Patent Description:
Recently, with the rapid spread of electronic devices using batteries, such as mobile phones, notebook computers, and electric vehicles, demand for secondary batteries with relatively high capacity as well as small size and lightweight has been rapidly increased. Particularly, since a lithium secondary battery is lightweight and has high energy density, the lithium secondary battery is in the spotlight as a driving power source for portable devices. Accordingly, research and development efforts for improving the performance of the lithium secondary battery have been actively conducted.

In the lithium secondary battery in a state in which an organic electrolyte solution or a polymer electrolyte solution is filled between a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are respectively formed of active materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, electrical energy is produced by oxidation and reduction reactions when the lithium ions are intercalated/deintercalated into/from the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO<NUM>), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO<NUM>), lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO<NUM> or LiMn<NUM>O<NUM>, etc.), or a lithium iron phosphate compound (LiFePO<NUM>) has been used as a positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery. Among these materials, since the lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO<NUM>) is advantageous in that its operating voltage is high and capacity characteristics are excellent, the lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO<NUM>) has been widely used and has been used as a positive electrode active material for high voltage. However, since there is a limitation in using a large amount of the LiCoO<NUM> as a power source for applications, such as electric vehicles, due to the rising price and unstable supply of cobalt (Co), there emerges a need to develop a positive electrode active material capable of replacing the LiCoO<NUM>.

Accordingly, a nickel cobalt manganese-based lithium composite transition metal oxide (hereinafter, simply referred to as 'NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide'), in which a portion of cobalt (Co) is substituted with nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn), has been developed. However, since a conventionally developed NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide is generally in the form of a secondary particle in which primary particles are aggregated, its specific surface area is large, particle strength is low, and an amount of lithium by-product is large, and thus, there is a limitation in that an amount of gas generated during cell operation is large and stability is poor. That is, since the stability of the conventionally developed NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide has not been secured, there was a limitation in its application to a high-voltage battery, and thus, there is still a need to develop an NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide positive electrode active material applicable to a high-voltage lithium secondary battery.

<CIT> describes a lithium-containing composite oxide comprising Ni, Co and Mn, wherein in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by reflection X-ray diffraction employing Cu-Kα rays, the ratio I<NUM>/I<NUM> of the integrated intensity (I<NUM>) of a peak of (<NUM>) a plane assigned to a crystal structure with space group R-<NUM> to the integrated intensity (I<NUM>) of a peak of (<NUM>) plane assigned to a crystal structure with space group R-<NUM> is at least <NUM>.

<CIT> relates to a method of preparing a nickel-cobalt-manganese multi-element lithium ion battery cathode material, comprising (A) preparing a nickel-cobalt-manganese multi-element intermediate with dopants by co-precipitation or chemical synthesis; (B) preparing a mixture by mixing said multi-element intermediate with a lithium salt; (C) pre-treating the said mixture, then adding into it polyvinyl alcohol and mixing uniformly; (D) pressing the resulting material into lumps, calcinating the lumps, cooling, crushing, passing through a <NUM> mesh-sieve; (E) calcinating the resulting powder, cooling, crushing and sieving to obtain a product.

An aspect of the present invention provides an NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide positive electrode active material applicable to a high-voltage lithium secondary battery. Specifically, the present invention aims at providing an NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide positive electrode active material in which an amount of gas generated during cell operation may be reduced by decreasing a specific surface area, improving particle strength, and decreasing an amount of lithium by-product.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery which includes a lithium composite transition metal oxide represented by Formula <NUM> below including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide has a layered crystal structure of space group R3m,.

In Formula <NUM>, Ma is at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), and calcium (Ca), and <NUM>≤p≤<NUM>, <NUM><x1≤<NUM>, <NUM><y1≤<NUM>, <NUM>≤ z1<<NUM>, -<NUM>≤ δ≤ <NUM>, x1>y1, and <NUM>≤x1+y1+z1<<NUM>.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to the present invention which includes: preparing a precursor including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) in which an amount of the nickel (Ni) in a total amount of transition metals is <NUM> mol% or less and the cobalt (Co) is included in an amount greater than an amount of the manganese (Mn); and mixing the precursor with a lithium raw material and sintering the mixture at a temperature of <NUM> or more to form a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a layered crystal structure of space group R3m and composed of single particles.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a positive electrode and a lithium secondary battery which include the positive electrode active material.

According to the present invention, an amount of gas generated during cell operation may be reduced by decreasing a specific surface area of an NCM-based positive electrode active material, improving particle strength, and decreasing an amount of lithium by-product. Since the NCM-based positive electrode active material of the present invention may ensure excellent stability, it is applicable to a high-voltage lithium secondary battery.

Also, according to the present invention, a single particle of an NCM-based positive electrode active material may be easily prepared by only single sintering.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail to allow for a clearer understanding of the present invention. In this case, it will be understood that words or terms used in the specification and claims shall not be interpreted as the meaning defined in commonly used dictionaries, and it will be further understood that the words or terms should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the technical idea of the invention, based on the principle that an inventor may properly define the meaning of the words or terms to best explain the invention.

A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium composite transition metal oxide represented by Formula <NUM> below including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide has a layered crystal structure of space group R3m, includes the nickel (Ni) in an amount of <NUM> mol% or less based on a total amount of transition metals, includes the cobalt (Co) in an amount greater than an amount of the manganese (Mn), and is composed of single particles; and wherein the positive electrode active material has a rolling density during pressurization at <NUM> tons of <NUM>/cc or more:.

