Patent Description:
<CIT> describes a multibeam diffraction grating-based backlight which includes a light guide and a multibeam diffraction grating at a surface of the light guide. <CIT> describes a display device which has a first backlight device for generating illumination in the form of a set of spaced lines. <CIT> and <CIT> each describe devices comprising rectangular light guide plates having light-exiting surfaces which comprise pixels of different nanometer grating orientations.

Embodiments in accordance with the invention described herein provide a multiview display comprising a multiview backlight as defined by claim <NUM>. In particular, embodiments consistent with the principles described herein provide a multiview backlight employing multibeam elements configured to provide light beams having a plurality of different principal angular directions. Further, according to various embodiments, the multibeam elements are sized relative to sub-pixels of a multiview pixel in a multiview display, and may also be spaced apart from one another in a manner corresponding to a spacing of multiview pixels in the multiview display. The different principal angular directions of the light beams provided by the multibeam elements of the multiview backlight correspond to different directions of various different views of the multiview display, according to various embodiments.

Herein, a 'multiview display' is defined as an electronic display or display system configured to provide different views of a multiview image in different view directions. <FIG> illustrates a perspective view of a multiview display <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated in <FIG>, the multiview display <NUM> comprises a screen <NUM> to display a multiview image to be viewed. The multiview display <NUM> provides different views <NUM> of the multiview image in different view directions <NUM> relative to the screen <NUM>. The view directions <NUM> are illustrated as arrows extending from the screen <NUM> in various different principal angular directions; the different views <NUM> are illustrated as shaded polygonal boxes at the termination of the arrows (i.e., depicting the view directions <NUM>); and only four views <NUM> and four view directions <NUM> are illustrated, all by way of example and not limitation. Note that while the different views <NUM> are illustrated in <FIG> as being above the screen, the views <NUM> actually appear on or in a vicinity of the screen <NUM> when the multiview image is displayed on the multiview display <NUM>. Depicting the views <NUM> above the screen <NUM> is only for simplicity of illustration and is meant to represent viewing the multiview display <NUM> from a respective one of the view directions <NUM> corresponding to a particular view <NUM>.

A view direction or equivalently a light beam having a direction corresponding to a view direction of a multiview display generally has a principal angular direction given by angular components {θ, φ}, by definition herein. The angular component θ is referred to herein as the 'elevation component' or 'elevation angle' of the light beam. The angular component φ is referred to as the 'azimuth component' or 'azimuth angle' of the light beam. By definition, the elevation angle θ is an angle in a vertical plane (e.g., perpendicular to a plane of the multiview display screen while the azimuth angle φ is an angle in a horizontal plane (e.g., parallel to the multiview display screen plane). <FIG> illustrates a graphical representation of the angular components {θ, φ} of a light beam <NUM> having a particular principal angular direction corresponding to a view direction (e.g., view direction <NUM> in <FIG>) of a multiview display in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. In addition, the light beam <NUM> is emitted or emanates from a particular point, by definition herein. That is, by definition, the light beam <NUM> has a central ray associated with a particular point of origin within the multiview display. <FIG> also illustrates the light beam (or view direction) point of origin O.

Further herein, the term 'multiview' as used in the terms 'multiview image' and 'multiview display' is defined as a plurality of views representing different perspectives or including angular disparity between views of the view plurality. In addition, herein the term 'multiview' explicitly includes more than two different views (i.e., a minimum of three views and generally more than three views), by definition herein. As such, 'multiview display' as employed herein is explicitly distinguished from a stereoscopic display that includes only two different views to represent a scene or an image. Note however, while multiview images and multiview displays include more than two views, by definition herein, multiview images may be viewed (e.g., on a multiview display) as a stereoscopic pair of images by selecting only two of the multiview views to view at a time (e.g., one view per eye).

A 'multiview pixel' is defined herein as a set of sub-pixels representing 'view' pixels in each of a similar plurality of different views of a multiview display. In particular, a multiview pixel may have an individual sub-pixel corresponding to or representing a view pixel in each of the different views of the multiview image. Moreover, the sub-pixels of the multiview pixel are so-called 'directional pixels' in that each of the sub-pixels is associated with a predetermined view direction of a corresponding one of the different views, by definition herein. Further, according to various examples and embodiments, the different view pixels represented by the sub-pixels of a multiview pixel may have equivalent or at least substantially similar locations or coordinates in each of the different views. For example, a first multiview pixel may have individual sub-pixels corresponding to view pixels located at {x<NUM>, y<NUM>} in each of the different views of a multiview image, while a second multiview pixel may have individual sub-pixels corresponding to view pixels located at {x<NUM>, y<NUM>} in each of the different views, and so on.

In some embodiments, a number of sub-pixels in a multiview pixel may be equal to a number of views of the multiview display. For example, the multiview pixel may provide sixty-four (<NUM>) sub-pixels in associated with a multiview display having <NUM> different views. In another example, the multiview display may provide an eight by four array of views (i.e., <NUM> views) and the multiview pixel may include thirty-two <NUM> sub-pixels (i.e., one for each view). Additionally, each different sub-pixel may have an associated direction (e.g., light beam principal angular direction) that corresponds to a different one of the view directions corresponding to the <NUM> different views, for example. Further, according to some embodiments, a number of multiview pixels of the multiview display may be substantially equal to a number of 'view' pixels (i.e., pixels that make up a selected view) in the multiview display views. For example, if a view includes six hundred forty by four hundred eighty view pixels (i.e., a <NUM> x <NUM> view resolution), the multiview display may have three hundred seven thousand two hundred (<NUM>,<NUM>) multiview pixels. In another example, when the views include one hundred by one hundred pixels, the multiview display may include a total of ten thousand (i.e., <NUM> x <NUM> = <NUM>,<NUM>) multiview pixels.

Herein, a 'light guide' is defined as a structure that guides light within the structure using total internal reflection. In particular, the light guide may include a core that is substantially transparent at an operational wavelength of the light guide. In various examples, the term 'light guide' generally refers to a dielectric optical waveguide that employs total internal reflection to guide light at an interface between a dielectric material of the light guide and a material or medium that surrounds that light guide. By definition, a condition for total internal reflection is that a refractive index of the light guide is greater than a refractive index of a surrounding medium adjacent to a surface of the light guide material. In some embodiments, the light guide may include a coating in addition to or instead of the aforementioned refractive index difference to further facilitate the total internal reflection. The coating may be a reflective coating, for example. The light guide may be any of several light guides including, but not limited to, one or both of a plate or slab guide and a strip guide.

Further herein, the term 'plate' when applied to a light guide as in a 'plate light guide' is defined as a piece-wise or differentially planar layer or sheet, which is sometimes referred to as a 'slab' guide. In particular, a plate light guide is defined as a light guide configured to guide light in two substantially orthogonal directions bounded by a top surface and a bottom surface (i.e., opposite surfaces) of the light guide. Further, by definition herein, the top and bottom surfaces are both separated from one another and may be substantially parallel to one another in at least a differential sense. That is, within any differentially small section of the plate light guide, the top and bottom surfaces are substantially parallel or co-planar.

