Patent Description:
Weight loss and malnutrition occur frequently in patients with cancer. It is well established that weight loss and malnutrition lead to poorer outcomes for cancer patients. This includes decreased functional status, increased complication rates and a detrimental effect on quality of life. Overall, this leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality.

Cancer patients are frequently found to be malnourished at the time of diagnosis and, depending on the site and stage of the tumor, they have frequently lost weight prior to their diagnosis. Weight loss arises early in the course of disease and is a prominent feature throughout the patient's cancer journey (disease, anticancer treatment and recovery).

Nutritional intake and nutritional status of cancer patients can be impaired by a multitude of reasons including decreased nutritional intake, the patient's response to the tumor causing anorexia (e.g., early satiety, reduced appetite), physical abnormalities associated with the tumor (e.g., altered metabolism, increased catabolism) as well as side effects of the cancer treatments themselves (e.g., nausea, constipation, diarrhea, extensive resection with loss of functional capacity, mucositis, stomatitis, dysphagia). Another important factor when considering oral intake is the emotional effect both the diagnosis and treatment can have on a patient (e.g., depression, grief, anxiety, pain).

Cancer is a chronic condition often identified late and it involves complex multimodal treatment. To survive and grow, tumors transform host stores into their energy fuel, thus affecting host metabolism and nutritional status even before it becomes clinically evident. In response the host produces a number of specific immune-derived factors in a futile attempt to isolate, starve, and kill the tumor cells. This altered metabolism can lead to anorexia, malnutrition, and eventually cachexia.

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass). Cancer cachexia causes functional impairment and is prevalent in the majority of cancer patients. Cachexia leads to weight loss, muscle mass loss and/or a reduced response to treatment and ultimately causes premature mortality.

Side effects that have been associated with malnutrition and cachexia in cancer patients include poor prognosis, increased risk of complications in surgery and radiotherapy, impaired response to chemotherapy, fatigue, decreased performance status and/or diminished ability to tolerate treatment.

Due to on-going treatment, energy requirements for cancer patients are unlikely to be met with food alone. Energy requirements can also be higher due to the altered metabolism. The protein requirements for cancer patients are increased due to the loss of lean body mass caused by the altered metabolism. Furthermore, cancer patients are often not able to meet their micronutrient (e.g. vitamin D) requirements with food alone. To ensure these requirements are met, nutritional compositions, in particular oral nutritional compositions, are needed.

Accordingly, there is a need for systems which can be used in therapy of cancer patients. In particular, there is a need for nutritional compositions which provide sufficient amounts of calories, protein and micronutrients (e.g. vitamin D) in a relatively low volume, as cancer patients do often not tolerate high or even normal volumes of food and/or nutritional compositions. Preferably, such compositions can be adapted to be nutritionally complete.

The inventors found a system which can be used in therapy of cancer patients. Said system involves the combined use of PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin D and the protein bound amino acids glycine, arginine and tryptophan as active ingredients. The corresponding nutritional compositions provide sufficient amounts of calories, protein and micronutrients (e.g. vitamin D) in a relatively low volume, and they can be adapted to be nutritionally complete.

Accordingly, the invention relates to PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin D and the protein bound amino acids glycine, arginine and tryptophan as active ingredients for use in therapy of cancer patients, which suffer from anorexia, cachexia and/or sarcopenia and/or which are pre-cachexic and/or pre-sarcopenic wherein an effective amount of said active ingredients is administered in the form of a nutritional composition comprising a) a lipid component providing <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition, wherein <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by PUFA, b) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E, c) <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D, d) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> glycine, e) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> arginine, and f) at least <NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan.

The invention also relates to the nutritional composition comprising a) a lipid component providing <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition, wherein <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by PUFA,b) <NUM>-<NUM>/1OOmL alpha-TE vitamin E,c) <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D,d) <NUM> -<NUM>/<NUM> glycine,e) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> arginine, and f) at least <NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan, wherein at least <NUM> mol%, preferably at least <NUM> mol%, more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, most preferably at least <NUM> mol% of each of the glycine, the arginine and the tryptophan comprised in the nutritional composition is protein bound.

In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to a dose unit comprising the nutritional composition.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a dosage regime for use in (nutritional) therapy of cancer patients.

"High protein" as used herein refers to nutritional compositions wherein the protein component provides at least <NUM> EN%, preferably at least <NUM> EN%, more preferably at least <NUM> EN%, most preferred at least <NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition. In preferred embodiments, such nutritional compositions comprise at least <NUM> wt%, preferably at least 12wt%, more preferably at least <NUM> wt%, most preferred at least <NUM> wt% of protein based on the total weight of the nutritional composition. According to the present disclosure, there may be an upper limit to protein content, for example at most <NUM> EN%, preferably at most <NUM> EN%, more preferably at most <NUM> EN%.

"High caloric" as used herein refers to nutritional compositions having a caloric density of at least <NUM> kcal/mL, preferably at least <NUM> kcal/ml, more preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL, most preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL.

"Nutritional composition" herein refers to a synthetically produced food composition. Thus, nutritional compositions are artificial nutritional products obtained by mixing / dissolving bulk ingredients whereby said ingredients are typically provided in solid form (e.g. powders) or liquid from (e.g. oils, water, syrup). The term "nutritional composition" excludes "food", i.e. non-modified natural food products, such as meat, vegetables, fruits in their natural form and conventionally prepared (e.g. cooked) meals or drinks like tea, coffee or juices.

