Patent Description:
Electronic devices, such as a smart phone, a digital camera, a notebook computer, a navigation system and a smart television ("TV"), that provide images to users include a display device for displaying images. The display device generally includes a display panel which generates and displays an image and a touch sensing member which is disposed on the display panel. Electronic devices are known from <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT> and <CIT>.

Typically, display devices only have a function of displaying images. To provide sound, a speaker is desired to be provided in an electronic device.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention as defined in independent claims <NUM> and <NUM> provide a display device including a touch sensing member having both a touch function and an audio output function.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a display device includes a display panel, a touch sensing member which is located on the display panel and comprises a touch sensing area and a vibration area located around the touch sensing area and generating vibrations in response to a first audio signal, and a window (the term may designate a window element or a window layer when used herein) which is located on the touch sensing member and outputs sound in response to the vibrations generated in the vibration area.

According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, a display device includes a display panel, a touch sensing member which is located on the display panel and comprises touch electrodes and a piezoelectric polymer layer generating vibrations in response to a first audio signal, a diaphragm which is located on the touch sensing member and outputs sound in response to the vibrations generated by the piezoelectric polymer layer, and a touch control unit which receives a sensing signal generated by one of the touch electrodes in response to a touch event and detects a touch position in a touch sensing mode and generates the first audio signal and provides the generated first audio signal to the touch electrodes in an audio output mode.

These and/or other features and advantages will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the exemplary embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:.

The exemplary embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited. Like reference numerals may refer to like elements in the description.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "on" another element, it may be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be therebetween.

Although the terms "first", "second", etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements, should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element discussed below may be termed a second element without departing from teachings of one or more embodiments. The description of an element as a "first" element may not require or imply the presence of a second element or other elements. The terms "first", "second", etc. may also be used herein to differentiate different categories or sets of elements. For conciseness, the terms "first", "second", etc. may represent "first-category (or first-set)", "second-category (or second-set)", etc., respectively.

Spatially relative terms, such as "beneath", "below", "lower", and "above", "upper", may be used to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s). The spatially relative terms may encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the described orientation(s). For example, if the device is turned over, elements described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or features would then be positioned "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the term "below" can encompass both a position of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated <NUM> degrees or at other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptors may be interpreted accordingly.

As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms, including "at least one," unless the content clearly indicates otherwise. "Or" means "and/or.

In an exemplary embodiment, "about" may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ± <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>% of the stated value.

It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the invention, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Thus, the regions illustrated in the drawing figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

Throughout the specification, the same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar elements.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

<FIG> is a perspective view of a display device <NUM> according to an exemplary embodiment. <FIG> is an exploded perspective view of the display device <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view taken along line X1-X2 of <FIG>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view taken along line X3-X4 of <FIG>. <FIG> is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion Q3 in <FIG>.

In <FIG>, a portable terminal is illustrated as an example to which the display device <NUM> according to the exemplary embodiment is applied. The portable terminal may be a tablet personal computer ("PC"), a smartphone, a personal digital assistant ("PDA"), a portable multimedia player ("PMP"), a game machine, a wrist watch type electronic device, or the like. However, the invention is not limited to the specific type of the display device <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the display device <NUM> may be used in large electronic devices such as a television and an external billboard as well as in small and medium-sized electronic devices such as a personal computer, a notebook computer, a car navigation device and a camera.

Referring to <FIG>, the display device <NUM> may have a rectangular shape in plan view. The display device <NUM> may include both short sides extending in a second direction x and both long sides extending in a first direction y intersecting the second direction x. Corners at which the long sides and the short sides of the display device <NUM> meet may be at right angles. However, the corners may also form curved surfaces as illustrated in <FIG>. The planar shape of the display device <NUM> is not limited to the above example and may have various other shapes such as a circular shape.

The display device <NUM> includes a display area DA in which an image is displayed and a non-display area NDA which is adjacent to the display area DA and in which no image is displayed. In some exemplary embodiments, the non-display area NDA may surround the display area DA.

The display device <NUM> may include a vibration area SA defined in a touch sensing member <NUM> to be described later. The vibration area SA is an area for implementing a speaker function such as audio output or a microphone function by vibration. In some exemplary embodiments, the vibration area SA may be located in the non-display area NDA of the display device <NUM>.

In <FIG>, the vibration area SA is illustrated as being adjacent to one short side of the display device <NUM> in the non-display area NDA. However, the position of the vibration area SA is not limited to this example and may be variously changed. In an exemplary embodiment, the vibration area SA may be located adjacent to each of the short sides of the display device <NUM> in the non-display area NDA, for example. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the vibration area SA may be located adjacent to at least any one of the long sides of the display device <NUM> in the non-display area NDA, for example.

Although not illustrated in the drawing, in some exemplary embodiments, part of the vibration area SA may be located in the display area DA. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the whole of the vibration area SA may belong to the display area DA, for example. For ease of description, the vibration area SA will be described below as being located in the non-display area NDA, but the invention is not limited to this case.

Referring to <FIG>, the display device <NUM> includes a display panel <NUM>, the touch sensing member <NUM> located on the display panel <NUM>, and a window <NUM> located on the touch sensing member <NUM>. In addition, the display device <NUM> may further include a flexible circuit board <NUM> connected to the touch sensing member <NUM> and a touch control unit <NUM> mounted (e.g., disposed) on the flexible circuit board <NUM>.

