Patent Description:
Different classes of specific binding proteins have evolved in nature, the most widely known class being immunoglobulins of vertebrates. Another class of specific binding proteins are repeat proteins. Similar to the role that immunoglobulins play in vertebrates, repeat proteins were found to be involved in the adaptive immune system of jawless fish. However, repeat proteins play a much wider role beyond this function and mediate protein-protein interactions across all phyla to fulfill diverse biological functions. In fact, they constitute the largest group of natural proteins mediating specific binding (e.g. reviewed in <NPL>). Repeat proteins bind their targets via the repeat domain, which is made up of a variable number of repeats that stack on each other through their conserved interfaces to create the compactly folded repeat domain. Specific target binding is then achieved through variable residues on the surface of the repeat domain (Forrer <NUM>, loc. and <CIT>).

Ankyrin repeat proteins are a well-studied class of repeat proteins. The ankyrin repeat usually comprises <NUM> amino acid residues forming two antiparallel alpha-helices and a beta-turn. The folded ankyrin repeat domain comprising the stacked ankyrin repeats has a right-handed solenoid structure with a compact hydrophobic core and a large binding surface, which allows it to adapt to its respective binding partners (e.g. <NPL>).

Plückthun and coworkers derived a consensus sequence motif from naturally occurring ankyrin repeats (e.g., <NPL> and <CIT>). The derived ankyrin repeat consensus motif is <NUM>-amino acid residues long and comprises fixed and variable positions. The fixed positions correspond mainly to framework residues that are primarily responsible for the structural integrity of the ankyrin repeats, in particular, for the interrepeat stacking interactions. The variable positions correspond to surface-exposed residues that do not strongly contribute to the structural integrity of the ankyrin repeats; but, are potentially involved in target binding (though surface-exposed framework residues may be involved in target binding too).

Libraries of proteins were then created having an ankyrin repeat domain with internal ankyrin repeats that were based on such ankyrin repeat consensus motif (Binz, <NUM>, loc. Certain variable positions of the consensus motif were randomized in each internal ankyrin repeat to allow for the binding to different targets, thereby creating the diversity of the library. In order to avoid aggregation of ankyrin repeat domains consisting only of internal ankyrin repeats, the internal ankyrin repeats were flanked by an N-terminal capping module and a C-terminal capping module to shield the hydrophobic core of the domain from the solvent (Forrer, <NUM>, loc. and Binz, <NUM>, loc. These capping modules were based on the capping repeats of the human guanine-adenine-binding protein (GA-binding protein). Libraries composed of proteins with ankyrin repeat domains having one, two or three internal ankyrin repeats are referred to as an N1C, N2C and N3C library, respectively, wherein the "N" refers to the N-terminal capping module, "C" refers to the C-terminal capping module and the number to the number of internal ankyrin repeats (Binz, <NUM>, loc.

Using such a synthetic library of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), DARPins against specific targets can be selected with common selection methods, including phage display, ribosome display and yeast display, and were shown to have very favorable properties. While displaying binding specificities and affinities that are comparable to immunoglobulins, DARPins are much more robust and can be easily engineered into multispecific binding proteins that are easily expressed and purified. DARPins are well studied (e.g. <NPL>).

Following the design of the original DARPin library by Plückthun and coworkers (Binz, <NUM>, loc. and <CIT>), it was shown that a mutation in the N-terminal capping module can increase the thermostability of an ankyrin repeat domain (<CIT>).

Another disclosure relating to engineered ankyrin repeat proteins is <CIT>.

There remains a need to further improve the properties of proteins comprising an ankyrin repeat domain, such as the thermostability of the ankyrin repeat domain.

The present invention is based on the discovery that specific mutations in the N-terminal capping module can significantly improve the properties of an ankyrin repeat domain. In particular, it has been found that the amino acid residue present at the position in the N-terminal capping module, which corresponds to position <NUM> of SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, is of key importance for the thermostability of an ankyrin repeat domain. It has also been found that only a few amino acid residues in this position have a striking effect on thermostability. Furthermore, the effects of these mutations were transferable to ankyrin repeat domains with diverging sequences, demonstrating the general importance of this position in the N-terminal capping module for the thermostability of ankyrin repeat domains.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain,.

wherein said ankyrin repeat domain has a higher melting temperature than a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue of the N-terminal capping module corresponding to position <NUM> in SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a protein library comprising such proteins.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of selection using such protein libraries.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the proteins of the invention, nucleic acids encoding them or vectors or cells comprising said nucleic acids.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing a protein of the invention comprising culturing a cell having a nucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention under conditions allowing expression thereof and then purifying the expressed protein.

Related compositions and methods are also provided, as will be apparent from the following detailed description.

"A", "an", and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain refers to one or more such proteins.

An "ankyrin repeat" refers to a short sequence of amino acid residues forming a structural motif (e.g.,SMART accession number: SM00248). Ankyrin repeats occur in consecutive copies, are involved in protein-protein interactions and the core of the ankyrin repeat forms a helix-loop-helix structure.

The term "ankyrin repeat domain" refers to a protein domain comprising an N-terminal capping module, a C-terminal capping module and one or more ankyrin repeats in between (also referred to as "internal ankyrin repeats"). An ankyrin repeat domain has a hydrophobic core, which is shielded on its N- and C-terminal end by N- and C-terminal capping modules, respectively, from the solvent. The folded ankyrin repeat domain has a right-handed solenoid structure with a large binding surface that is adaptable to specifically bind targets. The ankyrin repeat domain is generally very robust and can sustain a significant number of mutations, including substitutions, additions and deletions, without destroying its overall structure. The residues that contribute to the structural integrity of the ankyrin repeat domain, including the interrepeat interactions, are referred to as "framework residues", whereas the residues that contribute to target binding, either through direct interaction with the target or by influencing residues that directly interact with the target, e.g., by stabilizing them, are referred to as "target interaction residues". A single amino acid residue can be both - a framework and a target interaction residue - at the same time and framework residues and target interaction residues may be found not only in the internal ankyrin repeats, but also the N-terminal capping module and/or the C-terminal capping module.

