Patent Description:
Widely tunable lasers based on semiconductor lasers can be realized in many ways such as embedding a semiconductor-based gain chip into an external cavity configuration (see <CIT>, <CIT>, and <CIT>, and <CIT> and <CIT>, realizing the cavity and tuning sections monolithically in one chip (see <CIT>), or realizing the widely tunable laser based on a combination of chips, such as combining III-V semiconductor gain-chip with silicon photonic integrated circuit (Si PIC) which could be based on silicon-on-insulator, silicon nitride or germanium-on-insulator and other material platforms (see <NPL>; <NPL>; and <NPL>; and <CIT>. Other semiconductor tunable lasers are disclosed in <CIT>, <CIT> and in <NPL>.

In the case of non-monolithic widely-tunable laser concepts, such as an external cavity laser diode based on Metcalf-Littman or Littrow configurations, absolute wavelength control is typically achieved by calibrating the mechanical motor position after referring to the output wavelength measured with external instruments, such as spectrometer or spectral analyzer. A disadvantage of such methods is that the performance of wavelength calibration requires external instruments. Other methods include using complex and/or bulky etalons such as filters, gas cells or electronically tunable gratings and locking to a Fabry-Perot cavity.

There is provided a solid-state laser-based device in accordance with the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are provided in accordance with the dependent claims.

In accordance with embodiments of the invention, an all-solid state device enables absolute wavelength reference and wavelength tracking. The device includes a widely tunable laser, an interferometer wavelength shift tracking device , and an etalon such as an offset distributed Bragg reflector or any optical cavity. A portion of the beam is split and passed along the wavelength shift tracking device and a solid-state etalon. Individual detectors are used to register the signal at the output of wavelength shift tracking device and solid state etalon. Due to the etalon's distinct, wavelength specific transmission/reflection function, the output signal at the etalon provides a distinct signal (either high or low) once the laser wavelength is tuned to the specific wavelength of the etalon. At the same time, the output of the wavelength shift tracking device, in the form of non-balanced interferometer records an oscillating periodic signal as a function of time. The period of the signal is directly related to the optical beam path difference between the arms of the interferometer, and thus provides information on the wavelength shift with time. Combined with the reading from the etalon output, the entire laser tuning curve can be reconstructed, providing absolute wavelength information at any moment of time within the sweep.

This configuration allows simple, low-cost, and virtually maintenance-free wavelength calibration during the wavelength sweep for any external cavity laser. The distinct and unambiguous modulation curve can be used as an absolute wavelength reference. The same principle can be transferred to monolithic and hybrid III-V/IV widely tunable lasers and integrated photonic circuits using such lasers. In both cases the wavelength etalon is passive, based on the same semiconductor technology, low cost, and simple to operate.

In a first aspect, there is provided a solid-state laser-based device including a solid-state gain medium based widely tunable laser for emitting light, the solid-state gain medium comprising a III-V semiconductor based gain chip hybridly or heterogeneously integrated onto a group-IV semiconductor photonic integrated circuit chip, a wavelength shift tracking device for tracking a wavelength shift of the emitted light, wherein the wavelength shift tracking device comprises a non-balanced interferometer and at least one photodetector, and a solid-state based etalon. The solid-state based etalon includes an optical element having at least one of an unambiguous transmission spectrum or an unambiguous reflection spectrum. The solid-state based etalon and wavelength shift tracking device are configured such that, during a wavelength sweep of the widely tunable laser, the solid-state based etalon and wavelength shift tracking device are configured to cooperate to provide absolute wavelength determination and control of the widely tunable laser and the solid-state gain medium based widely tunable laser, wavelength shift tracking device, and solid-state based etalon are monolithically realized within a single semiconductor chip.

One or more of the following features may be included. The solid-state based etalon and wavelength shift tracking device are further configured such that, during the wavelength sweep, the wavelength shift tracking device may provide an output of wavelength shift as a function of time, and the solid state etalon provides an output of a signal with information about the absolute wavelength at one moment of time during the sweep. The solid-state based etalon and wavelength shift tracking device are further configured such that a combination of the outputs of the solid state based etalon and the wavelength shift tracking device may result in a reconstruction of an entire laser tuning curve during the sweep. This is in particularly advantageous when the wavelength sweep is nonlinear for applications such as spectroscopic sensing, OCT or Frequency-Modulated-Continuous-Wave (FMCW) LIDAR. In these applications, a linear wavelength sweep across a large bandwidth is required. However, in most practical scenarios, phase change is non-linear. The described embodiments of the invention allow tracking the function of the phase (wavelength) change and thus taking it into account for signal processing.

The widely tunable laser may include an external cavity diode laser including the semiconductor based gain-chip and a plurality of free-space optical elements, configured in at least one of a Littrow or a Metcalf-Littman configuration.

The widely tunable laser may include an external cavity laser configuration including the III-V semiconductor based gain-chip hybridly or heterogeneously integrated onto a group-IV semiconductor based photonic integrated circuit chip. The group-IV photonic integrated circuit chip may include at least one of a silicon-on-insulator, silicon nitride, or a germanium-on-insulator material platform.

The etalon may include a resonant optical cavity, such as a distributed Bragg reflector mirror, distributed feedback grating, a coupled ring resonator, a race track resonator, and/or a Fabry-Perot cavity.

The laser-based device may include at least one photodetector, with the at least one photodetector and the resonant optical cavity being configured and arranged to cooperate to enable the determination of an absolute wavelength. The at least one photodetector may be configured and arranged to enable calibration of an emission wavelength of the laser during the wavelength sweep.

The wavelength shift tracking device may include a non-balanced interferometer, such as, e.g., a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a multimode interference device, and a Michelson interferometer, and at least one photodetector.

The III-V semiconductor may include Al, Ga, In, As, Sb, P, N, Bi, and/or alloy combinations thereof.

In a second aspect, there is provided a method for wavelength determination and control of a widely tunable laser, the method including providing a laser-based device including a solid-state gain medium based widely tunable laser, a wavelength shift tracking device, and a solid-state etalon, wherein the solid-state gain medium comprises a III-V semiconductor based gain chip hybridly or heterogeneously integrated onto a group-IV semiconductor photonic integrated circuit chip and the wavelength shift tracking device comprises a non-balanced interferometer and at least one photodetector. A wavelength sweep is performed with light emitted by the widely tunable laser. In parallel, (i) wavelength shift of the emitted light is tracked and recorded with the wavelength shift tracking device and (ii) absolute wavelength values of the emitted light are recorded with the solid-state etalon. A laser tuning curve is calibrated using a value of the recorded wavelength shift in combination with an absolute wavelength value recorded with the solid-state etalon. The solid-state gain medium based widely tunable laser, wavelength shift tracking device, and solid-state based etalon are monolithically realized within a single semiconductor chip.