For the present disclosure, "nutritional compositions" are limited to liquid or semi-solid compositions.

"Patient nutrition" as used herein refers to nutrition intended for individuals suffering from a medical condition. Patient nutrition as defined herein excludes the provision of nutrients in the form of conventionally prepared meals ("food"). Patient nutrition therefore only refers to the provision of nutrients in form of nutritional compositions as defined above. Herein, patient nutrition is intended for patients having high caloric needs and high protein needs.

"Nutritionally complete" refers to nutritional compositions suitable as sole source of nutrition. To be nutritionally complete, it is required that a nutritional composition comprises - in addition to the lipid, carbohydrate and protein components - minerals and vitamins. In order to be nutritionally complete, vitamins and minerals should be present in sufficient amounts as known to the man skilled in the art, i.e. in accordance with established nutritional guidelines. The recommended nutrient requirements, in particular with respect to minerals and vitamins, can be found in standard nutritional guidelines such as EU commission directive <NUM>/<NUM>/EC (see tables <NUM> and <NUM> hereinbelow). Suitable nutrients according to the present disclosure fulfil the requirements of / are listed in REGULATION (EU) No <NUM>/<NUM>.

"Malnutrition" as used herein refers to one or both of Option I: body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) <<NUM>; Option II: the combined finding of unintentional weight loss (mandatory) and at least one of either reduced BMI or a low fat free mass index (FFMI). Weight loss is defined as either ><NUM>% of habitual weight indefinite of time, or ><NUM>% over <NUM> months. Reduced BMI is <<NUM> or <<NUM>/m2 in subjects younger and older than <NUM> years, respectively. Low FFMI is <<NUM> and <<NUM>/m2 in females and males, respectively.

The term "(nutritional) therapy" as used herein refers to therapy, preferably nutritional therapy.

A composition "consisting of' a number of ingredients or components is to be understood as comprising no other than the named ingredients or components. In case ranges for amounts of ingredients or components are given, the individual amount of all ingredients or components within the composition has of course also to be adapted such that the sum of all amounts of all present ingredients or components adds up to <NUM> wt%.

"Homogenization" as used herein refers to the process of diminishing the size of the fat globules in a nutritional emulsion. A preferred homogenization process herein comprises two homogenization steps. The first homogenization step may be carried out at a pressure of 100bar and the second homogenization step may be carried out at a pressure of <NUM> bar. Both steps may be carried out at a temperature of <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>-<NUM>, for example <NUM>.

"UHT-treatment" aims at killing of microorganisms. Preferred UHT treatment may be carried out with a pre-heat treatment at <NUM> for <NUM> followed by UHT at <NUM> for <NUM> seconds, followed by a (third) homogenization step requiring homogenization at less than <NUM> with a pressure that can oscillate between <NUM>-<NUM> bar.

The term "protein bound amino acid" is known to a person skilled in the art. As a person skilled in the art is aware of, a protein is composed of amino acids. Protein bound amino acids are the amino acids which the protein is composed of. In other words, a protein bound amino acid is an amino acid which is bound in a protein. Accordingly, a free amino acid is not a protein bound amino acid. The term "protein" as used in the term "protein bound amino acid" preferably refers to a protein having an average molecular weight (Mw) of ≥ <NUM> Da, preferably ≥ <NUM> Da, more preferably ≥ <NUM> Da. The term "protein" as used in the term "protein bound amino acid" preferably refers to a protein having an average molecular weight (Mw) of ≤ <NUM> kDa, preferably ≤ <NUM> kDa, more preferably ≤ <NUM> kDa. In particularly preferred embodiments, the amino acids are bound in collagen hydrolysate or milk protein. One advantage of the use of protein bound amino acids over free amino acids is the improved taste associated therewith.

"Protein component" as used herein refers to the entirety of ingredients of the nutritional composition declarable as "protein".

"Hydrolysed collagen" or "collagen hydrolysate" as used herein refers to low molecular weight collagen obtainable by hydrolysis of collagen by procedures known to the skilled artisan. Embodiments of hydrolysed collagen as preferred herein have an average molecular weight Mw of from <NUM> Da to <NUM> Da, preferably <NUM> to <NUM> Da. Methods for determining the average molecular weight are well known in the art. An exemplary method is given hereinbelow.

"Lipid component" as used herein refers to the entirety of ingredients of the nutritional composition declarable as "fat". The term "PUFA" as used herein refers to polyunsaturated fatty acids. The term "omega-<NUM>-PUFA" as used herein refers to omega-<NUM>-polyunsaturated fatty acids. The term "omega-<NUM>-PUFA" as used herein refers to omega-<NUM>-polyunsaturated fatty acids. The term "MUFA" as used herein refers to monounsaturated fatty acids. The term "SFA" as used herein refers to saturated fatty acids.

"Carbohydrate component" as used herein refers to the entirety of ingredients of the nutritional composition declarable as "carbohydrate".

"EN%" refers to the contribution of a certain component or of a specific ingredient to the total nutritional energy of an edible composition, e.g. the nutritional composition.

"Ready-to-use" refers to the final form of the nutritional composition as administered to a patient. Typically, the nutritional compositions herein are pre-packed in a ready to use format, i.e. sold in separately packed dose units that do not require any further dilution etc..