In some exemplary embodiments, the display device <NUM> may further include a bonding layer <NUM> located between the touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM>. The display device <NUM> may further include an under-panel member <NUM> disposed under the display panel <NUM> and a bracket <NUM> disposed under the under-panel member <NUM>.

Unless otherwise defined, the terms "on," "above," "upper," "top," and "upper surface" used herein denote a display surface side of the display panel <NUM>, that is, a z direction, and the terms "under," "below," "lower," "bottom," and "lower surface" used herein denote an opposite side of the display panel <NUM> from the display surface side, that is, a direction opposite to the z direction.

The display panel <NUM> includes a display portion <NUM>-DA and a non-display portion <NUM>-NDA. The display portion <NUM>-DA is a portion where an image is disposed and overlaps a light-transmitting portion <NUM>-DA of the window <NUM>. The non-display portion <NUM>-NDA is a portion where no image is displayed. The non-display portion <NUM>-NDA is disposed adjacent to the display portion <NUM>-DA and overlaps a light blocking portion <NUM>-NDA of the window <NUM>.

In some exemplary embodiments, the display panel <NUM> may include a base substrate <NUM>, a light emitting element layer <NUM> disposed on the base substrate <NUM>, and an encapsulation layer <NUM> disposed on the light emitting element layer <NUM>. The light emitting element layer <NUM> for realizing an image may include a self-luminous element. The light emitting element layer <NUM> is located in the display area DA of the display device <NUM> but is not located in the non-display area NDA of the display device <NUM>. In other words, the display portion <NUM>-DA of the display panel <NUM> may include the base substrate <NUM>, the light emitting element layer <NUM> and the encapsulation layer <NUM>, and the non-display portion <NUM>-NDA of the display panel <NUM> may include the base substrate <NUM> and the encapsulation layer <NUM> but may not include the light emitting element layer <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the self-luminous element may include at least one of an organic light emitting diode ("OLED"), a quantum dot light emitting diode, and an inorganic material-based ultra-small light emitting diode (e.g., a micro LED). For ease of description, the self-luminous element will be described below as an OLED. In addition, each element of the display panel <NUM> will be described in detail later with reference to <FIG>.

The touch sensing member <NUM> is located on the display panel <NUM>. More specifically, the touch sensing member <NUM> is located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>. The touch sensing member <NUM> may include a touch sensing area TA and a peripheral area NTA around the touch sensing area TA. The touch sensing area TA may be an active area that generates sensing information in response to a touch event. The peripheral area NTA may be an inactive area having no touch sensing function. The touch sensing area TA may be located in the display area DA of the display device <NUM>, and the peripheral area NTA may be located in the non-display area NDA of the display device <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, the touch sensing area TA may overlap the display portion <NUM>-DA of the display panel <NUM>, and the peripheral area NTA may overlap the non-display portion <NUM>-NDA of the display panel <NUM>.

The peripheral area NTA may include the vibration area SA described above. The vibration area SA may generate vibrations in response to an audio signal provided by the touch control unit <NUM>.

The window <NUM> is located on the touch sensing member <NUM>. The window <NUM> includes the light-transmitting portion <NUM>-DA which transmits an image provided by the display panel <NUM> and a light blocking portion <NUM>-NDA which is adjacent to the light-transmitting portion <NUM>-DA. In some exemplary embodiments, an inner surface of the light blocking portion <NUM>-NDA of the window <NUM> may include an opaque masking layer. The light-transmitting portion <NUM>-DA may correspond to the display area DA of the display device <NUM>, and the light blocking portion <NUM>-NDA may correspond to the non-display area NDA of the display device <NUM>.

The flexible circuit board <NUM> is connected to a side of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Although not illustrated in the drawings, terminal pads extending from wirings of the touch sensing member <NUM> may be disposed in the touch sensing member <NUM>, and the flexible circuit board <NUM> may be connected to the terminal pads. The touch control unit <NUM> may be mounted (e.g., disposed) on the flexible circuit board <NUM>. The touch control unit <NUM> controls the operation of the touch sensing member <NUM>. The touch control unit <NUM> may receive a sensing signal sensed in the touch sensing area TA of the touch sensing member <NUM> and detect touch information (such as a touch position). In addition, the touch control unit <NUM> may provide an audio signal to the touch sensing member <NUM> so that vibrations are generated in the vibration area SA of the touch sensing member <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, the touch control unit <NUM> may be mounted (e.g., disposed) on the flexible circuit board <NUM> using a chip-on-film ("COF") method, for example.

The window <NUM> may be disposed above the display panel <NUM> to protect the display panel <NUM>. The window <NUM> may overlap the display panel <NUM> and cover the entire surface of the display panel <NUM>. A size of the window <NUM> may be greater than a size of the display panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the window <NUM> may protrude outward from the display panel <NUM> at both short sides of the display device <NUM>, for example. The window <NUM> may also protrude from the display panel <NUM> at both long sides of the display device <NUM>. However, the protruding distance may be greater at both short sides than at both long sides.

The window <NUM> receives vibrations generated in the vibration area SA of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Then, the window <NUM> vibrates up and down to output sound. That is, the window <NUM> itself may function as a diaphragm of a speaker.

In an exemplary embodiment, the window <NUM> may include glass, sapphire, plastic, or the like, for example. The window <NUM> may be rigid, but may also be flexible.