[Formula <NUM>]     LipNi<NUM>- (x1+y1+z1) Cox1Mny1Maz1O<NUM>+δ.

In Formula <NUM>, Ma is at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), and calcium (Ca), and <NUM>≤p≤<NUM>, <NUM><x1≤<NUM>, <NUM><y1≤<NUM>, <NUM>≤ z1≤<NUM>, -<NUM>≤ δ≤ <NUM>, x1>y1, and <NUM>≤x1+y1+z1<<NUM>.

The lithium composite transition metal oxide according to an embodiment of the present invention includes nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) in which an amount of the nickel (Ni) satisfies <NUM> mol% or less, preferably <NUM> mol% or less, and more preferably <NUM> mol% or less. Also, the lithium composite transition metal oxide includes the cobalt (Co) in an amount greater than an amount of the manganese (Mn), and, for example, a concentration of the cobalt (Co) may be greater than that of the manganese (Mn) by <NUM> mol% or more and may more preferably be greater than that of the manganese (Mn) by <NUM> mol% or more. A single particle of an NCM-based positive electrode active material having a layered crystal structure of space group R3m may be easily formed by only single sintering the lithium composite transition metal oxide satisfying the above composition at a temperature of <NUM> or more.

As described above, with respect to the NCM-based positive electrode active material of the present invention which is a single particle and has a layered crystal structure of space group R3m, an amount of gas generated during cell operation may be reduced by decreasing a specific surface area, improving particle strength, and decreasing an amount of lithium by-product. Also, since the NCM-based positive electrode active material of the present invention may ensure excellent stability, it is applicable to a high-voltage lithium secondary battery.

The positive electrode active material of the present invention is composed of single particles, which is not in the form of an aggregated secondary particle, that is, a primary particle. In the present invention, the expression 'primary particle' denotes a primary structure of the single particle, and the expression 'secondary particle' denotes an aggregate in which primary particles are aggregated by physical or chemical bonding between the primary particles without an intentional aggregation or assembly process of the primary particles constituting the secondary particle, that is, a secondary structure.

The primary particle may have an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of <NUM> to <NUM>. The primary particle may more preferably have an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of <NUM> to <NUM> and may most preferably have an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of <NUM> to <NUM>. With respect to the positive electrode active material composed of single particles having the average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of the primary particle, particle strength may be increased to suppress particle breakage during rolling and improve rolling density, and the amount of gas generated by a side reaction with an electrolyte solution may be reduced due to decreases in specific surface area and lithium by-product.

In the present invention, the average particle diameter (D<NUM>) may be defined as a particle diameter at a cumulative volume of <NUM>% in a particle size distribution curve. The average particle diameter (D<NUM>), for example, may be measured by using a laser diffraction method. For example, in a method of measuring the average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of the positive electrode active material, after the particles of the positive electrode active material are dispersed in a dispersion medium, the dispersion medium is introduced into a commercial laser diffraction particle size measurement instrument (e.g., Microtrac MT <NUM>) and irradiated with ultrasonic waves having a frequency of about <NUM> and an output of <NUM> W, and the average particle diameter (D<NUM>) at the cumulative volume of <NUM>% may then be calculated by the measurement instrument.

Since the positive electrode active material is over-sintered, the positive electrode active material may have a crystallite size of <NUM> or more, may preferably have a crystallite size of <NUM> or more, and may more preferably have a crystallite size of <NUM> or more. The positive electrode active material satisfying the above crystallite size according to an embodiment of the present invention may suppress the particle breakage caused by rolling, and life characteristics and stability may be improved.

In the present invention, the expression 'particle' denotes a granule with a size of microns, and, when the particle is magnified and observed, the particle may be identified as 'grain' which has a crystal form with a size of a few tens of nanometers. When the grain is further magnified, it is possible to identify a separated region having a form in which atoms form a lattice structure in a predetermined direction, wherein the region is referred to as a 'crystallite', and a size of the particle observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is defined as a size of the crystallite. With respect to a method of measuring the crystallite size, the crystallite size may be determined by peak broadening of XRD data and may be quantitatively calculated from the Scherrer equation.

The positive electrode active material of the present invention has a layered crystal structure of space group R3m, and a peak corresponding to a layered rock-salt structure may not appear during XRD measurement. Specifically, a peak corresponding to a layered rock-salt structure may not appear in a 2θ range of <NUM>° to <NUM>° during XRD measurement of the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention.

The lithium composite transition metal oxide according to the embodiment of the present invention may have a molar ratio (Li/M) of lithium (Li) to total metallic elements (M) of <NUM> or less, preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, and more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>.

The positive electrode active material of the present invention may have a particle size index (PSI) represented by the following Equation <NUM> of <NUM> or more, preferably <NUM> or more, and more preferably <NUM> or more.

In Equation <NUM>, D<NUM>,<NUM>. 5ton is an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of the positive electrode active material after pressurization at <NUM> tons, D<NUM>,<NUM>. 0ton is an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of the positive electrode active material after pressurization at <NUM> tons, and rolling density<NUM>. 0ton is rolling density during pressurization at <NUM> tons.

