Patent Description:
With the trend of the energy development, storage batteries are widely applied to application requirements of diverse fields, and how to effectively manage and protect the use of storage batteries is one of the important researches and development focuses nowadays. However, the traditional battery management method mostly performs power management and protection on the single cell only, or only uses a specific battery connected in series or connected in parallel to monitor the battery, so that the effective battery management and protection for the battery application field of common high voltage battery packs cannot be performed.

In this regard, multiple cells are required for the high voltage battery packs to be connected in series to increase the terminal voltage of the battery packs to enable the high voltage battery packs to meet the rated voltage required by the load. Nonetheless, since there are slight differences between the cells due to internal resistance, thereby the terminal voltage of each cell is not exactly the same, and the capacity and internal resistance of each cell may be different. In this way, in the process of the charge movement of the battery packs during the charge and the discharge period, there is the possibility to cause the terminal voltage of a certain cell in the battery packs to exceed or be lower than the threshold voltage, but the traditional battery management system cannot perform the response based on instantaneous or accurate judgement of the battery state of each cell. Therefore, the safety and lifetime of the battery packs are often reduced.

<CIT> relates to a method for controlling parallel operation of a modular power conversion system (PCS) which controls the modular PCS in which a PCS power control device connects the PCS formed by a unit module in parallel. <CIT> relates to an apparatus and a method for estimating a charge state of a battery by using an extended Kalman filter.

The following disclosure serves a better understanding of the present invention. The disclosure provides a battery management system and a battery management method, which can accurately estimate multiple present battery powers of multiple battery packs.

A battery management system of the disclosure includes a temperature sampling circuit, multiple voltage measurement circuits, a current sampling circuit, and a microcontroller. The temperature sampling circuit is configured to obtain a temperature parameter of multiple battery packs. The voltage measurement circuits are respectively coupled to the battery packs and are configured to obtain multiple open circuit voltage parameters of the battery packs. The current sampling circuit is coupled to the battery packs and is configured to obtain a current parameter of the battery packs. The microcontroller is coupled to the voltage measurement circuits, the current sampling circuit, and the temperature sampling circuit. The microcontroller obtains multiple initial state-of-charge parameters of the battery packs according to the open circuit voltage parameters and the temperature parameter and respectively calculates multiple present battery powers of the battery packs according to the initial state-of-charge parameters, the temperature parameter, and the current parameter.

A battery management method of the disclosure includes the following steps: obtaining a temperature parameter of multiple battery packs through a temperature sampling circuit; obtaining multiple open circuit voltage parameters of the battery packs through multiple voltage measurement circuits; obtaining multiple initial state-of-charge parameters of the battery packs through a microcontroller according to the open circuit voltage parameters and the temperature parameter; obtaining a current parameter of the battery packs through a current sampling circuit; and respectively calculating multiple present battery powers of the battery packs through the microcontroller according to the initial state-of-charge parameters, the temperature parameter, and the current parameter.

Based on the above, the battery management system and the battery management method of the disclosure can accurately estimate the respective initial state of charge of the battery packs at the present battery temperature as the battery temperature changes, so that the present battery powers of the battery packs can be precisely calculated. In addition, the battery management system and the battery management method of the disclosure can keep updating the present battery powers of the battery packs to effectively achieve relevant battery protection mechanisms.

To make the aforementioned more comprehensible, several embodiments accompanied with drawings are described in detail as follows.

To provide a further understanding of the content of the disclosure, the following embodiments are used as examples based on which the disclosure may be realized. In addition, wherever possible, elements/components/steps with the same reference numeral in the drawings and embodiments represent the same or similar components.

