Patent Description:
A conventional technique for sterilization by irradiating ultraviolet light is known. DNA shows the highest absorption characteristics at wavelengths around <NUM>. A low-pressure mercury lamp has a strong emission spectrum around a wavelength of <NUM>. Accordingly, a technique of using a low-pressure mercury lamp for sterilization is widely availed.

However, exposure of a human body to ultraviolet light in such a wavelength range is known to cause a risk of affecting the human body. The skin is divided into three parts from superficial to deep: the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis deeper than the dermis, and the epidermis is further divided into four layers from superficial to deep: the stratum corneum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum germinativum. When a human body is exposed to ultraviolet light with a wavelength of <NUM>, the ultraviolet light penetrates the stratum corneum, reaches the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum, and in some cases the stratum germinativum, and is absorbed by DNA of the cells within these layers. This results in the risk of skin cancer.

From such a viewpoint, Patent Document <NUM> below discloses a technique for sterilization in a medical setting using ultraviolet light with a wavelength in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>, while avoiding risks to the human body. <CIT> is concerned with sterilizing an object packaged in a container utilizing UV light having a main wavelength between <NUM> and <NUM>. <CIT> relates to the decontamination of surfaces, in particular of military equipment, which were contaminated with chemical or biological weapons. The ultraviolet light, in addition to having a sterilizing effect in itself, is mainly used to activate a photosensitizer which is applied to the surface of the object. <CIT> discloses a sterilization cabinet having first (UV) light source and a second light source that are arranged in a closed space. A photocatalytic section including a photocatalytic material is applied to the surface of the inner space in order to maintain as sterile environment. A first process of turning on at least the first light source and a second process of turning off the first light source and turning on the second light source are performed. The sterilization cabinet can be used for sterilizing articles like cups, toys, toothbrushes and the like. <CIT> is concerned with a technique of sterilizing an interior space by radiating UV light, which may be far-UV radiation, into said space. In one example, the target level of antimicrobial efficacy is defined by an intensity of <NUM>µW/cm<NUM> intensity and an exposure time of <NUM> seconds.

Through intensive studies, the present inventor has newly discovered a problem in which a strange odor is generated when ultraviolet light is irradiated to the surface of an object (e.g., a table, a desk, a wall) in a room to inactivate bacteria or viruses present on the surface, using an ultraviolet light source that has an optical output at a wavelength in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>. The present inventor presumes that this problem is caused by the following reason.

The object such as a table, a desk, or a wall in a room is likely to be touched by human hands. When the object is touched by human hands, the surface of the object is attached with human sebum (e.g., triglycerides, squalene, wax esters, etc.) and free fatty acids (palmitoleic acid) decomposed from the sebum.

Squalene, a kind of sebum, produces squalene monohydroperoxide (SQHPO) when ultraviolet light is irradiated. Here, when SQHPO and palmitoleic acid coexist, strange odorous components (odor sources) such as nonenal, hexanal, octenal, and heptanal are produced. This is similar to the principle of the generation of aging odor in the human body, which usually progresses slowly due to temperature of living environment and ultraviolet light contained in sunlight, causing the skin to produce a strange odor.

However, it is considered that the above reaction was significantly accelerated when the surface of the object was irradiated with ultraviolet light with a wavelength of <NUM> to <NUM>, resulting in the generation of a strange odor at a level detectable by humans.

In light of such a problem, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for inactivating bacteria or viruses attached to an object while suppressing generation of a strange odor.

The present invention is directed to a method for inactivating bacteria or viruses as claimed in present claim <NUM>.

Irradiating ultraviolet light in such a way as to satisfy the above formula (<NUM>) enables to inactivate bacteria or viruses while suppressing the generation of a strange odor. This will be described later in the section "MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION". Note that irradiating the ultraviolet light in such a way that Y < <NUM>. 563X-<NUM> enhances the effect of suppressing the generation of a strong odor.

The step (a) may be a step of irradiating with the ultraviolet light so that the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X≥<NUM>) and the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfy the following formula (<NUM>): <MAT>.

Irradiating ultraviolet light in such a way as to satisfy the above formula (<NUM>) enables to inactivate bacteria or viruses while suppressing the generation of a strange odor more significantly. This will be described later in the section "MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION". Note that irradiating the ultraviolet light in such a way that Y < <NUM>. 36272X-<NUM> enhances the effect of suppressing the generation of a strong odor.

