Patent Description:
Traffic flow models characterize traffic by some variables, such as user equipment densities and user equipment velocities. Density is measured in terms of the number of vehicles per unit area. These traffic flow models are used to represent traffic, such as in an urban network and in highways, in order to improve the utilization of roads, optimize traffic efficiency, etc..

Microscopic traffic flow models consider individual users and characterise the velocity or trajectory for a single vehicle-to-everything (V2X) user. On the other hand, macroscopic traffic flow models consider multiple V2X users and provide an average characterisation of speed and density on a road. Cellular V2X (C-V2X) uses long term evolution (LTE) and fifth generation (<NUM>) technology to provide V2X users with different V2X services. Vehicles are equipped with different sensing equipment, e.g. lidar, camera, radars, accelerometers.

V2X using cellular technology deals with large amounts of data, which is communicated between V2X users and V2X application servers. This includes both sensor measurements from V2X user equipments (uplink) and V2X messages from V2X application servers (downlink). This consequently leads to a massive amount of data exchange over a mobile network. The Quality of Service (QoS) experienced by the V2X users may drop in congested areas leading to user dissatisfaction and malfunctioning of V2X applications.

As such, there is a need for an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network, which is aimed at addressing the problems described above.

<CIT> describes an approach for adaptive streaming and resource allocation method for mobile video traffic. Systems and methods are described to adapt video streaming to alleviate congestion and improve user quality of experience (QoE). The example implementations utilize prediction of the user mobility behavior and the class of the user, as well as prediction of the traffic patterns and the channel quality in the geographical area that the user traverses moving from a coverage area of one source base station to the next target base station.

<CIT> relates to congestion control for a vehicle-to- everything (V2X) system that is expected to be better than the congestion control provided by conventional technologies such as dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). <CIT> is directed to congestion control that uses not only radio input, but may also take other factors into account. For example, time-sensitive policies can be used based on known traffic patterns. It is also possible to apply machine learning.

<CIT> relates to traffic control based on network state, or, more particularly, algorithms for determining traffic adjustments in a geographic region as a function of cellular network usage. A method is described that includes identifying a traffic device for a vehicle or a pedestrian, and generating a traffic adjustment for the traffic device as a function of network activity or potential network activity at a portion of a cellular network.

Further embodiments are set forth in the dependent claims.

It is thus an object to obviate or eliminate at least some of the above disadvantages associated with existing techniques and provide an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network.

Therefore, according to an aspect, there is provided a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node. The method comprises, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, measuring a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment. The method also comprises, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, estimating subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile and transmitting an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node. The idea thus provides an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network. The improved technique makes it possible to more accurately characterise and predict traffic flow in a cellular network. In this way, more accurate information is provided for use in the management (e.g. provisioning and/or optimization) of cellular network resources. The resources of the cellular network can thus be better optimized, e.g. for vehicle-to-everything communication. Also, as the subsequent traffic flow is estimated per tile, this resource optimization can also be performed per tile. Advantageously, the method is suitable for use in cloud deployments.

In some embodiments, the method may comprise estimating the subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on one or more spatial differences and/or one or more temporal differences identified by the comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to the one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile.

In some embodiments, the method may comprise using a machine learning algorithm to estimate the subsequent traffic flow in the tile.

In some embodiments, the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time and the method may comprise updating the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. In some of these embodiments, the method may comprise transmitting an indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile to the resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node.

In some embodiments, the management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network may comprise allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile and/or provisioning a quality of service in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile. In some embodiments, the resources may comprise resources for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication.

In some embodiments, the plurality of tiles may be defined by a grid.

In some embodiments, the at least one user equipment may be served by at least one of a plurality of base stations, each having a coverage area, and wherein the plurality of base stations cover the coverage area of the cellular network. In some embodiments, the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may span the coverage areas of the plurality of base stations. In some embodiments, the coverage areas of the plurality of base stations may be overlapping.

In some embodiments, the information provided by the at least one user equipment may be received from the at least one user equipment and/or from at least one location service function node.