The bonding layer <NUM> may be located between the touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, the bonding layer <NUM> may be an optical clear adhesive ("OCA"), a pressure sensitive adhesive ("PSA"), or an optical clear resin ("OCR"), for example.

The touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be bonded to each other by the bonding layer <NUM>. When the touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM> are bonded to each other by the bonding layer <NUM>, not only the bonding layer <NUM> is located between the touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM>. An element other than the bonding layer <NUM> may also be disposed between the touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, when an element such as a polarizing member (not illustrated) is disposed between the touch sensing member <NUM> and the window <NUM>, the touch sensing member <NUM> and the polarizing member may be bonded to each other by the bonding layer <NUM>, and the polarizing member and the window <NUM> may be bonded to each other by another bonding layer, for example.

The under-panel member <NUM> may be disposed under the display panel <NUM> and may be coupled to the display panel <NUM>. The under-panel member <NUM> may have substantially the same size as the display panel <NUM> and may overlap the display panel <NUM>. Side surfaces of the under-panel member <NUM> may be, but not necessarily, aligned with side surfaces of the display panel <NUM>. The under-panel member <NUM> may perform a heat dissipating function, an electromagnetic wave shielding function, a light shielding function or a light absorbing function, a buffering function, a digitizing function, and the like. The under-panel member <NUM> may include a functional layer having at least one of the above functions. In an exemplary embodiment, the functional layer may be provided in various forms such as a layer, a membrane, a film, a sheet, a plate, and a panel.

The bracket <NUM> may be located under the under-panel member <NUM>. The bracket <NUM> houses the window <NUM>, the touch sensing member <NUM>, the display panel <NUM>, and the under-panel member <NUM>. The bracket <NUM> may include a bottom surface and side walls. The bottom surface of the bracket <NUM> faces a lower surface of the under-panel member <NUM>, and the side walls of the bracket <NUM> face side surfaces of the window <NUM>, the touch sensing member <NUM>, the display panel <NUM> and the under-panel member <NUM>.

In some exemplary embodiments, the bracket <NUM> may include a synthetic resin material, a metal material, or a combination of heterogeneous materials, for example.

In some exemplary embodiments, part of the bracket <NUM> may be exposed on the side surfaces of the display device <NUM> to form the lateral exterior of the display device <NUM>. In addition, in some exemplary embodiments, an outer housing (not illustrated) may be coupled to the bottom of the bracket <NUM>. However, this is only an example, and the bracket <NUM> itself may be applied as the outer housing of the display device <NUM> without the need to couple a separate element to the bottom of the bracket <NUM>.

<FIG> is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the portion Q3 in <FIG>, more specifically, an enlarged view of the schematic structure of the display panel <NUM> located in the display area DA.

Referring to <FIG>, the display panel <NUM> may include the base substrate <NUM>, the light emitting element layer <NUM> which includes a self-luminous element ED and a pixel defining layer <NUM>, and the encapsulation layer <NUM>. The self-luminous element ED may include a first electrode <NUM>, a light emitting layer <NUM>, and a second electrode <NUM>.

The base substrate <NUM> may be an insulating substrate. The base substrate <NUM> may include a flexible polymer material in an exemplary embodiment. That is, in some exemplary embodiments, the base substrate <NUM> may be a flexible substrate. In an exemplary embodiment, the polymer material may be polyethersulphone ("PES"), polyacrylate ("PA"), polyarylate ("PAR"), polyetherimide ("PEI"), polyethylenenaphthalate ("PEN"), polyethyleneterephthalate ("PET"), polyphenylenesulfide ("PPS"), polyallylate, polyimide ("PI"), polycarbonate ("PC"), cellulosetriacetate ("CAT"), cellulose acetate propionate ("CAP"), or a combination of these materials, for example.

The first electrode <NUM> of the self-luminous element ED may be located on the base substrate <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, the first electrode <NUM> may be an anode.

Although not illustrated in the drawing, a plurality of elements may further be disposed between the base substrate <NUM> and the first electrode <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the elements may include a buffer layer, a plurality of conductive wirings, an insulating layer, and a plurality of thin-film transistors, for example.

The pixel defining layer <NUM> may be located on the first electrode <NUM>. An opening which exposes at least part of the first electrode <NUM> is defined in the pixel defining layer <NUM>.

The light emitting layer <NUM> may be located on the first electrode <NUM>.

In some exemplary embodiments, the light emitting layer <NUM> may emit one of red light, green light, and blue light, for example. In an exemplary embodiment, the wavelength of the red light may be about <NUM> micrometers (µm) to about <NUM>, and the wavelength of the green light may be about <NUM> to about <NUM>, for example. In an exemplary embodiment, the wavelength of the blue light may be about <NUM> to about <NUM>, for example.

In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the light emitting layer <NUM> may emit white light, for example. When emitting white light, the light emitting layer <NUM> may have a stacked structure of a red light emitting layer, a green light emitting layer, and a blue light emitting layer, for example. When the light emitting layer <NUM> emits white light, the light emitting element layer <NUM> may further include color filters for displaying red, green, and blue.

In some exemplary embodiments, the light emitting layer <NUM> may be an organic light emitting layer, for example. However, the invention is not limited thereto, and in another exemplary embodiment, the light emitting layer <NUM> may also be a quantum dot light emitting layer or an inorganic light emitting layer, for example.