The step (a) is a step of irradiating with the ultraviolet light at the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X ≥ <NUM>).

The step (a) may be a step of irradiating with the ultraviolet light at the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X ≥ <NUM>).

The step (a) may be a step of intermittently irradiating with the ultraviolet light so that the formula (<NUM>) is satisfied.

The description "intermittently irradiating" as used herein refers, for example, to the repeated process of continuously irradiating for a predetermined first time and then stopping the irradiation for a predetermined second time. In this process, the time of continuous irradiation (the first time above) and the irradiation interval (the second time above) may be changed in each case.

In the method for inactivating bacteria or viruses, the step (a) is a step of irradiating with the ultraviolet light indoors, and the method includes a step (b) of exchanging indoor air one or more times within two hours.

The present invention may be performed using an inactivating apparatus for bacteria or viruses, the apparatus (not claimed) including:.

In the apparatus, the controller may control the emission intensity of the light source so that the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X > <NUM>) on the irradiated surface and the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfy the following formula (<NUM>): <MAT>.

The inactivating apparatus for bacteria or viruses may further include an irradiance meter that measures the irradiance (X) on the irradiated surface and sends the measured irradiance (X) to the controller.

In the apparatus, the controller may control the light source so that the light source is intermittently turned on while the formula (<NUM>) is satisfied.

According to the present invention, it is possible to inactivate bacteria or viruses attached to an object while suppressing generation of a strange odor.

Embodiments of a method for inactivating bacteria or viruses according to the present invention and an inactivating apparatus will be described with reference to the drawings.

In this specification, "inactivation" is a concept that encompasses killing bacteria or viruses, or causing them to lose their infectivity or toxicity. Further, herein, "bacteria" refers to microorganisms including fungi (molds).

<FIG> is a diagram schematically showing a state in which the method for inactivating bacteria or viruses according to the present invention is carried out. The method of the present invention relates to a method for inactivating bacteria or viruses (hereinafter referred to as "germs <NUM>") by irradiating ultraviolet light L1 emitted from an inactivating apparatus <NUM> onto a processing target <NUM> that is assumed to have the germs <NUM> attached to its surface. The term "germs" is a concept that encompasses "bacteria" and "viruses". In other words, germs <NUM> are bacteria and/or viruses.

In this embodiment, the processing target <NUM> is placed in a room <NUM>. The room <NUM> is configured to allow ventilation of the air inside the room <NUM> through a door <NUM>, an air vent <NUM>, gaps, and the like. However, as will be described later, the method according to the present invention can be implemented not only in the case where the processing target <NUM> is placed in the room <NUM>, but also in the case where the processing target <NUM> is placed "in a building" including a corridor or the like.

In Japan, the ventilation frequency of the room <NUM> in a building is required to be <NUM> times/hour or more by the Building Standards Law, and therefore, the air in the room <NUM> is supposed to be changed at least once every two hours. In other countries such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Canada, it is mandatory or recommended that the ventilation frequency be at least <NUM> times/hour. In other words, the air in the room <NUM> is assumed to be changed at least once every two hours.

This means that even if a strange odor is generated in the room <NUM>, the odor will be removed by ventilation as time passes. In other words, when a cause of a strange odor exists in the room <NUM>, it is important to suppress the generation of the odor per some period of time (<NUM> hours) during which the odor is accumulated.

Note that the above standard is established on the assumption that the building is highly airtight, and therefore conditions for suppressing generation of a strange odor are strict. For example, in the case of wooden buildings having low airtightness and large rooms or spaces having a height of three meters or more, smell is less likely to be accumulated, and therefore it is easy to reduce generation of a strange odor.

The inactivating apparatus <NUM> includes a light source that emits ultraviolet light L1. The ultraviolet light L1 has an optical output at a specific wavelength in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>. The ultraviolet light L1 may be one having a main peak wavelength in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>. Alternatively, the ultraviolet light L1 may be one having a main peak wavelength outside the range of <NUM> to <NUM> but having an optical output in a wavelength band that is at least part of the range from <NUM> to <NUM>.

<FIG> is a block diagram schematically showing the structure of the inactivating apparatus <NUM>. The inactivating apparatus <NUM> includes a light source <NUM> and a controller <NUM> that controls emission of light from the light source <NUM>.