If not specified otherwise, the expression "/<NUM>" as used herein means "per <NUM> of the nutritional composition". For example, if not specified otherwise, the expression "g/<NUM>" as used herein refers to "g per <NUM> of the nutritional composition", the expression "mg/<NUM>" as used herein refers to "mg per <NUM> of the nutritional composition", and the expression "ug/<NUM>" as used herein refers to "µg per <NUM> of the nutritional composition", etc..

The nutritional compositions herein comprise nutrients in predetermined and controllable amounts. Optionally, such a nutritional composition may further comprise a carbohydrate component. Optionally, such a nutritional composition may further comprise minerals. Optionally, such a nutritional composition may further comprise dietary fibres and/or further ingredients known as food additives. In particularly preferred embodiments, such a nutritional composition further comprises water.

Preferably, the nutritional compositions have a high caloric density. Also preferably, the nutritional compositions have a high protein content. Particularly preferably, the nutritional compositions have a high caloric density and a high protein content.

Typically, the nutritional compositions have a caloric density of at least <NUM> kcal/mL, preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL, more preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably at least <NUM> kcal/mL. Typically, the nutritional compositions have a caloric density of at most <NUM> kcal/mL, preferably at most <NUM> kcal/mL, more preferably at most <NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably at most <NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably at most <NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably at most <NUM> kcal/mL. Preferably, the nutritional compositions have a caloric density of <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL. Particular preference is also given to nutritional compositions having a caloric density of <NUM>-<NUM> kcal/mL.

In preferred embodiments, the nutritional compositions herein comprise <NUM>-<NUM> wt%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> wt% of water based on the total weight of the nutritional composition. In preferred embodiments, the nutritional compositions herein comprise <NUM>-<NUM> vol%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> vol% of water based on the total volume of the nutritional composition.

The nutritional compositions typically are liquid or semi-solid. In preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition is an emulsion. In particularly preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition is an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.

Preferably, the nutritional composition of the present disclosure is nutritionally complete.

Preferably, the nutritional composition of the present disclosure is a ready to use nutritional composition.

The nutritional composition of the present disclosure is administered enterally, preferably orally.

The nutritional composition of the invention shows good tolerability and palatability resulting in excellent compliance. Good compliance is important because it helps to increase a patient's total protein and energy intake.

In preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition herein comprises the following components in the following amounts:.

In more preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition herein comprises the following components in the following amounts:.

In even more preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition herein comprises the following components in the following amounts:.

The invention involves the use of the protein bound amino acids glycine, arginine and tryptophan. Accordingly, the nutritional composition herein comprises a protein component.

According to the invention, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> glycine. Typically, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> glycine, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> glycine. At least <NUM> mol%, more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, most preferably at least <NUM> mol% of the glycine comprised in the nutritional composition is protein bound. Glycine promotes the synthesis of creatine in the body, which helps to build lean muscle mass and raise energy levels in the muscles by synthesizing muscle protein increasing nitrogen retention.

According to the invention, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> arginine. Typically, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> arginine, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> arginine. At least <NUM> mol%, more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, most preferably at least <NUM> mol% of the arginine comprised in the nutritional composition is protein bound. Arginine promotes creatine synthesis in the body, which supports muscle metabolism by maintaining a healthy nitrogen balance, which helps to increase muscle mass.

According to the invention, the nutritional composition comprises at least <NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan. Typically, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan. At least <NUM> mol%, more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, most preferably at least <NUM> mol% of the tryptophan comprised in the nutritional composition is protein bound. Tryptophan is an indispensable amino acid, which helps to ensure normal protein metabolism.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises proline, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> proline, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> proline, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> proline. Preferably, at least <NUM> mol%, more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, most preferably at least <NUM> mol% of the proline optionally comprised in the nutritional composition is protein bound.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises cysteine, preferably at least <NUM>/<NUM> cysteine, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> cysteine, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> cysteine. Preferably, at least <NUM> mol%, more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, even more preferably at least <NUM> mol%, most preferably at least <NUM> mol% of the cysteine optionally comprised in the nutritional composition is protein bound.

In preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen or hydrolysed collagen. In particularly preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises hydrolysed collagen. In other preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen. In other preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen and hydrolysed collagen.

In preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises a protein source selected from vegetable proteins, animal proteins other than collagen and mixtures thereof, for example milk protein, soy protein, pea protein, egg white and hydrolysates thereof. In preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises a protein source selected from milk proteins, such as total milk protein, milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate, whey, casein and mixtures thereof.

In preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen or collagen hydrolysate as (a) protein source(s) and milk protein as a protein source. In particularly preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen hydrolysate as a first protein source and milk protein as a second protein source. In other preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen as a first protein source and milk protein as a second protein source. In other preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises collagen, collagen hydrolysate and milk protein as protein sources.

Preferably, the protein component comprises at least two different protein sources. More preferably, the protein component comprises at least two different protein sources, wherein the first protein source is hydrolysed collagen. In even more preferred embodiments, the protein component comprises at least two different protein sources, wherein the first protein source is hydrolysed collagen and represents at least <NUM> wt%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> wt%, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> wt%, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> wt%, most preferably <NUM>-<NUM> wt% based on the total weight of the protein component.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the protein component essentially consists of collagen hydrolysate and milk protein. In particularly preferred embodiments, the protein component consists of collagen hydrolysate and milk protein.

Comparing nutritional compositions comprising high amounts of hydrolysed protein, the nutritional compositions comprising hydrolysed collagen (which are according to preferred embodiments of the invention) should lead to improved patient compliance due to improved rheological and sensorial properties like viscosity, texture and/or taste.