The internal ankyrin repeats contribute to the structural stability of the ankyrin repeat domain due to their stacking interaction with the neighboring repeats. An internal ankyrin repeat usually consists of <NUM> amino acid residues.

The capping modules have a hydrophobic inside surface that is suitable for interacting with the adjacent internal ankyrin repeat and a hydrophilic outside surface to shield the hydrophobic core from the solvent. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module and/or the C-terminal capping module are a N-terminal capping repeat and/or C-terminal capping repeat, respectively, which have a similar or the same fold as the adjacent internal ankyrin repeat(s) and/or sequence similarities to said adjacent internal ankyrin repeat(s).

The terms "binding", "specific binding" or the like when used in reference to a target mean a binding interaction that is measurably different from a non-specific interaction, e.g., the interaction with a control molecule that is unrelated to the specific target. Control molecules that are commonly used to measure such non-specific interaction include bovine serum albumin, bovine casein and Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (unless, of course, the respective proteins were the target for the specific binding). In certain instances, the terms "binding", "specific binding" or the like mean that only the target is bound and substantially no other molecule. Specific binding can be determined, for instance, by measuring the dissociation constant (Kd) for the target and/or by comparing the binding to the target with the binding to a control molecule. The Kd can be measured by various conventional techniques, such as isothermal titration calorimetry, radioligand binding assay, fluorescence energy resonance transfer, and surface plasmon resonance. The binding specificity is generally measured in standardized solutions, such as PBS. For instance, the Kd for the target in PBS is at least <NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM> or at least <NUM><NUM> times lower than the corresponding Kd for a control molecule that is unrelated to the specific target.

The term "designed ankyrin repeat protein" or "DARPin" refers to a non-natural protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain. In some embodiments, such a DARPin has a repeat sequence motif that was derived from natural ankyrin repeats, e.g. by consensus design (see, e.g., <NPL> and Binz <NUM>, loc.

The term "fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation" refers to the fraction of ankyrin repeat domains that refold into their native state after thermal denaturation.

The term "library" as used in reference to a protein or nucleic acid library refers to a collection of proteins and nucleic acids, respectively.

The term "melting temperature" or "Tm" refers to the temperature at which <NUM>% of the protein is unfolded in a certain buffer, e.g. PBS.

The term "modification", as used in reference to a specific amino acid sequence (e.g. the amino acid sequence of an internal ankyrin repeat or capping module), refers to one or more modification(s) of said amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of deletions, insertions and/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the number of deletions and insertions is limited, for instance, to a combined number of deletions and insertions of not more than three, not more than two or not more than one of the total number of modification(s). Accordingly, if there is a total number of not more than <NUM> modifications, the number of deletions and insertions of those not more than <NUM> modifications may be limited to a combined number of insertions and deletions of not more than two. In some embodiments, the modification(s) are substitution(s) only. A substitution can be a substitution of an amino acid residue with, e.g., any of the naturally occurring amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the substitution of an amino acid residue is with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of A, D, E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, V, Wand Y. In some embodiments, the substitution of an amino acid residue is with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of A, D, E, H, I, K, L, Q, R, S, V and Y. The following amino acid residues may, for instance, be particularly suitable for the respective position of the N-terminal capping module:.

An amino acid substitution may be a conservative or non-conservative substitution. In some embodiments, substitutions only relate to conservative amino acid substitutions. A conservative amino acid substitution typically involves exchanging an amino acid residue by a different one having similar biophysical properties. For instance, the amino acid residues with a positively charged sidechain K, R and H, the amido acids with negatively charged sidechain E and D, the amino acid residue with a polar side chain T and S, the amino acid residues with an aromatic sidechain F, W or Y or the amino acid residues with a non-polar sidechain A, V, L, I and M may be substituted with one another.

The term "PBS" refers to phosphate-buffered saline containing <NUM> NaCl, <NUM> phosphate and <NUM> KCI and having a pH of <NUM>.

The term "percent (%) sequence identity" with respect to a specific amino acid sequence (e.g. the amino acid sequence of a N-terminal capping module of the invention) is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that is identical with the amino acid residues in the specific amino acid sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-<NUM> or ALIGN. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. Further examples of how to determine the percentage of sequence identity can be found in <CIT>, page <NUM>, line <NUM> to page <NUM>, line <NUM>.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to buffers, carriers, and other excipients suitable for use in contact with tissues of humans and/or animals without excessive toxicity, allergic response, irritation, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. The carrier(s) should be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulations and not deleterious to the recipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include buffers, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration.

The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a composition comprising at least one active agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A pharmaceutical composition is generally formulated and administered to exert a pharmaceutically useful effect while minimizing undesirable side effects.

If the term "position" is used without further reference to a particular amino acid sequence, then it refers to the corresponding amino acid position of SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is the archetypal N-terminal capping module of designed ankyrin repeat proteins that remains commonly used in scientific studies (Binz, <NUM>, loc. Furthermore, "corresponding" in this context means that the amino acid residue aligns with the indicated position of a specific sequence in a sequence alignment. Alignment for purposes of determining which amino acid residue corresponds to which position of a specific sequence can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-<NUM> or ALIGN. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. Further examples of how to align two sequences can be found in <CIT>, page <NUM>, line <NUM> to page <NUM>, line <NUM>.