In some embodiments, the at least one user equipment may comprise one or more vehicles and/or one or more mobile devices.

According to another aspect, there is provided a traffic flow management node configured to operate in accordance with the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node described earlier. In some embodiments, the traffic flow management node may comprise processing circuitry and at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the traffic flow management node to operate in accordance with the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node described earlier. The traffic flow management node thus provides the advantages discussed earlier in respect of the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node.

In some embodiments, the traffic flow management node may be a node of the cellular network or a node outside the cellular network. In some embodiments, the traffic flow management node may be an application server.

According to another aspect, there is provided a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node. The method comprises managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The method also comprises providing the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

The idea thus provides an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network. The traffic flow in the cellular network is more accurately characterised and predicted, such that improved management (e.g. provisioning and/or optimization) of cellular network resources can be achieved using this traffic flow information. The resources of the cellular network can thus be better optimized, e.g. for vehicle-to-everything communication. Also, as the subsequent traffic flow is estimated per tile, this resource optimization can also be performed per tile. Advantageously, the method is suitable for use in cloud deployments.

In some embodiments, the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time and the method may comprise managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. In these embodiments, the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may be based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time.

In some embodiments, managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile may comprise allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile and/or provisioning a quality of service in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile.

According to another aspect, there is provided a resource management node configured to operate in accordance with the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node described earlier. In some embodiments, the resource management node may comprise processing circuitry and at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the resource management node to operate in accordance with the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node described earlier. The resource management node thus provides the advantages discussed earlier in respect of the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node.

According to another aspect, there is provided a system comprising any one or more of: at least one traffic flow management node as described earlier, at least one user equipment operable to connect to the system and provide information indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment, and at least one resource management node as described earlier. The system thus provides the advantages discussed earlier in respect of the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node and a resource management node.

According to another aspect, there is provided a system comprising processing circuitry and at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the system to operate in accordance with the method described earlier. The system thus provides the advantages discussed earlier in respect of the method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node and a resource management node.

Thus, an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network is provided.

For a better understanding of the idea, and to show how it may be put into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:.

There is described herein an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network. The cellular network referred to herein may be a radio access network (RAN) or any other cellular network. The cellular network can, for example, be a fourth generation (<NUM>) cellular network, a fifth generation (<NUM>) cellular network, or any other generation of cellular network.

The methods described herein may be realized using the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) architecture described in 3GPP TS <NUM> and may also apply to the enhanced <NUM> V2X architecture described in 3GPP TS <NUM>. The methods described herein also apply to application layer models, such as those described in 3GPP TS <NUM>, where a V2X application enabler (VAE) client may perform the functions of the at least one user equipment referred to herein and a VAE server may perform the functions of the traffic flow management node referred to herein.

However, it will be understood that the methods described herein may also be applicable to other cellular network architectures.

<FIG> illustrates a system <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. The system <NUM> is for managing traffic flows in a cellular network.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the system <NUM> can comprise at least one user equipment <NUM>. The at least one user equipment <NUM> can be at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network. The at least one user equipment <NUM> may comprise one or more vehicles (e.g. one or more cars, or any other vehicles, or any combination of vehicles), one or more mobile devices (e.g. one or more smartphones, one or more tablets, or any other mobile devices or any combination of mobile devices), or any other user equipment, or any combination of user equipments. The at least one user equipment <NUM> may be a V2X user equipment according to some embodiments.

The at least one user equipment <NUM> can be configured to connect to the system <NUM> or, more specifically, to one or more nodes of the system <NUM>. The at least one user equipment <NUM> is configured to provide (or report) information indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM>. The information indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM> may also be referred to herein as "traffic flow information".

