Patent Description:
This section introduces aspects that may help facilitate a better understanding of the invention. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is prior art or what is not prior art.

Optical fibers are sensitive to surrounding mechanical perturbations which induce fiber length variations, potentially resulting in variations of phase, intensity, and polarization. Though these variations are considered as noise and are thus mitigated in optical transmission systems, they are used for sensing applications in specific configurations such that Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR), which exploits random and low-intensity Rayleigh backscattered light. The documents <CIT> , <CIT> and <CIT> are examples of such sensing applications.

In a number of different applications, it is useful to be able to detect time-based mechanical and/or chemical changes along an optical fiber, referred to herein collectively as fiber events. For example, in communications systems having fiber-optic communication links, it may be useful to detect the existence and location of fiber events in an optical fiber, such as those induced by a train passing nearby the optical fiber. This information may be used to monitor the quality of the optical link (e.g., a vibration may alter the transmission rate) or to monitor any fiber event independent of the telecom purpose (e.g., for security alerts).

Distributed acoustic/vibration sensing (DAS/DVS) allows for detection of mechanical and/or chemical perturbation at various locations along an optical fiber using Rayleigh backscattering. This effect can be exploited in standard single-mode fibers (SSMF) deployed in telecommunication systems. Randomly distributed Rayleigh backscattering spots exist in the fiber as imperfections during its fabrication process. By capturing the optical signal that is reflected from these spots, phase changes induced by fiber events impacting a deployed fiber can be detected.

Some work has described methods for capturing an estimate of a backpropagated optical field within an optical fiber. For example, an interrogator may yield Jones matrix estimates from the received backpropagated signal and process them to detect the emergence of a mechanical event. The system can include phase extraction and differential (spatial) phase derivation to detect and localize mechanical events that may occur along the fiber.

Standard OTDR fiber sensor systems use the intensity of Rayleigh backscattering to detect and localize static impairments (e.g., losses or cuts). With long distances, sensing is limited by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) issues, where only a small fraction of the intensity signal is backscattered (around -70dB/m) and, due to the attenuation in the optical fiber of about <NUM>. 2dB/km, the maximum reach is limited. To overcome this issue in intensity sensing, the backscattered signal may be averaged over several minutes or hours so that it eventually allows the detection of a static impairment over ultralong distance such as for transoceanic lines.

It is desirable to be able to perform dynamic measurements over long distance from already deployed (or next generation) telecom cables to detect and localize geophysical phenomena as earthquakes or tsunamis, which may exhibit high energy vibration spread over a very low mechanical bandwidth (e.g., less than a few Hz). Such processing may involve a switch from standard intensity-based OTDR to coherent-detection-based ϕ-OTDR. With this latter technique, no averaging in time is possible to tackle power budget issues since it would prevent the detection of the low-frequency components and thus the signature of the geophysical events. On top of this, ϕ-OTDR typically relies on the use of an ultra-stable laser source, with a coherence length in line with the roundtrip distance of the fiber to sense. Therefore, detecting dynamic events over very long fiber distances from the sole Rayleigh backscattering turns out to be an overwhelming task.

Note that the forward transmission path also contains the mechanical perturbation information. In that case, the SNR is high since the signal experiences only the <NUM>. 2dB/km fiber attenuation. However, the received signal after forward transmission does not typically allow for a distributed measurement over the fiber, as is the case with Rayleigh backscattered information, where the overall fiber response may be concentrated into a single symbol period and enclose the overall phase variations met along the fiber path (from the laser phase drift to the contributions of environmental disturbances) so that the localization information of disturbances is lost.

Current commercial systems for transoceanic cables may include static intensity OTDR, on which an average of measurements can reveal the presence and location of failures on the line. These modules may not support dynamic sensing.

Some work has suggested using laser interferometry for earthquakes detection and localization over existing submarine and terrestrial telecommunications cables, in which the optical fiber is looped back at the remote end and the signal is returned on a second fiber. The phase stability of the optical source may be obtained with a metrology-grade laser that maintains the light coherence over several thousand kilometers. This setup seems to be different from the widely used reflectometry scheme and to allow for an overall measurement of the integral of the dynamic strain on the line, that is without spatial information to enable event localization. According to that paper, an earthquake epicenter may be approximately localized by triangulation techniques from the information detected from several independent lines. Therefore, localization performances are subject to the presence, the number, and the position of independent optical cables, assumed to be all equipped with such a forward-sensing system.

The market availability of ultra-low phase noise laser sources compatible with transoceanic distance is also an issue. In addition, laser sources show a higher phase noise level at low frequencies (<NUM>/f envelope below at least <NUM>) and this low-frequency noise has a stronger impact when sensing long-distance fibers because the interrogation signal spreads over a longer time period.

For standard backscattering-based sensing, the system may need either a special fiber coating or specific amplification somewhere on the fiber line, and sometimes may use secondary techniques such as Raman amplification that could disturb the co-propagating signals in cases where the line under test is not a dedicated fiber (but, say, just a dedicated wavelength).

<NPL> ("the Dorize/Awwad paper"), and <NPL>, describe a method for periodically capturing an estimate (high sensitivity and large bandwidth) of the backpropagated optical field in a fiber. The method may yield Jones matrix estimates as a function of distance and time from which the differential (over distance) phase (at each location over the distance axis as a function of time) may be processed to detect the emergence of fiber events.