The term "recombinant", as used in reference to a protein, refers to a protein produced from a recombinant nucleic acid. A "recombinant nucleic acid" refers to nucleic acid molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination or gene synthesis.

The term "substantially identical", as used in reference to a specific amino acid sequence (e.g. the N-terminal capping module of the invention or an internal ankyrin repeat), refers to amino acid sequences having (<NUM>) at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to the specific amino acid sequence or (<NUM>) up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or no modifications, as compared to the specific amino acid sequence.

The term "target", as used, for instance, in conjunction with the specific binding property of an ankyrin repeat domain comprised in a protein, refers to any substance or structure. It may refer to a single molecule, such as a protein, small-molecule or sugar, as well as complexed molecules, such as interacting proteins or proteins binding to non-proteinaceous compounds. It may also refer to more macromolecular structures, such as cells, tissues, viruses or bacteria.

The terms "treating" or "treatment" of a disease, condition or symptom refers to obtaining therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit, including alleviating, ablating, ameliorating, or preventing a disease, condition or symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting or slowing down the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition.

Naturally occurring ankyrin repeat domains normally have capping modules to shield their hydrophobic cores from the solvent. In line with this, earlier developed recombinant proteins having ankyrin repeat domains likewise comprised capping modules with such a shielding function at the N- and C-terminal ends of the ankyrin repeat domain (e.g. Binz, <NUM>, loc. and Binz, <NUM>, loc. The capping modules that were first used were derived from the murine GABPβ1, which is a naturally occurring ankyrin repeat protein (PDB: 1AWC_B). Binz et al. <NUM> (loc. ) already introduced some modifications to the naturally occurring capping modules in order to adapt the capping modules for binding to the internal ankyrin repeats and for cloning purposes. The N-terminal capping module of Binz et al. <NUM> (loc. ) is reflected by SEQ ID NO: <NUM> and the C-terminal capping module of Binz et al. <NUM> (loc. ) is reflected by SEQ ID NO: <NUM>.

<CIT> relates to further modified N-terminal and C-terminal capping modules of the ankyrin repeat domain. The N-terminal capping modules disclosed in <CIT> include the two N-terminal capping modules reflected by SEQ ID NO: <NUM> and SEQ ID NO: <NUM> (corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> and <NUM> of <CIT>, respectively, without the two optionally missing N-terminal amino acid residues). Another exemplary N-terminal capping module disclosed in the prior art includes the one reflected by SEQ ID NO: <NUM> corresponding to an amino acid sequence comprised in the N-terminal capping module of SEQ ID NO: <NUM> of <CIT>.

Using in silico structure analysis, the present inventors determined those amino acid residues that would appear to be most suitable for each position of the N-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain. In particular, the various amino acid residues shown in Table <NUM> were considered to be particularly suitable based on the in silico analysis.

Based on the structural analysis, amino acid residues in various positions were tested by in vitro experimentation. Among the many tested mutations of the N-terminal capping module, there was one position which was surprisingly found to be particularly important for the thermostability of the ankyrin repeat domain - the position corresponding to position <NUM> of SEQ ID NO: <NUM> (also simply referred to as position <NUM> herein without referencing SEQ ID NO: <NUM>).

Accordingly, the protein of the invention comprises an ankyrin repeat domain that has an N-terminal capping module with a mutation in position <NUM>, wherein the mutation is the amino acid residue I.

The ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the invention has a higher melting temperature than a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue of the N-terminal capping module corresponding to position <NUM> in SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain. The ankyrin repeat domain of the invention may have further improved properties, including improved thermostability, improved storage stability, improved thermodynamic stability (defined as the difference in free energy between the folded and unfolded states), improved folding and/or refolding properties (such as a higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation), reduced aggregation propensity and lower in vivo immunogenicity risk.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has, apart from the mutation in position <NUM>, an amino acid residue of Table <NUM> in one or more of the other positions.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of G, A, D and S. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from A and S. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has A at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has S at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of E, D, Q, N, S, T, K and R. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has Q at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of L, S, Q, K, R, A, H, D and E. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from K, E, Q, A and L. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from K, E, A and L. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has E or A at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has A at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has E at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of D, A, N, Q, G, S, T, K, E and R. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has E at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of D, A, N, Q, G, S, T, K, E and R. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has A at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of R, E, D, K, A, N, Q, S, T and H. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has E at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has K at position <NUM>, which was shown to improve thermostability of the ankyrin repeat domain in the context of various sequence backgrounds.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of I, V, N, K, R, T, S, E, Q, A, D and H. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has Q at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of L, V, I and A. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of L, V and I. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has L at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has V at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has I at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has A at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has I at position <NUM> and I at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has I at position <NUM> and L at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has I at position <NUM> and V at position <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module further has an amino acid residue at position <NUM> selected from the group consisting of R, S, Q, K, N, A, E, D, H, C. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has E at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has A at position <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module has K at position <NUM>.

The ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the invention has a higher melting temperature and, optionally, a higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation, as compared to a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the mutation in position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain. In some embodiments having one or more of said mutation(s) in the N-terminal capping module in addition to the mutation in position <NUM>, the ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the invention has an improved thermostability, such as a higher melting temperature and/or a higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation, as compared to a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the mutation in position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module and except for the additional mutation(s) in the N-terminal capping module.

