Patent Description:
Organic light-emitting devices are self-emissive devices that may have a wide viewing angle, a high contrast ratio, and/or a short response time, and may show excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and/or response speed.

An example organic light-emitting device (or OLED) includes a first electrode located on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers (such as the holes and electrons) may recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons may transition from an excited state to the ground state to thereby generate light.

<CIT> relates to an organic light-emitting diode device and a compound for a charge generation layer in an organic light-emitting diode device. <CIT> relates to an organic light-emitting diode device comprising a charge generation layer comprising an n-type charge generation layer and first and second p-type charge generation layers.

One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward an organic light-emitting device with high efficiency and a long lifespan.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide an organic light-emitting device including:.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device.

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present description. Throughout the disclosure, the expression "at least one of a, b or c" may refer to only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

Singular expressions and forms such as "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the terms "includes," "including," "comprises," and/or "comprising," used herein specify the presence of stated features or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or elements.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or element is referred to as being "formed on" another layer, region, or element, it can be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or element. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or elements may be present. When an element is referred to as being "directly on," another element, there are no intervening elements present.

Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

The term " organic layer" as used herein may refer to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers located between an anode and a cathode of an organic light-emitting device. Materials included in the "organic layer" are not limited to being organic materials.

The expression "(organic layer) includes a compound represented by Formula <NUM>" as used herein may refer to a case in which the "(organic layer) includes one compound of Formula <NUM>, or two or more different compounds of Formula <NUM>".

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the attached drawings.

According to one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting device includes:.

<FIG> is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device <NUM> according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device <NUM> includes a first electrode <NUM>, a second electrode <NUM> facing the first electrode <NUM>, and an organic layer <NUM> located between the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>. The organic layer <NUM> includes m light-emitting units <NUM> stacked between the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, and m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM>, each located between two neighboring light-emitting units of the m light-emitting units <NUM> and including an n-type charge generation layer 155N and a p-type charge generation layer 155P, wherein at least one of the m-<NUM> p-type charge generation layers 155P includes a first doping layer 155P' and a second doping layer 155P".

The m light-emitting unit <NUM> is not limited as long as it is capable of emitting light. In an embodiment, each of the light-emitting units <NUM> may include one or more emission layers. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting units <NUM> may each further include an organic layer other than an emission layer.

The number (e.g., multiplicity) of the m light-emitting units <NUM>, that is, m, may be selected as needed, and the upper limit of the number is not limited. In an embodiment, the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may include two, three, four, or five light-emitting units <NUM>.

In the organic light-emitting device <NUM> according to an embodiment, m may be <NUM> or <NUM>, but is not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least one of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may be different from the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least one light-emitting unit among the remaining light-emitting units. For example, at least two of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may be to emit differing or distinct maximum emission wavelengths of light. In an embodiment, in the organic light-emitting device <NUM> in which a first light-emitting unit and a second light-emitting unit are stacked, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the first light-emitting unit may be different from the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the second light-emitting unit. In this case, an emission layer of the first light-emitting unit and an emission layer of the second light-emitting unit may each independently may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, and iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials. Accordingly, the light emitted from the first light-emitting unit and the second light-emitting unit may each independently be a single-color light or a mixed-color light. In an embodiment, in the organic light-emitting device <NUM> in which a first light-emitting unit, a second light-emitting unit, and a third light-emitting unit are stacked, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the first light-emitting unit may be the same as the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the second light-emitting unit but different from the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the third light-emitting unit. In an embodiment, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the first light-emitting unit, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the second light-emitting unit, and the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the third light-emitting unit may be different from one another.

In an embodiment, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the m light-emitting units <NUM> may all be the same. In an embodiment, in the organic light-emitting device <NUM> in which a first light-emitting unit, a second light-emitting unit, and a third light-emitting unit are stacked, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the first light-emitting unit, the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the second light-emitting unit, and the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the third light-emitting unit may be identical to one another.

In an embodiment, the light emitted from each (all) of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may be blue light, and the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from each light-emitting unit may all be the same. The blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength of about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

In an embodiment, m may be an integer of <NUM> or more, and the maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least three of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may be identical to each other.

In an embodiment, m may be an integer from <NUM> or more, and at least three light-emitting units of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may be to emit first-color light. In one or more embodiments, the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may further include a light-emitting unit to emit a second-color light that is different from the first-color light.

In an embodiment, in the organic light-emitting device <NUM> in which the first light-emitting unit, the second light-emitting unit, and the third light-emitting unit are stacked, the first light-emitting unit, the second light-emitting unit, and the third light-emitting unit may all emit first-color light. In one or more embodiments, the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may further include a fourth light-emitting unit, and the fourth light-emitting unit may be to emit a second-color light that is different from the first-color light. In this case, the position of the fourth light-emitting unit is not limited. In an embodiment, the first-color light may be blue light, but is not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the maximum emission wavelengths of light emitted from the m light-emitting units <NUM> may each independently be about <NUM> to about <NUM>. In an embodiment, the maximum emission wavelengths of light emitted from the m light-emitting units <NUM> may each independently be about <NUM> to about <NUM>, about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

The organic light-emitting device <NUM> includes a charge generation layer <NUM> between two neighboring light-emitting units of the m light-emitting units <NUM>. Herein, the term "neighboring" refers to an arrangement or spatial relationship in which elements (layers) referred to as neighboring or being adjacent with one another are the closest such layers to each other. In an embodiment, the term "two neighboring light-emitting units" used herein refers to the two light-emitting units located closest to each other from among a plurality of light-emitting units. The "neighboring" may refer to a case where two layers are physically in contact with each other, as well as a case where another layer or element is located between the two layers. In an embodiment, a light-emitting unit neighboring the second electrode <NUM> refers to the light-emitting unit located closest to the second electrode, among the plurality of light-emitting units. Although the second electrode <NUM> and the light-emitting unit may be in physical contact, other layers may be located between the second electrode <NUM> and the light-emitting unit. In an embodiment, for example, an electron transport layer may be located between the second electrode <NUM> and the light-emitting unit.