In some embodiments, the plate light guide may be substantially flat (i.e., confined to a plane) and therefore, the plate light guide is a planar light guide. In other embodiments, the plate light guide may be curved in one or two orthogonal dimensions. For example, the plate light guide may be curved in a single dimension to form a cylindrical shaped plate light guide. However, any curvature has a radius of curvature sufficiently large to insure that total internal reflection is maintained within the plate light guide to guide light.

Herein, a 'diffraction grating' is generally defined as a plurality of features (i.e., diffractive features) arranged to provide diffraction of light incident on the diffraction grating. The plurality of features may be arranged in a periodic or, not according to claimed invention, in a quasi-periodic manner. For example, the diffraction grating may include a plurality of features (e.g., a plurality of grooves or ridges in a material surface) arranged in a one-dimensional (1D) array. In other examples, the diffraction grating may be a two-dimensional (2D) array of features. The diffraction grating may be a 2D array of bumps on or holes in a material surface, for example.

As such, and by definition herein, the 'diffraction grating' is a structure that provides diffraction of light incident on the diffraction grating. If the light is incident on the diffraction grating from a light guide, the provided diffraction or diffractive scattering may result in, and thus be referred to as, 'diffractive coupling' in that the diffraction grating may couple light out of the light guide by diffraction. The diffraction grating also redirects or changes an angle of the light by diffraction (i.e., at a diffractive angle). In particular, as a result of diffraction, light leaving the diffraction grating generally has a different propagation direction than a propagation direction of the light incident on the diffraction grating (i.e., incident light). The change in the propagation direction of the light by diffraction is referred to as 'diffractive redirection' herein. Hence, the diffraction grating may be understood to be a structure including diffractive features that diffractively redirects light incident on the diffraction grating and, if the light is incident from a light guide, the diffraction grating may also diffractively couple out the light from the light guide.

Further, by definition herein, the features of a diffraction grating are referred to as 'diffractive features' and may be one or more of at, in and on a material surface (i.e., a boundary between two materials). The surface may be a surface of a light guide, for example. The diffractive features may include any of a variety of structures that diffract light including, but not limited to, one or more of grooves, ridges, holes and bumps at, in or on the surface. For example, the diffraction grating may include a plurality of substantially parallel grooves in the material surface. In another example, the diffraction grating may include a plurality of parallel ridges rising out of the material surface. The diffractive features (e.g., grooves, ridges, holes, bumps, etc.) may have any of a variety of cross sectional shapes or profiles that provide diffraction including, but not limited to, one or more of a sinusoidal profile, a rectangular profile (e.g., a binary diffraction grating), a triangular profile and a saw tooth profile (e.g., a blazed grating).

According to various examples described herein, a uniform diffraction grating (e.g., a diffraction grating of a multibeam element, as described below) may be employed to diffractively scatter or couple light out of a light guide (e.g., a plate light guide) as a light beam. In particular, a diffraction angle θm of or provided by a locally periodic diffraction grating may be given by equation (<NUM>) as: <MAT> where λ is a wavelength of the light, m is a diffraction order, n is an index of refraction of a light guide, d is a distance or spacing between features of the diffraction grating, θi is an angle of incidence of light on the diffraction grating. For simplicity, equation (<NUM>) assumes that the diffraction grating is adjacent to a surface of the light guide and a refractive index of a material outside of the light guide is equal to one (i.e., nout = <NUM>). In general, the diffraction order m is given by an integer. A diffraction angle θm of a light beam produced by the diffraction grating may be given by equation (<NUM>) where the diffraction order is positive (e.g., m > <NUM>). For example, first-order diffraction is provided when the diffraction order m is equal to one (i.e., m = <NUM>).

<FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a diffraction grating <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. For example, the diffraction grating <NUM> may be located on a surface of a light guide <NUM>. In addition, <FIG> illustrates a light beam <NUM> incident on the diffraction grating <NUM> at an incident angle θi. The light beam <NUM> is a guided light beam within the light guide <NUM>. Also illustrated in <FIG> is a coupled-out light beam <NUM> diffractively produced and coupled-out by the diffraction grating <NUM> as a result of diffraction of the incident light beam <NUM>. The coupled-out light beam <NUM> has a diffraction angle θm (or 'principal angular direction' herein) as given by equation (<NUM>). The coupled-out light beam <NUM> may correspond to a diffraction order 'm' of the diffraction grating <NUM>, for example.

By definition herein, a 'multibeam element' is a structure or element of a backlight or a display that produces light that includes a plurality of light beams. In some embodiments, the multibeam element may be optically coupled to a light guide of a backlight to provide the light beams by coupling out a portion of light guided in the light guide. In other embodiments, the multibeam element may generate light emitted as the light beams (e.g., may comprise a light source). Further, the light beams of the plurality of light beams produced by a multibeam element have different principal angular directions from one another, by definition herein. In particular, by definition, a light beam of the plurality has a predetermined principal angular direction that is different from another light beam of the light beam plurality. Furthermore, the light beam plurality may represent a light field. For example, the light beam plurality may be confined to a substantially conical region of space or have a predetermined angular spread that includes the different principal angular directions of the light beams in the light beam plurality. As such, the predetermined angular spread of the light beams in combination (i.e., the light beam plurality) may represent the light field. According to various embodiments, the different principal angular directions of the various light beams are determined by a characteristic including, but not limited to, a size (e.g., length, width, area, etc.) of the multibeam element. In some embodiments, the multibeam element may be considered an 'extended point light source', i.e., a plurality of point light sources distributed across an extent of the multibeam element, by definition herein. Further, a light beam produced by the multibeam element has a principal angular direction given by angular components {θ, φ}, by definition herein, and as described above with respect to <FIG>.

Herein a 'collimator' is defined as substantially any optical device or apparatus that is configured to collimate light. For example, a collimator may include, but is not limited to, a collimating mirror or reflector, a collimating lens, and various combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the collimator comprising a collimating reflector may have a reflecting surface characterized by a parabolic curve or shape. In another example, the collimating reflector may comprise a shaped parabolic reflector. By 'shaped parabolic' it is meant that a curved reflecting surface of the shaped parabolic reflector deviates from a 'true' parabolic curve in a manner determined to achieve a predetermined reflection characteristic (e.g., a degree of collimation). Similarly, a collimating lens may comprise a spherically shaped surface (e.g., a biconvex spherical lens).