Methods for measuring the thermostability of a protein or a protein domain are well-known to the person skilled in the art. For instance, the thermostability can be measured by a thermal shift assay, differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism (CD). Another possible approach is to use differential scanning fluorimetry (e.g. <NPL>). In this method, unfolding of the protein is measured with a fluorescent dye that binds to hydrophobic parts of the protein. As the protein unfolds, more hydrophobic parts become exposed causing an increase in fluorescence and vice versa. This method therefore allows to conveniently monitor the refolding properties of a protein and to determine its melting temperature, which corresponds to the midpoint of the fluorescence transition curve. The refolding properties and melting temperature of a protein can also be measured by CD spectroscopy, whereby the thermal melting curve of the protein is determined by measuring the CD signal at <NUM>. For purposes of measuring the thermostability, the protein may be dissolved in PBS. For example, the thermostability of a helical protein can be determined by measuring the CD signal of the protein at <NUM> while slowly heating the protein at a concentration of <NUM> in PBS pH <NUM> from <NUM> to <NUM> using a temperature ramp of <NUM> per min.

In some embodiments, the increase in melting temperature of the ankyrin repeat domain of the invention is at least <NUM>, at least <NUM>, at least <NUM>, at least <NUM> or at least <NUM>, as compared to the reference ankyrin repeat domain.

In some embodiments, the fraction of the refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation is at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>% or at least <NUM>% higher, as compared to the reference ankyrin repeat domain.

In some embodiments, the ankyrin repeat domain has a higher melting temperature and higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation than a reference ankyrin repeat domain with the same amino acid sequence except for position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module that is a different amino acid residue in the reference ankyrin repeat domain compared to the ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the invention. The amino acid residue in position <NUM> of the reference ankyrin repeat domain is D.

In some embodiments having one or more of said mutation(s) in the N-terminal capping module in addition to the mutation in position <NUM>, the ankyrin repeat domain has a higher melting temperature and/or higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation than a reference ankyrin repeat domain with the same amino acid sequence except for position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module and except for the additional mutation(s) in the N-terminal capping module that are different amino acid residues in the reference ankyrin repeat domain compared to the ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the invention. In some embodiments, the different amino acid residues of the reference ankyrin repeat domain correspond to the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: <NUM>. In some embodiments additionally having position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module mutated, the amino acid residue in position <NUM> of the reference ankyrin repeat domain is D and the amino acid residue in position <NUM> of the reference ankyrin repeat domain is A.

Unless specified, the sequence of the ankyrin repeat domain is not particularly limited. In particular, the ankyrin repeat domain allows for a large sequence variation while preserving the overall structure and function of the domain.

The N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications outside position <NUM>, wherein X at position <NUM> of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or said variants thereof is an amino acid residue as defined above for position <NUM>, and wherein the respective ankyrin repeat domain has a higher melting temperature than a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue of the N-terminal capping module corresponding to position <NUM> of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> have up to <NUM> modification. In some embodiments, there are no variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the modifications of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> do not include more than a combined number of deletions and insertions of <NUM>. In some embodiments, the modifications of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> do not include more than a combined number of deletions and insertions of <NUM>. In some embodiments, the modifications of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> do not include more than a combined number of deletions and insertions of <NUM>. In some embodiments, the modifications of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> are only substitutions. In some embodiments, the variants of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> comprise one or more substitutions with an amino acid residue of Table <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence with amino acid residues as indicated for the positions <NUM> to <NUM> in Table <NUM>. For instance, the amino acid residue at position <NUM> is selected from the group consisting of A, E, N, Q, G, S, T, K, D, R and H, and so on. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence with amino acid residues as indicated for the positions <NUM> to <NUM> in Table <NUM> except for position <NUM> that is I. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence with amino acid residues as indicated for the positions <NUM> to <NUM> in Table <NUM> except for position <NUM> that is I or a variant thereof with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications outside position <NUM>.

The N-terminal capping module may further comprise a sequence N-terminal to the amino acid sequences defined in SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and <NUM> (or the sequence variants thereof defined herein). For instance, such sequence could be a dipeptide comprising amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of D, A, E, N, Q, S, T, K, R and H, such as the dipeptide GS, DA, EA, AA, AD, AE, NA, AN, PT, TP, AT or TA. In some embodiments, the dipeptide is directly N-terminal to the amino acid sequences defined in SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and <NUM> (or the sequence variants thereof defined herein). Such dipeptide sequence primarily serves as a linker to connect the ankyrin repeat domain to the further peptide sequence of the protein or as an extended alpha-helix of the N-terminal capping module.

It is understood that for those embodiments of the N-terminal capping module, which are defined by a certain amino acid residue(s) in, e.g., position <NUM>, as well as a minimal sequence identity to an amino acid sequence or a defined number of modifications compared to an amino acid sequence, both conditions need to be fulfilled. For instance, an N-terminal capping module having I in position <NUM> and at least <NUM>% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, only relates to such embodiments wherein the N-terminal capping module has I in position <NUM> and, at the same time, at least <NUM>% sequence identity to one or more of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeats of the ankyrin repeat domain consist of <NUM> amino acid residues.

In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) of the ankyrin repeat domain of the invention comprise an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications.

In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat adjacent to the N-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat adjacent to the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat adjacent to the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat adjacent to the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications.

In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeats of an ankyrin repeat domain of the invention share a high degree of sequence identity or sequence similarity. In some embodiments, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) share at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>% or at least <NUM>% sequence identity.

In some embodiments, the C-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications. In some embodiments, the C-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications outside position <NUM>, and wherein X at position <NUM> of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or said variants thereof is an amino acid residue as defined above for position <NUM> and the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or from a variant of any one of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> with up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM>, up to <NUM> or up to <NUM> modifications outside position <NUM>, and wherein X at position <NUM> of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or said variants thereof is an amino acid residue as defined above for position <NUM>, the internal ankyrin repeat(s) comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM> or SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, and the C-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or <NUM>% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the ankyrin repeat domain comprises the N-terminal capping module, one internal ankyrin repeat and a C-terminal capping module (N1C). Such ankyrin repeat domains are shown in Example <NUM>. In some embodiments, the ankyrin repeat domain comprises the N-terminal capping module, multiple internal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal capping module. In one embodiment, the ankyrin repeat domain comprises the N-terminal capping module, <NUM> or <NUM> internal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal capping module (N2C or N3C, respectively). In one embodiment, the ankyrin repeat domain is N2C. In another embodiment, the ankyrin repeat domain is N3C.

