Patent Description:
Since the invention of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) in the late <NUM>, large scale automated production of goods has increased wealth and productivity of industrialized economies. Overall GDP impact of Industrial Manufacturing is <NUM>% in the G10 states, and the energy consumption is around <NUM>% of industrialized nations energy. Over the last decades, industrial automation equipment providers have mainly developed proprietary technology - from the field bus and input / output (I/O) device, PLC level to enterprise industrial software systems. While such vertical system integration guarantees within-stack compatibility, it leads to strong dependencies and decreases interoperability across different automation technology platforms, security issues and high costs. Furthermore, in such platforms industrial control code editing systems and the control code instruction dialects (typically some variations of a <NUM> standardizing attempt such as IEC <NUM>/<NUM>) are also kept proprietary resulting in a tight coupling of software and hardware in PLC runtime systems. Typically, PLC code editing systems are kept to local windows applications and PLC programming must be caried out mostly in physical proximity to the actual PLC device. Changing the behavior of industrial production lines is thus mainly a manual task done on individual PCs while physically connected to a PLC located in a cabinet of a production machine.

Further, conventional system architecture of such hardware-centric industrial automation technology platforms does not allow for integration of production lines into modern company software systems, typically comprising micro service-based systems implementing core company functions such as product lifecycle management (PLM) supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP), etc. While such corporate core function software systems already employ cloud-based services, changes in the core function of manufacturing, e.g., via PLC re-programming / re-configuration, still often requires sending an e-mail to the automation engineering department describing the changes of an industrial production system requires modification.

Moreover, the tight coupling of hardware and software in common industrial controllers has grown a plethora of vendor specific hardware architectures and results in the use of application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) leading to long lead times for industrial automation equipment and vulnerability to supply chain disruption. Further, the current answer to deterministic run time is using software and hardware integrated in a single PLC which results in highest cost of compute, also in terms of maintenance and availability.

Thus, further improvements in industrial automation technology are needed.

In this context, <CIT> relates to system and methods for providing centralized management of a software defined automation (SDA) system. The described SDA system comprises a collection of controller nodes and logically centralized and yet physically distributed collection of compute nodes.

Further, <NPL> relates to the concept of implementing a PLC as a service within a cloud-based infrastructure and discusses performance of such cloud-based PLCs with respect to legacy PLCs.

<CIT> relates to a cloud-based predictive maintenance service that collects industrial data from multiple industrial customers for storage and analysis on a cloud platform. The cloud-based notification services also notify appropriate technical support entities to facilitate proactive maintenance and device management.

<CIT> relates to synchronization between control logic at an automation controller and a representation of this logic at a communication network. Control logic is initially deployed to an automatic controller and a representation of this control logic is stored at the communication network.

When a change is made to the representation of the control logic at the network, the control logic is re-deployed to the automation controller so that the operator of the control logic is synchronized to the representation.

<CIT> relates to an engineering system including a cloud. The cloud includes an engineering tool and a virtual device. The engineering tool is configured to create and debug software for operating a control device that controls a field device installed in a plant. The virtual device is configured to simulate an operation state of the control device in accordance with the software and with simulated input or input to the control device. The engineering tool debugs the software based on an operation result of the virtual device and on output from the control device or the simulated input. <NPL> investigates on extending the deterministic IP communication to operational technology (OT) domain to support real time industrial Ethernet (RTE) communications. The authors have integrated IEC-<NUM>-<NUM> based soft PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) runtime system into an Edge computing gateway. The RTE frames are wrapped up with custom UDP/IP header by a proxy and delivered to the deterministic routers. The routers forward packets with a bounded delay of less than <NUM> per hop. We validate our approach using an experimental test setup, a virtualized PLC (vPLC) inside the edge device remotely controlling the PA application (bioreactor) by passing through proxies and deterministic routers in a heterogeneous network.

<CIT> relates to an edge controller may be used for obtaining device data from one or more local devices at a local facility and to provide a representation of at least some of the device data to a remote server. The edge controller may include a network communication port, a cellular communication port and a device communication port. A controller is operatively coupled to the network communication port, the cellular communication port and the device communication port and is configured to receive configuration information and to install the received configuration information on the edge controller. The installed configuration information configures the controller to obtain the device data from the one or more local devices and to send a representation of at least some of the device data to the remote server.