As illustrated in <FIG>, the system <NUM> can comprise at least one traffic flow management node <NUM>, which will be described in more detail later with reference to <FIG>. The at least one user equipment <NUM> is configured to provide (or report) information indicative of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM> to the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM>, either directly or indirectly. In some embodiments, as illustrated in <FIG>, the at least one user equipment <NUM> can be configured to provide the information indicative of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM> to the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> via at least one base station <NUM>, at least one application server (e.g. a V2X application server) and/or a reference point (e.g. a V1 reference point). The information may be a report of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM>. The information (or report) may be preconfigured by the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> or triggered based on certain criteria (e.g. periodic reporting, event-driven reporting, etc.).

The at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> may be a node of the cellular network, e.g. a node that resides in a mobile network operator (MNO) network. Thus, the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> can be a network node according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> may be a network data analytics function (NWDAP) node, a policy control function (PCF) node, or a network exposure function (NEF) node. In some of these embodiments, the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> may communicate with an application server (e.g. a V2X application server), e.g. over an interface such as over a Nnef interface. In these embodiments, the information from the at least one user equipment <NUM> may be communicated to the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> via the application server. Alternatively, the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> may be a node outside the cellular network, such as a node managed by a third party or a third party application function (AF). In some embodiments, for example, the at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> may itself be an application server, e.g. a V2X application server. The at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> can be a node providing a service (e.g. a V2X service) to one or more user equipments in the cellular network. The at least one traffic flow management node <NUM> can interact with the cellular network to perform the functions described herein.

The system <NUM> can comprise at least one resource management node <NUM>, which will be described in more detail later with reference to <FIG>. The at least one resource management node <NUM> can interact with the cellular network to perform the functions described herein.

Although not illustrated, in some embodiments, the system <NUM> itself may comprise processing circuitry and at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the system to operate in accordance with the method described herein for the traffic flow management node <NUM> and/or the method described herein for the resource management node <NUM>.

Herein, reference is made to a plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The plurality of tiles may, for example, be defined by a grid. The cellular network is (and thus the cells of the cellular network are) segmented or divided into the plurality of tiles. The plurality of tiles are different to (i.e. do not correspond to) the cells of the cellular network. A tile of the cellular network can span several cells of the cellular network (or parts of them) and a cell of the cellular network can span several tiles of the cellular network (or parts of them). For example, an N to M relation can be provided between cells of the cellular network and tiles of the cellular network. Each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network can correspond to a different geographical area. For example, in some embodiments, each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may correspond to a different road segment in the cellular network. In some of these embodiments, the cellular network may be represented by a map that is divided into a plurality of tiles, each corresponding to a different road segment. Thus, in some embodiments, each tile of the plurality of tiles may correspond to a road segment. The plurality of tiles make up a traffic flow measurement table. The process described herein can be applied (e.g. iteratively) to small or large geographical areas.

According to the claimed invention, the plurality of tiles of the cellular network are defined by a grid, and the cellular network is segmented into the plurality of tiles such that tiles in the plurality of tiles do not correspond to cells of the cellular network.

<FIG> illustrates a traffic flow management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. As illustrated in <FIG>, the traffic flow management node <NUM> comprises processing circuitry (or logic) <NUM>.

The processing circuitry <NUM> controls the operation of the traffic flow management node <NUM> and can implement the method described herein in respect to the traffic flow management node <NUM>. The processing circuitry <NUM> can comprise one or more processors, processing units, multi-core processors or modules that are configured or programmed to control the traffic flow management node <NUM> in the manner described herein. In particular implementations, the processing circuitry <NUM> can comprise a plurality of software and/or hardware modules that are each configured to perform, or are for performing, individual or multiple steps of the method described herein.

Briefly, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> is configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network, measure a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM>. The processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> is also configured to, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, estimate subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile, and transmit an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the traffic flow management node <NUM> may optionally comprise a memory <NUM>. The memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can comprise a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may comprise a non-transitory media. Examples of the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a mass storage media such as a hard disk, a removable storage media such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital video disk (DVD), and/or any other memory.

The processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be connected to the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM>. In some embodiments, the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may be for storing program code or instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM>, cause the traffic flow management node <NUM> to operate in the manner described herein in respect of the traffic flow management node <NUM>. For example, in some embodiments, the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may be configured to store program code or instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> to perform the method described herein in respect of the traffic flow management node <NUM>.