The charge generation layer <NUM> is located between two neighboring light-emitting units. One of the two neighboring light-emitting units and the charge generation layer <NUM> may be in physical contact, and in some embodiments, additional layers may be located between the other light-emitting unit and the charge generation layer <NUM>. In an embodiment, an electron transport layer may be located between the charge generation layer <NUM> and one of the two neighboring light-emitting units neighboring to the first electrode <NUM>. In one or more embodiments, a hole transport layer may be located between the charge generation layer <NUM> and one of the two neighboring light-emitting units neighboring to the second electrode <NUM>.

The charge generation layer <NUM> may generate a charge and/or separate the charge into a hole and an electron, and may provide the electron to one of two neighboring light-emitting units (thereby acting as a cathode), and may provide the hole to the other light-emitting unit, (thereby acting as an anode). The charge generation layer <NUM> is not directly connected to an electrode, and separates neighboring light-emitting units. The organic light-emitting device <NUM> including m light-emitting units <NUM> includes m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM>. Each of the m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM> includes one n-type charge generation layer and one p-type charge generation layer. Accordingly, the organic light-emitting device <NUM> including the m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM> includes m-<NUM> n-type charge generation layers and m-<NUM> p-type charge generation layers.

The term "n-type" refers to n-type semiconductor characteristics, for example, the characteristics of injecting or transporting electrons. The term "p-type" refers to p-type semiconductor characteristics, for example, the characteristics of injecting or transporting holes.

Each of the m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM> includes an n-type charge generation layer 155N and a p-type charge generation layer 155P. In this regard, the n-type charge generation layer 155N and the p-type charge generation layer 155P may directly contact each other to form a p-n junction. Due to the p-n junction, electrons and holes may be simultaneously (e.g., concurrently) generated between the n-type charge generation layer 155N and the p-type charge generation layer 155P. The generated electrons may be transferred to one of the two neighboring light-emitting units through the n-type charge generation layer 155N. The generated holes may be transferred to the other one of the two neighboring light-emitting units through the p-type charge generation layer 155P. Because each of the m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM> includes one n-type charge generation layer 155N and one p-type charge generation layer 155P, the organic light-emitting device <NUM> including m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM> includes m-<NUM> n-type charge generation layers 155N and m-<NUM> p-type charge generation layers 155P.

In the m-<NUM> charge generation layers <NUM>, the n-type charge generation layer 155N may be located between the first electrode <NUM> and the p-type charge generation layer 155P.

The n-type charge generation layer 155N may supply electrons to a light-emitting unit neighboring the first electrode <NUM>, and the p-type charge generation layer 155P may supply holes to a light-emitting unit neighboring the second electrode <NUM>. Accordingly, the luminescence efficiency of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> including a plurality of emission layers, may be increased, and the driving voltage thereof may be reduced.

At least one of the m-<NUM> p-type charge generation layers 155P includes the first doping layer 155P' and the second doping layer 155P".

In an embodiment, the first doping layer 155P' may be located between the first electrode <NUM> and the second doping layer 155P".

In the embodiment described above, the first electrode <NUM> may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode, and the second electrode <NUM> may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode. In some embodiments, the first electrode <NUM> may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and the second electrode <NUM> may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode.

In an embodiment, the first doping layer 155P' may be located between the first electrode <NUM> and the second doping layer 155P", and the first doping layer 155P' may directly contact the n-type charge generation layer 155N. In an embodiment, the first doping layer 155P' may be located at the interface of the n-type charge generation layer 155N and the second doping layer 155P".

According to the embodiment described above, because the first doping layer 155P' directly contacts the n-type charge generation layer 155N to form an p-n junction, holes may be generated between the n-type charge generation layer 155N and the p-type charge generation layer 155P, and the first doping layer 155P' may transfer the generated holes to the second doping layer 155P". The second doping layer 155P" may transfer the holes delivered by the first doping layer 155P' to the light-emitting units <NUM> neighboring thereto.

The first doping layer 155P' includes a first organic material and a first inorganic material, and the second doping layer 155P" includes a second organic material and a second inorganic material. The first inorganic material is different from the second inorganic material.

In an embodiment, the first inorganic material may include a post-transition metal, a metalloid, a compound that includes two or more post-transition metals, a compound that includes two or more metalloids, a compound that includes a post-transition metal and a metalloid, or any combination thereof.

The post-transition metal may include at least one selected from aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (TI), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), flerovium (FI), bismuth (Bi), and polonium (Po). For example, the post-transition metal may include at least one selected from aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (TI), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and bismuth (Bi).

The metalloid may include at least one selected from boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and astatine (At). For example, metalloid may include at least one selected from boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).

In an embodiment, the compound including the two or more post-transition metals may be a compound consisting of the two or more post-transition metals.

In an embodiment, the compound including the two or more metalloids may be a compound consisting of the two or more metalloids.

In an embodiment, the compound including a post-transition metal and a metalloid may be a compound consisting of a post-transition metal and a metalloid.