One or more of the following features may be included. The wavelength shift tracking device may include a non-balanced interferometer, and tracking the wavelength shift includes using at least one photodetector to monitor an output port of the non-balanced interferometer. At least one photodetector may be used to monitor an output of the solid-state etalon to determine the absolute wavelength value.

The recorded wavelength shift and recorded absolute wavelength values may be used in cooperation to calibrate an entire laser wavelength tuning curve within one wavelength sweep.

In yet another aspect, there is provided a method for performing spectroscopic sensing of a substance. The method includes providing a solid state laser-based device in accordance with the first aspect. The solid state laser-based device is disposed in optical communication with a target object including the substance. Light emitted from the widely tunable laser is transmitted to the target object, the transmitted light interacting with molecules within the substance, and light-molecule interactions modifying spectral properties of the transmitted light. A wavelength sweep with light emitted by the widely tunable laser is performed, with the emitted light being swept across a spectral bandwidth coinciding with at least one of (i) a fundamental or first overtone of C-H molecular bond stretching vibrations or (ii) a combination of stretching and bending vibrations of C-H, N-H and O-H molecular bonds, absorption spectra of the molecular bond stretching and bending vibrations being molecule-specific and unique. In parallel, (i) wavelength shift of the emitted light with the wavelength shift tracking device is tracked and recorded and (ii) absolute wavelength values of the emitted light with the solid-state etalon is recorded. A laser tuning curve is calibrated using a value of the recorded wavelength shift in combination with an absolute wavelength value recorded with the solid-state etalon. A light signal from the target object is collected by at least one of transmission or diffuse reflection. The collected light signal is processed to characterize the substance.

One or more of the following features may be included. Characterizing the substance may include calculating a concentration level of a molecule in the substance. The concentration level may be expressed in a calibrated unit, such as mg/dL, mmol/l, or g/l.

Characterizing the substance may include determining a species of at least one molecule disposed in the substance. Characterizing the substance may include determining a presence or absence of a molecular species in the substance.

The target object may include at least a portion of a human body. The target object may include an isolated physiological substance, such as whole blood, blood serum, plasma, interstitial fluid, exhaled breath, and/or combinations thereof.

Processing the light signal may include statistical regression. The statistical regression may be based on a multivariate partial least square algorithm constructed using known target molecule absorbance and corresponding concentration data within the substance.

A wavelength tuning function of the wavelength sweep may be discontinuous and may be a staircase function, a sloped staircase function, a linear function, and/or an arbitrary superposition of the staircase function, the sloped staircase function and the linear function.

In still another aspect, there is provided a method for using a solid state laser-based device to measure a key indicator of a remote object wherein said key indicator is selected from the group consisting of distance, velocity, topography, composition, and combinations thereof. The method includes providing the solid state laser-based device in accordance with the first aspect. A wavelength sweep with light emitted by the widely tunable laser is performed. In parallel, (i) the wavelength shift of the emitted light is tracked and recorded with the wavelength shift tracking device and (ii) absolute wavelength values of the emitted light with the solid-state etalon are recorded. A laser tuning curve is calibrated using a value of the recorded wavelength shift in combination with an absolute wavelength value recorded with the solid-state etalon. Light is emitted with the laser, wherein (i) the laser is mode-hopping and a difference between the mode-hops is known, (ii) a wavelength tuning function of the wavelength sweep is discontinuous, and (iii) light emitted with the laser is divided into two paths, a length of the first path including a known distance to a reference object and a length of the second path including a distance to the remote object. After the emitted light impinges upon the remote object and the reference object and is reflected therefrom, collecting reflected beams reflected from the remote object and from the reference object with the photodetector, and mixing the reflected beams at the photodetector. The photodetector provides an oscillating response signal. The key indicator of the remote object is calculated.

One or more of the following features may be included.

The wavelength tuning function may be a staircase function, a sloped staircase function, a linear function, and an arbitrary superposition of the staircase function, the sloped staircase function, and the linear function.

An oscillation frequency of the oscillating response signal may be a periodic function in time defined by (i) a period being a time between two mode-hops of the laser; and (ii) a duty cycle defined by a relative amplitude of a Fourier transform of the oscillating response signal and the two beat frequencies present in the Fourier transform of the oscillating response signal.

The periodic function of the oscillation frequency, the wavelength tuning function, and distance to the reference object may be used to calculate the key indicator of at least one of (i) a distance to at least one point of the remote object from the laser-based system and (ii) a velocity of at least one point of the remote object with respect to the laser-based system.

A chemical composition of a medium disposed between the laser and the remote object may be analyzed by calculating a total optical path of the remote object through the medium by using the calculated distance and velocity values of the remote object with respect to the laser-based system. Spectroscopic analysis of the reflected return optical beam may be performed by tunable laser absorption spectroscopy of the medium. Elemental contributions of a plurality of molecules due to molecule-specific ro-vibrational molecular absorption may be determined.

At least one key indicator may be used to form an object specific security key. Calculating the at least one key indicator may include using a 2D raster scan.

A plurality of key indicators may be calculated, the key indicators including at least one of a distance of at least one point of the remote object from the laser-based system, a velocity of at least one point of the remote object with respect to the laser-based system, a molecular composition of the remote object, a molecular composition of a medium disposed between the remote object and the laser-based system, and/or combinations thereof.

An object-specific multi-dimensional image of the remote object may be formed, wherein (i) dimensions of the image include at least one of a spatial appearance of the remote object, a velocity of the remote object, chemical composition of the remote object, or combinations thereof and (ii) the object specific security key includes the object-specific multi-dimensional image of the remote object.

Embodiments of the invention relate to wavelength control of widely tunable lasers during operation and enable calibration of the laser system without the need for external optical elements. The described method uses a periodic optical structure such as distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), distributed feedback grating (DFB) or any resonant optical cavity (ROC) that can be formed using resonators with periodic cavity mirrors such as DBR or DFB, or that use coupled resonators such as micro ring resonators (MRR), race track resonators, etc. In an embodiment in which a solid-state etalon provides a narrow band output, the absolute wavelength calibration of a widely tunable laser is used in combination with a wavelength shift tracking device, such as a non-balanced interferometer. Examples of a suitable non-balanced interferometer include, e.g., a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a multimode interference device, a Michelson interferometer, etc..

The described methods are applicable to both monolithic and non-monolithic widely tunable laser architectures. For clarity, the two architectures are discussed separately. Knowledge of the absolute wavelength is necessary for both architectures to ensure use in applications such as spectroscopy, wavelength division multiplexing, etc., without the use of external instruments and need for recalibration.

Non-monolithic widely tunable lasers, which are not part of the present invention as defined in the claims typically involve a semiconductor optical element - a gain-chip - embedded in an external cavity configuration, and are called external cavity diode lasers (ECDL). ECDLs can be realized in different ways, most typically involving a semiconductor gain-chip and a plurality of free-space optical elements configured in either a Littrow configuration or a Metcalf-Littman configuration.