Alternatively or in addition, the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be configured to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. The processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may be configured to control the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

In some embodiments, as illustrated in <FIG>, the traffic flow management node <NUM> may optionally comprise a communications interface <NUM>. The communications interface <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be connected to the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> and/or the memory <NUM> of traffic flow management node <NUM>. The communications interface <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may be operable to allow the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> to communicate with the memory <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> and/or vice versa. The communications interface <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be configured to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may be configured to control the communications interface <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

Although the traffic flow management node <NUM> is illustrated in <FIG> as comprising a single memory <NUM>, it will be appreciated that the traffic flow management node <NUM> may comprise at least one memory (i.e. a single memory or a plurality of memories) <NUM> that operate in the manner described herein. Similarly, although the traffic flow management node <NUM> is illustrated in <FIG> as comprising a single communications interface <NUM>, it will be appreciated that the traffic flow management node <NUM> may comprise at least one communications interface (i.e. a single communications interface or a plurality of communications interface) <NUM> that operate in the manner described herein.

It will also be appreciated that <FIG> only shows the components required to illustrate an embodiment of the traffic flow management node <NUM> and, in practical implementations, the traffic flow management node <NUM> may comprise additional or alternative components to those shown.

<FIG> is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. The traffic flow management node <NUM> described earlier with reference to <FIG> is configured to operate in accordance with the method of <FIG>. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM>.

With reference to <FIG>, at block <NUM>, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, a traffic flow in the tile is measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM>. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> measures the traffic flow in each tile based on the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM>. The information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM> may be received from the at least one user equipment and/or from at least one other node, such as at least one location service function node.

A person skilled in the art will be aware of various way in which to measure traffic flow based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network. In some embodiments, for example, measuring a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network may comprise, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, determining a number of user equipments in the tile based on the location of the at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network and measuring the traffic flow in the tile based on the determined number. Thus, traffic flow can be determined based on the number of user equipments in the tile in some embodiments. The number of user equipments per tile can be referred to as the density of user equipments. Alternatively or in addition, for example, measuring a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network may comprise, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, determining an average velocity of user equipments in the tile based on the velocity of the at least one user equipment in the cellular network and measuring the traffic flow in the tile based on the determined average velocity. Thus, traffic flow can be determined based on an average velocity (and/or the number) of user equipments in the tile in some embodiments.

In more detail, in a 3GPP network, traffic flow may be measured based on the average velocity V and density ρ of user equipments. The traffic flow can be measured based on the information collected about the velocity of the user equipments and the number of user equipments in a tile (e.g. using location tracking). The density ρ of user equipments is the number of user equipments per tile (e.g. per road unit). The traffic flow F may be represented as F → (ρ, V). In a simple form, the traffic flow F can be expressed by the following equation:
<MAT>
where ρ is the density of user equipments (e.g. the number of user equipments per km) and V is the average velocity of user equipments (e.g. in km/h). Thus, using the information indicative of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment, the traffic flow in a certain tile (e.g. on a certain road) can be characterized.

Returning back to <FIG>, at block <NUM>, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, subsequent traffic flow in the tile is estimated based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> estimates the subsequent traffic flow in each tile based on the comparison. Thus, at block <NUM>, a future traffic flow is predicted for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. In some embodiments, the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be estimated based on one or more spatial differences and/or one or more temporal differences identified by the comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to the one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. In some embodiments, a machine learning (or artificial intelligence (Al)) algorithm may be used to estimate the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. In some embodiments, for example, the machine learning (or Al) algorithm may use current and previous traffic flow measurements to learn spatial and temporal variations in the traffic flow measurements and predict a future traffic flow at t+dt.

At block <NUM>, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile is transmitted to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> transmits the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in each tile. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may configured to transmit the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in each tile directly to the resource management node <NUM>. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may configured to transmit the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in each tile to the resource management node <NUM> via at least one other node.