Specifically, the D<NUM>,<NUM>. 5ton, D<NUM>,<NUM>. 0ton, and rolling density<NUM>. 0ton are values measured by experimental methods described in Experimental Example <NUM> below.

The PSI of the single particle of the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention may satisfy <NUM> or more, and the positive electrode active material having a PSI of <NUM> or more may suppress the particle breakage during rolling, may improve the rolling density, and may reduce the amount of gas generated due to the side reaction with the electrolyte solution by decreasing the specific surface area and the amount of lithium by-product.

The positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention may have a specific surface area of <NUM><NUM>/g or less, preferably <NUM><NUM>/g to <NUM><NUM>/g, and more preferably <NUM><NUM>/g to <NUM><NUM>/g.

The positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention may include a residual lithium by-product in an amount of <NUM> wt% or less, preferably <NUM> wt% or less, and more preferably <NUM> wt% or less based on a total weight of the positive electrode active material.

Since the above specific surface area and/or amount of the lithium by-product are satisfied, the amount of gas generated during cell operation may be reduced and the positive electrode active material is applicable to a high-voltage lithium secondary battery because excellent stability is ensured even at a high voltage.

Also, the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention has a rolling density during pressurization at <NUM> tons of <NUM>/cc or more, preferably <NUM>/cc or more, and more preferably <NUM>/cc or more. With respect to the single particle of the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention, since the particle strength is improved, the particle breakage during rolling may be suppressed, and, accordingly, the rolling density may be increased. Since the above rolling density is satisfied, energy density may be improved.

Specifically, the lithium composite transition metal oxide according to the embodiment of the present invention is represented by Formula <NUM> below.

In Formula <NUM>, Ma is at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), and calcium (Ca), and <NUM>≤p≤<NUM>, <NUM><x1≤<NUM>, <NUM><y1≤<NUM>, <NUM>≤z1≤<NUM>, -<NUM>≤δ≤<NUM>, x1>y1, and <NUM>≤x1+y1+z1<<NUM>.

In the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM>, Li is included in an amount corresponding to p, that is, <NUM>≤p≤<NUM>. When p is less than <NUM>, capacity may be reduced, and, when p is greater than <NUM>, milling is difficult due to an increase in strength of the sintered positive electrode active material and there may be an increase in amount of gas generated due to an increase in Li by-product. The Li may more preferably be included in an amount satisfying <NUM>≤p≤<NUM>, in consideration of balance between a capacity characteristics improvement effect of the positive electrode active material and sinterability during the preparation of the active material due to the control of the amount of the Li.

In the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM>, Ni is included in an amount corresponding to <NUM>-(x1+y1+z1), that is, <NUM><<NUM>-(x1+y1+z1)≤<NUM>. The Ni may more preferably be included in an amount satisfying <NUM><<NUM>-(x1+y1+z1) ≤<NUM>.

In the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM>, Co is included in an amount corresponding to x1, that is, <NUM><x1≤<NUM>. In a case in which the amount of the Co in the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM> is greater than <NUM>, there is a concern that cost may increase. The Co may specifically be included in an amount satisfying <NUM>≤x1≤<NUM> in consideration of a significant capacity characteristics improvement effect due to the inclusion of the Co.

In the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM>, Mn is included in an amount corresponding to y1, that is, <NUM><y1≤<NUM>. Mn may improve stability of the positive electrode active material, and, as a result, may improve stability of the battery. The Mn may specifically be included in an amount satisfying <NUM>≤y1≤<NUM>.

In the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM>, the Co is included in an amount greater than the amount of the Mn, that is, x1>y1. A single particle of an NCM-based positive electrode active material having a layered crystal structure of space group R3m may be easily formed by only single sintering the lithium composite transition metal oxide satisfying the above composition at a temperature of <NUM> or more.

In the lithium composite transition metal oxide of Formula <NUM>, Ma may be a doping element included in a crystal structure of the lithium composite transition metal oxide, wherein the Ma is included in an amount corresponding to z1, that is, <NUM>≤z1≤<NUM>.

Furthermore, with respect to the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention, a coating portion including at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, boron (B), Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb, Mo, tungsten (W), and Cr may be formed on the surface of the particle including the lithium composite transition metal oxide. The coating portion may preferably include Al, B, and/or W, and may more preferably include Al. Since the coating portion is further formed, the lithium by-product on the surface of the particle may be further reduced and the amount of the gas generated during cell operation may be further reduced.

Next, a method of preparing the positive electrode active material of the present invention will be described.

The positive electrode active material of the present invention is prepared by including the steps of: preparing a precursor including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) in which an amount of the nickel (Ni) in a total amount of transition metals is <NUM> mol% or less and the cobalt (Co) is included in an amount greater than an amount of the manganese (Mn); and mixing the precursor with a lithium raw material and sintering the mixture at a temperature of <NUM> or more to form a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a layered crystal structure of space group R3m and composed of single particles.

The method of preparing the positive electrode active material will be described in detail for each step.

First, a precursor including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), in which an amount of the nickel (Ni) in a total amount of transition metals is <NUM> mol% or less and the cobalt (Co) is included in an amount greater than an amount of the manganese (Mn), is prepared.

The positive electrode active material precursor may be used by purchasing a commercially available positive electrode active material precursor, or may be prepared according to a method of preparing a positive electrode active material precursor which is well known in the art.