In an embodiment, the first inorganic material may include Bi<NUM>Te<NUM>, Bi<NUM>Te<NUM>, Bi<NUM>Te, Bi<NUM>Te<NUM>, BiTe, Bi<NUM>Te<NUM>, Bi<NUM>Te<NUM>, BixTey(<NUM><x<<NUM>, <NUM><y<<NUM>, <NUM><x+y≤<NUM>), Sb2Te<NUM>, In<NUM>Te<NUM>, Ga<NUM>Te<NUM>, Al<NUM>Te<NUM>, Tl<NUM>Te<NUM>, As<NUM>Te<NUM>, GeSbTe, SnTe, PbTe, SiTe, GeTe, SiGe, AlInSb, AlGaSb, AlAsSb, GaAs, InSb, AlSb, AlAs, AlaInaSb(<NUM><a<<NUM>), AlbIn(<NUM>-b)Sb(<NUM><b<<NUM>), AlSb, GaSb, AllnGaAs, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the first inorganic material may have a work function absolute value of <NUM> eV or more. In an embodiment, the work function absolute value of the first inorganic material may be <NUM> eV or more, for example, <NUM> eV or more.

In an embodiment, the second inorganic material may include a halide of metal (e.g., a metal halide). In an embodiment, the second inorganic material may include a halide of an alkali metal, a halide of an alkali earth metal, a halide of a transition metal, a halide of a post-transition metal, a halide of a lanthanum metal, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the second inorganic material may include an iodide of an alkali metal, an iodide of an alkali earth metal, an iodide of a transition metal, an iodide of a post-transition metal, an iodide of a lanthanum metal, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the second inorganic material may include lithium (Li) iodide, sodium (Na) iodide, potassium (K) iodide, rubidium (Rb) iodide, cesium (Cs) iodide, beryllium (Be) iodide, magnesium (Mg) iodide, calcium (Ca) iodide, strontium (Sr) iodide, barium (Ba) iodide, ytterbium (Yb) iodide, samarium (Sm) iodide, copper (Cu) iodide, thallium (TI) iodide, silver (Ag) iodide, cadmium (Cd) iodide, mercury (Hg) iodide, tin (Sn) iodide, lead (Pb) iodide, bismuth (Bi) iodide, zinc (Zn) iodide, manganese (Mn) iodide, iron (Fe) iodide, cobalt (Co) iodide, nickel (Ni) iodide, aluminium (Al) iodide, indium (In) iodide, gallium (Ga) iodide, thorium (Th) iodide, uranium (U) iodide, or any combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the second inorganic material may include Lil, Nal, KI, RbI, CsI, BeI<NUM>, MgI<NUM>, CaI<NUM>, SrI<NUM>, BaI<NUM>, YbI, YbI<NUM>, YbI<NUM>, SmI<NUM>, Cul, TII, Agl, Cdl<NUM>, HgI<NUM>, Snl<NUM>, PbI<NUM>, BiI<NUM>, ZnI<NUM>, MnI<NUM>, FeI<NUM>, CoI<NUM>, NiI<NUM>, AlI<NUM>, InI<NUM>, GaI<NUM>, ThI<NUM>, UI<NUM>, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The first organic material included in the first doping layer 155P' and the second organic material included in the second doping layer 155P" may be identical to or different from each other.

In an embodiment, the first organic material may be the same as the second organic material, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the first organic material and the second organic material may each include a hole transport material. The hole transport material is not particularly limited as long as it has hole transport characteristics. In an embodiment, the hole transport material may include a carbazole group, a condensed carbazole group, an indole group, a condensed indole group, a furan group, a dibenzofuran group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, a phenothiazine group, an amine group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the first organic material and the second organic material may each independently be selected from compounds represented by Formulae <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
wherein, in Formulae <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> to <NUM>-<NUM>,.

In an embodiment, the first organic material and the second organic material may each independently be selected from compounds HT1 to HT73:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The amount of the first inorganic material included in the first doping layer 155P' may be about <NUM> parts by weight to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the first organic material. In an embodiment, the amount of the first inorganic material included in the first doping layer 155P' may be about <NUM> parts by weight to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the first organic material. In an embodiment, the amount of the first inorganic material included in the first doping layer 155P' may be about <NUM> parts by weight to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the first organic material.

The amount of the second inorganic material included in the second doping layer 155P" may be about <NUM> parts by weight to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the second organic material. In an embodiment, the amount of the second inorganic material included in the second doping layer 155P" may be about <NUM> parts by weight to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the second organic material. In an embodiment, the amount of the second inorganic material included in the second doping layer 155P" may be about <NUM> parts by weight to about <NUM> parts by weight based on <NUM> parts by weight of the second organic material.

In an embodiment, the thickness of the first doping layer 155P' and the thickness of the second doping layer 155P" may each independently be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. In an embodiment, the thickness of the first doping layer 155P' and the thickness of the second doping layer 155P" may each independently be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the first doping layer 155P' and the thickness of the second doping layer 155P" satisfy the above-described ranges, a high-quality organic light-emitting device may be implemented without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The organic light-emitting device <NUM> includes the p-type charge generation layer 155P in a multi-layered structure including the first doping layer 155P' and the second doping layer 155P", in which charges are generated in the first doping layer 155P' and transferred to the neighboring second doping layer 155P", and the second doping layer 155P" may transfer the charges generated in the first doping layer 155P' to a light-emitting unit. Accordingly, compared to an organic light-emitting device using a p-type charge generation layer having a single-layered structure, the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may efficiently generate and transfer charges.

The first doping layer 155P' may efficiently generate holes when a p-n junction is formed with the n-type charge generation layer 155N, based on the principle that the conduction band of the n-type charge generation layer 155N has a band alignment with respect to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the first material in the first doping layer 155P'.