In some embodiments, the protein of the invention is a recombinant protein or DARPin.

In some embodiments, the ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the invention specifically binds to a target. For instance, the ankyrin repeat domain may specifically bind to a mammalian serum albumin, such as human serum albumin.

The protein of the invention may comprise one or more further moieties in addition to the ankyrin repeat domain comprising the N-terminal capping module, such as a moiety binding to a target, a labeling moiety, a toxic moiety, a moiety improving the pharmacokinetics, a moiety providing effector functions, a moiety allowing for the purification of the protein or a moiety providing enzymatic activity. In some embodiments, the further moiety binding to a target is another ankyrin repeat domain, an antibody or fragment thereof or a receptor protein. In some embodiments, the further moiety binding to a target is another ankyrin repeat domain. In some embodiments, the labeling moiety is a stable isotope, a mass tag or a fluorescent label. In some embodiments, the toxic moiety is a chemotherapeutic agent, such as an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite, a taxane, or an anthracycline. In some embodiments, the moiety improving pharmacokinetics is a pegylation, a mammalian serum albumin, an immunoglobulin, a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin or a moiety binding to mammalian serum albumin or to an immunoglobulin. In one embodiment, the protein further contains an ankyrin repeat domain binding to a mammalian serum albumin. In some embodiments, the further moiety providing effector functions is a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin. In some embodiments, the moiety allowing for the purification of the protein is a FLAG-tag, a GST-tag, an HA-tag, a Myc-tag, a His-tag or a Strep-tag. In some embodiments, the further moiety providing enzymatic or fluorescence activity is, e.g., beta-lactamase or green fluorescence protein, respectively.

The further moiety may be proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous.

In some embodiments, the further moiety in addition to the ankyrin repeat domain comprising the N-terminal capping module is one or more additional ankyrin repeat domains. In some embodiments, the protein of the invention comprises more than one, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four or at least five, ankyrin repeat domains. In some embodiments, the protein of the invention comprises more than one, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four or at least five, ankyrin repeat domains each comprising the N-terminal capping module of the invention. In some embodiments, the protein of the invention comprises multiple ankyrin repeat domains which specifically bind to multiple targets. In some embodiments, the protein of the invention comprises a single ankyrin repeat domain.

The various moieties of the protein, including said ankyrin repeat domain with the N-terminal capping module, may connect covalently and/or non-covalently to one another. The further moiety may connect covalently to the protein or the various moieties may connect covalently to one another, for instance, via a peptide linker or via a maleimide-containing crosslinker. Suitable peptide linkers include glycine-serine linkers and proline-threonine linkers. In some embodiments, the peptide linkers have a length of <NUM> to <NUM> amino acid residues or <NUM> to <NUM> amino acid residues. Exemplary peptide linkers include the linkers of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. Alternatively, the further moiety may connect non-covalently to the protein or the various moieties may connect non-covalently to one another, for instance, via a multimerization moiety. In some embodiments, a multimerization moiety is an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, a leucine zipper or a free thiol which can form a disulfide bond with another free thiol.

The ankyrin repeat domain of the protein of the present disclosure may be derived from various methods, such as selection from a protein library, in silico design or mutating an existing ankyrin repeat domain. Subsequently, the protein comprising such ankyrin repeat domain (and possibly one or more further moieties) may be expressed or synthesized by methods known in the art and, e.g., formulated as a pharmaceutical product.

Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a protein library of the proteins of the invention. At least two of these proteins of the protein library differ in the amino acid sequence of their ankyrin repeat domains. In some embodiments, the protein library has at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM> or at least <NUM><NUM> proteins that differ in the amino acid sequence of the ankyrin repeat domain.

In some embodiments, the protein library comprises proteins of the invention having different ankyrin repeat domain structures. For instance, the protein library may contain a mixture of proteins with proteins having the N-terminal capping module, <NUM> internal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal capping module and proteins having the N-terminal capping module, <NUM> internal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal capping module. In some embodiments, the proteins of the protein library all share the same ankyrin repeat domain structure. For instance, the ankyrin repeat domain of all proteins of the library comprises the N-terminal capping module, <NUM> internal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal capping module. In other embodiments, the ankyrin repeat domain of all proteins of the library comprises the N-terminal capping module, <NUM> internal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal capping module. In some embodiments, the proteins of the library each comprise a single ankyrin repeat domain only.

The sequence variability in the ankyrin repeat domains of the protein library may be brought about randomly, e.g., by error-prone PCR of the nucleic acid molecules encoding the proteins, or it may be obtained by rational design followed by, e.g., direct synthesis of the nucleic acid molecules encoding the proteins ("design approach"). In some embodiments, the variability is introduced by the design approach. In the design approach, variability of the amino acid sequence is introduced in one or more than one position of the ankyrin repeat domains, which variable positions are also referred to as "randomized positions", i.e. those positions that can potentially be occupied by more than one amino acid residue, whereas the remaining positions remain unchanged and are also referred to as "fixed positions", i.e. those positions that are occupied by a specific amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the randomized positions are those positions occupied by potential target interaction residues and/or the fixed positions are those positions occupied by framework residues. In some embodiments, a subset of the positions occupied by potential target interaction residues are randomized positions. In some embodiments, all positions occupied by potential target interaction residues are randomized positions.