<FIG> is a schematic view of a battery management system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to <FIG>, a battery management system <NUM> includes a microcontroller <NUM>, multiple voltage measurement circuits 120_1 to 120_N, a temperature sampling circuit <NUM>, a current sampling circuit <NUM>, and a protection circuit <NUM>, where N is a positive integer. The battery management system <NUM> may be disposed in a battery module <NUM> and may be coupled to (or may be electrically connected to) multiple battery packs 200_1 to 200_N to manage a battery state of the battery packs 200_1∼200_N. In the embodiment, the microcontroller <NUM> is coupled to the voltage measurement circuits 120_1 to 120_N, the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>, the current sampling circuit <NUM>, and the protection circuit <NUM>. The battery management system <NUM> is electrically connected between a load positive electrode <NUM> and a battery positive electrode <NUM> through a power line <NUM>, and is electrically connected between a load negative electrode <NUM> and a battery negative electrode <NUM> through a power line <NUM>. Besides, the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N may be coupled between the battery positive electrode <NUM> and the battery negative electrode <NUM>. In the embodiment, the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N may respectively include multiple aluminum-ion batteries connected in series, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N may respectively include, but are not limited to, multiple aluminum capacitances connected in series, or various aluminum energy storage devices such as solid or liquid (electrolytic) capacitors, batteries, or supercapacitors made from the aluminum material. The battery management system and the battery management method provided in each of the embodiments of the disclosure may be applicable to various aluminum energy storage devices. Even in another embodiment, the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N may be respectively storage batteries or capacitors made from other materials.

In the embodiment, the voltage measurement circuits 120_1 to 120_N are respectively coupled to the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N one by one to respectively perform voltage measurements on the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N. The temperature sampling circuit <NUM> may be disposed on or connected to a periphery of the adjacent battery packs 200_1 to 200_N or battery components to effectively sense a present battery temperature of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N. The current sampling circuit <NUM> may be coupled to the power line <NUM> and may measure a present current parameter of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N. In the embodiment, the current sampling circuit <NUM> may have a function of bidirectional current measurement. In particular, the current sampling circuit <NUM> may be adapted to the characteristics of an aluminum-ion battery (or other aluminum energy storage devices, such as solid or liquid (electrolytic) capacitors, batteries, or supercapacitors made from the aluminum material) such as a high coulombic efficiency and an instantaneous high-power output. The protection circuit <NUM> may be coupled to the power line <NUM>, and the microcontroller <NUM> may determine whether the power line <NUM> is conductive through controlling the protection circuit <NUM> to control whether the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N are to be charged or discharged.

<FIG> is a flow chart of a battery management method according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, the battery management system <NUM> may perform the following Steps S210 to S250 to effectively estimate battery powers of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N. In Step S210, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain a temperature parameter (a present temperature) of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>. In Step S220, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain multiple open circuit voltage (OCV) parameters (open circuit voltages at the present temperature) of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N through the voltage measurement circuits 120_1 to 120_N. In Step S230, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain multiple initial state-of-charge (SOC) parameters of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N according to the open circuit voltage parameters and the temperature parameter.

Referring to <FIG> together with <FIG> and <FIG>, <FIG> is a relationship graph of an initial state of charge and an open circuit voltage according to an embodiment of the disclosure. For example, the relationship between the state of charge and the open circuit voltage of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N may be non-linear due to different battery temperatures. The battery management system <NUM> may be pre-built in with battery parameter information (for example, stored in a storage unit of the battery management system <NUM> in a form of a look-up table) of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N corresponding to the different temperatures as shown in <FIG> may include relation curves <NUM> to <NUM> corresponding to the open circuit voltage and the state of charge, where the relation curves <NUM> to <NUM> may, for example, respectively correspond to temperatures of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>. Supposing that the present temperature of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N which may be obtained by the microcontroller <NUM> through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM> is <NUM>, and the open circuit voltage of a certain battery pack which may be obtained by the microcontroller <NUM> through a certain voltage measurement circuit is <NUM> volts, the microcontroller <NUM> may determine the initial state of charge of the certain battery pack as <NUM>% through the relation curve <NUM> in <FIG>. In other words, the microcontroller <NUM> may respectively obtain the corresponding initial state of charge according to the respective open circuit voltage of the battery packs 200_1∼200_N. Therefore, the microcontroller <NUM> may accurately estimate the respective initial state of charge of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N according to the open circuit voltage parameters changing with temperatures and the temperature parameter.