The second electrode <NUM> may be disposed on the light emitting layer <NUM> and the pixel defining layer <NUM>. The second electrode <NUM> may be disposed on the entire surface of the light emitting layer <NUM> and the pixel defining layer <NUM> in an exemplary embodiment. In some exemplary embodiments, the second electrode <NUM> may be a cathode, for example.

The first electrode <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the light emitting layer <NUM> may constitute the self-luminous element ED.

The encapsulation layer <NUM> may be located on the self-luminous element ED. The encapsulation layer <NUM> may seal the self-luminous element ED and prevent moisture or the like from entering the self-luminous element ED from the outside.

In some exemplary embodiments, the encapsulation layer <NUM> may be a thin-film encapsulation layer and may include one or more organic layers and one or more inorganic layers. In an exemplary embodiment, the encapsulation layer <NUM> may include a first inorganic layer <NUM>, an organic layer <NUM>, and a second inorganic layer <NUM>.

The first inorganic layer <NUM> may be disposed on the self-luminous element ED and prevent the introduction of moisture, oxygen, and the like into the self-luminous element ED. In some exemplary embodiments, the first inorganic layer <NUM> includes an inorganic material. In an exemplary embodiment, the inorganic material may include any one or more of silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx), and silicon oxynitride (SiONx), for example.

The organic layer <NUM> may be disposed on the first inorganic layer <NUM> and may improve flatness. The organic layer <NUM> includes an organic material. In an exemplary embodiment, the organic material may include any one of epoxy, acrylate, and urethane acrylate, for example.

The second inorganic layer <NUM> may be disposed on the organic layer <NUM>. The second inorganic layer <NUM> may play substantially the same or similar role as the first inorganic layer <NUM> and may include substantially the same or similar material as the first inorganic layer <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, the second inorganic layer <NUM> may completely cover the organic layer <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, the second inorganic layer <NUM> and the first inorganic layer <NUM> may contact each other in the non-display area NDA to form an inorganic-inorganic junction. The inorganic-inorganic junction may effectively prevent moisture and the like from entering the display device <NUM> from outside the display device <NUM>.

In <FIG>, each of the first inorganic layer <NUM>, the organic layer <NUM>, and the second inorganic layer <NUM> is illustrated as a single layer. However, the invention is not limited to this case. That is, at least one of the first inorganic layer <NUM>, the organic layer <NUM>, and the second inorganic layer <NUM> may have a multilayer structure.

In addition, when at least one of the first inorganic layer <NUM> and the second inorganic layer <NUM> has a multilayer structure, the at least one of the inorganic layers having the multilayer structure may be changed to a hexamethyldisiloxane ("HMDSO") layer, for example. The HMDSO layer may absorb stress. Therefore, the encapsulation layer <NUM> may become more flexible. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the organic layer <NUM> may be changed to the HMDSO layer, for example.

<FIG> is a plan view of the touch sensing member <NUM> corresponding to a portion Q1 in <FIG>. <FIG> is a plan view of the touch sensing member <NUM> corresponding to a portion Q2 in <FIG>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensing member <NUM> and the display device <NUM> taken along line X1-X2 of <FIG> and <FIG>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensing member <NUM> and the display device <NUM> taken along line X3-X4 of <FIG> and <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the touch sensing member <NUM> includes touch electrodes <NUM> and <NUM>, an insulating layer <NUM>, and a second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> located in the touch sensing area TA. The touch sensing member <NUM> includes a first electrode <NUM>, a second electrode <NUM>, and a first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> located in the vibration area SA.

Of the elements of the touch sensing member <NUM>, the elements located within the touch sensing area TA will now be described.

The touch electrodes <NUM> and <NUM> and the insulating layer <NUM> are located on the display panel <NUM>. The touch electrodes <NUM> and <NUM> and the insulating layer <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>.

The touch electrodes <NUM> and <NUM> may include a plurality of first touch patterns 331a which are arranged along the first direction y, a plurality of second touch patterns 333a which are arranged along the second direction x intersecting the first direction y and are spaced apart from the first touch patterns 331a, a first connection portion 331b which connects the first touch patterns 331a adjacent to each other along the first direction y, and a second connection portion 333b which connects the second touch patterns 333a adjacent to each other along the second direction y. The first touch patterns 331a and the first connection portion 331b may constitute the first touch electrode <NUM>, and the second touch patterns 333a and the second connection portion 333b may constitute the second touch electrode <NUM>. In some exemplary embodiments, any one of the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM> may be a driving electrode provided with a driving signal for touch detection, and the other may be a sensing electrode that generates a sensing signal in response to a touch event. The first touch electrode <NUM> will hereinafter be described as a sensing electrode, and the second touch electrode <NUM> will hereinafter be described as a driving electrode. However, the invention is not limited thereto, and in some other exemplary embodiments, the first touch electrode <NUM> may be the driving electrode, and the second touch electrode <NUM> may be the sensing electrode.

The first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b may be located in the same layer. When elements are disposed in the same layer, it means not only that the elements are located at the same level but also that layers located directly under the elements are the same. In addition, when elements are disposed in the same layer, it means that the elements are provided simultaneously in the same process by forming one layer and then patterning the layer.