The first doping layer 155P' may be provided as a mixed layer that includes the first organic material and the first inorganic material, wherein the first inorganic material is included as a dopant. In the organic light-emitting device <NUM> including the first doping layer 155P', in which the first inorganic material is doped in the matrix of the first organic material, the current may not leak in a direction substantially horizontal to the surface of the first doping layer 155P' and may flow in a direction substantially vertical thereto, leading to efficient delivery of charges to the light-emitting units <NUM>. In some embodiments, the formation of islands including (e.g., consisting of) the first inorganic material alone may be prevented or reduced, so that the charges generated in the first doping layer 155P' may be efficiently transferred to the second doping layer 155P" and luminance imbalance of the light emitting surface of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be prevented or reduced. As such, the luminescence efficiency of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be improved.

The second organic material and the second inorganic material of the second doping layer 155P" may form a charge transfer complex (CT complex) to quickly transfer the charges transferred from the first doping layer 155P' to a neighboring light-emitting unit. The second doping layer 155P" may be provided as a mixed layer including the second organic material and the second inorganic material, wherein the second inorganic material may be included as a dopant. As such, in the organic light-emitting device <NUM> including the second doping layer 155P", in which the second inorganic material is doped in the matrix of the second organic material, the current may flow substantially vertically to the surface of the second doping layer 155P", without leakage in a direction substantially horizontal thereto. In addition, because a charge transfer complex may be formed in the second doping layer 155P", charges may be efficiently transferred to the light-emitting units <NUM>. In some embodiments, the formation of islands including (e.g., consisting of) the second inorganic material alone may be prevented or reduced, so that the charges transferred by the first doping layer 155P' may be efficiently transferred to the light-emitting units <NUM> and the luminance imbalance of the light emitting surface of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be prevented or reduced. As such, the luminescence efficiency of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be improved.

In an embodiment, the (each) m-<NUM> n-type charge generation layer 155N may include materials that may be included in an electron transport region described below.

In an embodiment, the (each) m-<NUM> n-type charge generation layer 155N may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron deficient nitrogen-containing ring, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, a metal-containing material, or any combination thereof:.

Formula <NUM>     [Ar<NUM>]xe11-[(L<NUM>)xe1-R<NUM>]xe21,.

The metal-containing material may be metal, metal oxide, metal halide, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, when a metal is included as the metal-containing material, the metal may be an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, a transition metal, a post-transition metal, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, when a metal oxide is included as the metal-containing material, the metal oxide may be an alkali metal oxide, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, when a metal halide is included as the metal-containing material, the metal halide may be a halide of an alkali metal, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may be Yb, Ag, Al, Sm, Mg, Li, Rbl, KI, Ti, Rb, Na, K, Ba, Mn, YbSi<NUM> or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may be Yb, Ag, Al, Li, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The thickness of the n-type charge generation layer 155N may be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. In an embodiment, the thickness of the n-type charge generation layer 155N may be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, but is not limited thereto. When the thickness of the n-type charge generation layer 155N satisfies the above-described ranges, a high-quality organic light-emitting device may be implemented without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

In an embodiment, at least one emission layer of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may include a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>:
<CHM>
wherein, in Formula <NUM>,.

In an embodiment, at least one emission layer of the m light-emitting units <NUM> may include a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, at least one of R<NUM> or R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> and at least one of R<NUM> to R<NUM> in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 3A and 3B:
<CHM>
wherein, in Formulae 3A and 3B,.

In an embodiment, R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> and at least one of R<NUM> or R<NUM> in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 3A and 3B.

In an embodiment, at least one of R<NUM> or R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> and at least one of R<NUM> to R<NUM> in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 3A-<NUM> and 3B-<NUM> to 3B-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
wherein, in Formulae 3A-<NUM> and 3B-<NUM> to 3B-<NUM>,.

In an embodiment, R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> and at least one of R<NUM> or R<NUM> in Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 3A-<NUM> and 3B-<NUM> to 3B-<NUM>.

In an embodiment, a compound represented by Formula <NUM> and a compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may each act as a host in an emission layer.

In an embodiment, at least one emission layer in the m light-emitting units <NUM> may include one of Compounds H1 to H24, one of Compounds BH1 to BH13, <NUM>,<NUM>-di(<NUM>-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-bis(naphthalen-<NUM>-yl)anthracene (MADN), or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM> and the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM> may act as a dopant in an emission layer.

In an embodiment, at least one emission layer in the m light-emitting units <NUM> may include at least one selected from Compounds BD1 to BD19, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM> includes a polycyclic condensed structure containing a boron atom, and may therefore have an increased separation between its highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) due to multiple resonance effects. Further, due to the polycyclic condensed structure, the condensed cyclic compound may emit light having a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM). Accordingly, the color purity of light emitted from the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be improved, and the optical resonance utilization efficiency of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be improved, leading to a higher luminescence efficiency.

In an embodiment, in the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, at least one emission layer of the m light-emitting units may include a host and a dopant, where the host may include the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>, and the dopant may include the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

<FIG> is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device <NUM> according to an embodiment. <FIG> shows an example of an organic light-emitting device when m is <NUM>.

The organic light-emitting device <NUM> of <FIG> includes the first electrode <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM> facing the first electrode <NUM>, a first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> stacked between the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, a second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> located between the first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, and the charge generation layer <NUM> located between the first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> and the second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>. The charge generation layer <NUM> includes the n-type charge generation layer 155N and the p-type charge generation layer 155P, and the p-type charge generation layer 155P includes the first doping layer 155P' and the second doping layer 155P".