In some embodiments, the collimator may be a continuous reflector or a continuous lens (i.e., a reflector or lens having a substantially smooth, continuous surface). In other embodiments, the collimating reflector or the collimating lens may comprise a substantially discontinuous surface such as, but not limited to, a Fresnel reflector or a Fresnel lens that provides light collimation. According to various embodiments, an amount of collimation provided by the collimator may vary in a predetermined degree or amount from one embodiment to another. Further, the collimator may be configured to provide collimation in one or both of two orthogonal directions (e.g., a vertical direction and a horizontal direction). That is, the collimator may include a shape in one or both of two orthogonal directions that provides light collimation, according to some embodiments.

Herein, a 'collimation factor' is defined as a degree to which light is collimated. In particular, a collimation factor defines an angular spread of light rays within a collimated beam of light, by definition herein. For example, a collimation factor σ may specify that a majority of light rays in a beam of collimated light is within a particular angular spread (e.g., +/- σ degrees about a central or principal angular direction of the collimated light beam). The light rays of the collimated light beam may have a Gaussian distribution in terms of angle and the angular spread be an angle determined by at one-half of a peak intensity of the collimated light beam, according to some examples.

Herein, a 'light source' is defined as a source of light (e.g., an optical emitter configured to produce and emit light). For example, the light source may comprise an optical emitter such as a light emitting diode (LED) that emits light when activated or turned on. In particular, herein the light source may be substantially any source of light or comprise substantially any optical emitter including, but not limited to, one or more of a light emitting diode (LED), a laser, an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a polymer light emitting diode, a plasma-based optical emitter, a fluorescent lamp, an incandescent lamp, and virtually any other source of light. The light produced by the light source may have a color (i.e., may include a particular wavelength of light), or may be a range of wavelengths (e.g., white light). In some embodiments, the light source may comprise a plurality of optical emitters. For example, the light source may include a set or group of optical emitters in which at least one of the optical emitters produces light having a color, or equivalently a wavelength, that differs from a color or wavelength of light produced by at least one other optical emitter of the set or group. The different colors may include primary colors (e.g., red, green, blue) for example.

Further, as used herein, the article 'a' is intended to have its ordinary meaning in the patent arts, namely 'one or more'. For example, 'a multibeam element' means one or more multibeam elements and as such, 'the multibeam element' means 'the multibeam element(s)' herein. Also, any reference herein to 'top', 'bottom', 'upper', 'lower', 'up', 'down', 'front', back', 'first', 'second', 'left' or 'right' is not intended to be a limitation herein. Herein, the term 'about' when applied to a value generally means within the tolerance range of the equipment used to produce the value, or may mean plus or minus <NUM>%, or plus or minus <NUM>%, or plus or minus <NUM>%, unless otherwise expressly specified. Further, the term 'substantially' as used herein means a majority, or almost all, or all, or an amount within a range of about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%. Moreover, examples herein are intended to be illustrative only and are presented for discussion purposes and not by way of limitation.

According to the invention, a multiview backlight is provided. <FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a multiview backlight <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. <FIG> illustrates a plan view of a multiview backlight <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. <FIG> illustrates a perspective view of a multiview backlight <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. The perspective view in <FIG> is illustrated with a partial cut-away to facilitate discussion herein only.

The multiview backlight <NUM> illustrated in <FIG> is configured to provide a plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM> having different principal angular directions from one another (e.g., as a light field). In particular, the provided plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM> are directed away from the multiview backlight <NUM> in different principal angular directions corresponding to respective view directions of a multiview display, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the coupled-out light beams <NUM> may be modulated (e.g., using light valves, as described below) to facilitate the display of information having 3D content.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the multiview backlight <NUM> comprises a light guide <NUM>. The light guide <NUM> may be a plate light guide <NUM>, according to some embodiments. The light guide <NUM> is configured to guide light along a length of the light guide <NUM> as guided light <NUM>. For example, the light guide <NUM> may include a dielectric material configured as an optical waveguide. The dielectric material may have a first refractive index that is greater than a second refractive index of a medium surrounding the dielectric optical waveguide. The difference in refractive indices is configured to facilitate total internal reflection of the guided light <NUM> according to one or more guided modes of the light guide <NUM>, for example.

In some embodiments, the light guide <NUM> may be a slab or plate optical waveguide comprising an extended, substantially planar sheet of optically transparent, dielectric material. The substantially planar sheet of dielectric material is configured to guide the guided light beam <NUM> using total internal reflection. According to various examples, the optically transparent material of the light guide <NUM> may include or be made up of any of a variety of dielectric materials including, but not limited to, one or more of various types of glass (e.g., silica glass, alkali-aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, etc.) and substantially optically transparent plastics or polymers (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate) or 'acrylic glass', polycarbonate, etc.). In some examples, the light guide <NUM> may further include a cladding layer (not illustrated) on at least a portion of a surface (e.g., one or both of the top surface and the bottom surface) of the light guide <NUM>. The cladding layer may be used to further facilitate total internal reflection, according to some examples.

Further, according to some embodiments, the light guide <NUM> is configured to guide the guided light beam <NUM> according to total internal reflection at a non-zero propagation angle between a first surface <NUM>' (e.g., 'front' surface or side) and a second surface <NUM>" (e.g., 'back' surface or side) of the light guide <NUM>. In particular, the guided light beam <NUM> propagates by reflecting or 'bouncing' between the first surface <NUM>' and the second surface <NUM>" of the light guide <NUM> at the non-zero propagation angle. In some embodiments, a plurality of guided light beams <NUM> comprising different colors of light may be guided by the light guide <NUM> at respective ones of different color-specific, non-zero propagation angles. Note, the non-zero propagation angle is not illustrated in <FIG> for simplicity of illustration. However, a bold arrow depicting a propagation direction <NUM> illustrates a general propagation direction of the guided light <NUM> along the light guide length in <FIG>.

As defined herein, a 'non-zero propagation angle' is an angle relative to a surface (e.g., the first surface <NUM>' or the second surface <NUM>") of the light guide <NUM>. Further, the non-zero propagation angle is both greater than zero and less than a critical angle of total internal reflection within the light guide <NUM>, according to various embodiments. For example, the non-zero propagation angle of the guided light beam <NUM> may be between about ten (<NUM>) degrees and about fifty (<NUM>) degrees or, in some examples, between about twenty (<NUM>) degrees and about forty (<NUM>) degrees, or between about twenty-five (<NUM>) degrees and about thirty-five (<NUM>) degrees. For example, the non-zero propagation angle may be about thirty (<NUM>) degrees. In other examples, the non-zero propagation angle may be about <NUM> degrees, or about <NUM> degrees, or about <NUM> degrees. Moreover, a specific non-zero propagation angle may be chosen (e.g., arbitrarily) for a particular implementation as long as the specific non-zero propagation angle is chosen to be less than the critical angle of total internal reflection within the light guide <NUM>.