In Step S240, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain a current parameter of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N through the current sampling circuit <NUM>. In Step S250, the microcontroller <NUM> may respectively calculate multiple present battery powers (i.e., a present state of charge) of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N through the Coulomb counting method according to the initial state-of-charge parameters, the temperature parameter, and the current parameter. In this regard, referring to <FIG> altogether, <FIG> is a relationship graph of a state of charge and a direct current impedance according to an embodiment of the disclosure. For example, the relationship between the state of charge and the direct current impedance of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N may be non-linear due to different battery temperatures. The battery management system <NUM> may be pre-built in with battery parameter information (for example, stored in a storage unit of the battery management system <NUM> in a form of a look-up table) of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N corresponding to the different temperatures as shown in <FIG> may include relation curves <NUM> to <NUM> corresponding to the direct current impedance and the state of charge, where the relation curves <NUM> to <NUM> may, for example, respectively correspond to temperatures of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>. Supposing that the present temperature of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N which may be obtained by the microcontroller <NUM> through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM> is <NUM>, the microcontroller <NUM> may determine the direct current impedance of a certain battery pack as <NUM> ohm according to the present temperature (<NUM>) and the initial state of charge (<NUM>%) of the certain battery pack previously obtained through the relation curve <NUM> in <FIG>. In other words, the microcontroller <NUM> may respectively obtain the corresponding direct current impedance according to the respective initial state of charge of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N. Therefore, the battery management system <NUM> in the embodiment may accurately estimate the respective present battery powers (i.e., the present state of charge) of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N according to the initial state-of-charge parameters changing with temperatures and the direct current impedance.

Further specifically, when the microcontroller <NUM> obtains another temperature parameter of a next timepoint through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM> and the another temperature parameter is different from the temperature parameter of the previous timepoint, the microcontroller <NUM> may also update the initial state-of-charge parameters of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N according to another multiple open circuit voltage parameters corresponding to the another temperature parameter and another temperature parameter. Also, the microcontroller <NUM> may recalculate the present battery powers of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N according to the updated initial state-of-charge parameters. Therefore, the battery management system <NUM> in the embodiment may instantaneously revise the initial state-of-charge parameters as temperature changes over time to keep accurately estimating the respective present battery powers of the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N.

It is worth noting that the battery packs 200_1 to 200_N in the embodiment may obtain battery discharge parameters such as a pulse discharge internal resistance, a pulse charging internal resistance, and a battery total internal resistance under a predetermined depth of discharge (DOD) through the calculation of Ohm's law via a hybrid pulse power characterization test (HPPC) under different temperature conditions in advance, and may utilize the least squares method to fit experimental data. Then, various battery performance data parameters such as an Ohm's internal resistance, a polarized resistor capacitor, and the open circuit voltage may be obtained by feeding curve fitting parameters of each stage of HPPC into a curve fitting algorithm. In this regard, a set of mathematical state-prediction model applicable to the aluminum-ion battery (or other aluminum energy storage devices, such as solid or liquid (electrolytic) capacitors, batteries, or supercapacitors made from aluminum material) at the different temperatures may be constructed in the embodiment, and the state of charge of the battery may be precisely predicted by utilizing a matrix estimation manner to estimate a parameter result for observing the changing situation of the state of charge of the battery.

Further specifically, the state of charge of the battery in the embodiment may be estimated based on, for example, the open-circuit voltage method and the Coulomb counting method, and the prediction and correction for the state of charge are to be performed accordingly. In this regard, in the process of estimating the state of charge of the battery, a state-of-charge model prediction matrix may be configured to estimate the state of charge of the battery in the embodiment. Moreover, through monitoring the battery voltages, the currents, and the temperatures, the state of charge is to be estimated according to the battery at different discharging temperatures, currents, and voltages. The state matrix of the state of charge may take the state of charge of the battery and a potential difference of the battery as state variable factors for prediction and correction, and the state-of-charge factors may be obtained by a non-linear systemic discreteness of the battery and a linearized parameter. Therefore, a battery equivalence model, constructed by relevant battery data generated by the HPPC, with an estimation process of the matrix estimation method may be configured to estimate the state of charge of the battery in the embodiment.