For example, the precursor may be prepared by a co-precipitation reaction by adding an ammonium cation-containing complexing agent and a basic compound to a transition metal solution including a nickel-containing raw material, a cobalt-containing raw material, and a manganese-containing raw material.

The nickel-containing raw material, for example, may include nickel-containing acetic acid salts, nitrates, sulfates, halides, sulfides, hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides, and may specifically include Ni(OH)<NUM>, NiO, NiOOH, NiCO<NUM>·2Ni (OH)<NUM> ·<NUM><NUM>O, NiC<NUM>O<NUM>·<NUM><NUM>O, Ni(NO<NUM>) <NUM> ·<NUM><NUM>O, NiSO<NUM>, NiSO<NUM> ·<NUM><NUM>O, a fatty acid nickel salt, a nickel halide, or a combination thereof, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

The cobalt-containing raw material may include cobalt-containing acetic acid salts, nitrates, sulfates, halides, sulfides, hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides, and may specifically include Co(OH)<NUM>, CoOOH, Co(OCOCH<NUM>)<NUM> ·<NUM><NUM>O, Co (NO<NUM>) <NUM>· <NUM><NUM>O, Co (SO<NUM>)<NUM>, Co(SO<NUM>) <NUM> · <NUM><NUM>O, or a combination thereof, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

The manganese-containing raw material, for example, may include manganese-containing acetic acid salts, nitrates, sulfates, halides, sulfides, hydroxides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, or a combination thereof, and may specifically include a manganese oxide such as Mn<NUM>O<NUM>, MnO<NUM>, and Mn<NUM>O<NUM>; a manganese salt such as MnCO<NUM>, Mn(NO<NUM>) <NUM>, MnSO<NUM>, manganese acetate, manganese dicarboxylate, manganese citrate, and a fatty acid manganese salt; a manganese oxyhydroxide, manganese chloride, or a combination thereof, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

The transition metal solution may be prepared by adding the nickel-containing raw material, the cobalt-containing raw material, and the manganese-containing raw material to a solvent, specifically water, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol etc.) which may be uniformly mixed with the water, or may be prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of the nickel-containing raw material, an aqueous solution of the cobalt-containing raw material, and the manganese-containing raw material.

The ammonium cation-containing complexing agent, for example, may include NH<NUM>OH, (NH<NUM>) <NUM>SO<NUM>, NH<NUM>NO<NUM>, NH<NUM>Cl, CH<NUM>COONH<NUM>, NH<NUM>CO<NUM>, or a combination thereof, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The ammonium cation-containing complexing agent may be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and, in this case, water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol etc.), which may be uniformly mixed with the water, may be used as a solvent.

The basic compound may include a hydroxide of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, such as NaOH, KOH, or Ca(OH)<NUM>, a hydrate thereof, or a combination thereof. The basic compound may also be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and, in this case, water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol etc.), which may be uniformly mixed with the water, may be used as a solvent.

The basic compound is added to adjust a pH of a reaction solution, wherein the basic compound may be added in an amount such that the pH of the metal solution is <NUM> to <NUM>.

The co-precipitation reaction may be performed in a temperature range of <NUM> to <NUM> in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.

Particles of a nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide are formed by the above-described process, and are precipitated in the reaction solution. Concentrations of the nickel-containing raw material, the cobalt-containing raw material, and the manganese-containing raw material may be adjusted to prepare a precursor in which the amount of the nickel (Ni) in the total amount of the transition metals is <NUM> mol% or less and the cobalt (Co) is included in an amount greater than the amount of the manganese (Mn). The precipitated nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide particles may be separated according to a conventional method and dried to prepare a nickel-cobalt-manganese precursor.

Next, the precursor is mixed with a lithium raw material and the mixture is sintered at a temperature of <NUM> or more to form a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a layered crystal structure of space group R3m and composed of single particles.

As the lithium raw material, lithium-containing sulfates, nitrates, acetic acid salts, carbonates, oxalates, citrates, halides, hydroxides, or oxyhydroxides may be used, and these materials are not particularly limited as long as they may be dissolved in water. Specifically, the lithium source may include Li<NUM>CO<NUM>, LiNO<NUM>, LiNO<NUM>, LiOH, LiOH. H<NUM>O, LiH, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, CH<NUM>COOLi, Li<NUM>O, Li<NUM>SO<NUM>, CH<NUM>COOLi, or Li<NUM>C<NUM>H<NUM>O<NUM>, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.

The lithium raw material may be mixed such that a molar ratio (Li/M) of lithium (Li) of the lithium raw material to total metallic elements (M) of the precursor is <NUM> or less. The lithium raw material may be mixed such that the Li/M is more preferably in a range of <NUM> to <NUM>, for example, <NUM> to <NUM>. Since the Li/M satisfies the above range, a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a layered crystal structure of space group R3m and composed of single particles may be formed.

Since the precursor, in which the amount of the nickel (Ni) in the total amount of the transition metals is <NUM> mol% or less and the cobalt (Co) is included in an amount greater than the amount of the manganese (Mn), is mixed with the lithium raw material and the mixture is sintered at a temperature of <NUM> or more, a single particle of an NCM-based positive electrode active material may be easily prepared by only single sintering. In a case in which a precursor including the cobalt (Co) in an amount less than the amount of the manganese (Mn) is used, it may be difficult to prepare the single particle of the NCM-based positive electrode active material even if the same sintering temperature and sintering time are used.