According to the embodiments of the invention, a multi-fiber optical cable includes multiple cable spans interconnected by repeaters to perform optical amplification. Near some or all of the repeaters, a fraction of the forward-propagating light in one of the so-called forward fibers is looped back to a nearby point on the feedback fiber, typically by a local pair of interconnected optical couplers, e.g., the pair of couplers may both be near or at the same one of the repeaters. The forward propagating light may be transmitted from a laser source having coherence properties that match the roundtrip path length of the overall cable. The laser source may typically be modulated with polarization-multiplexed signals. The feedback fiber is connected to a coherent mixer in a homodyne configuration (where the local oscillator is the laser source also used for transmitting light to the forward fiber). The output from a Mach-Zehnder modulator is connected to the feedback fiber right before entering the coherent mixer (as a reference feedback loop), typically with couplers in the same way as mentioned above for the repeater outputs.

In some embodiments, an interrogation technique, e.g., as defined in <CIT>, may provide, beyond the intensity response, a Jones matrix estimate for some or all of the return paths. The cumulated optical phase may be extracted from the Jones matrix at some or all of the intensity peak locations. The optical phase terms may, e.g., then be differentiated to capture a local phase estimation per span. The interrogation and associated processing may also be applied periodically to capture time evolution of the local optical phase per span.

Such a technique may provide a twofold advantage: (<NUM>) a mitigation of the low phase noise variations of the transmitter (laser source), due to the reference feedback path information, and (<NUM>) a localization of fiber events along the fiber, e.g., with a spatial resolution equal to the span length. In some embodiments, this level of localization may be sufficient for ultra-low mechanical frequency signatures from some types of geophysical events.

According to an example embodiment disclosed below in reference to FIGs. <NUM>-<NUM>, provided is an apparatus (e.g., <NUM>, <FIG>) for detecting fiber events along an optical cable under test (i.e., herein referred to as CUT) (<NUM>) comprising at least one forward fiber (<NUM>), at least one feedback fiber (<NUM>), and multiple pairs of optical couplers (<NUM>, <NUM>). The couplers of each pair interconnect physically nearby parts of the forward and feedback fibers (<NUM>, <NUM>) so that a ladder-like topology, i.e., formed by the interconnected pairs of couplers and the forward and feedback fibers (<NUM>, <NUM>) themselves. The apparatus comprises an optical transmitter (<NUM>), a reference coupler (<NUM>), a feedback coupler (<NUM>), and an optical receiver (<NUM>). The optical transmitter (<NUM>) is configured to transmit an optical probing signal (<NUM>) to the forward fiber (<NUM>). Each of the couplers (<NUM>) along the forward fiber (<NUM>) provides a locally tapped portion (<NUM>) of the probing signal (<NUM>) to a corresponding and nearby paired coupler (<NUM>) along the feedback fiber (<NUM>). The set of pairs of optical couplers (<NUM>, <NUM>) form a combined optical feedback signal (<NUM>) in the feedback fiber (<NUM>). The reference coupler (<NUM>) is connected between the transmitter (<NUM>) and the forward fiber (<NUM>) to tap an optical reference signal (<NUM>) from the probing signal (<NUM>). The feedback coupler (<NUM>) is connected to combine the reference signal (<NUM>) and the feedback signal (<NUM>). The optical receiver (<NUM>) configured to receive and process the combined reference and feedback signals (<NUM>+<NUM>) from the feedback coupler (<NUM>) to detect fiber events along the CUT (<NUM>).

The apparatus further comprises the CUT.

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the CUT further comprises one or more optical amplifiers along the forward fiber.

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the CUT further comprises one or more optical amplifiers along the feedback fiber.

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the CUT comprises two or more forward fibers (<NUM>), each having optical couplers (<NUM>), wherein the transmitter (<NUM>) is configured to generate different optical probing signals (<NUM>) for the different forward fibers (<NUM>) and the receiver (<NUM>) is configured to receive and process different combined reference and feedback signals (<NUM>+<NUM>) for the different forward fibers (<NUM>).

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the probing signal is an optical pulse.

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the probing signal is a binary-coded optical signal.

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the probing signal is a dual-polarization digital sweep signal.

In some embodiments of any of the above apparatuses, the optical transmitter (<NUM>) comprises a laser source (<NUM>) configured to transmit a laser signal (<NUM>); an optical coupler (<NUM>) configured to tap off a tapped portion (115a) of the laser signal for forwarding to the optical receiver (<NUM>); and a modulator (<NUM>) and optionally an amplifier (<NUM>) configured to modulate and to optionally amplify another portion (115b) of the laser signal (<NUM>) using one or more digital coding sequences (<NUM>) to generate the probing signal (<NUM>). The optical receiver (<NUM>) comprises an optical mixer (<NUM>) configured to mix the tapped portion (115a) of the laser signal with the reference and feedback signals (<NUM>+<NUM>) to generate component optical signals (<NUM>); optical-to-electrical converters (<NUM>) and analog-to-digital converters (<NUM>) configured to generate digital electrical signals (<NUM>) from the component optical signals (<NUM>); and a digital signal processor DSP (<NUM>) configured to process the digital electrical signals (<NUM>) to detect the fiber events along the CUT.