In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for configuring a controller of an industrial automation system, comprising, obtaining, by a cloud computing system, a controller configuration and a controller program. The method further comprises generating, by the cloud computing system, based on the obtained controller configuration and the obtained controller program, a compile time representation of the controller allowing modification of the controller program and the controller configuration at compile time comprising a time at or prior to generation of run time machine code for the controller from a corresponding source code, and a time during which the source code is generated by extracting the source code from a configuration file or by writing the source code via programming language or via a cloud-based source code development environment; and generating, by the cloud computing system, a modified controller program and a modified controller configuration, using the compile time representation of the controller, wherein the controller program defines runtime operation of the controller controlling a subsystem of the industrial automation system. The modified controller program and the modified controller configuration is then provided, by the cloud computing system via a network to the controller being configured. Therein, the compile time representation of the controller comprises a persistence layer holding controller configurations and control instruction elements of controller programs, the individual control elements are represented as separated control logic objects, and individual elements of the persistence layer are individually configurable based on programming and configuration instructions received via a programming interface.

For instance, parts of the controller configuration and / or the controller program may be obtained, at the cloud computing system, from the controller via the network, from a controller configuration file and / or from a software library or source code repository residing withing or outside the cloud computing system.

For instance, PLC project files generated via vendor-specific software such as Siemens TIA Portal, Rockwell Studio <NUM>, Codesys Engineering etc. may be imported and used for importing parts of the controller configuration and / or the controller program.

Alternatively or additionally, the controller program may also be obtained, at the cloud computing system, from an integrated development environment (IDE) service hosted by the cloud computing system or connected to it via a network.

Further, the controller configuration comprises one or more of: controller type and capability information, network configuration of the controller, interface information for electromechanical drives, and interface configuration for I/O devices connected to the controller via back panel integration of Industrial Field Bus Systems.

One of the key aspects of the present disclosure is that said compile time representation of the industrial automation controller (also designated synonymously as PLCTwin service in the following) can exist in the same IT / cloud infrastructure as other company core microservices and software systems.

Herein the term compile time is to be understood to cover the time at or prior to the generation of run time machine code from a corresponding source code as well as the time during which the source code is generated, e.g., the time needed for extracting the source code from a configuration file or the time needed to write the source code via a high-level programming language or system such as a cloud-based IDE.

For instance, the PLC Twin service allows modification (e.g., via an IDE connected to a GUI or an API) of an existing / obtained controller program - at compile time - while or before a corresponding executable is currently running - at run time - on one or more industrial controllers (e.g., PLCs, virtual PLCs etc.) of an industrial automations system.

Aspects of the present disclosure thus allow to optimize the run time of automation systems with regards to response time and cost of compute. Execution of real time sensitive automation control tasks can still be performed in close proximity to the industrial assets under control while the PLC Twin service abstracts major PLC functions across different technology platforms. Based on a secure and non-intrusive connectivity service the PLC Twin service fully abstracts the PLC control logic and allows system wide automatic PLC deployment withing minutes.

Discussed in more detail below, aspects of the present disclosure thus enable a micro services enterprise architecture above real-time control level to natively interact with industrial automation - in essence industrial automation is turning into a set of micro services in the company core stack. Further, aspects of the present disclosure allow building of programmatic APIs on top of control instructions as a key enabler to full loop system optimization.

Further, aspects of the present disclosure also enable, modern CI/CD dev-ops features such as IDE as a service (IDEaaS), PLC Code versioning, configurable access and security policies, monitoring of code integrity across whole PLC fleet services etc..

As discussed in further detail below, the modified controller program can then be provided to a compiler service (operably connected to or integrated with the PLC Twin service) hosted by the cloud computing system, generating a run time executable which is then provided, via a network, to one or more hardware-based PLC or virtual PLC service, hosted by an edge-computing system, controlling a subsystem of an industrial automation system. Such a compilation service may be a cloud computing service external to the PLC Twin service or integrated into it.

For instance, the compiler service and / or the PLC Twin service may be implemented in a configurable virtualization environment such as a container or micro service specifying security access policies and / or system resource utilization parameters as well as comprising software libraries required for isolated execution by different types of (virtual) cloud computing equipment.