In preferred embodiments, the second protein source is selected from vegetable proteins, animal proteins other than collagen and mixtures thereof, for example milk protein, soy protein, pea protein, egg white and hydrolysates thereof. In more preferred embodiments, the second protein source is selected from milk proteins, such as total milk protein, milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate, whey, casein and mixtures thereof. A particularly preferred second protein source is milk protein, e.g. total milk protein and/or milk protein concentrate.

Within the second protein source, proteins having different average molecular weights may be used. Preferred average molecular weights (Mw) of the proteins used within the second protein source lie in the range of <NUM>-60kDa. In such a range properties of the nutritional composition can be well balanced in terms of heat stability and/or viscosity.

For example, a second protein source comprising a high amount of a protein having a lower molecular weight will lead to a reduced viscosity of the nutritional composition. Therefore, a preferred second protein source comprises more than <NUM> wt%, preferably more than <NUM> wt% of a protein having an average molecular weight of less than 40kDa, such as <NUM>-<NUM> kDa (based on the total weight of the second protein source).

A preferred protein component comprises collagen hydrolysate as the first protein source and milk protein as the second protein source. Such a protein component is particularly suitable as it can be adapted such that it provides an amino acid distribution suitable to meet current international recommendations for daily intake (e.g. when the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure are used as sole source of nutrition), even without addition of free amino acids, di- or tripeptides. Such an exemplary international recommendation has been published by the WHO (Technical Report Series <NUM>, <NUM>, p. Particularly preferred is a protein component comprising <NUM>-<NUM> wt% of hydrolysed collagen as the first protein source and <NUM>-<NUM> wt% milk protein as the second protein source, such as <NUM> wt% hydrolysed collagen with <NUM> wt% milk protein (each based on the total weight of the protein component).

Further amino acids may as well contribute to the protein component, preferably the second protein source. These may be added in their chemical form or in the form of low molecular peptides, such as di- or tripeptides. However, in preferred embodiments neither free amino acids nor di- or tripeptides are added to the protein component described herein.

Nutritional compositions herein typically comprise at least <NUM> wt%, preferably at least <NUM> wt%, more preferably at least <NUM> wt% of protein based on the total weight of the nutritional composition.

Nutritional compositions herein typically comprise at least <NUM>, preferably at least <NUM>, more preferably at least <NUM>, most preferably at least <NUM> of protein per <NUM> of the nutritional composition. Nutritional compositions herein typically comprise at most <NUM>, preferably at most <NUM>, more preferably at most <NUM> of protein per <NUM> of the nutritional composition. Preferably, nutritional compositions herein comprise <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, most preferably <NUM>-<NUM> of protein per <NUM> of the nutritional composition.

In preferred embodiments, the protein component provides at least <NUM> EN%, preferably at least <NUM> EN%, more preferably at least <NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition. For example, the protein component provides <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition.

Preferably, the protein to water ratio of the present nutritional composition is at least <NUM>/<NUM> [g/g], more preferably at least <NUM>/<NUM> [g/g].

As described above, the collagen hydrolysate, which is used in preferred embodiments of the invention, preferably has an average molecular weight Mw of from <NUM> Da to <NUM> Da, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> Da. Examples are known to a person skilled in the art and commercially available (e.g. via Gelita, Germany). Such hydrolysates and methods for making them are for example described in <CIT>, in particular par. [<NUM>]-[<NUM>] and Example <NUM> with the low molecular weight hydrolysates in par. [<NUM>] being particularly suitable. Of course, other sources than porcine gelatin can be used, with bovine being particularly preferred for the applications herein.

Accordingly, particularly preferred collagen hydrolysates have molecular weight distributions as listed below:.

Preferably, at most <NUM> wt%, more preferably at most <NUM> wt% of the collagen hydrolysate has a molecular weight of above <NUM>,<NUM> Da.

Preferably, at most <NUM> wt%, more preferably at most <NUM> wt% of the collagen hydrolysate has a molecular weight of below <NUM> Da.

Thus, particularly preferred collagen hydrolysates are characterized by at least <NUM> wt%, preferably at least <NUM> wt% falling into the molecular weight range of <NUM>-<NUM> Da.

The nutritional composition herein comprises a lipid component. Said lipid component may comprise one or more lipid sources, such as lipids of animal and/or vegetable origin. Suitable lipid sources may be selected from oil of marine origin vegetable oils and combinations thereof. Preferably, lipid sources may be selected from fish oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, soy oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, linseed oil and combinations thereof. Additionally, the lipid component may comprise MCT in oil or fat form providing C6-C12 fatty acids.

In preferred embodiments, the lipid component comprises rapeseed oil and/or canola oil, preferably rapeseed oil, also preferably canola oil.

In one embodiment, the lipid component comprises fish oil. In another embodiment, the lipid component comprises rapeseed oil and fish oil. In another embodiment, the lipid component comprises canola oil and fish oil.

In terms of individual fatty acids, the lipid component typically includes polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Suitable fatty acids may be selected from the group consisting of caproic acid (C6:<NUM>), caprylic acid (C8:<NUM>), capric acid (C10:<NUM>), lauric acid (C12:<NUM>), myristic acid (C14:<NUM>), palmitic acid (C16:<NUM>), palmitoleic acid (C16:1w7), stearic acid (C18:<NUM>), oleic acid (C18:1w9), linoleic acid (C18:2w6), a-linolenic acid (C18:3w3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5w3), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6w3) and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred fatty acids are linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and mixtures thereof.

