Patent Description:
The interest in 3D spheroid models is growing among researchers, from basic science to preclinical drug discovery applications, including studies in tumor biology, neurodegenerative diseases, and drug toxicity. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods are increasingly used to generate complex tissue or tumor models.

There is a lot of variation in the spheroids formed using 3D cell culture methods and products available on the market, and this may impact their read-out. For instance, the widely used non-adherent techniques for 3D cell culture, including Ultra Low Attachment (ULA) plate and hanging drop method, have not proven suitable because these methods usually generate spheroids via cell agglomeration. Such spheroids generally maintain their original heterogeneity and harbor multiple cells with various characteristics, requiring a better understanding of cellular heterogeneity. When tens-of-thousands cells are aggregated into a spheroid (i.e., a mass with spherical shape), an extensive central necrotic core may form over a few hours due to the lack of nutrient and oxygen penetration, and thus hinders cell proliferation. Extended central necrosis is a rare phenomenon in real cancers.

Alternatively, Matrigel is a commonly used embedded substrate for tissue-based cell growth, such as organoid formation. But out of focus, inefficient compound diffusion, and difficulty in sample isolation limits its application for ex vivo 3D spheroid-based applications.

Standardizing spheroid formation is critical to generating uniform 3D cell culture and obtaining reproducible results from spheroid-based assays and drug screening. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new cell culture systems and methods that can reliably form single cell-derived spheroids. <NPL>, relates to spheroid formation of mesenchymal stem cells on chitosan and chitosan-hyaluronan membranes. <NPL>, relates to polyelectrolyte multilayers in tissue engineering. <CIT> relates to a unit including a substrate and polyelectrolyte multilayer films deposited thereof in order to carry ount proliferation of cells.

The present disclosure provides a a method for culturing cells, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a cell culture article having a surface coated with a composition comprising: (i) a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is crosslinked to the surface of the cell culture article, and (ii) polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers, (b) seeding cells on the coated surface; and (c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form one or more singe-cell-derived spheroids, wherein the one or more spheroids are generated via single cell proliferation. The surface coating described herein comprises a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is crosslinked to the surface of the cell culture article, and polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers. The substrate provided herein is advantageous for hydration preservation. It can prevent the cell culture substrate from undesirable surface cracks caused by prolonged storage at ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the surface coating provided herein enables the formation of single-cell derived spheroids derived from single cells. Also provided is a cell culture system comprising the cell culture article. Uses and methods of preparing the surface coatings and systems are provided as well.

The composition described herein comprises a) a hydrophilic polymer, in which the hydrophilic polymer is deposited on a surface of the cell culture article, and b) polyelectrolyte multilayers, in which the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers.

The cell culture article described herein may be made of any suitable plastics or polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, cyclic olefin polymer, cyclic olefin copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyester, polyamide, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, methyl polyacrylate, and methyl polymethacrylate, or derivatives of these or the like.

The surface coating described herein may be dehydrated or hydrated. In some embodiments, the surface coating is in a dehydrated state. In some embodiments, the surface coating is in a hydrated state.

Suitable hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), PEG-acrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), poly(L-lactide-coD,L-lactide) (PLDLLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PL-co-GA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p-HEMA) and derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is PVA, PEG, PVP, PEI, PMMA or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the absorbent polymer is PVA. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is PEG or PEG-acrylate such as PEGMA, PEGDMA or PEGDA. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is PLA or a derivative such as PLLA, PDLA or PLDLLA. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is PGA or a derivative such as PLGA. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is PMAA or a derivative such as pHEMA.

In certain embodiments, the volume of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA) is <NUM>-<NUM>% of the total volume of the surface coating.

The polyelectrolyte multiplayers described herein comprise at least one layer pair (referred as "bilayer") comprising a cationic polyelectrolyte (referred as "polycation") and an polyelectrolyte (referred as "polyanion"). In some embodiments, the polycation is a poly(amino acid). In some embodiments, the polyanion is a poly(amino acid). In some embodiments, the polycation and the polyanion are poly(amino acid)s. The poly(amino acid)s described herein may comprise L and/or D amino-acid forms. As described herein, the polyelectrolyte multiplayers can be formed by depositing polycations and polyanions in an alternative fashion via layer-by-layer assembly.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers having a formula of (polycation/polyanion)n comprise n bilayers of polycations and polyanions, wherein n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers having a formula of polyanion(polycation/polyanion)n comprise n+<NUM> layers of polyanions and n layers of polycations, wherein n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers having a formula of polycation(polyanion/polycation)n comprise n+<NUM> layers of polycations and n layers of polyanions, wherein n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polycation is poly(L-lysine) (PLL), poly(L-arginine) (PLA), poly(L- ornithine) (PLO), poly(L- histidine) (PLH), or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the polycation is PLL.

In preferred embodiments, the polyanion is poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA), poly(L-aspartic acid) (PLAA), or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the polyanion is PLGA.

In some embodiments, said polyelectrolyte multilayers comprise at least one layer pair (i.e., bilayer) of polycation/polycation selecting from the group consisting of PLL/PLGA, PLL/PLAA, PLA/PLGA, PLA/PLAA, PLO/PLGA, PLO/PLAA, PLH/PLGA, PLH/PLAA, and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLL and PLGA. In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLO and PLGA. In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLH and PLGA. In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLA and PLGA.

In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLL and PLAA. In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLO and PLAA. In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLH and PLAA. In some embodiments, the bilayer described herein comprises a combination of PLA and PLAA.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein may have a thickness ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the surface coating has a thickness ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the surface coating has a thickness of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the surface coating has a thickness of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>.