The guided light beam <NUM> in the light guide <NUM> may be introduced or coupled into the light guide <NUM> at the non-zero propagation angle (e.g., about <NUM>-<NUM> degrees). One or more of a lens, a mirror or similar reflector (e.g., a tilted collimating reflector), and a prism (not illustrated) may facilitate coupling light into an input end of the light guide <NUM> as the guided light beam <NUM> at the non-zero propagation angle, for example. Once coupled into the light guide <NUM>, the guided light beam <NUM> propagates along the light guide <NUM> in a direction that may be generally away from the input end (e.g., illustrated by bold arrows pointing along an x-axis in <FIG>).

Further, the guided light <NUM> or equivalently the guided light beam <NUM> produced by coupling light into the light guide <NUM> may be a collimated light beam, according to various embodiments. Herein, a 'collimated light" or 'collimated light beam' is generally defined as a beam of light in which rays of the light beam are substantially parallel to one another within the light beam (e.g., the guided light beam <NUM>). Further, rays of light that diverge or are scattered from the collimated light beam are not considered to be part of the collimated light beam, by definition herein. In some embodiments, the multiview backlight <NUM> may include a collimator, such as a lens, reflector or mirror, as described above, (e.g., tilted collimating reflector) to collimate the light, e.g., from a light source. In some embodiments, the light source comprises a collimator. The collimated light provided to the light guide <NUM> is a collimated guided light beam <NUM>. The guided light beam <NUM> may be collimated according to or having a collimation factor, as described above, in various embodiments.

In some embodiments, the light guide <NUM> may be configured to 'recycle' the guided light <NUM>. In particular, the guided light <NUM> that has been guided along the light guide length may be redirected back along that length in another propagation direction103' that differs from the propagation direction <NUM>. For example, the light guide <NUM> may include a reflector (not illustrated) at an end of the light guide <NUM> opposite to an input end adjacent to the light source. The reflector may be configured to reflect the guided light <NUM> back toward the input end as recycled guided light. Recycling guided light <NUM> in this manner may increase a brightness of the multiview backlight <NUM> (e.g., an intensity of the coupled-out light beams <NUM>) by making guided light available more than once, for example, to multibeam elements, described below.

In <FIG>, a bold arrow indicating a propagation direction <NUM>' of recycled guided light (e.g., directed in a negative x-direction) illustrates a general propagation direction of the recycled guided light within the light guide <NUM>. Alternatively (e.g., as opposed to recycling guided light), guided light <NUM> propagating in the other propagation direction <NUM>' may be provided by introducing light into the light guide <NUM> with the other propagation direction <NUM>' (e.g., in addition to guided light <NUM> having the propagation direction <NUM>).

As illustrated in <FIG>, the multiview backlight <NUM> further comprises a plurality of multibeam elements <NUM> spaced apart from one another along the light guide length. In particular, the multibeam elements <NUM> of the plurality are separated from one another by a finite space and represent individual, distinct elements along the light guide length. That is, by definition herein, the multibeam elements <NUM> of the plurality are spaced apart from one another according to a finite (i.e., non-zero) inter-element distance (e.g., a finite center-to-center distance). Further the multibeam elements <NUM> of the plurality generally do not intersect, overlap or otherwise touch one another, according to some embodiments. That is, each multibeam element <NUM> of the plurality is generally distinct and separated from other ones of the multibeam elements <NUM>.

The multibeam elements <NUM> of the plurality may be arranged in either a one-dimensional (1D) array or, according to the invention, in a two-dimensional (2D) array. In a comparative example, the plurality of multibeam elements <NUM> may be arranged as a linear 1D array. According to the invention, the plurality of multibeam elements <NUM> is arranged as a rectangular 2D array or as a circular 2D array. Further, the 2D array may be a regular or uniform array, in some examples. In particular, an inter-element distance (e.g., center-to-center distance or spacing) between the multibeam elements <NUM> may be substantially uniform or constant across the array. In other examples, the inter-element distance between the multibeam elements <NUM> may be varied one or both of across the array and along the length of the light guide <NUM>.

According to the invention, a multibeam element <NUM> of the plurality is configured to couple out a portion of the guided light <NUM> as the plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM>. In particular, <FIG> and <FIG> illustrate the coupled-out light beams <NUM> as a plurality of diverging arrows depicted as being directed way from the first (or front) surface <NUM>' of the light guide <NUM>. Further, a size of the multibeam element <NUM> is comparable to a size of a sub-pixel <NUM>' in a multiview pixel <NUM>, as defined above, of a multiview display, according to various embodiments. The multiview pixels <NUM> are illustrated in <FIG> with the multiview backlight <NUM> for the purpose of facilitating discussion. Herein, the 'size' may be defined in any of a variety of manners to include, but not be limited to, a length, a width or an area. For example, the size of a sub-pixel <NUM>' may be a length thereof and the comparable size of the multibeam element <NUM> may also be a length of the multibeam element <NUM>. In another example, size may refer to an area such that an area of the multibeam element <NUM> may be comparable to an area of the sub-pixel <NUM>'.

The size of the multibeam element <NUM> is comparable to the sub-pixel size such that the multibeam element size is between about fifty percent (<NUM>%) and about two hundred percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size. For example, if the multibeam element size is denoted 's' and the sub-pixel size is denoted 'S' (e.g., as illustrated in <FIG>), then the multibeam element size s may be given by equation (<NUM>) as <MAT> In other examples, the multibeam element size is greater than about sixty percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, or about seventy percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, or greater than about eighty percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, or greater than about ninety percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, and the multibeam element is less than about one hundred eighty percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, or less than about one hundred sixty percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, or less than about one hundred forty (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size, or less than about one hundred twenty percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size. For example, by 'comparable size', the multibeam element size may be between about seventy-five percent (<NUM>%) and about one hundred fifty (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size. In another example, the multibeam element <NUM> may be comparable in size to the sub-pixel <NUM>' where the multibeam element size is between about one hundred twenty-five percent (<NUM>%) and about eighty-five percent (<NUM>%) of the sub-pixel size. According to some embodiments, the comparable sizes of the multibeam element <NUM> and the sub-pixel <NUM>' may be chosen to reduce, or in some examples to minimize, dark zones between views of the multiview display, while at the same time reducing, or in some examples minimizing, an overlap between views of the multiview display.

<FIG> further illustrate an array of light valves <NUM> configured to modulate the coupled-out light beams <NUM> of the coupled-out light beam plurality. The light valve array may be part of a multiview display that employs the multiview backlight, for example, and is illustrated in <FIG> along with the multiview backlight <NUM> for the purpose of facilitating discussion herein. In <FIG>, the array of light valves <NUM> is partially cut-away to allow visualization of the light guide <NUM> and the multibeam element <NUM> underlying the light valve array.

