Patent Description:
Wireless communication technologies are moving the world toward an increasingly connected and networked society. The rapid growth of wireless communications and advances in technology has led to greater demand for capacity and connectivity. Other aspects, such as energy consumption, device cost, spectral efficiency, and latency are also important to meeting the needs of various communication scenarios. In comparison with the existing wireless networks, next generation systems and wireless communication techniques need to provide support for an increased number of users and devices, as well as support for higher data rates, therein requiring capabilities to mitigate different types of interference that occur.

3GPP R1-<NUM> relates to mechanisms for improving network robustness.

3GPP R1-<NUM> relates to remote interference management and mechanisms for improving network robustness.

3GPP R1-<NUM> relates to mechanisms for identifying strong next generation NodeB interferers.

This document relates to methods, systems, and devices for identifying and mitigating remote interference, which is when downlink transmissions from a remote network device (e.g., base station, evolved NodeB (eNB), next generation NodeB (gNB) and so on) interference with the local uplink transmissions of another network device, thereby improving system performance.

In one exemplary aspect, a wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes determining that an interference type is a remote interference, and transmitting, in response to the determining, a reference signal indicative of a resource that was affected by the remote interference.

In another exemplary aspect, a wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes detecting a reference signal in a frame, and determining a resource that was affected by a remote interference based on a position of the reference signal in the frame.

In yet another exemplary aspect, the above-described methods are embodied in the form of processor-executable code and stored in a computer-readable program medium.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, a device that is configured or operable to perform the above-described methods is disclosed.

Under certain weather conditions, electromagnetic waves propagating in the atmosphere, especially in the troposphere, are influenced by atmospheric refraction, and their propagation trajectories bend toward the ground. An atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer that is created in the lower atmosphere, typically the troposphere. In such a duct the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals (and light rays) are guided or ducted along the length of the duct. The radio signals in the ducts therefore tend to follow the curvature of the Earth. They also experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present.

As shown in <FIG>, and in the case of a mobile communication system (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, 5th Generation (<NUM>) New Radio (NR) and so on), an atmospheric duct (also referred to as a troposplieric duct) will cause long-distance downlink signals for base stations to mobile stations to travel through the atmosphere with long transmission delay but with a very low attenuation.

In commercial time-domain LTE (TD-LTE) networks, the detrimental effects of remote interference (RI) caused by atmospheric ducts has been identified. The performance of many eNBs and gNBs, due to Interference over Thermal level (IoT) from remote interference, intermittently deteriorates thereby severely impacting network coverage and connection success rate. This IoT degradation is typically caused by the downlink transmissions of a remote network eNB as long as the atmospheric conditions support the formation of atmospheric ducts.

The present document discloses methods, systems and devices that overcome the deleterious effects of remote interference. In an example, this is achieved by the local gNB (referred to as the victim gNB, or the affected gNB, since it is the one being affected) identifying the interference present as remote interference (as compared to other sources of interference, e.g. uplink transmissions of neighboring cells), and the remote gNB (referred to as the aggressor gNB, or the interference-causing gNB, since it is the cause of the remote interference) deducing how many UL resources of the affected gNB were affected by its transmissions.

The present document uses section headings and sub-headings for facilitating easy understanding and not for limiting the scope of the disclosed techniques and embodiments to certain sections. Accordingly, embodiments disclosed in different sections can be used with each other. Furthermore, the present document uses examples from the 3GPP New Radio (NR) network architecture and <NUM> protocol only to facilitate understanding and the disclosed techniques and embodiments may be practiced in other wireless systems that use different communication protocols than the 3GPP protocols.

Since the local gNB (or eNB, network device, base station, and so on) may be affected by various types of interference, including uplink transmissions from neighboring gNBs, the local gNB must first identify that the interference present is remote interference.

In some embodiments, the local gNB determines that the uplink interference measurement results are higher than or equal to a first threshold, and at least one of the following conditions are satisfied. For example, the local gNB may determine that the measurements results of interference of thermal (IoT) or background noise are higher than or equal to the first threshold. In another example, the measurement results of RSSI (received signal strength indicator) are higher or equal to the first threshold. RSSI can include co-channel interference, adjacent-channel interference and thermal noise. The measurement method of RSSI in base station side is similar to RSSI of UE side defined in 3GPP TS38. <NUM>/T836.