According to another example embodiment disclosed below in reference to FIGs. <NUM>-<NUM>, provided is a method comprising providing an apparatus (<NUM>) that detects fiber events along an optical cable under test CUT (<NUM>) comprising at least one forward fiber (<NUM>), at least one feedback fiber (<NUM>), and multiple pairs of optical couplers (<NUM>, <NUM>) interconnected along the forward and feedback fibers (<NUM>, <NUM>) in a ladder topology. The apparatus comprises an optical transmitter (<NUM>), a reference coupler (<NUM>), a feedback coupler (<NUM>), and an optical receiver (<NUM>). The optical transmitter (<NUM>) transmits an optical probing signal (<NUM>) to the forward fiber (<NUM>), wherein the couplers (<NUM>) along the forward fiber (<NUM>) provide tapped portions (<NUM>) of the probing signal (<NUM>) to the corresponding paired couplers (<NUM>) along the feedback fiber (<NUM>) to form a combined optical feedback signal (<NUM>) in the feedback fiber (<NUM>). The reference coupler (<NUM>) is connected between the transmitter (<NUM>) and the forward fiber (<NUM>) to tap an optical reference signal (<NUM>) from the probing signal (<NUM>). The feedback coupler (<NUM>) is connected to combine the reference signal (<NUM>) and the feedback signal (<NUM>). The optical receiver (<NUM>) receives and processes the combined reference and feedback signals (<NUM>+<NUM>) from the feedback coupler (<NUM>) to detect fiber events along the CUT (<NUM>).

In some embodiments of the above method, the probing signal is a binary-coded optical signal.

In some embodiments of any of the above methods, the optical transmitter (<NUM>) comprises a laser source (<NUM>) that generates a laser signal (<NUM>); an optical coupler (<NUM>) that taps off a tapped portion (115a) of the laser signal for forwarding to the optical receiver (<NUM>); and a modulator (<NUM>) and an optional amplifier (<NUM>) that modulate and optionally amplify another portion (115b) of the laser signal (<NUM>) using one or more digital coding sequences (<NUM>) to generate the probing signal (<NUM>). The optical receiver (<NUM>) comprises an optical mixer (<NUM>) that mixes the tapped portion (115a) of the laser signal with the reference and feedback signals (<NUM>+<NUM>) to generate component optical signals (<NUM>); optical-to-electrical converters (<NUM>) and analog-to-digital converters (<NUM>) that generate digital electrical signals (<NUM>) from the component optical signals (<NUM>); and a digital signal processor DSP (<NUM>) that processes the digital electrical signals (<NUM>) to detect the fiber events along the CUT.

Embodiments of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements.

Detailed illustrative embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments of the present invention. The present invention may be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein. Further, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments of the invention.

It further will be understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," and/or "including," specify the presence of stated features, steps, or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, or components. It also should be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures.

At least some embodiments disclosed herein may benefit from the use of at least some features disclosed in the Dorize/Awwad paper. In particular, some embodiments may benefit from the use of the DAS/DVS technique(s) disclosed therein. An example DAS/DVS technique described herein enables detection of fiber events along a multi-fiber optical cable using distributed acoustic/vibration sensing based on optical phase sensing of tapped optical signals that are analyzed to detect temporal changes in the characteristics of different locations along the cable.

<FIG> is a block diagram of an optical sensing system <NUM> that is designed and configured to detect and determine the approximate locations of fiber events along the length of a multi-fiber optical cable under test (CUT) <NUM>. The CUT comprises, at least, one forward fiber <NUM> and, at least, one feedback fiber <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, the forward fiber <NUM> has a number of optical couplers <NUM> distributed along its length, and the feedback fiber <NUM> has a corresponding number of optical couplers <NUM> distributed along its length, where each coupler <NUM> taps an optical signal <NUM> traveling along the forward fiber <NUM> in the forward direction (i.e., left to right in <FIG>) and provides that tapped portion <NUM> to the corresponding coupler <NUM> of the feedback fiber <NUM> to form a combined optical feedback signal <NUM> travelling along the feedback fiber <NUM> in the feedback direction (i.e., the backwards direction of right to left in <FIG>). This configuration of forward and feedback fibers <NUM> and <NUM> with interconnected nearby pairs of optical couplers <NUM> and <NUM> is referred to as having a ladder topology.

Although not explicitly shown in <FIG>, in some implementations, the forward fiber <NUM> has one or more optional optical amplifiers (e.g., EDFAs) distributed along its length that amplify the probing signal <NUM> and/or the feedback fiber <NUM> has one or more optional optical amplifiers distributed along its length that amplify the feedback signal <NUM>. Depending on the particular implementation, those optical amplifiers might or might not be co-located with the optical couplers <NUM>, <NUM>.

In some implementations, the feedback fiber <NUM> in <FIG> is a single, dedicated fiber in a multi-fiber cable, where that dedicated fiber can be used in a time-division and/or wavelength-division manner as the feedback fiber <NUM> for two or more other fibers in the cable functioning as instances of the forward fiber <NUM> of <FIG> to detect fiber events along the cable. In other implementations, any fiber in a multi-fiber cable can be used as the feedback fiber <NUM> for any other fiber in the cable functioning as the forward fiber <NUM> to detect fiber events along the cable. As described previously, the term "fiber event" is used to refer to a mechanical and/or chemical change at a location along the length of a cable that results in a significant change in the phase of the tapped portions <NUM> returned by one or more couplers <NUM> located downstream of the fiber event, e.g., a mechanical event might be receipt of vibrations due to a seismic wave and/or a water wave.

System <NUM> comprises an optical transmitter <NUM> that generates and transmits a suitable optical probing signal <NUM>, an optical receiver <NUM>, and two optical couplers: a reference coupler <NUM> and a feedback coupler <NUM>. The reference coupler <NUM> taps off part of the probing signal <NUM> and provides a tapped reference signal <NUM> to the feedback coupler <NUM>, which combines the reference signal <NUM> with the feedback signal <NUM> received from the feedback fiber <NUM> and provides the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM> to the receiver <NUM>. In certain implementations, the transmitter <NUM>, the receiver <NUM>, and the couplers <NUM> and <NUM> are mounted inside a mechanically and electromagnetically insulated environment.