Once the controller program and configuration parameters are represented via such a PLC Twin service, programming interfaces such as Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) can be used to programmatically adapt controller code and / or configuration parameters via other company software systems like PLM, SCM, CRM, ERP, Analytics, AI and / or via a graphical user interface displayed on a terminal device and connected to the cloud computing system via a network. In this manner, the PLC Twin service forms the basis for cloud-based automation of automation engineering.

Thus, some aspects may further comprise receiving, at the cloud computing system, via a programming interface (e.g., an API), programming and configuration instructions for modifying the controller program and / or the controller configuration and generating, using the compile time representation the modified controller program and / or modified controller configuration based on the received instructions.

For instance, said programming and configuration instructions might be received via an API from a second cloud computing system, wherein the programming and configuration instructions may be configured for modifying the controller program and / or the controller configuration based on product lifecycle management, PLM, requirements, manufacturing execution requirements, customer relationship management, CRM, requirements, supply chain management, SCM, requirements and / or enterprise resource planning, ERP, requirements.

In some implementations, the obtained controller program and / or the programming and configuration instructions may also be generated using an IDE service, preferably containerized, and hosted by the cloud computing system.

Thus, some aspects of the present disclosure enable integration of industrial automation system setup and reconfiguration into existing cloud-based company software systems resulting in less downtime, cost and increased production output.

Essentially, the persistence layer can act as a single source of truth (e.g., via a cloud-based data storage module providing code versioning capabilities) for all control code used by the controllers (e.g., PLCs, virtual PLCs etc.) of an industrial automation system, which allows for a multitude of benefits. For instance, a key security benefit is the full backup capability of complete production lines or even complete factories in case of a security incidence (e.g., a STUXnet-type incident) e.g., in the control layer. Using such a persistence layer or similar persistence functions further improves debugging and system maintenance via system-wide and technology-agnostic code versioning capabilities.

Some aspects may further comprise receiving, at the cloud computing system, via the network, sensor data associated with a subsystem of the industrial automation system, controlled by the controller and generating, by the cloud computing system, programming and configuration instructions for modifying the controller program and / or the controller configuration, based on analyzing the received sensor data.

In this manner, the present disclosure enables full closed loop reconfiguration of industrial automation systems in a technology and vendor agnostic manner and thereby provides the technical foundation for self-optimizing production systems.

While such closed loop reconfiguration of industrial automation systems works most efficiently and securely by using a compile time representation of the involved controllers, as discussed above, other implementations are conceivable and covered by the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure also provides a method for reconfiguring a controller of an industrial automation system, comprising: receiving, at the cloud computing system, via a network, sensor data associated with a subsystem of the industrial automation system, controlled by the controller, generating, by the cloud computing system, a modified controller program and a modified controller configuration, based on analyzing the received sensor data and providing, by the cloud computing system via a network, the modified controller program and the modified controller configuration to the controller of the industrial automation system, wherein the controller program defines run time operation of the controller.

Some implementations may further comprise deriving, by the cloud computing system and based on the received sensor data, a quality metric associated with operation of the subsystem controlled by the controller, comparing, by the cloud computing system, the quality metric with an operation requirement for the industrial automation system (e.g., overall system output requirements, frequency of product defect, etc.) and generating, by the cloud computing system, the programming and configuration instructions based on the comparison of the quality metric with the operation requirement.

For instance, the cloud computing system may employ cloud computing software such as a trained neural network for assessing / classifying product quality based on received image sensor data and compare a frequency or percentage of products manufactured with low quality with an operation requirement received from other company software systems (e.g., product defect shall be lower than <NUM> percent). Based on this comparison, the cloud computing system may generate programming and configuration instructions and provide them to the compile time representation of one or more controllers for changing the run time behavior of the controllers to decrease product defect.

For instance, the cloud computing software may also be configured for determining a likely cause and /or suitable controller program modification for matching the operation requirement based on the received sensor data.

In some implementations, the controller may be a virtual controller implemented by edge computing software executed by an edge computing system operably connected to the cloud computing system and the industrial automation system. In such implementations, the controller configuration may specify a virtualization environment for executing the edge computing software implementing the virtual controller and may comprises a network configuration of a physical I/O device connected to a subsystem of the industrial automation system to be controlled by the virtual controller.