In addition, the battery equivalence model may be established by battery characteristics of different temperatures. The battery equivalence model may be, for example, a two-phase RC equivalent circuit model, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. It is worth noting that the establishment of the battery equivalence model in the embodiment may further take the influence of an electrochemical corrosion polarization and an electrolytic concentration polarization into consideration.

<FIG> is a schematic view of a battery management system according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to <FIG>, a battery management system <NUM> includes a microcontroller <NUM>, multiple voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N, a temperature sampling circuit <NUM>, a current sampling circuit <NUM>, a protection circuit <NUM>, multiple balance circuits 560_1 to 560_N, and a voltage converter <NUM>. The battery management system <NUM> may be disposed in a battery module <NUM> and may be coupled to (electrically connected to) multiple battery packs 600_1 to 600_N to manage a battery state of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. In the embodiment, the microcontroller <NUM> is coupled to the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N, the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>, a sense resistor <NUM>, the protection circuit <NUM>, the balance circuits 560_1 to 560_N, and the voltage converter <NUM>. The battery management system <NUM> is electrically connected between a load positive electrode <NUM> and a battery positive electrode <NUM> by a power line <NUM>, and is electrically connected between a load negative electrode <NUM> and a battery negative electrode <NUM> by a power line <NUM>. Besides, the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may be coupled between the battery positive electrode <NUM> and the battery negative electrode <NUM>. In the embodiment, the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may respectively include multiple batteries C1_1 to CN_M connected in series, where N and M are positive integers, and the batteries C1_1 to CN_M are respectively single cells.

In the embodiment, the microcontroller <NUM> of the battery management system <NUM> may adopt a serial peripheral interface (SPI) to achieve a communication with the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N and a load device coupled to the load positive electrode <NUM> and the load negative electrode <NUM>. Also, the microcontroller <NUM> of the battery management system <NUM> may be connected to an external computer equipment through a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) to enable the external computer equipment to record a firmware into the microcontroller <NUM>. Besides, the external computer equipment may output instantaneous battery power information to a human machine interface through the UART to achieve a display and/or a recording function of the battery information. Nonetheless, the communication interface that may be adopted by the battery management system <NUM> in the disclosure is not limited to the above. In another embodiment, for example, an inter-integrated circuit (I2C), a controller area network (CAN), or other types of the communication interfaces may be adopted to achieve the connection interface or an outward connection interface between internal units of the battery management system <NUM>.

In the embodiment, the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N are respectively coupled to the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N one by one. The voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may be respectively an analog front end (AFE) unit. The voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may respectively include a battery monitor and a signal capturing unit. The respective signal capturing unit of the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may instantaneously capture multiple voltage signals of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N, and the voltage parameters of the voltage signals may be monitored through the battery monitor to respectively judge whether the battery packs 600_1~600_N have occurred an overvoltage event or a low voltage event. The voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may, for example, respectively detect <NUM> single cells connect in series (i.e., M=<NUM>). Furthermore, the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may be isolated from each other by a micro-transformer and may be connected to each other by a daisy chain. In this regard, the number of the circuits which may be stacked by the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may be, for example, <NUM> (i.e., N=<NUM>). In other words, the maximum number of the batteries managed under the framework may reach <NUM> units of series, and, for example, a wide range of <NUM> to <NUM> volts (V) for a voltage measurement function of a cell terminal may be provided.

