Patent Description:
This application is also related to <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, and <CIT>.

The present invention relates generally to ladders including various embodiments of combination ladders, as well as various ladder components. Ladders are conventionally utilized to provide a user thereof with improved access to elevated locations that might otherwise be inaccessible. Ladders come in many shapes and sizes, such as straight ladders, straight extension ladders, step ladders, and combination step and extension ladders. So-called combination ladders may incorporate, in a single ladder, many of the benefits of multiple ladder designs.

Ladders known as step ladders, sometimes referred to as A-frame ladders, are self-supporting ladders, meaning that they do not need to be leaned against a wall, pole or other structure for stability. Rather, step ladders may be positioned on a floor (or other similar surface) such that at least three, and conventionally four, feet of the ladder provide a stable support structure for a user to climb upon, even in an open space (e.g., outside or in the middle of a room) without a wall, roof, pole or other type of structure being necessary for the stability of the ladder.

Ladders such as combination ladders are highly utilized by various tradesman as well as homeowners. Such ladders are "self-supporting" in one configuration (e.g., in step ladder configuration) such that they do not need to have the upper end of the ladder to be positioned against a supporting structure (e.g., a wall or the edge of a roof). Rather, when in such a configuration, combination ladders conventionally utilize four feet, spaced from one another, to provide a stable structure and to support the ladder and a user when placed on, for example, a floor or the ground. This enables a user of the ladder to gain access to elevated areas even though the accessed area may be, for example, in the middle of a room, away from walls or other potential supporting structures that are conventionally required when using a straight ladder or an extension ladder.

Combination ladders may be placed in other configurations, including one wherein the ladder substantially extends in a single plane, such as a straight ladder or an extension ladder, providing access to increased height (as compared to when it is in the step ladder configuration) but typically requiring some elevated structure to support the ladder (e.g., a wall or the edge of a roof).

For these reasons and others, combination ladders have become a popular form of ladders and comprise a substantial segment of the ladder market. However, there are always areas of potential improvement.

<CIT> discloses a ladder in accordance with the pre-characterising portion of claim <NUM>.

The present disclosure sets forth various ladders and ladder components including adjustable, multipurpose ladders.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a top cap as defined in claim <NUM>. Embodiments of the present invention are defined in the dependent claims.

In one embodiment, the second body portion includes at least one canister and a lid hingedly coupled with a body of the canister.

In one embodiment, the top cap further includes a pair of channels formed in the first body portion including first channel adjacent a first side of the second body portion and a second channel adjacent a second side of the second body portion, wherein the pair of channels are configured to receive portions of the second pair of spaced apart rails when the second pair of spaced apart rails are rotated to a position such that they extend upward beyond the top cap and are substantially parallel with the first pair of spaced apart rails.

In one embodiment, the pair of angled surfaces form a <NUM> degree interior angle and wherein the top cap includes a second pair of angled surfaces forming a <NUM> degree exterior angle.

In one embodiment, the second body portion further includes a channel disposed between the first protruding member and the second protruding member, wherein the channel exhibits a width of approximately <NUM> to approximately <NUM> (approximately <NUM> to approximately <NUM> inches).

The described embodiments are not mutually exclusive of each other. Rather, various features, components or elements of one described embodiment may be used in conjunction with features, components or elements of other described embodiments.

The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:.

Various embodiments of ladders and ladder components are described herein. The described embodiments are not mutually exclusive of each other. Rather, various features, components or elements of one described embodiment may be used in conjunction with features, components or elements of other described embodiments.

Referring to <FIG> a ladder <NUM> is shown in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ladder <NUM> includes a first assembly <NUM> having a pair of spaced apart rails <NUM> and a plurality of rungs <NUM> extending between and coupled to the rails <NUM>. For purposes of convenience, the rungs <NUM> and rails <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM> may be referred to herein as "front rungs <NUM>" or "front rails <NUM>" respectively.

The front rungs <NUM> are spaced apart, substantially parallel to one another, and are configured to be substantially level when the ladder <NUM> is in an orientation of intended use so that the rungs <NUM> may be used as "steps" for a user to ascend the ladder <NUM> as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. In various embodiments, the upper surface of the rungs <NUM> may include traction features (e.g., grooves and ridges, grip tape or other anti-slip features) to provide traction to a user while standing on the rungs <NUM>. A top cap <NUM> may be coupled with the upper portions of the front rails <NUM> and configured to support the weight of a user in the event that a user stands on the top cap <NUM>. The upper surface of the top cap <NUM> may also include traction or anti-slip features to provide traction to a user while standing thereon.

The ladder <NUM> also includes a second assembly <NUM> having a pair of spaced apart rails <NUM>. A plurality of rungs <NUM> extend between and are coupled to the spaced apart rails <NUM>. For purposes of convenience, the rungs <NUM> and rails <NUM> of the second assembly may be referred to herein as "rear rungs <NUM>" and "rear rails <NUM>" respectively. It is noted that the use of the terms "front" and "rear" herein is not to be considered limiting although describing relative positions of the components when the ladder <NUM> is in a step ladder configuration. Rather, use of "front" and "rear" is for purposes of convenience and clarity in describing various components or assemblies of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

The rear rungs <NUM> are spaced apart, substantially parallel to one another, and are configured to be substantially level when the ladder <NUM> is in an orientation for intended use so that the rear rungs <NUM> may be used as "steps" for a user to ascend the ladder <NUM>. In various embodiments, the upper surface (considering the orientation of the ladder as viewed in <FIG>) of the rear rungs <NUM> may include traction features (e.g., grooves and ridges, grip tape or other anti-slip features) to provide traction to a user while standing on the rear rungs <NUM>. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the rear rungs <NUM> may include traction features or anti-slip features formed the lower surface thereof (again, as viewed in <FIG>). In some embodiments, the second assembly <NUM> may include support structure <NUM> which may be used, for example, to engage the wall, post, stud or vertical support when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight-ladder or extended state such as shown in <FIG>. In other embodiments, the support structure <NUM> may be replaced with another rung or with some other structure such as discussed herein below.

The second assembly <NUM> is pivotally coupled with the first assembly <NUM> via a pair of hinge assemblies <NUM> (sometimes referred to as "hinges" herein for purposes of brevity). In the embodiment shown, the hinges <NUM> are spaced away from the top cap <NUM> along the length of the front rails <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>. For example, the hinges <NUM> may be positioned adjacent the rung <NUM> that is closest to the top cap <NUM>. In one embodiment, this may be approximately <NUM> (<NUM> inches) from the top of the first assembly <NUM>. The hinges <NUM> are configured to selectively lock the first assembly <NUM> and the second assembly <NUM> in one or more desired positions relative to each other. Thus, for example, in <FIG>, the first and second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> are locked such that the rear rails <NUM> extend at an acute angle relative to the front rails <NUM>, placing the ladder in a step ladder configuration.

It is noted that, in some embodiments, the ladder <NUM> does not include any spreader mechanisms (e.g.. , hinged, folding braces or other structures that extend between the first and second assemblies) that are conventionally used to accommodate the folding of the ladder as well as the "locking" of the first and second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> relative to each other in a step ladder configuration. Instead, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, the locking of the hinges <NUM> maintain the desired positioning of the first and second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> in a deployed, step ladder configuration as shown in <FIG>.

As seen in <FIG> and <FIG>, the hinges <NUM> also enable the second assembly <NUM> to selectively rotate relative to the first assembly <NUM> such that the rear rails <NUM> may be positioned to extend at an angle of substantially <NUM> degrees from the front rails <NUM>. Stated another way, the front rails <NUM> and rear rails <NUM> extend from each other in a generally parallel manner with a significant portion of the second assembly <NUM> extending upwards and beyond the top cap <NUM>. The hinges <NUM> may also be configured to lock the first and second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> in this relative position, which may be considered a straight ladder configuration, providing a user with the ability to reach extended heights (beyond that of the step ladder configuration) when the ladder <NUM> is leaned against an appropriate support surface (e.g., a wall or the edge of a roof).