As illustrated in <FIG>, different ones of the coupled-out light beams <NUM> having different principal angular directions pass through and may be modulated by different ones of the light valves <NUM> in the light valve array. Further, as illustrated, a light valve <NUM> of the array corresponds to a sub-pixel <NUM>', and a set of the light valves <NUM> corresponds to a multiview pixel <NUM> of a multiview display. In particular, a different set of light valves <NUM> of the light valve array is configured to receive and modulate the coupled-out light beams <NUM> from different ones of the multibeam elements <NUM>, i.e., there is one unique set of light valves <NUM> for each multibeam element <NUM>, as illustrated. In various embodiments, different types of light valves may be employed as the light valves <NUM> of the light valve array including, but not limited to, one or more of liquid crystal light valves, electrophoretic light valves, and light valves based on electrowetting.

As illustrated in <FIG>, a first light valve set 108a is configured to receive and modulate the coupled-out light beams <NUM> from a first multibeam element 120a, while a second light valve set 108b is configured to receive and modulate the coupled-out light beams <NUM> from a second multibeam element 120b. Thus, each of the light valve sets (e.g., the first and second light valve sets 108a, 108b) in the light valve array corresponds, respectively, to a different multiview pixel <NUM>, with individual light valves <NUM> of the light valve sets corresponding to the sub-pixels <NUM>' of the respective multiview pixels <NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>.

Note that, as illustrated in <FIG>, the size of a sub-pixel <NUM>' may correspond to a size of a light valve <NUM> in the light valve array. In other examples, the sub-pixel size may be defined as a distance (e.g., a center-to-center distance) between adjacent light valves <NUM> of the light valve array. For example, the light valves <NUM> may be smaller than the center-to-center distance between the light valves <NUM> in the light valve array. The sub-pixel size may be defined as either the size of the light valve <NUM> or a size corresponding to the center-to-center distance between the light valves <NUM>, for example.

In some embodiments, a relationship between the multibeam elements <NUM> of the plurality and corresponding multiview pixels <NUM> (e.g., sets of light valves <NUM>) may be a one-to-one relationship. That is, there may be an equal number of multiview pixels <NUM> and multibeam elements <NUM>. <FIG> explicitly illustrates by way of example the one-to-one relationship where each multiview pixel <NUM> comprising a different set of light valves <NUM> is illustrated as surrounded by a dashed line. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the number of multiview pixels <NUM> and multibeam elements <NUM> may differ from one another.

In some embodiments, an inter-element distance (e.g., center-to-center distance) between a pair of adjacent multibeam elements <NUM> of the plurality may be equal to an inter-pixel distance (e.g., a center-to-center distance) between a corresponding adjacent pair of multiview pixels <NUM>, e.g., represented by light valve sets. For example, as illustrated in <FIG>, a center-to-center distance d between the first multibeam element 120a and the second multibeam element 120b is substantially equal to a center-to-center distance D between the first light valve set 108a and the second light valve set 108b. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the relative center-to-center distances of pairs of multibeam elements <NUM> and corresponding light valve sets may differ, e.g., the multibeam elements <NUM> may have an inter-element spacing (i.e., center-to-center distance d) that is one of greater than or less than a spacing (i.e., center-to-center distance D) between light valve sets representing multiview pixels <NUM>.

In some embodiments, a shape of the multibeam element <NUM> is analogous to a shape of the multiview pixel <NUM> or equivalently, a shape of a set (or 'sub-array') of the light valves <NUM> corresponding to the multiview pixel <NUM>. For example, the multibeam element <NUM> may have a square shape and the multiview pixel <NUM> (or an arrangement of a corresponding set of light valves <NUM>) may be substantially square. In another example, the multibeam element <NUM> may have a rectangular shape, i.e., may have a length or longitudinal dimension that is greater than a width or transverse dimension. In this example, the multiview pixel <NUM> (or equivalently the arrangement of the set of light valves <NUM>) corresponding to the multibeam element <NUM> may have an analogous rectangular shape. <FIG> illustrates a top or plan view of square-shaped multibeam elements <NUM> and corresponding square-shaped multiview pixels <NUM> comprising square sets of light valves <NUM>. In yet other examples (not illustrated), the multibeam elements <NUM> and the corresponding multiview pixels <NUM> have various shapes including or at least approximated by, but not limited to, a triangular shape, a hexagonal shape, and a circular shape.

Further (e.g., as illustrated in <FIG>), each multibeam element <NUM> is configured to provide coupled-out light beams <NUM> to one and only one multiview pixel <NUM>, according to some embodiments. In particular, for a given one of the multibeam elements <NUM>, the coupled-out light beams <NUM> having different principal angular directions corresponding to the different views of the multiview display are substantially confined to a single corresponding multiview pixel <NUM> and the sub-pixels <NUM>' thereof, i.e., a single set of light valves <NUM> corresponding to the multibeam element <NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>. As such, each multibeam element <NUM> of the multiview backlight <NUM> provides a corresponding set of coupled-out light beams <NUM> that has a set of the different principal angular directions corresponding to the different views of the multiview display (i.e., the set of coupled-out light beams <NUM> contains a light beam having a direction corresponding to each of the different view directions).

According to the invention, the multibeam elements <NUM> comprises a number of different structures configured to couple out a portion of the guided light <NUM>. The different structures include diffraction gratings, micro-reflective elements, micro-refractive elements, or various combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the multibeam element <NUM> comprising a
uniform diffraction grating is configured to diffractively couple out the guided light portion as the plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM> having the different principal angular directions. In other embodiments, the multibeam element <NUM> comprising a micro-reflective element is configured to reflectively couple out the guided light portion as the plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM>, or the multibeam element <NUM> comprising a micro-refractive element is configured to couple out the guided light portion as the plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM> by or using refraction (i.e., refractively couple out the guided light portion).

<FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight <NUM> including a multibeam element <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. <FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight <NUM> including a multibeam element <NUM> in an example, according to another embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. In particular, <FIG> illustrate the multibeam element <NUM> of the multiview backlight <NUM> comprising a diffraction grating <NUM>. The uniform diffraction grating <NUM> is configured to diffractively couple out a portion of the guided light <NUM> as the plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM>. The diffraction grating <NUM> comprises a plurality of diffractive features spaced apart from one another by a diffractive feature spacing or a diffractive feature or grating pitch configured to provide diffractive coupling out of the guided light portion. According to various embodiments, the spacing or grating pitch of the diffractive features in the diffraction grating <NUM> may be sub-wavelength (i.e., less than a wavelength of the guided light).

