Patent Description:
Magnetic position sensor systems, in particular linear or angular position sensor systems are known in the art. Many variants of position sensor systems exist, addressing one or more of the following requirements: using a simple or cheap magnetic structure, using a simple or cheap sensor device, being able to measure over a relatively large range, being able to measure with great accuracy, requiring only simple arithmetic, being able to measure at high speed, being highly robust against positioning errors, being highly robust against an external disturbance field, providing redundancy, being able to detect an error, being able to detect and correct an error, having a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), having only one degree of freedom (translation or rotation), having two degrees of freedom (e.g. one translation and one rotation, or two rotations), etc..

In many known systems, the system has only one degree of motional freedom, e.g. rotation about a single axis, or translation along a single axis.

Magnetic position sensor systems where the magnet has at least two degrees of freedom, are also known in the art, for example from <CIT>) disclosing a magnet movable along an axis and independently rotatable about said axis; or from <CIT>) disclosing a circuit comprising at least one trained neural network for determining information about a position, attitude, or orientation of a magnet. These examples show that position sensor systems wherein the magnet has at least <NUM> degrees of freedom are much more complicated than systems having only one degree of freedom.

It is an object of embodiments of the present invention to provide a position sensor device, a position sensor system, and a method for determining a two-dimensional position of a magnet, which is movable in a two-dimensional plane. The two-dimensional position may for example be expressed in the form of a distance D relative to a reference position and an angle θ relative to a reference direction.

It is an object of particular embodiments of the present invention to provide a position sensor device, a position sensor system, and a method for determining said position using a relatively small amount of sensor elements.

It is an object of particular embodiments of the present invention to provide a position sensor device, a position sensor system, and a method for determining said position in a simple manner, e.g. using relatively simple arithmetic (no Neural Network).

It is an object of particular embodiments of the present invention to provide a position sensor device, a position sensor system, and a method for determining said position using one or more analytical formulas.

It is an object of particular embodiments of the present invention to provide a position sensor device, a position sensor system, and a method for determining said position in a manner that requires only a small semiconductor substrate, e.g. smaller than <NUM><NUM>, or smaller than <NUM><NUM>, or smaller than <NUM><NUM>, or smaller than <NUM><NUM>, or smaller than <NUM><NUM>, or smaller than <NUM><NUM>.

It is an object of particular embodiments of the present invention to provide a position sensor device, a position sensor system, and a method for determining said position in a manner which is highly insensitive to temperature variations and/or demagnetization.

These and other objectives are accomplished by embodiments of the present invention.

According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a position sensor device for determining a two-dimensional position (e.g. R,θ or X,Y) of a magnet which is movable in a plane, and that generates a magnetic field; the position sensor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate comprising a plurality of magnetic sensors configured for determining three orthogonal magnetic field components (e.g. Bx, By, Bz) at a single location; and wherein the semiconductor substrate further comprises a processing circuit configured for determining said two-dimensional position based on (e.g. based solely on) said three orthogonal magnetic field components.

In an embodiment, the plurality of magnetic sensor elements comprise four horizontal Hall elements arranged on a virtual circle, near the periphery of an integrated magnetic flux concentrator (IMC), e.g. having a disk shape.

In an embodiment, the plurality of magnetic sensor elements comprises one horizontal Hall element having an axis of maximum sensitivity in a first direction (e.g. Z) oriented perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate; and two vertical Hall elements having an axis of maximum sensitivity in a second direction (e.g. X) parallel to the semiconductor substrate; and two vertical Hall elements having an axis of maximum sensitivity oriented in a third direction (e.g. Y) parallel to the semiconductor surface and perpendicular to the second direction (e.g. X).

In case the sensor structure contains one horizontal Hall element and two vertical Hall elements, the vertical Hall elements are preferably arranged on opposite sides of the horizontal Hall element such that the horizontal Hall element is situated in the middle between them, and preferably the signals from these vertical Hall elements are added, in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