When the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration, such as shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, portions of the rails <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM> are received by, and abut against one or more surfaces of channels <NUM> that are formed in the rear face of the top cap <NUM> such that the rear rails <NUM> (or at least a portion thereof) nest within the channels <NUM>. As will be detailed further below, the positioning of a portion of the rear rails <NUM> within the channels <NUM> forms a structure that might be referred to as an open-mortise and through-tenon arrangement. This configuration provides strength and stability to the resultant straight ladder, with an overlap of the front rails <NUM> and rear rails <NUM> occurring between the hinges <NUM> and the channels <NUM>.

It is noted that with the second assembly <NUM> "flipped up" into a position that places the ladder <NUM> in a straight ladder configuration (e.g., <FIG> and <FIG>), one of the rear rungs <NUM> may align with the upper surface of the top cap <NUM>, providing an extended support surface (i.e., the combined surface areas of the upper surface of the top cap <NUM> and the tread surface of the adjacent rung <NUM>) on which a user may stand. Additionally, the other rungs <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM> are spaced similarly to the rungs <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM> so that a user may continue to climb from the rungs <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>, onto the top cap <NUM>, and on to the rungs <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM> in a continuous and uninterrupted manner, and without a change in spacing from one step to another, as the user ascends and descends the ladder <NUM>.

As noted above, the hinges <NUM> may be configured to lock when in the position shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, providing a certain amount of structural rigidity between the two assemblies <NUM> and <NUM>. Additionally, the rear rails <NUM> may each abut a back surface of their corresponding channel <NUM> such that force (e.g., from a user climbing the ladder <NUM>) is transferred through the first assembly <NUM>, via the top cap <NUM>, to the rear rails <NUM>. In addition to the transfer of this type of force, it is noted that lateral forces (e.g., forces extending in a direction along an axis that passes through both front rails <NUM>) may also be distributed through the top cap <NUM>, through the sidewalls of the channels <NUM> to the rear rails <NUM> (or vice versa), and in combination with the connections provided by the hinges <NUM>, again providing significant strength and stability to the ladder <NUM> when in the configuration shown in <FIG> and <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the second assembly <NUM> may be selectively positioned, relative to the first assembly, in a storage or leaning configuration, wherein the rear rails <NUM> are placed adjacent to, and extend substantially parallel to, the front rails <NUM>. In this configuration, no portion of the second assembly extends upwards beyond the top cap <NUM> (or otherwise contacts the top cap <NUM>) as occurs in the straight ladder configuration. In this configuration, the ladder <NUM> may be stored in relatively compact space, or it may be used to lean up against a supporting surface or an object (e.g., a wall or a pole), placing the user closer to the supporting surface. As will be discussed in further detail below, a cushion or other resilient and/or non-marking material may be located on a back face of the top cap <NUM> to engage with a support surface (e.g., a wall) so that the ladder does not scratch or otherwise mar the support surface.

The first assembly <NUM> and the second assembly <NUM> may additionally include feet <NUM> and <NUM> formed at, or coupled to, the end of the front and rear rails <NUM> and <NUM>, respectively. The feet <NUM> and <NUM> may be configured to engage a supporting surface such as the ground when in a step ladder configuration, while the feet <NUM> may also be configured to engage a supporting surface such as a wall when in a straight ladder configuration.

The feet <NUM> and <NUM> may exhibit any of a variety of configurations depending on, for example, the type of environment in which the ladder is anticipated to be used. For example, the feet <NUM> and <NUM> may be formed of a plastic or polymer material and be configured with a plurality of ridges, knobs or other engagement features configured to provide increased friction between the ladder and a relatively rigid supporting surface (e.g., concrete, tile or wood). Additionally, or alternatively, the feet <NUM> and <NUM> may include features such as barbs or other sharp protrusions configured to dig into a relatively softer supporting surface (e.g., dirt or grass). In some embodiments, the feet may be configured such as described in <CIT>. In other embodiments, the feet may be configured such as described in <CIT>. As will be discussed in further detail below, in some embodiments, the feet may be configured to be selectively positionable relative to their associated rails.

In some embodiments, the ladder <NUM> may include other components including, for example, various bracing members or other structural components. For example, one or more brace members may be used to provide increased strength, rigidity, and/or durability to the ladder. In one example, with reference to <FIG>, brace members <NUM> may be coupled between the rails (e.g., the front rails <NUM>) and their associated rungs (e.g., the front rungs <NUM>). Such a brace <NUM> may be coupled to the various members by mechanical fastening, material joining, use of adhesives, or other techniques. In one particular example, the brace may be fastened to one component (e.g., to a rung <NUM>) by way of a mechanical fastener, while being coupled with another component (e.g., to a front rail <NUM>) merely by encircling the component. Examples of some potential braces, along with techniques of coupling braces with associated components, are described in <CIT>.

In some embodiments, a mechanism or assembly <NUM>, configured as a last-step indicator, may be incorporated into or otherwise associated with a lowermost rung or the ladder (e.g., the lowermost rung <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>). The assembly <NUM> may be configured such that, when a user is descending the ladder <NUM> and places their weight on the lowermost rung, an alert (e.g., a sound, light, or vibrational signal) is provided to the user, indicating that this is the last rung in their descent, and that their next "step down" will be to the supporting surface (e.g., the floor or ground). Some examples of mechanisms or assemblies used as last-step indicators are described in <CIT>.

The first and second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> may be formed of a variety of materials and using a variety of manufacturing techniques. For example, in one embodiment, the front and rear rails <NUM> and <NUM> may be formed of a composite material, such as fiberglass, while the rungs <NUM> and <NUM> and other structural components may be formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. In some embodiments, the top cap <NUM> may be formed of a plastic material and may be molded. In other embodiments, the assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> (and their various components) may be formed of a variety of other materials including, for example, other composites, plastics, polymers, metals and metal alloys.

It is noted that, in some embodiments, the front rails <NUM> may be tapered, angled or curved such that the lowermost portions of the two front rails <NUM> are spaced further from one another than the uppermost portions of the two front rails <NUM>. In some embodiments, such as best seen in <FIG>, the front rails <NUM> exhibit a curved geometry in at least a lower portion of the rails, bending outwards from each other. This may be the case even in embodiments where the rails <NUM> are formed of composite materials such as, for example, fiberglass. The curved portion of the front rails <NUM> at their lower ends provides a widened base which increases the lateral stability of the ladder <NUM>. Additionally, the straight portions, or parallel sections, at the upper ends of the front rails <NUM> enable the hinges <NUM> to be assembled to two parallel components, preventing binding of the hinges <NUM> when the second assembly <NUM> transitions between its various positions or states.

It is noted that in other embodiments, the first and/or second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> may each include rails that are straight and parallel to each other; straight and flared (e.g., the lower portions of the rails exhibiting a greater distance from each other than the upper portions of the rails); bent with an angular change; bent with a curved portion; or some combination of the above.