Compared with conventional culture methods, the surface coating of the present disclosure offers an improved proliferation rate for a variety of cells including, but not limited to, tumor cells, pluripotent and multipotent stem and progenitor cells, hematopoietic cells and immune cells. In addition, the surface coating with elevated water retention offers an advantage to prevent the surface coating from undesirable surface cracks caused by dehydration due to prolonged storage at ambient temperature.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for coating a cell culture article. The method described herein comprises the steps of: (a) providing a cell culture article having a hydrophobic surface; (b) modifying the hydrophobic surface with a treatment; (c) crosslinking hydrophilic polymer to the modified surface; and (d) sequentially depositing on the hydrophilic polymer alternating layers of polycations and polyanions.

In some embodiments, the treatment described herein is a plasma treatment, corona discharge or UV ozone treatment. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic surface described herein is irradiated or hydrophilized after the treatment. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic surface is hydrophilized after applying the hydrophilic polymer (e.g., PVA) to the surface. The hydrophilic polymer (e.g., PVA) is covalently linked (i.e., conjugated) to the surface. A cross-linking agent may be used to facilitate the crosslinking (i.e., conjugation). Exemplary cross-linking agents include, but are not limited to, maleic acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, butanal (butyraldehyde), sodium borate, or a combination thereof.

As disclosed herein, one or more parameters of the polyelectrolyte multilayers and the culture medium may be selected by the user, based on one or more microenvironment selection criteria for the cells.

Thus, the present invention provides methods for culturing cells using the cell culture article disclosed herein. The method for culturing cells comprises the steps of: a) providing a cell culture article having a surface coated with a composition comprising: (i) a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is crosslinked to the surface of the cell culture article, and (ii) polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers; b) seeding cells on the coated surface; c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form one or more spheroids. In some embodiments, the spheroids generated herein are adhered to the substrate. In some embodiments, the spheroids generated herein are semi-attached to the substrateThe spheroids are derived from single cells via single cell proliferation. The cultured cells (e.g., cultured and harvested cells) may be used for various applications such as analysis and characterization, screening drugs, isolating single-cell derived clone, generating cell banks, and generating animal models.

As described herein, the cells are living cells. In some embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the cells are tissue cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, stem cells, epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, mesothelial cells, tumor cells or tumor-associated cells.

As described herein, culturing the cells comprise maintaining and/or proliferating cells. In some embodiments, culturing the cells comprises maintaining cells. In some embodiments, culturing the cells comprises proliferating cells. In some embodiments, culturing the cells may further comprise differentiating cells.

In some embodiments, the cells are stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

In some embodiments, the cells are tumor cells, and the cultured cells are tumor spheroids. The tumor spheroids may be derived from a cell line, a tumor tissue or a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, tumor spheroids described herein are derived from circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolated from a blood sample obtained from a cancer patient. In some embodiments, the blood sample described herein is a whole blood. The blood sample can be obtained by liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the cancer patient described herein is a human cancer patient having a metastatic cancer. In some embodiments, the blood sample is obtained from the cancer patient before, during, and/or after therapeutic treatment.

The present disclosure relates to a new generation of scaffold-free 3D cell culture technology and uses thereof. In some embodiments, provided isa method for culturing cells, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a cell culture article having a surface coated with a composition comprising: (i) a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is crosslinked to the surface of the cell culture article, and (ii) polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers, (b) seeding cells on the coated surface; and (c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form one or more singe-cell-derived spheroids, wherein the one or more spheroids are generated via single cell proliferation. The surface coating can induce the formation of highly uniform 3D cell culture, making it possible to form 3D cell culture on difficult primary cell types that did not form on any other low attachment surface. Compared with conventional culture methods, the surface coating described herein offers an improved proliferation rate for a variety of cells including, but not limited to, tumor cells, pluripotent and multipotent stem and progenitor cells, hematopoietic cells and immune cells. In certain embodiments, the surface coating comprises a hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA), and one or more pairs of polyelectrolytes.

The surface coating of the present disclosure comprises a hydrophilic polymer and polyelectrolyte multilayers. In some instances, the surface coating is as illustrated in <FIG>. As show in <FIG>, <NUM> indicates an illustrative surface coating. The hydrophilic polymer <NUM> is deposited on the top surface of the well <NUM> of a cell culturing plate <NUM>. Polyelectrolyte multilayers <NUM> is deposited on top of the hydrophilic polymer layer <NUM>.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the surface coating enables robust multiplication or stable maintenance of cells (e.g., rare cells extracted from blood, low-density cells, or single cells) seeded on the surface coating with or without the substrate for an extended period, for example, over <NUM> hours, over <NUM> hours, over <NUM> hours, over <NUM> days, over <NUM> days, over <NUM> days, or in one to several weeks (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more weeks).

Hydrophilic polymers described herein are hydrophilic absorbent polymers ("absorbent polymers") that water soluble and may swell as a result of uptake and retention of aqueous solutions. A non-limiting list of hydrophilic absorbent polymers that may be used with the present invention includes hydrophilic and biocompatible grades of the following polymers and their derivatives: poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol co-polymers (typically non-biodegradable materials which degree of hydrophilicity depends on distribution of ethylene (hydrophobic) and vinyl alcohol (hydrophilic) groups), co-polymers of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyacrylate compositions, polyurethane compositions, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), otherwise known as poly(oxyethylene) (POE) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and its derivatives including but not limited to polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA), polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA); nitrogen-containing materials such as polyacrylamide (without acrylamide toxic residuals), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylamine, and polyethyleneimine; electrically charged materials such as poly(lactic acid) also known as polylactide in various forms (e.g. poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and its derivatives, poly-D-lactide (PDLA) and its derivatives, poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) (PLDLLA) and its derivatives), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) also known as polyglycolide, co-polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PL-co-GA), co-polymers of PLA and/or PGA with PEG; polymethacrylic acid; poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly-HEMA), among other absorbent, hydrophilic and biocompatible materials known in the art.

