Patent Description:
Material systems may comprise aluminum, glass composite, and/or carbon composite layers. Such material systems may fall, for example, in the fiber metal laminate ("FML") category. FMLs may exhibit specific advantages when compared to simple metal structures. Such advantages may include, for example, improved resistance to corrosion, fatigue, fire, and/or impact. In addition or in the alternative, such advantages may include, for example, specialized strength properties and/or reduced weight per a given volume.

<CIT> discloses a fiber-metal laminate comprising fiber reinforced composite layers and thin metal sheets, wherein the total metal volume fraction of the laminate is between <NUM> vol. % and <NUM> vol. The fiber metal laminate shows an unprecedented combination of toughness and tensile strength.

<CIT> discloses a fiber-metal laminate comprising mutually bonded fiber-reinforced composite layers and metal sheets, wherein the fiber and metal properties satisfy the following relationships simultaneously: (<NUM>) εfibre tension > Ksf*σtu/(<NUM>*Et metal), (<NUM>) Efibre tension > Kstiff*Et metal, (<NUM>) εfibre compression > Ksf*σtu/(<NUM>*KIf*Etmetal), wherein the strain concentration factor Ksf, stiffness factor Kstiff and the load factor KIf satisfy (<NUM>) <NUM> ≤ Ksf < <NUM>, (<NUM>) Kstiff ≥ <NUM>, (<NUM>) <NUM> ≤ KIf ≤ <NUM> and σtu= ultimate tensile strength of the metal, Et metal = tensile Young's modulus of the metal, εfibre tension = elastic tensile strain of the fiber, Efibre tension = tensile elastic modulus of the fibre, εfibre compression = elastic compression strain of the fiber. The fiber-metal laminate shows an unprecedented combination of toughness and tensile strength. It is also disclosed an assembly of the fiber-metal laminate and a further element, bonded to the fiber-metal laminate by a bonding layer, comprising an adhesive and/or a fiber-reinforced composite.

<CIT> discloses a sheet entity, in particular for use as a skin panel for an aircraft fuselage, with a carbon fibre-reinforced plastic laminate and an aluminum-based metal laminate in the edge region, which are connected with one another by means of an adhesive bond, and thereby are electrically insulated from one another, and are stepped back by layers. Also disclosed is a fuselage cell of an aircraft with at least one sheet entity of this type.

Many industries, such as the aerospace, automotive, and rail-transport industries, continually seek to push the boundaries of what has come before in material systems and methods of manufacturing material systems. Thus, there is a need for improved material systems and methods of manufacturing material systems.

The present disclosure is directed to a material system as defined in the appended claims. In some examples, the material system may comprise: a first aluminum layer; a first glass composite layer adjacent to the first aluminum layer; and/or a first carbon composite layer adjacent to the first glass composite layer, and opposite to the first aluminum layer. The first glass composite layer comprises a first thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin bonds the first aluminum layer and the first glass composite layer.

In some examples, the first thermoplastic resin may bond the first glass composite layer and the first carbon composite layer.

In some examples, the first thermoplastic resin may comprise polyetheretherketone ("PEEK") or polyetherketoneketone ("PEKK").

In some examples, the first carbon composite layer may comprise a second thermoplastic resin.

In some examples, the second thermoplastic resin may comprise polyetheretherketone ("PEEK") or polyetherketoneketone ("PEKK").

In some examples, the first thermoplastic resin may be the same as the second thermoplastic resin.

In some examples, the first thermoplastic resin may differ from the second thermoplastic resin.

In some examples, the system may further comprise: a second glass composite layer adjacent to the first carbon composite layer, and opposite to the first glass composite layer.

In some examples, the system may further comprise: a second aluminum layer adjacent to the second glass composite layer, and opposite to the first carbon composite layer.

In some examples, the system may further comprise: a second carbon composite layer adjacent to the second glass composite layer, and opposite to the first carbon composite layer.

In some examples, the first aluminum layer may comprise a plurality of first aluminum sublayers.

In some examples, the first glass composite layer may comprise a plurality of first glass composite sublayers.

In some examples, the first carbon composite layer may comprise a plurality of first carbon composite sublayers.

In some examples, the first glass composite layer may comprise woven glass. A strength of the woven glass composite may vary with orientation of the woven glass.

The present disclosure is also directed to a method of manufacturing a material system as defined in the appended claims.

In some examples, the method of manufacturing a material system comprises stacking an aluminum layer, a glass composite layer that comprises one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies, and a carbon composite layer so that the aluminum layer is adjacent to the glass composite layer in the stack, and the glass composite layer is adjacent to the carbon composite layer in the stack; and/or consolidating the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies at a temperature sufficient to soften the aluminum layer.

In some examples, the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise polyetheretherketone ("PEEK") or polyetherketoneketone ("PEKK").

The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise: raising a temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies to greater than or equal to <NUM> (<NUM> °F).

In some examples, the consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise: raising a temperature of the stack to greater than or equal to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF).

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the present teachings, as claimed.

The above and/or other aspects and advantages will become more apparent and more readily appreciated from the following detailed description of examples, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:.

Exemplary aspects will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Examples of the disclosure, however, may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the examples set forth herein. Rather, these examples are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, some details may be simplified and/or may be drawn to facilitate understanding rather than to maintain strict structural accuracy, detail, and/or scale. For example, the thicknesses of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "on," "connected to," "electrically connected to," or "coupled to" to another component, it may be directly on, connected to, electrically connected to, or coupled to the other component or intervening components may be present. In contrast, when a component is referred to as being "directly on," "directly connected to," "directly electrically connected to," or "directly coupled to" another component, there are no intervening components present.

It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, and/or section from another element, component, region, layer, and/or section. For example, a first element, component, region, layer, or section could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of examples.

Spatially relative terms, such as "beneath," "below," "lower," "above," "upper," and the like may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relationship of one component and/or feature to another component and/or feature, or other component(s) and/or feature(s), as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation(s) depicted in the figures.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting of examples. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," and/or "including," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which examples belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

The present disclosure is directed to material systems and/or methods of manufacturing material systems. <FIG> shows material system 100A, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 100A comprises: aluminum layer 102A; glass composite layer 104A adjacent to aluminum layer 102A; and carbon composite layer 106A adjacent to glass composite layer 104A, and opposite to aluminum layer 102A. Glass composite layer 104A may comprise a first thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may bond aluminum layer 102A and glass composite layer 104A.