As used herein, the term "upstream" refers to locations along the cable <NUM> that are closer to the transmitter <NUM>, while the term "downstream" refers to locations along the cable <NUM> that are farther from the transmitter <NUM>.

In particular implementations of <FIG>, the optical transmitter <NUM> comprises a laser source <NUM>, e.g., of high coherence, a polarization-maintaining (PM) optical coupler <NUM>, a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) optical modulator <NUM> (or other suitable optical amplifier), and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) (or other suitable optical amplifier) <NUM>. The PM coupler <NUM> taps off a portion 115a of the polarized laser source signal <NUM> generated by the laser source <NUM> and forwards that portion 115a to the optical receiver <NUM>. The MZ modulator <NUM> modulates the remainder 115b of the laser signal <NUM>, e.g., based on four digital-coded analog signals <NUM>, to generate a modulated optical signal <NUM> that is amplified by the EDFA <NUM> to generate the outgoing modulated optical probing signal <NUM>. In one possible implementation, four digital-coded analog signals <NUM> are based on complementary binary phase shift-keying (BPSK) in-phase I and quadrature Q codes that get modulated onto the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) polarization components of the polarized laser signal 115b. Note that, in polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) BPSK, the Q codes are optional. Those skilled in the art will understand that other coding schemes may be employed, including (without limitation) PDM quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) and the dual-polarization digital sweep probing technique described in <CIT>.

The transmitter <NUM> injects the probing signal <NUM> into the forward fiber <NUM> via the (PM) reference coupler <NUM>, where the probing signal <NUM> gets tapped by each coupler <NUM> along the forward fiber <NUM> and the resulting tapped signal <NUM> is transferred to the corresponding coupler <NUM> of the feedback fiber <NUM> and back towards the optical receiver <NUM> as part of the combined feedback signal <NUM> on the feedback fiber <NUM>. The feedback signal <NUM> received by the (PM) feedback coupler <NUM> from the feedback fiber <NUM> is the superposition of all of the different tapped signals <NUM> from the different couplers <NUM> shifted in time (and having differential phase) relative to one another based on the round-trip transmission times from the reference coupler <NUM> along the forward fiber <NUM> to the coupler pairs <NUM>, <NUM> and then back to the feedback coupler <NUM> along the feedback fiber <NUM>. The combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM> are forwarded by the feedback coupler <NUM> to the optical receiver <NUM>, which processes those combined signals <NUM>+<NUM> to characterize the various tapped signals <NUM> from the coupler pairs <NUM>, <NUM> at specified locations along the CUT <NUM> relative to the reference signal <NUM>, where the location d of each coupler pair <NUM>, <NUM> is associated with and can be identified by a unique round-trip transmission time based on the combined distance along the forward and feedback fibers <NUM> and <NUM>.

The OTDR optical receiver <NUM> of <FIG> may typically be a dual-polarization coherent receiver that comprises a <NUM>-degree hybrid coherent mixer <NUM> (in a substantially homodyne configuration in which the local oscillator is the laser source <NUM> used to charge the CUT <NUM>. But, the interfered light may have a relative time delay with respect to the local oscillator light due to the roundtrip propagation in the CUT. ), four optical-to-electrical (O-to-E) converters <NUM>, four analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) <NUM>, and a digital signal processor (DSP) <NUM>.

The mixer <NUM>, which comprises, e. g, two single-polarization <NUM>-degree hybrids (not shown), mixes the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM> received from the feedback coupler <NUM> with the tapped polarized laser signal 115a received from the coupler <NUM> to generate four different pairs of optical components <NUM> for sensing respective in-phase and quadrature beating signals between the horizontal and vertical polarization components of the polarized laser signal 115a and the horizontal and vertical polarization components of the combined signals <NUM>+<NUM> or linearly independent combinations of said four components. The O-to-E converters <NUM> convert those eight optical components <NUM> into four analog electrical signals <NUM> that get digitized by the four ADCs <NUM> into digital signals <NUM> that are processed by the DSP <NUM>. In one implementation, the O-to-E converters <NUM> comprise (i) four balanced photodetector pairs (not explicitly shown) configured to convert the four pairs of optical components <NUM> into four analog electrical signals, via differential sensing, and (ii) four trans-impedance amplifiers (TIAs) configured to amplify the four analog electrical signals to generate the four analog electrical signals <NUM> that are digitized by the four ADCs <NUM>.

The DSP <NUM> determines the channel response of the CUT <NUM> by measuring correlations between the digital signals <NUM> and the digital code sequences used to generate the digital-coded analog signals <NUM> and then generates some or all of the Jones matrix elements for different locations along the CUT <NUM> using corresponding data points of the channel response. Assuming that the CUT <NUM> has been probed jointly on both polarization axes by means of complementary digital code sequences, the DSP <NUM> is configured to generate 2x2 Jones matrices J(d,t) at time index t and distance index d from the four digital signals <NUM>, e.g., using some of the procedures disclosed in the Dorize/Awwad paper.

The DSP <NUM> derives, from determined elements of the Jones matrices, differential phase data φ(d,t) as a function of time t for different locations d along the CUT <NUM>, where each location is identified by a distance index value d representative of the round-trip transmission time for that location. The DSP <NUM> (or some other processing module downstream of the DSP <NUM>) analyzes the differential phase data to identify fiber events. For example, if the DSP <NUM> detects a sinusoidal oscillation over time in the differential phase data for a particular location, then the DSP <NUM> can determine that a vibration in the CUT <NUM> occurred at or near that location. If, on the other hand, the DSP <NUM> detects a step function over time in the differential phase data for a particular location, then the DSP <NUM> can determine that a chemical change in the CUT <NUM> occurred at or near that location.