The sintering temperature may be in a range of <NUM> or more, preferably <NUM> to <NUM>,<NUM>, and more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>,<NUM> to form the single particle. In a case in which the sintering temperature is less than <NUM>, it may be difficult to prepare the single particle of the NCM-based positive electrode active material, and an NCM-based positive electrode active material in the form of an aggregated secondary particle may be prepared.

The sintering may be performed in an air or oxygen atmosphere, and may be performed for <NUM> hours to <NUM> hours.

The sintering may be performed such that the primary particle of the prepared single particle of the NCM-based positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of <NUM> to <NUM>. The sintering may more preferably be performed such that the primary particle has an average particle diameter (D<NUM>) of <NUM> to <NUM>, for example, <NUM> to <NUM>.

Also, the sintering may be performed such that a crystallite size of the prepared single particle of the positive electrode active material is <NUM> or more. The sintering may be performed such that the crystallite size of the prepared single particle of the positive electrode active material may more preferably be <NUM> or more, for example, <NUM> or more.

Next, a coating portion may be formed by selectively mixing the lithium composite transition metal oxide with a coating raw material including at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb, Mo, W, and Cr and performing a heat treatment. The coating raw material may preferably include Al, B, and/or W, and may more preferably include Al. In a case in which the coating raw material is Al, for example, Al(OH)<NUM>, Al<NUM>O<NUM>, AlPO<NUM>, AlCl<NUM>, and Al<NUM> (SO<NUM>) <NUM> may be used.

The heat treatment may be performed in a temperature range of <NUM> to <NUM>, and may more preferably be performed in a temperature range of <NUM> to <NUM>. The heat treatment may be performed for <NUM> hour to <NUM> hours.

Since the coating portion is further formed, the lithium by-products on the surface of the particle may be further reduced and the amount of the gas generated during cell operation may be further reduced.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided are a positive electrode for a secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery which include the above positive electrode active material.

Specifically, the positive electrode includes a positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer which is disposed on the positive electrode collector and includes the positive electrode active material.

In the positive electrode, the positive electrode collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing adverse chemical changes in the battery, and, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel that is surface-treated with one of carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, or the like may be used. Also, the positive electrode collector may typically have a thickness of <NUM> to <NUM>, and microscopic irregularities may be formed on the surface of the collector to improve the adhesion of the positive electrode active material. The positive electrode collector, for example, may be used in various shapes such as that of a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam body, a non-woven fabric body, and the like.

Also, the positive electrode active material layer may include a conductive agent and a binder in addition to the above-described positive electrode active material.

In this case, the conductive agent is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, wherein any conductive agent may be used without particular limitation as long as it has suitable electron conductivity without causing adverse chemical changes in the battery. Specific examples of the conductive agent may be graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and carbon fibers; powder or fibers of metal such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide whiskers and potassium titanate whiskers; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used. The conductive agent may be typically included in an amount of <NUM> wt% to <NUM> wt% based on a total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.

Furthermore, the binder improves the adhesion between the positive electrode active material particles and the adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the current collector. Specific examples of the binder may be polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), a sulfonated EPDM, a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a fluorine rubber, or various copolymers thereof, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used. The binder may be included in an amount of <NUM> wt% to <NUM> wt% based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.

The positive electrode may be prepared according to a typical method of preparing a positive electrode except that the above-described positive electrode active material is used. Specifically, a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer, which includes the above-described positive electrode active material as well as selectively the binder and the conductive agent, is coated on the positive electrode collector, and the positive electrode may then be prepared by drying and rolling the coated positive electrode collector. In this case, types and amounts of the positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive are the same as those previously described.

The solvent may be a solvent normally used in the art. The solvent may include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, or water, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used. An amount of the solvent used may be sufficient if the solvent may dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder in consideration of a coating thickness of a slurry and manufacturing yield, and may allow to have a viscosity that may provide excellent thickness uniformity during the subsequent coating for the preparation of the positive electrode.

Also, as another method, the positive electrode may be prepared by casting the composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer on a separate support and then laminating a film separated from the support on the positive electrode collector.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, an electrochemical device including the positive electrode is provided. The electrochemical device may specifically be a battery or a capacitor, and, for example, may be a lithium secondary battery.

The lithium secondary battery specifically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode disposed to face the positive electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode is as described above. Also, the lithium secondary battery may further selectively include a battery container accommodating an electrode assembly of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, and a sealing member sealing the battery container.

In the lithium secondary battery, the negative electrode includes a negative electrode collector and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode collector.

The negative electrode collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing adverse chemical changes in the battery, and, for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, copper or stainless steel that is surface-treated with one of carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, or the like, and an aluminum-cadmium alloy may be used. Also, the negative electrode collector may typically have a thickness of <NUM> to <NUM>, and, similar to the positive electrode collector, microscopic irregularities may be formed on the surface of the collector to improve the adhesion of a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode collector, for example, may be used in various shapes such as that of a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam body, a non-woven fabric body, and the like.