A simple schematic of a prior art Metcalf-Littman configuration is shown in <FIG>. Here the semiconductor gain-chip <NUM> emits light that is collimated and follows the beam path <NUM> and hits the diffraction grating <NUM> at a grazing incidence angle. The <NUM>th order beam is directed to the output and the <NUM>st order beam is reflected onto a movable/rotating mirror <NUM>, which reflects the light back onto the grating and back into the semiconductor gain-chip which amplifies the filtered signal and sends it to the output. In this configuration, wavelength control is achieved by the mirror rotation around a virtual pivot point axis. The angle of rotation defines the wavelength in the cavity, which is selected by the grating and the gain-bandwidth of the semiconductor gain-chip. In real systems, the mirror is rotated using mechanical motors, piezo elements or Galvano-magnetic MEMS mirrors. In all cases, the emission wavelength is not known a priori, without measuring with external instruments and calibrating the rotation motor position, or Galvano-magnetic current value to particular wavelength. Such systems tend to be prone to drifts, deviations due to mechanical instabilities, and vibrations, and generally require recalibration from time to time. Different wavelength control methods have been demonstrated, such as gas cells, filters for frequency combs, Fabry-Perot cavities, etc..

Embodiments of the invention include a periodic optical structure such as distributed Bragg mirror (DBR,) embedded in the beam path via a beam splitter and focused to a monitoring photodetector. The DBR can be designed to have a reflection band offset with reference to the tunable laser emission band (<FIG>) or designed with a cavity defect (<FIG>), providing a distinct and unambiguous transmission or reflection characteristic for the laser wavelength. The design of such structures is performed by depositing or growing epitaxial periodic pairs of materials with different refractive indices forming a periodic Bragg reflector. Changing the period and individual layer thickness results in changes in the Bragg wavelength and thus the transmission and reflection spectra. A typical DBR has a wide reflectance band around the Bragg wavelength as shown in <FIG>, which depicts an experimental GaAs/AlGaAs DBR reflection spectrum, designed around the Bragg wavelength, corresponding to ~ <NUM>. A similar DBR structure designed in a high refractive index contrast material pair such as Si/SiO<NUM> is shown in <FIG>. Here the DBR structure also contains an embedded optical cavity, which results in a distinct sharp dip within the reflection spectrum of the DBR. Such specific spectral modulation due to the embedded cavity is strong only when the refractive index contrast is high, therefore DBR with optical cavity is a good choice for a solid-state wavelength etalon when Si/SiO<NUM> is used. In embodiments in which the refractive index contrast is low as in the GaAs/AlGaAs material system, the DBR can be designed so that its Bragg wavelength is offset with respect to the widely tunable laser emission, so that this emission spectrum overlaps with periodic modulation of the transmission/reflection at the side of the DBR reflection stopband, as shown in <FIG>.

An ECDL configuration containing this type of periodic etalon is depicted in <FIG>. Here the beam splitter <NUM> splits a portion of the beam onto an etalon mirror <NUM>, which is a periodic optical structure with an unambiguous reflection spectrum. Light reflected from the etalon mirror <NUM> is therefore modulated with the wavelength specific reflection/transmission function of the mirror, and is recorded as a time function with a single etalon photodetector <NUM>. The etalon photodetector <NUM> may be, e.g., a bipolar diode device, or a unipolar device such as a barrier photodiode or a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). Since the etalon mirror <NUM> is formed by stacking periodic structures of two materials with different refractive indices, it is important to compensate for temperature drift. This is easily achieved by including a thermopile (not shown) on the etalon mirror <NUM>, which allows the evaluation of the reflection/transmission function shift with temperature, which is a known function, or the maintenance of the etalon at a constant temperature via individual temperature stabilization using a thermoelectric cooler/heater.

<FIG> depicts the transformation of a time domain signal recorded by the photodetector <NUM> into a spectral domain using a solid state etalon such as an offset DBR depicted in <FIG>. To provide the unambiguous spectral modulation, the DBR center wavelength may be offset with reference to the center of the gain curve of the semiconductor gain-chip. One can see a clear modulation recorded with the etalon photodetector <NUM>.

Referring again to <FIG>, the same modulation function can be seen, which is a measured reflection spectrum of the reference DBR mirror alone. Such curves allows absolute wavelength calibration for the ECDL through monitoring the time signal at the etalon photodetector <NUM> without the use of additional external instrumentation, given that the unambiguous reflection or transmission pattern of the solid state etalon is known for a spectral region that matches the laser tuning spectrum and the grating rotation or the MEMS mirror movement is at constant velocity. The latter condition is difficult to fulfil, as sweeping the grating rotation or MEMS mirror deflection causes an acceleration period when the sweep is initiated and deceleration when the sweep ends. This leads to a nonlinear distortion of wavelength as a function of time, making auto calibration impossible. This may be overcome by using a wavelength shift tracking device, which provides wavelength shift value as a function of time, allowing the recording of nonlinearities due to transitional effects and taking them into account.

In an embodiment in which the solid state etalon has a narrow band output, such as a resonant optical cavity or a filter, or an unambiguous output such as offset DBR, wavelength calibration across the entire sweep can be done using the solid state etalon in combination with a wavelength shift tracking device such as a non-balanced interferometer as shown in <FIG>. Here, the output beam from the ECDL laser is split in two parts by a beamsplitter <NUM>. One portion is the output of the widely tunable laser system and the other portion of the beam is further divided by a second beamsplitter <NUM>, with one part of the beam entering the non-balanced interferometer that includes two beamsplitters <NUM>, <NUM> and two mirrors <NUM>, <NUM>. The beamsplitter <NUM> is non-balanced because the optical path length through the upper arm which goes through the two beamsplitters <NUM>, <NUM> is shorter than the lower arm where the light is passed through the two mirrors <NUM>, <NUM>. This provides an interfering optical signal at the output of the interferometer where the optical signals from the two arms are again combined. The oscillating signal can be monitored with a second photodetector <NUM> at any of the outputs of beam splitter <NUM>. The oscillating function recorded by the second photodetector <NUM> has an oscillation period defined by the optical path difference between the interferometer arms, which is known and defined by design. Thus the absolute wavelength shift can be traced real-time. Once the etalon photodetector <NUM> associated with the solid state etalon <NUM> records and determines the absolute wavelength specific output from the etalon, this value in combination with the absolute wavelength shift value recorded by the second photodetector <NUM> allows calibration of the entire tuning curve. Such an etalon and wavelength shift tracking device can be applied to both monolithic and hybridly or heterogeneously integrated widely tunable lasers.