The transmission of the probing signal <NUM> can be periodically repeated, as long as feedback signals <NUM> corresponding to different transmissions of the digital codes do not overlap. One way to prevent such overlap is to ensure that the employed digital codes are at least as long as the maximum round-trip transmission time from the reference coupler <NUM> to the last coupler pair <NUM>, <NUM> and back to the feedback coupler <NUM>. In that case, the probing signal <NUM> can be transmitted continuously.

<FIG> is a graphical representation of the intensity of the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM> of <FIG> as a function of time. The left-most (i.e., initial) intensity peak represents the contribution of the reference signal <NUM>, while the subsequent intensity peaks correspond to the signals <NUM> tapped at the successive couplers <NUM>, where intensity decreases with increased time (i.e., increased loop-back distance). Such intensity decreases could apply to an implementation that does not have any optical amplifiers along the feedback fiber <NUM>, whether or not there are optical amplifiers along the forward fiber <NUM>. If there are optical amplifiers along both the forward and feedback fibers <NUM> and <NUM>, then the intensities of the subsequent peaks could be substantially equal, although possibly less than the initial peak corresponding to the reference signal <NUM>.

The system <NUM> may use an interrogation technique as defined in the '<NUM> EP application and the Dorize/Awwad paper to generate a Jones matrix estimate for the intensity peak corresponding to each of the span loops, where the path from the reference coupler <NUM> to each coupler <NUM> along the forward fiber <NUM> and back to the feedback coupler <NUM> along the feedback fiber <NUM> from the corresponding coupler <NUM> corresponds to a different span loop. Note that the path from the reference coupler <NUM> directly to the feedback coupler <NUM> functions as a reference span loop for the other span loops. For each span loop, the cumulative optical phase is extracted from one or more elements of the Jones matrix. The optical phase terms are then differentiated between consecutive span loops to capture a local phase estimation for each span loop. The interrogation and associated processing are applied periodically to characterize a time evolution of the local optical phase per span loop. Fiber events are then detected by analyzing the time evolutions for the different span loops. By using the laser source <NUM> as the local oscillator for charging the CUT <NUM>, the system <NUM> is able to detect fiber events with a spatial resolution equal to the distance between consecutive coupler pairs <NUM>, <NUM>, while mitigating low phase noise variations of the laser source <NUM>.

In certain implementations, the polarized laser signal 115b has a sufficiently long coherence time. In particular embodiments, the laser source <NUM> that drives the transmitter <NUM> and the receiver <NUM> has a coherence time greater than the maximum propagation time of the probing signal <NUM> on the CUT <NUM> from the transmitter <NUM> to the receiver <NUM>.

In one example embodiment, the optical sensing system <NUM> monitors the CUT <NUM> to monitor ground comprising oil and gas resources. The symbol frequency is determined as fsymb=<NUM>, with span length ds=<NUM> and the CUT length=<NUM>. The coherence time of the laser source <NUM> is then on the magnitude of <NUM>-<NUM>s corresponding to a spectral line width of <NUM>.

Two pairs of Golay sequences can be used to generate the X- and Y-axis modulation codes for the modulated optical probing signal <NUM> of <FIG>. In general, a Golay sequence G(n) contains a sequence of values, where each value is either +<NUM> or -<NUM>. Two Golay sequences Ga(n) and Gb(n) are said to be complementary if they exhibit the following property: <MAT> where n is for a given symbol, ⊗ is the correlation operator, and δ is the Dirac delta function (scale factor omitted here). The correlation between two signals x(n) and y(n) can be defined relative to the convolution operator * as follows: x(n)⊗y, where y(n)* denotes the complex conjugate of y(n).

Two different pairs of complementary Golay sequences can be used to generate the digital-coded analog signals <NUM> used to generate the probing signal <NUM>. According to one possible coding scheme, a first pair of complementary sequences G<NUM>a, G1b is defined as: <MAT>.

A second pair of complementary sequences G2a, G2b is generated to be mutually orthogonal with the first pair, such that: <MAT> <MAT> <MAT>.

The following represents four Golay sequences having length NG=<NUM>: <MAT> <MAT> <MAT> <MAT>.

Longer Golay sequences can be generated using the following recursive relationships: <MAT> <MAT> <MAT> <MAT>.

Those skilled in the art will understand that different combinations of the Golay sequences G1a, G1b, G2a, and G2b can be used to generate symbols for the X- and Y-axis codes. For example, as indicated above, if the Golay sequences G1a and G1b are used to generate the symbols for the X-axis code, then the Golay sequences G2a and G2b are used to generate the symbols for the Y-axis code.

In one possible implementation of the coding scheme described above, the Golay sequences of Equations (<NUM>)-(<NUM>) are used and each symbol is a BPSK symbol. In that case, the X-axis code has two BPSK symbols, where each BPSK symbol encodes one value from the corresponding Golay sequence. Thus, for the X-axis code, the first BPSK symbol encodes the Golay sequence <MAT>, and the second BPSK symbol encodes the Golay sequence <MAT>. For the Y-axis code, the first BPSK symbol encodes the Golay sequence <MAT>, and the second BPSK symbol encodes the Golay sequence <MAT>. Other possible sets of X- and Y-axis codes may be generated in similar fashion based on other combinations of the Golay sequences of Equations (<NUM>)-(<NUM>).

