Patent Description:
Fossil energy has atmospheric pollution and limited reserves, while solar energy has advantages such as cleanliness, pollution-free, and abundant resources. Therefore, solar energy is gradually becoming the core clean energy substitute for fossil energy. Due to its good photoelectric conversion efficiency, solar cells have become the focus of development for clean energy utilization.

An important factor affecting the proportion of solar energy in energy utilization is the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell, optimizing and improving the structural design and material composition of the solar cell is a basic idea. Perovskite solar cells have good development prospects due to their long service life and relatively stable photoelectric conversion efficiency.

However, perovskite solar cells in the related technologies have limited photoelectric conversion ability and poor stability.

A solar cell and a tandem solar cell are provided according to the embodiments of the present application, which is at least conducive to preparing a large area perovskite solar cell with good photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the perovskite solar cell.

A solar cell is provided according to the embodiments of the present application, and the solar cell includes a first conductive layer, a first carrier transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer, and a second conductive layer stacked along a first direction. The perovskite absorption layer includes a bonding matrix and multiple monocrystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding matrix. The bonding matrix has a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. At least some of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles has first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces, the first convex surfaces protrude out of the bonding matrix on the first side and the second convex surfaces protrude out of the bonding matrix on the second side.

In some embodiments, a distance between a respective monocrystal perovskite particle and an adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles in the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles is not greater than a maximum distance between any two points on a surface of the respective monocrystal perovskite particle.

In some embodiments, the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the respective monocrystal perovskite particle is in a range of <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, an area of an orthographic projection of the perovskite absorption layer on the first conductive layer is a first area, an area of the orthographic projection of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles on the first conductive layer is a second area, and a ratio of the second area to the first area is in a range of <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, a distance between any point on the first convex surface and a surface on the first side along the first direction is not greater than half of a maximum dimension of a single monocrystal perovskite particles along the first direction, and/or a distance between any point on the second convex surface and a surface on the second side is not greater than half of the maximum dimension of the single monocrystal perovskite particle along the first direction.

In some embodiments, a thickness of the bonding matrix is not less than <NUM> along the first direction.

In some embodiments, the bonding matrix includes a light trapping surface facing the first carrier transport layer and/or a light trapping surface facing the second conductive layer.

In some embodiments, the light trapping surface is provided with a first light trapping structure extending to outside of the bonding matrix along the first direction.

In some embodiments, the light trapping surface is provided with a second light trapping structure recessing into inside of the bonding matrix along the first direction.

In some embodiments, the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

In some embodiments, along the first direction, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer is in a range of <NUM>-<NUM>.

In some embodiments, the solar cell also includes a second carrier transport layer, which is arranged between the perovskite absorption layer and the second conductive layer, and is in contact with the perovskite absorption layer and the second conductive layer, respectively.

In some embodiments, a thickness of the second carrier transport layer along the first direction is in a range of <NUM> to <NUM>.

In some embodiments, in response to the first carrier transport layer being a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer. In response to the first carrier transport layer being an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

Correspondingly, a tandem solar cell is further provided according to the embodiments of the present application, and the tandem solar cell includes a top cell, a bonding layer, and a bottom cell stacked in sequence, where the top cell is the solar cell provided according to the above embodiments.

In some embodiments, the bottom cell includes a crystalline silicon solar cell, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell.

In some embodiments, the bonding layer includes a mechanical bonding layer formed by conductive adhesive.

The technical solution provided according to the embodiment of the present application has at least the following advantages.

In the formation process of the solar cell provided according to the embodiments of the present application, a bonding matrix and multiple monocrystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding matrix are used to form the perovskite absorption layer of the solar cell. The multiple monocrystal perovskite particles are used to form a perovskite absorption layer, which ensures the stability of the perovskite absorption layer. The monocrystal perovskite particles are arranged in the bonding matrix, which avoids damage to the monocrystal perovskite caused by cutting process, thereby ensuring the efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, the arrangement of monocrystal particles is used to form a perovskite absorption layer for preparing the monocrystal perovskite solar cell with a large area. Among multiple monocrystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding matrix, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles has a first convex surface protruding out of the first side of the bonding matrix and a second convex surface protruding out of the second side of the bonding matrix, respectively. The formation of a perovskite absorption layer is carried out by utilizing monocrystal perovskite particles exposed on both opposite sides of the bonding matrix, resulting in a textured structure of the perovskite absorption layer itself, which has good light absorption ability. Moreover, the ability of photo generated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorption layer to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer is improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency and ability of the solar cell are improved.

