflector <NUM>, and a first extended portion <NUM> extending away from the main body portion <NUM> in a first direction (e.g., in a direction of the first sensor <NUM>), and a second extended portion <NUM> extending away from the main body portion <NUM> in a second direction (e.g., in a direction of the second sensor <NUM>). In some embodiments, the first extended portion <NUM> can extend in a direction that is alongside the first sensor <NUM> and the second extended portion <NUM> can extend in a direction that is alongside the second sensor <NUM>.

Some embodiments of the flow deflector <NUM> can have a first curved portion 146a that is configured to curve around the first sensor <NUM> and direct a portion of the air or fluid flowing through the passageway <NUM> into a first portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>. For example and without limitation, some embodiments of the flow deflector <NUM> can have a first curved portion 146a that is configured to curve around the first sensor <NUM> and direct a majority of the air or fluid flowing through the passageway <NUM> into the first portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>. In some embodiments of this configuration, the flow deflector <NUM> can be configured to deflect at least a portion of a flow of air or fluid <NUM> flowing in the direction shown in <FIG> (i.e., such that the second sensor <NUM> is downstream from the first sensor <NUM>) around the second sensor <NUM> but not the first sensor such that a temperature reading of the second sensor <NUM> will be greater than a temperature reading of the first sensor <NUM>, where the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> are self-heated to a temperature that is greater than the temperature of the air flowing through the passageway <NUM>. The deflector can be configured to be spaced away from a wall of the first passageway <NUM> enough to permit a portion (e.g., less than half) of the air or fluid flowing through the passageway <NUM> in the direction shown in <FIG> through the second portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>.

Some embodiments of the flow deflector <NUM> can have or can also have a second curved portion 146b that is configured to curve around the second sensor <NUM> and direct a portion of the air or fluid flowing from right to left (i.e., in a direction that is opposite to the air flow direction shown in <FIG> such that the first sensor <NUM> is downstream from the second sensor <NUM>) through the passageway <NUM> into a second portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>. For example and without limitation, some embodiments of the flow deflector <NUM> can have a second curved portion 146b that is configured to direct a majority of the air or fluid flowing through the passageway <NUM> from right to left (i.e., in a direction that is opposite to the air flow direction shown in <FIG> such that the first sensor <NUM> is downstream from the second sensor <NUM>) into a second portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>. In this configuration, the flow deflector <NUM> can be configured to deflect at least a portion of a flow of air or fluid <NUM> flowing in the direction from right to left (i.e., such that the first sensor <NUM> is downstream from the second sensor <NUM>) around the first sensor <NUM> (i.e., so as to deflect the flow of air around the first sensor <NUM>) but not the second sensor <NUM> such that a temperature reading of the first sensor <NUM> will be less than a temperature reading of the second sensor <NUM>, where the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> are self-heated to a temperature that is greater than the temperature of the air flowing through the passageway <NUM>. The deflector can be configured to be spaced away from a wall of the first passageway <NUM> enough to permit a portion (e.g., less than half) of the air or fluid flowing in the direction from right to left (i.e., such that the first sensor <NUM> is downstream from the second sensor <NUM>) to flow through the first portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>. In some embodiments, it is assumed that the air imparted on the sensor will cool the sensor.

With reference to <FIG>, in some embodiments, the flow deflector <NUM> can be positioned such that a longitudinal centerline axis of the flow deflector <NUM> (i.e., along a length of the flow deflector <NUM> in a direction of a flow of fluid through the first passageway <NUM>) can be aligned with a centerline of the first passageway <NUM> through the conduit or channel. In some embodiments, the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can be offset slightly from the centerline of the passageway <NUM> (e.g., by <NUM> in. from the centerline, or within <NUM>% of the inner diameter or width of the passageway <NUM> from the centerline, or from <NUM>% or approximately <NUM>% or less to <NUM>% or approximately <NUM>% or more than <NUM>% of the inner diameter or width of the passageway <NUM> from the centerline), which can result in the overall baffle being more compact. Further, in some embodiments, a width of the first portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM> can be the same as or similar to a width of the second portion <NUM> of the passageway <NUM>. The flow deflector <NUM> can be configured such that the effect of the flow deflector <NUM> on the fluid flowing through the passageway <NUM> is the same or substantially the same regardless of a direction of flow.

<FIG> is a cutaway view of the second passageway showing the solid-state velocity sensor <NUM> of the solid-state airflow sensor device <NUM> embodiment shown in <FIG> extending into the second passageway <NUM>. In some embodiments, the velocity sensor can be an off-the-shelf sensor and can be an open source device. For example and without limitation, the solid-state velocity sensor <NUM> can be a thermal anemometer such as a Wind Sensor Rev. P (https://moderndevice. com/product/wind-sensor-rey=p/) from Modern Device can be used with some embodiments disclosed herein.