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic absorbent polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), copolymers of ethylene vinyl alcohol, copolymers of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyacrylate compositions, polyurethane compositions, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), PEG-acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA), polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylamine (PVAm), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), poly(L-lactide-coD,L-lactide) (PLDLLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PL-co-GA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p-HEMA).

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic absorbent polymer is selected from the group consisting of PVA, PEG, PEG-acrylate, polylactide, PMMA, p-HEMA, a combination or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the absorbent polymer is PVA or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the absorbent polymer is PEG or PEG-acrylate such as PEGMA, PEGDMA or PEGDA. In some embodiments, the absorbent polymer is polylactide or a derivative such as PLLA, PDLA or PLDLLA. In some embodiments, the absorbent polymer is PGA or a derivative such as PLGA. In some embodiments, the absorbent polymer is PMAA or a derivative such as pHEMA.

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer has an average molecular weight of from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol. In some cases, the average molecular weight of the hydrophilic polymer is from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, or from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol.

In some instances, the hydrophilic polymer is deposited directly onto the surface of a target substrate. In other instances, the hydrophilic polymer is deposited indirectly onto the surface. In some cases, one or more additional layers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more layers) are formed between the hydrophilic polymer layer and the surface of the substrate. In some cases, one additional layer (also referred to herein as the innermost layer) is formed between the hydrophilic polymer layer and the surface of the substrate.

In some embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is PVA. PVA can have an average molecular weight ranging from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol. In some instances, PVA has an average molecular weight of from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol, or from about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol to about <NUM>,<NUM>/mol.

In some instances, the PVA is deposited directly onto the surface of a target substrate. In other instances, the PVA is deposited indirectly onto the surface. In some cases, one or more additional layers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more layers) are formed between the PVA layer and the surface. In some cases, one additional layer is formed between the PVA layer and the surface of the substrate.

In some embodiment, the hydrophilic polymer is PEG. In some instances, the average molecular weight of PEG is about <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, <NUM>,<NUM>, or <NUM>,<NUM> Da.

In some instances, the PEG utilized herein is a discrete PEG (dPEG). A discrete PEG can be a polymeric PEG comprising more than one repeating ethylene oxide units. In some cases, the discrete PEG comprises from <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM> repeating ethylene oxide units. In some cases, the dPEG comprises <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or more repeating ethylene oxide units.

In certain embodiments, the volume of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of the total volume of the surface coating. In some instances, the hydrophilic polymer is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, or from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% v/v, of the total volume of the surface coating. In some cases, the volume of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) is about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, or about <NUM>% of the total volume of the surface coating.

In some instances, the weight of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) per total weight of the surface coating is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%. In some instances, the weight of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) per total weight of the surface coating is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%. In some instances, the weight of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) per total weight of the surface coating is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%. In some instances, the weight of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) per total weight of the surface coating is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%. In some instances, the weight of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) per total weight of the surface coating is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%.

In certain embodiments, the surface coating comprises polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). PEMs described herein comprise a plurality of alternating layers of oppositely charged polymers (i.e., polyelectrolytes). The oppositely charged polymers described herein comprise a combination of a positively charged polyelectrolyte (also referred to herein as a polycation) and a negatively charged polyelectrolyte (also referred to herein as a polyanion).

Exemplary polycations include, but are not limited to, poly(L-lysine) (PLL), poly(L-arginine) (PLA), poly(L- ornithine) (PLO), poly(L- histidine) (PLH), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly[α-(<NUM>-aminobutyl)-L-glycolic acid] (PAGA), <NUM>-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), N,N-Diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), and a combination thereof. In some instances, the polycation is PLL. In some instances, the polycation is PLO. In some instances, the polycation is PLH. In some instances, the polycation is PLA.

Exemplary polyanions include, but are not limited to, poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA), poly-L-aspartic acid (PLAA), poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAM), poly(<NUM>-acrylamido-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-propane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS), and a combination thereof. In some instances, the polyanionis PLGA. In some instances, the polyanion is PLAA.

Polyelectrolyte multilayers may be formed by depositing polycations and polyanions in an alternative fashion via layer-by-layer assembly. Polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein include at least one bilayer including a polycation layer and a polyanion layer.

In some embodiments, the PEMs may include from about <NUM> bilayers to about <NUM> bilayers. In some embodiments, the PEMs may include from about <NUM> bilayers about <NUM> bilayers. In some embodiments, the PEMs may include from about <NUM> bilayers to about <NUM> bilayers. In some embodiments, the PEMs may include from about <NUM> bilayers to about <NUM> bilayers. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of positively charged polyelectrolyte(s) and negatively charged polyelectrolyte(s), in which the polycation is selected from PLL, PLO PLH, and PLA, and the polyanion is selected from PLGA and PLAA. In some embodiments, the number of sets ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of sets is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of sets is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of sets is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLL and PLGA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLL and PLGA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLO and PLGA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLO and PLGA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLH and PLGA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLH and PLGA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLA and PLGA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLA and PLGA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLL and PLAA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLL and PLAA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLO and PLAA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLO and PLAA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLH and PLAA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLH and PLAA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers described herein comprise one or more bilayers of PLA and PLAA. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers of PLA and PLAA ranges from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is greater than <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>. In some embodiments, the number of bilayers is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

The thickness of the PEM as a thin film may be in a broad range, for example, in a range from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or from about <NUM> to about <NUM>. In some embodiments, the thickness is about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or about <NUM> to about <NUM>. In some embodiments, the thickness is about <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or any number in between. In some embodiments, the thickness is about <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>, or any number in between.

A number of methodologies are available for characterizing PEMs. In some embodiments, the methodologies may comprise ellipsometry (thickness), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (mass adsorbed, viscoelasticity), contact angle analysis (surface energy), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (functional groups), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (chemical composition), scanning electron microscopy (surface structure), and atomic force microscopy (roughness/surface structure).

In some embodiments, PEMs may be deposited by pipetting polyanion or polycation solutions into/onto the dish, either as a mixture or sequentially.