<CIT> or <NPL>) show a solar cell featuring a perovskite absorption layer including a bonding matrix and a plurality of mono-crystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding matrix.

One or more embodiments are described as examples with reference to the corresponding figures in the accompanying drawings, and the exemplary description does not constitute a limitation to the embodiments. The figures in the accompanying drawings do not constitute a proportion limitation unless otherwise stated.

It can be seen from the background technology that the perovskite solar cell has good development prospects due to their advantages in service life and photoelectric conversion efficiency. However, the perovskite solar cell in related technologies has limited photoelectric conversion ability and poor stability.

A solar cell is provided according to some embodiments of the present application. A bonding matrix and multiple monocrystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding matrix are used to form the perovskite absorption layer of the solar cell. The multiple monocrystal perovskite particles are used to form a perovskite absorption layer, which ensures the stability of the perovskite absorption layer. The monocrystal perovskite particles are arranged in the bonding matrix, which avoids damage to the monocrystal perovskite caused by cutting process, thereby ensuring the efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, the arrangement of monocrystal particles is used to form a perovskite absorption layer for preparing the monocrystal perovskite solar cell with a large area. Among multiple monocrystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding matrix, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles has a first convex surface protruding out of the first side of the bonding matrix and a second convex surface protruding out of the second side of the bonding matrix, respectively. The formation of a perovskite absorption layer is carried out by utilizing monocrystal perovskite particles exposed on both opposite sides of the bonding matrix, resulting in a textured structure of the perovskite absorption layer itself, which has good light absorption ability. Moreover, the ability of photo generated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorption layer to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer is improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency and ability of the solar cell are improved.

The embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

A solar cell is provided according to an embodiment of the present application, with reference to <FIG>. Among them, <FIG> is a schematic structural view of a solar cell provided an embodiment of the present application. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell provided according to an embodiment of the present application. <FIG> is a top view of a perovskite absorption layer of a solar cell provided according to an embodiment of the present application.

The solar cell includes a first conductive layer <NUM>, a first carrier transport layer <NUM>, a perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, and a second conductive layer <NUM> stacked along a first direction. The perovskite absorption layer <NUM> includes a bonding matrix <NUM> and multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> arranged in the bonding matrix <NUM>. Along the first direction, the bonding matrix <NUM> includes a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. At least some of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> has a first convex surface and a second convex surface. The first convex surface protrudes out of the bonding matrix <NUM> on the first side and the second convex surface protrudes out of the bonding matrix <NUM> on the second side.

The bonding matrix <NUM> is configured to accommodate and fix monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> arranged in the bonding matrix <NUM>. Therefore, transparent curable adhesive or resin can be selected for formation, for example, ultraviolet curable adhesive such as acrylic adhesive or resin adhesive or other types of curable transparent adhesive can be selected for formation of the bonding matrix <NUM>. Among them, transparent refers to having good light transmittance for visible light, for example, having a transmittance of over <NUM>% for light with wavelength above <NUM>, or having a transmittance of over <NUM>% for light with wavelength above <NUM>.

The solar cell absorbs the light irradiating on the solar cell through the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, and then generates photo generated carriers through the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>. Different photo generated carriers are collected through the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM>, respectively. Finally, the electricity generated by the solar cell is transmitted to external components through the first conductive layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM>.

During the operation of the solar cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is mainly influenced by the ability to generate photogenerated carriers and the ability to collect and utilize photogenerated carriers. During the formation process of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, a bonding matrix <NUM> and multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> arranged in the bonding matrix <NUM> are used to complete the formation of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, which ensures the integrity of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, avoids damage to the monocrystal perovskite material during the formation process of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, and ensures the ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> to generate photo generated carriers.