Fat is a rich source of energy which is invaluable when meeting a patient's nutritional requirements especially in a small volume. It supports the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins D and E.

In the nutritional composition of the invention, the percentage energy from fat is higher than the current global nutrition society recommendations for an optimal fat supply in the healthy population. Such higher percentage energy from fat is, however, not contraindicated in the malnourished population. In populations with inadequate total energy intake, dietary fats are an important macronutrient to increase energy intake to appropriate levels. The fat content in the present nutritional composition is appropriate for the malnourished population.

PUFA are a concentrated source of energy and have many benefits. For example, replacing SFA by PUFA reduces the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The risk of metabolic syndrome components and diabetes can be reduced as well.

In the nutritional composition of the invention, the percentage energy from PUFA is higher than the WHO recommendation. This recommendation is related to low tocopherol (vitamin E) intake. The main risk in a higher total PUFA dietary intake is thought to be an increased risk of lipid peroxidation. The present nutritional composition provides vitamin E in sufficient amounts, which will not only help the patients to meet their vitamin E requirements but may also further reduce the impact or risk of lipid peroxidation. The PUFA content in the present nutritional composition is appropriate for the malnourished population due to the need for a positive energy balance to promote weight gain in a small volume.

According to the invention, the lipid component provides <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition. Preferably, the lipid component provides <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition.

According to the invention, <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by PUFA. Preferably, <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by PUFA.

In preferred embodiments, <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by omega-<NUM>-PUFA. An example of an omega-<NUM>-PUFA is linoleic acid. In preferred embodiments, <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by omega-<NUM>-PUFA. An example of an omega-<NUM>-PUFA is alpha-linolenic acid. Preferably, the ratio [g/g] of omega-<NUM>-PUFA to omega-<NUM>-PUFA is <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>.

In preferred embodiments, <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, for example <NUM> EN%, based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by MUFA. In preferred embodiments, <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, for example <NUM> EN%, based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by SFA.

The nutritional composition herein may comprise a carbohydrate component. Said carbohydrate component may comprise one or more carbohydrate sources. Typical carbohydrate sources may be selected from the group consisting of maltodextrine, glucose syrup, sucrose, fructose, isomaltulose, starch (modified or unmodified), tapioca dextrine, and mixtures thereof.

Typically, the carbohydrate component provides at least <NUM> EN%, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> EN%, for example <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition.

A preferred carbohydrate component comprises glucose syrup and, preferably sucrose. The carbohydrate component may comprise <NUM>-<NUM> wt% of glucose syrup and <NUM>-<NUM> wt% of sucrose based on the total weight of the carbohydrate component. Preferably, the carbohydrate component comprises <NUM>-<NUM> wt% glucose syrup and <NUM>-<NUM> wt% sucrose, for example <NUM>-<NUM> wt% glucose syrup and <NUM>-<NUM> wt% sucrose based on the total weight of the carbohydrate component.

To be regarded as nutritionally complete, nutritional compositions have to comprise vitamins and minerals.

Suitable vitamins to be included in the composition in order to render it nutritionally complete according to the present disclosure are Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Vitamin C, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Folic acid, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic acid, Biotin and Vitamin E. An example for rendering a nutritional composition complete in vitamins is given in table <NUM>.

Suitable minerals to be included in the composition in order to render it nutritionally complete according to the present disclosure are Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Iodine, Selenium, Manganese, Chromium and Molybdenum. Optionally, Fluoride may be included. An example for rendering a nutritional composition complete in minerals is given in table <NUM>.

According to the invention, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E. Typically, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E. The term "alpha-TE" used in connection with vitamin E refers to alpha-tocopherol equivalents. Vitamin E helps to further reduce the impact or risk of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, vitamin E has antioxidant properties and, thus, may protect tissue from oxidative damage.

According to the invention, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D. Typically, the nutritional composition comprises <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D. The term "vitamin D" as used herein preferably refers to vitamin D3. Vitamin D modulates intestinal calcium absorption and calcium release from bone, as well as renal phosphate excretion in order to maintain plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations in a range supporting cellular processes, neuromuscular function, and bone ossification. Above its role in bone metabolism, vitamin D has additional extra-skeletal influences on the cardiovascular system, the endocrine system, the immune system and the nervous system. Benefits associated with adequate vitamin D levels include improvements in bone health and skeletal muscle function, prevention or reduced risk of falls, fractures and osteoporosis as well as lower mortality. An adequate intake of vitamin D in conjunction with high protein intake helps to increase muscle mass.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises B vitamins, preferably at least <NUM>/<NUM> B vitamins, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> B vitamins, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> B vitamins. Examples of B vitamins are vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid. In preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid. In particularly preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid. B vitamins, in particular vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid, help to improve cognitive/psychological function and to decrease cardiovascular risk.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises vitamin B6, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> vitamin B6, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> vitamin B6, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> vitamin B6. Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises vitamin B12, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin B12, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin B12, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin B12. Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises folic acid, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> folic acid, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> folic acid, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> folic acid.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises vitamin C, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> vitamin C, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> vitamin C, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> vitamin C.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises calcium, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> calcium, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> calcium, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> calcium. Calcium, in particular in combination with vitamin D, helps to improve bone health and to reduce the risk of bone fragility, osteoporosis and bone fracture.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises zinc, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> zinc, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> zinc, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> zinc.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises copper, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> copper, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> copper, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> copper.