Material system 100A may provide, for example, reduced weight per given volume as compared to simple metal structures.

Aluminum layer 102A, glass composite layer 104A, and carbon composite layer 106A may have the same or different thicknesses.

Aluminum layer 102A may or may not have aluminum sublayers; glass composite layer 104A may or may not have glass composite sublayers; and/or carbon composite layer 106A may or may not have carbon composite sublayers.

As used herein, the term "aluminum" means the metallic element of atomic number <NUM>, including any isotopes thereof.

As used herein, the term "alloy" means a solid or liquid mixture of two or more metals, or of one or more metals with one or more nonmetallic elements, as in carbon steels.

As used herein, the term "layer" means a thickness of material laid on, formed on, or spread over a surface, body, or portion of a surface or body. A layer may cover the surface, body, or portion of the surface or body, or form an overlying part or segment of material that covers the surface, body, or portion of the surface or body. A layer may have constant or variable thickness.

As used herein, the term "aluminum layer" means a layer comprising aluminum. An aluminum layer may comprise, for example, pure aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or some other substance that comprises aluminum. The aluminum layer may comprise, for example, <NUM> series aluminum (e.g., a commercially pure alloy of aluminum, such as <NUM>-O, <NUM>-H12, <NUM>-H14, <NUM>-H16, <NUM>-H18, <NUM>-H22, <NUM>-H24, <NUM>-H26, <NUM>-H28, <NUM>-H112, or <NUM>-H113 aluminum according to the International Alloy Designation System ("IADS")). More generally, the aluminum layer may comprise, for example, a <NUM> series aluminum alloy (e.g., aluminum alloy <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> according to IADS); a <NUM> series aluminum alloy (e.g., aluminum alloy <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> according to IADS); a <NUM> series aluminum alloy (e.g., aluminum alloy <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> according to IADS); a <NUM> series aluminum alloy (e.g., aluminum alloy <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> according to IADS); a <NUM> series aluminum alloy (e.g., aluminum alloy <NUM>, <NUM>, 6005A, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> according to IADS); or a <NUM> series aluminum alloy (e.g., aluminum alloy <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> according to IADS).

The pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and/or other substances that comprise aluminum discussed above may be compatible with high-temperature processing (e.g., at temperatures required for thermoplastic processing or consolidation, such as ≥ <NUM>° F, ≥ <NUM>° F, ≥ <NUM>° F, or ≥ <NUM>° F, but less than the melting temperature of the pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and/or other substances that comprise aluminum). For example, the pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and/or other substances that comprise aluminum discussed above may exhibit low yield strength(s) (e.g., ≤ <NUM> × <NUM><NUM> pounds per square inch gage ("psig"), ≤ <NUM> × <NUM><NUM> psig, ≤ <NUM> × <NUM><NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> × <NUM><NUM> psig), helping to reduce residual thermal stresses in other layers during and/or after cooldown. Other factors may help to reduce residual thermal stresses in other layers during and/or after cooldown, such as the thickness of the pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and/or other substances that comprise aluminum discussed above; the existence and number of sublayers of the pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and/or other substances that comprise aluminum discussed above; and/or whether the pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and/or other substances that comprise aluminum discussed above are in direct contact with a specific adjacent layer (e.g., a glass composite layer).

Surfaces of the aluminum layer undergoes surface preparation, such as alkaline degreasing, chromic acid anodizing or other anodizing processing, priming (e.g., with BR <NUM> corrosion-inhibiting primer), sol-gel, and/or pickling in chromic-sulfuric acid. The surfaces also may be roughened, for example, by abrasion. Such surface preparation may enhance bonding between the aluminum layer(s) and other layers.

The aluminum layer(s) may be depended on to provide significant structural support. Generally, in such cases, the number and/or thickness of the aluminum layer(s) are greater than when the aluminum layer(s) are not depended on to provide significant structural support. Whether or not depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the aluminum layer(s) may be, for example, ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) and ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) (e.g., <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), or <NUM> (<NUM> inches)). When depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the aluminum layer(s) may be even greater than <NUM> (<NUM> inches).

As used herein, the term "composite" means a mixture or mechanical combination on a macroscale of two or more materials that are solid in the finished state, are mutually insoluble, and differ in chemical nature.

As used herein, the term "tenacity" means the strength per unit weight of a fiber, typically expressed in grams per denier.

As used herein, the term "fiber" means a fundamental form of solid (usually crystalline) characterized by relatively high tenacity and an extremely high ratio of length to diameter (e.g., several hundred or more to one). Semisynthetic fibers include inorganic substances extruded in fibrous form using, for example, carbon or glass. Synthetic fibers include substances extruded in fibrous form using, for example, high polymers.

As used herein, the term "glass" means a non-crystalline, amorphous solid. The glass may comprise, for example, a ceramic material comprising a mixture of silica, soda ash, and lime. The glass may comprise, for example, one or more of C-glass, E-glass, S-glass, or T-glass. The glass may be, for example, in the form of glass fibers (e.g., fiberglass). The glass may comprise, for example, S-<NUM> glass (e.g., S-<NUM> glass fibers).

The glass fibers may be woven or nonwoven (e.g., chopped, matted, or randomly oriented). The strength of the woven fibers may vary with the type of weave and/or the orientation of the woven fibers (e.g., if the woven fibers are oriented in parallel, the strength of the woven fibers as a group should be greater in directions parallel to that orientation). The type of weave may be, for example, a plain weave (e.g., 1x1), a twill weave (e.g., 2x2), a basket weave, a fish weave, a harness weave, a leno weave, a satin weave, or a unidirectional weave.

As used herein, the term "matrix" means a substance used to hold together strength members of a composite, where the substance is one of the two or more materials of the composite.

As used herein, the term "resin" means a semisolid or solid complex amorphous mix of organic compounds.

As used herein, the term "monomer" means a molecule or compound, usually comprising carbon, and of relatively low molecular weight and simple structure.

As used herein, the term "polymer" means a macromolecule formed by the chemical union of five or more identical monomers. A polymer may be, for example, inorganic or organic. An organic polymer may be, for example, natural or synthetic (e.g., man-made). A synthetic organic polymer may be, for example, thermoplastic or thermosetting.

As used herein, the term "high polymer" means an organic polymer having a molecular weight ≥ <NUM>,<NUM> grams/mole.