In addition, monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> are used to form the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, which reduces the rate of decomposition of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> during operation of the solar cell, thereby ensuring the stability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the solar cell. Moreover, monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> have a longer carrier life, higher carrier mobility, and longer diffusion degree. Therefore, the solar cell has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and a longer service life.

Moreover, the formation of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is carried out by arranging monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> in the bonding matrix <NUM>, which facilitates the simple and efficient preparation of a large area perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, breaks through the constraints of the generation efficiency of monocrystal perovskite raw materials on the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the area of the perovskite solar cell, and greatly improves the preparation efficiency of stable large area perovskite solar cell, thereby improving the application prospects of the monocrystal perovskite solar cell.

Referring to <FIG>, along the first direction, the bonding matrix <NUM> includes a first side and a second side opposite the first side. At least some of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles has a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protrudes out of the first side and the second convex surface protrudes out of the second side. In the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, it is ensured that at least some monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> have a first convex surface and a second convex surface on the two opposite sides of the bonding matrix <NUM>, that is, at least some monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> will pass through the bonding matrix <NUM> and come into contact with the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM>. Due to the fact that at least some monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the two opposite sides of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> are textured, which enhances the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. In addition, due to at least some monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> passing through the bonding matrix <NUM> and contacting the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM>, the difficulty of photo generated carriers moving to the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM> is greatly reduced after the generation of photo generated carriers, which improves the photo generated carrier transport ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. Furthermore, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> has been improved in terms of light absorption capacity and carrier transport capacity.

It is worth mentioning that the shape of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> can be regular polyhedron or irregular polyhedron, including spheres, near spheres, cubes, etc., and the size and shape of each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> contained in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> can be consistent or inconsistent, which will not be limited thereto the present application. For the convenience of understanding and explanation, the shape of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> being sphere is taken as example in the present application embodiment for explanation. During actual application, the shape of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> can be adjusted as needed, which is not limited thereto the embodiments of the present application.

In addition, the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> included in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> can all have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, or some of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, and the other part of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> only have a first convex surface, only have a second convex surface, or do not have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, which will not be limited thereto the embodiments of the present application.

In addition, each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is arranged into an ordered array in the bonding matrix <NUM> at fixed intervals, for example, arranged into regular arrays of rectangular, nearly rectangular, circular, elliptical, and other shapes, which can further improve the uniformity of light absorption and carrier output in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. It is also possible to freely arrange the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> in the bonding matrix <NUM> in an unfixed interval and order, which will not be limited thereto the embodiments of the present application.

In some embodiments, for any monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>, a distance between the current monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and adj acent monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> is not greater than the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the current monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG>, the two largest circles in the figure are circles formed horizontally through the centers of adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>. The maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the current monocrystal perovskite particle is d, and the distance between the current monocrystal perovskite particle and adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> is D. D represents the minimum distance between any point on the surface of the current monocrystal perovskite particle and any point on the surface of adjacent monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>. In response to the distance between adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> being too large, the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> has extremely poor light absorption ability in the area between adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, which leads to a decrease in the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and affects the photoelectric conversion ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>.

However, the ability of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> to absorb light gradually decreases as the distance between the light source and the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> increases. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the distance D between two adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, and the distance D between the current monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and the adjacent monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> is set within a range smaller than the size of current monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>. That is, D is set within the range of the maximum distance d between any two points on the surface of the current monocrystal perovskite particle, for example, D may be set to equal to <NUM>. 35d, <NUM>. 45d, <NUM>. 75d, or <NUM>. By setting the distance between the current monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and the adjacent monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> within a range not larger than the size of the current monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>, the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> has good absorption capacity for light, which avoids the problem of a decrease in light absorption capacity leading to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

In some embodiments, the distance between any point on the first convex surface and the first side along the first direction, and/or the distance between any point on the second convex surface and the second side, is not greater than half of the maximum dimension of the monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> along the first direction.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> formed vertically through the centers of three equally sized monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>. In the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, the maximum distance between any point on the first convex surface of the monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and the first side of the bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction is the distance a between a point A on the first convex surface that is farthest from the first side and the first side. Similarly, the maximum distance between any point on the second convex surface of monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and the second side of the bonding matrix <NUM> is the distance b between a point B on the second convex surface that is farthest from the second side and the second side b, and the maximum dimension of each of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> is L.