Optionally, the nutritional composition further comprises selenium, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> selenium, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> selenium, even more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> selenium.

In one embodiment, the nutritional composition further comprises vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, copper and selenium, preferably in the amounts specified above.

In one embodiment, the nutritional composition further comprises vitamin C and zinc, preferably in the amounts specified above.

The nutritional composition herein may comprise ingredients declarable as dietary fibres. Suitable dietary fibres may be selected from the group consisting of cocoa powder, inulin, wheat dextrine, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, soy polysaccharides, tapioca dextrine, xanthan, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, at least partially hydrolysed guar gum, acacia gum, pectin, oat fibre, polydextrose, resistant starch, hemicellulose and mixtures thereof.

Nutritional compositions optionally comprise food additives. Additives are typically present in total amount of less than 10wt%, 5wt% or even less than 1wt% based on the total weight of the nutritional composition. Exemplary additives are choline, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, caffeine, lecithin, taurine, carnitine, myo-inositol, colorants, aroma and mixtures thereof. Aromas may be caramel, vanilla, yoghurt, chocolate, coffee, cappuccino, fruit aromas and the like.

The additives may include stabilisers and emulsifiers. Preferably, the stabilisers are selected from gums and mixtures thereof. For example, microcrystalline cellulose (E460), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (E466), carrageenan (E407), diacteyl tartaric acid ester of glycerides, cellulose gel (cellulose, microcrystalline) can be used. The emulsifiers may be selected from (destilled) monoglycerides such as E471, soy lecithins. For example, stabilizers and emulsifiers are included in the following amounts / ratios monoglycerides (E471, as an emulsifier) <NUM>-<NUM>/L and a stabilizer mixture comprising <NUM>-<NUM>/L, soy lecithin <NUM>-<NUM>/L, diacetyl tartaric acid of glycerides (E472, eg. DATEM) <NUM>-<NUM>/L and MCC <NUM>-<NUM>/L.

According to the invention, the nutritional composition is used in therapy of cancer patients which suffer from anorexia, cachexia and/or sarcopenia and/or which are pre-cachexic and/or pre-sarcopenic. In preferred embodiments, therapy refers to nutritional therapy. In preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition is used as patient nutrition.

If not specified otherwise, the term "patient(s)" as used in the context of the present invention refers to cancer patients which suffer from anorexia, cachexia and/or sarcopenia and/ or which are pre-cachexic and/or pre-sarcopenic.

Preferred cancer patients may have a low body mass index (BMI). For example, preferred cancer patients have a BMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2.

Preferred cancer patients have a BMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are <NUM> years or older, and a BMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are younger than <NUM> years.

Preferred cancer patients may have a low fat free mass index (FFMI). Preferred cancer patients have an FFMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are female, and an FFMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are male.

Particularly preferred cancer patients may have a low body mass index (BMI) and a low fat free mass index (FFMI). Particularly preferred cancer patients have a BMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are <NUM> years or older, and a BMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are younger than <NUM> years, and an FFMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are female, and an FFMI of < <NUM>/m2, preferably < <NUM>/m2, more preferably < <NUM>/m2, even more preferably < <NUM>/m2, if they are male.

The cancer patients can be at any age. For example, the cancer patients are <NUM> years or older, preferably <NUM> years or older, more preferably <NUM> years or older. For example, the cancer patients are <NUM> years or older, or <NUM> years or older, or <NUM> years or older, or <NUM> years or older, or <NUM> years or older, or <NUM> years or older. The cancer patients can, for example, be at home or in a nursing home, a hospital or a hospice.

The cancer can be any cancer. Preferably, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, haematological cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. More preferably, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and haematological cancer. Even more preferably, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Also even more preferably, the cancer is head and neck cancer or haematological cancer. Particularly preferably, the cancer is gastrointestinal cancer or head and neck cancer, preferably gastrointestinal cancer, also preferably head and neck cancer.

In one preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition is used in the prevention or treatment of malnutrition, preferably protein malnutrition, also preferably protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).

In one preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition is used in the prevention or treatment of nutrient deficiencies associated with malnutrition, preferably protein malnutrition, also preferably protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).

The nutritional composition is used in (nutritional) therapy of cancer patients which suffer from anorexia, cachexia and/or sarcopenia and/or which are pre-cachexic and/or pre-sarcopenic. In a preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition is used in (nutritional) therapy of cancer patients which suffer from anorexia, cachexia and/or sarcopenia.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition is used in (nutritional) therapy of cancer patients which suffer from anorexia.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition is used in (nutritional) therapy of cancer patients which suffer from cachexia or which are pre-cachexic, preferably cancer patients which suffer from cachexia, also preferably cancer patients which are pre-cachexic.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition is used in (nutritional) therapy of cancer patients which suffer from sarcopenia or which are pre-sarcopenic, preferably cancer patients which suffer from sarcopenia. Sarcopenia frequently occurs in cancer patients. Sarcopenia as used herein refers to the loss of muscle mass and function or to the loss of muscle mass and strength, preferably to the loss of muscle mass, muscle function and muscle strength.

Preferably, the nutritional composition to be administered is provided in a dose unit of <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>. Also preferably, the nutritional composition to be administered is provided in a dose unit providing <NUM>-500kcal, more preferably <NUM>-450kcal. Also preferably, the nutritional composition to be administered is provided in a dose unit providing <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> of protein. Particularly preferably, the nutritional composition to be administered is provided in a dose unit of <NUM> providing 400kcal and <NUM> of protein.