As used herein, the term "thermoplastic" means a high polymer, as defined above, that softens when exposed to heat and returns to its original condition when cooled to room temperature. A thermoplastic polymer may be, for example, amorphous or semi-crystalline. A thermoplastic polymer may comprise, for example, one or more of polyaryletherketone ("PAEK"), polyetherimide ("PEI"), or polyphenylene sulfide ("PPS"). A polyaryletherketone may comprise, for example, one or more of polyetherketone ("PEK"), polyetheretherketone ("PEEK"), polyetherketoneketone ("PEKK"), polyetheretherketoneketone ("PEEKK"), or polyetherketoneetherketoneketone ("PEKEKK").

As used herein, the term "thermosetting polymer" means a high polymer, as defined above, that crosslinks upon the application of heat, and solidifies or "sets" irreversibly.

As used herein, the term "glass composite layer" means a layer comprising a composite that comprises glass. The glass may be, for example, in the form of glass fibers. The glass fibers in the glass composite layer may have no specific orientation (e.g., omnidirectional) or may be oriented in one or more directions (e.g., unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional). The glass fibers may be aligned, continuous, and/or unidirectional.

A glass composite layer comprises, for example, a matrix. The matrix may comprise, for example, resin. The resin may comprise, for example, a thermoplastic polymer. The thermoplastic polymer may comprise, for example, one or more of PEEK (PEEK has a relatively high glass transition temperature (about <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)) and melting temperature (about <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), allowing for high-temperature processing), PEKK (PEKK has a relatively high glass transition temperature (about <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)) and melting temperature (about <NUM> (<NUM> oF)), allowing for high-temperature processing), or other thermoplastic polymers. A glass composite layer may comprise, for example, glass-fiber-reinforced polymer(s). A glass composite layer may comprise, for example, glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic(s).

As used herein, the term "prepreg" is an abbreviation for "preimpregnated" composite fibers in which a matrix material, such as thermoplastic resin, is already present in the fiber reinforcement before molding occurs. Prepreg manufacturing techniques may be employed to manufacture composite parts for a variety of commercial uses including, for example, the manufacture of aircraft and/or spacecraft. Composite part manufacturing using prepreg manufacturing methods may be rate-limiting in the production of composite products.

As used herein, the term "prepreg plies" includes both prepreg fabrics and prepreg tapes.

The thermoplastic resin of the one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies provides binding for the glass fibers. The thermoplastic resin may exhibit a sufficiently high glass transition temperature, continuous service temperature, and/or crystallite melting point so as to allow the aluminum layer(s) (e.g., aluminum layer 102A) to be softened for molding, shaping, and/or other processes associated with manufacture of the material systems(s).

The glass composite layer(s) may be depended on to provide significant structural support. Generally, in such cases, the number and/or thickness of the glass composite layer(s) are greater than when the glass composite layer(s) are not depended on to provide significant structural support.

Whether or not depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the glass composite layer(s) may be, for example, ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) and ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) (e.g., <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), or <NUM> (<NUM> inches)). When depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the glass composite layer(s) may be even greater than <NUM> (<NUM> inches).

Whether or not depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the sublayers of the glass composite layer(s) may be, for example, ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) and ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) (e.g., <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), or <NUM> (<NUM> inches)). When depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the glass composite sublayer(s) may be even greater than <NUM> (<NUM> inches).

As used herein, the term "adjacent" means "near or directly contacting.

Resin of the glass composite layer may directly bond the aluminum layer and the glass composite layer (e.g., aluminum layer 102A and glass composite layer 104A). In such cases, glass composite layer 104A may be adjacent to aluminum layer 102A, and may directly contact aluminum layer 102A.

An additional layer (not shown) may be between aluminum layer 102A and glass composite layer 104A. In such cases, glass composite layer 104A may be adjacent to aluminum layer 102A, but may not directly contact aluminum layer 102A. The additional layer may improve the bonding of aluminum layer 102A and glass composite layer 104A. The additional layer may at least partially decouple effects (e.g., thermal contraction, thermal expansion, strains, or stresses) associated with the bonding of aluminum layer 102A and glass composite layer 104A.

The additional layer may be, for example, an adhesive layer. Care should be taken during selection of material(s) for such an additional layer because, for example, some adhesives comprise silver or other elements or compounds that may interact with aluminum layer 102A and/or glass composite layer 104A via one or more interaction mechanisms (e.g., galvanic corrosion).

As used herein, the term "carbon" means the nonmetallic element of atomic number <NUM>, including any isotopes thereof.

As used herein, the term "carbon composite layer" means a layer comprising a composite that comprises carbon. The carbon may be, for example, in the form of carbon fibers. The carbon fibers in the carbon composite layer may have no specific orientation (e.g., omnidirectional) or may be oriented in one or more directions (e.g., unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional). The carbon fibers may be aligned, continuous, and/or unidirectional.

The carbon fibers may be woven. The strength of the woven fibers may vary with the type of weave and/or the orientation of the woven fibers (e.g., if the woven fibers are oriented in parallel, the strength of the woven fibers as a group should be greater in directions parallel to that orientation). The type of weave may be, for example, a plain weave (e.g., 1x1), a twill weave (e.g., 2x2), a basket weave, a fish weave, a harness weave, a leno weave, a satin weave, or a unidirectional weave.

A carbon composite layer comprises, for example, a matrix. The matrix may comprise, for example, resin. The resin may comprise, for example, a thermoplastic polymer. The thermoplastic polymer may comprise, for example, one or more of PEEK, PEKK, or other thermoplastic polymers. A carbon composite layer may comprise, for example, carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer(s). A carbon composite layer may comprise, for example, carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic(s).

The thermoplastic resin of the one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies provides binding for the carbon fibers. The thermoplastic resin may exhibit a sufficiently high glass transition temperature, continuous service temperature, and/or crystallite melting point so as to allow the aluminum layer(s) (e.g., aluminum layer 102A) to be softened for molding, shaping, and/or other processes associated with manufacture of the material system(s).

The carbon composite layer(s) may be depended on to provide significant structural support. Generally, in such cases, the number and/or thickness of the carbon composite layer(s) are greater than when the carbon composite layer(s) are not depended on to provide significant structural support.

Whether or not depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the carbon composite layer(s) may be, for example, ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) and ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) (e.g., <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), or <NUM> (<NUM> inches)). When depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the carbon composite layer(s) may be even greater than <NUM> (<NUM> inches).