Condition <NUM>. The local gNB determines that the uplink interference measurement results exhibit time-domain power decline characteristics, e.g., interference level measured on the uplink (UL) symbols after the downlink (DL), guard period (GP) and flexible (F) symbols.

As shown in <FIG>, there may be three types of slots or subframes for a TDD system (e.g., <NUM> NR). The first type includes only downlink symbols (a downlink slot), the second type includes only uplink symbols (an uplink slot), and the third type includes symbols that are not all uplink or downlink symbols (a special slot).

For the third type of slot or frame, any downlink symbols in the slot are referred to as DwPTS (downlink part of the special slot), any uplink symbols are referred to as UpPTS (uplink part of the special slot), and there may also be flexible (F) or guard period (GP) symbols.

In some embodiments, there may be multiple F or GP symbols between DL symbols and UL symbols in a DL and UL transmission periodicity, which are used to provide protection for uplink and downlink switching. The F symbols can be reconfigured as UL, DL or GP symbols, and if they are configured as uplink or downlink symbols for that frame (or subframe), the are used for the designated purpose as UL and DL symbols, respectively.

In some embodiments, downlink symbols, flexible and guard period symbols, and uplink symbols all exist during one period of a DL and an UL transmission.

In an example, and for an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system (e.g., LTE, <NUM> NR), if the subcarrier spacing (SCS) is <NUM>, then the period of the UL and DL transmissions is <NUM>. In some embodiments, this period may include <NUM> DL slots (spanning <NUM>), <NUM> UL slot (spanning <NUM>) and <NUM> special slot (spanning <NUM>). In an example, the special slot may be configured to have <NUM> DL symbols (called the DwPTS), <NUM> UL symbols (called the UpPTS) and <NUM> F/GP symbols positioned between the UL and DL symbols.

In some embodiments, and beginning with the first UL symbol after the flexible or guard period symbols, multiple measurement sets may be sequentially configured for the first UL symbol and subsequent UL symbols.

In some embodiments, each set includes one or more adjacent UL symbols. These adjacent UL symbols can be continuous or discontinuous in time (e.g., Set_0 contains symbol <NUM> and symbol <NUM>, Set_1 contains symbol <NUM> and symbol <NUM>). The number of UL symbols contained in different sets can be the same or different. These sets are not required to cover all the UL symbols after the F/GP symbols in a DL and UL transmission period. The symbols of set_0 are designated to be at the front of the frame (or subframe), the symbols of set_1 are after set_0, the symbols of set_2 are after set_1, and the symbols of the last set_n are at the end of the frame.

For example, and as described above, the special slot (indexed as slot <NUM>) may be configured to have <NUM> DL symbols (called the DwPTS), <NUM> UL symbols (called the UpPTS) and <NUM> F/GP symbols positioned between the UL and DL symbols. The <NUM> UL symbols after the F/GP symbols are denoted symbol <NUM>-<NUM> and symbol <NUM>-<NUM> (the notation "slot_index-symbol_index" being adopted for this example). The slot after the special slot may be an UL slot (indexed as slot <NUM>), which includes <NUM> UL symbols (symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>,. , symbol <NUM>-<NUM>).

In this example, multiple measurement sets may be configured. One such configuration may be set_0 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}, set_1 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}, set_2 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>},. , set_7 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}. Another configuration may be set_0 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}, set_1 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}, set_2 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>, symbol <NUM>-<NUM>},. Yet another configuration may be set_0 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}, set_1 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}, set_2 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>},. , set_7 {symbol <NUM>-<NUM>}. Any configuration of the measurement sets is envisioned in the presently disclosed embodiments.

In general, it is assumed n+<NUM> sets are configured (set_0 to set_n), And as described above, the symbols of set_0 are designated to be at the front of the frame (or subframe), the symbols of set_1 are after set_0, the symbols of set_2 are after set_1, and the symbols of the last set_n are at the end of the frame.

Assuming that the interference measurement results of set_0 are greater than the first threshold, when the interference measurement results of the sets satisfy at least one of the following conditions, it is considered that the interference has the time-domain power decline characteristics.