In certain embodiments, there are corresponding fixed positions and randomized positions in the different proteins of the protein library. Due to the intended variability in the randomized positions, the amino acid residues in each corresponding randomized position will usually differ, although there may also be identical amino acid residues in corresponding randomized positions for at least some of the proteins in the library (though, in such cases, the proteins will not necessarily have identical amino acid residues in each of their corresponding randomized positions). In some embodiments, the fixed positions and the randomized positions are the same for the ankyrin repeat domains of each protein of the protein library. In some embodiments wherein the ankyrin repeat domains have multiple internal ankyrin repeats, the internal ankyrin repeats of each ankyrin repeat domain have different randomized and fixed positions. In some embodiments wherein the ankyrin repeat domains have multiple internal ankyrin repeats, the internal ankyrin repeats of each ankyrin repeat domain have the same randomized and fixed positions.

The randomized positions may show different degrees of variability, i.e. they may potentially be occupied by a different set of amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the degree of variability differs between randomized positions. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue in a randomized position is any of the twenty natural amino acid residues. In some embodiments, a randomized position may only be occupied by a subset of the twenty natural amino acid residues. Such subsets can be those having common physicochemical properties, such as sets of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, acidic, basic, aromatic, or aliphatic amino acid residues. Other subsets are those comprising all twenty natural amino acid residues except for certain non-desired amino acid residues, such as sets not comprising cysteines or prolines. In yet other embodiments, the subsets comprise those amino acid residues that are found in the corresponding positions of naturally occurring ankyrin repeats.

In some embodiments, the proteins of the protein library share at least <NUM>% sequence identity, at least <NUM>% sequence identity, or at least <NUM>% sequence identity in the amino acid sequence of their ankyrin repeat domains.

The above protein library can serve to select those proteins of the library that have a predetermined property, i.e. a certain property of interest that may be found in one of the proteins of the protein library and that can be screened for. Such predetermined property may include the specific binding to a target, the activation or inhibition of a target, such as an enzyme, and the blocking of an interaction between two targets. In some embodiments, the predetermined property is the specific binding to a target.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for selecting a protein having a predetermined property, comprising the following steps:.

During the selection step b), the proteins can be selected using screening methods commonly known to the person skilled in the art, such as yeast display, protein fragment complementation assay, phage display or ribosome display. The protein may also be selected during selection step b) by screening the library of step a) in silico. In some embodiments, the proteins are selected in step b) using phage display or ribosome display.

As indicated above, the protein of the invention as found in the protein library or represented by the selected protein is not particularly limited in the sequence of the comprised ankyrin repeat domain outside position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module. In some embodiments, the N-terminal capping module of such ankyrin repeat domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, such as an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. The thermostability of the ankyrin repeat domain of the proteins in the protein library or the selected protein is improved in comparison to a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue at the position of the N-terminal capping module corresponding to position <NUM> in SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain.

After the selection of a protein, the protein can be further modified, mutated and/or optimized by methods commonly known in the art.

For instance, amino acid sequence variants of the protein can be generated, e.g., by subjecting the nucleic acid encoding the selected protein to physical or chemical mutagens, copying said nucleic acid by error-prone PCR, using said nucleic acid for DNA shuffling or random chimeragenesis (<NPL>). The protein library of such amino acid sequence variants may then again be subjected to the above selection step b) in order to select the variant(s) having the predetermined property.

The protein selected in step b) above may also be selectively mutated. For instance, one or more cysteine residues may be introduced, the thiol group(s) of which can then react with maleimide cross-linkers. Similarly, certain non-desirable amino acid residues may be removed, for instance, cysteines, which are prone to oxidations. Also, amino acid residues may be selectively mutated after analysis of the crystal structure so that the protein structure better fits to the target.

The protein selected in step b) may also become modified with the one or more further moieties in addition to the ankyrin repeat domain outlined above for the protein of the invention.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of modifying an existing ankyrin repeat domain by replacing the N-terminal capping module of the existing ankyrin repeat domain by an N-terminal capping module disclosed herein. By modifying an existing ankyrin repeat domain in this way, the favorable properties related to the N-terminal capping module disclosed herein may be transferred to the existing ankyrin repeat domain. The N-terminal capping module of the existing ankyrin repeat domain may be replaced by an N-terminal capping module disclosed herein by substituting one or more amino acid residues of the N-terminal capping module. For instance, in some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module is substituted alone. In other embodiments, the amino acid residue at position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module is substituted together with other amino acid residues, e.g., the entire N-terminal capping module.

Thus, in one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain with an improved thermostability, such as a higher melting temperature and/or higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation, comprising the following steps:.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain with an improved thermostability, such as a higher melting temperature and/or higher fraction of refolded ankyrin repeat domains after thermal denaturation, comprising the following steps:.

The N-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain with the replaced N-terminal capping module comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, such as an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. The thermostability of the resulting ankyrin repeat domain with the replaced N-terminal capping module is improved in comparison to a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue at the position of the N-terminal capping module corresponding to position <NUM> in SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain.

The protein comprising the ankyrin repeat domain with the replaced N-terminal capping module can be further modified, mutated and/or optimized by methods commonly known in the art. In some embodiments, the protein comprising the ankyrin repeat domain with the replaced N-terminal capping module comprises one or more further moieties in addition to the ankyrin repeat domain as outlined above for the protein of the invention. Such one or more further moieties may be added to the protein after replacement of the N-terminal capping module or the protein may already comprise such one or more further moieties when the N-terminal capping module of the ankyrin repeat domain becomes replaced.