Referring now to <FIG>, in some embodiments, the ladder <NUM> may include a component such as a retractable rail <NUM> that extends from the top cap <NUM> and may assist a user in maintaining their balance and stability while standing on one of the upper rungs <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>. The rail <NUM> may include a cross member <NUM> coupled between a pair of spaced apart legs <NUM>. The cross member <NUM> may include a surface that generally matches or mirrors the upper surface of the top cap <NUM> (e.g., in terms of traction or anti-slip features or materials) so as to become substantially integrated with the top cap <NUM> when it is in a stored position. The rail <NUM> is displaceable between a stored position or configuration (see <FIG>) and an extended or deployed position or configuration (see <FIG>). In some embodiments, the rail <NUM> may be maintained in an extended position by a locking mechanism (e.g., a spring biased button, a detent mechanism, a latch, etc.). In other embodiments, the rail <NUM> may be maintained in an extended position by way of a frictional force or a biasing force exhibited between, for example, the legs <NUM> and adjacent surfaces of the top cap <NUM>. As seen in <FIG>, when the rail <NUM> is in the stored or retracted position, the legs <NUM> may extend down through one or more of the rungs <NUM> along the inner surfaces of the front rails <NUM>. In some embodiments, the front rails <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM> may be formed as channels (e.g., c-shaped channels), wherein the legs <NUM> are positioned within the hollow or recessed portion of the channel, keeping the legs <NUM> out of the path of a user's feet as they climb the rungs <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the feet of one or both of the assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> may be selectively positionable by a user. For example, referring to <FIG>, the feet <NUM> coupled to the ends of the rear rails <NUM> may each include a coupling portion <NUM> coupled to an associated rear rail <NUM>. The feet <NUM> may each further include a lateral extension portion <NUM> extending laterally away from the associated rear rail <NUM>, and a surface engagement portion <NUM> that is configured to engage a supporting surface. The feet <NUM> are each independently rotatable about an axis that extends substantially along the length of the associated rear rail <NUM>, and may each be locked or maintained in a variety of positions by detent mechanisms, push button locks, clamping mechanisms, or a variety of other mechanisms or devices.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, when the ladder is in a step ladder configuration, the feet <NUM> may be positioned relative to the rear rails <NUM> such that the surface engagement portions <NUM> are positioned laterally outward from the rear rails <NUM> (e.g., at <NUM> degrees) and such that the feet engage a supporting surface (e.g., the ground, a floor or other generally horizontal structure) at a width that is greater than the width of the rear rails <NUM>. In some embodiments, the surface engagement portions <NUM> may extend in substantially the same plane as the associated rear rails <NUM>, maximizing the width at which the surface engagement portions <NUM> engage the supporting surface. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the rear rails <NUM> may exhibit a width of approximately <NUM> (<NUM> inches) or less (and in some embodiments <NUM> (<NUM> inches) or less), while the feet <NUM> may be configured to exhibit a width of approximately <NUM> to approximately <NUM> (<NUM> to approximately <NUM> inches) or greater, providing substantial stability to the ladder <NUM> when used in a step ladder configuration.

In some embodiments, the feet <NUM> may be rotated to a position that is substantially <NUM> degrees, in either rotational direction, from the position shown in <FIG> and <FIG>. It is noted that in embodiments where the rear rails <NUM> are configured to exhibit a width of <NUM> (<NUM> inches) or less, that the second assembly <NUM> may be placed between adjacent studs of typical wall construction (prior to sheet rock or other surfaces being installed), enabling a user to get closer to a wall (e.g., the top cap <NUM> moves closer to the wall when the second assembly <NUM> is passed through the space between two adjacent studs) providing enhanced access to a desired work location.

The feet <NUM> may be rotated to, and locked at, other positions as well. For example, as shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, when the ladder is in a straight ladder configuration, it may be desirable in some circumstances to rotate the feet <NUM> such that the surface engagement portions <NUM> extend generally inward (generally toward each other) from the rear rails <NUM> but at an angle (e.g., in a direction back toward the first assembly <NUM>) relative to the plane in which the rear rails <NUM> extend. The surface engagement portions <NUM> may thus be configured to generally mimic or function as a v-rung for engagement with a pole (e.g., a power pole, telephone pole, etc.) or other vertical structure when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration. In one embodiment, the feet <NUM> may be rotated so that the surface engagement portions <NUM> extend at an angle of between approximately <NUM> degrees and approximately <NUM> degrees relative to the plane in which the rear rails <NUM> extend. Of course, the feet <NUM> may be placed in other angular positions as well.

In some embodiments, the feet <NUM> may be configured to be rotated to, and locked at, angular positions such that the surface engagement portions <NUM> extend generally outward from the rear rails <NUM> (away each other) but at an angle (away the first assembly <NUM>) relative to the plane in which the rear rails <NUM> extend such as is shown in dashed lines in <FIG>. The surface engagement portions <NUM> may then function as a wall stand-off device, providing increased width of contact with a wall (or gutter, or other supporting structure) when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration. In one embodiment, the feet <NUM> may be rotated so that the surface engagement portions <NUM> extend at an angle of between approximately <NUM> degrees and approximately <NUM> degrees relative to the plane in which the rear rails <NUM> extend. In some embodiments, the feet <NUM> may be rotated such that the surface engagement portions <NUM> extend directly towards each other (at <NUM> degrees) to minimize the width of the feet <NUM> in certain circumstances, including for storage or transportation. Of course, the feet <NUM> may be placed in other angular positions as well.

It is noted that, because the surface engagement portions <NUM> may engage a variety of different structures (e.g., ground, poles, walls, etc.), the surface engagement portions <NUM> may include a variety of surfaces (e.g., 164A, 164B and 164C) having grooves, ribs, or other traction features formed therein. Thus, for example, a first surface 164A may be configured to engage poles or other vertical structures when in a straight ladder configuration, a second surface 164B may be configured to engage gutters or walls when in a straight ladder configuration, and a third surface 164C may be configured to engage a ground surface when in a stepladder configuration.

Referring now to <FIG>, a top cap <NUM> may include a variety of features. For example, as previously noted, a pair of channels <NUM> may be formed in a rear portion of the top cap <NUM>, the channels <NUM> being sized and configured to receive portions of the rear rails <NUM> therein when the ladder <NUM> is placed in a straight ladder configuration. When in a straight ladder configuration, a bottom (or innermost) surface 170A of each channel <NUM> may contact a surface 172A of an associated rear rail <NUM> (see, e.g., <FIG> and <FIG>). Additionally, side surfaces 170B and 170C may be configured to provide lateral support by engaging corresponding side surfaces 172B and 172C, respectively, of an associated rear rail <NUM>. Thus, for example, if a force is applied to the ladder <NUM> in a lateral direction (e.g., as shown by directional arrows 174A and 174B in <FIG>), a minor amount of lateral deflection may occur in the rear rails <NUM> (and/or front rails <NUM>), wherein the side surfaces 170B and 170C act as stops or abutment members to limit further lateral deflection or displacement of the rear rails <NUM> relative to the front rails <NUM> due to the nesting of the rear rails <NUM> within the channels <NUM>.

As also previously mentioned, a cushion or pad <NUM> is positioned along a rear face of the top cap <NUM> such that the top cap <NUM> may be leaned or pressed against, for example, a wall when used in a leaning configuration. As seen in <FIG>, the top cap <NUM> includes a first body portion <NUM> that is coupled to the front rails <NUM>, and a second body portion <NUM> (which may include a detachable accessory) that is selectively positionable (and lockable) relative to the first body portion <NUM>. For example, the second body portion <NUM> may be positioned in a first position such that a surface <NUM> (on which the cushion or pad <NUM> may be located) is positioned generally adjacent to the rear face <NUM> of the first body portion <NUM>. It is noted that in some embodiments, the surface <NUM> and adjacent rear face <NUM> may be angled relative to each other (e.g., an angle measuring greater than <NUM> degrees when measuring from the surface <NUM> to the rear face <NUM>). In some embodiments, the rear face <NUM> may be angled such that it abuts against a surface of a rear rung <NUM> when in a straight ladder position or configuration, providing enhanced strength and rigidity to the ladder <NUM>. In other embodiments, there may be a gap or small space between the rear face <NUM> and the adjacent rear rung <NUM>.

According to the invention, the second body portion <NUM> is pivotally coupled with the first body portion <NUM> by way of a pivoting structure such that the second body portion <NUM> rotates to at least a second position relative to the first body portion <NUM>. As seen in <FIG>, a pivoting structure may include a pair of locking buttons <NUM> having keyed or geared portions <NUM> configured to engage corresponding openings <NUM> (e.g., openings that have portions sized and shaped to receive the keyed portions <NUM>) formed in the first body portion <NUM> of the top cap <NUM>. When the keyed portions <NUM> are engaged in corresponding openings <NUM>, as shown in <FIG> (note that <FIG> depicts the top cap <NUM> with the second body portion <NUM> removed for purposes of clarity), the second body portion <NUM> is locked in place and prevented from rotating relative to the first body portion <NUM>. However, when the locking buttons are displaced axially along a pivot axis such that the keyed portions <NUM> disengage the openings <NUM> (see <FIG> - with <FIG> depicting the top cap <NUM> with the second body portion <NUM> removed for purposes of clarity), the second body portion <NUM> and lock button may rotate relative to the first body portion <NUM> such as depicted in <FIG>.