In some implementations, the virtual controller may be instantiated, by the cloud computing system via the network on a host machine of the edge computing system managed by a real-time hypervisor using the compile time representation of the virtual controller.

To improve security, scalability and enhance edge computing resource efficiency, the code implementing such virtual PLCs can also be containerized as discussed above for the PLC Twin service and / or the compiler service.

Thus, aspects of the present disclosure allow for (re-)configuration of complex industrial control systems employing a combination of hardware-based and virtual controllers from a uniform cloud-based interface that treats different types, models and implementations if industrial control equipment on an equal footing. In this manner, the key advantages of cloud computing, edge computing and hardware-based PLCs can be synergistically integrated into a single hybrid industrial automation control system with greatly improved security, scalability and flexibility while maintaining real-time and deterministic behavior where needed. As discussed above such an integrated hybrid industrial automation control system can easily be interfaced with other core company software systems resulting in significant gains in productivity, product customization capabilities and reduction in manufacturing facility downtime.

Some implementations may further comprise receiving, at the cloud computing system, monitoring data from the edge computing system characterizing performance of the virtual controller. Similar to sensor data received by the cloud computing system, such monitoring data may be used for optimizing performance of the industrial automation system as discussed above.

In further aspect, the present disclosure also provide a cloud computing system for configuring controllers of an industrial automation system, the cloud computing system comprising one or more cloud compute nodes, each providing processing, memory and networking resources for execution of cloud computing software wherein the cloud compute nodes are configured to receive and to transmit, via a network, data from and to the controllers and, optionally, from one or more sensors monitoring the industrial automation system wherein the one or more cloud compute nodes are configured to execute cloud computing software to configure the controllers, via the network, by performing one of the methods as discussed above and in the following.

In further aspect, the present disclosure also provides a computer program, comprising instructions for carrying out the one of the methods as discussed above and in the following, when being executed by such a cloud computing system.

As discussed above, the present disclosure thus also provides for a distributed industrial automation control system comprising a first cloud computing system as described above, one or more controllers connected to the cloud computing system via a network and a second cloud computing system communicating with the first cloud computing system via an API.

In a further non-claimed example, the present disclosure provides for a method for optimizing performance of an industrial automation system, comprising generating, by a cloud computing system (e.g., by using a PLC Twin service as discussed above), a modified controller program and / or a modified controller configuration for a controller controlling a subsystem of the industrial automation system, wherein the controller program defines runtime operation of the controller. The method further comprises providing, by the cloud computing system via a network, the modified controller program and / or the modified controller configuration to the controller to modify the run time operation of the controller, receiving, at the cloud computing system via the network, sensor data for the industrial automation system, estimating, by the cloud computing system and based on the received sensor data, a change of performance of the industrial automation system caused by the modified run time operation of the controller and optimizing, by the cloud computing system, the performance of the industrial automation system based on the estimated change of performance.

In some implementations, optimizing the performance of the industrial automation system may comprise one or more of: storing, in a memory subsystem, a data structure correlating the modification of the controller program and / or the controller configuration with the estimated change in performance, deriving, based on the estimated change in performance, a subsequent modification of the controller program and / or the controller configuration and comparing the estimated change of performance with a prediction derived from a computational model of the industrial automation system.

For instance, by storing such a data structure correlating the modification of the controller program and / or the controller configuration with the estimated change in performance a training set of labeled samples may be generated, preferably across many different industrial automation systems that may be used as input for modern machine learning paradigms such as reinforcement learning.

For instance, deriving the subsequent modification of the controller program and / or the controller configuration may be based on a stochastic search algorithm or reinforcement learning.

Some implementations may comprise training a deep reinforcement learning neural network model based at least in part on a training set comprising stored correlations of controller program and / or the controller configuration modifications with the estimated changes in performance, wherein, optionally, the training set is obtained from multiple different industrial automation systems.

In this manner, the present disclosure provides for autonomous AI-based optimization of complex industrial automation systems that may comprise a plurality of different controller technologies, types and models.

Various aspects and implementation details of the present disclosure are described in more detail in the following by reference to the accompanying figures. These figures show:.