Condition <NUM>. In some embodiments, the downlink SS/PBCH block (synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel block) in NR has <NUM> PRBs (physical resource blocks). In an example, SS/PBCH block transmission may more frequent than traffic in the nights or in the morning. Furthermore, its transmission power should guarantee the cell coverage. If atmospheric duct phenomenon occurs, SS/PBCH block transmitted from remote gNB will interfere with the UL reception in the local gNB. The interference level in the <NUM> PRBs will be higher than other bands. If the difference of the interference level between the <NUM> PRBs and other frequency bands is greater than a third threshold, the local gNB can confirm the uplink interference measurement results have frequency domain characteristics that are indicative of remote interference.

Condition <NUM>. The first base station receives the signal (RIM-RS) sent by other base stations. In some embodiments, the signal transmitted from one base station may be used to assist the other base stations (interference-causing base stations) to indicate to them that they are causing remote interference to the first base station.

In some embodiments, and in order to solve the problem of remote interference, an exemplary procedure may include the following. After the first base station (the affected BS) confirms the remote interference, the remote interference management-reference signal (RIM-RS) transmission (on the first base station) is triggered to indicate to the second base station (the interference-causing BS) to recognize that it is causing remote interference to the affected BS and to deduce how may UL resources of the affected BS are impacted by the interference-causing BS. Then, the interference-causing BS performs an RI management/reduction scheme.

In some embodiments, if the first base station receives the signal (RIM-RS) from other base stations, it can recognize that the other base stations are being affected by remote interference. According to the reciprocity of a TDD system, it can therefore infer it is being interfered by remote interference.

Condition <NUM>. In some embodiments, when the switch for interference management is turned on, the first base station determines the uplink transmission is likely to be affected by the remote interference if the uplink interference measurement results exceeds the first threshold. In response, it triggers the remote interference resolution mechanism.

In some embodiments, specific areas or specific base stations that may be frequently interfered with by atmospheric duct interference can be identified by field testing. For these areas or base stations, the determination condition of RI or trigger condition of the RIM-RS may be simplified. The switch for remote interference management in these base stations can be turned on by default. For example, as long as the uplink interference level is above the first threshold, it is likely to be caused by RI, which results in triggering of the RIM-RS transmission. Otherwise, if the switch is turned off, the interference can be judged as remote interference only when the uplink interference level is higher than the first threshold, and meanwhile it satisfies the other conditions mentioned above.

Condition <NUM>. Before the first base station performs an uplink interference measurement, the neighboring cell is notified by backhaul (e.g., Xn signaling) or air signaling to stop transmission (e.g. UL transmission) on the measurement resource of the first base station, e.g., the neighboring device temporarily ceases (mutes) its transmission.

In addition to identifying that the type of interference is remote interference, the presently disclosed technology describes how the affected BS transmits the RIM-RS signal, how the interference-causing BS detects the RIM-RS signal, and how the interference-causing BS deduces which UL resources of the affected BS were affected by remote interference due to the interference-causing BS.

In the examples discussed in this section, it is assumed that the wireless system employs OFDM, the subcarrier spacing (SCS) is <NUM>, and the slot duration is <NUM>. In some embodiments, the time delay of the interference-causing BS's transmission will not exceed the length of (GP + UpPTS + <NUM> UL slot) after it travels through hundreds of kilometers in atmospheric duct (if it exceeds that length, the interference may be ignored). In other words, the last symbol of interference-causing BS's DwPTS after time delay will not fall behind the UL slot of the affected BS, as shown in <FIG>.

In some embodiments, and using a TD-LTE configuration as an example, the maximum delay Tmax = GP + UpPTS + <NUM> UL slot = <NUM> OFDM symbols, which corresponds to a transmission distance of about <NUM>, with the GP is <NUM> symbols, UpPTS is <NUM> symbols, and the UL slot is <NUM> symbols. If GP is set longer (><NUM> symbols), Tmax can be larger than <NUM> symbols. The transmission distance corresponding to the maximum delay may be longer.

For example, in TD-LTE commercial network field testing, <NUM>% of RI comes from the interference source with distances < <NUM>, with the furthest recorded interference source being <NUM> away. Setting the GP to <NUM> symbols will solve the RI problem <NUM>% of the time. In other words, <NUM>% of RI interference sources are less than the distance range with <NUM> symbols delay from local base stations.