According to the invention, the two-dimensional position is determined as a lateral distance (e.g. R) from a predefined position; and as an azimuth angle (e.g. θ) with respect to a predefined direction (e.g. X); and wherein said distance is determined as a first function of a ratio of a first numerator and a first denominator, and at least one of the following options: i) wherein each of the first numerator and the first denominator are a function or expression of at least one magnetic field component (e.g. Bx, By, Bz); ii) wherein the first numerator is a function of the in-plane magnetic field components (e.g. Bx, By), and the denominator is a function of the out-of-plane magnetic field component (e.g. Bz); iii) wherein the first numerator is a function of the sum of squares of the in-plane magnetic field components (e.g. Bx, By), and the denominator is a function of the out-of-plane magnetic field component (e.g. Bz); and wherein said azimuth angle (e.g. θ) is determined as a second function of a ratio of a second numerator and a second denominator, and at least one of the following options: iv) wherein each of the second numerator and the second denominator is a function or expression of at least one in-plane magnetic field component (e.g. Bx, By); v) wherein the second numerator is one (e.g. Bx) of the in-plane magnetic field components, and the second denominator is the other (e.g. By) of said in-plane magnetic field components (e.g. Bx, By).

In an embodiment, the two-dimensional position is determined as a lateral distance R from a predefined position; and as an azimuth angle θ with respect to a predefined direction (e.g. X); wherein said distance R is determined in accordance with the following formula:
R = K5*atan2[ V(sqr(Bx) + sqr(By)), K2*(Bz-K3)], wherein K2, K3, K5 are predefined constants; and wherein said azimuth angle θ is determined in accordance with the following formula: θ = atan2(By, Bx).

It is an advantage that the azimuth angle can be calculated as a ratio of two magnetic field components, because this ratio is highly insensitive to demagnetisation, temperature variations, axial position offset.

It is an advantage of this embodiment that the result is more accurate, at the expensive of a slightly more complex formula, including a square root of a sum of two squares. It is an advantage that the formula for the distance is based on a ratio (implicit in the atan2-function) of a numerator and a denominator, both of which vary in the same way with temperature, demagnetization, etc..

If desired, the values R and θ can be converted into Cartesian coordinates (X, Y) using the following formulas: X=R*cos(θ), Y=R*sin(θ).

In a particular embodiment, the value of K2 equals <NUM> and the value of K3 equals <NUM>, in which case the formula can be simplified to: R = K5*atan2[ √(sqr(Bx) + sqr(By)), Bz]. This formula is particular advantageous, and provides highly accurate results, moreover over a relatively large range up to <NUM> times or even up to <NUM> times the radius of the magnet.

In an embodiment, the two-dimensional position is determined as a lateral distance R from a predefined position; and as an azimuth angle θ with respect to a predefined direction (e.g. X); wherein said distance R is determined in accordance with the following formula: R = K1*arccos(K2*(Bz-K3)), wherein K1, K2, K3 are predefined constants which may be determined by design, by simulation or by calibration; and wherein said azimuth angle θ is determined in accordance with the following formula: θ = atan2(By, Bx).

It is an advantage of the distance-formula that it can be used over a wider range.

It is an advantage that the azimuth angle can be calculated as a ratio of two magnetic field components, because this ratio is highly insensitive to demagnetisation, temperature variations, axial position offset. If desired, the values R and θ can be converted into Cartesian coordinates (X, Y) using the following formulas: X=R*cos(θ), Y=R*sin(θ).

In an embodiment, the magnet is a two-pole, axially magnetized, cylindrical magnet.

It is an advantage of using a cylindrical magnet which is axially magnetized, that rotation of the magnet about its magnetization axis does not change the magnetic field.

In an embodiment, the magnet can be laterally moved or shifted in a plane, and its axis is perpendicular to the semiconductor surface.

For completeness, it is noted that the magnet may or may not be rotatable about its axis, but since the magnet is axially magnetized, this will not change the magnetic field.

According to a second aspect, the present invention also provides a position sensor system as defined in claim <NUM>, comprising: a position sensor device according to the first aspect; said magnet, movably mounted in a plane parallel to the semiconductor substrate of the position sensor device.

In an embodiment, the position sensor system further comprises a mechanical assembly comprising or connected to said magnet, and configured for allowing the magnet to move in a direction parallel to said semiconductor substrate, while keeping its axis substantially perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate.

The mechanical assembly may comprise an elastic material, e.g. a silicone or a polymer. The mechanical assembly may further comprise a lever or a thumbstick.

According to a third aspect, the present invention also provides a thumbstick assembly as defined in claim <NUM>, comprising a position sensor system according to the second aspect, wherein the mechanical assembly further comprises a thumbstick.