In some embodiments, the diffraction grating <NUM> of the multibeam element <NUM> may be located at or adjacent to a surface of the light guide <NUM>. For example, the diffraction grating <NUM> may be at or adjacent to the first surface <NUM>' of the light guide <NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>. The diffraction grating <NUM> at light guide first surface <NUM>' may be a transmission mode diffraction grating configured to diffractively couple out the guided light portion through the first surface <NUM>' as the coupled-out light beams <NUM>. In another example, as illustrated in <FIG>, the diffraction grating <NUM> may be located at or adjacent to the second surface <NUM>" of the light guide <NUM>. When located at the second surface <NUM>", the diffraction grating <NUM> may be a reflection mode diffraction grating. As a reflection mode diffraction grating, the uniform diffraction grating <NUM> is configured to both diffract the guided light portion and reflect the diffracted guided light portion toward the first surface <NUM>' to exit through the first surface <NUM>' as the diffractively coupled-out light beams <NUM>. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the diffraction grating may be located between the surfaces of the light guide <NUM>, e.g., as one or both of a transmission mode diffraction grating and a reflection mode diffraction grating. Note that, in some embodiments described herein, the principal angular directions of the coupled-out light beams <NUM> may include an effect of refraction due to the coupled-out light beams <NUM> exiting the light guide <NUM> at a light guide surface. For example, <FIG> illustrates refraction (i.e., bending) of the coupled-out light beams <NUM> due to a change in refractive index as the coupled-out light beams <NUM> cross the first surface <NUM>', by way of example and not limitation. Also see <FIG>, described below.

According to some embodiments, the diffractive features of the diffraction grating <NUM> may comprise one or both of grooves and ridges that are spaced apart from one another. The grooves or the ridges may comprise a material of the light guide <NUM>, e.g., may be formed in a surface of the light guide <NUM>. In another example, the grooves or the ridges may be formed from a material other than the light guide material, e.g., a film or a layer of another material on a surface of the light guide <NUM>.

The diffraction grating <NUM> of the multibeam element <NUM> is a uniform diffraction grating in which the diffractive feature spacing is substantially constant or unvarying throughout the diffraction grating <NUM>. In a comparative example not according to the invention, the diffraction grating <NUM> is a chirped diffraction grating. By definition, the 'chirped' diffraction grating is a diffraction grating exhibiting or having a diffraction spacing of the diffractive features (i.e., the grating pitch) that varies across an extent or length of the chirped diffraction grating. The chirped diffraction grating may have or exhibit a chirp of the diffractive feature spacing that varies linearly with distance. As such, the chirped diffraction grating is a 'linearly chirped' diffraction grating, by definition. The chirped diffraction grating of the multibeam element <NUM> may exhibit a non-linear chirp of the diffractive feature spacing. Various non-linear chirps may be used including, but not limited to, an exponential chirp, a logarithmic chirp or a chirp that varies in another, substantially non-uniform or random but still monotonic manner. Non-monotonic chirps such as, but not limited to, a sinusoidal chirp or a triangle or sawtooth chirp, may also be employed. Combinations of any of these types of chirps may also be employed.

<FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight <NUM> including a multibeam element <NUM> in an example, according to another embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. <FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight <NUM> including a multibeam element <NUM> in an example, according to another embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. In particular, <FIG> illustrate various embodiments of the multibeam element <NUM> comprising a micro-reflective element. Micro-reflective elements used as or in the multibeam element <NUM> may include, but are not limited to, a reflector that employs a reflective material or layer thereof (e.g., a reflective metal) or a reflector based on total internal reflection (TIR). According to some embodiments (e.g., as illustrated in <FIG>), the multibeam element <NUM> comprising the micro-reflective element may be located at or adjacent to a surface (e.g., the second surface <NUM>") of the light guide <NUM>. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the micro-reflective element may be located within the light guide <NUM> between the first and second surfaces <NUM>', <NUM>".

For example, <FIG> illustrates the multibeam element <NUM> comprising a micro-reflective element <NUM> having reflective facets (e.g., a 'prismatic' micro-reflective element) located adjacent to the second surface <NUM>" of the light guide <NUM>. The facets of the illustrated prismatic micro-reflective element <NUM> are configured to reflect (i.e., reflectively couple) the portion of the guided light <NUM> out of the light guide <NUM>. The facets may be slanted or tilted (i.e., have a tilt angle) relative to a propagation direction of the guided light <NUM> to reflect the guided light portion out of light guide <NUM>, for example. The facets may be formed using a reflective material within the light guide <NUM> (e.g., as illustrated in <FIG>) or may be surfaces of a prismatic cavity in the second surface <NUM>", according to various embodiments. When a prismatic cavity is employed, either a refractive index change at the cavity surfaces may provide reflection (e.g., TIR reflection) or the cavity surfaces that form the facets may be coated by a reflective material to provide reflection, in some embodiments.

In another example, <FIG> illustrates the multibeam element <NUM> comprising a micro-reflective element <NUM> having a substantially smooth, curved surface such as, but not limited to, a semi-spherical micro-reflective element <NUM>. A specific surface curve of the micro-reflective element <NUM> may be configured to reflect the guided light portion in different directions depending on a point of incidence on the curved surface with which the guided light <NUM> makes contact, for example. As illustrated in <FIG>, the guided light portion that is reflectively coupled out of the light guide <NUM> exits or is emitted from the first surface <NUM>', by way of example and not limitation. As with the prismatic micro-reflective element <NUM> in <FIG>, the micro-reflective element <NUM> in <FIG> may be either a reflective material within the light guide <NUM> or a cavity (e.g., a semi-circular cavity) formed in the second surface <NUM>", as illustrated in <FIG> by way of example and not limitation. <FIG> also illustrate the guided light <NUM> having two propagation directions <NUM>, <NUM>' (i.e., illustrated as bold arrows), by way of example and not limitation. Using two propagation directions <NUM>, <NUM>' may facilitate providing the plurality of coupled-out light beams <NUM> with symmetrical principal angular directions, for example.

<FIG> illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight <NUM> including a multibeam element <NUM> in an example, according to another embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. In particular, <FIG> illustrates a multibeam element <NUM> comprising a micro-refractive element <NUM>. According to various embodiments, the micro-refractive element <NUM> is configured to refractively couple out a portion of the guided light <NUM> from the light guide <NUM>. That is, the micro-refractive element <NUM> is configured to employ refraction (e.g., as opposed to diffraction or reflection) to couple out the guided light portion from the light guide <NUM> as the coupled-out light beams <NUM>, as illustrated in <FIG>. The micro-refractive element <NUM> may have various shapes including, but not limited to, a semi-spherical shape, a rectangular shape or a prismatic shape (i.e., a shape having sloped facets). According to various embodiments, the micro-refractive element <NUM> may extend or protrude out of a surface (e.g., the first surface <NUM>') of the light guide <NUM>, as illustrated, or may be a cavity in the surface (not illustrated). Further, the micro-refractive element <NUM> may comprise a material of the light guide <NUM>, in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the micro-refractive element <NUM> may comprise another material adjacent to, and in some examples, in contact with the light guide surface.