In the embodiment, the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may respectively include a SPI module and an isolated (iso) SPI module. The voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may be respectively connected to the microcontroller <NUM> through the individual SPI module, and the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may further be respectively connected to each other through the individual isolated (iso) SPI module to achieve a synchronous control function (such as a battery balance control). In the embodiment, the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N may further respectively include a random access memory register (RAM register) configured to store related voltage sensing results or related control commands. In the embodiment, the balance circuits 560_1 to 560_N are respectively coupled to the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N one by one. The microcontroller <NUM> may include a battery balance control module and may receive the voltage measurement results of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N provided by the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N to judge whether the balance circuits 560_1 to 560_N are configured to balance battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

In the embodiment, the current sampling circuit <NUM> may include the sense resistor <NUM> and a sampling circuit <NUM>. The sense resistor <NUM> may be coupled to the power line <NUM> in series to enable the sampling circuit <NUM> to calculate the current parameter flowing through the power line <NUM> through sampling a voltage change on the sense resistor <NUM>. However, in another embodiment, the current sampling circuit <NUM> may also be implemented by a Hall element. In the embodiment, the microcontroller <NUM> may include a system on a chip (SOC) counter and may receive current measurement results of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N provided by the sampling circuit <NUM> to calculate the battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

In the embodiment, the protection circuit <NUM> may include switching transistors <NUM> and <NUM> and diodes <NUM> and <NUM>. The switching transistors <NUM> and <NUM> may be respectively a p-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), but the disclosure is not limited thereto. A first terminal of the switching transistor <NUM> is coupled to a battery positive electrode <NUM> and a negative pole of the diode <NUM>, and a second terminal of the switching transistor <NUM> is coupled to a first terminal of the switching transistor <NUM>, a positive pole of the diode <NUM>, and a positive pole of the diode <NUM>. The first terminal of the switching transistor <NUM> is coupled to the positive pole of the diode <NUM> and the positive pole of the diode <NUM>, and a second terminal of the switching transistor <NUM> is coupled to the load positive electrode <NUM> and a negative pole of the diode <NUM>.

In the embodiment, when the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are in a normal state, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> and the switching transistor <NUM> to be in a conduction state to enable the switching transistor <NUM> and the switching transistor <NUM> to form a discharge loop and/or a charge loop. In this way, a discharge current received by the battery positive electrode <NUM> from the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may be provided to the load positive electrode <NUM> through the switching transistor <NUM> and the switching transistor <NUM>, that is, the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may be allowed to discharge to the load device. The load positive electrode <NUM> may provide a charge current to the battery positive electrode <NUM> through the switching transistor <NUM> and the switching transistor <NUM>, that is, the load device may be allowed to charge the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

In the embodiment, when the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are in an over-discharge state due to an abnormal discharge, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> to be in a non-conduction state to close the discharge loop. At this moment, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> to maintain the conduction state. In this way, the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may not be discharged to the load device, but the load device may be allowed to charge the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. The charge current received by the load positive electrode <NUM> from the load device may be provided to the battery positive electrode <NUM> through the switching transistor <NUM> and the diode <NUM> to charge the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. Until when the battery voltages are raised to a low voltage resetting value, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> to return to the conduction state to enable the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N to discharge to the load device again.

In the embodiment, when the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are in an over-charge state due to the occurrence of the over charge, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> to be in the non-conduction state to close the charge loop. At this moment, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> to maintain the conduction state. In this way, the load device does not charge the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N, but the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may be allowed to discharge to the load device. The discharge current of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may be provided to the load positive electrode <NUM> via the battery positive electrode <NUM>, the switching transistor <NUM>, and the diode <NUM> for discharge. Until when the battery voltages decline to a high voltage resetting value, the microcontroller <NUM> may control the switching transistor <NUM> to return to the conduction state to enable the load device to charge the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N again.

In the embodiment, the microcontroller <NUM> may include a protection control circuit and a transistor driver. The transistor driver may output two control signals to respective control terminals of the switching transistor <NUM> and the switching transistor <NUM>. In this regard, the protection control circuit may judge whether an abnormal event occurs according to the voltage measurement results, a temperature measurement result, and the current measurement result of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N respectively provided by the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N, the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>, and the sampling circuit <NUM> to conduct or close the loop through operating the switching transistor <NUM> and the switching transistor <NUM> by the transistor driver.