The first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b may include the same conductive material. In an exemplary embodiment, the conductive material may include a metal material. Examples of the metal material may include molybdenum, silver, titanium, copper, aluminum, and alloys of these materials. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the conductive material may include a transparent conductive oxide such as indium tin oxide ("ITO"), indium zinc oxide ("IZO"), zinc oxide ("ZnO"), or indium tin zinc oxide ("ITZO"), for example. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the conductive material may include a conductive polymer such as PEDOT, metal nanowires, graphene, or the like, for example. When the conductive material includes metal nanowires, the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b may be provided in a metal mesh shape.

The second connection portion 333b may be located on a different layer from the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b.

In an exemplary embodiment, the second connection portion 333b may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>, and the insulating layer <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> to cover the second connection portion 333b, for example. The first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b may be located on the insulating layer <NUM>.

Like the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a and the first connection portion 331b, the second connection portion 333b may include a metal material, a transparent conductive oxide, a conductive polymer, metal nanowires, graphene, or the like.

The insulating layer <NUM> may insulate the second connection portion 333b and the first connection portion 331b from each other. In some exemplary embodiments, the insulating layer <NUM> may be disposed on the entire surface of the encapsulation layer <NUM> in the vibration area SA as illustrated in the drawings.

The insulating layer <NUM> may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure. In addition, the insulating layer <NUM> may include at least any one of an inorganic material, an organic material, and a composite material. In an exemplary embodiment, the insulating layer <NUM> may include an inorganic material. In an exemplary embodiment, the insulating layer <NUM> may include at least one of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, zirconium oxide, and hafnium oxide, for example.

In an exemplary embodiment, the insulating layer <NUM> may include an organic material, for example. In an exemplary embodiment, the insulating layer <NUM> may include at least any one of acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polyisoprene, vinyl resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, cellulose resin, siloxane resin, polyimide resin, polyamide resin, and perylene resin, for example.

The second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located on the insulating layer <NUM>, the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b. The second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may include an electroactive polymer that is a polymeric material deformed by electrical stimulation. The electroactive polymer may have light transmitting properties. In an exemplary embodiment, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may include a ferroelectric polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride ("PVDF") or poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)), for example. When a voltage or an electric field is applied to the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> generates vibrations through a converse piezoelectric effect. When an external force is applied to the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> generates a voltage through a direct piezoelectric effect.

The bonding layer <NUM> is located on the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>, and the window <NUM> is located on the bonding layer <NUM>.

Next, of the elements of the touch sensing member <NUM>, the elements located in the vibration area SA will be described.

The insulating layer <NUM> is located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>, and the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> spaced from each other are located on the insulating layer <NUM>. The first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> receive an audio signal from the touch control unit <NUM> (refer to <FIG>).

The first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> include the same material and located in the same layer as those of the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a and the first connection portion 331b. That is, the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> may be provided at the same time and in the same process as the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a and the first connection portion 331b.

The first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located on the insulating layer <NUM>, the first electrode <NUM>, and the second electrode <NUM>. Like the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>, the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may include an electroactive polymer that is a polymer material deformed by electrical stimulation. In some exemplary embodiments, the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may include the same material as that of the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>. In addition, the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located in the same layer as the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>. That is, in some exemplary embodiments, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> and the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be provided simultaneously in the same process.

<FIG> are views for explaining the operation of the touch sensing member <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>, <FIG> and <FIG>. More specifically, <FIG> is a conceptual diagram for explaining a process in which the touch control unit <NUM> controls the touch sensing area TA and the vibration area SA of the touch sensing member <NUM>. <FIG> schematically illustrates a case where a touch event occurs in the structure of <FIG>. <FIG> schematically illustrates a process in which sound is generated in the structure of <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the touch control unit <NUM> may control the touch sensing area TA and the vibration area SA independently. Specifically, the touch control unit <NUM> includes a touch detector <NUM> which controls the operation of the touch sensing area TA and an audio controller <NUM> which controls the operation of the vibration area SA. The touch detector <NUM> and the audio controller <NUM> may operate independently. When the touch detector <NUM> and the audio controller <NUM> operate independently, it means that the operation of the touch detector <NUM> is not affected by the operation of the audio controller <NUM>.

The operation of the touch control unit <NUM> related to the touch sensing area TA will first be described below.

When the first touch electrode <NUM> is a sensing electrode and the second touch electrode <NUM> is a driving electrode, the touch detector <NUM> provides a driving signal Ds to the second touch electrode <NUM>. When a touch event TI occurs, a sensing signal Vs is generated by the first touch electrode <NUM>. The touch detector <NUM> receives the sensing signal Vs and detects touch information.

The sensing signal Vs may include a first component Va and a second component Vc. In some exemplary embodiments, the first component Va may be an alternating current ("AC") component of the sensing signal Vs, and the second component Vc may be a direct current ("DC") component of the sensing signal Vs.

A mutual capacitance is generated between the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM>. When the touch event TI occurs, the mutual capacitance is changed. Accordingly, the first component Va of the sensing signal Vs output from the first touch electrode <NUM> changes. That is, the first component Va may be an AC component of the sensing signal Vs which reflects a change in the mutual capacitance caused by the touch event TI.

When the touch event TI occurs, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> located in the touch sensing area TA may receive pressure and generate a voltage through the direct piezoelectric effect. Accordingly, the second component Vc of the sensing signal Vs output from the first touch electrode <NUM> changes. The second component Vc may be a DC component of the sensing signal Vs which reflects a voltage change caused by the touch event TI.