In some embodiments, a PEM is formed on the surface by dip coating. In dip coating, the substrate is immersed in a polyelectrolyte solution for a set amount of time (usually <NUM>-<NUM>), followed by multiple rinses and immersion in a second polyelectrolyte solution of opposite charge. This process is repeated until the desired number of layers is achieved.

In some embodiments, the PEM is formed on the surface by spray coating. In some embodiments, a polyelectrolyte may be sprayed onto the surface for <NUM>-<NUM> sec followed by a rest/draining period of <NUM>-<NUM> sec, washing of the surface with a water spray for <NUM>-<NUM> sec, an additional rest period of <NUM> sec, and repeating the cycle with a polyelectrolyte of opposite charge.

In some embodiments, the PEM is formed on the surface by spin coating. Spin coating is a highly controlled method for solution-based coating of a system. A typical spin coating procedure includes spin coating for <NUM>-<NUM> sec, rinsing at least once by "spin coating" water for <NUM>-<NUM> sec and repeating the procedure with the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. The wash step may not be necessary in spin coating.

Another aspect of the present disclosure features a method for coating a cell culture article using the composition described herein. The method described herein comprises the steps of: (a) providing a cell culture article having a hydrophobic surface; (b) modifying the hydrophobic surface with a treatment; (c) covalently linking the hydrophilic polymer to the modified surface; and (d) sequentially depositing on the hydrophilic polymer alternating layers of polycations and polyanions.

As described herein, a surface is hydrophilic if a contact angle for a water droplet on the surface is less than <NUM> degrees (the contact angle is defined as the angle passing through the drop interior). Embodiments include hydrophilic surfaces with a contact angle from <NUM> to <NUM> degrees; Artisans will immediately appreciate that all ranges and values between the explicitly stated bounds are contemplated, with, e.g., any of the following being available as an upper or lower limit: <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> degrees.

In some embodiments, the substrate described herein comprises (polyanion/polycation)n/PVA, wherein the polyanion/polycation is selected from PLGA/PLL, PLAA/PLL, PLGA/PLA, PLAA/PLA, PLGA/PLO, PLAA/PLO, PLGA/PLH and PLAA/PLH, and n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>, optionally <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the substrate described herein comprises (polycation/polyanion)n/PEG, wherein the polycation/polyanion is selected from PLL/PLGA, PLL/PLAA, PLA/PLGA, PLA/PLAA, PLO/PLGA, PLO/PLAA, PLH/PLGA and PLH/PLAA, and n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>, optionally <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the substrate described herein polycation (polyanion/polycation)n/PEG-acrylate, wherein the polyanion/polycation is selected from PLGA/PLL, PLAA/PLL, PLGA/PLA, PLAA/PLA, PLGA/PLO, PLAA/PLO, PLGA/PLH and PLAA/PLH, and n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>, optionally <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the substrate described herein polyanion (polycation/polyanion)n/PVP, wherein the polycation/polyanion is selected from PLL/PLGA, PLL/PLAA, PLA/PLGA, PLA/PLAA, PLO/PLGA, PLO/PLAA, PLH/PLGA and PLH/PLAA, and n is an integer number ranging from <NUM> to <NUM>, optionally <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In some embodiments, n is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>.

The surface coating described herein can be dehydrated or hydrated. In some embodiments, the surface coating is in a dehydrated state. In other embodiments, the surface coating is in a hydrated state. As used herein, a "dehydrated state" and a "hydrated state" each refers to a volume of an aqueous solution (e.g., water) in reference to the total volume of the surface coating. In the dehydrated state, the volume of the aqueous solution (e.g., water) is less than <NUM>%, less than <NUM>%, less than <NUM>%, less than <NUM>%, less than <NUM>%, or less than <NUM>% of the total volume of the surface coating. In a hydrated state, the volume of the aqueous solution (e.g., water) is at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, at least <NUM>%, or higher of the total volume of the surface coating.

In some embodiments, the surface coating described herein comprises an aqueous solution (e.g., water). In some cases, the aqueous solution (e.g., water) is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight of the total weight of the surface coating. In some cases, the aqueous solution (e.g., water) is from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight, or from about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% by weight of the total weight of the surface coating.

In some embodiments, the surface coating further comprises a filler. In some instances, the filler comprises a mineral filler such as but not limited to silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, or silicone resin.

Each of polycations and polyanions, and absorbent polymer may be dissolved in an aqueous solution for use in the present disclosure. The aqueous solution is free, or substantially free, of organic solvents. It will be understood that some minor amounts of organic solvents may be present in the aqueous solution, for example as a result some organic solvent remaining in the polymer after polymerization. As used herein, "substantially free," as it relates to an organic solvent in an aqueous solution, means that the aqueous solution comprises less than <NUM>% of the organic solvent by weight. In many embodiments, the aqueous solution contains less than <NUM>%, less than <NUM>%, less than <NUM>% or less that <NUM>% of an organic solvent.