In the following, some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure described in more detail, with reference to exemplary processes and computing systems. Naturally, the computing systems provided by the present disclosure may employ standard hardware components (e.g., cloud compute nodes or servers connect to each other via conventional wired or wireless networking technology). In some implementations, application-specific hardware (e.g., circuitry for training neural network models and /or circuitry for executing trained models, etc.) may also be employed. Further, such computing systems are configured to execute software instructions (e.g., retrieved from collocated or remote non-transitory memory circuitry) to execute the computer-implemented methods discussed in the preceding section.

While specific feature combinations are described in the following paragraphs with respect to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that not all features of the discussed embodiments have to be present for realizing the disclosure, which is defined by the subject matter of the claims. The disclosed embodiments may be modified by combining certain features of one examplary embodiment with one or more technically and functionally compatible features of other exemplary embodiments. Specifically, the skilled person will understand that features, components, processing steps and / or functional elements of one exemplary embodiment can be combined with technically compatible features, processing steps, components and / or functional elements of any other exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure as long as covered by the specifications of provided by the appended claims.

Moreover, the various embodiments discussed herein can be implemented in hardware, software or a combination thereof. For instance, the various components, elements, subsystems, modules, etc. of the systems disclosed herein may also be implemented via application specific software being executed on multi-purpose data and signal processing equipment such as servers, compute nodes, CPUs, DSPs and / or systems on a chip, SOCs, or similar components or any combination thereof. Some implementations also employ application specific hardware components such as application specific integrated circuits, ASICs, and / or field programmable gate arrays, FPGAs, and / or similar components and / or any combination thereof.

For instance, the various computing (sub)-systems discussed herein may be implemented, at least in part, on multi-purpose data processing equipment such as cloud and / or edge computing servers.

<FIG> shows a functional block diagram illustrating system architecture, functions and operation of a cloud computing system <NUM> according to an aspect of the present disclosure. As discussed in section <NUM>. "summary" above, the cloud computing system <NUM> may comprise one or more cloud compute nodes <NUM>, each providing (e.g., virtualized) processing resources <NUM>, memory resources <NUM> and networking resources <NUM> for cloud-based distributed execution of cloud computing software (not shown).

The cloud compute nodes <NUM> are configured to receive and to transmit, via a network <NUM> (e.g., an IP-based network such as the internet), data from and to controllers <NUM> of an industrial automation system <NUM> and, optionally, from and to one or more sensors (not shown) monitoring operation of the industrial automation system <NUM>. The industrial automation system <NUM> may also comprise (or may be connected to) edge computing equipment <NUM> (e.g., one or more edge computing nodes executing edge computing software) that may be configured for hosting virtualized and preferably containerized virtual industrial controllers as discussed in section <NUM>. The industrial automation system <NUM> may also comprise hardware-based industrial controllers <NUM> such as PLCs.

The virtual and hardware-based controllers of the industrial automation system <NUM> may be connected via real-time capable industrial automation networking technology <NUM> to actuators <NUM> and sensors (not shown) of the industrial automation system <NUM>. As also discussed above in section <NUM>. , the cloud compute nodes <NUM> are configured to execute cloud computing software to configure the controllers of the industrial automation system <NUM>, via the network <NUM>, by performing methods as discussed above and below with reference to <FIG>.

<FIG> shows a functional block diagram illustrating further aspects of the system architecture, functions and operation of a cloud computing system <NUM> according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In particular, <FIG> illustrates key aspects of the software architecture of the cloud computing system <NUM>. As discussed in section <NUM>. above the cloud computing system <NUM> is configured to generated and operate one or more compile time representations <NUM> for each controller <NUM> (e.g., jointly or as separate instances) to be configured via the network <NUM>. As also discussed above, the compile time representations <NUM> comprise or use a persistence layer <NUM> and programming interface layer <NUM>. The persistence layer <NUM> is configured for holding controller configurations and control instruction elements of controller programs, wherein the individual control elements are represented as separated control logic objects. Moreover, the individual elements of the persistence layer <NUM> are individually configurable based on programming and configuration instructions received via a programming interface <NUM> via the programming interface layer <NUM>.