In some embodiments, the affected BS may send RIM-RS on the last one or more symbols of DwPTS, which may be detected on the interference-causing BS's UpPTS or subsequent UL slot. Thus, the interference-causing BS monitors RIM-RS on the UL symbols in UpPTS and subsequent UL slot. If the interference-causing BS detects the RIM-RS in the UL symbols, it confirms that the UL symbols and the previous UL symbols are interfered with remote interference. It should be noted that these UL symbols are after DL symbols or the flexible/GP symbols in a DL and UL transmission period. By this method, the interference-causing BS can determine how many UL resources of the affected BS are interfered with remote interference caused by the interference-causing BS.

For example, in <NUM> NR, the SCS can be equal to greater than <NUM>, such as <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In the case of <NUM> SCS, one slot has a duration of <NUM>. In this case, GP + UpPTS + <NUM> UL slot is still equal to <NUM> OFDM symbols, but the duration of <NUM> symbols is reduced by half, which corresponds about a <NUM> transmission distance. This implies that if the RIM-RS continues to be sent on the last one or more symbols of DwPTS by the affected BS, RIM-RS will most likely fall on the DL slot after the UpPTS and subsequent UL slot in the interference-causing BS side. If so, the interference-causing BS may not be able to detect RIM-RS on the UpPTS or subsequent UL slot. Thus, the following schemes may be employed in some embodiments of the disclosed technology.

Scheme <NUM>. The first base station sends the signal (RIM-RS) on the last one or more symbols before the flexible symbols or before the guard period symbols. The second base station detects the signal on the UL symbols after the flexible symbols or guard period symbols and subsequent slots (e.g. m slots). In some embodiments, the subsequent slots may be UL slots, or DL slots, or special slots, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the number of slots m detected by the second base station depends on the subcarrier spacing. For example,.

In some embodiments, if the second base station detects the signal in the DL, symbols, it confirms that UL symbols prior to the DL symbols, in a DL and UL transmission period, are interfered with remote interference. In other embodiments, if the second base station detects the signal in the UL symbols, it confirms that the UL symbols and the previous UL symbols, in a DL and UL transmission period, are interfered with remote interference.

Scheme <NUM>. In some embodiments, the first base station sends the signal on the last one or more symbols before the flexible symbols or before the guard period symbols. In this case, the second base station always detects the signal. If the second base station detects the signal in the UL symbols, it confirms that the UL symbols and the previous UL symbols are interfered with remote interference.

Scheme <NUM>. In some embodiments, the first base station sends multiple of the signal (RIM-RS) on the DL symbols before the flexible symbols or before the guard period symbols, e.g. in DwPTS and prior DL slots in a DL and UL transmission period. These signals (RIM-RS) located in different DL symbols may be the same, or carry different information. The former case results in these signals being transmitted repeatedly and has same generating sequence. The latter case results in these signals carrying different information, e.g., base station identity information, the timing information, etc., and be generated with different generating sequences or scrambling sequences. The second base station detects the signal on the UL symbols after the flexible symbols or guard period symbols. The last received signal is used to identified the UL interfered resources. If the second base station detects many signals in some UL symbols, it deduces that the UL symbols in which it detects the last signal and the previous UL symbols, in a DL and UL transmission period, are interfered with remote interference.

In some embodiments, the density of the signals transmitted in DwPTS and DL slot will lead to different detection accuracy and location accuracy of UL interfered resources. If the signals transmitted on each symbol of DwPTS and DL slot, the UL interfered resource can be located accurately.

Scheme <NUM>. The sequence used to generate the signal transmitted by the first base station may be scrambled with the information associated with the UL interfered resources. After detecting the signal, the second base station locates the number of UL interfered resources by sequence detection.

Embodiments of the presently disclosed technology provide methods, systems and devices for remote interference identification and mitigation. The examples of the disclosed technology provided below explain general concepts, and are not meant to be interpreted as limiting. In an example, unless explicitly indicated to the contrary, the various features described in these examples may be combined.

Example <NUM>. In one example, a first base station (e.g., the affected gNB) identifies the type of interference, and sends a signal indicative of resources being interfered with. Then, a second base station (e.g., the interference-causing gNB) detects the signal and deduces the interfered resources.