Whether or not depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the sublayers of the carbon composite layer(s) may be, for example, ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) and ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> inches) (e.g., <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), <NUM> (<NUM> inches), or <NUM> (<NUM> inches)). When depended on to provide significant structural support, thicknesses of the carbon composite sublayer(s) may be even greater than <NUM> (<NUM> inches).

The first glass composite layer and/or the one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise first thermoplastic resin, the first carbon composite layer and/or the one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise second thermoplastic resin, and the first thermoplastic resin may be the same as the second thermoplastic resin. When the first thermoplastic resin is the same as the second thermoplastic resin, manufacture of the material system(s) may be simplified, and the bonding between the first glass composite layer and/or the one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies, and the first carbon composite layer and/or the one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies, may be more uniform and/or more stable over time due, for example, to compatibility of the first and second thermoplastic resins.

The first glass composite layer and/or the one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise first thermoplastic resin, the first carbon composite layer and/or the one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies may comprise second thermoplastic resin, and the first thermoplastic resin may differ from the second thermoplastic resin. When the first thermoplastic resin differs from the second thermoplastic resin, more design options may be available during manufacture of the material system(s), and the bonding between the first glass composite layer and/or the one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies, and the first carbon composite layer and/or the one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies, may be stronger initially and/or over time, particularly if the first and second thermoplastic resins are selected for mutual chemical compatibility.

The glass composite layer(s) may be configured to prevent interaction (e.g., direct) between the aluminum layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A may be configured to prevent interaction between aluminum layer 102A and carbon composite layer 106A). The glass composite layer(s) may be configured to prevent galvanic corrosion due to interaction (e.g., direct or indirect) between the aluminum layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A may be configured to prevent galvanic corrosion due to interaction between aluminum layer 102A and carbon composite layer 106A).

The glass composite layer(s) may be configured to reduce thermal stress, during cooldown (e.g., during a consolidation process), due to differences in thermal contraction between the aluminum layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A may be configured to reduce thermal stress, during cooldown, due to differences in thermal contraction between aluminum layer 102A and carbon composite layer 106A), for example, by at least partially decoupling the effects of thermal contraction in the aluminum and carbon composite layers and/or through effects associated with orientation of glass fibers in the glass composite layer(s). The glass composite layer(s) may be configured to reduce residual thermal stress, after cooldown (e.g., after a consolidation process), due to differences in thermal contraction, during cooldown, between the aluminum layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A may be configured to reduce residual thermal stress, after cooldown, due to differences in thermal contraction, during cooldown, between aluminum layer 102A and carbon composite layer 106A), for example, by at least partially decoupling the effects of thermal contraction in the aluminum and carbon composite layers and/or through effects associated with orientation of glass fibers in the glass composite layer(s).

One or more glass composite layers may be configured to reduce thermal stress, both during and after cooldown, functioning as a compliant layer or layers. This compliant functioning helps to avoid separation of adjacent layers due to the build-up of stress near, at, or across boundaries between the adjacent layers.

Resin of the glass composite layer may directly bond the glass composite layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A). In such cases, glass composite layer 104A may be adjacent to carbon composite layer 106A, and may directly contact carbon composite layer 106A.

Resin of the carbon composite layer may directly bond the glass composite layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A). In such cases, glass composite layer 104A may be adjacent to carbon composite layer 106A, and may directly contact carbon composite layer 106A.

Resins of the glass and carbon composite layers may directly bond the glass composite layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A). In such cases, glass composite layer 104A may be adjacent to carbon composite layer 106A, and may directly contact carbon composite layer 106A.

An additional layer (not shown) may be between glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A. In such cases, glass composite layer 104A may be adjacent to carbon composite layer 106A, but may not directly contact carbon composite layer 106A. The additional layer may improve the bonding of glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A. The additional layer may at least partially decouple effects (e.g., thermal contraction, thermal expansion, strains, or stresses) associated with the bonding of glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A.

The additional layer may be, for example, an adhesive layer. Care should be taken during selection of material(s) for such an additional layer because, for example, some adhesives comprise elements or compounds that may interact with glass composite layer 104A and/or carbon composite layer 106A via one or more interaction mechanisms.

One or more layers may be between a given aluminum layer and a given carbon composite layer. The one or more layers may comprise, for example, glass composite layer(s) and/or adhesive layer(s). The one or more layers may be configured to prevent interaction (e.g., direct) between the aluminum layer(s) and the carbon composite layer(s) (e.g., configured to prevent interaction between aluminum layer 102A and carbon composite layer 106A). The one or more layers may be configured to prevent galvanic corrosion due to interaction (e.g., direct or indirect) between the aluminum layer(s) and the carbon composite layer(s) (e.g., configured to prevent galvanic corrosion due to interaction between aluminum layer 102A and carbon composite layer 106A).

<FIG> shows material system 100B, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 100B comprises: aluminum layer 102B; glass composite layer 104B adjacent to aluminum layer 102B; and carbon composite layer 106B adjacent to glass composite layer 104B, and opposite to aluminum layer 102B. Aluminum layer 102B may comprise a plurality of aluminum sublayers 102B1, 102B2, 102B3, 102B4 (e.g., 102B1, 102B2,. The number (n) of aluminum sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers.

Aluminum layer 102B, glass composite layer 104B, and carbon composite layer 106B may have the same or different thicknesses. Similarly, plurality of aluminum sublayers 102B1, 102B2, 102B3, 102B4 may have the same or different thicknesses.

<FIG> shows material system 100C, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 100C comprises: aluminum layer 102C; glass composite layer 104C adjacent to aluminum layer 102C; and carbon composite layer 106C adjacent to glass composite layer 104C, and opposite to aluminum layer 102C. Glass composite layer 104C may comprise a plurality of glass composite sublayers 104C1, 104C2, 104C3, 104C4 (e.g., 104C1,104C2,. The number (n) of glass composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers.

Aluminum layer 102C, glass composite layer 104C, and carbon composite layer 106C may have the same or different thicknesses. Similarly, plurality of glass composite sublayers 104C1, 104C2, 104C3, 104C4 may have the same or different thicknesses.

<FIG> shows material system 100D, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 100D comprises: aluminum layer 102D; glass composite layer 104D adjacent to aluminum layer 102D; and carbon composite layer 106D adjacent to glass composite layer 104D, and opposite to aluminum layer 102D. Carbon composite layer 106D may comprise a plurality of carbon composite sublayers 106D1, 106D2, 106D3, 106D4 (e.g., 106D1, 106D2,. The number (n) of carbon composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> sublayers).