The first electrode <NUM>, first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>, second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>, charge generation layer <NUM>, and second electrode <NUM> of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may be understood by referring to the corresponding description provided above.

The organic light-emitting device <NUM> of <FIG> includes the first electrode <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM> facing the first electrode, the first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> stacked between the first electrode <NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, the second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> located between the first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, a third light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> located between the second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>, a first charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> located between the first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> and the second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>, and a second charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> located between the second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM> and the third light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>.

The first charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> includes a first n-type charge generation layer 155N-<NUM> and a first p-type charge generation layer 155P-<NUM>, and the first p-type charge generation layer 155P-<NUM> includes a first doping layer 155P'-<NUM> and a second doping layer 155P"-<NUM>.

The second charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> includes a second n-type charge generation layer 155N-<NUM> and a second p-type charge generation layer 155P-<NUM>, and the second p-type charge generation layer 155P-<NUM> includes a first doping layer 155P'-<NUM> and a second doping layer 155P"-<NUM>.

The first electrode <NUM>, the first light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>, the second light-emitting unit <NUM>-<NUM>, the third light-emitting device <NUM>-<NUM>, the first charge generation layers <NUM>-<NUM>, the second charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM>, and the second electrode <NUM> of the organic light-emitting device <NUM> may each be understood by referring to the description provided above.

<FIG> shows that the first charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> and the second charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> each includes a first doping layer 155P'-<NUM> or 155P'-<NUM> and a second doping layer 155P"-<NUM> or 155P"-<NUM>. In one or more embodiments, one of the first charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> and the second charge generation layer <NUM>-<NUM> may include the first doping layer and the second doping layer, and the other charge generation layer may have a p-type charge generation layer of single-layered structure (e.g., consisting of a single layer).

In <FIG>, a substrate may be additionally located under the first electrode <NUM> or above the second electrode <NUM>. The substrate may be a glass substrate and/or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water resistance.

The first electrode <NUM> may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> on the substrate. When the first electrode <NUM> is an anode, the material for the first electrode <NUM> may be selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode <NUM> may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode <NUM> is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO<NUM>), zinc oxide (ZnO), and any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode <NUM> is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode <NUM> may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), aluminium-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), and any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The first electrode <NUM> may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. In an embodiment, the first electrode <NUM> may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode <NUM> is not limited thereto.

An organic layer <NUM> is located on the first electrode <NUM>. The organic layer <NUM> may include light-emitting units <NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM>.

The organic light-emitting devices illustrated in <FIG> or <FIG> include two or three light-emitting units. However, the number of light-emitting units of an organic light-emitting device according to the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and, when needed, four or more light-emitting units may be included.

The organic layer <NUM> may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode <NUM> and the light-emitting unit <NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>, and an electron transport region located between the light-emitting unit <NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM> and the second electrode <NUM>.

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transport layer, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer, wherein the constituting layers of each structure are sequentially stacked from the first electrode <NUM> in this stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, <NUM>-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, <NUM>,<NUM>',<NUM>"-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(<NUM>,<NUM>-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(<NUM>-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(<NUM>-styrene sulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, and a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
wherein, in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>,.

In an embodiment, R<NUM> and R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R<NUM> and R<NUM> may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>,.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>.

In one or more embodiments, R<NUM> to R<NUM> and Q<NUM> may each independently be selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R<NUM> to R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula <NUM>, i) R<NUM> and R<NUM> may be linked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R<NUM> and R<NUM> may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of R<NUM> to R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be selected from;.

The compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>(<NUM>), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula 201A:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula 201A(<NUM>), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula 201A-<NUM>, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM> (<NUM>):
<CHM>.

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula 202A:
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula 202A-<NUM>:
<CHM>.

In Formulae <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>(<NUM>), 201A, 201A(<NUM>), 201A-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>(<NUM>), 202A, and 202A-<NUM>,.

The hole transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT48, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The hole transport region may have a thickness of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, and the thickness of the hole transport layer may be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase the light-emission efficiency of the device by compensating for an optical resonance distance of the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block or reduce the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may each include the same materials as described above.

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be substantially homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In an embodiment, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be -<NUM> eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:.

In the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>, the light-emitting unit <NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM> includes an emission layer, and the emission layer may have a structure in which at least two layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, a yellow emission layer, and a blue emission layer may be stacked in contact or separated from each other. In an embodiment, the emission layer may have a structure in which two or more materials selected from a red light emitting material, a green light emitting material, a yellow light emitting material, and a blue light emitting material are mixed without the division of layers.

The emission layer may further include an electron transport-auxiliary layer above the emission layer and/or a hole transport-auxiliary layer under the emission layer. The hole transport-auxiliary layer may act as the hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and/or an electron blocking layer, and the electron transport-auxiliary layer may act as a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, and/or an electron transport layer. The hole transport-auxiliary layer and the electron transport-auxiliary layer may each include the same materials as described for the hole transport region and the electron transport region, respectively.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include at least one selected from a phosphorescent dopant and a fluorescent dopant.

An amount of a dopant in the emission layer may be, based on about <NUM> parts by weight of the host, about <NUM> to about <NUM> parts by weight, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The emission layer may have a thickness of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The host may include a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:.

Formula <NUM>     [Ar<NUM>]xb11-[(L<NUM>)xb1-R<NUM>]xb21,.

In an embodiment, Ar<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be selected from:.

When xb11 in Formula <NUM> is two or more, two or more of Ar<NUM>(s) may be linked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by one of Formula <NUM>-<NUM> or Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In an embodiment, L<NUM> to L<NUM> in Formulae <NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

In an embodiment, R<NUM> to R<NUM> in Formulae <NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex or Zn complex. For example, the host may include a complex selected from a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), a Mg complex, and a Zn complex. In an embodiment, the host may be selected from a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, and a Zn complex.