In the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, the bonding matrix <NUM> is configured to fix the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>. In order to ensure the fixation effect, the bonding matrix <NUM> has a certain thickness. During the process of producing charge carriers in the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, different charge carriers converge and move towards both ends of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>. In response to the distance between point A on the first convex surface of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> and the first side being greater than or equal to half of L, and/or in response to the distance between point B on the second convex surface and the second side being greater than or equal to half of L, the carriers collected on the first carrier transport layer <NUM> or the second conductive layer <NUM> may recombine with anisotropic carriers, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>.

Therefore, in the process of forming a perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, for monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, along the first direction, the distance between any point on the first convex surface of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> and the first side, and/or the distance between any point on the second convex surface and the second side, shall not be greater than half of the maximum dimension of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> along the first direction. For example, the distance a and/or the distance b is set to be <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>, etc. By limiting the distance between any point on the first convex surface of monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and the first side, and/or the distance between any point on the second convex surface and the second side, the probability of recombination between anisotropic carriers is minimized to ensure the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

In some embodiments, the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of each of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> is <NUM> to <NUM>.

In the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, in response to the size of the selected monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> being too large, that is, in response to the maximum distance d between any two points on the particle surface being too large, the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is formed through the monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>. After absorbing light energy to generate carriers, the distance required for the carriers to migrate to the first carrier transport layer <NUM> or the second conductive layer <NUM> is too large, difficulty in completing carrier migration leads to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In response to the size of monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> being too small, that is, the maximum distance d between any two points on the particle surface is too small, the distance between different carriers during the migration process is very small. Therefore, carrier recombination is prone to occur, leading to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Moreover, in response to the size of the monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> being too small, the thickness of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is also very small. Under the influence of the potential difference on both sides, the probability of decomposition of the monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> is greatly increased, leading to a decrease in the stability of the solar cell.

Therefore, in the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> with a maximum distance of <NUM> to <NUM> between any two points on the particle surface are selected for formation. For example, monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> with the maximum distance of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> between any two points on the particle surface are selected to form the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. While ensuring that the carriers in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> can easily complete migration, the probability of recombination between different carriers and the probability of decomposition of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> are reduced, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

In some embodiments, an area of the orthographic projection of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM> is the first area, and an area of the orthographic projection of multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM> is the second area. The ratio of the second area to the first area is <NUM> to <NUM>.

In the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, the light absorption area of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> during photoelectric conversion can be regarded as the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of all monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM>, which is the second area. The area of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> receiving light can be regarded as the orthographic projection area of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM>, which is the first area. In response to the ratio of the second area to the first area being too small, the absorption and utilization efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> for light irradiated on the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is very low, resulting in weak photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell and difficulty in effectively conducting photoelectric conversion. Due to the limitation of the photoelectric conversion ability of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, there is an upper limit to the absorption and utilization rate of light irradiated on the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> by the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. In response to the ratio of the second area to the first area being too large, there are monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> that are not fully utilized in terms of photoelectric conversion ability. The cost-effectiveness ratio between the manufacturing cost of the solar cell and the photoelectric conversion ability is relatively low.

Therefore, in the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, it is necessary to limit the ratio of the area of the orthographic projection of each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM> to the area of the orthographic projection of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM>. The ratio of the second area to the first area is set within the range of <NUM> to <NUM>, such as <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. By limiting the sum of the area of the orthographic projection of each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM> to a certain range of the area of the orthographic projection of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> on the first conductive layer <NUM>, the absorption and utilization rate of light by the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is ensured, while minimizing the preparation cost of the solar cell as much as possible.