Preferably, the nutritional composition is administered in <NUM>-<NUM> dose units daily, preferably <NUM> dose units daily, for example <NUM> dose units daily each providing <NUM>-450kcal, or for example <NUM> dose units daily each providing <NUM>-<NUM> of protein. Also preferably, the nutritional composition is administered in <NUM>-<NUM> dose units daily, preferably <NUM> or <NUM> dose units daily, for example <NUM> or <NUM> dose units daily each providing <NUM>-450kcal, or for example <NUM> or <NUM> dose units daily each providing <NUM>-<NUM> of protein.

In preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition is administered in a daily dose of <NUM>-2500kcal or in a daily dose of <NUM>-<NUM> of protein. Such daily doses are particularly suitable for complete nutrition. In other preferred embodiments, the nutritional composition is administered in a daily dose of <NUM>-900kcal or in a daily dose of <NUM>-<NUM> of protein. Such daily doses are particularly suitable for supplemental nutrition.

To demonstrate the efficacy of a combination of PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin D and the amino acids glycine, arginine and tryptophan, an in vitro study can be conducted. For example, the ability of this combination to rescue the atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as its ability to increase protein synthesis can be investigated. Increased TNF-alpha levels are connected to cancer, in particular cancer cachexia, see e.g. <NPL>et al. Suitable cells are, for example, human primary myoblasts. Linoleic acid (n-<NUM> PUFA) and/or alpha-linolenic acid (n-<NUM> PUFA) can, for example, be used as PUFA in the in vitro study. Possible readouts include, for example, myotube differentiation and size (width and area), protein synthesis, and/or fusion index. Further possible readouts include, for example, neuromuscular junction (acetylcholine receptor expression) and/or functionality of acetylcholine receptor measured by intracellular Ca++ rising after acetylcholine treatment.

Furthermore, the efficacy of the nutritional composition of the invention can, for example be demonstrated using an animal model. Suitable animal models include, among others, mouse models or rat models. Possible readouts include, among others, grip strength and/or muscle force. An in vivo study on cancer, in particular cancer cachexia, which involves the use of rats, is described in, e.g., <NPL> et al.

To further demonstrate the efficacy of the nutritional composition of the invention, a study in humans can be conducted. For example, its efficacy on muscle protein synthesis can be investigated using a unilateral leg exercise model. Such a study involves unilateral leg exercise and bilateral muscle biopsies before and after exercise. The nutritional composition of the invention can be ingested orally, for example shortly after exercise. Muscle protein synthesis can be quantified using <NUM>C<NUM> phenylalanine labeling. <NUM>C<NUM> phenylalanine can be added to the nutritional composition of the invention, for example shortly before ingestion.

The nutritional composition can be prepared according to methods known in the art. For example, the nutritional composition can be prepared by mixing and homogenization. The components of the nutritional composition can, for example, be mixed at elevated temperatures, for example at a temperature of <NUM>-<NUM>. Homogenization can, for example, be carried out at a temperature of < <NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, and/or at a pressure of <NUM>-<NUM> bar, preferably <NUM>-<NUM> bar, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> bar. Homogenization can, for example, involve two steps (e.g., a first step which can be carried out at <NUM>-<NUM> bar, for example <NUM> bar, and a second step which can be carried out at <NUM>-<NUM> bar, for example <NUM> bar). The nutritional composition can also be sterilized. Sterilization can, for example, involve a pre-heating step (which can, e.g., be carried out at <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, e.g. for <NUM>-<NUM> minutes), a heating step (which can, e.g., be carried out at <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, e.g. for <NUM>-<NUM> seconds) and an additional homogenization step (which can, e.g., be carried out at a pressure of <NUM>-<NUM> bar, e.g. at < <NUM>).

In a preferred embodiment, the nutritional composition can, for example, be prepared by a process which comprises the following steps:.

In an alternative embodiment, all or a part of the additional ingredients, such as aroma, may be added already between the third or fourth step.

The nutritional compositions herein are typically provided in a dose unit.

A dose unit herein refers to <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably provided in package such as a bottle, tetra brick or bag.

Such a dose unit provides <NUM>-500kcal, preferably <NUM>-450kcal.

Such a dose unit provides <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> of protein, such as <NUM> of protein.

An exemplary dose unit provides 400kcal and <NUM> of protein in <NUM>.

An exemplary daily dose for complete nutrition of, e.g., <NUM>-2500kcal of the nutritional compositions herein may be provided by <NUM>-<NUM> dose units, preferably by <NUM> dose units. For example, a daily dose for complete nutrition may be provided by <NUM> dose units each providing <NUM>-450kcal.

A typical daily dose for supplemental nutrition of, e.g., <NUM>-900kcal of the nutritional compositions herein may be provided by <NUM>-<NUM> dose units, preferably by <NUM> or <NUM> dose units, for example by <NUM> or <NUM> dose units each providing <NUM>-450kcal.

The nutritional composition according to Table <NUM> was prepared by mixing and homogenization.

Surprisingly, high caloric densities could be reached by adding collagen hydrolysate in sufficient amounts to milk protein.

The Example (Table <NUM>) further shows that with inclusion of sufficient amounts of collagen hydrolysate very high energy densities of protein could be reached in a formula that provides very high caloric density (<NUM> kcal/mL).