According to a fourth aspect, the present invention also provides a method of determining a two-dimensional position (e.g. R, θ) of a magnet which is movable in a plane parallel to a semiconductor substrate, as defined in claim <NUM>.

In an embodiment, step b) comprises: determining said two-dimensional position (R, θ) based solely on said three orthogonal magnetic field components (e.g. Bx, By, Bz).

In an embodiment, step b) comprises: i) determining a lateral distance R from a predefined reference position in accordance with the following formula: R = K1*arccos(K2*(Bz-K3)), wherein K1, K2, K3 are predefined constants; and ii) determining an azimuth angle θ with respect to a predefined direction (e.g. X), in accordance with the following formula: θ = atan2(By, Bx).

The values of the predefined constants may be determined by design, by simulation or by calibration, and may be hardcoded in a software program, or may be stored as parameters in a nonvolatile memory during calibration, from which the values may be retrieved during actual use of the sensor device. This also applies when using other formulas.

In an embodiment, step b) comprises: i) determining a lateral distance R from a predefined reference position in accordance with the following formula: R = K4*arcsin(√[ sqr(Bx) + sqr(By) ]), wherein K4 is a constant; and ii) determining an azimuth angle θ with respect to a predefined direction (e.g. X), in accordance with the following formula: θ = atan2(By, Bx).

The same note regarding the predefined constants is also applicable here.

In an embodiment, step b) comprises: i) determining a lateral distance R from a predefined reference position in accordance with the following formula:
R = K5*atan2(√[ sqr(Bx) + sqr(By)), K2*(Bz-K3)), wherein K2, K3, K5 are predefined constants; and ii) determining an azimuth angle θ with respect to a predefined direction (e.g. X), in accordance with the following formula: θ = atan2(By, Bx).

In a particular embodiment, the value of K2 equals <NUM> and the value of K3 equals <NUM>, in which case the formula can be simplified to: R = K5*atan2[ √(sqr(Bx) + sqr(By)), Bz].

In preferred embodiments, the position sensor device is an integrated semiconductor device comprising a semiconductor substrate, for example a silicon substrate comprising a plurality of magnetic sensors, and the virtual plane in which the magnet is movable is preferably a plane parallel to this semiconductor substrate, located at a predefined distance in the range from <NUM> to <NUM> from the semiconductor substrate, e.g. at a distance of about <NUM> from said substrate.

The terms top, under and the like in the description and the claims are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing relative positions.

In this document, unless explicitly mentioned otherwise, the term "magnetic sensor device" or "sensor device" refers to a device comprising at least one "magnetic sensor" or at least one magnetic "sensor element", preferably integrated in a semiconductor substrate. The sensor device may be comprised in a package, also called "chip", although that is not absolutely required.

In this document, the term "sensor element" or "magnetic sensor element" or "magnetic sensor" can refer to a component or a group of components or a sub-circuit or a structure capable of measuring a magnetic quantity, such as for example a magneto-resistive element, a GMR element, an XMR element, a horizontal Hall plate, a vertical Hall plate, a Wheatstone-bridge containing at least one (but preferably four) magneto-resistive elements, etc. or combinations hereof.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the term "magnetic sensor" or "magnetic sensor structure" may refer to an arrangement comprising one or more integrated magnetic concentrators (IMC), also known as integrated flux concentrators, and one or more horizontal Hall elements arranged near the periphery of the IMC, for example a disk shaped IMC with two horizontal Hall elements <NUM>° spaced from each other, or with four horizontal Hall elements <NUM>° spaced from each other.

In this document, the expression "in-plane component of a magnetic field vector" and "projection of the magnetic field vector in the sensor plane" mean the same. If the sensor device is or comprises a semiconductor substrate, this also means a "magnetic field component parallel to the semiconductor plane". These components may be labelled Bx, By.

In this document, the expression "out-of-plane component of a vector" and "Z component of the vector" and "projection of the vector on an axis perpendicular to the sensor plane" mean the same. This component may be labelled Bz.

Embodiments of the present invention are typically described using an orthogonal coordinate system which is fixed to the sensor device, and having three axes X, Y, Z, where the X and Y axis are parallel to the substrate, and the Z-axis is perpendicular to the substrate.

In this application, horizontal Hall plates are typically referred to by H1, H2, etc., signals from these horizontal Hall plates are typically referred to by h1, h2, etc., vertical Hall plates are typically referred to by V1, V2, etc., and signals from these vertical Hall plates are typically referred to by v1, v2, etc..