In addition, in the process of forming the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, reference can also be made to the light transmission requirements of the top cell when forming a tandem solar cell using a perovskite solar cell as the top cell. Based on the type of bottom cell and the optimal photoelectric conversion efficiency of the tandem solar cell, the ratio of the required lighting area of the bottom cell to the area of the receiving surface of the bottom cell is determined when the tandem solar cell has the optimal or good photoelectric conversion efficiency. Based on the determined area ratio, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is determined. For example, in response to the light receiving surface area of the bottom cell and the top cell being the same, and the bottom cell requires the top cell to transmit <NUM>%, <NUM>%, or <NUM>% of the light to reach the bottom cell, so that the tandem solar cell has the optimal photoelectric conversion efficiency. Therefore, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> can be set to <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> respectively.

In addition, monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> with a bandgap between 1eV and 2eV can be selected for the forming the perovskite solar cell to ensure the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell. In response to the perovskite cell being used as the top cell to form the tandem solar cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the tandem solar cell is also related to the bandgap of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> in the top cell. During the formation process of the tandem solar cell, monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> with bandgaps between <NUM>. 4eV and <NUM>. 8eV can be selected based on the type of bottom cell for forming the perovskite solar cell. In the process of selecting monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, it is sufficient to ensure that the tandem solar cell has good photoelectric conversion efficiency. The specific bandgap of the selected monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.

Therefore, in the process of forming tandem solar cells, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> of the perovskite solar cell and the bandgap of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> can be controlled separately to improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the tandem solar cell as much as possible, based on the requirement of achieving good photovoltaic conversion efficiency.

It is worth mentioning that multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> may contain monocrystal perovskite particles without a first convex surface and/or a second convex surface, while the photo generated carriers generated in the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> without a first convex surface and a second convex surface are difficult to complete carrier migration due to the limitations of the bonding matrix <NUM>. In order to further ensure the light utilization efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, in the process of counting the second area, only the sum of the areas of the orthographic projection of each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> containing the first convex surface and the second convex surface on the first conductive layer <NUM> can be counted. It is also possible to calculate the orthographic projection of all monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> with a first convex surface and/or a second convex surface on the first conductive layer <NUM>, which will not be limited thereto the embodiments of the present application.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the bonding matrix <NUM> is not less than <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, the thickness h of the bonding matrix <NUM> is represented by the distance between two opposite points along the first direction on the first side and the second side of the bonding matrix <NUM>. An important function of bonding matrix <NUM> is to fix the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> that are accommodated and fixed in the bonding matrix <NUM>. Therefore, in response to the thickness h of bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction being too small, it is difficult to achieve stable fixation of monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, which may cause problems such as cracking, leading to a decrease in the stability of the solar cell. At the same time, it may also cause the distance between different carriers to be too small, leading to recombination between different carriers and a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Therefore, in the process of forming the bonding matrix <NUM>, it is necessary to ensure that the thickness h of bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction is not less than <NUM>, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM>, etc. By setting the thickness of the bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction sufficiently large, it is ensured that the bonding matrix <NUM> can firmly fix the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, which avoids the failure of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, improves the stability of the solar cell, and ensures that the distance between different carriers is large enough to avoid the recombination of different carriers, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

In addition, in response to the thickness h of the bonding matrix <NUM> being too large along the first direction, the size of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, i.e. the maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface, will also increase in order to have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, resulting in an increase in the migration difficulty of photo generated carriers generated by the monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM>, which in turn leads to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Therefore, in the process of setting the bonding matrix <NUM>, it is not only necessary to consider the fixation effect and carrier isolation effect of the bonding matrix <NUM> on the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>, but also the influence of the bonding matrix <NUM> on the photoelectric conversion ability of the selected monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM>. The thickness h of the bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction within is set within a range smaller than the size of the multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> with good photoelectric conversion efficiency, thereby ensuring that the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> has the best possible photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Referring to <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG>, in some embodiments, the bonding matrix <NUM> includes a light trapping surface <NUM> facing the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and/or the second conductive layer <NUM>.