Aluminum layer 102D, glass composite layer 104D, and carbon composite layer 106D may have the same or different thicknesses. Similarly, plurality of carbon composite sublayers 106D1, 106D2, 106D3, 106D4 may have the same or different thicknesses.

<FIG> shows material system 100E, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 100E comprises: aluminum layer 102E; glass composite layer 104E adjacent to aluminum layer 102E; and carbon composite layer 106E adjacent to glass composite layer 104E, and opposite to aluminum layer 102E. Aluminum layer 102E may comprise a plurality of aluminum sublayers 102E1, 102E2 (e.g., 102E1, 102E2,. The number (n) of aluminum sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Glass composite layer 104E may comprise a plurality of glass composite sublayers 104E1, 104E2, 104E3, 104E4 (e.g., 104E1, 104E2,. The number (o) of glass composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Carbon composite layer 106E may comprise a plurality of carbon composite sublayers 106E1, 106E2, 106E3 (e.g., 106E1, 106E2,. The number (p) of carbon composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> sublayers).

The number of aluminum sublayers may be the same as or different from the number of glass composite sublayers. The number of aluminum sublayers may be the same as or different from the number of carbon composite sublayers. The number of glass composite sublayers may be the same as or different from the number of carbon composite sublayers.

Aluminum layer 102E, glass composite layer 104E, and carbon composite layer 106E may have the same or different thicknesses. Plurality of plurality of aluminum sublayers 102E1, 102E2 may have the same or different thicknesses. Plurality of glass composite sublayers 104E1, 104E2, 104E3, 104E4 may have the same or different thicknesses. Plurality of carbon composite sublayers 106E1, 106E2, 106E3 may have the same or different thicknesses.

The glass composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A, 104B, 104C, 104D, 104E) may comprise first thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The carbon composite layer (e.g., carbon composite layer 106A, 106B, 106C, 106D, 106E) may comprise second thermoplastic resin. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as the second thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may differ from the second thermoplastic resin.

The first thermoplastic resin may bond the glass composite layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A). The second thermoplastic resin may bond the glass composite layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A). The first and second thermoplastic resins may bond the glass composite layer and the carbon composite layer (e.g., glass composite layer 104A and carbon composite layer 106A).

<FIG> shows material system 200A, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 200A comprises: first aluminum layer 202A; first glass composite layer 204A adjacent to first aluminum layer 202A; first carbon composite layer 206A adjacent to first glass composite layer 204A, and opposite to first aluminum layer 202A; and second glass composite layer 208A adjacent to first carbon composite layer 206A, and opposite to first glass composite layer 204A.

Second glass composite layer 208A may comprise a plurality of second glass composite sublayers (not shown). The number of second glass composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Each or all of the sublayers may comprise one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies.

First glass composite layer 204A may comprise one or more first glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise first thermoplastic resin. First carbon composite layer 206A may comprise one or more first carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise second thermoplastic resin. Second glass composite layer 208A may comprise one or more second glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise third thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the second thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the third thermoplastic resin. The second thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the third thermoplastic resin.

The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS.

<FIG> shows material system 200B, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 200B comprises: first aluminum layer 202B; first glass composite layer 204B adjacent to first aluminum layer 202B; first carbon composite layer 206B adjacent to first glass composite layer 204B, and opposite to first aluminum layer 202B; second glass composite layer 208B adjacent to first carbon composite layer 206B, and opposite to first glass composite layer 204B; and second aluminum layer 210B adjacent to second glass composite layer 208B, and opposite to first carbon composite layer 206B.

Second aluminum layer 210B may comprise a plurality of second aluminum sublayers (not shown). The number of second aluminum sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers.

<FIG> shows material system 200C, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 200C comprises: first aluminum layer 202C; first glass composite layer 204C adjacent to first aluminum layer 202C; first carbon composite layer 206C adjacent to first glass composite layer 204C, and opposite to first aluminum layer 202C; second glass composite layer 208C adjacent to first carbon composite layer 206C, and opposite to first glass composite layer 204C; and second carbon composite layer 212C adjacent to second glass composite layer 208C, and opposite to first carbon composite layer 206C.

Second carbon composite layer 212C may comprise a plurality of second carbon composite sublayers (not shown). The number of second carbon composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> sublayers). Each or all of the sublayers may comprise one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies.

First glass composite layer 204C may comprise one or more first glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise first thermoplastic resin. First carbon composite layer 206C may comprise one or more first carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise second thermoplastic resin. Second glass composite layer 208C may comprise one or more second glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise third thermoplastic resin. Second carbon composite layer 212C may comprise one or more second carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise fourth thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the second thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the third thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the fourth thermoplastic resin. The second thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the third thermoplastic resin. The second thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the fourth thermoplastic resin. The third thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the fourth thermoplastic resin.

The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The second thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The third thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The fourth thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The fourth thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The fourth thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The fourth thermoplastic resin may comprise, for example, one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS.

<FIG> shows material system 200D, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 200D may comprise: first aluminum layer 202D; first glass composite layer 204D adjacent to first aluminum layer 202D; first carbon composite layer 206D adjacent to first glass composite layer 204D, and opposite to first aluminum layer 202D; second glass composite layer 208D adjacent to first carbon composite layer 206D, and opposite to first glass composite layer 204D; second aluminum layer 210D adjacent to second glass composite layer 208D, and opposite to first carbon composite layer 206D; third glass composite layer 214D adjacent to second aluminum layer 210D, and opposite to second glass composite layer 208D; second carbon composite layer 216D adjacent to third glass composite layer 214D, and opposite to second aluminum layer 210D; fourth glass composite layer 218D adjacent to second carbon composite layer 216D, and opposite to third glass composite layer 214D; and/or third aluminum layer 220D adjacent to fourth glass composite layer 218D, and opposite to second carbon composite layer 216D.

Each of the aluminum layers may comprise a plurality of aluminum sublayers (not shown). The number of aluminum sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Each of the glass composite layers may comprise a plurality of glass composite sublayers (not shown). The number of glass composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Each of the carbon composite layers may comprise a plurality of carbon composite sublayers (not shown). The number of carbon composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> sublayers).

Each or all of the glass composite layers may comprise one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise first thermoplastic resin. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. The first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. The first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the thermoplastic resin in any other glass or carbon composite layer(s).