The touch detector <NUM> may receive the sensing signal Vs generated in response to the touch event TI from the first touch electrode <NUM> and detect a touch position corresponding to the touch event TI by the amount of change of the first component Va of the sensing signal Vs. In addition, the touch detector <NUM> may detect touch pressure of the touch event TI by using the amount of change of the second component Vc of the sensing signal Vs received from the first touch electrode <NUM>.

That is, according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment, since the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located in the touch sensing area TA, the touch pressure as well as the touch position may be detected.

However, the invention is not limited thereto, and in some other exemplary embodiments, the touch detection operation of the touch detector <NUM> may be variously changed.

Next, the operation of the touch control unit <NUM> related to the vibration area SA will be described.

The audio controller <NUM> receives audio data from, e.g., an external circuit and generates an audio signal As which is an electrical signal corresponding to the audio data. The audio controller <NUM> provides the generated audio signal As to the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> located in the vibration area SA. The audio signal As may be an AC signal. When the audio signal As is provided to the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may generate vibrations VR by repeating contraction and relaxation through the converse piezoelectric effect in response to the audio signal As. The vibrations VR generated by the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> are transmitted to the window <NUM>. Then, the window <NUM> vibrates up and down according to the vibrations VR, thereby outputting sound. That is, the window <NUM> itself functions as a diaphragm of a speaker to output sound.

Generally, the larger the size of a diaphragm of a speaker, the greater the intensity of pressure of sound output from the diaphragm, and the better the output characteristics of a low-frequency range of the sound. Therefore, the intensity of sound output through the window <NUM> and the output characteristics of the low-frequency range of the sound may be adjusted according to the area of the window <NUM>. In particular, since the size of a diaphragm of a typical speaker applied to a general display device is very small as compared with the area of the window <NUM>, the intensity of pressure or the output characteristics of the low-frequency range of the sound output from the display device <NUM> according to the exemplary embodiment which uses the window <NUM> as a diaphragm is superior to that of the sound output from the typical speaker.

In addition, since the display device <NUM> uses part of the window <NUM> as a diaphragm without including a speaker, the size of the display device <NUM> may be reduced, and the structure of the display device <NUM> may be simplified.

Furthermore, since the touch sensing member <NUM> of the display device <NUM> has both a touch function and a speaker function for audio output, the size of the display device <NUM> may be further reduced, and the structure of the display device <NUM> may be further simplified.

<FIG> are views for explaining another operation of the touch sensing member <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>. More specifically, <FIG> is a conceptual diagram for explaining a process in which the touch control unit <NUM> controls the touch sensing area TA and the vibration area SA of the touch sensing member <NUM>. <FIG> schematically illustrates a case where sound is generated in the structure of <FIG>. <FIG> schematically illustrates a process in which sound is generated in the structure of <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the touch control unit <NUM> according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment may operate either in a touch sensing mode for performing touch sensing and an audio output mode for performing audio output. When the touch control unit <NUM> operates in the touch sensing mode, the touch detector <NUM> of the touch control unit <NUM> may provide a driving signal Ds (refer to <FIG>) to the second touch electrode <NUM> which is the driving electrode, receive a sensing signal Vs generated by the first touch electrode <NUM> in response to a touch event TI, and detect touch information.

When the touch control unit <NUM> operates in the audio output mode, the audio controller <NUM> may generate an audio signal As1 and provide the generated audio signal As1 to the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM>. When the audio signal As1 is provided to the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM>, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may generate vibrations VR1 by repeating contraction and relaxation through the converse piezoelectric effect in response to the audio signal As1. The vibrations VR1 generated by the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> are transmitted to the window <NUM>. Then, the window <NUM> vibrates up and down according to the vibrations VR1, thereby outputting sound.

That is, according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the touch sensing area TA may function as a vibration element for audio output. That is, sound may be output from the display area DA. Thus, the size of the display area DA may be increased as compared with a case where a speaker element is provided. When the touch sensing area TA functions as a vibration element, the elements located in the vibration area SA may be omitted in some exemplary embodiments.

When the first electrode <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM> and the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> are provided in the vibration area SA and when the touch control unit <NUM> operates in the audio output mode, the audio controller <NUM> may also provide an audio signal As2 to the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>. Accordingly, the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may vibrate to generate vibrations VR2, and the window <NUM> may receive the vibrations VR2 and vibrate up and down to output sound.

In some exemplary embodiments, when the first electrode <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM> and the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> are provided in the vibration area SA and when the touch control unit <NUM> operates in the audio output mode, the audio controller <NUM> may provide different audio signals to the touch sensing area TA and the vibration area SA. Accordingly, the vibrations VR1 generated by the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be different from the vibrations VR2 generated by the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>. In addition, the window <NUM> corresponding to the touch sensing area TA and the window <NUM> corresponding to the vibration area SA may vibrate differently.

In an exemplary embodiment, when the touch control unit <NUM> operates in the audio output mode, the audio signal As1 provided to the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM> and the audio signal As2 provided to the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> may be different from each other, for example. Accordingly, the vibrations VR1 generated by the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> and the vibrations VR2 generated by the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be different from each other, and the window <NUM> corresponding to the touch sensing area TA and the window <NUM> corresponding to the vibration area SA may vibrate differently. In addition, the sound output from the window <NUM> corresponding to the touch detection area TA and the sound output from the window <NUM> corresponding to the vibration area SA may be different from each other. Accordingly, the window <NUM> may output sound in stereo.