When the second body portion <NUM> is rotated to a second position (e.g., such as shown in <FIG>), and upon alignment of the keyed portions <NUM> with corresponding features in the opening <NUM>, the lock buttons <NUM> may be displaced axially by a biasing member <NUM>, such as a spring, such that they keyed portions <NUM> engage the openings <NUM> and the second portion <NUM> is locked into place relative to the first portion <NUM> in the second position.

As seen in <FIG>, when the second body portion <NUM> is rotated into a second position, various features of the second body portion <NUM> may protrude outwardly from the rear face <NUM> of the first body portion <NUM>. The second body portion <NUM> includes a pair of protruding structures <NUM> providing a first pair of angled engagement surfaces 194A and 194B, a second pair of angled engagement surfaces 196A and 196B, and a channel <NUM> that is located adjacent to, and in between, the first pair of engagement surfaces 194A and 194B.

With the second body portion <NUM> selectively locked in the second position by locking buttons <NUM> (or by other appropriate mechanisms or structures such as detent mechanisms, latches, frictional arrangements, etc.), the first pair of angled engagement surfaces 194A and 194B may be positioned and oriented to define an interior angle of a desired magnitude therebetween (e.g., approximately <NUM> degrees). The second pair of engagement surfaces 196A and 196B may be positioned and oriented to define an exterior angle of a desired magnitude (e.g., approximately <NUM> degrees). In some embodiments, cushions or pads <NUM> may be placed on each of the engagement surfaces 194A, 194B, 196A and 196B such as best seen in <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, when used in a leaning configuration (see, e.g., <FIG>), the ladder <NUM> may be leaned against an exterior wall corner <NUM> such that the first pair of engagement surfaces 194A and 194B each engage adjacent walls 202A and 202B that form the exterior corner <NUM>, providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall.

Referring to <FIG>, when used in a leaning configuration, the ladder <NUM> may be leaned against an interior wall corner <NUM> such that the second pair of engagement surfaces 196A and 196B each engage adjacent walls 206A and 206B that form the interior corner <NUM>, again providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall.

Further, when used in a leaning configuration the ladder <NUM> may be braced against a vertical support structure, such as a stud <NUM> (e.g., a vertically oriented 2X4, 2X6, etc.) of a framed wall, by positioning the stud <NUM> within the channel <NUM>, providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall. Thus, in some embodiments, the channel <NUM> may be configured to exhibit a width between its side walls of approximately <NUM> (<NUM> inches) or slightly larger (e.g., approximately <NUM> to approximately <NUM> (<NUM> to approximately <NUM> inches)) to provide a sliding fit of a standardized stud within the channel <NUM>.

The top cap <NUM> may also include other features including, for example, openings <NUM> for placing tools or other components therein (e.g., screwdrivers, handles of hammers, etc.), recesses <NUM> for holding tools or supplies (e.g., nails or screws), or features for coupling accessories with the top cap. In some embodiments, such features may be formed in the first body portion <NUM>, in the second body portion <NUM>, or in both.

Referring to <FIG>, in some embodiments, the ladder <NUM> may include a selectively positionable rail member <NUM>. In one example, the rail member <NUM> may include a pair of side members <NUM>, with each side member <NUM> being rotatably coupled with an associated one of the rear rails <NUM>. The side members <NUM> may extend a substantial portion of the length of the rear rails <NUM>. In one embodiment, the cross-members <NUM> may extend between and be coupled with the side members <NUM>. When the rail member <NUM> is in the position or state shown in <FIG>, at least some of the cross-members <NUM> may be spaced from each other such that they are located adjacent to associated rear rungs <NUM>. These cross-members <NUM> may serve as "depth extensions" of the rear rungs <NUM>, providing increased surface area on which a user may stand.

As seen in <FIG>, the rail member <NUM> may be rotated upwards relative to the rear rails <NUM> such that a substantial portion (e.g., half or more) of the rail member <NUM> extends upward above the top cap <NUM>. The rail member <NUM> may be locked in this, or other positions, relative to the first and second assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> (e.g., by way of detent mechanisms, latches, locking hinges, interference fits with the top cap <NUM> or other components, etc.). When locked in the position shown in <FIG>, the rail member <NUM> provides a stable device for a user to grasp while they are, for example, standing on the front rungs <NUM>. This enables a user to more safely stand on higher rungs of the ladder than without such a rail member <NUM>.

When the rail member <NUM> is positioned in a "stored" position relative to the rear rails <NUM>, such as shown in <FIG>, the ladder <NUM> may still be placed in other configurations such as a straight ladder or a leaning ladder configuration. For example, as shown in <FIG>, the rail member <NUM> may rotate with the second assembly <NUM> relative to the first assembly <NUM>, into a straight ladder configuration, where at least some of the cross-members <NUM> are aligned with the rear rungs <NUM>, enabling a user to climb and stand on the rear rungs <NUM>, with the cross-members <NUM> providing increased surface area on which they may stand.

Referring briefly to <FIG>, in other embodiments, a rail member <NUM>, similar to that shown and described with respect to <FIG>, may be associated with the first assembly <NUM> rather than the second assembly <NUM>. For example, the rail member <NUM> may be pivotally or rotatably coupled to the front rails <NUM>, and selectively rotatable from the position shown in <FIG>, to an upright position such that a substantial portion thereof extends upwards and above the top cap (similar to the rail member <NUM> shown in <FIG>). As with the embodiment shown and described with respect to <FIG>, the rail member <NUM> may include side members <NUM> and cross-members <NUM> extending between, and coupled to, the side members <NUM>. At least some of the cross-members <NUM> may be aligned with associated front rungs <NUM>, acting as depth extenders and providing an increased surface area on which a user may stand. As with the rail member <NUM> previously described, the rail members <NUM> may be locked into various positions by appropriate mechanisms.

Referring now to <FIG>, a hinge assembly <NUM> is shown. The hinge assembly <NUM> includes a first mounting leg <NUM> and a second mounting leg <NUM>. In some embodiments, the first mounting leg <NUM> may be configured for fixed coupling with the first assembly <NUM> (e.g., direct coupling with an associated front rail <NUM>). The second mounting leg <NUM> may be configured for fixed coupling with the second assembly (e.g., direct coupling with an associated rear rail <NUM>). As will be described hereinbelow, the first leg <NUM> and second leg <NUM> are selectively rotatable, relative to each other, about an axis <NUM>, and may be locked in a variety of different positions relative to each other.

<FIG> depicts an exploded view of the hinge assembly <NUM> and its various parts according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the first leg <NUM> may include a plate member 250A and a lock ring 250B fixedly coupled therewith. Likewise, the second leg <NUM> may include a plate member 252A and a lock ring 252B fixedly coupled therewith. A geared member <NUM> (e.g., a member having one or more projecting cogs <NUM> extending from a periphery thereof) and a biasing member, such as a spring <NUM>, are positioned between the two lock rings 250B and 252B. The geared member <NUM> includes a shaft member <NUM> that extends along the rotational axis <NUM> of the hinge assembly <NUM> and, in some embodiments, may at least partially extend through an opening in the second lock ring 252B. In other embodiments, the second lock ring 252B may not have an opening, and the shaft <NUM> may not extend beyond the second lock ring 252B.

A hinge pin <NUM> extends through openings in the plates 250A and 250B, the lock rings 252A and 252B, and the geared member <NUM> along the rotational axis <NUM>. A nut <NUM> or other fastener may be coupled with the pin <NUM> to couple the assembly together.

A detent member or mechanism may be associated with the geared member <NUM> to hold the geared member <NUM> in a desired position along the axis <NUM> between the two lock rings 252A and 252B as will be described in further detail below. In some embodiments, the detent mechanism may include an annular coiled spring <NUM> (sometimes referred to as a canted spring) positioned in a recessed portion of the second lock plate 252B and adjacent the associated plate member 252A (although other configurations are also contemplated for the location of the spring and associated structures). An actuating button <NUM> may have a first portion 270A located externally of the first plate member 250A, and have at least another portion 270B thereof (e.g., axial fingers) that extends through the plate member 250A as well as a retainer member <NUM> (also shown in <FIG>) and is configured for establishing contact with the geared member <NUM>. Various fasteners (e.g., bolts, screws, rivets, clips, washers, etc.) may be used to couple the components of the hinge assembly together, in addition to the pin <NUM> and nut <NUM>.