<FIG> depicts only one way amongst many of how a non-balanced interferometer can be realized, as is known to those skilled in the art. While addition of the wavelength shift tracking device and solid state etalon adds complexity in terms of components for bench top discrete widely tunable lasers based on ECDL technology, the described embodiment is particularly useful for integrated widely tunable lasers realized by a hybrid combination of III-V gain chip and the photonic integrated circuit within the same chip.

The most common way to design a widely tunable laser (WTL) within semiconductor chips is using Vernier-filter effect, which utilizes two coupled resonators with slightly different free spectral ranges. Each of the resonators provides a frequency comb, with a lasing frequency being one where two frequency combs overlap. The lasing frequency can be quickly changed (tuned) by changing the effective refractive index of one of the resonators. A Vernier-filter can be realized using sampled Bragg grating, superstructure grating, or coupled micro-ring resonators (MRRs).

<FIG> is a schematic diagram of a hybrid III-V/silicon widely tunable laser (WTL) with two coupled MRRs. The solid-state gain medium based WTL for emitting light may be realized using a semiconductor gain chip <NUM> coupled to a photonic integrated circuit in which light is guided through waveguide structures <NUM>. The solid state gain medium may include a III-V semiconductor based gain chip, with the III-V semiconductor including, e.g., Al, Ga, In, As, Sb, P, N, Bi, and alloy combinations thereof. The photonic integrated circuit may be based on silicon-on-insulator, silicon nitride or germanium-on-insulator and other material platforms.

The light is coupled to a double-MRR-based Vernier-filter <NUM>, <NUM>, and a broadband reflector <NUM>. Wavelength tuning is achieved by thermally changing the refractive index of the MRRs by heaters <NUM>, <NUM>. In this manner it is possible to rapidly sweep the wavelength across the entire available gain-bandwidth of the III-V gain-chip. However, in this configuration, while the gain-bandwidth of the semiconductor gain-chip is known to a certain extent, the exact wavelength shift and absolute emission wavelength cannot be determined without external instrumentation.

A non-balanced interferometer, such as a non-balanced <NUM> x <NUM> Mach-Zehnder interferometer may be added to the WTL to provide an oscillating output as a function of wavelength at both output arms acting as a wavelength shift tracking device. This structure allows precise tracking of the wavelength tuning magnitude with a resolution that depends on the optical path difference between the two interferometer arms, as shown in <FIG>. Here, the output signal of the WTL is routed to a <NUM> x <NUM> MZI <NUM>, which acts as a beam splitter, and splits part of the beam to the output <NUM> of the system. The other part of the beam is a reference signal that is sent through a non-balanced MZI <NUM>, which provides a wavelength specific transmission function allowing wavelength shift tracking through two outputs <NUM>, <NUM>. In principle, monitoring one of the two outputs is sufficient to access the wavelength shift information. Monitoring both outputs is beneficial in terms of better accuracy and higher signal-to-noise ratio.

While allowing tracking of the wavelength shift, this structure alone does not provide information about the value of the actual emission wavelength. In certain cases, such as spectroscopy of some samples that have distinct, a priori known spectral shapes, a Vernier-filter based laser with a 1x2 non-balanced MZI can also provide absolute wavelength value, at the cost of additional signal processing and control algorithm.

This shortcoming may be resolved by adding a solid-state etalon in a similar way as for the discrete ECDL based widely tunable lasers including a resonant optical cavity (ROC) with a defect in combination with the WTL and the wavelength tracking device. The ROC can be a DBR, DFB, MRR or other type of resonant optical cavity with a clearly defined wavelength specific transmission/reflection spectrum. An example of a DBR baser ROC reflection spectrum is shown in <FIG> where a clear cavity dip can be seen in the center of the stop-band. This cavity dip can be used to wavelength calibrate the WTL. If, for the discrete widely tunable lasers, the DBR is designed as a discrete component, it can also be realized by using photonic integrated circuit technology, by periodic etch of a Si, SiN or Ge waveguide. The period and index contrast defining the transmission and reflection properties as shown in <FIG>. Since periodicity is defined in terms of refractive index variation, this can be accomplished in many different ways as known to the ones skilled in the art, e.g., fully etched gratings, partially etched (shallow) gratings, corrugated sidewall gratings, photonic crystal gratings, side gratings, etc..

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, transmission through an ROC-based on MRR <NUM> has a characteristic resonant dip, due to the resonant ring cavity coupled to the bus waveguide.

A way to implement such an ROC in photonic integrated circuitry is shown in <FIG>. Here, the WTL is realized using a semiconductor gain chip <NUM>, coupled to a photonic integrated circuit, where light is guided through waveguide structures <NUM>. The light is coupled to a Vernier filter based on two MRRs <NUM>, <NUM>, and a broadband reflector <NUM>. Wavelength tuning is achieved by thermally changing the refractive index of the MRRs by the heaters <NUM> and <NUM>. The output signal is then routed to a <NUM> x <NUM> MZI <NUM> which acts as a beam splitter. The <NUM> x <NUM> MZI <NUM> splits the optical signal into the output beam and the reference signal. The reference signal is routed to an additional <NUM> x <NUM> MZI beam splitter <NUM>, the output ports of which connect to a non-balanced MZI wavelength tracking device <NUM> used for wavelength shift tracking and to ROC etalon <NUM>, which is used, through output port <NUM>, for absolute wavelength calibration.

The photodetector at the output port <NUM> of the solid-state based etalon <NUM> cooperates with at least one photodetector at the outputs <NUM>, <NUM> of the MZI wavelength tracking device <NUM> to provide absolute wavelength determination and control of the widely tunable laser, thereby enabling absolute wavelength sweep calibration within the sweep. Depending on the solid state etalon configuration, the photodetector at the output <NUM> reads a high or a low when the laser tunes to the reference wavelength of the etalon. This signal combined with the time function recorder at the outputs of the wavelength shift tracking device <NUM> allows reconstruction of the entire wavelength tuning function. The wavelength tuning function is the way the wavelength changes as a function of time due to external drive signal such as tuning current, mirror deflection, grating rotation angle, etc. The wavelength tuning function of the laser during the sweep depends on the laser system design and can be linear or, as in most cases, non-linear and follow any arbitrary mathematical function. The transitional effects, such as wavelength shift not being a constant time function, result in change of the period at the output of the wavelength shift tracking device <NUM>. Thus all nonlinearities within the sweep can be reconstructed once the absolute wavelength reference signal is recorded, and thus the entire wavelength tuning function can be reconstructed including all nonlinearities off the system.