<FIG> is a perspective view schematically showing an example of the appearance of the light source <NUM>. <FIG> is a perspective view of the light source <NUM> shown in <FIG>, in which a lamp house <NUM> is broken down into a main body casing 22a and a lid 22b.

The following description with reference to <FIG> will be made using an X-Y-Z coordinate system, where the extraction direction of the ultraviolet light L1 is an X direction and the plane orthogonal to the X direction is a YZ plane. More specifically, a direction parallel to the tube axis of an excimer lamp <NUM> is defined as a Y direction, and the direction orthogonal to the X direction and the Y direction is defined as a Z direction, as will be described later with reference to <FIG> and <FIG>.

As shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the light source <NUM> includes a lamp house <NUM> having a light extraction face <NUM> formed in one of the surfaces thereof. The lamp house <NUM> includes a main body casing 22a and a lid 22b, and the main body casing 22a houses excimer lamps <NUM> and electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) therein. <FIG> shows a case where four excimer lamps <NUM> are housed in the lamp house <NUM> by way of example. The electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) are electrically connected to power feeders <NUM> and constitute electrodes for feeding power to each of the excimer lamps <NUM>. <FIG> is a plan view schematically showing a positional relationship between the excimer lamps <NUM> and the electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>).

As shown in <FIG>, the light source <NUM> in this embodiment has two electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) arranged to contact the outer surface of the light-emitting tube of the respective excimer lamps <NUM>. The electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) are located at a distance in the Y direction. The electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) are made of an electrical conductive material, preferably a material exhibiting reflectivity to ultraviolet light emitted from the excimer lamps <NUM>. For example, the electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) are both made of Al, an Al alloy, or stainless steel. Both the electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) are arranged to span across each excimer lamp <NUM> with respect to the Z direction, while contacting the outer surface of the light-emitting tube of each excimer lamp <NUM>.

The excimer lamps <NUM> each have a light-emitting tube with the Y direction as the tube axis direction, and the outer surface of the light-emitting tube of each of the excimer lamps <NUM> is in contact with the electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) in positions separated from each other in the Y direction. A light-emitting gas <NUM> is enclosed within the light-emitting tubes of the excimer lamps <NUM>. When a high-frequency AC voltage of, for example, about several kHz to <NUM> is applied between the electrode blocks (<NUM>, <NUM>) through the power feeders <NUM> (see <FIG>) under control of the controller <NUM> (see <FIG>), the voltage is applied to the light-emitting gas <NUM> through the light-emitting tubes of the excimer lamps <NUM>. At this time, discharge plasma is generated in a discharge space filled with the light-emitting gas <NUM>, and atoms of the light-emitting gas <NUM> are excited to an excimer state. When the atoms shift to a ground state, excimer emission is generated.

The light-emitting gas <NUM> is made of a material that emits ultraviolet light L1 having an optical output at a specific wavelength in the range of <NUM> or more and <NUM> or less during emission of excimer light. For example, the light-emitting gas <NUM> contains KrCl or KrBr.

For example, when the light-emitting gas <NUM> contains KrCl, ultraviolet light L1 having a main peak wavelength of about <NUM> is emitted from the excimer lamps <NUM>. When the light-emitting gas <NUM> contains KrBr, ultraviolet light L1 having a main peak wavelength of about <NUM> is emitted from the excimer lamps <NUM>. <FIG> is a diagram showing the spectrum of ultraviolet light L1 emitted from the excimer lamps <NUM> using the light-emitting gas <NUM> containing KrCl.

When the inactivating method according to the present invention is carried out, the ultraviolet light L1 is emitted from the inactivating apparatus <NUM> (more specifically, from the light source <NUM>) so that an irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] X≥<NUM> on the surface of the processing target <NUM> and an integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfy the following formula (<NUM>) (step (a)): <MAT>.

By irradiating with the ultraviolet light L1 in such a way as to satisfy this relational formula, it is possible to inactivate the germs <NUM> while suppressing generation of an odor in the room <NUM>. This will be described below.