<FIG> are cross-sectional views of the solar cell in a vertical direction. The light trapping surface <NUM> in <FIG> only includes a surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM>, while the light trapping surface <NUM> in <FIG> only includes a surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>. The light trapping surface <NUM> in <FIG> includes a surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and a surface facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>. Another important function of the bonding matrix <NUM> is to ensure the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. Therefore, during the production of the bonding matrix <NUM>, a light trapping surface <NUM> can also be made on the bonding matrix <NUM> to enhance the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. During the production process, the light trapping surface <NUM> may only include the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM>, or, the light trapping surface <NUM> may only include the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>, or the light trapping surface <NUM> may only include both the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and the surface facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>.

By forming a light trapping surface <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and/or towards the second conductive layer <NUM> on the bonding matrix <NUM>, the optical path of the light shining on the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is increased in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, thereby improving the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the solar cell.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, in some embodiments, the light trapping surface <NUM> includes a first light trapping structure <NUM> extending to outside of the bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction.

<FIG> shows a cross-sectional view of a solar cell with a light trapping surface <NUM> that includes both a surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer and a surface facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>, and a light trapping surface <NUM> that includes the first light trapping structure <NUM>. During the process of forming a light trapping surface <NUM> on the bonding matrix <NUM>, a first light trapping structure <NUM> is formed on the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and/or facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>, that is, on the first side or the second side, one or more protrusions extending away from the bonding matrix <NUM> is formed. The first light trapping structure <NUM> is arranged on the first side and/or the second side, and the positional relationship between any side of the first light trapping structure <NUM> and the first convex surface and/or second convex surface of each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is tangent or detached. The first light trapping structure <NUM> does not affect the contact area between the first convex surface and the first carrier transport layer <NUM>, as well as the contact area between the second convex surface and the second conductive layer <NUM>.

By forming one or more protrusions extending away from the bonding matrix <NUM> on the first side or the second side as the first light trapping structure <NUM>, the first side and/or the second side are changed to the light trapping surface <NUM> with the ability to extend the optical path of incident light in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, thereby improving the absorption and utilization ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> to incident light. Furthermore, the photoelectric conversion ability and efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> can be improved.

It is worth mentioning that the shape and size of each first light trapping structure <NUM> can be the same or different, which will not be limited thereto the embodiments of the present application.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, in some embodiments, the light trapping surface <NUM> includes a second light trapping structure <NUM> recessing into the bonding matrix <NUM> along the first direction.

<FIG> shows a cross-sectional view of a solar cell with a light trapping surface <NUM> that includes both the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer and a surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>, and a light trapping surface <NUM> that includes a second light trapping structure <NUM>. During the process of forming the light trapping surface <NUM> on the bonding matrix <NUM>, a second light trapping structure <NUM> is formed on the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and/or facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>, that is, one or more recesses recessing into the bonding matrix <NUM> is formed on the first side or the second side. The second trapping structure <NUM> is arranged on the first side and/or the second side, and the positional relationship between any side of the second trapping structure <NUM> and the surface of each monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> arranged inside the bonding matrix <NUM> in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is tangent or detached, and the second trapping structure <NUM> does not affect the contact area between the monocrystal perovskite particle <NUM> and the bonding matrix <NUM>.

By forming one or more depressions extending towards the interior of the bonding matrix <NUM> on the first side or the second side as the second trapping structure <NUM>, the first and/or second side is changed to a trapping surface <NUM> with the ability to extend the optical path of incident light in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, thereby improving the absorption and utilization ability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> to incident light, and thereby improving the photoelectric conversion ability and efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>.

It is worth mentioning that the light trapping surface <NUM> can only include one or more first light trapping structures <NUM>, or only one or more second light trapping structures <NUM>, and can also include both one or more first light trapping structures <NUM> and one or more second light trapping structures <NUM>. The light trapping surface <NUM> only includes the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM>, or only includes the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>, or includes both the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the first carrier transport layer <NUM> and the surface of the bonding matrix <NUM> facing towards the second conductive layer <NUM>. The embodiments of the present application do not limit the specific settings of the light trapping surface <NUM>, as well as the types and quantities of light trapping structures included on the light trapping surface <NUM>.