In operation, the two legs <NUM> and <NUM> may be locked at a given angular orientation relative to each other, such as in the position shown in <FIG>, or at a variety of other positions. As illustrated in <FIG>, when the hinge assembly <NUM> is in a locked state, the geared member <NUM> is axially positioned such that one or more of its cogs <NUM> are partially disposed in an associated recess <NUM> of the first lock ring 250B and partially disposed within an associated recess <NUM> of the second lock ring 252B - the two recesses <NUM> and <NUM> being aligned with one another. Thus, the cog <NUM> provides an interference structure, preventing the first lock ring 250B and the second lock ring 252B from rotating relative to one another about the axis <NUM>. As seen best in <FIG>, when in a locked position, the geared member <NUM> is biased axially against an inner face <NUM> of the first lock ring 250B by the biasing spring <NUM>. The biasing spring <NUM> may be placed between the second lock ring 252B and the geared member <NUM>, and in some embodiments, positioned concentrically about the shaft member <NUM> of the geared member <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, when a user desires to unlock the hinge <NUM> and rotate the leg members <NUM> and <NUM> to different relative positions, a force is applied to the button <NUM> in the axial direction towards the geared member <NUM> as indicated by arrow <NUM>. This force overcomes the biasing force of the spring <NUM> and effects displacement of the button <NUM>, and thus displacement of the geared member <NUM>, toward the second lock ring 252B. For example, comparing <FIG> with <FIG>, a gap <NUM> is shown in <FIG> between the geared member <NUM> and the inner face <NUM> of the first lock ring 250B. Similarly, the gap <NUM> is enlarged in <FIG> as compared to that shown in <FIG>, showing further displacement of the geared member <NUM> along the axis <NUM> away from the inner face <NUM> of the first lock ring along the axis <NUM>. Additionally, in reviewing <FIG> and <FIG>, one can see the shaft member <NUM> being displaced along the axis <NUM> through an opening <NUM> of the second lock ring 252B and toward the second plate member 252A.

Referring to <FIG>, when the geared member <NUM> has become sufficiently displaced along the axis <NUM>, the cogs <NUM> become axially displaced and disengaged from the recesses <NUM> of the first lock ring 250B while being further displaced into the recesses <NUM> of the second lock ring 252B. For example, as shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the cogs <NUM> may be completely positioned within the recesses <NUM> of the second lock ring 252B while <FIG> shows the geared member <NUM> being axially positioned to contact an inner face <NUM> of the second lock ring 252B. Of course, other configurations are contemplated wherein the cogs are disengaged from the recesses <NUM> of the first lock ring 250B without necessarily abutting any axial surface (e.g., inner face <NUM>) of the second lock ring 252B.

When in this position, the shaft member <NUM> has become displaced such that a first ramped section <NUM> is displaced through the opening <NUM> of the second lock ring 252B and beyond the annular spring <NUM> (which may be axially held in place by a washer or other structure) which radially contracts about an annular recessed portion <NUM> of the shaft and abuts a shoulder <NUM> positioned between the ramped section <NUM> and the recessed portion. The annular spring thus holds the shaft member <NUM> and gear member <NUM> in the position shown in <FIG> (keeping the hinge assembly "unlocked") until action is taken to release the shaft member <NUM> and gear member <NUM> from this position as will be described below. It is noted that the configuration of the shaft member <NUM> and the annular spring <NUM> acts as a detent or detent-like mechanism in holding the geared member <NUM> in a desired position until a prescribed force is applied to the gear member for its release. In other embodiments, other locking mechanisms, including other detent arrangements, may be used to hold the geared member <NUM> in a desired position during operation of the hinge.

Referring to <FIG>, the first lock ring 250B may include a plurality of circumferentially-spaced, radially-inward extending protrusions <NUM> that may each include a pair of ramped or angled surfaces <NUM>. One or more of the cogs <NUM> of the geared member <NUM> may additionally include chamfers <NUM> (which may referred to as circumferentially oriented chamfers) formed at or near their radially outermost extents which are positioned and oriented to engage the ramped surfaces <NUM>. When the hinge assembly <NUM> is in an unlocked state (e.g., see <FIG>), and the leg members <NUM> and <NUM> are rotated relative to each other, the ramped surfaces <NUM> of the radial protrusions <NUM> engage with the cogs <NUM> (e.g., with the chamfered portions <NUM>), pushing the geared member <NUM> axially back towards the first lock ring 250B until the shaft member <NUM> is retracted a sufficient distance to become released from the annular spring <NUM> (placing the geared member <NUM> in axial position similar to that shown in <FIG>). Upon further rotation of the leg members <NUM> and <NUM> relative to each other, some of the recesses <NUM> of the first lock ring 250B become aligned with the cogs <NUM> of the geared member <NUM> and the spring <NUM> forces the geared member <NUM> axially further towards the first lock ring 250B, locking the two leg members <NUM> and <NUM> from moving relative to each other. The hinge <NUM> may be repeatedly unlocked, rotated, and locked using a similar sequence of events, enabling the leg members <NUM> and <NUM> to be selectively locked in a variety of different relative positions including those that correspond with a step ladder configuration, a straight ladder configuration, and a leaning ladder, or stored ladder configuration.

It is noted that, in other embodiments, other hinge assemblies may be used with the ladder <NUM>. Other, non-limiting examples of hinges that may be used with ladders described herein is set forth in <CIT>, and <CIT>.

Referring to <FIG>, a foot <NUM> is shown in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. The foot <NUM> may include a body portion <NUM> having an opening <NUM> formed therein to receive a portion of a rail (e.g., rail <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM>). In one embodiment, the opening <NUM> may be configured as to receive a rail having a rectangular- or square-shaped profile such as shown in <FIG>. In other embodiments, the opening may be configured to receive other profiles or cross-sectional shapes including, for example, rails having a C-shaped or H-shaped cross-sectional profile.

The foot includes a first surface engaging portion <NUM>, which may be referred to as a horizontal surface engaging portion, and a second surface engaging portion <NUM>, which may be referred to as a vertical surface engaging portion. Each of the first and second surface engaging portions <NUM> and <NUM> may be configured to engage a support surface and resist movement of the foot <NUM> (and, thus, the ladder) relative to the support surface. The surface engaging portions <NUM> and <NUM> may include a variety of surfaces having grooves, ribs, or other traction features formed therein. For example, the first surface engaging portion <NUM> may include a plurality of ribs or ridges <NUM> extending across a width 'W' of the foot <NUM> (e.g., extending in a direction parallel with, or substantially parallel with, an axis that extends through both feet <NUM> of the ladder <NUM>). Adjacent ridges or ribs <NUM> may define parallel grooves extending therebetween. Thus, when the ladder <NUM> is in a step ladder state (e.g., as shown in <FIG>), the first surface engaging portion <NUM> will assist in resisting sliding or slipping, relative to the ground or other support surface, in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the length of the ribs or ridges <NUM>. It is noted that the general surface geometry of the first surface engaging portion <NUM> may be arcuate, such as shown in the drawings, or may be generally flat or planar, or exhibit some other geometry.

Additionally, in one embodiment, the second engaging surface <NUM> may include a plurality of ribs or ridges <NUM> extending along a length 'L' in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the ribs or ridges <NUM> of the first surface engaging portion <NUM>. It is noted that the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may extend the entire height of an adjacent rear wall <NUM>. Stated another way, the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may extend from approximately an upper end of the foot <NUM> (along a plane where the opening <NUM> is located) down to the first surface engaging portion <NUM>.

The second set of ribs or ridges <NUM> may also define generally parallel grooves between adjacent ridges <NUM> and be configured to resist or impede sliding or slipping, relative to a vertical wall or other support surface, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the length of the ribs or ridges <NUM>. Thus, when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration (<FIG> and <FIG>), the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may rest against a wall (or other support structure) and resist sliding "sideways" along the surface of the wall. Of course, other anti-slip features, and other orientations or arrangements of anti-slip features are also contemplated as being formed in the surface engaging portions (e.g., patterns of raised protrusions having round, diamond or other polygonal geometries).