In the embodiment, the voltage converter <NUM> may be a direct current to direct current converter (DC to DC converter) to provide a direct-current voltage conversion function. The voltage converter <NUM> is coupled to the power line <NUM> and may obtain direct-current voltage signals provided by the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. The voltage converter <NUM> may convert the direct-current voltage signals into power voltages that may drive the microcontroller <NUM> and may provide the power voltages to the microcontroller <NUM>. Moreover, in another embodiment, the microcontroller <NUM> may further include, for example, a SPI interface module and a pre-charge module. The microcontroller <NUM> may be connected to other functional circuits and an external load device through the SPI interface module. The microcontroller <NUM> may pre-charge the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N through the pre-charge module.

<FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG> are flow charts of a battery management method according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to <FIG>, <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG>, the battery management system <NUM> may perform the following Steps S601 to S643 to achieve the battery management and protection functions. It is worth noting that the microcontroller <NUM> may record data with multiple flags to indicate present operating state of the battery and may update the present battery state to the load device. The load device may determine to perform corresponding operation on the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N according to the present battery state, and when the corresponding operation is completed, the load device (or the microcontroller <NUM> automatically updates) may update the data with the flags recorded by the microcontroller <NUM>.

In Step S601, the microcontroller <NUM> initializes system settings to load related control commands and protection parameters. In Step S602, the microcontroller <NUM> performs the measurement of the initial state of charge to obtain the respective initial state-of-charge parameters of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N according to the respective open circuit voltage parameters of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. In Step S603, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain a temperature parameter of the battery packs 600_1~600_N through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>. In Step S604, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain the voltage parameters of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N through the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N. In Step S605, the microcontroller <NUM> may obtain a current parameter of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N through the current sampling circuit <NUM>. In Step S606, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge a current direction on the power line <NUM> through the current sampling circuit <NUM> to judge whether the present operating state of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N is a charge mode, a discharge mode, or a static mode. In Step S607, the microcontroller <NUM> may calculate present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N according to the temperature parameter, the voltage parameters, and the current parameter. In this regard, the calculation method of the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N may be referred to the description of the above-mentioned embodiments in <FIG>, so there is no repetition here.

In Step S608, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether an abnormal temperature occurs through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>. If the abnormal temperature occurs, then in Step S609, the microcontroller <NUM> may set a temperature flag as abnormal. In Step S610, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to break the charge/discharge loop. In Step S618, the microcontroller <NUM> may automatically check the system or remind a user to check the battery module <NUM> by means. In Step S611, the microcontroller <NUM> may send the present battery state to the load device to enable the load device to perform the corresponding operation according to the present battery state. Next, the microcontroller <NUM> may perform Step S603 and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N via Steps S603-S607.