<FIG> is a graph showing the result of GC-MS analysis on the air in the room <NUM> after detecting a strange odor by continuously irradiating the processing target <NUM> in the room <NUM> with the ultraviolet light L1 using a light source of the same type as the above-described light source <NUM>. In <FIG>, the horizontal axis represents detection time, and the vertical axis represents detected intensity. According to <FIG>, it is confirmed that hexanal and <NUM>-ethylhexanal are detected as odorous components in the air in the room <NUM> after ultraviolet light irradiation.

<FIG> is a graph showing the absorption spectrum of a squalene solution having a molar concentration of <NUM> mol/L using ethanol as a solvent (see Non-Patent Document <NUM>). As can be seen from <FIG>, squalene shows a significantly high absorbance for the ultraviolet light L1 with a wavelength of <NUM> to <NUM>. Note that this suggests that the problem of a strange odor is more likely to occur than when the germs <NUM> are inactivated by irradiation with ultraviolet light emitted from a low-pressure mercury lamp having a peak wavelength of <NUM>.

<FIG> is a graph showing a relationship between the absorbance coefficient of protein and wavelength (see Non-Patent Document <NUM>). As can be seen from <FIG>, the absorbance coefficient of protein remarkably increases as the wavelength shortens in a wavelength band shorter than <NUM>. Therefore, protein easily absorbs ultraviolet light with a wavelength of <NUM> to <NUM>, and this is presumed to cause the generation of a strange odor.

Based on the results shown in <FIG>, the present inventor has surmised that sebum attached to the surface of the processing target <NUM> is the cause of the strange odor generated when the germs <NUM> are inactivated by the ultraviolet light L1 having an optical output at a wavelength in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>. More specifically, the present inventor has surmised that when squalene, a kind of sebum, and a free fatty acid (palmitoleic acid) decomposed and generated from sebum are present on the surface of the processing target <NUM>, squalene monohydroperoxide (SQHPO), which was generated by irradiating squalene with ultraviolet light L1 having an optical output at a wavelength in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>, reacted with palmitoleic acid to cause the production of odorous components such as hexanal.

An odor sensory test was performed using squalene (manufactured by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation) and ethyl palmitoleate (manufactured by TOKYO OHKA KOGYO CO. ) by changing irradiance and integrated irradiation dose. Hereinbelow, a test method will be described.

A plurality of sample bottles was prepared by mixing <NUM>µL of squalene and <NUM>µL of ethyl palmitoleate in a soda-lime glass bottle with dimensions of Φ41 mm (length) × Φ83. <NUM> (width) × Φ152 mm (height), and UV light L1 was irradiated from the opening side of the wide-mouth bottle while maintaining a tight seal. The irradiance at the reagent area was derived from a previously-determined relationship between distance and irradiance.

The sample bottles hermetically sealed were irradiated with ultraviolet light L1 at four levels of irradiance of <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, and <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, respectively. The integrated irradiation dose was varied by changing the time of irradiation with ultraviolet light L1 at each irradiance level.

After the completion of ultraviolet light L1 irradiation treatment, the lid of each of the sample bottles was then opened and the air inside the sample bottle was sealed into a bag (hereinafter referred to as a "sample bag"). An odor sensory test of the air in the sample bag was conducted by five evaluators (M1 to M5). The details of the measurement method of the sensory test are as follows.

First, the evaluators sniffed the air in the sample bag. Then, the air in the sample bag was diluted <NUM>-fold and the evaluators sniffed the diluted air. The dilution and the sensory test were repeated in the same way until the evaluators no longer sense any odor, and an odor index was calculated based on a dilution factor at which the evaluators no longer sensed any odor. The odor index N was calculated by the following formula (<NUM>) on the basis of an odor concentration D.

Note that in the above formula (<NUM>), the odor concentration D is a value indicating that no odor was sensed for the first time when D-fold dilution was performed. More specifically, in a case where the evaluator M1 still senses an odor even when the air in the sample bag is diluted <NUM>-fold but does not sense any odor when the air in the sample bag is diluted <NUM>-fold, the odor concentration D is <NUM>. An odor is sensed when olfactory cells are stimulated by an odorant, and is more strongly sensed as the concentration of an odorant in the air increases. The strength of an odor is generally called odor intensity, and it is recognized that the Weber-Fechner law can be applied to represent a relationship between odor intensity and the concentration (amount) of an odorant. That is, there is a logarithmic relationship between odor intensity and odor concentration. Due to such circumstances, the method for evaluating the strength of an odor on the basis of the odor index N calculated by the above formula (<NUM>) is generally used.