The body <NUM> may be defined by spaced apart side walls <NUM> and <NUM>, a front wall <NUM> extending between the side walls and a rear wall <NUM> spaced from the front wall <NUM> and extending between the side walls (it being noted that "front" and "rear" are simply used for purposes of convenience in designation of the different walls and that such should not be considered limiting). A thickened section <NUM>, which may also be referred to as a cushioned section, is positioned adjacent the rear wall <NUM> of the body <NUM>. Likewise, a thickened or cushioned section <NUM> may be positioned at the bottom of the foot <NUM>, opposite the opening <NUM> and below a floor of the body <NUM> (not shown), which is coupled with at least one of the walls (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) or any combination of the walls, including all of them. The thickened or cushioned portions <NUM> and <NUM> may comprise a material that is softer and more yielding than that of the body <NUM> (e.g., the walls <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and the floor). In some embodiments, the thickened portions <NUM> and <NUM> may include a non-marking rubberized or elastomer material that is overmolded onto a plastic body material. In other embodiments, the entire foot <NUM> may be formed as a unitary, homogenized component (or a substantially unitary, homogenized component) comprising a non-marking rubberized or elastomer material. The ridges and grooves of the surface engaging portions <NUM> and <NUM> may be formed in a surface of the thickened portions <NUM> and <NUM>, respectively.

The second surface engaging portion <NUM> (associated with the thickened or cushioned portion <NUM> positioned along the rear wall <NUM> of the body <NUM>) may be configured to exhibit a surface oriented at a desired angle relative to the longitudinal length of the rail to which it is coupled. Thus, for example, when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration and placed against a wall or other vertical support surface <NUM> (as shown in <FIG>), the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may form a projected angle α with respect to a rear surface <NUM> of the associated rear rail <NUM>. In some embodiments, the angle α may be between approximately <NUM> degrees and <NUM> degrees. In some embodiments, the angle α may be between approximately <NUM> degrees and <NUM> degrees. In one embodiment, the angle α may be approximately <NUM> degrees. Stated another way, the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may be angled such that when a ladder is leaned against a vertical support at a desired angle, the surface plane of the second surface engaging portion <NUM> is parallel, or substantially parallel, with the vertical support surface <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the foot <NUM> may be coupled to a rear rail <NUM> by fasteners (e.g., rivets, screws, etc.). In other embodiments, the foot <NUM> may be coupled with a rear rail <NUM> by adhesives. In other embodiments, the foot <NUM> may be coupled with the rear rail <NUM> by way of compression fit, interference fit, or by overmolding techniques. In one embodiment, the foot <NUM> may be coupled with a rear rail <NUM> using techniques and constructions describe in <CIT>, entitled COMBINATION LADDERS AND FOOT FOR COMBINATION LADDERS.

Referring now to <FIG>, an accessory <NUM> is shown in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The in one embodiment, the accessory <NUM> may be configured such as shown in <CIT>, and entitled "Accessory for Ladder,".

The accessory <NUM> may include a variety of features including, for example, hooks, slots, and/or openings (generally indicated as <NUM>) for placing or attaching tools or other components therein (e.g., screwdrivers, handles of hammers, lanyards attached to power tools, electrical cords, etc.), recesses <NUM> for holding tools or supplies (e.g., nails or screws), and/or features for coupling accessories with the top cap. In one embodiment, notches may be formed for holding a tablet or a smart phone or other type of communications device. For example, as shown in <FIG>, one of the recesses (404A) may exhibit a shape and size to hold a cup or a paint can, but also include an adjacent recess <NUM> on a first side and one or more notches <NUM> aligned with the recess <NUM>, that are collectively and cooperatively sized and shaped for receipt of an electronic tablet or smart phone, enabling the tablet or smart phone to be positioned or propped up in a viewing mode for a user to watch or view (e.g., watch a "how to" video) while standing on the ladder.

The accessory <NUM> may include a pair of recesses or notches <NUM> formed in the body for receipt of ladder rails (e.g., ladder rails <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM>) for coupling the accessory <NUM> to a ladder. As shown in <FIG>, the accessory <NUM> may be coupled to the ladder rails <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM> adjacent the feet <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM>. In some cases, the accessory <NUM> may be positioned adjacent the rung <NUM> that is closest to the feet <NUM>. For example, the accessory <NUM> may be removably coupled with the rails <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM> (using a removable screw, bolt, or a latching device) and then be used or removed as desired by a user of the ladder. In some cases, the accessory <NUM> may be positioned adjacent a rung <NUM> or even take place of such a rung and be effectively fixed to the rails <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM> such that a user could not easily remove the accessory <NUM> in a nondestructive manner (e.g., such as by drilling through rivets or other fasteners or by destroying an adhesive or material bond between the accessory and the rails). Thus, when the ladder <NUM> is in a step ladder configuration (<FIG>) or a stored configuration (<FIG>), the accessory is positioned toward the "bottom" of the second assembly <NUM>. Additionally, as seen in <FIG> and <FIG>, the accessory <NUM> is sized, shaped and positioned such that it doesn't cause interference between the second assembly <NUM> and the first assembly <NUM> when placed in the stored state (<FIG>).

Referring to <FIG>, when the ladder <NUM> is in an extended state, the accessory may be positioned near the feet <NUM> adjacent the uppermost rung <NUM> (e.g., between the uppermost rung <NUM> and the feet <NUM>).

The accessory <NUM> may include a variety of features for engaging a support surface (e.g., a wall, post, or other structure). For example, the accessory <NUM> may include a first pair of angled engagement surfaces 420A and 420B positioned and oriented to define an interior angle of a desired magnitude therebetween (e.g., approximately <NUM> degrees). The accessory may further include a second pair of engagement surfaces 422A and 422B positioned and oriented to define an exterior angle of a desired magnitude (e.g., approximately <NUM> degrees). A third set of engagement surfaces 424A and 424B may be located between associated ones of the angled engagement surfaces (e.g., engagement surface 424A is between angled surfaces 420A and 422A).

When the ladder is used in an extended configuration, the ladder <NUM> may be leaned against an exterior wall corner such that the first pair of engagement surfaces 420A and 420B each engage adjacent walls that form the exterior corner (such as described above with respect to embodiments of the top cap), providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall. Additionally, when the ladder <NUM> is leaned against an interior wall corner, the second pair of engagement surfaces 420A and 420B each engage adjacent walls that form the interior corner (such as describe above with respect to embodiments of the top cap), again providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall. Likewise, when the ladder <NUM> is leaned against a flat wall or support structure, the third engagement surfaces 424A and 424B may engage the flat surface to provide a stable support.

In some embodiments, the engagement surfaces may be configured with ribs and grooves to provide a traction or gripping surface. In some embodiments, additional cushions or pads may be placed on each of the engagement surfaces. The engagement surfaces may, thus, be configured to provide added traction or stability when engaging support surfaces, as well as be configured to avoid marring or marking the support surface with which they engage.

Further, a notch or recess <NUM> may be positioned in the center of the accessory, between the first angled engagement surfaces 420A and 420B, so that the ladder <NUM> may be braced against a vertical support structure, such as a stud (e.g., a vertically oriented 2X4 or 2X6) of a framed wall, by positioning the stud within the notch or recess <NUM>, providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall. Thus, in some embodiments, the channel <NUM> may be configured to exhibit a width between its side walls of approximately <NUM> (<NUM> inches) or slightly larger (e.g., approximately <NUM> to approximately <NUM> (<NUM> to approximately <NUM> inches) to provide a sliding fit of a standardized stud within the channel <NUM>.