Thus, the transmission of the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow to the resource management node enables the management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. The management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network can, for example, comprise allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, provisioning a quality of service (QoS) in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, and/or any other management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network.

The resources referred to herein can comprise resources for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, or any other resources, or any combination of resources. In the case of resources for V2X communication, the resources may comprise one or more resources for long-range V2X communication, such as communication between a user equipment and a Node B (e.g. over the 3GPP Uu interface). Alternatively or in addition, the resources may comprise one or more resources for short-range V2X communication, such as communication between road users and roadside infrastructure (e.g. over a side-link, such as the 3GPP PC5 interface).

Although not illustrated in <FIG>, in some embodiments, the method can also comprise updating (e.g. correcting) the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be configured to update the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. In these embodiments, the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time and the method may comprise updating the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. In some embodiments, the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time may be provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM> and/or at least one other node. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be configured to measure the actual traffic flow in the tile at the first time, e.g. from information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM> and/or at least one other node. The actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time can be a live (or real-time) measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. The estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may be updated as measurements of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time are provided. Thus, in some embodiments, the future traffic flow predicted for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network can be updated (e.g. corrected).

In some embodiments involving an updated estimation, the method may also comprise transmitting an indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile to the resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> can be configured to transmit the indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may configured to transmit the indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile directly to the resource management node <NUM>. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the traffic flow management node <NUM> may configured to transmit the indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow to the resource management node <NUM> via at least one other node.

<FIG> illustrates a resource management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. As illustrated in <FIG>, the resource management node <NUM> comprises processing circuitry (or logic) <NUM>.

The processing circuitry <NUM> controls the operation of the resource management node <NUM> and can implement the method described herein in respect to the resource management node <NUM>. The processing circuitry <NUM> can comprise one or more processors, processing units, multi-core processors or modules that are configured or programmed to control the resource management node <NUM> in the manner described herein. In particular implementations, the processing circuitry <NUM> can comprise a plurality of software and/or hardware modules that are each configured to perform, or are for performing, individual or multiple steps of the method described herein.

Briefly, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> is configured to manage resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> is also configured to provide the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the resource management node <NUM> may optionally comprise a memory <NUM>. The memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> can comprise a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may comprise a non-transitory media. Examples of the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a mass storage media such as a hard disk, a removable storage media such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital video disk (DVD), and/or any other memory.

The processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> can be connected to the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM>. In some embodiments, the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may be for storing program code or instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM>, cause the resource management node <NUM> to operate in the manner described herein in respect of the resource management node <NUM>. For example, in some embodiments, the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may be configured to store program code or instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> to perform the method described herein in respect of the resource management node <NUM>.

Alternatively or in addition, the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> can be configured to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. The processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may be configured to control the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

In some embodiments, as illustrated in <FIG>, the resource management node <NUM> may optionally comprise a communications interface <NUM>. The communications interface <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> can be connected to the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> and/or the memory <NUM> of resource management node <NUM>. The communications interface <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may be operable to allow the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> to communicate with the memory <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> and/or vice versa. The communications interface <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> can be configured to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may be configured to control the communications interface <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

Although the resource management node <NUM> is illustrated in <FIG> as comprising a single memory <NUM>, it will be appreciated that the resource management node <NUM> may comprise at least one memory (i.e. a single memory or a plurality of memories) <NUM> that operate in the manner described herein. Similarly, although the resource management node <NUM> is illustrated in <FIG> as comprising a single communications interface <NUM>, it will be appreciated that the resource management node <NUM> may comprise at least one communications interface (i.e. a single communications interface or a plurality of communications interface) <NUM> that operate in the manner described herein.

It will also be appreciated that <FIG> only shows the components required to illustrate an embodiment of the resource management node <NUM> and, in practical implementations, the resource management node <NUM> may comprise additional or alternative components to those shown.

<FIG> is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. The resource management node <NUM> described earlier with reference to <FIG> is configured to operate in accordance with the method of <FIG>. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM>.