For instance, the cloud computing system <NUM> is configured for receiving via a programming interface <NUM> programming and configuration instructions for modifying the controller programs and / or the controller configurations maintained by persistence layer <NUM> as discussed above as well as for generating the modified controller program and modified controller configuration based on the received instructions.

For instance, the programming and configuration instructions <NUM> may be received via an API <NUM> form a second cloud computing system <NUM> such as a PLM, manufacturing execution, CRM, SCM or ERP system.

The cloud computing system <NUM> may be further configured to host an integrated development environment (IDE) service <NUM> that may provide controller program instructions <NUM> (e.g., in the form of blocks of control logic elements) and / or controller configurations as discussed above.

As discussed above, the modified controller program can then be provided to a compiler service <NUM> (operably connected to or integrated with the PLC Twin service <NUM>) hosted by the cloud computing system <NUM>, generating a run time executable which is then provided, via a network <NUM>, to one or more hardware-based PLCs <NUM> or virtual PLC services <NUM>, hosted by an edge-computing system (see <FIG> and <FIG>), controlling a subsystem <NUM> (e.g. sensors and /or actuators) of the industrial automation system <NUM>. Such a compiler service <NUM> may be implemented as a cloud computing service external to the PLC Twin service <NUM> or be integrated into it. The compiler service <NUM> may also comprise several different compiler modules <NUM>, <NUM> for compiling different types of (e.g., vendor-specific) controller program types.

For instance, the compiler service <NUM> and / or the PLC Twin service <NUM> may be implemented in / via a configurable virtualization environment such as a container or micro service specifying - inter alia - security access policies and / or system resource utilization parameters as well as comprising software libraries required for isolated execution of the respective service by different types of (virtual) cloud computing equipment.

As discussed above, the cloud computing system illustrated in <FIG> is thus configured to carry out the various methods for configuring industrial controllers discussed above and with reference to <FIG> below.

<FIG> shows a functional block diagram illustrating further aspects of the system architecture, functions and operation of a cloud computing system <NUM> according to further aspects of the present disclosure. In particular, <FIG> illustrates key aspects of the software architecture of a cloud computing system <NUM> that is configured for enabling fully closed-loop controller (re-)configuration as discussed in more detail in section <NUM>.

In addition to the elements, features and functions discussed with reference to <FIG>, <FIG> also illustrates industrial automation systems <NUM> involving an edge computing system <NUM> operably connected, e.g., via a network <NUM>, to the cloud computing system <NUM>. The edge computing system <NUM> may comprise a controller management service / module <NUM> and may be configured for executing edge computing software for implementing / hosting virtual controllers <NUM> (e.g., virtual PLCs).

In such configurations, the controller configuration obtained and used for generating the corresponding compile time representation <NUM> may also specify a virtualization environment for executing the edge computing software implementing the virtual controller <NUM> as well as a network configuration of a physical I/O devices <NUM> connected to a subsystem <NUM> of the industrial automation system <NUM> to be controlled by the virtual controller <NUM>.

The cloud computing system <NUM>, e.g., via the controller management service / module <NUM>, may be configured for instantiating the virtual controller <NUM>, via the network <NUM>, on a host machine of the edge computing system <NUM> managed by a real-time hypervisor to enable deterministic real-time control of the corresponding subsystem <NUM>.

The edge computing system <NUM> may also comprise / host a sensor management service / module <NUM> configured to receive, to pre-process and forward sensor data to the cloud-computing system <NUM>, via the network <NUM>, as discussed above in section <NUM>.

In particular, the cloud computing system <NUM> may be configured for receiving, via the network <NUM>, sensor data associated with a subsystem <NUM> of the industrial automation system <NUM>, controlled by controller <NUM>, <NUM> and for generating programming and configuration instructions (e.g., via an API to the IDE <NUM>) for modifying the controller program and / or the controller configuration, based on analyzing the received sensor data.

The received sensor data may for example be stored in a data storage module <NUM> of the cloud computing system <NUM> that may also be used to support or enable operation of the persistence layer used by the compile time representations <NUM>.

The cloud computing system may also host a sensor data processing and displaying service <NUM> that may implement certain sensor data analysis steps as discussed above.