With reference to <FIG>, the velocity sensor <NUM> can be positioned or supported within a second pipe or channel <NUM> having the second passageway <NUM> extending axially therethrough. In some embodiments, the velocity sensor can be a non-solid-state sensor such as a spinning blade, a spinning cup or vane anemometer. The velocity sensor <NUM> can comprise a transducer configured to provide real-time readings of a velocity of flow of fluid through the second passageway <NUM>. It should be appreciated that while the direction sensor <NUM> and the velocity sensor are illustrated and described as being positioned within the same device, in modified arrangements, the two sensors and their associated opening can be physically separated into two devices that are placed functionally near each other on a boundary or partition between spaces or zones.

The data generated by the first sensor <NUM>, the second sensor <NUM>, and the velocity sensor <NUM> can be processed by electronics in communication with such sensors. The first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can produce a calculated temperature difference between a first side of the device <NUM> and a second side of the device <NUM>. This device <NUM> can be positioned on a partition or boundary wall within a data center. A controller or microprocessor in communication with the first and second sensors <NUM>, <NUM> can be configured to calculate the pressure value using Bernoulli's equation. This equation relates the flow through a fixed orifice to the pressure difference across the opening. The calculated value can be sent to a control system to control or monitor air pressure in the space. In this manner, the pressure on either side of the device <NUM> can be more accurately controlled. In some embodiments, the controller can be configured to control or be in communication with a single sensorunit or can be configured to control or be in communication with a plurality of sensors. The controller can include a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a persistent magnetic storage drive, solid state drive, etc., configured to store instructions that are executable by the processor to execute the instructions according to one or more control methods, as discussed further below. The execution of those instructions, whether the execution occurs in the processor or elsewhere, may control a system or sub-system(s) thereof. For example, when executed by a processor of the computer system, the instructions may cause the components of the system to operate.

<FIG> illustrates embodiments of equations that can be used to convert device flow to differential pressure that can be used with any of the embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> disclosed herein to determine the pressure to a high degree of resolution and accuracy. As described, in some embodiments, with a measurement of velocity through a fixed size opening or passageway the pressure difference can be mathematically calculated using Bernoulli's Principle. The greater the pressure difference across a fixed opening or passageway, the greater the flow through that opening or passageway. Therefore, understanding the magnitude of the pressure difference across the fixed opening can yield information related to the flow through the opening.

As illustrated in <FIG>, Bernoulli's equation can be shown as follows:
<MAT>.

Bernoulli's equation can be simplified for air, as follows: <MAT>.

Bernoulli's equation can be rewritten as an expression for differential pressure, as in the following two steps: <MAT>.

<FIG> shows an embodiment of a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of the system electronics that can be used with any embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> disclosed herein. As shown in <FIG>, any embodiments of the system can be configured to transmit data or other information via network and/or wired or wirelessly to a user interface, a database, a computer system, to a network storage device, or otherwise. Additionally, in any embodiments disclosed herein, the solid-state sensor <NUM> and/or any embodiments of a system that includes the solid-state sensor <NUM> can include one or more indicator lights and/or a display panel having a user interface that can be positioned on the housing or at any other location that can be used to indicate a flow direction, or other information related to the flow conditions of the system, based on data generated by the sensors.

<FIG> illustrates an embodiment of a software system that can be used with any embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein. As illustrated, some embodiments of the system can be configured to read air velocity, read air temperature, read the voltage of the first sensor <NUM>, and/or read the voltage of the second sensor <NUM>. As described, a direction of the flow can be calculated using the direction sensor by comparing the voltage of the first sensor <NUM> to the voltage of the second sensor <NUM>. As previously explained, Bernoulli's equation can be simplified to the equation below, which can be used to determine differential pressure (i.e., pressure delta) across an opening, given flow and orifice size.

By measuring flow through a fixed opening between two separate spaces, the pressure difference between the spaces can be determined. In some embodiments, the more flow measured through the fixed opening the higher the pressure difference between them. Some embodiments of the devices and systems disclosed herein can be used to determine which space has the higher or lower pressure. Some embodiments of the solid-state velocity sensor can measure flow regardless of direction.