As described above, the larger the size of a diaphragm of a speaker, the greater the intensity of pressure of sound output from the diaphragm, and the better the output characteristics of the low-frequency range of the sound. Since the touch detection area TA may be relatively larger than the vibration area SA, the window <NUM> corresponding to the touch detection area TA may be larger than the window <NUM> corresponding to the vibration area SA. That is, the sound output from the window <NUM> corresponding to the touch detection area TA may have relatively superior output characteristics in the low-frequency range. Therefore, when the touch control unit <NUM> operates in the audio output mode, the audio controller <NUM> may provide the audio signal As1 for outputting a relatively low-frequency sound to the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM> and provide an audio signal As2 for outputting a high-frequency sound or sounds other than the low-frequency sound to the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>.

<FIG> and <FIG> are cross-sectional views of a modified example of the structure illustrated in <FIG> and <FIG>, more specifically, a modified example of the touch sensing member <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, a touch sensing member 300a is different from the touch sensing member <NUM> (refer to <FIG> and <FIG>) in that an insulating layer 320a of the touch sensing member 300a is provided in the form of patterns, the insulating layer 320a is located on a first connection portion 331b, and the touch sensing member 300a further includes a base <NUM>. Other elements of the touch sensing member 300a are substantially identical or similar to those of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Thus, any redundant description will be omitted, and the differences will mainly be described.

First, elements located within the touch sensitive area TA will be described.

The base <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>. The base <NUM> may be an insulating substrate. Examples of the insulating substrate are substantially the same or similar to those of the base substrate <NUM> (refer to <FIG>) of the display panel <NUM> described above with reference to <FIG>, and thus a detailed description of the examples will be omitted.

First touch patterns 331a, second touch patterns 333a, and the first connection portion 331b are located on a surface of the base <NUM> which faces the window <NUM>.

Contact holes CNT which partially expose the second touch patterns 333a may be defined in the insulating layer 320a which is located on the first connection portion 331b. Examples of the material of the insulating layer 320a may be the same as those of the material of the insulating layer <NUM> described above with reference to <FIG>.

Unlike the insulating layer <NUM> described above with reference to <FIG>, the insulating layer 320a may be provided in the shape of island patterns. However, the invention is not limited to this case. In some exemplary embodiments, the insulating layer 320a may be disposed on the entire surface of the base <NUM> to cover the first touch patterns 331a and the second touch patterns 333a.

A second connection portion 333b may be located on the insulating layer 320a and may be connected to the second touch patterns 333a through the contact holes CNT.

A second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located on the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a and the second connection portion 333b, and the bonding layer <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be located on the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>.

Next, elements located within the vibration area SA will be described. A first electrode <NUM> and a second electrode <NUM> may be disposed on the base <NUM> to be spaced apart from each other. The first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> may be located in the same layer and include the same material as those of the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a and the first connection portion 331b, as described above.

A first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located on the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>. The bonding layer <NUM> may be located on the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>, and the window <NUM> may be located on the bonding layer <NUM>.

Although not illustrated in the drawings, in some exemplary embodiments, a bonding layer may further be located between the touch sensing member 300a and the display panel <NUM>. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the base <NUM> may be omitted. In this case, the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, the first connection portion 331b, the first electrode <NUM>, and the second electrode <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM>.

The operation of the touch sensing member 300a is substantially the same as that described above with reference to <FIG> and thus will not be described again.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, a touch sensing member 300b is different from the touch sensing member <NUM> (refer to <FIG> and <FIG>) in the stacking order of elements. Other elements of the touch sensing member 300b are substantially identical or similar to those of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Thus, any redundant description will be omitted, and the differences will mainly be described.

First, elements located within the touch sensing area TA will be described.

A second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>.

A second connection portion 333b is located on the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>, and an insulating layer <NUM> is located on the second connection portion 333b. In some exemplary embodiments, the insulating layer <NUM> may be disposed on the entire surface of the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> which faces the window <NUM>. Contact holes CNT which partially expose the second connection portion 333b may be defined in the insulating layer <NUM>.

First touch patterns 331a, second touch patterns 333a and a first connection portion 331b are located on the insulating layer <NUM>, and the second touch patterns 333a are connected to the second connection portion 333b through the contact holes CNT.

The bonding layer <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be located on the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, the first connection portion 331b, and the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>.

Next, elements located within the vibration area SA will be described. A first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>, and the insulating layer <NUM> may be located on the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>. In addition, a first electrode <NUM> and a second electrode <NUM> are located on the insulating layer <NUM> to be spaced apart from each other.

The bonding layer <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be located on the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>.

The operation of the touch sensing member 300b is substantially the same as that described above with reference to <FIG> and thus will not be described again.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, a touch sensing member 300c is different from the touch sensing member <NUM> (refer to <FIG> and <FIG>) in the form of an insulating layer 320a and the stacking order of elements. Other elements of the touch sensing member 300c are substantially identical or similar to those of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Thus, any redundant description will be omitted, and the differences will mainly be described.

First touch patterns 331a, second touch patterns 333a, and a first connection portion 331b are located on the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>.

The insulating layer 320a is located on the first connection portion 331b. In some exemplary embodiments, the insulating layer 320a may be in the form of island patterns and may include contact holes CNT which partially expose the second touch patterns 333a.