With reference to <FIG>, at block <NUM>, resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network are managed based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> manages the resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on the estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile.

Although not illustrated in <FIG>, in some embodiments, the method can comprise managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> may manage the resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. In these embodiments, the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time and the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may be based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. As mentioned earlier, the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first can be a live (or real-time) measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the.

As also mentioned earlier, managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network can, for example, comprise allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, provisioning a quality of service (QoS) in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, and/or any other management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network.

At block <NUM>, the managed resources are provided to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. More specifically, the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM> provides the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

<FIG> is a signalling (or call flow) diagram illustrating an exchange of signals in an embodiment. The exchange of signals is in the system <NUM> described earlier. In the illustrated example embodiment, the system <NUM> comprises the at least one user equipment <NUM> mentioned earlier, the traffic flow management node <NUM> described earlier, the resource management node <NUM> described earlier, at least one base station <NUM>, and at least one other node <NUM>. The traffic flow management node <NUM> is as described earlier with reference to <FIG> and the resource management node <NUM> is as described earlier with reference to <FIG>.

As illustrated by arrow <NUM> of <FIG>, information (or traffic flow information) is provided by at least one user equipment <NUM>, e.g. via at least one base station <NUM>. The information is indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network. At block <NUM> of <FIG>, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, a traffic flow in the tile is measured based on the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network from the information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM>. That is, the method described earlier with respect to block <NUM> of <FIG> is performed.

At block <NUM> of <FIG>, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, subsequent traffic flow in the tile is estimated based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. That is, the method described earlier with respect to block <NUM> of <FIG> is performed. As illustrated by arrow <NUM> of <FIG>, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile is transmitted to a resource management node, e.g. via at least one other node <NUM>, enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. That is, the method described earlier with respect to block <NUM> of <FIG> is performed.

As illustrated by arrow <NUM> of <FIG> and as described earlier, in some embodiments, an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile may be provided by at least one user equipment <NUM>. In these embodiments, at block <NUM> of <FIG> and as described earlier, the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile is updated based on the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile. As illustrated by the arrow <NUM> of <FIG> and as described earlier, an indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be transmitted to the resource management node <NUM>, e.g. via at least one other node <NUM>, enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node <NUM>.

At block <NUM> of <FIG>, resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network are managed based on the estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network and the managed resources are provided to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. That is, the method described earlier with respect to blocks <NUM> and <NUM> of <FIG> is performed. In embodiments involving an updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow, the resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network can be managed based on the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

<FIG> illustrates a plurality of tiles <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of a cellular network at different times t-<NUM>, t-<NUM>, t, t+<NUM> according to an embodiment. As mentioned earlier, the plurality of tiles <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> make up a traffic flow measurement table.

In the illustrated example embodiment of <FIG>, the traffic flow is denoted by "F". Each traffic flow F1. Fn represents the traffic flow in a tile (or unit area) of a plurality of tiles <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. As illustrated in <FIG>, a traffic flow F1. Fn in each tile of a plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network at a first time t is measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment <NUM> in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment <NUM> (as described earlier with reference to block <NUM> of <FIG>). At block <NUM>, a subsequent traffic flow F. Fn in each tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network at a second time t+<NUM> is estimated (as described earlier with reference to block <NUM> of <FIG>). The second time t+<NUM> is later than the first time t. That is, a future traffic flow is predicted.

For each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, the subsequent traffic flow in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network is estimated based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network. That is, in the illustrated example embodiment, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, the measured traffic flow F. Fn at a first time t in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network is compared to the measured traffic flow F. Fn at a third time t-<NUM> and at a fourth time t-<NUM> in the tile of a plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network. Here, the third time t-<NUM> and fourth time t-<NUM> are earlier than the first time t. In some embodiments, the subsequent traffic flow in each tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network can be estimated based on one or more spatial differences and/or one or more temporal differences identified by the comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network to the one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network. For example, a spatial and/or one or more temporal interpolation may be performed.