Referring now to <FIG>, a ladder <NUM> is shown in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. The ladder <NUM> may be configured generally similar to other embodiments described herein, but also includes a height-adjustable top cap <NUM>. The top cap <NUM> is coupled to a pair of extension members <NUM>. Each extension member <NUM> is slidably coupled with an upper portion of an associated front rail <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>. In one embodiment, the sliding members <NUM> may be at least partially disposed within a channel or recess formed by the front rails <NUM> (e.g., in the hollow of a c-channel from which the rails may be formed). Locking mechanisms <NUM> may be used to selectively lock the extension members <NUM> in desired positions relative to the front rails <NUM>. For example, in one embodiment, the locking mechanisms may include a pin that extends through its associated front rail <NUM> and selectively extends into, and retracts out of, openings or recesses formed in the extension members <NUM>. Thus, the top cap <NUM> may be locked in a collapsed or retracted position as shown in <FIG> and <FIG> such that the ladder functions similar to previously described embodiments. However, a user may selectively actuate the locking mechanisms <NUM> to release the extension members <NUM>, displace the top cap upwards to an extended position, and then release or re-actuate the locking mechanisms <NUM> to selectively lock the top cap in the new extended position as shown in <FIG> and <FIG>. Of course, the top cap may be positioned, and selectively locked, at a variety of additional heights (e.g., partially extended) between the two positions shown in <FIG>.

When placed in an extended position, such as shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the top cap <NUM> may serve as a working surface, or as a stabilizing structure, for a user standing on an upper rung <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM>. It is noted that, as shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the uppermost rung <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM> may be configured with increased surface area for a user to stand on. For example, the uppermost rung <NUM> may include a portion 106A that extends beyond the edges of the front rails <NUM> of the first assembly <NUM> and towards the second assembly <NUM>. In some embodiments, the increased surface area of this rung <NUM>, as well as the height-extended top cap <NUM>, may provide a more comfortable and/or stable structure to work from.

Referring now to <FIG>, a top cap <NUM> is shown and described with a second body portion <NUM>, or accessory, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The top cap <NUM> may include a first body portion <NUM> that is coupled to the front rails <NUM> (or to extension members such as previously described), and a second body portion <NUM> (which may include a detachable accessory) that is selectively positionable (and lockable) relative to the first body portion <NUM>. For example, the second body portion <NUM> may be positioned in a first position such that a surface <NUM> (on which a cushion or pad <NUM> may be located) is positioned generally adjacent to the rear face <NUM> of the first body portion <NUM>. It is noted that in some embodiments, the surface <NUM> and adjacent rear face <NUM> may be angled relative to each other (e.g., an angle measuring greater than <NUM> degrees when measuring from the surface <NUM> to the rear face <NUM>) such as has been described with respect to other embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the rear face <NUM> may be angled such that it abuts against a surface of a rear rung <NUM> when in a straight ladder or extended configuration, providing enhanced strength and rigidity to the ladder <NUM>. In other embodiments, there may be a gap or small space between the rear face <NUM> and the adjacent rear rung <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the second body portion <NUM> may be pivotally coupled with the first body portion <NUM> by way of a pivoting structure (e.g., such as associated with locking buttons <NUM> previously described herein), such that the second body portion <NUM> may rotate to at least a second position relative to the first body portion <NUM>. When the second body portion <NUM> is rotated to a second position (e.g., such as shown in <FIG>), the second portion <NUM> may be locked into place relative to the first portion <NUM>.

As seen in <FIG>, when the second body portion <NUM> is rotated into a second position, various features of the second body portion <NUM> may protrude outwardly from the rear face <NUM> of the first body portion <NUM>. For example, the second body portion <NUM> may include a pair of protruding bodies or structures <NUM> providing a first pair of angled engagement surfaces 472A and 472B, a second pair of angled engagement surfaces 474A and 474B, and a channel <NUM> that is located adjacent to, and in between, the first pair of engagement surfaces 472A and 472B (see, also, <FIG>).

With the second body portion <NUM> selectively locked in the second position by locking buttons <NUM> (or by other appropriate mechanisms or structures such as detent mechanisms, latches, frictional arrangements, etc.), the first pair of angled engagement surfaces 472A and 472B may be positioned and oriented to define an interior angle of a desired magnitude therebetween (e.g., approximately <NUM> degrees). The second pair of engagement surfaces 474A and 474B may be positioned and oriented to define an exterior angle of a desired magnitude (e.g., approximately <NUM> degrees). In some embodiments, cushions or pads may be placed on the engagement surfaces.

As with previously described embodiments, when used in a leaning configuration, the ladder <NUM> may be leaned against an exterior wall corner such that the first pair of engagement surfaces 472A and 472B each engage adjacent walls that form the exterior corner, providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall. Additionally, the ladder <NUM> may be leaned against an interior wall corner such that the second pair of engagement surfaces 474A and 474B each engage adjacent walls that form the interior corner, again providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall.

Further, when used in a leaning configuration the ladder <NUM> may be braced against a vertical support structure, such as a stud or a post or pole (e.g., a vertically oriented 2X4, 2X6, etc.) of a framed wall, by positioning the stud within the channel <NUM>, providing balance and stability to the ladder <NUM> and enabling a user to get laterally closer to the wall. Thus, in some embodiments, the channel <NUM> may be configured to exhibit a width between its side walls of approximately <NUM> (<NUM> inches) or slightly larger (e.g., approximately <NUM> to approximately <NUM> (<NUM> to approximately <NUM> inches)) to provide a sliding fit of a standardized stud within the channel <NUM>.

When the second body portion <NUM> is in the first position (see <FIG>), the pad <NUM> and/or surface <NUM> may be abutted against a generally planar support surface to provide stability to the ladder <NUM> while in a leaning configuration.

As further depicted in <FIG>, it is additionally noted that the protruding bodies or structures <NUM> may be configured as containers, having a substantially hollow internal space <NUM> or cavity and a removable lid <NUM>. In one embodiment, the lid <NUM> may be coupled with the protruding structure <NUM> by way of a hinge <NUM>. Thus, the second body portion <NUM> may serve multiple functions, including providing a convenient storage space for supplies, tools or other resources that can stay within the container even when the ladder <NUM> is not being used or while its being transported or stored.

Referring to <FIG> a foot <NUM> is shown in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. The foot <NUM> may include a body portion <NUM> having an opening <NUM> formed therein to receive a portion of a rail (e.g., rail <NUM> of the second assembly <NUM>). In one embodiment, the opening <NUM> may be configured as to receive a rail having a rectangular- or square-shaped profile. In other embodiments, the opening may be configured to receive other profiles or cross-sectional shapes including, for example, rails having a C-shaped or H-shaped cross-sectional profile.

The foot <NUM> includes a first surface engaging portion <NUM>, which may be referred to as a horizontal surface engaging portion, a second surface engaging portion <NUM>, which may be referred to as a planar vertical surface engaging portion, and a third surface engaging portion <NUM>, which may be referred to as an angular or corner surface engaging portion. Each of the first, second and third surface engaging portions <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> may be configured to engage a support surface and resist movement of the foot <NUM> (and, thus, the ladder) relative to the support surface. The surface engaging portions <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> may include a variety of surfaces having grooves, ribs, or other traction features formed therein. For example, the first surface engaging portion <NUM> may include a plurality of ribs or ridges <NUM> extending across a width 'W' of the body <NUM> (e.g., extending in a direction parallel with, or substantially parallel with, an axis that extends through both feet <NUM> of the ladder <NUM>). Adjacent ridges or ribs <NUM> may define parallel grooves extending therebetween. Thus, when the ladder <NUM> is in a step ladder state, the first surface engaging portion <NUM> will assist in resisting sliding or slipping, relative to the ground or other support surface, in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the length of the ribs or ridges <NUM>. It is noted that the general surface geometry of the first surface engaging portion <NUM> may be planar (with the peaks of the ridges extending to a common plane), such as shown in the drawings, or may be generally arcuate, or exhibit some other geometry.

Additionally, in one embodiment, the second engaging surface <NUM> may include a plurality of ribs or ridges <NUM> extending along a length 'L' in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the ribs or ridges <NUM> of the first surface engaging portion <NUM>. In one embodiment, the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may extend from approximately an upper end of the foot <NUM> (along a plane where the opening <NUM> is located) down to the first surface engaging portion <NUM>.

The second set of ribs or ridges <NUM> may also define generally parallel grooves between adjacent ridges <NUM> and be configured to resist or impede sliding or slipping, relative to a vertical wall or other support surface, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the length of the ribs or ridges <NUM>. Thus, when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration (such as previously described with respect to <FIG> and <FIG> hereinabove), the second surface engaging portion <NUM> may rest against a wall (or other support structure) and resist sliding "sideways" along the surface of the wall. Of course, other anti-slip features, and other orientations or arrangements of anti-slip features are also contemplated as being formed in the surface engaging portions (e.g., patterns of raised protrusions having round, diamond or other polygonal geometries).