The following description applies to processing associated with the probing signal <NUM> for the coding scheme described above, where each symbol is a BPSK symbol.

The two complementary and orthogonal pairs of Golay sequences G1a, G1b and G2a, G2b are transmitted simultaneously. BPSK modulation is used to code the pairs of sequences. Using complementary and orthogonal pairs of sequences enables the sending of the sequences to be factorized. On the X polarization axis, the two sequences G1a, G1b of the first complementary pair are successively mapped onto BPSK symbols. At the same time, on the Y polarization axis, the two sequences G2a, G2b of the second complementary pair are successively mapped onto BPSK symbols. The BPSK symbols from the two polarizations axes are transmitted simultaneously: the BPSK symbols carrying G1a on the X polarization axis are sent at the same time as the BPSK symbols carrying G2a on the Y polarization axis, and then the BPSK symbols carrying G1b on the X polarization axis are sent at the same time as the BPSK symbols carrying G2b on the Y polarization axis.

In an example, the factorization of the parts of the pairs for the X and Y polarizations are as follows: <MAT> <MAT> where Etx is the component from the X polarization of the probing signal <NUM>, Ety is the component from the Y polarization of the probing signal <NUM>, P is the repetition period, k is the k-th repetition of period P, Gx and Gy being respective complementary Golay sequences.

In an example where BPSK is used: <MAT> <MAT> where NG is the length of a sequence from the pair, NSep is an optional separation interval, and L=<NUM>(NG+NSep) is the overall transmitted code length.

The sequence G1a is transmitted first on the X polarization together with the sequence G2a on the Y polarization, then the sequence G1b is transmitted on the X polarization together with the sequence G2b on the Y polarization. To clarify, for the X polarization channel, the sequence G1a is transmitted, followed by the sequence G1b. Simultaneously, for the Y polarization channel (orthogonal to X), the sequence G2a is transmitted, followed by the sequence G2b. Note that, if NSep is set to zero, then the sequence G1b is transmitted immediately after the sequence G1a on the X polarization and the sequence G2b is transmitted immediately after the sequence G2a on the Y polarization.

At the receiver <NUM>, the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM> comprise the following components: <MAT> <MAT> where Erx is the X polarization component, Ery is the Y polarization component, hxx is the channel response of the CUT <NUM> for the X polarization, hyy is the channel response of the CUT <NUM> for the Y polarization, hxy is the channel response after modulation onto the Y polarization and measured onto the X polarization at the receiver <NUM>, and hyx is the channel response after modulation onto the X polarization and measured onto the Y polarization at the receiver <NUM>.

The polarization-dependent channel responses as observed at the receiver <NUM> can then be expressed as: <MAT> <MAT> <MAT> <MAT> where the Jones matrices J are defined as: <MAT>.

In an embodiment, the probing sequence duration is determined according to NG, Nsep, and the duration of a symbol Tsymb. In an example, a perfect estimation with only null samples around the Dirac response is achievable if the CUT <NUM> has an impulse response with a duration Tir that spreads over a time less than (NG/<NUM>+Nsep)Tsymb. In another example, the sequence length NG and the separation interval NSep are determined such that NG><NUM>(Tir/Tsymb-NSep).

In an embodiment, the symbol rate of the optical signal is determined according to the distance between consecutive couplers <NUM>, in order to increase the number of null samples of the inter-correlations of the components Gx, Gy. In an example, the symbol rate is determined as follows: <MAT> where fsymb is the symbol rate, ng is the fiber group index, c is the light velocity, ds is the average inter-distance between consecutive couplers <NUM>, and p is an integer. In an example, with <NUM> of inter-distance ds between consecutive couplers <NUM>, fsymb is a multiple of <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the transmission of the pairs of sequences G1a, G1b and G2a, G2b is repeated. Such repetitions are advantageous as the CUT <NUM> and the couplers <NUM> are sounded continuously, thereby enabling monitoring fiber events within the CUT <NUM> with a fine time granularity, which depends on the symbol frequency and on the overall length of the CUT <NUM>. The sounding duration of the CUT <NUM> is performed then during at least one duty cycle. For PDM-BPSK codes, the sounding duration should be spread over at least four duty cycles. For dual-polarization digital sweep signals, the sounding duration should be spread over at least two duty cycles.

<FIG> is a block diagram of the processing performed by the DSP <NUM> of <FIG> to detect fiber events <NUM> in the CUT <NUM> according to an embodiment. A correlation module <NUM> performs correlation processing between the four digital signals <NUM> received from the four ADCs <NUM> of <FIG> and the four corresponding digital code sequences <NUM> used to generate the probing signal <NUM> in order to extract a space-time map <NUM> of the Jones matrices J(d,t). The correlation processing consists of four correlations to estimate the four coefficients of the 2x2 Jones matrices describing the temporal evolution of intensity, differential phase, and SOP along the CUT <NUM> segment by segment. For the BPSK coding scheme described previously, example correlations are presented in Equations (<NUM>)-(<NUM>).

The spatial resolution (i.e., the size of the fiber segments over which the Jones matrices are computed) is fixed by the baud rate, and the temporal resolution is given by the length of the probing code. The estimates of the Jones matrices are refreshed with a temporal resolution given by the period Tcode of the probing sequence assuming that the CUT <NUM> is probed by a repetition of this sequence. Note that Tcode fixes the maximum bandwidth BW of the fiber events that can be monitored: BW = <NUM>/(<NUM>Tcode).