For instance, such a sensor data processing and displaying service <NUM> may be configured for deriving, based on the received sensor data, a quality metric associated with operation of the subsystem <NUM> controlled by the controller <NUM>, <NUM> and for comparing the quality metric with an operation requirement for the industrial automation system <NUM> as well as for generating, (e.g., directly or via an API to the IDE service <NUM>) programming and configuration instructions, based on the comparison of the quality metric with the operation requirement as discussed in more detail in section <NUM>.

The cloud computing system <NUM> may further comprise / host an artificial intelligence (AI) module / service <NUM> that may be operably connected (e.g., via APIs <NUM>) to the data storage module <NUM> and / or to further cloud-based software systems <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> as discussed above. Moreover, the AI service <NUM> may be interfaced with an experiment engine <NUM> hosted by the cloud computing system <NUM>, which in turn may be interfaced with the PLC Twin service <NUM> (e.g., directly or via an API to the IDE service <NUM>).

In this manner, the cloud computing system <NUM> may be configured for AI-based auto-optimization of the industrial automation system <NUM> as discussed in more detail above. Specifically, the cloud computing system <NUM> may be configured for carrying out a method for optimizing performance of an industrial automation system as disclosed herein and with reference to <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates an examplary method for configuring a controller of an industrial automation system via a network (see <FIG>). The process starts at step <NUM>, where a cloud computing system obtains a controller configuration and a controller program. At step <NUM>, the cloud computing system, generates, based on the obtained controller configuration and the obtained controller program, a compile time representation of the controller allowing modification of the controller program and the controller configuration (e.g., via programming interfaces or a GUI-based IDE). Next, at step <NUM> a modified controller program and a modified controller configuration is generated, using the compile time representation of the controller wherein the controller program defines run time operation of the controller controlling a subsystem of the industrial automation system (as discussed in more detail above in section <NUM>. and with reference to <FIG>).

Then, at step <NUM>, the cloud computing system provides, via the network, the modified controller program and the modified controller configuration to the controller of the industrial automation system. Further implementations of such a method are discussed in detail in section <NUM>.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, <FIG> illustrates a method for optimizing performance of an industrial automation system, comprising the following steps:
Generating <NUM>, by a cloud computing system (for implementation details see <FIG>), a modified controller program and / or a modified controller configuration for a controller controlling a subsystem of the industrial automation system, wherein the controller program defines runtime operation of the controller and, providing <NUM>, by the cloud computing system via a network, the modified controller program and / or the modified controller configuration to the controller to modify the run time operation of the controller.

The illustrated method further comprises receiving <NUM>, at the cloud computing system via the network, sensor data for the industrial automation system and estimating <NUM>, by the cloud computing system and based on the received sensor data, a change of the performance of the industrial automation system caused by the modified run time operation of the controller and optimizing <NUM>, by the cloud computing system, the performance of the industrial automation system based on the estimated change of performance.

Claim 1:
A method for configuring a controller of an industrial automation system via a network, the method comprising:
obtaining (<NUM>), by a cloud computing system, a controller configuration and a controller program;
generating (<NUM>), by the cloud computing system, based on the obtained controller configuration and the obtained controller program, a compile time representation (<NUM>) of the controller allowing modification of the controller program and the controller configuration at compile time comprising a time at or prior to generation of run time machine code for the controller from a corresponding source code, and a time during which the source code is generated by extracting the source code from a configuration file or by writing the source code via programming language or via a cloud-based source code development environment; and
generating (<NUM>), by the cloud computing system, a modified controller program and a modified controller configuration, using the compile time representation (<NUM>) of the controller, wherein the controller program defines runtime operation of the controller controlling a subsystem of the industrial automation system; and
providing (<NUM>), by the cloud computing system via the network, the modified controller program and the modified controller configuration to the controller of the industrial automation system;
wherein the obtained controller configuration further comprises one or more of:
controller type and capability information, network configuration of the controller, interface information for electromechanical drives, and interface configuration for I/O devices connected to the controller via back panel integration of Industrial Field Bus Systems,
wherein the compile time representation (<NUM>) of the controller comprises a persistence layer (<NUM>) holding controller configurations and control instruction elements of controller programs, wherein the individual control elements are represented as separated control logic objects, and wherein individual elements of the persistence layer (<NUM>) are individually configurable based on programming and configuration instructions received via a programming interface (<NUM>).