The third engaging surface <NUM> may be oriented generally at an angle relative to the second engaging surface <NUM>. For example, in one embodiment, the third engaging surface <NUM> may be oriented generally at an angle of approximately <NUM> degrees relative to the second engaging surface. In one embodiment, the third engaging surface <NUM> may include a plurality of ribs or ridges <NUM> extending along a length in a direction that is substantially parallel to the ribs or ridges <NUM> of the second surface engaging portion <NUM>. In one embodiment, the third surface engaging portion <NUM> may extend from approximately an upper end of the foot <NUM> (along a plane where the opening <NUM> is located) down to the first surface engaging portion <NUM>.

The third set of ribs or ridges <NUM> may also define generally parallel grooves between adjacent ridges <NUM> and be configured to resist or impede sliding or slipping, relative to a vertical wall or other support surface, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the length of the ribs or ridges <NUM>. In one embodiment, the feet <NUM> may be placed on the rear rails <NUM> of a ladder such that the third engagement surfaces <NUM> face generally inwardly (toward each other) so that, when the ladder is in a straight ladder configuration, the third engagement surfaces <NUM> can engage the adjacent walls <NUM> (or other support structures) that form an exterior <NUM> degree corner such as shown in <FIG>. In another embodiment, the feet <NUM> may be placed on the rear rails <NUM> of a ladder such that the third engagement surfaces <NUM> face generally outwardly (toward each other) so that, when the ladder is in a straight ladder configuration, the third engagement surfaces <NUM> can engage the adjacent walls <NUM> (or other support structures) that form an interior <NUM> degree corner such as shown in <FIG>. The feet <NUM> may be removable from the rear rails <NUM> to accommodate a change in engaging interior corners and exterior corners.

In other embodiments, the feet <NUM> may include a fourth engagement surface positioned such that the second engagement surface <NUM> is located between the third engagement surface <NUM> and the fourth engagement surface. The fourth engagement surface may be configured generally similarly to the third engagement surface <NUM> and be generally oriented at an angle of approximately <NUM> degrees from the third engagement surface such that a single foot may be used to engage flat, vertically planar surfaces (see <FIG>), exterior corners (see <FIG>) and interior corners (see <FIG>).

For embodiments having three or four (or more) engagement surfaces, the foot <NUM> may be generally configured similar to that which is described above regarding <FIG> with respect to materials, wall segments, thickened or cushioned portions, etc..

Referring to <FIG>, a ladder <NUM> is shown having a spreader structure <NUM>. The spreader structure <NUM> may include a generally U-shaped bar or hoop having a pair of laterally spaced legs <NUM> and an end portion or a connecting leg <NUM> extending between the laterally spaced legs <NUM>. Each of the laterally spaced legs <NUM> may have an end <NUM> thereof hingedly or pivotally coupled to the first assembly <NUM> by way of associated brackets <NUM>. The spreader structure may include a laterally outward extending bend <NUM> formed in each of the laterally spaced legs <NUM>. The connecting leg <NUM> may have a discrete section <NUM> configured to exhibit a width that is less than a width of the space between the rear rails <NUM>. When the ladder <NUM> is in a step ladder configuration, such as shown in <FIG>, the spreader structure <NUM> extends rearwardly from the first assembly <NUM> and encircles the second assembly <NUM>. The spreader structure <NUM> serves to reinforce the locking hinge mechanisms <NUM> and prevent the second assembly <NUM> from splaying relative to the first assembly <NUM>. If the second assembly <NUM> attempts to splay relative to the first assembly <NUM>, the connecting portion <NUM> will catch on a portion of an abutment bracket <NUM> that protrudes rearwardly from a rear surface of the rear rails <NUM>, preventing the spreader structure from sliding further upwards on the rear rails <NUM>, thereby preventing the splaying of the second assembly <NUM> relative to the first assembly <NUM> when the ladder <NUM> is in a step ladder configuration.

Thus, with larger ladders (e.g., <NUM> foot ladders or taller, when in a step ladder configuration), the spreader structure <NUM> may provide additional strength and stability to the ladder <NUM>.

As seen in <FIG>, when the ladder <NUM> is in a leaning or stored configuration, the spreader structure <NUM> pivots to collapse against the second assembly <NUM>, with the discrete section <NUM> of the connecting leg <NUM> extending between the rear rails <NUM>. Additionally, when the ladder <NUM> is in a straight ladder configuration, as shown in <FIG>, the spreader structure <NUM> pivots upward such that lateral extending bends <NUM> pass over the hinge mechanisms <NUM> (and any associated bracketing). Again the discrete section <NUM> of the connecting leg <NUM> extends between the rear rails <NUM>. Thus, the spreader structure <NUM> may pivot automatically as the ladder <NUM> transitions from a straight ladder configuration, to a step ladder configuration, and then to a leaning configuration.

Referring now to <FIG>, a ladder <NUM> is shown according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The ladder <NUM> is configured generally as described with respect to the ladder <NUM> described hereinabove, including a first assembly <NUM> coupled with a second assembly <NUM> by way of hinges <NUM>. The ladder <NUM> may further include a top cap <NUM> and other features such as described hereinabove. However, the second assembly <NUM> may be configured with an inner rail assembly <NUM> having a pair of rails <NUM> and a plurality of rungs <NUM>, and an outer rail assembly <NUM> having a pair of rails <NUM> and a plurality of rungs <NUM>. The outer assembly <NUM> is slidably coupled with the inner rail assembly <NUM>. Thus, the inner and outer rail assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> may be collapsed, such as shown in <FIG> (and <FIG>), such that most (if not all) of the rungs <NUM> of the inner assembly <NUM> and most (if not all) of the rungs <NUM> of the outer assembly <NUM> are aligned in pairs so as to act as a single "step" when a user stands on the rungs <NUM> and <NUM>.

The outer assembly <NUM> may be extended from the inner assembly <NUM>, such as shown in <FIG> and <FIG> to adjust the length of the second assembly <NUM>. For example, when in a step ladder configuration, the second assembly <NUM> may be extended for use on stairs or some other uneven support surface. Additionally, when in a straight ladder or extended configuration, such as shown in <FIG>, the second assembly <NUM> may be extended to reach greater heights. The second assembly <NUM> may be adjusted to several different heights, with each height corresponding with an increment of adjustment equal to the spacing between adjacent rungs (e.g., between adjacent rungs <NUM> of the inner assembly <NUM> or between adjacent rungs <NUM> of the outer assembly <NUM>).

Adjustment mechanisms <NUM>, also referred to as locking mechanisms, may be used to selectively release the outer rail assembly <NUM> from the inner rail assembly <NUM> and to selectively lock or maintain the inner and outer rail assemblies <NUM> and <NUM> relative to each other. Examples of locking mechanisms and related inner/outer assembly configurations are described, for example, in <CIT>.

Claim 1:
A top cap (<NUM>) for a ladder (<NUM>), the top cap (<NUM>) comprising:
a first body portion (<NUM>) configured for coupling with a pair of spaced apart rails (<NUM>) of a ladder (<NUM>); and
a second body portion (<NUM>)(<NUM>) pivotally coupled with the first body portion (<NUM>), the second body portion (<NUM>)(<NUM>) being pivotable between a first position and a second position, wherein, when in the second position, the second body presents at least one pair of angled engagement surfaces (<NUM>)(<NUM>)(<NUM>)(<NUM>) for engagement with a vertical support structure (<NUM>)(<NUM>)(<NUM>)(<NUM>);
wherein in the first position the second body portion (<NUM>)(<NUM>) presents a substantially planar surface (<NUM>)(<NUM>) for engagement with a planar support surface of a vertical support structure (<NUM>) to provide stability to the ladder (<NUM>) while in a leaning configuration,
characterised in that a cushion (<NUM>)(<NUM>) is disposed on the substantially planar surface (<NUM>)(<NUM>).