A computation module <NUM> processes the Jones matrices <NUM> to generate fiber data <NUM>. In an embodiment, the fiber data <NUM> includes differential phase data φ(d,t), optical intensity data l(d,t), and state of polarization data SOP(d,t) for different locations d along the CUT <NUM> and at times t.

The DSP <NUM> derives absolute phase values ψt,d from the Jones matrices J by calculating ψt,d=(<NUM>/<NUM>)arg(det(J)), where det stands for the determinant of matrix J and arg stands for the angle, expressed in radians, of the complex value det(J). The absolute phase value ψt,d for a location d represents the offset at time t between the probing signal <NUM> tapped at that location by a coupler <NUM> and received at the optical receiver <NUM>. The DSP <NUM> generates differential (over distance) phase values φt,d by calculating φt,d = (ψt,d - ψt,d-<NUM>), where each differential phase value φt,d represents the difference between the absolute phase value ψt,d for the location d and the absolute phase value ψt,d-<NUM> for the previous location d-<NUM>. As used herein, the term "previous location" refers to the location of the coupler <NUM> that is immediately upstream from the location d. The absolute phase value ψt,d for the reference span loop is used as a reference to extract the differential phases ψt,d of the downstream locations.

The DSP <NUM> generates the intensity data l(d,t) as Trace(J. J*) for each selected location d and time t, where Trace refers to the sum of the elements on the diagonal of a matrix, J* stands for the conjugate transpose of the 2x2 Jones matrix J, and (J. J*) represents the matrix product of the two matrices.

In an embodiment, the DSP <NUM> generates the SOP data SOP(d,t) from the Jones matrices using a suitable technique such as those based on the conventional Stokes or Muller mathematical transformation.

In an event detection stage <NUM>, the DSP <NUM> (or, in some alternative implementations, a processor external to the DSP <NUM>) monitors the differential phase data <NUM> over multiple transmissions of the probing signal <NUM> to detect fiber events <NUM>. When a fiber event eventually occurs at some location along the CUT <NUM>, the DSP <NUM> can detect that fiber event based on the temporal changes in the differential phase data <NUM> for the coupler <NUM> located immediately downstream of the fiber event (referred to as the "detected location"). If the differential phase data <NUM> at a detected location indicates the existence of a fiber event, then the DSP <NUM> can conclude that the fiber event has occurred at or immediately upstream of that detected location.

For example, for two consecutive couplers <NUM>(i) and <NUM>(i+<NUM>), where the coupler <NUM>(i) is upstream from the coupler <NUM>(i+<NUM>), if the DSP <NUM> detects the existence of a fiber event <NUM> in the differential phase data <NUM> corresponding to the location of the optical coupler <NUM>(i+<NUM>), then the DSP <NUM> can conclude that the fiber event occurred at a location that is somewhere (i) downstream of the coupler <NUM>(i) and (ii) at or upstream of the coupler <NUM>(i+<NUM>).

In one possible implementation, the DSP <NUM> can be configured to conclude that a fiber event <NUM> has occurred when the variance of the differential phase data <NUM> for a location d over a specified duration exceeds a specified variance threshold level. Other implementations may apply other criteria for detecting fiber events, including but not limited to thresholding the magnitude of the change in the differential phase data <NUM> over a specified duration. A possible alternative criterion would be to search for a significant value or a significant change in the value in the power spectral density of the differential phase data <NUM>, for example, the occurrence of a spectral peak.

In single-carrier DAS/DVS systems using excitation codes, the segment size (i.e., the native spatial resolution) <IMG>d is given by the symbol rate Fsymb of the probing code: <IMG>d =cfiber/(<NUM>Fsymb), where cfiber stands for the celerity of light in the fiber.

As described earlier, the optical sensing system <NUM> of <FIG> employs an optical modulation scheme based on four digital coding sequences comprising BPSK codes for each of the X and Y polarization axes. Other embodiments are possible. For example, an alternative optical sensing system could employ an optical modulation scheme based on only two digital coding sequences comprising BPSK codes for only one polarization axis. For such an embodiment, only two digital-coded analog signals <NUM> would be used by the MZ modulator <NUM> to modulate only one polarization of the source laser signal 115b to generate the probing signal <NUM>. Such an embodiment would still have four ADCs <NUM> to digitize the four analog signals <NUM> recovered from the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM>, and the DSP <NUM> could still have the architecture of <FIG>.

As another example, another alternative optical sensing system could employ an optical modulation scheme based on two pseudo-random digital coding sequences: one for each of the X and Y polarization axes. Here, too, only two digital-coded analog signals <NUM> would be used by the MZ modulator <NUM> to modulate the X and Y polarizations of the source laser signal 115b to generate the modulated optical probing signal <NUM>. Here, too, such an embodiment would still have four ADCs <NUM> to digitize the four analog signals <NUM> recovered from the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>+<NUM>, and the DSP <NUM> could still have the architecture of <FIG>.

As yet another example, yet another alternative optical sensing system could employ an optical modulation scheme based on only one pseudo-random digital coding sequences applied to only one of the X and Y polarization axes. Here, only one digital-coded analog signal <NUM> would be used by the MZ modulator <NUM> to modulate only one polarization of the source laser signal 115b to generate the modulated optical probing signal <NUM>. Here, too, such an embodiment would still have four ADCs <NUM> to digitize the four analog signals <NUM> recovered from the combined reference and feedback signals <NUM>, and the DSP <NUM> could still have the architecture of <FIG>.