In the context of the present invention, the formulas arctan(x/y), atan2(x,y), arccot(y/x) are considered to be equivalent.

The present invention is related to magnetic position sensor systems, devices and methods for determining a <NUM>-dimensional position of a magnet that is movable in a 2D-plane. The present invention is also related to a position sensor system wherein said magnet is connected to a thumbstick.

<FIG> shows a sensor structure comprising an integrated magnetic concentrator (IMC)-structure and four horizontal Hall elements H1 to H4, as can be used in embodiments of the present invention. The four horizontal Hall elements are arranged near a periphery of the integrated magnetic concentrator IMC, and are angularly spaced apart by multiples of <NUM>°. Two of the Hall elements are located on the X-axis, the other two elements are located on the Y-axis perpendicular to the X-axis.

Such a sensor structure is for example described in <CIT>), and hence need not be explained in more detail here. In order to appreciate the present invention, it suffices to say that the IMC may be a circular disk having a diameter in the range from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, or from about <NUM> to about <NUM>; and that this sensor structure is capable of measuring a magnetic field component Bx1 oriented in the X direction, a magnetic field component By1 oriented in the Y-direction, and a magnetic field component Bz1 oriented in the Z direction, perpendicular to X and Y.

It is noted that the magnetic field components measured in this way correspond to values of the magnetic field at the centre of the disk. In other words, this structure allows to measure Bx1, By1 and Bz1 at a single sensor location situated at the centre of the disk.

<FIG> is a replica of FIG. 12A of <CIT>) and shows a cross-sectional view of a structure of a pointing device. The structure contains a magnet <NUM> which is movable in a plane parallel to a substrate <NUM>. While <FIG> shows movability only in the Left-Right direction, when this structure has a circular shape, it allows a two-dimensional movement in a plane parallel to the substrate <NUM>. This structure is provided as an example of a possible mechanical arrangement of a magnet relative to a sensor device, but the present invention is not limited to this particular example, and other suitable mechanical arrangements can also be used.

<FIG> is a schematic representation of a position sensor system <NUM> comprising a sensor device <NUM> and a magnet <NUM>. The sensor device <NUM> comprises a semiconductor substrate, e.g. a silicon substrate, comprising a sensor structure and a processing circuit, as will be described in more detail further. The magnet <NUM> is preferably an axially magnetized disk magnet, oriented such that its main axis <NUM> is perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate.

The magnet <NUM> is movable in two directions in a plane (e.g. a virtual plane) parallel to the semiconductor substrate, as suggested by the arrows of <FIG>. This can be achieved for example by mounting the magnet in an assembly as shown in <FIG>, but the present invention is not limited to this particular assembly, and other mechanical mounting techniques or mounting structures that allow the magnet <NUM> to move in a plane parallel to the sensor device, can also be used.

<FIG> is a schematic representation of the positon of the magnet <NUM> relative to the semiconductor substrate <NUM> of the sensor device. As mentioned above, three orthogonal axes X, Y, Z are fixedly connected to the semiconductor substrate <NUM>. The X and Y axes are parallel to the semiconductor substrate. The Z-axis is oriented perpendicular to this substrate. The magnet is located at a distance "g" from the semiconductor substrate. When the magnet is in its "default position", its axis <NUM> passes through the reference point "ref" with coordinates (X=<NUM>, Y=<NUM>).

The magnet <NUM> preferably has a cylindrical shape with a height "H" and an outer diameter "D". The magnet <NUM> may have a rectangular cross section in a plane containing the axis <NUM> (see e.g. <FIG>), or the cross section may be rectangular with rounded corners. The height H may be a value in the range from <NUM> to.

In envisioned applications, the magnet may have an outer diameter "D" in the range from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>, e.g. equal to about <NUM>, or equal to about <NUM>. The magnet may have a height "H" in the range from <NUM> to <NUM>, e.g. equal to about <NUM>, or equal to about <NUM>, or equal to about <NUM>. The distance "g" between the semiconductor substrate <NUM> and the magnet <NUM> may be value in the range from <NUM> to <NUM>, or from <NUM> to <NUM>, e.g. equal to about <NUM>.