The host may include at least one selected from <NUM>,<NUM>-di(<NUM>-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-bis(naphthalen-<NUM>-yl)anthracene (MADN), <NUM>,<NUM>-di-(<NUM>-naphthyl)-<NUM>-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), <NUM>,<NUM>'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-<NUM>,<NUM>'-biphenyl (CBP), <NUM>,<NUM>-di-<NUM>-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tri(carbazol-<NUM>-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55 and BH1 to BH13. <CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula <NUM>:.

Formula <NUM>     M(L<NUM>)xc1(L<NUM>)xc2.

<CHM>
wherein, in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>,.

In an embodiment, A<NUM> and A<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an isobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula <NUM>, i) X<NUM> may be nitrogen and X<NUM> may be carbon, or ii) X<NUM> and X<NUM> may each be nitrogen at the same time.

In one or more embodiments, R<NUM> and R<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula <NUM> is two or more, two A<NUM>(s) in two or more L<NUM>(s) may optionally be linked to each other via X<NUM> (which is a linking group), two A<NUM>(s) may optionally be linked to each other via X<NUM> (which is a linking group, see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). X<NUM> and X<NUM> may each independently be a single bond, *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q<NUM>)-*', *-C(Q<NUM>)(Q<NUM>)-*' or *-C(Q<NUM>)=C(Q<NUM>)-*' (where Q<NUM> and Q<NUM> may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

L<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organic ligand. In an embodiment, L<NUM> may be selected from halogen, diketone (for example, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (for example, picolinate), -C(=O), isonitrile, -CN, and a phosphorus group (for example, phosphine or phosphite), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be selected from, for example, Compounds PD1 to PD25, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The fluorescent dopant may include a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula <NUM>.

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or a styrylamine compound.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:
<CHM>
wherein, in Formula <NUM>,.

For example, Ar<NUM> may be a substituted or unsubstituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, L<NUM> to L<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula <NUM> may be <NUM>, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1 to FD22:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from the following compounds, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. <CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the constituting layers of each structure are sequentially stacked from an emission layer. However, embodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, and/or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring.

The term "π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring" may refer to a C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. a C<NUM>-C<NUM>) heterocyclic group having at least one *-N=*' moiety as a ring-forming moiety.

In an embodiment, the "π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring" may be i) a <NUM>-membered to <NUM>-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *-N=*' moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more <NUM>-membered to <NUM>-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at least one *-N=*' moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one <NUM>-membered to <NUM>-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *-N=*' moiety, is condensed with at least one C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. a C<NUM>-C<NUM>) carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring include an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a thiazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, an indazole ring, a purine ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a phthalazine ring, a naphthyridine ring, a quinoxaline ring, a quinazoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phenanthridine ring, an acridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a phenazine ring, a benzimidazole ring, an isobenzothiazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, an isobenzoxazole ring, a triazole ring, a tetrazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a triazine ring, a thiadiazole ring, an imidazopyridine ring, an imidazopyrimidine ring, and an azacarbazole ring, but are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>:.

In an embodiment, at least one of the xe11 Ar<NUM>(s) or the xe21 R<NUM>(s) may include the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring.

In an embodiment, ring Ar<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be selected from:.

When xe11 in Formula <NUM> is <NUM> or more, two or more Ar<NUM>(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar<NUM> in Formula <NUM> may be an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula <NUM> may be represented by Formula <NUM>-<NUM>:
<CHM>
wherein, in Formula <NUM>-<NUM>,.

In an embodiment, L<NUM> and L<NUM> to L<NUM> in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>.

In one or more embodiments, R<NUM> and R<NUM> to R<NUM> in Formulae <NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM> may each independently be selected from:.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from <NUM>,<NUM>-dimethyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-diphenyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-phenanthroline (BCP), <NUM>,<NUM>-diphenyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq<NUM>, BAIq, <NUM>-(biphenyl-<NUM>-yl)-<NUM>-(<NUM>-tert-butylphenyl)-<NUM>-phenyl-<NUM>-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-triazole (TAZ), and NTAZ. <CHM>
<CHM>.

The thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics and/or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport layer may have a thickness of about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>,<NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from an alkali metal complex and an alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2:
<CHM>.

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer to facilitate the injection of electrons from the second electrode <NUM>. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode <NUM>.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In an embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides (such as Li<NUM>O, Cs<NUM>O, and/or K<NUM>O), and alkali metal halides (such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, Lil, Nal, Csl, KI, and/or Rbl). In an embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li<NUM>O, NaF, Lil, Nal, Csl, and KI, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkaline earth-metal oxides (such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr<NUM>-xO (<NUM><x<<NUM>), and/or BaxCa<NUM>-xO (<NUM><x<<NUM>)). In an embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF<NUM>, ScF<NUM>, Sc<NUM>O<NUM>, Y<NUM>O<NUM>, Ce<NUM>O<NUM>, GdF<NUM> and TbF<NUM>. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF<NUM>, ScF<NUM>, TbF<NUM>, YbI<NUM>, ScI<NUM>, and TbI<NUM>, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may respectively include an ion of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth-metal, and a rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth-metal compound, rare earth metal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth-metal complex, rare earth metal complex, or combination thereof may be substantially homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å, for example, about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å or about <NUM>Å to about <NUM>Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, the electron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The second electrode <NUM> may be a cathode (which is an electron injection electrode), and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode <NUM> may be selected from a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, each having a relatively low work function.