Referring again to <FIG>, the multiview backlight <NUM> may further comprise a light source <NUM>. According to various embodiments, the light source <NUM> is configured to provide the light to be guided within light guide <NUM>. In particular, the light source <NUM> may be located adjacent to an entrance surface or end (input end) of the light guide <NUM>. In various embodiments, the light source <NUM> may comprise substantially any source of light (e.g., optical emitter) including, but not limited to, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a laser (e.g., laser diode). In some embodiments, the light source <NUM> may comprise an optical emitter configured produce a substantially monochromatic light having a narrowband spectrum denoted by a particular color. In particular, the color of the monochromatic light may be a primary color of a particular color space or color model (e.g., a red-green-blue (RGB) color model). In other examples, the light source <NUM> may be a substantially broadband light source configured to provide substantially broadband or polychromatic light. For example, the light source <NUM> may provide white light. In some embodiments, the light source <NUM> may comprise a plurality of different optical emitters configured to provide different colors of light. The different optical emitters may be configured to provide light having different, color-specific, non-zero propagation angles of the guided light corresponding to each of the different colors of light.

In some embodiments, the light source <NUM> may further comprise a collimator. The collimator may be configured to receive substantially uncollimated light from one or more of the optical emitters of the light source <NUM>. The collimator is further configured to convert the substantially uncollimated light into collimated light. In particular, the collimator may provide collimated light having the non-zero propagation angle and being collimated according to a predetermined collimation factor, according to some embodiments. Moreover, when optical emitters of different colors are employed, the collimator may be configured to provide the collimated light having one or both of different, color-specific, non-zero propagation angles and having different color-specific collimation factors. The collimator is further configured to communicate the collimated light beam to the light guide <NUM> to propagate as the guided light <NUM>, described above.

In some embodiments, the multiview backlight <NUM> is configured to be substantially transparent to light in a direction through the light guide <NUM> orthogonal to a propagation direction <NUM>, <NUM>' of the guided light <NUM>. In particular, the light guide <NUM> and the spaced apart plurality of multibeam elements <NUM> allow light to pass through the light guide <NUM> through both the first surface <NUM>' and the second surface <NUM>", in some embodiments. Transparency may be facilitated, at least in part, due to both the relatively small size of the multibeam elements <NUM> and the relative large inter-element spacing (e.g., one-to-one correspondence with multiview pixels <NUM>) of the multibeam element <NUM>. Further, especially when the multibeam elements <NUM> comprise diffraction gratings, the multibeam elements <NUM> may also be substantially transparent to light propagating orthogonal to the light guide surfaces <NUM>', <NUM>", according to some embodiments.

In accordance with some embodiments of the principles described herein, a multiview display is provided. The multiview display is configured to emit modulated light beams as pixels of the multiview display. Further, the emitted modulated light beams may be preferentially directed toward a plurality of viewing directions of the multiview display. In some examples, the multiview display is configured to provide or 'display' a 3D or multiview image. Different ones of the modulated, differently directed light beams may correspond to individual pixels of different 'views' associated with the multiview image, according to various examples. The different views may provide a 'glasses free' (e.g., autostereoscopic) representation of information in the multiview image being displayed by the multiview display, for example.

<FIG> illustrates a block diagram of a multiview display <NUM> in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. According to various embodiments, the multiview display <NUM> is configured to display a multiview image according to different views in different view directions. In particular, modulated light beams <NUM> emitted by the multiview display <NUM> are used to display the multiview image and may correspond to pixels of the different views (i.e., view pixels). The modulated light beams <NUM> are illustrated as arrows emanating from multiview pixels <NUM> in <FIG>. Dashed lines are used for the arrows of the emitted modulated light beams <NUM> to emphasize the modulation thereof by way of example and not limitation.

The multiview display <NUM> illustrated in <FIG> comprises an array of the multiview pixels <NUM>. The multiview pixels <NUM> of the array are configured to provide a plurality of different views of the multiview display <NUM>. According to various embodiments, a multiview pixel <NUM> of the array comprises a plurality of sub-pixels configured to modulate a plurality of light beams <NUM> and produce the emitted modulated light beams <NUM>. In some embodiments, the multiview pixel <NUM> is substantially similar to a set of light valves <NUM> of the array of light valves <NUM>, described above with respect to the multiview backlight <NUM>. In particular, a sub-pixel of the multiview pixel <NUM> may be substantially similar to the above-described light valve <NUM>. That is, a multiview pixel <NUM> of the multiview display <NUM> may comprises a set of light valves (e.g., a set of light valves <NUM>), and a sub-pixel of the multiview pixel <NUM> may comprise a light valve (e.g., a single light valve <NUM>) of the set.

According to various embodiments, the multiview display <NUM> illustrated in <FIG> further comprises an array of multibeam elements <NUM>. Each multibeam element <NUM> of the array is configured to provide the plurality of light beams <NUM> to a corresponding multiview pixel <NUM>. Light beams <NUM> of the plurality of light beams <NUM> have different principal angular directions from one another. In particular, the different principal angular directions of the light beams <NUM> correspond to different view direction of the different views of the multiview display <NUM>.

According to various embodiments, a size of a multibeam element <NUM> of the multibeam element array is comparable to a size of a sub-pixel of the sub-pixel plurality. The size of the multibeam element <NUM> is greater than one half of the sub-pixel size and less than twice the sub-pixel size. Further, an inter-element distance between multibeam elements <NUM> of the multibeam element array may correspond to an inter-pixel distance between multiview pixels <NUM> of the multiview pixel array, according to some embodiments. For example, the inter-element distance between the multibeam elements <NUM> may be substantially equal to the inter-pixel distance between the multiview pixels <NUM>. In some examples, the inter-element distance between multibeam elements <NUM> and the corresponding inter-pixel
distance between multiview pixels <NUM> may be defined as a center-to-center distance or an equivalent measure of spacing or distance.

Further, there may be a one-to-one correspondence between the multiview pixels <NUM> of the multiview pixel array and the multibeam elements <NUM> of the multibeam element array. In particular, in some embodiments, the inter-element distance (e.g., center-to-center) between the multibeam elements <NUM> may be substantially equal to the inter-pixel distance (e.g., center-to-center) between the multiview pixels <NUM>. As such, each sub-pixel in the multiview pixel <NUM> may be configured to modulate a different one of the plurality of light beams <NUM> provided by a corresponding multibeam element <NUM>. Further, each multiview pixel <NUM> may be configured to receive and modulate the light beams <NUM> from one and only one multibeam element <NUM>, according to various embodiments.

In some embodiments, the multibeam element <NUM> of the multibeam element array may be substantially similar to the multibeam element <NUM> of the multiview backlight <NUM>, described above. For example, the multibeam element <NUM> may comprise a diffraction grating substantially similar to the diffraction grating <NUM>, described above, e.g., and illustrated in <FIG>, with respect to the multibeam element <NUM>. In another example, the multibeam element <NUM> may comprise a micro-reflective element that is substantially similar to the micro-reflective element <NUM>, described above, e.g., and illustrated in <FIG>, with respect to the multibeam element <NUM>. In yet another example, the multibeam element <NUM> may comprise a micro-refractive element. The micro-refractive element may be substantially similar to the micro-refractive element <NUM> described above, e.g., and illustrated in <FIG>, with respect to the multibeam element <NUM>.