Example-<NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the first base station confirms that the type of interference is remote interference based on the uplink interference measurement results being higher than or equal to the first threshold, and at least meet one of the conditions:.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the uplink interference measurement results are higher than or equal to the first threshold. In some embodiments, the measurements results of interference of thermal (IoT) or background noise are higher or equal to the first threshold. In other embodiments, the measurement results of RSSI (received signal strength indicator) are higher or equal to the first threshold.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Condition <NUM> in Example <NUM>, and beginning with the first UL symbol after the flexible symbol or guard period symbol, multiple measurement sets are configured sequentially for the symbol and subsequent UL symbols. For notational purposes, it is assumed that n+<NUM> sets are configured (set_0, set_1,. set_n), wherein the symbols of set_0 are at the front, the symbols of set_1 are after set_0, the symbols of set_2 are after set_1, and the symbols of the last set_n are at the back.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Examples <NUM> and <NUM>, when the interference measurement results of the sets satisfy at least one of the following conditions, it is considered that the interference has the time-domain power decline characteristics.

Condition <NUM>: From the interference measurement result of set_0, the interference measurement result of set_X (X=<NUM>,. ,n; e.g. X = n) is subtracted, and the result needs to be greater than or equal to the second threshold.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Examples <NUM> and <NUM>, the interference measurement results of at least set <NUM> are required to be larger than or equal to the first threshold.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the first base station sends the signal, and the second base station detects the signal. The specific methods of sending and detecting the signal (RIM-RS) may be implemented as described in Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>.

Example <NUM>. In one example, the first base station sends the signal (RIM-RS) on the last one or multiple symbols before the flexible symbols or before the guard period symbols. The second base station detects the signal on the UL symbols after the flexible symbols or guard period symbols and subsequent slots.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the subsequent slots can be UL slots, or DL slots, or special slots.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the number of slots detected by the second base station depends on the subcarrier spacing. For example:.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the first base station sends the signal on the last one or multiple symbols before the flexible symbols or before the guard period symbols. In this example, the second base station always detects the signal.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the first base station sends multiple of the signal (RIM-RS) on the DL symbols before the flexible symbols or before the guard period symbols, e.g. in the DwPTS and prior DL slots. The second base station detects the signal on the UL symbols after the flexible symbols or guard period symbols.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the density of the signals transmitted in DwPTS and DL slot will lead to different detection accuracy and location accuracy of UL interfered resources. If the signals transmitted on each symbol of DwPTS and DL slot, the UL interfered resource can be located accurately.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Example <NUM>, the sequence used to generate the signal transmitted by the first base station may be scrambled with the information associated with the UL interfered resources. After detecting the signal, the second base station locates the number of UL interfered resources by sequence detection.

Example <NUM>. In the context of Examples <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>, if the second base station detects the signal in the DL symbols, it confirms that UL symbols prior to the DL symbols are interfered with remote interference. Alternatively, if the second base station detects the signal in the UL symbols, it confirms that the UL symbols and the previous UL symbols are interfered with remote interference.

The examples described above may be incorporated in the context of the methods described below, e.g., methods <NUM> and <NUM>, which may be implemented on a network device (e.g., eNB, gNB, base station, and so on).

<FIG> shows a flowchart of a method <NUM> for RI identification and mitigation according to the invention. The method <NUM> includes, at step <NUM>, determining that an interference type is a remote interference. In some embodiments, the method <NUM> may further include measuring an interference level, and determining that it is greater than or equal to a first threshold. In an example, the interference level may be an uplink interference level.

In some embodiments, determining the interference type includes measuring an interference level over a duration of a frame, and determining that the interference level decreases over the duration. In one example, the interference level may be represented by the instantaneous value of the interference level. In another example, the interference level may be represented by a statistical average over a fixed or varying period.

In some embodiments, determining the interference type includes measuring an interference level in a frequency band corresponding to a communication, and determining that the interference level in the frequency band is higher than that in one or more other frequency bands.

In some embodiments, determining the interference type includes receiving a signal from at least one network device indicating that interference experienced by the at least one network device is the remote interference.

In some embodiments, determining the interference type includes determining that a switch indicating the interference type is the remote interference is on.

In some embodiments, measuring the interference level is performed on measurement resources, and determining the interference type includes transmitting, prior to performing the measurements, information associated with the neighboring cells through backhaul signaling or air signaling. In an example, the neighboring cells do not communicate on the measurement resources while the measurements are being performed on those resources.