<FIG> depicts the time-domain signal as recorded by a photodetector at an output port <NUM>, <NUM> of the non-balanced interferometer, and <FIG> depicts the time-domain signal measured with a photodetector associated with the output port <NUM> of the solid state etalon. The time-domain signal recorded at output port <NUM> is known and therefore can be converted to wavelength or frequency domain as shown in <FIG> for two different solid state etalons. This information may then be used to calibrate the time-domain signal recorded with photodetector at a non-balanced interferometer output port <NUM>, <NUM> and converted to the wavelength or frequency domain as shown in <FIG> respectively. This information carries calibrated wavelength-domain information about absolute wavelength value and wavelength shift magnitude at any moment within the sweep, and thus allows complete reconstruction of an arbitrarily nonlinear wavelength tuning function of the sweep as shown in <FIG>, and calibration of the wavelength tuning function of the laser.

In operation, light emitted by the WTL is used to perform a wavelength sweep by means of, e.g., electro thermal tuning of at least one of the coupled resonators <NUM>, <NUM> forming the Vernier filter. At least one photodetector at one of the outputs <NUM>, <NUM> of the wavelength shift tracking device <NUM> tracks and records an oscillating signal in time domain, i.e., a wavelength shift of the emitted light, as the wavelength sweeps. In parallel, at least one photodetector <NUM> at the output of the solid-state etalon <NUM> records absolute wavelength values of the emitted light. At a certain moment within the sweep the WTL wavelength sweeps across the reference wavelength of the solid-state etalon <NUM>, providing a distinct signal reading for at least one photodetector at the output <NUM> of the solid state etalon <NUM>, recording and determining the absolute wavelength value. This recorded wavelength shift value can then be used in combination with the reference of an absolute wavelength value recorded with the solid-state etalon to calibrate the entire wavelength tuning function of the WTL as is demonstrated in <FIG>.

The above described method and architecture allows precise absolute wavelength determination and tracking that can be achieved during one wavelength sweep, thereby allowing auto-calibration of the wavelength tuning function of the laser and system thereof without use of external instrumentation. Moreover, the described embodiments may be thermally stable, as the system temperature may be monitored by, e.g., an integrated thermopile and providing constant temperature for the solid state etalon by means of thermoelectric temperature control.

The architecture and methods described herein enable a very wide range of applications, which include spectroscopic biosensing - i.e., blood constituent (glucose, urea, lactate, serum albumin and other) concentration determination, coherent LIDAR for autonomous vehicles, security, industrial in-line inspection and remote sensing, facial recognition, etc..

In spectroscopic biosensing applications, a widely tunable laser source is a key component of the sensor chip as light absorption is a result of light-molecule interaction and is molecule specific. Depending on the spectral region, molecule-specific overtone and fundamental absorption bands due to, for example, C-H stretching or a combination of C-H, O-H and N-H stretching and bending vibrations can be identified and allow both the identification of the molecule of interest and its concentration. While in the gas-phase, the absorption bands are very narrow (typically hundred MHz), widely tunable laser are particularly interesting for multi-molecule sensing as they can cover the absorption bands of multiple molecules. In liquid phase the molecular absorption bands are spectrally broad due to collisions and typically span <NUM> or more. Therefore, the laser needs to be tuned across a very wide wavelength range in order to grasp the molecule specific spectrum. Experimental second-order derivative of the transmittance spectra for different glucose concentrations are shown in <FIG>, obtained using a laser-based device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. It can be seen that molecule-specific spectrum span more than <NUM> from <NUM> to <NUM> and beyond.

A possible construction of a widely tunable laser based spectroscopic sensor <NUM> is depicted in <FIG>. The spectroscopic sensor <NUM> includes a widely tunable laser array <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>,. 1XX, a beam combiner <NUM>, which can be a single waveguide, multiple waveguide array, a multimode interference device, etc., output section <NUM>, which may be formed with free space optics and/or fiber-optic interface which can be, e.g., a grating coupler, multiple grating couplers, phased array, an output mirror, or an end-fire waveguide, and a signal detection interface <NUM>, which can be at least one photodetector. To perform spectroscopic sensing, the tunable laser radiation is emitted by the widely tunable laser array <NUM>,<NUM>,. 1XX and directed to the beam combiner <NUM>. The combined beam is then directed to the output section <NUM>. The tunable laser light is then coupled onto a sample or target <NUM> via the free-space beam or an optical fiber delivery <NUM>. The sample or target <NUM> may be an isolated drop of blood, or blood and interstitial fluid in the epidermis layer of the human. The light then interacts with the target molecule and part of the light is absorbed by the target molecule within the sample, modifying the spectrum of the light. This light is diffusely reflected back to the sensor via return beam <NUM> and collected via signal photodetector <NUM> and the photovoltage or photocurrent is converted into a concentration of a sample component.

In <FIG>, the spectroscopic sensor <NUM> also encompasses the interaction block <NUM>. Instead of coupling out of the sensor, the light is only brought in close proximity with the to-be-sensed environment. This interaction block <NUM> may be a spiraled waveguide where the evanescent field just outside the waveguide senses the surroundings, a functionalized interface where molecule-specific receptors can cause a refractive index shift, an opto-acoustic component where the acoustics of the surrounding may be tested, etc. If an interaction block <NUM> is used, no output section <NUM> is needed as the light does not leave the sensor.

<FIG> depicts an example of an experimental realization of a spectroscopic sensor <NUM> for blood analysis, as described herein. The sensor is based on photonic integrated circuit technology available in commercial CMOS foundries on <NUM> and <NUM> wafer sizes. The size of the physical sensor die is determined by the size of the III-V components - i.e., gain-chips and photodetectors. A compact version of the sensor <NUM> may include <NUM> III-V gain-chips <NUM>, a 1x4 reference photodetector array <NUM> and a single signal photodetector <NUM>. The sensor size can be reduced by reducing the number of III-V components. In a particular embodiment in which only a single molecule is of interest, the bandwidth of a single III-V gain-chip may be sufficient, leading to an overall sensor size of a few mm<NUM>. The compact size allows such a sensor <NUM> to be easily integrated into handheld and wearable consumer electronic devices such as smart watches, smartphones or smart wristbands using conventional packaging technologies. Optical communication with the subject may be performed via an optical window <NUM> realized, for example, on a top surface of encapsulation <NUM>. A free-space delivery <NUM> and return beam <NUM> are depicted. For ultimate compactness, the driver electronic circuits <NUM> can be realized in the same silicon crystal underneath the photonic circuit, leading to a full 3D hybrid electro-photonic integrated circuit.

Apart from the size, the ability to realize the described sensors using a group-IV semiconductor technology platform (for example CMOS) provides the capability to scale manufacturing to fabricate many million units per year at a low cost. For example, consider a relatively large sensor with <NUM> III-V gain-chips and a 1x4 reference photodetector array as depicted in <FIG>. Over <NUM> such sensor chips may be formed on a single <NUM> Si wafer, with a standard production batch of <NUM> wafers yielding <NUM><NUM> sensor chips, resulting in a single sensor chip costing less than <NUM> dollars. The described embodiments and their compatibility with large scale technology enable the inexpensive monitoring of critical metabolites without extra effort in real-time <NUM>/<NUM>.