Each of polycations and polyanions, and absorbent polymer may be dissolved in an aqueous solution at any suitable concentration for the purposes of coating.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the surface coating disclosed herein enables robust multiplication and/or stable maintenance of cells. The present disclosure thus provides a method for culturing cells. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a cell culture article having a surface coated with the a composition comprising: (i) a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is crosslinked to the surface of the cell culture article, and (ii) polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers, (b) seeding cells on the coated surface; and (c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form one or more singe-cell-derived spheroids, wherein the one or more spheroids are generated via single cell proliferation; (b) seeding cells on the coated surface; and (c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium. The cells are cultured for a sufficient period of time to form spheroids. In preferred embodiments, the spheroids are 3D spheroids. The spheroids described herein are generated via single cell proliferation. In some embodiments, the spheroids described herein are generated via single cell proliferation without cell agglomeration. In some embodiments, the spheroids have uniform size.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein may be derived from a cell line, a tissue biopsy or a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the cells are human cells. In some embodiments, the cells are tissue cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, stem cells, epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, mesothelial cells, cancer cells or tumor-associated cells.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are cancer cells. Exemplary cancer described herein includes, but is not limited to, acute lymphatic cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, alveolar rhabdomycosarcoma, bone cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the anus, anal canal or anorectum cancer, cancer of the eye, cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct cancer, cancer of the joints, cancer of the neck, gallbladder or pleura cancer, cancer of the nose, nasal cavity or middle ear, cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the vulva, chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, glioma, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharynx cancer, kidney cancer, larynx cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, nasopharynx cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, peritoneum cancer, omentum and mesentary cancer, pharynx cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, ureter cancer, and urinary bladder cancer.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are tumor-associated cells. Exemplary tumor-associated cells include, but are not limited to, tumor cell clusters, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated monocyte/macrophage lineage cells (MMLCs), cancer stem cells, tumor microemboli, tumor-associated stromal cells (TASC), tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs), tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Treg), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-derived endothelial cells (TECs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), tumor-associated platelets (TAP), tumor-associated immune cells (TAI), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and a combination thereof.

Exemplary cells include low-density cells, single cells, rare cells, or a combination thereof. Low-density cells can be cells when seeded, are less than <NUM> per cm<NUM> on the substrate, e.g., no more than about any of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> per cm<NUM> on the substrate.

In some embodiments, seeding the isolated cells in step (c) comprises plating the cells at a density of between one cell and <NUM> cells per cm<NUM> on the substrate surface (i.e. cell growth surface). In some embodiments, seeding the isolated cells in step (c) comprises plating the cells at a density of between <NUM> cells and <NUM> cells per cm<NUM> on the substrate surface. In some embodiments, seeding the isolated cells in step (c) comprises plating the cells at a density of between <NUM> cells and <NUM> cells per cm<NUM> on the substrate surface.

In some embodiments, the cells are cultured for a period of time ranging from about <NUM> days to about <NUM> weeks, such as from about <NUM> to about <NUM> days, for example about <NUM> days. In some embodiments, the cells are cultured for <NUM> days and the spheroids have an average diameter ranging from about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

Any suitable culture medium can be employed in the methods of exemplary embodiments. Exemplary culture medium includes, but is not limited to, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), supplemented with B27 supplement, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a provides a method of preparing a single-cell derived spheroid, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a cell culture article having a surface coated with a composition comprising: (i) a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is crosslinked to the surface of the cell culture article, and (ii) polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers, (b) seeding cells on the coated surface; and (c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form one or more singe-cell-derived spheroids, wherein the one or more spheroids are generated via single cell proliferation; and (c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form spheroids, in which the spheroids are single-cell derived. The spheroids described herein are generated via single cell proliferation. In some embodiments, the spheroids have uniform size. In some embodiments, the single-cell-derived clones are semi-attached or loosely attached on the substrate of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the cells are derived from cell lines. In some embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the cells are human cells. In some embodiments, the cells are tissue cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, stem cells, epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, mesothelial cells, cancer cells or tumor-associated cells.

In some embodiments, the cells are cancer cells. In some embodiments, the cells are cancer cells. In certain embodiments, the cancer cells are isolated from human primary tumor tissue. In certain embodiments, the cancer cells are isolated from a blood sample of a cancer patient. Exemplary cancer described herein includes, but is not limited to, acute lymphatic cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, alveolar rhabdomycosarcoma, bone cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the anus, anal canal or anorectum cancer, cancer of the eye, cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct cancer, cancer of the joints, cancer of the neck, gallbladder or pleura cancer, cancer of the nose, nasal cavity or middle ear, cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the vulva, chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, glioma, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharynx cancer, kidney cancer, larynx cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, nasopharynx cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, peritoneum cancer, omentum and mesentary cancer, pharynx cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, ureter cancer, and urinary bladder cancer.

In some embodiments, the cells are tumor-associated cells. Exemplary tumor-associated cells include, but are not limited to, tumor cell clusters, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated monocyte/macrophage lineage cells (MMLCs), cancer stem cells, tumor microemboli, tumor-associated stromal cells (TASC), tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMes), tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Treg), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-derived endothelial cells (TECs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), tumor-associated platelets (TAP), tumor-associated immune cells (TAI), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the culturing step occurs over a period of <NUM>-<NUM> days (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> days). In other embodiments, the culturing step culturing step occurs over a period of <NUM>-<NUM> days (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> days). In other embodiments, the culturing step culturing step occurs over a period of <NUM>-4weeks (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> weeks). In some embodiments, the cells are cultured for <NUM> days and the spheroids have an average diameter ranging from about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the size of a single-cell derived spheroid less than <NUM> in diameter. In some embodiments, the size of a single-cell derived spheroid less than <NUM> in diameter. In some embodiments, the size of a single-cell derived spheroid is about <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> in diameter.

In certain embodiments, the single-cell derived spheroid may be used for screening a therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, a method of screening a therapeutic agent comprises: (a) applying a test substance to the single-cell derived spheroid generated thereof; and (b) evaluating an effect of the test substance on the single-cell derived spheroid. In some embodiments, the effect of the test substance is analyzed with an imaging system, e.g., to analyze the biochemical activity and/or the expression levels of a gene or a protein.

In some embodiments, the single-cell derived spheroid generated thereof is a tumor spheroid. In some embodiments, the test substance described herein is a chemotherapeutic drug, such as a cytotoxic or cytostatic chemotherapeutic drug. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor, such as an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a nucleic acid drug. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a therapeutic cell composition, including, but not limited to, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells.