<FIG> illustrates how differential pressure, temperature, and/or direction of flow of the fluid flowing through the system can be determined using a system that includes, without limitation, any of the embodiments of the sensor <NUM> disclosed herein, a velocity sensor, and/or a processor. In some embodiments, the system can have a transmitter configured to wirelessly or through wired components communicate one or more characteristics of a fluid flowing through a system that includes, without limitation, any of the embodiments of the sensor <NUM> disclosed herein and/or a velocity sensor. In some embodiments, the one or more characteristics can include differential pressure, temperature, and/or direction of flow of the fluid. Any of these characteristics and/or other characteristics can be uploaded wirelessly or via a wired connection to a network and/or to a user interface, database, or other computer system either directly or through the network.

In some embodiments, an onboard microprocessor can receive the signals from each sensor and calculate the pressure value based on flow velocity and direction across the sensor. The logic within the microprocessor can control the local screen or LED's to indicate a neutral, surplus or deficit pressure condition in the measured space. For example and without limitation, a green light can be used to communicate to an operator that a first zone or a first side of a barrier is experiencing a pressure surplus (i.e., wherein a pressure on a first side of the barrier or first zone is higher than a pressure on a second side of the barrier or in a second zone). A red light can be used to communicate to an operator that a first zone or a first side of a barrier is experiencing a pressure deficit (i.e., wherein a pressure on a first side of the barrier or first zone is lower than a pressure on a second side of the barrier or in a second zone). Further, in some embodiments, the lights can be configured to blink to indicate a magnitude of the pressure differential across the barrier - e.g., rapid blink or a high number of blinks in a sequence can indicate a high pressure differential, and a slow blink or a low number of blinks in a sequence can indicate a low pressure differential. Lights may be configured to indicate a proper or improper cooling delivery, temperature and/or pressure, in the area being monitored. For example, without limitation, a green light indicates proper cooling conditions, a blue light indicates an over cooled conditions and a red light indicates an improper cooling condition.

In some embodiments, the microprocessor can be configured to communicate the read data across a wireless connection (WLAN, BlueTooth, or Zigbee) to a central control system or building automation system or PLC so that the climate control system can automatically adjust climate settings based on the information received from any embodiments of the devices and systems disclosed herein.

Further, some embodiments of the solid-state sensor <NUM> and/or the systems disclosed herein can be used to control the air conditioning system in the space based on demand. The sensors of at least some of the embodiments disclosed herein can be used to determine airflow demand by measuring surplus or deficit pressure in containment areas. Locally, a technician can understand the 'health' of a contained zone by simply looking at the sensor lights and/or display. Furthermore, a technician can adjust floor tile quantities in the contained space and realize the effects by looking at the sensor once complete. For example and without limitation, the number of perforated floor tiles could be adjusted in response to the sensor readings, or the perforated floor tile modulating dampers could be adjusted in response to the sensor readings.

Additionally some embodiments of the sensor <NUM> disclosed herein can be used to measure space pressures as well. The sensor <NUM> could be used to measure a space pressure between the data hall and the rest of the facility. Data halls can be slightly pressurized relative to the hallway and outdoors to keep outside dust out of the data halls and electronics equipment. Additionally, there are applications for any of the embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein outside of data rooms. For example and without limitation, any embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein can be used to monitor and optimize air flow in isolation rooms in hospitals and in any other rooms or facilities wherein the operator would benefit from understanding airflow between partitions, barriers, cabinets, rooms, etc..

In some embodiments, LED lights or other types of lights or visual or audible indicators, the display, or visual or audible indicators on the display (collectively referred to herein as indicators) can glow different colors or change appearance or sound based on changes or levels of changes of operating parameters, including differences in pressure. Too much or too little pressure can indicate surplus or deficit airflow conditions. The use of indicators can provide information to enable data center operators to tune airflow conditions to match airflow demand and supply or otherwise optimize cooling of the electronics in the data room. The most efficient way to operate a data center is to deliver the right amount of air in the right places and the indicators can be used to provide information to the operators to optimize the air delivery. For example and without limitation, in some embodiments, the operator can and/or the system can be configured to automatically adjust fan speed, make valve adjustments to air and/or other fluid flow (e.g., coolant flow), or other changes to optimize cooling.

In one arrangement, embodiments of the sensor <NUM> can be used to measure airflow and pressure within containment spaces. For example, in data centers, it is advantageous to have different spaces that can isolate cooling zones from hot air streams. The air flow device can be positioned in a partition or boundary between the cooled and hot zones. In this manner, the information from the air flow sensor can be used to control the amount of air being delivered to the cooling zone and reduce energy costs while ensuring that the right amount of cooling is where it needs to be in the data hall. Traditionally, pressure sensors have been positioned on either side of the partition to ensure that hot air is not flowing into the cooled space. With embodiments of sensors <NUM> disclosed herein, the several air flow sensors <NUM> can be positioned along a partition and at different locations and can be used to ensure that the pressure within the cooling zone is higher than the pressure in the hot zone (i.e., flow through the device is flowing from the cooling zone to the hot zone and not vice versa). Air flow into the cooling zone can be adjusted if the pressure in the hot zone exceeds the pressure in the cooling zone.