An example of an experimental glucose sensor calibration curve from whole blood is shown in <FIG>. The calibrated value of the concentration can be found for instance by using statistical regression method based on multivariate partial least square algorithm constructed using known target molecule absorbance and corresponding concentration data within the physiological substance. In <FIG>, the physiological substance is whole blood, but it can also be, e.g., tissue, interstitial fluid, blood plasma, blood serum, etc. Here, over <NUM> datasets from <NUM> different individuals were used, using a laser device in accordance with embodiments of the invention. An experimental determination coefficient of <NUM>% is achieved with a root-mean square error of <NUM> mmol/l in a <NUM> -<NUM> mmol/l concentration range. <NUM> % of the data points reside in the area of Clarke grid indicating clinically correct decisions. Sensors in accordance with embodiments for the invention may be modified to detect concentrations of multiple molecules such as lactates, urea, serum albumin, creatinine and others. In other practical scenarios, where only the fact of presence or absence of the target molecule species of interest is needed, the calibration procedure using statistical regression may not be required and a threshold condition can be applied. In this case, only as-measured laser intensity signal modification may be sufficient.

In FMCW LIDAR applications, the widely tunable laser source is used to image the environment, and record key indicators of remote objects. Key indicators include distance to at least one point of a remote object, object velocity, object topography, elemental composition of the medium between the laser-based system and the object, elemental composition of the object, and combinations thereof. See, for example, <NPL>; <NPL>), and <NPL>, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

<FIG> illustrates the working principle of a typical FMCW LIDAR system. The output <NUM> of a wavelength tunable laser <NUM> is split by, for example, a beamsplitter <NUM> into a target arm <NUM> and a reference arm <NUM>. The distances to a reference object <NUM> and a target object <NUM> (also referred to herein as a remote object) are different, denoted by R and R+L respectively. The reflected beams <NUM> and <NUM> are directed to a photodetector <NUM>, which records the measured power as a function of time, herein referred to as oscillating response signal. Referring to <FIG>, the wavelength (or equivalent frequency) of the laser source <NUM> is continuously tuned. Because of the path length difference, the frequency of the target arm is different from the reference arm. The tuning curve is shifted in time by <MAT> with c the speed of light, shown by f(t - Δt). As the frequency is different, a beat node occurs in the oscillating response signal measured at the photodetector, given by the difference in frequency between the reference arm and target arm. Referring to <FIG>, for a linearly changing laser frequency, the beat frequency is constant in time, defined by the frequency difference per unit time y and the time difference of the arms Δt. Because the beat frequency is constant, the oscillating response signals measured at the detector <NUM> is a simple sine function as depicted in <FIG>, the Fourier transform of which is shown in <FIG>. Thus, one can measure the beat frequency fBeat and the frequency change y is known from the laser, meaning that Δt and distance L can readily be extracted.

As discussed above, a typical FMCW LIDAR system requires a linear frequency tuning of the laser light source. When the laser exhibits mode hops, this is not possible. For example, referring <FIG>, a laser device, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, based on a Vernier-filter configuration of coupled microresonators (for example, microrings, or sampled gratings), hops from one wavelength to another as one of the resonators is tuned by an external control signal (mechanical change, thermal, electrical or other control signals), as illustrated in <FIG>. When properly analyzed, the key indicators can still be extracted.

Distance and/or topography can be determined as follows. The basic configuration in <FIG> is the same as in <FIG>, with the output <NUM> of laser light source <NUM> split in two arms <NUM> and <NUM> by a beamsplitter <NUM> and the interference of the reflected signals <NUM> and <NUM> being tracked by the detector <NUM>. Now, however, the wavelength (or frequency) hops from one value to another however. This behavior can be represented by a staircase function, as in <FIG>. Mathematically this is expressed as <MAT> with fS being the frequency hops and tS the time between two hops. H(t) is the Heaviside function. The delayed signal from the target arm is also shown by f(t - Δt). The oscillating response signal measured at the detector <NUM> fluctuates with the frequency difference between the two arms (<FIG>), but contrary to the typical LIDAR, this is no longer constant. <FIG> shows the resulting frequency difference. It is a square wave function, where two frequencies are present, being an integer amount of the frequency hops fS. The integer m is unknown at the moment. The Fourier transform of the photovoltage at detector <NUM>, (<FIG>), shows these two frequencies. These can be measured and the frequency hops fS is a function of the system. The integer m can thus be extracted. Note that the spacing between the frequencies is fS and can be used as a verification. From the relative amplitudes of the spectral lines in the Fourier spectrum, one can deduce the duty cycle of the square wave, and therefore Δt and the distance L can be extracted unambiguously.

In practice, a Vernier-type or other mode-hopping widely tunable laser demonstrates a superposition of an ideal mode-hop-free laser and a stair-case laser, resulting in a sloped staircase laser (<FIG>). The principle of operation is identical to the staircase laser and the resulting Fourier transform results in frequencies shifted by the beat frequency term yt.

While the above discussion focused on the distance L or topography as the to-be-extracted property, other key indicators can also be measured. For example, the velocity of a remote object may be calculated. If the target <NUM> (remote object) is moving at a speed v, shown in <FIG>, the well-known Doppler effect causes a frequency shift in the target arm. The frequency of reflected signal in the target arm <NUM>, is shifted by the Doppler shift, mathematically expressed as: <MAT> where vT is the velocity of the target object, c the speed of light and f the frequency of the light before the target is reached (<NUM> in <FIG>). This Doppler shift is found back in the resulting frequency difference (<FIG>) where an extra term is added to the present beat frequencies, as well as in the Fourier transform of the photovoltage of the detector <NUM> (<FIG>). In a simple analysis the extra Doppler term results in an offset of the predicted distance, since an extra distance is also translated to a frequency shift. In other words, a set of solutions for distance - velocity is found. A second measurement makes it possible to distinguish between both, as the new set of solutions overlaps with the previous at only one distance - velocity pair. Note that the relation <MAT> allows one to further refine this.

Possible architectures for constructing a mode hopping FMCW LIDAR system are depicted in <FIG> and <FIG>. A widely tunable laser array <NUM>, <NUM>,. 1XX is combined via a beam combiner <NUM>, which can be a single waveguide, multiple waveguide array, or a multimode interference device. The combined beam is directed to an output section <NUM> which may be formed with free space optics and/or fiber-optic interface which can be a grating coupler, multiple grating couplers, phased array, an output mirror, or an end-fire waveguide. The tunable laser light is then coupled onto a target <NUM> via the free-space beam or an optical fiber delivery <NUM> which can be any object in the to-be-monitored environment, e.g., a remote object. Part of the light is reflected back to the LIDAR system via return beam <NUM> and collected via signal photodetector <NUM>. A second output beam <NUM> is delivered to a reference object <NUM> which has a known distance from the LIDAR. This can be, e.g., a reference mirror calibrated beforehand. The reflected beam <NUM> is also collected the signal photodetector <NUM>. The photovoltage or photocurrent of this detector <NUM> is converted into a distance to the target object. <FIG> shows a second possible architecture for constructing this mode hopping FMCW LIDAR system <NUM>, where the reference arm does not exit the LIDAR system. This reference arm <NUM> can be, e.g., a spiraled waveguide or a slow light waveguide, and realized monolithically within, e.g., the photonic integrated circuit.