The second electrode <NUM> may include at least one selected from lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), aluminium-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), ytterbium (Yb), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The second electrode <NUM> may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode <NUM> may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode <NUM>, and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the second electrode <NUM>. For example, the light-emitting device <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode <NUM>, the organic layer <NUM>, and the second electrode <NUM> are sequentially stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode <NUM>, the organic layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode <NUM>, the organic layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order.

In the organic layer <NUM> of the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the first electrode <NUM> and the first capping layer toward the outside, wherein the first electrode <NUM> may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode. In the organic layer <NUM> of the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the second electrode <NUM> and the second capping layer toward the outside, wherein the second electrode <NUM> may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase the external luminescence efficiency of the device, according to the principle of constructive interference.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may protect the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>, and furthermore, may allow light, generated by the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>, to be efficiently emitted.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently have a refractive index of <NUM> or more with respect to a wavelength of about <NUM>.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or a combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, CI, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer or second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, a compound represented by Formula <NUM>, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may each independently include a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33, Compounds CP1 to CP5, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
<CHM>
<CHM>.

The organic light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or the like.

The electronic apparatus (for example, light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the organic light-emitting device, a color filter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the organic light-emitting device. In an embodiment, the light emitted from the organic light-emitting device may be blue light or white light, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The organic light-emitting device may be the same as described above.

The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, and the color filter or the color conversion layer may include a plurality of subpixel areas respectively corresponding to a plurality of color filter areas or color conversion layer areas.

A pixel-defining film may be located between the plurality of subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

The color filter or the color conversion layer may further include a light-blocking pattern located between a plurality of color filter areas or between a plurality of color conversion layer areas.

The color filter areas or the color conversion areas may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, and the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. In an embodiment, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the plurality of color filter areas or the plurality of color filter areas may each include a quantum dot, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each include a scatterer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first first-color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second first-color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third first-color light. In this regard, the first first-color light, the second first-color light, and the third first-color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first first-color light may be red light, the second first-color light may be green light, and the third first-color light may be blue light, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor in addition to the organic light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulation layer, and/or the like.

The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the organic light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be placed between the color filter and the organic light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the organic light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, while simultaneously (e.g., concurrently) preventing or reducing ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the organic light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate and/or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or a inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

In addition to the color filter and/or color conversion layer, various functional layers may be further located on the sealing portion, as desired depending on the use of the electronic apparatus. The functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and/or the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus for authenticating an individual by using biometric information of a biometric body (for example, a fingertip, a pupil, and/or the like).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the organic light-emitting device, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

<FIG> is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus <NUM> according to an embodiment. The electronic apparatus <NUM> includes a substrate <NUM>, an organic light-emitting device <NUM> located on the substrate <NUM>, a capping layer <NUM> located on the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, and the color conversion layer <NUM> located on the capping layer <NUM>.

The substrate <NUM>, the organic light-emitting device <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> may each be understood by referring to the above descriptions.

The color conversion layer <NUM> includes a first color conversion layer area <NUM>, a second color conversion layer area <NUM>, a third color conversion layer area <NUM>, and a light-blocking pattern <NUM> located between neighboring areas of the first, second, and third color conversion layer area <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>.

The first, second, and third color conversion layer regions <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> may each include quantum dots, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one embodiment, the first color conversion layer area <NUM> includes a red quantum dot, the second color conversion layer area <NUM> includes a green quantum dot, and the third color conversion layer area <NUM> may not include quantum dots, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Each layer included in a charge generation layer, each layer included in a hole transport region, and each layer included in an emission layer and an electron transport region may be formed in a set or predetermined area by vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, a Langmuir Blodgett (LB) method, inkjet printing, laser printing, and/or laser thermal imaging (LITI).

When the layers constituting the charge generation layer, the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and/or the layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about <NUM> to about <NUM>, a vacuum degree of about <NUM>-<NUM> torr to about <NUM>-<NUM> torr, and a deposition speed of about <NUM>Å/sec to about <NUM>Å/sec, depending on the material to be included and the structure of a layer to be formed.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group" as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl/alkylene group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenyl group" as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkenyl group. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an alkenyl/alkenylene group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynyl group" as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkynyl group. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an alkynyl/alkynylene group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkoxy group" as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by -OA<NUM> (wherein A<NUM> is a C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an alkoxy group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group" as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkyl group" as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenyl group" as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof, and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group" as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limiting examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group include a <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydro-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-oxatriazolyl group, a <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrofuranyl group, and a <NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group" as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and the term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group and the C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be fused to each other. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an aryl/arylene group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group" as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms. The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroarylene group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroaryl group and the C<NUM>-C<NUM> heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an heteroaryl/heteroarylene group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryloxy group" as used herein refers to -OA<NUM> (wherein A<NUM> is a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group), and the term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> arylthio group" as used herein refers to -SA<NUM> (wherein A<NUM> is a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group). Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in an aryloxy group and an arylthio group.

The term "monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group" as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbon atoms (for example, <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. A detailed example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group and an adamantyl group. The term "divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term "monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group" as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms (for example, <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms) as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is an azaadamantyl group. The term "divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group" as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group that includes only carbon as a ring-forming atom, and consists of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms. The C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group may be an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group may be a ring (such as benzene), a monovalent group (such as a phenyl group), or a divalent group (such as a phenylene group). In one or more embodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, the C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group. Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in a carbocyclic group.

The term "C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocyclic group" as used herein refers to a group having substantially the same structure as the C<NUM>-C<NUM> carbocyclic group, except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atoms may be in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>). Corresponding definitions apply to other ranges given for the number of carbon atoms in a heterocyclic group.