The multibeam elements <NUM> of the element array are configured to couple out a portion of the guided light from the light guide as the plurality of light beams <NUM> provided to the corresponding multiview pixels <NUM> of the pixel array. In particular, the multibeam element <NUM> is optically connected to the light guide to couple out the portion of the guided light. In some embodiments, the light guide of the multiview display <NUM> may be substantially similar to the light guide <NUM> described above with respect to the multiview backlight <NUM>. Note, a light guide is not explicitly illustrated in <FIG>.

Further, in some of these embodiments (not illustrated in <FIG>), the multiview display <NUM> may further comprise a light source. The light source may be configured to provide the light to the light guide with a non-zero propagation angle and, in some embodiments, is collimated according to a collimation factor to provide a predetermined angular spread of the guided light within the light guide, for example. According to some embodiments, the light source may be substantially similar to the light source <NUM> of the multiview backlight <NUM>, described above.

In other embodiments, the multibeam elements <NUM> of the array may be light emitting elements. That is, the multibeam elements <NUM> may generate and emit their own light as opposed to coupling out a portion of guided light from a light guide, for example. In particular, the multibeam elements <NUM> may comprise a light source such as, but not limited to, a light emitting diode (LED) or an organic light emitting diode (OLED). The LED, the OLED or the like, serving as the multibeam element <NUM> may be configured to directly provide the light beams <NUM> to the multiview pixels <NUM> for modulation as the light beams <NUM>, according to some embodiments. Further, the LED, the OLED or the like may have a size and an inter-element spacing as described above for the multibeam elements <NUM>.

In accordance with other embodiments of the principles described herein, a method of multiview backlight operation is provided. <FIG> illustrates a flow chart of a method <NUM> of multiview backlight operation in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated in <FIG>, the method <NUM> of multiview backlight operation comprises guiding <NUM> light along a length of a light guide. In some embodiments, the light may be guided <NUM> at a non-zero propagation angle. Further, the guided light may be collimated according to a predetermined collimation factor. According to some embodiments, the light guide may be substantially similar to the light guide <NUM> described above with respect to the multiview backlight <NUM>.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the method <NUM> of multiview backlight operation further comprises coupling <NUM> a portion of the guided light out of the light guide using a multibeam element to provide a plurality of coupled-out light beams having different principal angular directions from one another. In various embodiments, the principal angular directions of the coupled-out light beams correspond to respective view directions of a multiview display. According to various embodiments, a size of the multibeam element is comparable to a size of a sub-pixel in a multiview pixel of the multiview display. For example, the multibeam element may be greater than one half of the sub-pixel size and less than twice the sub-pixel size.

In some embodiments, the multibeam element is substantially similar to the multibeam element <NUM> of the multiview backlight <NUM>, described above. The multibeam element is a member of a plurality or an array of multibeam elements. According to the invention, the multibeam element comprises one or more of a uniform diffraction grating, micro-reflective element and a micro-refractive element. In particular, according to some embodiments, the multibeam element used in coupling out <NUM> guided light may comprise a uniform diffraction grating optically coupled to the light guide to diffractively couple out <NUM> the guided light portion. The diffraction grating may be substantially similar to the diffraction grating <NUM> of the multibeam element <NUM>, for example. In another embodiment, the multibeam element may comprise a micro-reflective element optically coupled to the light guide to reflectively couple out <NUM> the guided light portion. For example, the micro-reflective element may be substantially similar to the micro-reflective element <NUM> described above with respect to the multibeam element <NUM>. In yet another embodiment, the multibeam element may comprise a micro-refractive element optically coupled to the light guide to refractively couple out <NUM> the guided light portion. The micro-refractive element may be substantially similar to the micro-refractive element <NUM> of the multibeam element <NUM>, described above.

In some embodiments (not illustrated), the method <NUM> of multiview backlight operation further comprises providing light to the light guide using a light source. The provided light may be the guided light that one or both of has a non-zero propagation angle within the light guide and is collimated within the light guide according to a collimation factor to provide a predetermined angular spread of the guided light within the light guide. In some embodiments, the light source may be substantially similar to the light source <NUM> of the multiview backlight <NUM>, described above.

The method <NUM> of multiview backlight operation comprises modulating <NUM> the coupled-out light beams using light valves configured as a multiview pixel of a multiview display. A light valve of a plurality or array of light valves corresponds to the sub-pixel of the multiview pixels. That is, the multibeam element may have a size comparable to a size of the light valve or a center-to-center spacing between the light valves of the plurality, for example. According to some embodiments, the plurality of light valves may be substantially similar to the array of light valves <NUM> described above with respect to <FIG> and the multiview backlight <NUM>. In particular, different sets of light valves may correspond to different multiview pixels in a manner similar to the correspondence of the first and second light valve sets 108a, 108b to different multiview pixels <NUM>, as described above. Further, individual light valves of the light valve array correspond to sub-pixels of the multiview pixels as a light valve <NUM> corresponds to a sub-pixel <NUM>' in the above-reference discussion of <FIG>.

Claim 1:
A multiview display comprising a multiview backlight and an array of light valves,
wherein the multiview backlight (<NUM>) comprises:
a light guide (<NUM>) configured to guide light in a propagation direction along a length of the light guide;
a plurality of multibeam elements (<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>) spaced apart from one another along the light guide length, a multibeam element of the plurality of multibeam elements (<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>) being configured to couple out from the light guide a portion of the guided light as a plurality of coupled-out light beams (<NUM>) having different principal angular directions corresponding to respective different view directions of a multiview display comprising multiview pixels (<NUM>), wherein the coupled-out light beams (<NUM>) are substantially confined to a single corresponding multiview pixel, and wherein the multibeam elements (<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>) are arranged as a two-dimensional array,
wherein the array of light valves (<NUM>) is configured to modulate light beams of the coupled-out light beam plurality (<NUM>), a light valve (<NUM>) of the array corresponding to the sub-pixel, a set of light valves of the array corresponding to the multiview pixel of the multiview display,
wherein a size of the multibeam element (<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>) is between fifty percent and two hundred percent of a size of a sub-pixel (<NUM>') in a multiview pixel of the multiview display, and
wherein the multibeam element (<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>) comprises one or both of a micro-reflective element (<NUM>) and a micro-refractive element (<NUM>), the micro-reflective element (<NUM>) being configured to reflectively couple out a portion of the guided light as the plurality of coupled-out light beams, the micro-refractive element (<NUM>) being configured to refractively couple out a portion of the guided light as the plurality of coupled-out light beams, or wherein the multibeam element is a uniform diffraction grating (<NUM>) configured to diffractively couple out the portion of the guided light as the plurality of coupled-out light beams, the uniform diffraction grating having diffractive features with a substantially constant spacing throughout the diffraction grating.