In one embodiment, the ankyrin repeat domain of the present disclosure is designed or optimized in silico through computational methods. It is to be understood that the ankyrin repeat domain may be entirely designed in silico or partially, e.g., by optimizing a pre-existing ankyrin repeat domain through computational methods. Thus, in one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain comprising the following steps:.

The in silico designed or optimized ankyrin repeat domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, such as an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>. The thermostability of the designed or optimized ankyrin repeat domain is improved in comparison to a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue at the position of the N-terminal capping module corresponding to position <NUM> in SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain.

The protein comprising the designed or optimized ankyrin repeat domain can be further modified, mutated and/or optimized by methods commonly known in the art. In some embodiments, the protein comprising the designed or optimized ankyrin repeat domain comprises one or more further moieties in addition to the ankyrin repeat domain as outlined above for the protein of the invention. Such modification with one or more further moieties may occur before or after the design or optimization of the ankyrin repeat domain.

In some embodiments, the protein of the invention, e.g., a protein derived from one of the above methods, is expressed or synthesized. In some embodiments, the expressed or synthesized protein is purified after its expression or synthesis. In some embodiments, the expressed or synthesized and, optionally, purified protein is formulated as a pharmaceutical product.

Accordingly, in further aspects, the present disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention, a vector comprising such nucleic acid, such as a bacterial or a viral vector, and a cell or in vitro expression system comprising such nucleic acid or such vector.

The nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA, single stranded or double-stranded, in isolated form or part of a larger nucleic acid, e.g., of a vector or a chromosome. The nucleic acid may comprise elements that enable delivery of the nucleic acid to a cell and/or expression of the nucleic acid in a cell. For instance, the nucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention can be operatively linked to expression control sequences, which have an impact on the transcription and/or translation of the protein, such as promoters, enhancers, transcription terminators, start codons and stop codons. Depending on the intended application and/or context, the expression control sequences may be selected from any eukaryotic or prokaryotic organism. Suitable promoters may be constitutive or inducible promoters. Examples include the CMV-, lacZ-, T7-, T5-, RSV-, SV40-, AOX1-, and GAPDH-promoter. Suitable enhancers include the CMV-enhancer, insulin-responsive elements, and an SV40-enhancer. Transcription terminators include the SV40-, lacZ-, and tk-polyadenylation signal.

The present disclosure also provides, in a reference aspect, a library with nucleic acid molecules encoding the protein of the invention. At least two of the nucleic acid molecules of the nucleic acid library differ in the nucleic acid sequence of their ankyrin repeat domains. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid library has at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM>, at least <NUM><NUM>, or at least <NUM><NUM> nucleic acid molecules that differ in the nucleic acid sequence coding for the ankyrin repeat domain.

The cell comprising the nucleic acid or vector encoding the protein of the invention can be a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial, yeast or mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is derived from E. pastoris, S. cerevisiae, human, hamster or mouse. In some embodiments, the cell is selected from CHO, HEK293, BHK, NS0, Sp2/<NUM>, HT-<NUM>, PER. C6, CAP and HuH-<NUM> cells.

In some embodiments, the in vitro expression system comprising the nucleic acid or vector encoding the protein of the invention is based on a cell-free extract from E. coli, yeast, rabbit, wheat germ, insect or human.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a protein comprising the following steps:.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a protein comprising the following steps:.

The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the protein of the invention or a nucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the protein of the invention or a nucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further reference aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of the proteins of the invention or of the nucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention in a method of treatment.

Based on crystal structure data, each position of the N-terminal capping module of an ankyrin repeat domain was analyzed and predictions were made about the most suitable amino acid residues for each position. In light of the inherent difficulty to correctly predict the role of the mutations in the N-terminal capping module, various mutations were tested by in vitro experimentation.

Amongst others, His-tagged ankyrin repeat domains P#<NUM> to P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, respectively, were tested.

The DNA sequence encoding each ankyrin repeat domain was chemically synthesized and cloned into pQIq (<NPL>) expression vectors by standard techniques.

The ankyrin repeat domains were expressed in E. coli BL21 or XL1-Blue cells and purified using their His-tag using standard protocols known to the person skilled in the art. Briefly, <NUM> of stationary overnight cultures (LB, <NUM>% glucose, <NUM>/l of ampicillin; <NUM>) were used to inoculate <NUM> I cultures (same medium). At an absorbance of about <NUM> at <NUM>, the cultures were induced with <NUM> IPTG and incubated at <NUM> for <NUM>. The cultures were centrifuged and the resulting pellets were resuspended in <NUM> of TBS500 (<NUM> Tris-HCl, <NUM> NaCl, pH <NUM>) and sonicated. The lysate was recentrifuged, and glycerol (<NUM>% (v/v) final concentration) and imidazole (<NUM> final concentration) were added to the resulting supernatant. The ankyrin repeat domains were purified over a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid column (<NUM> column volume) according to the manufacturer's instructions (QIAgen, Germany). Up to <NUM> of highly soluble ankyrin repeat domains were purified from one liter of E. coli culture with a purity > <NUM>% as estimated from SDS-<NUM>% PAGE. Such purified ankyrin repeat domains were used for further characterizations.

The CD signal of the ankyrin repeat domains was recorded at <NUM> in a Jasco J-<NUM> instrument (Jasco, Japan) while slowly heating the ankyrin repeat domains at a concentration of <NUM> in PBS pH <NUM> from <NUM> to <NUM> using a temperature ramp of <NUM> per min. This is an effective means to follow the denaturation of ankyrin repeat domains as they mainly consist of alpha helices that show a strong change in their CD signal at <NUM> upon unfolding. The midpoint of the observed transition of such a measured CD signal trace for an ankyrin repeat domain corresponds to its Tm value. Tm values were derived as described in <NPL>).