In some embodiments, the cells are cultured for a period of time ranging from about <NUM> days to about <NUM> weeks, such as from about <NUM> to about <NUM> days, for example about <NUM> days. In some embodiments, the cells are cultured for <NUM> days and the at least one 3D spheroid has an average diameter ranging from about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

In some aspects, provided herein is a single-cell-derived spheroid (e.g., tumor spheroid) generated according to any one of the culture methods employing the cell culture systems described herein. In some aspects, there is provided a library of single-cell-derived spheroids (e.g., tumor spheroids) derived according to any one of the culture methods employing the cell culture systems described herein.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter belongs. It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of any subject matter claimed. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this application, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term "including" as well as other forms, such as "include", "includes," and "included," is not limiting.

As used herein, ranges and amounts can be expressed as "about" a particular value or range. About also includes the exact amount. Hence "about <NUM>µL" means "about <NUM>µL" and also "<NUM>µL. " Generally, the term "about" includes an amount that would be expected to be within experimental error.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

As used herein, the term "comprising" is intended to mean that the methods include the recited steps or elements, but do not exclude others. "Consisting essentially of" shall mean rendering the claims open only for the inclusion of steps or elements, which do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed methods. "Consisting of" shall mean excluding any element or step not specified in the claim. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this disclosure.

As used herein, the term "positively charged polyelectrolyte" encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule that comprises two or more positive charges. In some instances, the positively charged polyelectrolyte also encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule that comprise charge positive groups, charge neutral groups, or charge negative groups, with a net charge of being positive.

As used herein, the term "cationic polymer" encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule. In some instances, the cationic polymer is a synthetic polymer. In other instances, the cationic polymer is a natural polymer.

As used herein, the term "cationic polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide comprising two or more positive charges. In some instances, the cationic polypeptide comprises positively charged amino acid residues, negatively charged residues, and polar residues but the net charge of the polypeptide is positive. In some cases, the cationic polypeptide is from <NUM> to <NUM> amino acids in length. In some cases, the cationic polypeptide is from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM> amino acids in length.

As used herein, the term "negatively charged polyelectrolyte" encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule that comprises two or more negative charges. In some instances, the negatively charged polyelectrolyte also encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule that comprise charge positive groups, charge neutral groups, or charge negative groups, with a net charge of being negative.

As used herein, the term "anionic polymer" encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule. In some instances, the anionic polymer is a synthetic polymer. In other instances, the anionic polymer is a natural polymer.

As used herein, the term "anionic polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide comprising two or more negative charges. In some instances, the anionic polypeptide comprises positively charged amino acid residues, negatively charged residues, and polar residues but the net charge of the polypeptide is negative. In some cases, the anionic polypeptide is from <NUM> to <NUM> amino acids in length. In some cases, the anionic polypeptide is from <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, <NUM> to <NUM>, or <NUM> to <NUM> amino acids in length.

As used herein, the term "hydrophilic polymer" encompasses a plurality of monomer units or a non-polymeric molecule that comprise one or more hydrophilic groups. In some instances, the hydrophilic polymer is permeable to an aqueous solution. In other instances, the hydrophilic polymer is impermeable or does not absorb the aqueous solution. In some cases, the hydrophilic polymer encompasses a non-reactive polymer, or a polymer that does not contain a reactive group, e.g., a group that forms covalent bonds with another compound.

As used herein, the term "polymer" includes both homo- and copolymers, branched and unbranched, and natural or synthetic polymers.

As used herein, the term "article" refers to a cell culture article, such as a sheet, film, tube, plate, dish, or a biomedical device. In some instances, a biomedical device is any article that is designed to be used while either in or on tissue (e.g., mammalian tissue) or fluid, preferably in or on human tissue or fluids. Exemplary devices include, but are not limited to, cell culturing dishes, cell culture plates, bioreactors, and the like.

As used herein, immune cells encompass neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).

Endothelial cells are cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Exemplary endothelial cells include high endothelial venules (HEV), endothelium of the bone marrow, and endothelium of the brain.

Epithelial cells are cells that line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, and the inner surfaces of cavities within internal organs. Exemplary epithelial cells include squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, and columnar epithelium.

As used herein, the term "stem cell" encompasses an adult stem cell and an embryonic stem cell. Exemplary stem cells include hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells, epithelial stem cells, skin stem cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

As used herein, the term "chemically defined medium" refers to an in vitro culture medium in which all of the chemical components are known. A chemically defined medium can include a basal media (such as DMEM, F12, or RPMI <NUM>, containing amino acids, vitamins, inorganic salts, buffers, antioxidants and energy sources), which is supplemented with recombinant albumin, chemically defined lipids, recombinant insulin and/or zinc, recombinant transferrin or iron, selenium and an antioxidant thiol such as <NUM>-mercaptoethanol or <NUM>-thioglycerol.

As used herein, the term "enriched medium" refers to an in vitro culture medium in which a basal media is further supplemented with growth factors, vitamins, and essential nutrients.

As used herein, the term "semi-attached" and "loosely attached" are used interchangeably and in reference to cultured cells refer to cells that can be detached from the surface of a substrate with gentle agitation, or gentle mechanical force. In some instances, the cells can be detached without the need for a cell dissociation enzyme.

As used herein, the terms "single-cell-derived spheroid" refers to a cluster of cells grown ex vivo and formed in 3D format, which cluster is grown from a single cell disposed on the surface coating.