The method <NUM> includes, at step <NUM>, transmitting, in response to the determining, a reference signal indicative of a resource that was affected by the remote interference. In some embodiments, the reference signal is a remote interference management-reference signal (RIM-RS). In an example, the resource is an uplink resource.

In some embodiments, the reference signal is transmitted on one or more last downlink symbols that are positioned before flexible symbols or guard period symbols.

In some embodiments, multiple reference signals are transmitted on downlink symbols that are positioned before flexible symbols or guard period symbols.

In some embodiments, and in the context of Example <NUM>, the method <NUM> further includes generating a reference sequence by scrambling a data sequence with information corresponding to the resource that was affected by the remote interference, and generating the reference signal based on the reference sequence.

In some embodiments, the method <NUM> further includes performing a remote interference management (RIM) procedure. In an example, performing the RIM procedure includes pausing a communication on the resource for a period of time. In another example, performing the RIM procedure includes increasing a transmit power or adjusting a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for a subsequent communication on the resource. In yet another example, performing the RIM procedure includes reconfiguring symbols of the resource that was affected by the remote interference to flexible symbols or guard period symbols.

<FIG> shows a flowchart of another exemplary method <NUM> for remote interference identification and mitigation. The method <NUM> includes, at step <NUM>, detecting a reference signal in a frame.

In some embodiments, the detecting includes detecting the reference signal on one or more slots, wherein a number of the one or more slots is based on a subcarrier spacing of the wireless communication.

The method <NUM> includes, at step <NUM>, determining a resource that was affected by a remote interference based on a position of the reference signal in the frame. In an example, the resource is an uplink resource and the frame is an uplink frame.

In some embodiments, the detecting includes detecting the reference signal on uplink symbols in the frame. Furthermore, the determining includes determining that the resource comprises the uplink symbols and previous uplink symbols.

In some embodiments, the detecting includes detecting the reference signal on downlink symbols of the frame. Furthermore, the determining includes determining that the resource comprises uplink symbols of the frame that are positioned before the downlink symbols of the frame.

In some embodiments, multiple reference signals, including the reference signal, are detected in the frame, and determining the resource that was affected by the remote interference is further based on a position of the last of the multiple reference signals.

In some embodiments, and in the context of Example <NUM>, the reference signal includes a data sequence that is scrambled by information corresponding to the resource that was affected by the remote interference.

<FIG> is a block diagram representation of a portion of an apparatus, in accordance with some embodiments of the presently disclosed technology. An apparatus <NUM>, such as a base station or a wireless device (or UE), can include processor electronics <NUM> such as a microprocessor that implements one or more of the techniques presented in this document. The apparatus <NUM> can include transceiver electronics <NUM> to send and/or receive wireless signals over one or more communication interfaces such as antenna(s) <NUM>. The apparatus <NUM> can include other communication interfaces for transmitting and receiving data. Apparatus <NUM> can include one or more memories (not explicitly shown) configured to store information such as data and/or instructions. In some implementations, the processor electronics <NUM> can include at least a portion of the transceiver electronics <NUM>. In some embodiments, at least some of the disclosed techniques, modules or functions are implemented using the apparatus <NUM>.

It is intended that the specification, together with the drawings, be considered exemplary only, where exemplary means an example and, unless otherwise stated, does not imply an ideal or a preferred embodiment. As used herein, the use of "or" is intended to include "and/or", unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Claim 1:
A method for wireless communication, performed by a base station, comprising:
determining (<NUM>) that an interference type is a remote interference; and
transmitting (<NUM>), in response to the determining, a reference signal indicative of a resource that was affected by the remote interference,
characterized in that the determining comprises:
determining whether a switch indicating that the interference type is the remote interference is turned on;
measuring an interference level; and
determining that the interference level is greater than or equal to a first threshold, and
wherein the determining that the interference type is the remote interference is made based on the determining that the interference level is greater than or equal to the first threshold in a case that the switch is determined to be turned on and the determining that the interference type is the remote interference is made upon satisfying additional conditions in addition to the determining that the interference level is greater than or equal to the first threshold in a case that the switch is determined to be turned off,
wherein the additional conditions include a first condition based on whether the interference level decreases over a duration, a second condition based on whether the interference level in a frequency band is higher than that in one or more other frequency bands, and a third condition based on a signal received from at least one network device.