Thus, the subsequent traffic flow at a second time t+<NUM> in each tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network is estimated. Although the example embodiment illustrated in <FIG> uses two previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network for the comparison, it will be understood that one or more than two previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles <NUM> of the cellular network may be used for the comparison in other embodiments. As illustrated in <FIG>, current and previous traffic flow measurements can be used to predict future traffic flow. The future traffic flow at the second time t+<NUM> can be predicted from current traffic flow measurements at the first time t and previous traffic flow measurements at the third and fourth times t-<NUM>, t-<NUM>, etc. The predicted traffic flow can be a macroscopic measurement, in some embodiments, which characterizes the average behaviour of the cellular network.

The method described with reference to <FIG> may be repeated over time. For example, at the second time t+<NUM>, another subsequent traffic flow may be estimated for a traffic flow at a later fifth time t+<NUM>. That is, at the second time t+<NUM>, a prediction may be made for a future traffic flow at the fifth time t+<NUM>. The predicted traffic flow at the fifth time t+<NUM> may be estimated in the same way as that described earlier and may be based on the traffic flows measured at one or more of the earlier times t+<NUM>, t, t-<NUM>, etc..

<FIG> is a representation of traffic flow over time. In more detail, <FIG> shows a flow table representation at the third time t-<NUM> mentioned earlier with reference to <FIG> and <FIG> shows a flow table representation of the first time t mentioned earlier with reference to <FIG>. As described with reference to <FIG>, the third time t-<NUM> is earlier than the first time t. The first time t is the current time, whereas the third time t-<NUM> is an earlier time.

As illustrated in <FIG>, a traffic flow variation can be seen in the flow table representations. For example, there is no change in the measured traffic flow in a first tile <NUM> seen between the third time t-<NUM> and the first time t, whereas there is a change (and, in particular, an increase of <NUM>) in the measured traffic flow in a second tile <NUM> seen between the third time t-<NUM> and the first time t. As mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, a machine learning (or Al) algorithm may use current and previous traffic flow measurements to learn spatial and temporal variations in the traffic flow measurements and predict a future traffic flow at t+dt. For example, the machine learning (or Al) algorithm may use the current and previous traffic flow tables shown in <FIG> to learn the spatial and temporal variations of the traffic flow and predict the future traffic flow at t+dt.

The traffic flow measurement described herein can cover multiple base stations <NUM>. In more detail, the at least one user equipment <NUM> described herein may be served by at least one of a plurality of base stations <NUM>. Each of these base stations <NUM> has a coverage area. The plurality of base stations <NUM> may cover the (e.g. entire) coverage area of the cellular network. The plurality of tiles of the cellular network referred to herein can span the coverage areas of the plurality of base stations <NUM>. The coverage areas of the plurality of base stations <NUM> may be overlapping.

<FIG> illustrates an example of a plurality of base stations <NUM> having overlapping coverage areas. As illustrated in <FIG>, the cellular network is distributed over a plurality of cells, each served by a base station <NUM>. The borders of a first cell <NUM>, the borders of a second cell <NUM> and the borders of a third cell <NUM> are illustrated in <FIG>. Each base station <NUM> provides its respective cell with coverage and thus defines a coverage area. In this example, the cellular network comprises three base stations <NUM> but it will be understood that the cellular network may comprise any other number of base stations <NUM>. As illustrated in <FIG>, the borders of the cells of the plurality of base stations overlap. That is, the plurality of base stations <NUM> have overlapping coverage areas. The plurality of tiles span the different coverage areas of the plurality of base stations <NUM>. The traffic flow measurement for each base station may have a different structure.

<FIG> is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. The resource management node <NUM> described earlier with reference to <FIG> may be configured to operate in accordance with the method of <FIG> according to some embodiments. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry <NUM> of the resource management node <NUM>.