The negative electrode active material layer selectively includes a binder and a conductive agent in addition to the negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material layer may be prepared by coating a composition for forming a negative electrode in the form of a slurry, which includes selectively the binder and the conductive agent as well as the negative electrode active material, on the negative electrode collector and drying the coated negative electrode collector, or may be prepared by casting the composition for forming a negative electrode on a separate support and then laminating a film separated from the support on the negative electrode collector.

A compound capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium may be used as the negative electrode active material. Specific examples of the negative electrode active material may be a carbonaceous material such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fibers, and amorphous carbon; a metallic compound alloyable with lithium such as silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), indium (In), magnesium (Mg), gallium (Ga), cadmium (Cd), a Si alloy, a Sn alloy, or an Al alloy; a metal oxide which may be doped and undoped with lithium such as SiOβ(<NUM> < β < <NUM>), SnO<NUM>, vanadium oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide; or a composite including the metallic compound and the carbonaceous material such as a SiC composite or a Sn-C composite, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used. Also, a metallic lithium thin film may be used as the negative electrode active material. Furthermore, both low crystalline carbon and high crystalline carbon may be used as the carbon material. Typical examples of the low crystalline carbon may be soft carbon and hard carbon, and typical examples of the high crystalline carbon may be irregular, planar, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite or artificial graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, meso-carbon microbeads, mesophase pitches, and high-temperature sintered carbon such as petroleum or coal tar pitch derived cokes.

Also, the binder and the conductive agent may be the same as those previously described in the positive electrode.

In the lithium secondary battery, the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a movement path of lithium ions, wherein any separator may be used as the separator without particular limitation as long as it is typically used in a lithium secondary battery, and particularly, a separator having high moisture-retention ability for an electrolyte as well as low resistance to the transfer of electrolyte ions may be used.

Specifically, a porous polymer film, for example, a porous polymer film prepared from a polyolefin-based polymer, such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, and an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or a laminated structure having two or more layers thereof may be used. Also, a typical porous nonwoven fabric, for example, a nonwoven fabric formed of high melting point glass fibers or polyethylene terephthalate fibers may be used. Furthermore, a coated separator including a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used to secure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and the separator having a single layer or multilayer structure may be selectively used.

Also, the electrolyte used in the present invention may include an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel-type polymer electrolyte, a solid inorganic electrolyte, or a molten-type inorganic electrolyte which may be used in the preparation of the lithium secondary battery, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Any organic solvent may be used as the organic solvent without particular limitation so long as it may function as a medium through which ions involved in an electrochemical reaction of the battery may move. Specifically, an ester-based solvent such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, γ-butyrolactone, and ε-caprolactone; an ether-based solvent such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; a ketone-based solvent such as cyclohexanone; an aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvent such as benzene and fluorobenzene; or a carbonate-based solvent such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC); an alcohol-based solvent such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (where R is a linear, branched, or cyclic C2-C20 hydrocarbon group and may include a double-bond aromatic ring or ether bond); amides such as dimethylformamide; dioxolanes such as <NUM>,<NUM>-dioxolane; or sulfolanes may be used as the organic solvent. Among these solvents, the carbonate-based solvent may be used, and, for example, a mixture of a cyclic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate) having high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant, which may increase charge/discharge performance of the battery, and a low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compound (e.g., ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate) may be used. In this case, the performance of the electrolyte solution may be excellent when the cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate are mixed in a volume ratio of about <NUM>:<NUM> to about <NUM>:<NUM>.

The lithium salt may be used without particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in the lithium secondary battery. Specifically, LiPF<NUM>, LiClO<NUM>, LiAsF<NUM>, LiBF<NUM>, LiSbF<NUM>, LiAlO<NUM>, LiAlCl<NUM>, LiCF<NUM>SO<NUM>, LiC<NUM>F<NUM>SO<NUM>, LiN (C<NUM>F<NUM>SO<NUM>)<NUM>, LiN (C<NUM>F<NUM>SO<NUM>)<NUM>, LiN (CF<NUM>SO<NUM>)<NUM>, LiCl, LiI, or LiB (C<NUM>O<NUM>)<NUM> may be used as the lithium salt. The lithium salt may be used in a concentration range of <NUM> to <NUM>. In a case in which the concentration of the lithium salt is included within the above range, since the electrolyte may have appropriate conductivity and viscosity, excellent performance of the electrolyte may be obtained and lithium ions may effectively move.

In order to improve lifetime characteristics of the battery, suppress the reduction in battery capacity, and improve discharge capacity of the battery, at least one additive, for example, a halo-alkylene carbonate-based compound such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, triethylphosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric triamide, a nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, a quinone imine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imidazolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, an ammonium salt, pyrrole, <NUM>-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride, may be further added to the electrolyte in addition to the electrolyte components. In this case, the additive may be included in an amount of <NUM> wt% to <NUM> wt% based on a total weight of the electrolyte.

As described above, since the lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and capacity retention, the lithium secondary battery is suitable for portable devices, such as mobile phones, notebook computers, and digital cameras, and electric cars such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).

The battery module or the battery pack may be used as a power source of at least one medium and large sized device of a power tool; electric cars including an electric vehicle.

(EV), a hybrid electric vehicle, and a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV); or a power storage system.

Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described in detail in such a manner that it may easily be carried out by a person with ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.