If the abnormal temperature does not occur, in Step S612, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether an overcurrent event has occurred through the current sampling circuit <NUM>. If the overcurrent event has occurred, then in Step S613, the microcontroller <NUM> judges the current direction. If the present operation of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N is in the charge mode, then in Step S614, the microcontroller <NUM> may set a charge flag as an abnormal current. In Step S615, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to break the charge loop. Relatively, if the present operation of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N is in the discharge mode, then in Step S616, the microcontroller <NUM> may set a discharge flag as the abnormal current. In Step S617, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to break the discharge loop. Next, the microcontroller <NUM> may perform S618, S611, and S603-S607 to recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the overcurrent event has not occurred, in Step S619, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the overvoltage event has occurred through the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N. If the overvoltage event has occurred in at least one of the present battery packs 600_1 to 600_N, then in Step S620, the microcontroller <NUM> may set the charge flag as an abnormal voltage. In Step S621, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to break the charge loop. In Step S622, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate at least one of the corresponding balance circuits 560_1 to 560_N to perform a battery balance. Next, the controller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the overvoltage event has not occurred, in Step S623, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the low voltage event has occurred through the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N. If the low voltage event occurs in the at least one of the present battery packs 600_1 to 600_N, then in Step S624, the microcontroller <NUM> may set the discharge flag as the abnormal voltage. In Step S625, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to break the discharge loop. In Step S626, the microcontroller <NUM> may correct the initial state-of-charge parameters due to an excessive discharge of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. Next, the controller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the low voltage event has not occurred, in Step S627 and Step S628, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the charge reaches a cut-off voltage and/or a cut-off current through the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N and the current sampling circuit <NUM>. If the charge reaches the cut-off voltage and the cut-off current, then in Step S629, the microcontroller <NUM> may set the charge flag as a completion of the charge. In Step S630, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to break the charge loop. Next, the controller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the charge does not reach the cut-off voltage or the cut-off current, in Step S631, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are left static for a predetermined time duration (for example, <NUM> hours). If the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are left static for the predetermined time duration, in Step S632, the microcontroller <NUM> may correct the initial state-of-charge parameters. Next, the controller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are not left static for the predetermined time duration, in Step S633, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the temperature of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N reaches a temperature resetting value through the temperature sampling circuit <NUM>. If the temperature of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N reaches the temperature resetting value, then the microcontroller <NUM> may set the temperature flag as a normal temperature. In Step S635, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether a current flag is abnormal. If so, the microcontroller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N. If the temperature of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N does not reach the temperature resetting value, then the microcontroller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the current flag is not abnormal, then in Step S636, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the battery balance is to be performed. If the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N are performing the battery balance, then in Step S637, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the voltages of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N reach a high voltage resetting value through the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N. If the voltages of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N reach the high voltage resetting value, then in Step S638, the microcontroller <NUM> may set the charge flag as a normal voltage. In Step S639, the microcontroller <NUM> may end the battery balance operation. In Step S643, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to reset the charge loop (may continue to charge). Next, the microcontroller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N.

If the voltages of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N do not reach the high voltage resetting value, then in Step S640, the microcontroller <NUM> may judge whether the voltages of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N reach a low voltage resetting value through the voltage measurement circuits 520_1 to 520_N. If the voltages of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N reach the low voltage resetting value, then in Step S641, the microcontroller <NUM> may set the discharge flag as the normal voltage. In Step S642, the microcontroller <NUM> may operate the protection circuit <NUM> to reset the discharge loop (may continue to discharge). If the voltages of the battery packs 600_1 to 600_N do not reach the low voltage resetting value, the microcontroller <NUM> may perform S611, S603-S607 to notify the load device to perform the corresponding operation and may recursively update the present battery powers of the battery packs 600_1∼600_N.

Claim 1:
A battery management system (<NUM>, <NUM>), comprising:
a temperature sampling circuit (<NUM>, <NUM>), configured to obtain a temperature parameter of a plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N);
a plurality of voltage measurement circuits (120_1 to 120_N, 520_1 to 520_N), configured to be respectively coupled to the plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N) and configured to obtain a plurality of open circuit voltage parameters of the plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N);
a current sampling circuit (<NUM>, <NUM>), configured to be coupled to the plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N) and configured to obtain a current parameter of the plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N); and
a microcontroller (<NUM>, <NUM>), coupled to the voltage measurement circuits (120_1 to 120_N, 520_1 to 520_N), the current sampling circuit (<NUM>, <NUM>), and the temperature sampling circuit (<NUM>, <NUM>),
wherein the microcontroller (<NUM>, <NUM>) is configured to obtain a plurality of initial state-of-charge parameters of the plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N) according to the open circuit voltage parameters and the temperature parameter,
characterized in that the microcontroller (<NUM>, <NUM>) is respectively configured to calculate a plurality of present battery powers of the plurality of battery packs (200_1 to 200_N, 600_1 to 600_N) according to the initial state-of-charge parameters, the temperature parameter, and the current parameter.