The method illustrated in <FIG> relates to the updating (e.g. correcting) of the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network and is thus a method that may be performed subsequent to the method described earlier with reference to <FIG> in which the subsequent traffic flow is estimated. The method illustrated in <FIG> will be described in relation to a tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network but it will be understood that the method can be performed for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

With reference to <FIG>, at block <NUM>, a subsequent traffic flow in the tile estimated for a first time t in the manner described earlier is provided. That is, a predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is provided. The prediction of the traffic flow is performed at an earlier time t-<NUM>. At block <NUM>, an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is provided. The actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile in this example is a live (or real-time) measurement of the traffic flow in the tile.

At block <NUM>, a prediction error is calculated. The prediction error is calculated as the difference between the predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t and the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time t. At block <NUM>, the predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is updated (e.g. corrected) by considering the prediction error. This update can be performed for each tile of the plurality of tiles. In this illustrated example, the traffic flow estimates are provided in a traffic flow measurement table. Thus, at block <NUM>, the predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is updated in the traffic flow table, as illustrated in the traffic flow measurement table <NUM>. In some embodiments, the method described with reference to <FIG> can be repeated as live (or real-time) measurements of the traffic flow arrive. It may be that multiple measurements of the traffic flow for a certain tile are available at the first time t, while no older measurements of the traffic flow for other tiles are available, e.g. t-<NUM> for some tiles, t-<NUM> for others tiles, and so on.

<FIG> is a block diagram illustrating a traffic flow management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. The traffic flow management node <NUM> comprises a measuring module <NUM> configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network, measure a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment. The traffic flow management node <NUM> comprises an estimating module <NUM> configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, estimate subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The traffic flow management node <NUM> comprises a transmitting module <NUM> configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, transmit an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node. The traffic flow management node <NUM> may operate in the manner described herein.

<FIG> is a block diagram illustrating a resource management node <NUM> in accordance with an embodiment. The resource management node <NUM> comprises a managing module <NUM> configured to, manage resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The resource management node <NUM> comprises a providing module <NUM> configured to provide the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The resource management node <NUM> may operate in the manner described herein.

There is also a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry <NUM>, <NUM> of any of the nodes <NUM>, <NUM> described earlier), cause the processing circuitry to perform at least part of the method described herein. There is provided a computer program product, embodied on a non-transitory machine-readable medium, comprising instructions which are executable by processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry <NUM>, <NUM> of any of the nodes <NUM>, <NUM> described earlier) to cause the processing circuitry to perform at least part of the method described herein. There is provided a computer program product comprising a carrier containing instructions for causing processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry <NUM>, <NUM> of any of the nodes <NUM>, <NUM> described earlier) to perform at least part of the method described herein. In some embodiments, the carrier can be any one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, an electrical signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.

The node functionality described herein can be performed by hardware. Thus, any one or more of the nodes described herein (e.g. any one or more of the traffic flow management node <NUM>, <NUM> and the resource management node <NUM>, <NUM>) can be a hardware node. However, it will also be understood that at least part or all of the node functionality described herein can be virtualized. For example, the functions performed by any one or more of the nodes can be implemented in software running on generic hardware that is configured to orchestrate the node functionality. Thus, in some embodiments, any one or more of the nodes described herein (e.g. any one or more of the traffic flow management node <NUM>, <NUM> and the resource management node <NUM>, <NUM>) can be a virtual node. In some embodiments, at least part or all of the node functionality described herein may be performed in a network enabled cloud. The node functionality described herein may all be at the same location or at least some of the node functionality may be distributed.

It will be understood that at least some or all of the method steps described herein can be automated in some embodiments. That is, in some embodiments, at least some or all of the method steps described herein can be performed automatically.

Claim 1:
A method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node, the method comprising, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network:
• measuring (<NUM>, <NUM>) a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment, wherein the plurality of tiles of the cellular network are defined by a grid, and wherein the cellular network is segmented into the plurality of tiles such that tiles in the plurality of tiles do not correspond to cells of the cellular network;
• estimating (<NUM>, <NUM>) subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile; and
• transmitting (<NUM>, <NUM>) an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management (<NUM>) of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node.