It is worth mentioning that the shape and size of each second trapping structure <NUM> can be the same or different, which will not be limited thereto the embodiments of the present application.

In some embodiments, the first carrier transport layer <NUM> is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

The first carrier transport layer <NUM> is configured to collect and transport the carriers generated in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. Based on the working mechanism of the solar cell, the first carrier transport layer <NUM> is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. In response to the first carrier transport layer <NUM> being an electron transport layer, the function of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> includes collecting electrons and transmitting the collected electrons to the first conductive layer <NUM> for electrical energy output, while also blocking the holes from flowing directly to the first conductive layer <NUM>. In response to the first carrier transport layer <NUM> being a hole transport layer, the function of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> includes blocking electrons from entering the first conductive layer <NUM> and enhancing hole transport to prevent direct contact between the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the first conductive layer <NUM>, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion ability and electrical energy output of the solar cell.

It is worth mentioning that the electron transport layer includes fullerene and its derivatives such as tin oxide SnOx, titanium dioxide TiO2, C<NUM>, and [<NUM>,<NUM>]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The hole transport layer includes materials such as poly (bis (<NUM>-phenyl) (<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-trimethylphenyl) amine) (PTAA), <NUM>,<NUM>', <NUM>,<NUM>'- tetrakis [N, N-di (<NUM>-methoxyphenyl) amino]-<NUM>,<NUM> '-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), nickel oxide (NiOx), or cuprous thiocyanide (CuSCN).

In some embodiments, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction is <NUM> to <NUM>.

The core function of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> is to improve the collection and transmission ability of one type of carrier, while isolating the contact between another type of carrier and the first conductive layer <NUM>. Therefore, in response to the thickness of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction being too large, the migration distance of carriers during transport to the first conductive layer <NUM> is too large, which may lead to carrier recombination, leading to significant carrier loss and a decrease in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In response to the thickness of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction being too small, the ability of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> to collect and transport carriers is limited, and it may not be able to collect and transport all types of carriers generated by the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> in a timely manner, resulting in significant carrier loss and affecting the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, in response to the thickness being too small, there will also be a certain decrease in the isolation ability of another type of carrier, which may lead to the recombination of different types of carriers, thereby further affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Therefore, during the formation of the first carrier transport layer <NUM>, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction is set at <NUM> to <NUM>. For example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. The first carrier transport layer <NUM> is ensured to have sufficient aggregation and transmission capacity for one type of carrier, as well as sufficient isolation capacity for another type of carrier, which reduces carrier losses caused by carrier recombination and migration, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Referring to <FIG>, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second carrier transport layer <NUM>, which is arranged between the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM> to be in contact with the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the second conductive layer <NUM>, respectively.

The second carrier transport layer <NUM>, similar to the first carrier transport layer <NUM>, is configured to collect and transport a type of carrier generated in the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. Based on the working mechanism of the solar cell, the second carrier transport layer <NUM> is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. In response to the second carrier transport layer <NUM> being an electron transport layer, the function of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> includes collecting electrons and transmitting the collected electrons to the first conductive layer <NUM> for electrical energy output, while also blocking the holes from flowing directly to the first conductive layer <NUM>. In response to the second carrier transport layer <NUM> being a hole transport layer, the function of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> includes blocking electrons from entering the first conductive layer <NUM> and enhancing hole transport to prevent direct contact between the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> and the first conductive layer <NUM>, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion ability and electrical energy output of the solar cell.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction is <NUM> to <NUM>.