A practical application of a laser-based system described herein is remote measurement of the elemental composition of a medium between the laser-based system and a remote object by means of spectroscopic sensing. An example of measuring a remote object's elemental composition was already discussed with respect to the biosensor application embodiment. In other practical cases, the elemental composition of the medium between the laser based system and a certain remote object can be of interest. For instance in environmental sensing applications, security applications, industrial applications etc., the medium can be gas-phase, liquid phase or solid-state, and may contain molecules that have molecule specific absorption properties, as in the case of gas sensing or liquid sensing. A simple scenario to determine elemental composition of the medium is to first determine the optical path between the laser-based system and the object and determine the number of times the light travels this distance before being detected. The laser-based system provides a wide wavelength sweep, which may then be calibrated into absolute wavelength domain within the first sweep, allowing one to know the exact spectral properties of the beam that was sent to the object through the medium. The reflected beam from the object may then be compared to the sent beam, revealing modified parts of the spectrum due to light-medium, light-object or a combination of both interactions. This information can then be quantitatively evaluated by using the distance to the object and the number of times the light travels before being detected by the laser-based system using Beer-Lambert law. This capability is very important for remote sensing applications such as searching for gas leaks, contamination, traces of hazardous or process-specific indicators relevant for the field of application (industrial processes, forensics, environmental monitoring, security, etc.).

In another application, laser-based systems in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be used for secure identification, for instance secure face recognition. A laser-based system can be organized to perform a 2D raster scan or can be organized in a 2D array, depending on the system configuration requirement. The measurement of a distance from the laser-based system to the remote object, for instance a face or another body part to be used as a unique identity mark, provides a unique <NUM>-dimensional image of the object with a very high resolution. In addition, the topological information can be combined with object specific elemental composition and the spectroscopic information as a <NUM>th dimension, forming a multi-dimensional (topology + elemental composition) object specific security key.

In practical applications, embodiments of the invention may be used to obtain calibrated concentration level data for a target metabolite within a physiological substance such as whole blood, blood serum, blood plasma, skin, tissue, etc. by of tunable laser absorption spectroscopy. Most relevant biomolecules - such glucose, urea, lactate, serum albumin, creatinine, etc. contain C-H, O-H, N-H or an arbitrary combination therein. These bonds move - i.e., stretch, rotate and bend in a characteristic manner - which is molecule specific. If a laser photon energy is tuned to match the energy of the molecule-specific vibration, the light is absorbed in the molecule due to photon-phonon interaction, resulting in modification of the properties of light such as intensity and spectrum. The change in intensity is proportional to the concentration of the target molecule within the substance at the specific wavelengths and thus can be converted to the concentration level. A widely tunable laser can be designed to perform a wavelength sweep across a spectral band with specific absorption features of several molecules. Since absorption properties are molecule-specific and unique - individual contributions can be decoupled and thus concentration levels of the different molecules within the physiological substance deducted.

In case of reflection measurement geometry, the light from the laser-based device may be sent to the object (in this case a physiological substance), where it is diffusely scattered and interacts with the molecules within the substance. The diffusely reflected signal is collected by the photodetector and analyzed.

The diffuse reflectance measurement using a laser based device according to embodiments of the invention may be used to collect diffuse reflectance spectra R(λ), which in turn can be converted to absorbance A(λ) by the relation: <MAT>.

The collected absorbance spectrum is composed of a sum from individual absorbance spectral components of the contributing molecular species: <MAT>.

Using the proposed widely tunable laser-based device, a sensor may be designed such that it emits tunable radiation which covers the characteristic absorption of the molecules within the ensemble by means of a single widely tunable laser emission or an array in accordance with <FIG>.

Accordingly, a very complex absorbance spectrum from a very complex scattering matrix - such as human tissue - can be decomposed into individual molecular absorbance components and this absorbance can in turn be converted to a calibrated concentration level by applying Lambert-Beer law: <MAT> where εi is the calibrated molar attenuation coefficient and ci is the concentration.

Calibrated attenuation coefficients for each individual molecules are predetermined and the values stored in the CPU for calibrated algorithm execution to process the experimentally obtained diffuse reflectance spectrum - i.e., to decompose the spectrum into individual absorbance spectral components and calculate calibrated concentration levels.

In particular, in an embodiment, a sensor may include an array of cells, with at least one array cell targeted at a spectral region corresponding to at least one peak of water absorption, i.e., ~ <NUM>, ~ <NUM>-<NUM>, or ~ <NUM>. Another cell in the array may be targeted at a spectral region corresponding to at least one absorption peak of a blood constituent target molecule. The sensor may include a CPU that is programmed to determine a water concentration level and a water absorption spectrum based on the at least one peak of water absorption measured with the at least one array cell. The CPU may also be programmed to remove a baseline and decompose a complex absorbance spectrum in spectral regions covered by array cells adjacent to the at least one array cell to reveal underlying target molecule absorption features. Further, the CPU may be programmed to convert diffuse reflectance spectra to absorbance. The absorbance may include a collected absorbance spectrum including a plurality of individual absorbance spectral components decoupled by using information from adjacent array cells operating in different spectral regions where no overlap with other molecular absorption exists.

The described algorithm in combination with the sensor architecture described herein allows one to decompose an absorption spectrum of arbitrary complexity into individual components and thus evaluate of the concentration of each individual constituent. This may be facilitated by having prior knowledge of individual attenuation coefficients of each individual interfering species at a given wavelength. In circumstances when the attenuation coefficients for some of the interfering species are not known, the ability to subtract any known or possible spectral contributions greatly improves the accuracy of signal processing algorithms such as multivariate partial least squares or principle component regression method to obtain a calibrated concentration level of a target molecule. An experimental sensor calibration curve in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is presented in <FIG>, where calibrated levels of glucose concentration within whole blood are measured.

A laser-based device in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be used to measure the distance to a remote object, e.g., to a point on a surface of the remote object. The following illustrative example explains how to extract the relevant information.

Given a laser with center wavelength <NUM> (or equivalent tcenter = <NUM> THz), the mode hops of the wavelength tuning function are <NUM>, corresponding to a frequency hop of fS = <NUM> GHz, over a span of <NUM>. A hop is taken every tS = <NUM> ns. The to-be-calculated distance to the remote object is L + R = <NUM>, while the reference object is very close at R = <NUM>.