The bonding layer <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be located on the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, the insulating layer 320a, and the second connection portion 333b.

Next, elements located within the vibration area SA will be described. A first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>, and a first electrode <NUM> and a second electrode <NUM> are located on the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> to be spaced apart from each other.

The operation of the touch sensing member 300c is substantially the same as that described above with reference to <FIG> and thus will not be described again.

<FIG> and <FIG> are cross-sectional views of a modified example of the structure illustrated in <FIG> and <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, a touch sensing member 300d is different from the touch sensing member <NUM> (refer to <FIG> and <FIG>) in that the touch sensing member 300d may include a base <NUM>. In addition, the touch sensing member 300d is different from the touch sensing member <NUM> in the form of an insulating layer 320a and the stacking order of elements. Other elements of the touch sensing member 300d are substantially identical or similar to those of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Thus, any redundant description will be omitted, and the differences will mainly be described.

The base <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>.

First touch patterns 331a, second touch patterns 333a and a first connection portion 331b are located on a surface (or a lower surface) of the base <NUM> which faces the display panel <NUM>.

The insulating layer 320a is located under the first connection portion 331b. In some exemplary embodiments, the insulating layer 320a may be in the form of island patterns and may include contact holes CNT which partially expose the second touch patterns 333a.

A second connection portion 333b may be located under the insulating layer 320a and may be connected to the second touch patterns 333a through the contact holes CNT.

A second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located under the first touch patterns 331a, the second touch patterns 333a, the insulating layer 320a, and the second connection portion 333b. That is, the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located between the base <NUM> and the display panel <NUM>.

The bonding layer <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be located on the other surface (or an upper surface) of the base <NUM> which faces the window <NUM>.

Next, elements located within the vibration area SA will be described. A first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM> are located on the lower surface of the base <NUM> which faces the display panel <NUM>.

A first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> is located under the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>. That is, the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located between the base <NUM> and the display panel <NUM>.

The bonding layer <NUM> and the window <NUM> may be located on the upper surface of the base <NUM> which faces the window <NUM>.

The operation of the touch sensing member 300d is substantially the same as that described above with reference to <FIG> and thus will not be described again.

<FIG> is a plan view of a modified example of the structure illustrated in <FIG>. <FIG> is a plan view of a modified example of the structure illustrated in <FIG>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of a touch sensing member 300e and a display device taken along line X1-X2 of <FIG> and <FIG>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensing member 300e and the display device taken along line X1-X2 of <FIG> and <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the touch sensing member 300e is different from the touch sensing member <NUM> (refer to <FIG> and <FIG>) in that the touch sensing member 300e does not include a first connection portion and a second connection portion and that a first touch electrode <NUM> and a second touch electrode <NUM> are located on different layers. Other elements of the touch sensing member 300e are substantially identical or similar to those of the touch sensing member <NUM>. Thus, any redundant description will be omitted, and the differences will mainly be described.

A base <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>.

The second touch electrode <NUM> extending along the second direction x may be located on a surface (or a lower surface) of the base <NUM> which faces the window <NUM>.

A second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located on the surface of the base <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM>, and the first touch electrode <NUM> extending along the first direction y may be located on the second piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>. In addition, the bonding layer <NUM> may be located on the first touch electrode <NUM>, and the window <NUM> may be located on the bonding layer <NUM>. That is, in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first touch electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM> may be located on different layers.

Next, elements located within the vibration area SA will be described. The base <NUM> is located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>, and a first electrode <NUM> is located on the base <NUM>. The first electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM> may be located in the same layer and may include the same material. Examples of the material of the first electrode <NUM> and the second touch electrode <NUM> are as described above.

A first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM> may be located on the base <NUM> and the first electrode <NUM>.

A second electrode <NUM> may be located on the first piezoelectric polymer layer <NUM>. The second electrode <NUM> may be located in the same layer and include the same material as that of the first touch electrode <NUM>. Examples of the material of the second electrode <NUM> and the first touch electrode <NUM> are as described above.

The bonding layer <NUM> may be located on the second electrode <NUM>, and the window <NUM> may be located on the bonding layer <NUM>.

In some exemplary embodiments, the base <NUM> may be omitted. In this case, the second touch electrode <NUM> and the first electrode <NUM> may be located on the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display panel <NUM>. The operation of the touch sensing member 300e is substantially the same as that described above with reference to <FIG> and thus will not be described again.

According to embodiments, it is possible to provide a display device including a touch sensing member having an audio function.

Claim 1:
A display device (<NUM>) comprising
a display panel (<NUM>),
the display device (<NUM>) comprises
a touch sensing member (<NUM>) which is disposed on the display panel (<NUM>), the touch sensing member (<NUM>) comprises a touch sensing area (TA) and a peripheral area (NTA) around the touch sensing area (TA), wherein a vibration area (SA) is disposed in the peripheral area (NTA) and generating vibrations (VR) in response to a first audio signal (As1); and
a window (<NUM>) which is disposed on the touch sensing member (<NUM>) and outputs sound in response to the vibrations (VR) generated in the vibration area (SA),
characterized in that the vibration area (SA) of the touch sensing member (<NUM>) and the touch sensing area (TA) of the touch sensing member (<NUM>) are disposed between the display panel (<NUM>) and the window (<NUM>).