For completeness it is noted that the magnet <NUM> may or may not be able to rotate about its axis <NUM>, but the magnetic field will not change due to such rotation (see also <FIG>). The magnet can be made of any suitable material, e.g. Ferrite, SmCo, NdFeB, or plastic bonded magnets.

<FIG> is a schematic representation (in top view) of an arrangement in which the magnet <NUM> is offset from its reference position "ref". Since the magnet moves in a virtual plane <NUM> at distance "g" from the semiconductor substrate <NUM>, its Z-coordinate is known (and fixed). The two-dimensional position of the magnet <NUM> in the plane <NUM> relative to the axes X, Y of the sensor device can be indicated for example using Polar coordinates (R, θ), or using Cartesian coordinates (x, y). Formulas for converting Polar coordinates into Cartesian coordinates, or vice versa, are shown. Thus, the position of the magnet <NUM> is uniquely defined if at least one set of Coordinates are known.

The inventors of the present invention were confronted with the specific task of designing the sensor device that it is capable of determining the two-dimensional position of the magnet relative to the sensor device. More specifically, they had to find a suitable sensor structure for measuring characteristics of the magnetic field generated by the magnet <NUM> at specific places, and of finding a relationship (e.g. functions or formulas) between these characteristics and the position, from which the above mentioned coordinates (R, θ) or (x, y) can be derived. Preferably, of course, the functions are as simple as possible, easy to calculate, and provide accurate results over a relatively large range.

<FIG> gives an impression of the orientation of the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field created by the magnet <NUM>. Since the magnet is axially magnetized, and has a cylindrical shape, e.g. a disk shape (with sharp edges or with rounded edges), the magnetic field has circular symmetry about the central axis <NUM> of the magnet <NUM>. <FIG> shows a cross section through a plane containing the central axis <NUM> of the magnet, which coincides with one of the field lines. This Figure also gives a rough impression of the size and orientation of the magnetic field vectors at various positions in a plane at a predefined distance "g" from the magnet, which is also the location of the semiconductor substrate.

<FIG> is a graph showing two simulated curves:.

These curves can be obtained by simulation using commercially available software tools.

As can be appreciated, the Bx, By and Bz curves are far from quadrature signals in the region <NUM> (in the example from -<NUM> to +<NUM>), especially when the radial displacement X is larger than the radius R of the magnet (in the example: <NUM>).

The inventors discovered however that a scaled and shifted version of Bz, namely c1*(Bz-c2), with properly chosen constants c1, c2, behaves very much like a cosine function, and that a scaled version of Bx and By, e.g. c3*Bx, with a properly chosen constant c3, behaves very much like a sine function, especially in a region <NUM> (in the example from -<NUM> to +<NUM>). Thus in the region <NUM>, the scaled and shifted version of Bz on the one hand, and a scaled version of Bx and Bz on the other hand, behave very much like quadrature signals. In this region, the Bz component as a function of R can be approximated by a function Bz(R) ≈ c1*(R-c2); and the Bx component as a function of X can be approximated by a function Bx(x) ≈ c3*(x); and the function By(y) can be approximated by a function By(y) ≈ c3*(y), each with an error smaller than <NUM>%, or even smaller than <NUM>%, or even smaller than <NUM>%, or even smaller than <NUM>%. Unfortunately, this does not apply to the range <NUM>.

The inventors continued experimenting, and very surprisingly discovered that the function atan2[V(sqr(Bx) + sqr(By)), Bz], illustrated in <FIG>, based on the original Bx, By and Bz signals, without scaling and shifting, is not only highly linear, but moreover, is highly linear in the region <NUM> from -<NUM> to +<NUM>, i.e. for radial displacements up to twice (<NUM> times) the radius of the magnet (in the example the magnet diameter is <NUM>), where the error is smaller than about <NUM>%, and even beyond, e.g. in the region from -<NUM> to +<NUM> corresponding to <NUM> times the radius of the magnet, where the error is smaller than about <NUM>%.

This accuracy is more than good enough for many applications, e.g. for thumbstick applications, but if desired, can be further improved by post-processing, e.g. by using a multi-point linearization function, which can be implemented e.g. by a piece-wise linear approximation function, or using a look-up table with interpolation.