Each or all of the carbon composite layers may comprise one or more carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise second thermoplastic resin. In each or all of the carbon composite layers, the second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. In each or all of the carbon composite layers, the second thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. In each or all of the carbon composite layers, the second thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. In each or all of the carbon composite layers, the second thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. In each of the carbon composite layers, the second thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the thermoplastic resin in any other carbon or glass composite layer(s).

<FIG> shows material system 200E, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, material system 200E may comprise: first aluminum layer 202E; first glass composite layer 204E adjacent to first aluminum layer 202E; first carbon composite layer 206E adjacent to first glass composite layer 204E, and opposite to first aluminum layer 202E; second glass composite layer 208E adjacent to first carbon composite layer 206E, and opposite to first glass composite layer 204E; second carbon composite layer 212E adjacent to second glass composite layer 208E, and opposite to first carbon composite layer 206E; third glass composite layer 222E adjacent to second carbon composite layer 212E, and opposite to second glass composite layer 208E; third carbon composite layer 224E adjacent to third glass composite layer 222E, and opposite to second carbon composite layer 212E; and/or fourth glass composite layer 226E adjacent to third carbon composite layer 224E, and opposite to third glass composite layer 222E.

First aluminum layer 202E may comprise a plurality of first aluminum sublayers (not shown). The number of first aluminum sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Each of the glass composite layers may comprise a plurality of glass composite sublayers (not shown). The number of glass composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers. Each of the carbon composite layers may comprise a plurality of carbon composite sublayers (not shown). The number of carbon composite sublayers may be, for example, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or more sublayers (e.g., <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> sublayers).

Each or all of the glass composite layers may comprise one or more glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg plies which, in turn, may comprise first thermoplastic resin. In each or all of the glass composite layers, the first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEEK. In each or all of the glass composite layers, the first thermoplastic resin may comprise PEKK. In each or all of the glass composite layers, the first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEI, or PPS. In each or all of the glass composite layers, the first thermoplastic resin may comprise one or more of PAEK, PEEK, PEEKK, PEI, PEK, PEKEKK, PEKK, or PPS. In each of the glass composite layers, the first thermoplastic resin may be the same as or differ from the thermoplastic resin in any other glass or carbon composite layer(s).

<FIG> shows laying up a first layer on a mold tool (e.g., a mandrel), according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, first layer <NUM> may be laid up on mold tool <NUM>. Mold tool <NUM> may be of substantially any shape. First layer <NUM> may comprise, for example, an aluminum layer, a glass composite layer, or a carbon composite layer. To facilitate subsequent removal of a material system from mold tool <NUM>, a parting film or similar may be used between mold tool <NUM> and first layer <NUM>. First layer <NUM> may comprise two or more sublayers (not shown).

<FIG> shows laying up a second layer on the first layer of <FIG>, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, second layer <NUM> may be laid up on first layer <NUM> to form a first portion of stack <NUM> (see <FIG>). Second layer <NUM> may comprise, for example, an aluminum layer, a glass composite layer, or a carbon composite layer, provided that an aluminum layer does not directly contact a carbon composite layer (due to galvanic corrosion concerns). Second layer <NUM> may comprise two or more sublayers (not shown). The shape of second layer <NUM> may be the same as or differ from the shape of first layer <NUM>. The thickness of second layer <NUM> may be the same as or differ from the thickness of first layer <NUM>.

Stack <NUM> may include an additional layer (not shown) between first layer <NUM> and second layer <NUM>. The additional layer may improve the bonding of first layer <NUM> and second layer <NUM>. The additional layer may be, for example, an adhesive layer. In such cases, second layer <NUM> may be adjacent to first layer <NUM>, but may not directly contact first layer <NUM>. Care should be taken during selection of material(s) for such an additional layer because, for example, some material(s) comprise elements or compounds that may interact with first layer <NUM> and/or second layer <NUM> via one or more interaction mechanisms.

<FIG> shows laying up a third layer on the second layer of <FIG>, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, third layer <NUM> may be laid up on second layer <NUM> to form a second portion of stack <NUM>. Third layer <NUM> may comprise, for example, an aluminum layer, a glass composite layer, or a carbon composite layer, as long as an aluminum layer does not directly contact a carbon composite layer (due to galvanic corrosion concerns). Third layer <NUM> may comprise two or more sublayers (not shown). The shape of third layer <NUM> may be the same as or differ from the shape of first layer <NUM>. The thickness of third layer <NUM> may be the same as or differ from the thickness of first layer <NUM>. The shape of third layer <NUM> may be the same as or differ from the shape of second layer <NUM>. The thickness of third layer <NUM> may be the same as or differ from the thickness of second layer <NUM>.

Stack <NUM> may include an additional layer (not shown) between second layer <NUM> and third layer <NUM>. The additional layer may improve the bonding of second layer <NUM> and third layer <NUM>. The additional layer may be, for example, an adhesive layer. In such cases, third layer <NUM> may be adjacent to second layer <NUM>, but may not directly contact second layer <NUM>. Care should be taken during selection of material(s) for such an additional layer because, for example, some material(s) comprise elements or compounds that may interact with second layer <NUM> and/or third layer <NUM> via one or more interaction mechanisms.

In addition to addressing galvanic corrosion concerns, a glass composite layer also may function as a compliant layer, reducing strain within and/or stress between layers adjacent to the glass composite layer (e.g., an aluminum layer on one side and a carbon fiber layer on the other). Such a compliant layer may at least partially decouple effects (e.g., thermal contraction, thermal expansion, strains, or stresses) associated with the layers adjacent to the glass composite layer, and/or reduce strain within and/or stress between layers through effects associated with orientation of glass fibers in the glass composite layer(s).

The addition of layers may continue until a desired stacking of layers is achieved. The laying up may be done manually and/or automatically.

Surfaces of the aluminum layer may undergo surface preparation, such as alkaline degreasing, chromic acid anodizing or other anodizing processing, priming (e.g., with BR <NUM> corrosion-inhibiting primer), sol-gel, and/or pickling in chromic-sulfuric acid. The surfaces also may be roughened, for example, by abrasion.

Stack <NUM> may be bagged (e.g., vacuum bag) on the mold tool (e.g., a mandrel).

The stacking and consolidating may use stationary compression molding (e.g., autoclave) or continuous compression molding (e.g., out-of-autoclave or vacuum-bag-only).