In some embodiments, therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, a nucleic acid drug, a therapeutic cell composition, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic chemotherapeutic drug. The chemotherapeutic drug can be alkylating agents (such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, dacarbazine, lomustine, carmustine, procarbazine, chlorambucil and ifosfamide), antimetabolites (such as fluorouracil (<NUM>-FU), gemcitabine, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, fludarabine, and floxuridine), antimitotics (including taxanes such as paclitaxel and decetaxel and vinca alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, and vindesine), anthracyclines (including doxorubicin, daunorubicin, valrubicin, idarubicin, and epirubicin, as well as an actinomycin such as actinomycin D), cytotoxic antibiotics (including mitomycin, plicamycin, and bleomycin), topoisomerase inhibitors (including camptothecins such as camptothecin, irinotecan, and topotecan as well as derivatives of epipodophyllotoxins such as amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, and teniposide), antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) such as bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), other anti-VEGF compounds; anti-PD-<NUM> (anti-programmed death-<NUM>) therapeutics such as antibodies or compounds (e.g., Nivolumab); thalidomide (THALOMID®) and derivatives thereof such as lenalidomide (REVLIMID®); endostatin; angiostatin; receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors such as sunitinib (SUTENT®); tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib (Nexavar®), erlotinib (Tarceva®), pazopanib, axitinib, and lapatinib; transforming growth factor-α or transforming growth factor-β inhibitors, and antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor such as panitumumab (VECTIBIX®) and cetuximab (ERBITUX®).

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. The immune checkpoint inhibitor can be CD137, CD134, PD-<NUM>, KIR, LAG-<NUM>, PD-L1, PDL2, CTLA-<NUM>, B7. <NUM>, B7-DC, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5, B7-H6, B7-H7, BTLA, LIGHT, HVEM, GAL9, TIM-<NUM>, TIGHT, VISTA, 2B4, CGEN-<NUM>, CHK <NUM>, CHK2, A2aR, TGF-β, PI3Kγ, GITR, ICOS, IDO, TLR, IL-2R, IL-<NUM>, PVRIG, CCRY, OX-<NUM>, CD160, CD20, CD52, CD47, CD73, CD27-CD70, CD40, and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a nucleic acid drug. The nucleic acid drug can be DNA, DNA plasmid, nDNA, mtDNA, gDNA, RNA, siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, piRNA, antisense RNA, snRNA, snoRNA, vRNA, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the therapeutic nucleic acid is a DNA plasmid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF, IL-<NUM>, IL-<NUM>, IL-<NUM>, IL-<NUM>, TNF, IFNy, IFNa, and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a therapeutic cell composition. Exemplary therapeutic cell compositions include, but are not limited to T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a therapeutic antigen-binding molecule composition. Exemplary therapeutic antigen-binding molecule compositions include, but are not limited to monoclonal antibody, bispecific antibody, multispecific antibody, scFv, Fab, VHH/VH, etc..

In some cases, the therapeutic agent comprises a first-line therapy. As used herein, "first-line therapy" comprises a primary treatment for a subject with a cancer. In some instances, the cancer is a primary cancer. In other instances, the cancer is a metastatic or recurrent cancer. In some cases, the first-line therapy comprises chemotherapy. In other cases, the first-line treatment comprises radiation therapy. A skilled artisan would readily understand that different first-line treatments may be applicable to different type of cancers.

In some cases, the therapeutic agent comprises a second-line therapy, a third-line therapy, or a fourth-line therapy.

As used herein, the terms "individual(s)", "subject(s)" and "patient(s)" mean any mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the mammal is a non-human. None of the terms require or are limited to situations characterized by the supervision (e.g. constant or intermittent) of a health care worker (e.g. a doctor, a registered nurse, a nurse practitioner, a physician's assistant, an orderly or a hospice worker).

These examples are provided for illustrative purposes.

A tissue culture plate made of polystyrene plastic is first treated by exposing the polystyrene plate to a plasma gas to modify the hydrophobic plastic surface to make it more hydrophilic, followed by depositing a hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) onto the modified surface of the polystyrene plate to form a PVA or PEG-coated polystyrene plate.

A tissue culture plate made of polystyrene plastic is first treated by exposing the polystyrene plate to an ozone plasma to modify the hydrophobic plastic surface to make it more hydrophilic, followed by addition of a photo-activated azidophenyl-PVA to the plasma treated surface of the polystyrene plate to form a PVA-crosslinked polystyrene plate (shown in <FIG>). Azidophenyl-derivatized poly(vinyl alcohol) (AzPh-PVA) can be synthesized by coupling -OH groups of PVA to <NUM>-azidobenzoic acid, as reported (<NPL>).

A tissue culture plate made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is first treated by exposing the PTFE plate to a plasma gas to modify the hydrophobic plastic surface to make it more hydrophilic, followed by depositing a hydrophilic polymer (e.g. PVA or PEG) onto the modified surface of the PTFE plate. A cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde (GA), is applied to crosslink PVA to PTFE to form a PVA-crosslinked PTFE plate (shown in <FIG>).

PLL (MW <NUM>-<NUM>), PLGA (MW <NUM>-<NUM>), PLO (<NUM>%) solution, PLH (MW <NUM>-<NUM>), PLA (MW <NUM>-<NUM>) are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Both polycation and polyanion are dissolved in Tris-HCl buffer (pH <NUM>) and deposited onto the PVA or PEG coated surface after rinsing with Tris-HCl buffer. Each layer of polycation or polyanion is deposited and incubated for <NUM>, followed by washing with Tris-HCl buffer <NUM> times for <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>. The PLL/PLGA, PLO/PLGA, PLH/PLGA and PLA/PLGA multilayer films can be fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembly onto the PVA or PEG coated surface as follows.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers are PLL/PLGA multilayers that can be constructed by sequentially depositing PLL and PLGA on a surface of (i) PVA or PEG-coated polystyrene plate, (ii) PVA-crosslinked polystyrene plate, or (iii) PVA-crosslinked PTFE plate. Each depositing step comprises adding the PLL or PLGA solution to the plate surface, incubated for <NUM> and washed <NUM> times for <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLL(PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLL (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLL (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLL (PLGA/PLL)<NUM>/PVA is constructed.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers are PLO/PLGA multilayers that can be constructed by sequentially depositing PLO and PLGA on a surface of (i) PVA or PEG-coated polystyrene plate, (ii) PVA-crosslinked polystyrene plate, or (iii) PVA-crosslinked PTFE plate. Each depositing step comprises adding the PLO or PLGA solution to the plate surface, incubated for <NUM> and washed <NUM> times for <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLO(PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLO(PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLO(PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLO(PLGA/PLO)<NUM>/PVA is constructed.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers are PLH/PLGA multilayers that can be constructed by sequentially depositing PLH and PLGA on a surface of (i) PVA or PEG-coated polystyrene plate, (ii) PVA-crosslinked polystyrene plate, or (iii) PVA-crosslinked PTFE plate. Each depositing step comprises adding the PLH or PLGA solution to the plate surface, incubated for <NUM> and washed <NUM> times for <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLH(PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLH(PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLH(PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLH(PLGA/PLH)<NUM>/PVA is constructed.