Tables <NUM> to <NUM> show evaluation results obtained at irradiance levels X = <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, and <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, respectively.

Table <NUM> shown below represents a correspondence relationship between odor index and actual smell (see Non-Patent Document <NUM>).

As can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, three out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N had reached <NUM> or more when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>. An odor index N of <NUM> is generally regarded as corresponding to the strength of the smell of Daphne or a bathroom deodorant, and is therefore regarded as being at a level that can easily be detected. Further, the regulatory standards at site boundary in the regulatory standards based on the Offensive Odor Control Law specify that the odor index should be set to <NUM> to <NUM> corresponding to an odor intensity of <NUM> to <NUM> in the six-step odor intensity labeling method. That is, the odor index N of <NUM> is close to the upper limit specified in the regulatory standards, and is a level at which the generation of a strange odor can be easily detected.

Similarly, the following results were confirmed from Tables <NUM> to <NUM>.

As can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, four out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N had reached <NUM> or more when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>.

As can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, five out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N had reached <NUM> or more when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>.

As can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, three out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N reached <NUM> when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>.

The above results reveal that the value of the integrated irradiation dose Y at which a strange odor starts to be generated differs according to the value of the irradiance X. <FIG> is a graph obtained, on the basis of the results shown in Tables <NUM> to <NUM>, by plotting a relationship between the integrated irradiation dose Y and the irradiance X determined by more than half of the evaluators (here, three or more evaluators) as a relationship that allows the odor index N to reach <NUM> or more. In <FIG>, the horizontal axis represents the irradiance X [mW/cm<NUM>], and the vertical axis represents the integrated irradiation dose Y [mJ/cm<NUM>]. Further, in <FIG>, an approximate curve substantially passing through the four points, Y = <NUM>. 4534X-<NUM>, and a curve obtained in consideration of a safety factor of <NUM>, Y = <NUM>. 36272X-<NUM> are shown together.

This result reveals that generation of a strange odor can be suppressed by irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 so that a relationship between the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X > <NUM>) on the surface (irradiated surface) of the processing target <NUM> and the integrated irradiation dose (Y) [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfy Y < <NUM>. 4534X-<NUM>. As described above, since the room <NUM> is ventilated at least once every two hours, it is presumed that air in the room <NUM> containing a substance causing a strange odor is exhausted through the door <NUM> and the air vent <NUM>, so that the concentration of the substance decreases. Therefore, it can be seen that generation of the strange odor can be suppressed by irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 so that the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) satisfies Y < <NUM>. 4534X-<NUM>. Note that the effect of suppressing the generation of the strange odor can be enhanced by irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 so that Y < <NUM>. 36272X-<NUM> is satisfied, which takes into account a safety factor of <NUM>.

Further, as can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, three out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N reached <NUM> or more when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>. An odor index N of <NUM> is generally regarded as corresponding to the strength of a smell such as the smell of tobacco in a smoking area, the smell of gasoline at a gas station, or the smell of curry roux present in close vicinity, and is therefore at a very strong level.

As can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, four out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N reached <NUM> or more when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>.

As can be seen from Table <NUM>, in the case of the irradiance X was <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, three out of the five evaluators judged that the odor index N reached <NUM> or more when the integrated irradiation dose Y reached <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>.

The above results reveal that the value of the integrated irradiation dose Y at which a very strong odor starts to be generated differs according to the value of the irradiance X. <FIG> is a graph obtained, on the basis of the results shown in Tables <NUM> to <NUM>, by plotting a relationship between the integrated irradiation dose Y and the irradiance X determined by more than half of the evaluators (here, three or more evaluators) as a relationship that allows the odor index N to reach <NUM> or more. In <FIG>, the horizontal axis represents the irradiance X [mW/cm<NUM>], and the vertical axis represents the integrated irradiation dose Y [mJ/cm<NUM>]. Further, in <FIG>, an approximate curve substantially passing through the four points, Y = <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>, and a curve obtained in consideration of a safety factor of <NUM>, Y = <NUM>. 563X-<NUM> are shown together.