The melting curves for the above-mentioned ankyrin repeat domains were determined. Based on the measured melting curves, the Tm values of the various constructs were determined as described above.

The ankyrin repeat domain P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> was used as a first exemplary reference ankyrin repeat domain. P#<NUM> comprises a D at position <NUM> (which corresponds to position <NUM> of its N-terminal capping module). P#<NUM> to P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, respectively, only differ in the amino acid residue at this position <NUM> of their N-terminal capping module from P#<NUM>. <FIG> shows, as an example, the melting curves of P#<NUM> and P#<NUM>. Thus, changing a single amino acid at position <NUM> (from D to V) resulted in a strong increase of the Tm value of the ankyrin repeat protein of about <NUM> (the Tm values for P#<NUM> and P#<NUM> were estimated to be <NUM> and <NUM>, respectively). Table <NUM> shows the Tm values and the corresponding amino acids at position <NUM> of the respective N-terminal capping modules of P#<NUM> to P#<NUM>.

Only some of the amino acid residues in position <NUM>, in particular I, T, A, V, L and M resulted in a profound increase of the Tm value for the ankyrin repeat protein, e.g. when compared to D in this position <NUM>.

A further reference ankyrin repeat domain (P#<NUM>) that was tested corresponds to SEQ ID NO: <NUM>. P#<NUM> comprises a D at position <NUM> (which corresponds to position <NUM> of its N-terminal capping module). The ankyrin repeat domain P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> is identical to P#<NUM>, with the exception that it contains the amino acid L at this position <NUM>. <FIG> shows the melting curves of P#<NUM> and P#<NUM>. Thus, changing a single amino acid at position <NUM> (from D to L) resulted in a strong increase of the Tm value of the ankyrin repeat protein of about <NUM> (the Tm values for P#<NUM> and P#<NUM> were estimated to be <NUM> and <NUM>, respectively).

Yet another reference ankyrin repeat domain (P#<NUM>) that was tested corresponds to SEQ ID NO: <NUM>. P#<NUM> comprises a D at position <NUM> (which corresponds to position <NUM> of its N-terminal capping module). The ankyrin repeat domain P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> is identical to P#<NUM>, with the exception that it contains the amino acid L at this position <NUM>. <FIG> shows the melting curves of P#<NUM> and P#<NUM>. Thus, changing a single amino acid at position <NUM> (from D to L) resulted in a strong increase of the Tm value of the ankyrin repeat protein of about <NUM> (the Tm values for P#<NUM> and P#<NUM> were estimated to be <NUM> and <NUM>, respectively).

Even though all three reference ankyrin repeat domains used (i.e. P#<NUM>, P#<NUM> and P#<NUM>) significantly differ in their amino acid sequences of their N-terminal capping module (up to <NUM> amino acid differences outside position <NUM>) a single mutation at position <NUM> can result in a surprisingly strong Tm increase of over <NUM> of the respective ankyrin repeat domain.

Overall, these data show that mutations at position <NUM> of a N-terminal capping module, in particular I, T, A, V, L and M, are beneficial for the thermostability of ankyrin repeat domains, incl. designed ankyrin repeat proteins or DARPins.

The stabilizing effect of such mutations in position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module were further confirmed using different ankyrin repeat domains.

To confirm the stabilizing effect of the mutations in the N-terminal capping module, the mutations were tested in the context of further ankyrin repeat proteins.

His-tagged ankyrin repeat domains P#<NUM> to P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NOs: <NUM> to <NUM>, respectively, were tested.

Cloning and expression of the ankyrin repeat domains was done as described in Example <NUM>.

The CD measurements of the ankyrin repeat domains P#<NUM> to P#<NUM> were done as described in Example <NUM>.

The CD signal of the ankyrin repeat domains P#<NUM> to P#<NUM> and P#<NUM> to P#<NUM> was recorded at <NUM> in a Chirascan V100 instrument (Applied Photophysics) while slowly heating the ankyrin repeat domains at a concentration of <NUM> in PBS, <NUM> GdmCl, pH <NUM> from <NUM> to <NUM> using a temperature ramp of <NUM> per min, collecting data periodically at <NUM> intervals. Tm values were derived from the CD signal as described in Example <NUM>.

The mutations at position <NUM> were transferred to three ankyrin repeat domains with different binding specificities and largely diverging sequences. In particular, the ankyrin repeat domain P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> specifically binds to human serum albumin (HSA), the ankyrin repeat domain P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> specifically binds to human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the ankyrin repeat domain P#<NUM> corresponding to SEQ ID NO: <NUM> specifically binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor <NUM> (HER2). In each of these ankyrin repeat domains, the D at position <NUM> of the respective sequences (which corresponds to position <NUM> in the N-terminal capping module) was replaced by V and L, respectively.

The Tm values of these ankyrin repeat domains are summarized in Table <NUM>:.

As reflected by the above table, replacing the amino acid residue at position <NUM> of the N-terminal capping module by either of V or L increases the thermostability of the ankyrin repeat domain in all tested backgrounds significantly.

Claim 1:
A protein comprising an ankyrin repeat domain,
wherein said ankyrin repeat domain has an N-terminal capping module comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least <NUM>% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: <NUM> to <NUM>,
wherein the amino acid residue of said N-terminal capping module at the position corresponding to position <NUM> of SEQ ID NO: <NUM> is I, and
wherein said ankyrin repeat domain has a higher melting temperature than a reference ankyrin repeat domain having the same amino acid sequence except for the amino acid residue of the N-terminal capping module at the position corresponding to position <NUM> of SEQ ID NO: <NUM>, which is D in the reference ankyrin repeat domain.