In a <NUM> batch-type reactor set at <NUM>, NiSO<NUM>, CoSO<NUM>, and MnSO<NUM> were mixed in water in amounts such that a molar ratio of nickel:cobalt:manganese was <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> to prepare a precursor-forming solution with a concentration of <NUM>.

<NUM> of deionized water was put in a co-precipitation reactor (capacity <NUM>), the reactor was then purged with nitrogen gas at a rate of <NUM>/min to remove dissolved oxygen in the water and create a non-oxidizing atmosphere in the reactor. Thereafter, <NUM> of a <NUM>% NaOH aqueous solution was added, and stirring was then performed at a speed of <NUM> rpm and a temperature of <NUM> to maintain a pH at <NUM>.

Subsequently, a co-precipitation reaction was performed for <NUM> hours while adding the precursor-forming solution at a rate of <NUM>/hr together with a NaOH aqueous solution and a NH<NUM>OH aqueous solution to form particles of a nickel-cobalt-manganese-containing hydroxide (Ni<NUM>Co<NUM>Mn<NUM>(OH)<NUM>). The hydroxide particles were separated, washed, and then dried in an oven at <NUM> to prepare a positive electrode active material precursor.

The positive electrode active material precursor thus prepared and a lithium source, LiOH, were added to a Henschel mixer (<NUM>) such that a molar ratio of Li/M(Ni,Co,Mn) was <NUM>, and were mixed at a center speed of <NUM> rpm for <NUM> minutes. The mixed powder was put in an alumina crucible with a size of <NUM>×<NUM> and sintered at <NUM> for <NUM> hours in an air atmosphere to form a lithium composite transition metal oxide positive electrode active material.

A lithium composite transition metal oxide prepared as in Example <NUM> and Al<NUM>O<NUM> were mixed. The mixed mixture was heat-treated at <NUM> for <NUM> hours in an air atmosphere to prepare a positive electrode active material having an Al coating portion formed thereon.

A positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example <NUM> except that a Ni<NUM>CO<NUM>Mn<NUM> (OH)<NUM> precursor was used instead of the Ni<NUM>Co<NUM>Mn<NUM> (OH)<NUM> precursor of Example <NUM>.

A positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example <NUM> except that a Ni<NUM>CO<NUM>Mn<NUM> (OH)<NUM> precursor was used instead of the Ni<NUM>Co<NUM>Mn<NUM>(OH)<NUM> precursor of Example <NUM>.

A positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example <NUM> except that the sintering temperature was set at <NUM> instead of <NUM>.

Magnified scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> are illustrated in <FIG> (Example <NUM>), <FIG> (Example <NUM>), <FIG> (Example <NUM>), <FIG> (Comparative Example <NUM>), and <FIG> (Comparative Example <NUM>).

Referring to <FIG>, the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> of the present invention were in the form of a single particle, but it may be confirmed that Comparative Example <NUM>, in which the sintering temperature was less than <NUM>, or Comparative Example <NUM>, in which the Ni<NUM>Co<NUM>Mn<NUM>(OH)<NUM> precursor was used and the sintering was performed under the same conditions as in Example <NUM>, was in the form of an aggregated secondary particle.

Each of the positive electrode active material powders prepared in Example <NUM> and Comparative Example <NUM> were pressed at <NUM> tons. Thereafter, the pressed positive electrode active materials were observed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results thereof are presented in <FIG> (Example <NUM>) and <FIG> (Comparative Example <NUM>).

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, with respect to the positive electrode active material in the form of a single particle which was prepared in Example <NUM>, it may be confirmed that a degree of particle breakage after rolling was significantly lower than that of the positive electrode active material in the form of an aggregated secondary particle which was prepared in Comparative Example <NUM>.

Accordingly, it may be understood that particle strength of the positive electrode active material in the form of a single particle, which was prepared in Example <NUM>, was improved.

XRD measurement was performed using the positive electrode active material prepared in Example <NUM>, and the results thereof are presented in <FIG>. In order to be compared with a layered rock-salt structure, results of XRD measurement performed using a positive electrode active material having a layered rock-salt structure are also presented in <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, with respect to the positive electrode active material prepared in Example <NUM>, a peak did not appear in a 2θ range of <NUM>° to <NUM>°, that is, it may be confirmed that it did not have a layered rock-salt structure.

Specific surface areas, primary particle diameters, and crystallite sizes of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> were measured. The specific surface areas were measured using a gas adsorption analyzer (BELSORP mini II), the primary particle diameters of Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> were measured using a laser diffraction method (Microtrac), the primary particle diameters of Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> were measured using SEM images, and the crystallite sizes were measured by XRD (Ultima IV) and their values were calculated.

Referring to Table <NUM>, the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> were in the form of a single particle, but the positive electrode active materials prepared in Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> were not in the form of a single particle, but in the form of an aggregated secondary particle. The specific surface areas of the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> were <NUM><NUM>/g or less, wherein the specific surface areas were reduced in comparison to those of the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM>. Also, the crystallite sizes of the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> were <NUM> or more, wherein the crystallite sizes were greater than those of the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM>.

Rolling densities and PSIs of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> were obtained.

Specifically, the rolling densities were measured using Carver _4350. After <NUM> of each of the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> was put into a cylindrical mold, the mold containing each positive electrode active material was pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons. Thereafter, a height of the pressed mold was measured with a Vernier caliper and the rolling density was obtained.