This result reveals that generation of a strong strange odor can be suppressed by irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 so that a relationship between the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X > <NUM>) on the surface (irradiated surface) of the processing target <NUM> and the integrated irradiation dose (Y) [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfy Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>. As described above, since the room <NUM> is ventilated at least once every two hours, it is presumed that air in the room <NUM> containing a substance causing a strange odor is exhausted through the air vent <NUM>, the door <NUM>, and gaps, so that the concentration of the substance decreases. Therefore, it can be seen that generation of the strong odor can be suppressed by irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 so that the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) satisfies Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>. Note that the effect of suppressing the generation of the strong strange odor can be enhanced by irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 so that Y < <NUM>. 563X-<NUM> is satisfied, which takes into account a safety factor of <NUM>.

In other words, it can be seen that when a relationship between the irradiance (X) [mW/cm<NUM>] (X > <NUM>) and the integrated irradiation dose (Y) [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfies <NUM>. 4534X-<NUM> < Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>, some persons sense a smell generated in the room <NUM>, but the strength of the smell can be kept at a low level.

The reason why the lower limit of the integrated irradiation dose Y at which the generation of a strange odor is confirmed varies according to the irradiance X is not clear at present, but the present inventor surmises the following.

An irradiance dependence was confirmed for the sterilization effect of ultraviolet light at <NUM> to <NUM>. That is, it was found that the higher the irradiance, the higher sterilizing capability, even at the same integrated irradiation dose. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is also an irradiance dependency in the decomposition of squalene, in which the reaction proceeds more easily at higher irradiance even the same integrated irradiation dose.

For example, an irradiance X of <NUM> mW/cm<NUM> shown in Table <NUM> is very weak. An experiment was carried out to verify that the inactivation of germs <NUM> attached to a processing target <NUM> can be achieved even at such a weak irradiance. Hereinbelow, a test method will be described.

First, <NUM> of Staphylococcus aureus having a concentration of about <NUM><NUM> CFU(Colony Forming Unit)/mL was placed in a Φ35-mm petri dish, and was irradiated with ultraviolet light L1 at a predetermined irradiation dose from above the petri dish. Then, the liquid in the petri dish after irradiation with the ultraviolet light L1 was diluted by a predetermined factor with normal saline, and <NUM> of the diluted liquid was inoculated onto a standard agar medium. Then, the inoculated standard agar medium was incubated in a culture environment at a temperature of <NUM> and a humidity of <NUM>% for <NUM> hours, and the number of colonies was counted.

As a result, it was confirmed that Staphylococcus aureus could be inactivated up to <NUM>% by irradiation with ultraviolet light for <NUM> minutes (integrated irradiation dose: about <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>), even at a very weak irradiance of X = <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>.

Further, it was found out that the effect of inactivating bacteria can be achieved even when irradiating the ultraviolet light L1 at a very low irradiance X of less than <NUM>µW/cm<NUM>, such as X = <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, X =<NUM> mW/cm<NUM>, or X = <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>. More specifically, it was confirmed that Staphylococcus aureus could be inactivated up to <NUM>% by irradiation with ultraviolet light for <NUM> hours (integrated irradiation dose: about <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>), even at a very weak irradiance of X = <NUM> mW/cm<NUM>.

Note that when another verification test using Feline coronavirus was carried out in the same manner, an inactivation rate of -<NUM> Log was achieved by irradiation with ultraviolet light at an irradiance X of <NUM> mW/cm<NUM> and an integrated irradiation dose Y of <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM>. On the other hand, in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, irradiation with ultraviolet light at an irradiance X of <NUM> mW/cm<NUM> and an integrated irradiation dose Y of <NUM> mJ/cm<NUM> is required to achieve the same inactivation rate of -<NUM> Log. From the result, it was confirmed that the same number of copies of the virus could be inactivated even when the integrated irradiation dose of the ultraviolet light L1 was about <NUM>/<NUM> of that for the germ.

That is, it can be seen that the inactivating apparatus <NUM> can inactivate the germs <NUM> attached to the processing target <NUM> while suppressing the generation of a strong strange odor by allowing the controller <NUM> to control the lighting of the light source <NUM> so that a relationship between the irradiance (X) and the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) satisfies Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>, preferably Y < <NUM>. 563X-<NUM>. Furthermore, it can be seen that the germs <NUM> attached to the processing target <NUM> can be inactivated while significantly suppressing the generation of a strange odor by allowing the controller <NUM> to control the lighting of the light source <NUM> so that a relationship between the irradiance (X) and the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) satisfies Y < <NUM>. 4534X-<NUM>, preferably Y < <NUM>. 36272X-<NUM>.