Due to the difference in path length, the delay time between the reflected beams <NUM>, <NUM> (<FIG>) is <MAT>. Note that this time delay covers more than one hop: Δt = <NUM> ns = (m + DC)tS where integer m = <NUM> and the duty cycle DC = <NUM>. The frequency difference tREF - fTAR is a square wave function with lower frequency being mfS = <NUM> GHz and the upper frequency (m + <NUM>) fS = <NUM> GHz, the duty cycle is <NUM>% and the period <NUM> ns.

The measured oscillating response signal of the photodetector <NUM> is V(t) = cos[2π(fREF - fTAR)t]. After taking the Fourier transform, two peaks can be discerned, the first one at <NUM> and the second at <NUM>, where <NUM>% of the power is located in the latter. From this, the integer m can easily be extracted from the frequency location of the peaks, while the duty cycle of the square wave function must be <NUM>%. The delay time can be computed as Δt = (m + DC)tS = <NUM> ns, since tS is known to be <NUM> ns. From this delay time the sought after distance L is <NUM>.

A laser-based device in accordance with embodiments of the inventions may also be used to measure the velocity, as well as the distance, of a remote object.

Given the same laser as above, the remote object may be at a distance L + R = <NUM> m, moving at a velocity v = <NUM> km/h. The reference object is close to the lidar R = <NUM> m and standing still.

Due to the path length difference the time delay is <MAT>. Similar to above, the frequency difference is a square wave with period <NUM> ns and duty cycle <NUM>%. The frequencies are now shifted by the Doppler frequency however <MAT>.

The Fourier spectrum of the oscillating response signal, measured at detector <NUM>, exhibits these frequencies at <NUM> and <NUM>, the latter holding <NUM>% of the power. Knowing the location of the frequency to be mfS + tDopp and (m + <NUM>)fS + tDopp respectively, combinations of integer m and Doppler shift frequency tDopp can be made. In this case: if m = <NUM> the Doppler shift must be <NUM> GHz; if m = <NUM> the Doppler shift must be <NUM> MHz; etc. From the duty cycle of <NUM>% and the integer m, the time delay can be reconstructed Δt = (m + DC)tS, and thus also the distance <MAT>. From the Doppler shift, the velocity is extracted <MAT>. With the numbers used the following solutions may exist: for m = <NUM> the distance is L = <NUM> m and the velocity v = <NUM> km/h; for m = <NUM> the distance is L = <NUM> m and the velocity v = <NUM> km/h; etc..

To distinguish between these solutions, the velocity in the expected range may simply be chosen, as the solutions differ very much. Alternatively, a second measurement is taken at time t' later yielding solutions L' and v'. Since L' = L + v t', the correct solution can be chosen.

A laser-based device in accordance with embodiments of the invention may also be used to measure the topography of a remote object. In such case, a 2D scan is performed, thereby measuring the distance to each point of the remote object.

Each point is defined by the size of the laser spot, limited by the Abbe diffraction limit down to the size of the wavelength, and the resolution of the scanning optics. As an example, one may consider a flat remote object with holes <NUM> deep, disposed <NUM> away. Given the parameters from above, a distance of <NUM> yields a duty cycle of <NUM>%. The holes, being <NUM> further away, yield a duty cycle of <NUM>%. A similar calculation as above is done for all points in the 2D scan. The scan dimensions may cover the entire angle space - up to <NUM> degrees depending on the object size and system configuration.

In a practical scenario, when the distance from the laser-based system to the object is known or measured as per previous example, the elemental composition of the medium can be measured using the spectroscopic measurement of the absorbance of the medium. As in the case of the spectroscopic biosensor for measuring the elemental composition of the physiological substance, the medium between the laser-based device and the object can be seen as an ensemble of constituents - for example molecules - each of them providing a specific contribution to the absorbance spectrum of the medium. A(λ) = Σi A(λ)<NUM> = A(λ)<NUM> + A(λ)<NUM> + A(λ)<NUM> + ···.

Here, A(λ)<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,. is the individual absorbance contribution from the different elemental constituents of the medium.

The individual absorbance can be further expressed as: <MAT> where εi is the calibrated molar attenuation coefficient and ci is the concentration.

In case of a medium, with a thickness of I, the absorbance for each elemental constituent is: <MAT>.

The laser-based device provides a sweep across a bandwidth where overtone (first, second-) or fundamental absorption due to C-H stretch or a combination of C-H, O-H, N-H stretch is present. The light travels through the medium to the object, where the distance to the object is known or measured, the light is reflected and travels back to the laser-based system through the medium, thus passing the medium twice. The laser-based system then detects the reflected signal and performs absorbance measurements of each individual contribution at the element-specific wavelengths, in such way decomposing the ensemble into individual contributions. In the case when the optical path is known, molar attenuation coefficients of the individual elements is known from databases or reference measurements, the measured absorbance change can be used to calculate the individual elemental concentrations and thus the composition of the medium.

A laser-based device in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be used to provide a security key based on facial recognition. An object specific (e.g., face specific) multi-dimensional image of a remote object (e.g., a user's face) may be formed by placing the user at a certain distance, which can be from several centimeters to several or tens or <NUM> of meters from the laser-based system and emitting a light from the laser-based device towards the user's face. A 2D scan preferably has sufficient points to reconstruct the topography of the entire face or part of the face, suitable for acting as a unique and person-specific image; for example the 3D scan may range from several square centimeters to several tens of square centimeters. The face image may be recorded as topographic image (see the example above) and the information may be stored as a person-specific security key. In addition to topography, spectroscopic features unique to the person's face, such as a tattoo or physiological data, may be used in combination with topography.

Claim 1:
A solid-state laser-based device (<NUM>) comprising:
a solid-state gain medium based widely tunable laser for emitting light, the solid-state gain medium comprising a III-V semiconductor based gain chip hybridly or heterogeneously integrated onto a group-IV semiconductor photonic integrated circuit chip (<NUM>);
a wavelength shift tracking device (<NUM>) for tracking a wavelength shift of the emitted light, wherein the wavelength shift tracking device comprises a non-balanced interferometer (<NUM>) and at least one photodetector; and
a solid-state based etalon (<NUM>) comprising an optical element having at least one of an unambiguous transmission spectrum or an unambiguous reflection spectrum,
wherein, (i) the solid-state based etalon (<NUM>) and wavelength shift tracking device (<NUM>) are configured such that, during a wavelength sweep of the widely tunable laser, the solid-state based etalon and wavelength shift tracking device are configured to cooperate to provide absolute wavelength determination and control of the widely tunable laser, and (ii) the solid-state gain medium based widely tunable laser, wavelength shift tracking device, and solid-state based etalon are monolithically realized within a single semiconductor chip.