<FIG> is a schematic representation of a sensor device <NUM> comprising a sensor structure S1, also referred to herein as a "3D magnetic pixel", comprising an integrated magnetic concentrator and four horizontal Hall elements H1 to H4. In the example shown, the X-axis and Y-axis form an angle of <NUM>° with the semiconductor substrate, but that is not important for the invention to work. This magnetic sensor structure is capable of measuring Bx1, and By1 and Bz1 of the magnetic field at a single position, namely at the position X=<NUM> and Y=<NUM>, at the center of the disk.

If h1, h2, h3, h4 represent the signals provided by the Hall elements H1, H2, H3, H4 respectively, then Bx can be determined as (h2-h1), By can be determined as (h4-h3), and Bz can be determined as (h2+h1) or as (h3+h4) or as (h1+h2+h3+h4). In fact, there is always a scaling factor involved, related to the sensitivity of the Hall elements, etc., but this scaling factor is ignored here, to keep the description simple, because the signals obtained from the Hall elements need to be amplified anyway. Any of the following formulas can be used for calculating the distance R from the main axis: <MAT> <MAT> <MAT> <MAT>.

And the following formula can be used to calculate the azimuth angle θ, relative to the X-axis: <MAT>.

It is an advantage of using formula [<NUM>] rather than [<NUM>] or [<NUM>] because it is computationally less intensive, and only requires the value Bz.

It was found that formula [<NUM>] provides excellent results for displacements up to about <NUM>% of the radius of the magnet (i.e. in the region <NUM>).

It was found that formula [<NUM>] provides excellent results for displacements up to about <NUM>% of the radius of the magnet (i.e. in the region <NUM>), but also provides good results for radial displacements up to <NUM>% of the radius of the magnet, or even up to <NUM>% of the radius of the magnet.

In an embodiment, the formula [<NUM>] is used, with K2 equal to about <NUM>, and with K3 equal to about <NUM>. It was found that this formula also provides highly accurate values for displacements up to about <NUM>% of the radius of the magnet (i.e. in the region <NUM>), and acceptable results up to <NUM>% of the radius.

In a preferred embodiment, however, the formula [<NUM>] is used, which is a special case of formula [<NUM>] with K2=<NUM> and K3=<NUM>. It is a major advantage of using this formula rather than [<NUM>] or [<NUM>] or [<NUM>] because it involves a division of two values which both increase or both decrease with a varying strength of the magnet, thus this value has a reduced sensitivity to demagnetization effects, temperature variations, etc. In addition, as illustrated in <FIG>, this formula provides excellent results for radial displacement for displacements up to about <NUM>% of the radius of the magnet (i.e. in the region <NUM>), or even up to <NUM>% of the radius (i.e. in the region <NUM>). The accuracy and simplicity of this formula is almost unbelievable, especially when taking into account that the Bz-values does not behave at all like a cosine function anymore, and the Bx, By values do not behave like a sine-function anymore outside the region <NUM>. It is a pure coincidence that both the numerator and denominator and the arctangent function seem to cooperate to provide an excellent result in such a large region.

It is an advantage of using formula [<NUM>] because it involves a division of two values which are proportional with the strength of the magnet, hence the ratio is highly insensitive to demagnetization effects, temperature variations, etc..

It is a major advantage of a sensor device having only one 3D pixel, as illustrated in <FIG>, because the area of the silicon substrate can be very small. It is noted in this respect that a typical diameter of the IMC is about <NUM> to about <NUM>, and a typical width of a horizontal Hall plate is about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

As mentioned above, formula [<NUM>] provides highly accurate results (with error smallerthan about <NUM>%) for radial displacements up to <NUM> times the radius of the magnet, and accurate results (with error smaller than about <NUM>%) for radial displacements up to <NUM> times the radius of the magnet.

If a larger displacement is to be measured with a similar accuracy, the following options may be used:.

<FIG> is a schematic representation of a sensor device comprising four 3D magnetic pixels, spaced apart on a <NUM>×<NUM> grid. But of course, the present invention is not limited hereto, and sensor devices having less than four, or more than four 3D pixels can also be used.

In a particular embodiment (not shown), the sensor device comprises seven 3D pixels, one located at a central position, the other six located at a virtual circle having the central position as its center, and angularly spaced apart by multiples of <NUM>°.

In the example of <FIG> having only four 3D pixels, the distance between the centers of S1 and S3 may be a value in the range from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, and the distance between the centers of S1 and S2 may be a value in the range from about <NUM> to about <NUM>, but the invention will also work if the distance between the sensor locations are slightly larger.