Note that in the present invention, a method for allowing the controller <NUM> to detect the irradiance X on the surface of the processing target <NUM> is not particularly limited. For example, as shown in <FIG>, an irradiance meter <NUM> may be installed to detect the irradiance X on the surface of the processing target <NUM>. In this case, as shown in <FIG>, the inactivating apparatus <NUM> may include a receiver <NUM> that receives irradiance information i7 transmitted from the irradiance meter <NUM> so that the controller <NUM> controls the lighting of the light source <NUM> to allow a relationship between the irradiance (X) based on the irradiance information i7 and the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) to satisfy Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>.

Alternatively, as shown in <FIG>, the inactivating apparatus <NUM> may include a distance measuring unit <NUM>, such as a ranging sensor, which measures a distance between the light extraction face of the light source <NUM> and the surface of the processing target <NUM>. In this case, the controller <NUM> may calculate the irradiance X on the surface of the processing target <NUM> from the optical output of the light source <NUM> and information about the distance measured by the distance measuring unit <NUM>. Further alternatively, even if the inactivating apparatus <NUM> does not include the distance measuring unit <NUM>, and if the inactivating apparatus <NUM> is fixed to a ceiling, the controller <NUM> may calculate the irradiance X on the surface of the processing target <NUM> from the optical output of the light source <NUM> and information about a general ceiling height.

As described above, in the inactivating apparatus <NUM> according to the present embodiment, the controller <NUM> controls the lighting of the light source <NUM> so that a relationship between the irradiance (X) and the integrated irradiation dose within two hours (Y) satisfies Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>. At this time, as long as the above formula is satisfied, the controller <NUM> may turn on the light source <NUM> continuously, may turn on the light source <NUM> so that the irradiance fluctuates over time or periodically between high and low levels, or may even turn on the light source <NUM> intermittently. In the case where the light source <NUM> is turned on so that the irradiance fluctuates over time or periodically, the lighting waveform thereof may be a square wave.

There are individual differences in the ability of detecting an odor. More specifically, even when the ultraviolet light L1 is irradiated under conditions satisfying Y < <NUM>. 704X-<NUM>, there is a possibility that some people recognize the presence of an unpleasant odor in the room <NUM>. In addition, since a substance as a source of odor is generated during irradiation with the ultraviolet light L1, intermittent turning on the light source <NUM> can reduce the amount of the substance as the source of odor generated within the same period of time. Furthermore, when the light source <NUM> is turned off, air containing odor is diffused by circulation of air in the room <NUM>, which is expected to be effective at making it difficult to detect an odor.

Similarly to the above, the amount of a substance as a source of smell generated during the same period of time can be reduced by turning on the light source <NUM> so that the irradiance is changed with time or periodically between a high level at which smell is likely to be generated and a low level at which smell is less likely to be generated.

From such a viewpoint, the controller <NUM> may control the light source <NUM> so that continuous turning-on of the light source <NUM> for a predetermined first time and turning-off of the light source <NUM> for a predetermined second time longer than the first time are repeated. In this case, the duty ratio of the lighting time is preferably <NUM>% or less, more preferably <NUM>% or less, even more preferably <NUM>% or less, particularly preferably <NUM>% or less.

From the same viewpoint, the controller <NUM> may control the light source <NUM> so that continuous turning-on of the light source <NUM> for a predetermined first time and turning-on of the light source <NUM> for a predetermined second time longer than the first time at a lower emission intensity are repeated.

In either case, the first time and the second time may each be changed.

Claim 1:
A method for inactivating bacteria or viruses, the method comprising a step (a) of irradiating with ultraviolet light having an optical output at a specific wavelength in a range of <NUM> to <NUM>,
characterized in that
the step (a) of irradiation is carried out so that an irradiance X [mW/cm<NUM>] wherein X≥<NUM> and an integrated irradiation dose for two hours Y [mJ/cm<NUM>] satisfy the following formula (<NUM>): <MAT>
the step (a) is carried out indoors where the indoor air is changed at least once every two hours.