The inventors further observed that fouling during heat treatment could be reduced / prevented when sufficient amounts of collagen hydrolysate were used in the protein component. Advantages observed with the nutritional composition according to Table <NUM> include an improved stability against subsequent UHT (no fouling), an improved viscosity and an improved shelf life (at least <NUM> months).

With the nutritional composition, a drinkable viscosity of a nutritionally complete composition can be provided in spite of a high protein and energy content.

The inventors further observed that bitterness of the product could be reduced by increasing wt% of collagen hydrolysate in the protein component. Therefore, the nutritional composition will result in a better patient compliance.

The nutritional composition according to Table <NUM> (herein referred to as "test drink") was given to <NUM> subjects with an indication for supplemental nutrition of approx. 400kcal per day. Subjects belong to the age group of <NUM> and older. The dosage was one bottle of <NUM> per day for seven consecutive days. One such bottle provides 400kcal, including <NUM> protein (<NUM> EN%), <NUM> fat (<NUM> EN%) and <NUM> carbohydrates (<NUM> EN%). <NUM> EN% is provided by PUFA.

Adverse effects were documented. Gastrointestinal tolerance parameters were documented. Moreover, (protein) energy intake, compliance (in particular time until full consumption of the test drink and/or amount consumed within <NUM> hour) and palatability were documented.

<NUM> males and <NUM> females participated in the study. The test drink was administered in a single dose (<NUM>).

All <NUM> subjects completed the <NUM> days of intervention. In total, <NUM>% of the prescribed test drinks were consumed. All study participants ingested the test drink within one hour.

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were comparable at baseline and at the end of the <NUM> day supplementation period. No severe GI symptoms were observed. <NUM> of the <NUM> subjects did not report any GI symptoms during the entire study.

The palatability assessment showed a very high acceptance of the test drink. The majority of the subjects rated smell, taste and appearance as 'good' at the start and at the end of the study. No rating of poor or unacceptable was observed. Furthermore, there was no appearance of taste fatigue, even though only one flavor was provided throughout the study.

The results of the palatability assessment (overall opininon) are as follows:.

The results of the taste assessment are as follows:.

In conclusion, the test drink administered in a single dose was well-accepted. The test drink showed good tolerability and palatability resulting in excellent compliance.

<NUM> males and <NUM> females participated in the study. The test drink was administered in three doses (about <NUM> each).

All <NUM> subjects completed the <NUM> days of intervention. In total, <NUM>% of the prescribed test drinks were consumed. All study participants ingested the test drink immediately after handout.

Palatability was rated as excellent or good by the majority of the subjects. No rating of poor or unacceptable was observed. Furthermore, there was no appearance of taste fatigue, even though only one flavor was provided throughout the study. Perception of sweetness was rated as just right by the majority of the subjects.

The results of the sweetness assessment are as follows:.

In conclusion, the test drink administered in three doses was well-accepted. The test drink showed good tolerability and palatability resulting in excellent compliance.

An in vitro study is conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of a combination of PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin D and the amino acids glycine, arginine and tryptophan. The ability of this combination to rescue the atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as its ability to increase protein synthesis is investigated. Increased TNF-alpha levels are connected to cancer, in particular cancer cachexia, see e.g. <NPL>et al. Human primary myoblasts are used as cells. Linoleic acid (n-<NUM> PUFA) and alpha-linolenic acid (n-<NUM> PUFA) are used as PUFA. Readouts include myotube differentiation and size (width and area), protein synthesis, and fusion index.

An in vivo study on cancer cachexia is conducted in rats to demonstrate the efficacy of the nutritional composition of the invention. Readouts include grip strength and muscle force. The in vivo study is carried out in an analogous manner as described in <NPL>et al.

An in vivo study on muscle protein synthesis is conducted in humans to demonstrate the efficacy of the nutritional composition according to Table <NUM> (herein referred to as "test drink"). Its efficacy on muscle protein synthesis is investigated using a unilateral leg exercise model. The study involves unilateral leg exercise and bilateral muscle biopsies before and after exercise. The test drink is ingested orally (shortly after exercise). Muscle protein synthesis is quantified using <NUM>C<NUM> phenylalanine labeling. <NUM>C<NUM> phenylalanine is added to the nutritional composition of the invention (shortly before ingestion).

Equipment: GPV/HPLC with UV detector operating at <NUM>. Column: TSK <NUM> SW XL (Toshoh Biosience GmbH). Isocratic elution using <NUM> mmol/l sodium phosphate buffer (pH <NUM>). Calibration by means of well-defined Type I-collagen fragments (FILK, Freiburg, Germany). The collagen hydrolysate used in the examples had an average molecular weight of 2kDa. In general, the skilled person is well aware of molecular weight determination via GPC. Another suitable method for determining the Mw of small macromolecules such as the hydrolysates described herein is MALDI-MS.

Claim 1:
PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin D and the protein bound amino acids glycine, arginine and tryptophan as active ingredients for use in therapy of cancer patients, which suffer from anorexia, cachexia and/or sarcopenia and/or which are pre-cachexic and/or pre-sarcopenic, wherein an effective amount of said active ingredients is administered in the form of a nutritional composition comprising
a) a lipid component providing <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition, wherein <NUM>-<NUM> EN% based on the total energy of the nutritional composition is provided by PUFA,
b) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> alpha-TE vitamin E,
c) <NUM>-<NUM>µg/<NUM> vitamin D,
d) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> glycine,
e) <NUM>-<NUM>/<NUM> arginine, and
f) at least <NUM>/<NUM> tryptophan.