In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte multilayers are PLA/PLGA multilayers that can be constructed by sequentially depositing PLA and PLGA on a surface of (i) PVA or PEG-coated polystyrene plate, (ii) PVA-crosslinked polystyrene plate, or (iii) PVA-crosslinked PTFE plate. Each depositing step comprises adding the PLA or PLGA solution to the plate surface, incubated for <NUM> and washed <NUM> times for <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>.

In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of (PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLA(PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLA(PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLA(PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed. In one embodiment, the surface coating composed of PLA(PLGA/PLA)<NUM>/PVA is constructed.

QCM experiments were performed under Q-Sense E4 (Biolin Scientific AB/Q-sence, Sweden). The silicon oxide (SiO<NUM>) coated quartz crystal chips (AT-cut quartz crystals, f0 = <NUM>) were cleaned in <NUM> sodium dodecyl sulfate, followed by rinsing with Milli-Q water, drying under nitrogen, and exposing to oxygen plasma for <NUM> seconds. For QCM-D measurement, the chamber was stabilized to <NUM> degree C and all measurements were recorded at the third overtone (<NUM>). To simulate the serial surface coating, the concentration and the washing conditions of each coating step in the QCM-D chamber are identical. About <NUM>% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Millipore, Bedford, MA) was used for non-specific adsorption investigation and was introduced to chambers on the surface.

The chemical composition of the surface coating of the present disclosure was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS;VersaProbe III, PHI) with C<NUM> (<NUM> kV, <NUM> nA) etching on silicon wafer. The pass energy used was <NUM> eV at steps of <NUM> eV. The relative atomic concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and silicon were measured in the layer of samples to a maximum thickness of <NUM>.

The roughness of the surface coating of the present disclosure was measured using atomic force microscope (AFM;Nanowizard <NUM>, JPK instrument) with tapping mode. Silicon cantilevers with a resonant frequency of <NUM> were utilized for the experiments.

<FIG> shows the time-lapse microscope observation of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells cultured on the surface coating of the present disclosure on day <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> during the growth of the cancer cells supplied with complete DMEM medium. (Image photographed by Leica DMI6000B time-lapse microscope under 10x objective).

The surface coating of the present disclosure provides a biocompatible multilayer coated surface that enables cell adhesion for cell proliferation, and also provides non-fouling characteristic for spheroid formation directly on the surface. The cell culture system comprising the surface coating of the present disclosure was tested with various cancer cell lines and resulted in the successful cultivation and formation of spheroids derived from various cancer cell lines (shown in <FIG> show the results of ex vivo cultivation using the culture platform of the invention, and the formation of spheroids (after <NUM>-<NUM> days) derived from (A) lung cancer cell lines A549, H1299, PC-<NUM> and H1975; (B) liver cancer cell lines SNU-<NUM>, SNU-<NUM>, PLC/PRF/S, Hep3B and Huh7 (C) breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-<NUM> and CGBC01; (D) colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116, HCT15 and WiDr; and (E) human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line SAS, ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-<NUM>, and cell line T24 derived from a human urinary bladder cancer patient. These cancer cells were grown on the culture system of the invention for <NUM> to <NUM> days (the number of seeding cells is about <NUM>).

The cell culture system comprising the surface coating of the present disclosure was tested with various patient-derived CTCs and resulted in the successful cultivation and formation of spheroids derived from patient-derived CTCs (shown in <FIG> show the representative time-dependent images of CTC-derived spheroid cultivation on the culture platform of the invention. (A) CTCs were isolated from a blood sample of a breast cancer patient; CTC-derived spheroids formed after <NUM> days. (B) CTCs were isolated from a blood sample of a head&neck cancer patient; CTC-derived spheroids formed after <NUM> days. (C) CTCs were isolated from a blood sample of a colorectal cancer patient; CTC-derived spheroids formed after <NUM>-<NUM> days. Scale bar: <NUM>.

The spheroids generated thereof may further benefit for future diagnosis and guidance in medical treatment and application, ex: non-invasive early cancer detection, personal medicine guidance, pre- and post-treatment drug resistance investigation, cell activity evaluation for immune cell-based cancer therapy, and provide substantial material to elucidate the mechanism participated in cancer progression by using the ex vivo cultivated patient-derived primary CTC cells.

Primary tissue cells derived from animal model primary xenografts were cultured on the cell culture system of the invention for <NUM> days. <FIG> show the images of tumor spheroids derived from primary colorectal tumor tissues obtained from colorectal cancer (CRC) patient. Tumor spheroids were generated on the culture platform of the invention after <NUM> weeks and <NUM> weeks. The results indicated that the cell culture platform of the invention is capable of forming tumoroids from primary tissue cells.

Claim 1:
A method for culturing cells, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a cell culture article having a surface coated with a composition comprising: (i) a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is covalently linked to the surface of the cell culture article, and (ii) polyelectrolyte multilayers, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in direct contact with a polycation or a polyanion of the polyelectrolyte multilayers;
b) seeding cells on the coated surface; and
c) culturing the cells under a suitable medium for a sufficient period of time to form one or more single-cell-derived spheroids, wherein the one or more spheroids are generated via single cell proliferation.