The PSI was a value calculated by the following Equation <NUM>.

With respect to the D<NUM>,<NUM>. 5ton, after <NUM> of each of the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> was put into a cylindrical mold and the mold containing each positive electrode active material was pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons, the positive electrode active material was recovered from the pressed mold to measure the average particle diameter (D<NUM>).

With respect to the D<NUM>,<NUM>. 0ton, after <NUM> of each of the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> was put into a cylindrical mold and the mold containing each positive electrode active material was pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons, the positive electrode active material was recovered from the pressed mold to measure the average particle diameter (D<NUM>).

With respect to the rolling density<NUM>. oton(g/cc), after <NUM> of each of the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> was put into a cylindrical mold, the mold containing each positive electrode active material was pressed at a pressure of <NUM> tons. Thereafter, a height of the pressed mold was measured with a Vernier caliper and the rolling density was obtained.

The rolling densities and PSI values thus obtained are presented in Table <NUM> below.

Referring to Table <NUM>, the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM> to <NUM> had a rolling density of <NUM>/cc or more, wherein the rolling densities were greater than those of the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM>. Also, the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> had a PSI of <NUM> or more, wherein the PSIs were greater than those of the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM>. Since the PSIs satisfied <NUM> or more, it may be confirmed that the positive electrode active materials of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> were formed in the form of a single particle.

After <NUM> of each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM> was dispersed in <NUM> of water, a change in pH was measured while the solution was titrated with <NUM> HCl to obtain a pH titration curve. A residual amount of LiOH and a residual amount of Li<NUM>CO<NUM> in each positive electrode active material were calculated by using the pH titration curve, and a sum of these values was evaluated as a total residual amount of lithium by-products and is listed in Table <NUM> below.

Referring to Table <NUM>, the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM> to <NUM> had an amount of lithium by-products of <NUM> wt% or less, wherein the amounts of the lithium by-products were reduced in comparison to that of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example <NUM>.

Each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM>, a carbon black conductive agent, and a PVdF binder were mixed in an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> to prepare a positive electrode material mixture, and one surface of an aluminum current collector was coated with the positive electrode material mixture, dried at <NUM>, and then rolled to prepare a positive electrode.

Lithium metal was used as a negative electrode.

Each lithium secondary battery was prepared by preparing an electrode assembly by disposing a porous polyethylene separator between the positive electrode and negative electrode prepared as described above, disposing the electrode assembly in a case, and then injecting an electrolyte solution into the case. In this case, the electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving <NUM> lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF<NUM>) in an organic solvent composed of ethylene carbonate/ethylmethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate (mixing volume ratio of EC/EMC/DEC=<NUM>/<NUM>/<NUM>).

Each lithium secondary battery half cell prepared as described above was charged at <NUM> C to a voltage of <NUM> V in a constant current/constant voltage (CCCV) mode at <NUM> (termination current of <NUM>/<NUM> C), and discharged at a constant current of <NUM> C to a voltage of <NUM> V to measure initial charge and initial discharge capacities. Thereafter, each half cell was charged at <NUM> C to a voltage of <NUM> V in a CCCV mode, and discharged at a constant current of <NUM> C to a voltage of <NUM> V to measure capacity retention when <NUM> cycles of charge and discharge were performed and thus, life characteristics were evaluated. The results thereof are presented in Table <NUM> and <FIG>.

Referring to Table <NUM> and <FIG>, with respect to the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples <NUM> to <NUM>, initial capacities were equivalent or somewhat inferior to those of Comparative Examples <NUM> and <NUM>, but it may be confirmed that life characteristics were significantly improved.

Each of the lithium secondary battery half cells prepared as in Experimental Example <NUM> by using each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Example <NUM> and Comparative Example <NUM> was charged at <NUM> C to a voltage of <NUM> V in a CCCV mode (termination current of <NUM>/<NUM> C). Two positive electrodes thus charged and two polyethylene separators were alternatively stacked on a coin cell bottom plate. Thereafter, after injecting an electrolyte solution, the stacked electrode plates were fixed by being covered with a gasket. The coin cell bottom plate having the electrode plates stacked thereon was put in an aluminum pouch and vacuum-sealed. Thereafter, gas generated during storage at <NUM> for <NUM> weeks was measured using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results thereof are presented in Table <NUM> and <FIG> below.

Claim 1:
A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery, the positive electrode active material comprising a lithium composite transition metal oxide represented by Formula <NUM> below including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide has a layered crystal structure of space group R3m,
the lithium composite transition metal oxide comprises the nickel (Ni) in an amount of <NUM> mol% or less based on a total amount of transition metals, comprises the cobalt (Co) in an amount greater than an amount of the manganese (Mn), and
is composed of single particles; and
wherein the positive electrode active material has a rolling density during pressurization at <NUM> tons of <NUM>/cc or more:

        [Formula <NUM>]     LipNi<NUM>- (x1+y1+z1) Cox1Mny1Maz1O<NUM>+δ

In Formula <NUM>, Ma is at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), and calcium (Ca), and <NUM>≤p≤<NUM>, <NUM><x1≤<NUM>, <NUM><y1≤<NUM>, <NUM>≤ z1≤<NUM>, -<NUM>≤ ô≤ <NUM>, x1>y1, and <NUM>≤x1+y1+zl<<NUM>.