For example and without limitation, any embodiments of the airflow sensors disclosed herein (including the embodiments of the airflow sensors <NUM>) can be used with cooling systems for data centers, the one or more airflow sensors <NUM> in fluid communication with an airflow through the system. In some embodiments, as shown in <FIG>, the one or more sensors <NUM> can be configured to determine a flow direction of air flowing through the system <NUM>, a pressure of the air flowing through the system <NUM>, velocity of the air flowing through the system <NUM>, and/or temperature of the air flowing through the system <NUM>. <FIG> are orthogonal views of an embodiment of an exemplifying cooling system <NUM> that any embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein can be used with. <FIG> show an embodiment of the airflow sensor <NUM> coupled with the system <NUM>. In some embodiments, the sensor <NUM> can be in fluid communication with the air flowing through the system <NUM>. For example and without limitation, in some embodiments, the sensor <NUM> can be supported by the ducting, such as the transition duct, of the system <NUM>. In any embodiments disclosed herein, the sensor <NUM> can provide data to a controller of the system <NUM> that can be used to control the system <NUM> and/or one or more components of the system <NUM>.

<FIG> shows an embodiment of a method of controlling a climate control system of a data room <NUM>. In some embodiments, the method can include, at step <NUM> positioning a solid-state sensor in a passageway through a partition between a first zone and a second zone of a data room, at step <NUM>, calculating a direction of a flow of air through the passageway and/or solid-state sensor positioned between a first zone and a second zone of a data room, and/or at step increasing a supply of cool air to the first zone if the direction of flow of air is from the second zone to the first zone (as in step <NUM>) or decreasing a supply of cool air to the first zone if the direction of flow of air is from the first zone to the second zone and a velocity of the flow of air from the first zone to the second zone is above a threshold amount. In this embodiment, the first zone can be a cooling zone and the second zone can be a hot zone. In some embodiments, the temperature of the air supplied and the volume of air can also be adjusted, based on data received from the sensor. A network of sensors <NUM> can be used to control fan speeds within the data center. Sensors <NUM> can be used to determine what pod of cabinets within a room is controlling the air conditioning systems. Supply and return airflow control devices can be adjusted to optimize the air conditioning systems. Some embodiments of the sensor <NUM> can be configured to measure flow and control of the system can be based on differential pressure, and velocity can be used to determine pressure difference.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the systems and methods described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present inventions is defined only by reference to the appended claims.

Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described in this section or elsewhere in this specification unless incompatible therewith. The protection is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Furthermore, certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the combination may be claimed as a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Claim 1:
A sensor assembly (<NUM>), comprising:
an enclosure housing (<NUM>) having a first opening in a first side (<NUM>) of the enclosure and a second opening in a second side of the enclosure (<NUM>);
a first passageway (<NUM>) in fluid communication with the first opening and the second opening;
a solid-state sensor positioned within the first passageway (<NUM>), the solid-state sensor comprising:
a first sensor (<NUM>) positioned at a first axial position in the first passageway (<NUM>);
a second sensor (<NUM>) positioned at a second axial position in the first passageway (<NUM>); and
a flow deflector (<NUM>) positioned at a third axial position in the first passageway (<NUM>) that is between the first axial position and the second axial position, the flow deflector (<NUM>) extending into the first passageway (<NUM>) so as to constrict the first passageway (<NUM>);
wherein the flow deflector (<NUM>) is configured to deflect at least a portion of a flow of a fluid flowing through the first passageway (<NUM>) in a first direction around the second sensor (<NUM>) but not the first sensor (<NUM>), wherein the second sensor (<NUM>) is downstream of the first sensor (<NUM>) when a fluid is flowing in the first direction;
wherein the flow deflector (<NUM>) is configured to deflect at least a portion of a flow of a fluid flowing through the first passageway (<NUM>) in a second direction around the first sensor (<NUM>) but not the second sensor (<NUM>), wherein the first sensor (<NUM>) is downstream of the second sensor (<NUM>) when a fluid is flowing in the second direction;
characterized in that the flow deflector (<NUM>) includes a first recess (146a) on a first side of the flow deflector (<NUM>) and a second recess (146b) on a second side of the flow deflector (<NUM>).