<FIG> shows stack <NUM> comprising a first carbon composite layer, a first glass composite layer, a second carbon composite layer, a second glass composite layer, and/or an aluminum layer, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, first carbon composite layer <NUM> may be laid up on mold tool <NUM>, first glass composite layer <NUM> may be laid up on first carbon composite layer <NUM>, second carbon composite layer <NUM> may be laid up on first glass composite layer <NUM>, second glass composite layer <NUM> may be laid up on second carbon composite layer <NUM>, and/or aluminum layer <NUM> may be laid up on second glass composite layer <NUM> to achieve stack <NUM>.

First glass composite layer <NUM> may be adjacent to first carbon composite layer <NUM>, second carbon composite layer <NUM> may be adjacent to first glass composite layer <NUM>, second glass composite layer <NUM> may be adjacent to second carbon composite layer <NUM>, and/or aluminum layer <NUM> may be adjacent to second glass composite layer <NUM>.

One or more of first carbon composite layer <NUM>, first glass composite layer <NUM>, second carbon composite layer <NUM>, second glass composite layer <NUM>, or aluminum layer <NUM> may comprise two or more sublayers (not shown).

Stack <NUM> may include additional layer(s) (not shown) between first carbon composite layer <NUM> and first glass composite layer <NUM>; between first glass composite layer <NUM> and second carbon composite layer <NUM>; between second carbon composite layer <NUM> and second glass composite layer <NUM>; and/or between second glass composite layer <NUM> and aluminum layer <NUM>. The additional layers may improve the bonding of associated adjacent layers. The additional layer(s) may be, for example, adhesive layer(s). In such cases, layers may be adjacent to each other, but may not directly contact each other. Care should be taken during selection of material(s) for such additional layer(s) because, for example, some material(s) comprise elements or compounds that may interact with other layers via one or more interaction mechanisms.

One or both of first glass composite layer <NUM> or second glass composite layer <NUM> may comprise one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies. The one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be consolidated at a temperature sufficient to soften aluminum layer <NUM>. The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be conducted, for example, in an autoclave.

The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies of one or both of first glass composite layer <NUM> or second glass composite layer <NUM> comprises raising a temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies to ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF), or ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF) (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF))); raising a pressure of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies to ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> psig (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum); and/or holding the temperature and pressure for ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, or ≥ <NUM> minutes (e.g., <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes). For example, the temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be raised to <NUM> (<NUM> °F) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those ranges for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes. For example, the temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig minimum, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes minimum.

The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies of one or both of first glass composite layer <NUM> or second glass composite layer <NUM> comprises raising a temperature of stack <NUM> to ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF)), <NUM> (<NUM> oF), or ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF) (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF))); raising a pressure of stack <NUM> to ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> psig (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum); and/or holding the temperature and pressure for ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, or ≥ <NUM> minutes (e.g., <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes). For example, the temperature of stack <NUM> may be raised to <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes. For example, the temperature of stack <NUM> may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig minimum, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes minimum.

One or both of first carbon composite layer <NUM> or second carbon composite layer <NUM> may comprise one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies. The one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be consolidated at a temperature sufficient to soften aluminum layer <NUM>. The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be conducted, for example, in an autoclave.

The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies of one or both of first carbon composite layer <NUM> or second carbon composite layer <NUM> comprises raising a temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies to ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF), or ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF) (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF))); raising a pressure of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies to ≥ <NUM> pounds per square inch gage ("psig"), ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> psig (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum); and/or holding the temperature and pressure for ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, or ≥ <NUM> minutes (e.g., <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes). For example, the temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be raised to <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those ranges for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes. For example, the temperature of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies may be raised to <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig minimum, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes minimum.

The consolidating of the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies of one or both of first carbon composite layer <NUM> or second carbon composite layer <NUM> comprises raising a temperature of stack <NUM> to ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF), or ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF))); raising a pressure of stack <NUM> to ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> psig (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum); and/or holding the temperature and pressure for ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, or ≥ <NUM> minutes (e.g., <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes). For example, the temperature of stack <NUM> may be raised to <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes. For example, the temperature of stack <NUM> may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig minimum, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes minimum.

Such thermoplastic prepreg plies may be produced in advance and stored, for example, on rolls with backing paper. Prepreg tapes for thermoplastic prepreg plies, if unidirectional, may be produced, for example, by extrusion or pultrusion.

The thermoplastic prepreg plies may be dried (e.g., in an oven) prior to consolidation. For example, the thermoplastic prepreg plies may be dried at <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) for a minimum of <NUM> hours prior to consolidation.

One or both of first glass composite layer <NUM> or second glass composite layer <NUM> may comprise first thermoplastic resin. The temperature and pressure of stack <NUM> may be adjusted so as to consolidate stack <NUM> when manufacturing a material system. The adjusting of the temperature and pressure of stack <NUM> comprises raising a temperature of the first thermoplastic resin to ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), or ≥ <NUM> (<NUM> oF) (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> °F))); raising a pressure of the first thermoplastic resin to ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> psig (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum); and/or holding the temperature and pressure for ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, or ≥ <NUM> minutes (e.g., <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes). For example, the temperature of the first thermoplastic resin may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those ranges for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes. For example, the temperature of the first thermoplastic resin may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± -<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig minimum, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes minimum.

One or both of first carbon composite layer <NUM> or second carbon composite layer <NUM> may comprise second thermoplastic resin. The temperature and pressure of the second thermoplastic resin may be adjusted so as to consolidate stack <NUM> when manufacturing a material system. The adjusting of the temperature and pressure of stack <NUM> comprises raising a temperature of the second thermoplastic resin to ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF), or ≥ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> °F))); raising a pressure of the second thermoplastic resin to ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, ≥ <NUM> psig, or ≤ <NUM> psig (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum); and/or holding the temperature and pressure for ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, ≥ <NUM> minutes, or ≥ <NUM> minutes (e.g., <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes). For example, the temperature of the second thermoplastic resin may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> °F)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those ranges for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes. For example, the temperature of the second thermoplastic resin may be raised to <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)), the pressure adjusted to <NUM> psig minimum, and then the temperature and pressure may be held within those temperature and pressure ranges for <NUM> minutes minimum.