In the present specification, at least one substituent of the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) carbocyclic group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) heterocyclic group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkylene group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) arylene group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) alkyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) alkenyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) alkynyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) alkoxy group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) aryl group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) aryloxy group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) arylthio group, the substituted C<NUM>-C<NUM> (e.g. C<NUM>-C<NUM>) heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:.

The term "Ph" as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term "Me" as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term "Et" as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the term "ter-Bu" or "But" as used herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term "OMe" as used herein refers to a methoxy group.

The term "biphenyl group" as used herein refers to "a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. " In other words, the "biphenyl group" is a substituted phenyl group having a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group as a substituent.

The term "terphenyl group" as used herein refers to "a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group". In other words, the "terphenyl group" is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group substituted with a C<NUM>-C<NUM> aryl group.

* and *' as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.

As a substrate and an anode, a glass substrate with <NUM>Ωcm<NUM> (<NUM>Å) ITO thereon (manufactured by Corning Inc. ) was cut to a size of <NUM>×<NUM>×<NUM>, sonicated using isopropyl alcohol and pure water for <NUM> minutes each, irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light for <NUM> minutes thereto, and exposed to ozone for cleaning. Then, the resultant glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 and F4-TCNQ were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> on the ITO anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å. HT3 (<NUM>Å) was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer.

HT18 (<NUM>Å) was deposited on the hole transport layer to form a hole transport auxiliary layer, BH8 and BD1 were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> to form an emission layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å, and then, ET28 (<NUM>Å) was deposited thereon to form an upper auxiliary layer, thereby completing the manufacture of a first light-emitting unit.

ET1 and LiQ (<NUM>Å) were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> on the first light-emitting unit to form an electron transport layer.

Bphen and Li were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> on the electron transport layer to form an n-type charge generation layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å.

HT3 and Bi<NUM>Te<NUM> were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> on the n-type charge generation layer to form a first doping layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å, and HT3 and KI were co-deposited at the weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> on the first doping layer to form a second doping layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å to form a second doping layer, thereby completing the manufacture of a p-type charge generation layer. As a result, a first charge generation layer was formed, in which an n-type charge generation layer and a p-type charge generation layer were stacked.

A second light-emitting unit was formed on the first charge generation layer in substantially the same manner as used to form the first light-emitting unit, and ET1 and LiQ (<NUM>Å) were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> on the second light-emitting unit.

A second charge generation layer was formed on the electron transport layer in substantially the same manner as used to form the first charge generation layer.

A third light-emitting unit was formed on the second charge generation layer in substantially the same manner as used to form the first light-emitting unit.

On the third light-emitting unit, ET1 and LiQ were co-deposited at a weight ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of <NUM>Å, and Yb (15Å) was deposited thereon to form an electron injection layer, thereby completely forming an electron transport region.

AgMg (<NUM>Å) was deposited on the electron transport region to form a cathode, and HT28 (<NUM>Å) was deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device. <CHM>
<CHM>
<CHM>.

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that, in forming the emission layer, H-<NUM> and D-<NUM> were used instead of BH8 and BD1:
<CHM>.

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that, in forming the p-type charge generation layer, the second doping layer was not formed, and the first doping layer was formed using HT3 and HAT-CN and the thickness thereof was adjusted to be <NUM>Å.

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that, in forming the p-type charge generation layer, the second doping layer was not formed, and the thickness of the first doping layer was adjusted to be <NUM>Å.

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that, in forming the p-type charge generation layer, the first doping layer was not formed, and the thickness of the second doping layer was adjusted to be <NUM>Å.

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that, in forming the first doping layer, HAT-CN was used alone, and, in forming the second doping layer, HAT-CN and NPD (NPD in the amount of <NUM> wt%) were used.

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example <NUM>, except that, in forming the second doping layer, KI was used alone.

The efficiency (Cd/A) and lifespan (hr) of each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples <NUM> and <NUM> and Comparative Examples <NUM> to <NUM> at the current density of <NUM> mA/cm<NUM> were measured, and the results obtained therefrom are shown on a percentage basis (%) with respect to Comparative Example <NUM> in Table <NUM>.

Referring to Table <NUM>, the organic light-emitting devices of Examples <NUM> and <NUM> had higher or greater efficiencies and life spans than the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples <NUM> to <NUM>.

The organic light-emitting devices according to embodiments of the present disclosure may have a high efficiency and/or a long lifespan.

Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of "<NUM> to <NUM>" is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of <NUM> and the recited maximum value of <NUM>, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than <NUM> and a maximum value equal to or less than <NUM>, such as, for example, <NUM> to <NUM>. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein.

Claim 1:
An organic light-emitting device (<NUM>) comprising:
a first electrode (<NUM>);
a second electrode (<NUM>) facing the first electrode (<NUM>);
m light-emitting units (<NUM>) stacked between the first electrode (<NUM>) and the second electrode (<NUM>) and comprising at least one emission layer; and
m-<NUM> charge generating layers (<NUM>), each located between two neighboring light-emitting units (<NUM>) of the m light-emitting units (<NUM>) and comprising an n-type charge generating layer (155N) and a p-type charge generation layer (155P),
wherein m is an integer of <NUM> or more,
characterized in that at least one of the m-<NUM> p-type charge generation layers (155P) comprises a first doping layer (155P') and a second doping layer (155P"),
the first doping layer (155P') comprises a first organic material and a first inorganic material,
the second doping layer (155P") comprises a second organic material and a second inorganic material, and
the first inorganic material and the second inorganic material are different from each other.