<FIG> is a schematic representation of another sensor device comprising a sensor structure S2, also referred to herein as a "3D magnetic pixel", comprising one horizontal Hall H1 element in the centre, and four vertical Hall elements V1, V2, V3, V4 located around the horizontal Hall element. Two of these vertical Hall elements V1, V2 have an axis of maximum sensitivity oriented in the X-direction. The two other vertical Hall elements V3, V4 have an axis of maximum sensitivity oriented in the Y-direction.

The signal Bx can be obtained by summing the values v1, v2 obtained from the vertical Hall elements V1 and V2, respectively. As mentioned above, any scaling is ignored here, because the signals obtained from the Hall elements need to be amplified anyway. The signal (v1+v2) is equivalent to the signal of Bx that would be measured at the center, where H1 is located. By providing two vertical Hall elements on opposite sides of the horizontal Hall element, the signal Bx can be measured at the same location as Bz (measured by H1), without requiring stacking of multiple substrates. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal Bx can be improved. Likewise, the signal (v3+v4) is equivalent to the signal of By that would be measured at the center, where H1 is located.

Having determined the values of Bx, By, Bz, the same formulas [<NUM>] to [<NUM>] mentioned above can then be used to determine the distance R and the azimuth angle θ.

Everything else mentioned above for the sensor device of <FIG> or <FIG> or variants thereof, is also applicable here, mutatis mutandis.

For example, in an embodiment, the sensor device may comprise multiple 3D pixels, e.g. three or four or seven 3D pixels, each having a horizontal Hall element and four vertical Hall elements.

Of course, it would also be possible to use magneto-resistive MR elements instead of vertical Hall elements.

<FIG> shows a block-diagram of a sensor device <NUM> comprising one or more 3D magnetic pixels such as the one shown in <FIG> or <FIG>, or variants thereof, and further comprising a processing circuit <NUM>. The sensor device <NUM> can be used in a position sensor system <NUM> such as the one shown in <FIG>.

The position sensor device <NUM> shown in <FIG> comprises a plurality of magnetic sensor elements M1, M2, etc., for example four horizontal Hall elements (e.g. as illustrated in <FIG>), or one horizontal Hall element and four vertical Hall elements (e.g. as shown in <FIG>).

The sensor device <NUM> may optionally further comprise at least one temperature sensor <NUM>, or in case of multiple 3D magnetic pixels, one temperature sensor per 3D pixel, for measuring a temperature of the substrate at said sensor location, for allowing compensation of the measured signals m1, m2, etc. in manners known per se in the art.

While not explicitly shown, the sensor circuit would typically comprise also a biasing and readout circuit, comprising at least one amplifier, analog-to-digital convertor (ADC), etc. Such circuits are well known in the art, are not the focus of the present invention, and hence need not be described in more detail here.

The sensor device <NUM> further comprises a processing circuit <NUM>, configured for determining said two-dimensional position, based on the signals obtained from the sensor elements. The processing circuit <NUM> may comprise a programmable processor configured for calculating one or more of the formulas [<NUM>] to [<NUM>] mentioned above, and provide polar coordinates R and θ, or may convert the polar coordinates into Cartesian coordinates, and provide values x,y.

Claim 1:
A position sensor device for determining a two-dimensional position (R, θ) of a two-pole magnet which is movable in a plane parallel to a semiconductor substrate, and that generates a magnetic field; the position sensor device comprising:
- said semiconductor substrate comprising a plurality of magnetic sensors configured for determining three orthogonal magnetic field components (Bx, By, Bz) at a single predefined location;
- and wherein the semiconductor substrate further comprises a processing circuit configured for determining said two-dimensional position (R, θ) based on said three orthogonal magnetic field components (Bx, By, Bz);
characterised in that
the processing circuit is configured for determining the two-dimensional position as a lateral distance (R) from said single predefined location, and as an azimuth angle (θ) with respect to a predefined direction (X);
wherein said distance (R) is determined as a first function of a ratio of a first numerator and a first denominator, each of the first numerator and the first denominator being a function or expression of at least one magnetic field component (Bx, By, Bz);
and wherein said azimuth angle (θ) is determined as a second function of a ratio of a second numerator and a second denominator, each of the second numerator and the second denominator being a function or expression of at least one in-plane magnetic field component (Bx, By).