A temperature versus time profile for consolidating the one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies at a temperature sufficient to soften aluminum layer <NUM>, or for adjusting the temperature and pressure of stack <NUM> so as to consolidate stack <NUM> may comprise three phases: a heat-up phase (generally positive slope), a hold phase (generally zero slope), and a cooldown phase (generally negative slope). In the heat-up phase, the heat-up rate may take on almost any value (e.g., in °F/minute). In the hold phase, the temperature and pressure may be held substantially constant within prescribed bands or above prescribed minimums. In the cooldown phase, the cooldown rate (e.g., in °F/minute) may be limited, for example, by concerns regarding thermally induced stress, crystallinity issues, and/or equipment limitations. In addition or in the alternative, the pressure band may need to be maintained until the temperature is significantly reduced.

<FIG> shows a temperature versus time profile for consolidating one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies at a temperature sufficient to soften an aluminum layer, or for adjusting the temperature and pressure of a stack so as to consolidate the stack when manufacturing a material system, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, in the heat-up phase, the heat-up rate may take on almost any value; in the hold phase, the temperature (e.g., cure temperature) may be held substantially constant within a prescribed band (e.g., <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)) or <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF) ± (-<NUM> oC (<NUM> oF); and in the cooldown phase, the cooldown rate may be limited (e.g., ≤ <NUM>/minute (<NUM> oF/ minute)) until the temperature is significantly reduced (e.g., until the temperature is ≤ <NUM> oC (<NUM> oF)).

<FIG> shows a pressure versus time profile for consolidating one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies at a temperature sufficient to soften an aluminum layer, or for adjusting the temperature and pressure of a stack so as to consolidate the stack when manufacturing a material system, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, in the heat-up phase, the pressure is low; in the hold phase, the pressure may be held substantially constant within a prescribed band (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig for <NUM> minutes +<NUM> minutes/-<NUM> minutes or <NUM> psig minimum for <NUM> minutes minimum); and in the cooldown phase, the pressure band may need to be maintained until the temperature is significantly reduced (e.g., <NUM> psig ± <NUM> psig or <NUM> psig minimum until the temperature is ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> oF)).

As shown in <FIG>, the pressure increase to the adjusted pressure and/or the pressure decrease from the adjusted pressure may be relatively rapid. The pressure increase to the adjusted pressure and/or the pressure decrease from the adjusted pressure may be relatively slow, so that the leading and/or trailing edges of the pressure graph have a more gradual slope. The pressure increase to the adjusted pressure and/or the pressure decrease from the adjusted pressure may be conducted in a series of smaller steps.

<FIG> shows a temperature and pressure versus time profile for consolidating one or more thermoplastic prepreg plies at a temperature sufficient to soften an aluminum layer, or for adjusting the temperature and pressure of a stack, according to some examples of the disclosed material systems. As shown in <FIG>, in the heat-up phase, the heat-up rate may take on almost any value; in the hold phase, the temperature (e.g., cure temperature) and pressure may be held substantially constant within prescribed bands or above prescribed minimums (e.g., <NUM> (<NUM> °F) (-<NUM> (<NUM> °F) and <NUM> psig minimum for <NUM> minutes minimum); and in the cooldown phase, the cooldown rate may be limited (e.g., ≤ <NUM>/minute (<NUM> °F/minute)) until the temperature is significantly reduced (e.g., until the temperature is ≤ <NUM> (<NUM>°F)) and/or the pressure minimum may need to be maintained until the temperature is significantly reduced (e.g., <NUM> psig minimum until the temperature is ≤ <NUM> (<NUM> °F)).

During the heat-up phase, the heat-up may be paused to allow temperatures to stabilize and/or standardize, and then the heat-up may continue (e.g., effectively creating a soaking or pre-consolidation step or steps in the heat-up profile at a dwell temperature, not shown). Similarly, during the cooldown phase, the cooldown may be paused to allow temperatures to stabilize and/or standardize, and then the cooldown may continue (e.g., effectively creating a soaking or post-consolidation step or steps in the cooldown profile, not shown).

Material systems with a variety of component cross-sectional shapes may be produced. The material systems may have, for example, cross-sections that are round and solid (e.g., a rod), round and hollow (e.g., a tube), rectangular and solid, or rectangular and hollow. The material systems may have, for example, cross-sections that resemble blades, hats, and/or the capital letters C, I, L, T, U, or Z.

A <NUM>-layer stack may comprise: an aluminum layer (layer <NUM>), two glass composite layers (sublayers <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>), and a carbon composite layer (sublayers <NUM>-<NUM>). The carbon composite layer may exhibit quasi-isotropic strength properties. Per the table below, each glass composite layer comprises two sublayers, and the carbon composite layer comprises eight sublayers.

A <NUM>-layer stack may comprise: an aluminum layer (layer <NUM>), two glass composite layers (sublayers <NUM>-<NUM> and <NUM>-<NUM>), and a carbon composite layer (sublayers <NUM>-<NUM>). The carbon composite layer may exhibit quasi-isotropic strength properties. Per the table below, each glass composite layer comprises two sublayers, and the carbon composite layer comprises sixteen sublayers.

A <NUM>-layer stack may comprise: an aluminum layer (layer <NUM>), two glass composite layers (layers <NUM> and <NUM>), and a carbon composite layer (sublayers <NUM>-<NUM>). The carbon composite layer may exhibit quasi-isotropic strength properties. Per the table below, each glass composite layer comprises one layer, and the carbon composite layer comprises eight sublayers.

E-glass, S-glass, and/or S-<NUM> glass fibers (e.g., <NUM>-<NUM> glass fibers), for example, for glass composite layers, may be commercially available, for example, from AGY of Aiken, South Carolina, under the trade name S-<NUM> Glass®.

Carbon fibers (e.g., AS4D <NUM> carbon fibers), for example, for carbon composite layers, may be commercially available, for example, from Hexcel Corporation of Stamford, Connecticut, under the trade name HexTow®.

Claim 1:
A material system, comprising:
a first aluminum layer (202A), the surfaces of which have undergone surface preparation to enhance bonding between the aluminum layer and other layers;
a first glass composite layer (204A) adjacent to the first aluminum layer; and
a first carbon composite layer (206A) adjacent to the first glass composite layer, and opposite to the first aluminum layer;
wherein the first glass composite layer comprises a first thermoplastic resin, and
wherein the first thermoplastic resin bonds the first aluminum layer and the first glass composite layer,
wherein the first thermoplastic resin preferably bonds the first glass composite layer (204A) and the first carbon composite layer (206A),
wherein said thermoplastic resin has undergone a raising to a temperature sufficient to soften said aluminum layer which is greater than or equal to <NUM> (<NUM>°F).