The core function of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> is to improve the collection and transmission ability of one type of carrier, while isolating the contact between another type of carrier and the first conductive layer <NUM>. Therefore, in response to the thickness of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction being too large, the migration distance of the carriers during transmission to the second conductive layer <NUM> is too large, which may lead to carrier recombination, leading to significant carrier loss and a decrease in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In response to the thickness of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction being too small, the ability of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> to collect and transport carriers is limited, and it may not be able to collect and transport all carriers of a certain type generated by the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> in time, resulting in significant carrier loss and affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, in response to the thickness being too small, there will also be a certain decrease in the isolation ability of another type of carrier, which may lead to the recombination of different types of carriers, thereby further affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Therefore, during the formation of the second carrier transport layer <NUM>, the thickness of the second carrier transport layer <NUM> along the first direction is <NUM> to <NUM>. For example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>. The second carrier transport layer <NUM> is ensured to have sufficient aggregation and transmission capacity for one type of carrier, as well as sufficient isolation capacity for another type of carrier, which reduces carrier losses caused by carrier recombination and migration, thereby ensuring the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

In some embodiments, in response to the first carrier transport layer <NUM> being a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer <NUM> is an electron transport layer. In response to the first carrier transport layer <NUM> being an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer <NUM> is a hole transport layer.

In order to further improve the efficiency of the solar cell, carrier transport layers that collect and transport different carriers are arranged on both sides of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> along the first direction, respectively, to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell as much as possible.

In summary, in the solar cell provided according to an embodiment of the present application, a bonding matrix <NUM> and multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> arranged in the bonding matrix <NUM> are used to form the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> of the solar cell. The multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> are used to form a perovskite absorption layer <NUM>, which ensures the stability of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM>. The monocrystal perovskite particles are arranged in the bonding matrix <NUM>, which avoids damage to the monocrystal perovskite caused by cutting process, thereby ensuring the efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, the arrangement of monocrystal particles is used to form a perovskite absorption layer <NUM> for preparing the monocrystal perovskite solar cell with a large area. Among multiple monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> arranged in the bonding matrix, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> has a first convex surface protruding out of the first side of the bonding matrix <NUM> and a second convex surface protruding out of the second side of the bonding matrix <NUM>, respectively. The formation of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> is carried out by utilizing monocrystal perovskite particles <NUM> exposed on both opposite sides of the bonding matrix <NUM>, resulting in a textured structure of the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> itself, which has good light absorption ability. Moreover, the ability of photo generated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorption layer <NUM> to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer is improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency and ability of the solar cell are improved.

Correspondingly, a tandem solar cell is further provided according to another embodiment of the present application. The schematic structural view of the tandem solar cell can refer to <FIG>, the tandem solar cell includes a top cell <NUM>, a bonding layer <NUM>, and a bottom cell <NUM> arranged in sequence, where the top cell <NUM> is the solar cell according to above embodiments.

In some embodiments, the bottom cell <NUM> includes a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell. The narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell is a narrow bandgap monocrystal perovskite thin film solar cell or a narrow bandgap polycrystalline perovskite thin film solar cell.

In some embodiments, the bonding layer <NUM> includes a mechanical bonding layer including conductive adhesive. Among them, the conductive adhesive is formed by adding conductive particles to transparent adhesive with good light transmittance, for example, adding conductive particles to adhesive with a transmittance of over <NUM>% for light with a wavelength above <NUM> or <NUM>% for light with a wavelength above <NUM>. The conductive adhesive may also be a transparent thin adhesive containing particles with a certain amount of conductive energy. The degree of transparency can be similar to that of the above adhesive. The embodiments of the present application do not limit the specific types of conductive adhesives.

Claim 1:
A solar cell, comprising:
a first conductive layer (<NUM>), a first carrier transport layer (<NUM>), a perovskite absorption layer (<NUM>), and a second conductive layer (<NUM>) stacked along a first direction; and
the perovskite absorption layer (<NUM>) including a bonding matrix (<NUM>) and a plurality of monocrystal perovskite particles (<NUM>) arranged in the bonding matrix (<NUM>), wherein the bonding matrix (<NUM>) has a first side and a second side opposite to the first side;
wherein at least some of the plurality of monocrystal perovskite particles (<NUM>) has respective first convex surfaces and respective second convex surfaces, characterized in that
the respective first convex surfaces protrude out of the bonding matrix (<NUM>) on the first side and the respective second convex surfaces protrude out of the bonding matrix (<NUM>) on the second side.