The optical sensing system <NUM> and the CUT <NUM> of <FIG> could be used as a sensor designed to detect external events that produce fiber events in the CUT <NUM>, such as earthquakes, passing trains, car/pedestrian traffic, intrusions in sensitive areas, etc. The optical sensing system <NUM> and the CUT <NUM> could also be used to as a sensor to detect the presence of certain chemicals that impact the differential phases of the reflected optical signals. Such chemical events may result in a single temporal differential phase change rather than multiple differential phase changes over time. In that case, such fiber events can be detected by thresholding the temporal differential phase change rather than thresholding variance.

Embodiments have been described that employ a polarization-multiplexed probing sequence and a dual-polarization coherent optical receiver <NUM> having a dual-polarization <NUM>-degree hybrid coherent mixer <NUM> that generates eight optical component signals <NUM> and four O-toE converters <NUM> that generate four digital signals <NUM>. Alternative embodiments can employ (i) a single polarization probing sequence and a coherent optical receiver having a single-polarization <NUM>-degree hybrid coherent mixer that generates four optical component signals and (ii) an O-to-E converter that generates only two digital signals. In that case, the DSP <NUM> would be able to generate only scalar complex results, instead of full Jones matrices, from which noisier (e.g., due to polarization fading in the feedback signal <NUM>) differential phase estimates could be extracted.

Although embodiments have been described that detect fiber events based on differential phase data, in alternative embodiments, fiber events can be detected based on state of polarization (SOP) data. For example, the DSP <NUM> can be configured to monitor the SOP data for temporal variations that indicate the occurrence of fiber events. SOP data is estimated from the full Jones matrix. SOP is commonly represented as a Stokes vector (a set of <NUM> values describing the polarization state of an electromagnetic field). The impact that a Jones matrix J has on a Stokes vector can be given by computing all or part of the 4x4 Mueller matrix M that is based on a matrix <MAT>.

Various modifications of the described embodiments, as well as other embodiments within the scope of the disclosure, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains are deemed to lie within the principle and scope of the disclosure, e.g., as expressed in the appended claims.

It will be further understood that various changes in the details, materials, and arrangements of the parts which have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this disclosure may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims.

Although the elements in the following method claims, if any, are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless the claim recitations otherwise imply a particular sequence for implementing some or all of those elements, those elements are not necessarily intended to be limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.

Also for purposes of this description, the terms "couple," "coupling," "coupled," "connect," "connecting," or "connected" refer to any manner known in the art or later developed in which energy is allowed to be transferred between two or more elements, and the interposition of one or more additional elements is contemplated, although not required. Conversely, the terms "directly coupled," "directly connected," etc., imply the absence of such additional elements.

The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative and not restrictive. In particular, the scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the description and figures herein.

A person of ordinary skill in the art would readily recognize that steps of various above-described methods can be performed by programmed computers. Herein, some embodiments are intended to cover program storage devices, e.g., digital data storage media, which are machine or computer readable and encode machine-executable or computer-executable programs of instructions where said instructions perform some or all of the steps of methods described herein. The program storage devices may be, e.g., digital memories, magnetic storage media such as a magnetic disks or tapes, hard drives, or optically readable digital data storage media. The embodiments are also intended to cover computers programmed to perform said steps of methods described herein.

The functions of the various elements shown in the figures, including any functional blocks labeled as "processors" and/or "controllers," may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. Moreover, explicit use of the term "processor" or "controller" should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, network processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), read only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile storage.

In this specification including any claims, the term "each" may be used to refer to one or more specified characteristics of a plurality of previously recited elements or steps. When used with the open-ended term "comprising," the recitation of the term "each" does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or steps. Thus, it will be understood that an apparatus may have additional, unrecited elements and a method may have additional, unrecited steps, where the additional, unrecited elements or steps do not have the one or more specified characteristics.

As used in this application, the term "circuitry" may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and/or digital circuitry); (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable): (i) a combination of analog and/or digital hardware circuit(s) with software/firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions); and (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. " This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims.

It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the disclosure.

As used herein and in the claims, the term "provide" with respect to an apparatus or with respect to a system, device, or component encompasses designing or fabricating the apparatus, system, device, or component; causing the apparatus, system, device, or component to be designed or fabricated; and/or obtaining the apparatus, system, device, or component by purchase, lease, rental, or other contractual arrangement.

Claim 1:
An apparatus (<NUM>) comprising :
a multi-fiber optical cable under test comprising at least one forward fiber (<NUM>), at least one feedback fiber (<NUM>), and multiple pairs of optical couplers (<NUM>, <NUM>), the optical couplers of each pair interconnecting a portion of the forward fiber (<NUM>) with a nearby portion of the feedback fiber (<NUM>),
an optical transmitter (<NUM>) configured to transmit an optical probing signal (<NUM>) to the forward fiber (<NUM>);
a reference coupler (<NUM>) connected between the transmitter (<NUM>) and the forward fiber (<NUM>) to tap an optical reference signal (<NUM>) from the probing signal (<NUM>); and
characterized in that the couplers (<NUM>) along the forward fiber (<NUM>) are configured to provide tapped portions (<NUM>) of the probing signal (<NUM>) to couplers (<NUM>) along the feedback fiber (<NUM>) to form a combined optical feedback signal (<NUM>) in the feedback fiber (<NUM>); and in that the apparatus further comprises
a feedback coupler (<NUM>) configured to combine the optical reference signal (<NUM>) and the combined optical feedback signal (<NUM>); and
an optical receiver (<NUM>) configured to receive and process the combined reference and feedback signals (<NUM>+<NUM>) from the feedback coupler (<NUM>) to detect fiber events along the optical cable under test (<NUM>).