Patent Description:
Quantum computing is generally the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena for the purpose of performing computing and information processing functions, e.g., quantum computing can employ quantum physics to encode and process information, rather than binary digital techniques based on transistors. That is, while classical computers can operate on bit values that are either <NUM> or <NUM>, quantum computers operate on quantum bits that (qubits) that can comprise superpositions of both <NUM> and <NUM>, can entangle multiple quantum bits (qubits), and use interference to affect other qubits. Quantum computing has the potential to solve problems that, due to their computational complexity, cannot be solved, either at all or for all practical purposes, by a classical computer.

The superposition principle of quantum physics can facilitate allowing qubits to be in a state that partially represent both a value of "<NUM>" and a value of "<NUM>" at the same time. The entanglement principle of quantum physics can facilitate allowing qubits to be correlated with each other such that the combined states of the qubits cannot be factored into individual qubit states. For instance, a state of a first qubit can depend on a state of a second qubit. As such, a quantum circuit can employ qubits to encode and process information in a manner that can be significantly different from binary digital techniques based on transistors.

Qubit thermalization limits coherence time. Coherence is needed to perform quantum gates. Qubit cooling needs maximizing whilst still enabling external connectivity to room temperature electronics. Currently quantum processor chips are packaged in assemblies of copper and PC boards. In prior art solutions the top portion of the chip containing the qubits has no direct link to the cold reservoir.

In addition the bottom portion of the chip may not contact the copper portion of the assembly efficiently. Thermalization can rely on force, which is limited by the silicon comprising the chip. Thermalization can also rely on or be impacted by epoxy, coverage, interface imperfections, etc. Known solutions do not take use the full surface area of the chip for thermalization and are therefore limited.

<NPL>" discusses the process of refrigerating superconducting devices with cryogenic liquids and small cryocoolers. Three types of cryocoolers are compared for vibration, efficiency, and reliability. The connection of the cryocoolers to the load is discussed. A comparison of using flexible copper straps to carry the heat load and using heat pipe is shown. The type of instrumentation needed for monitoring and controlling the cooling is discussed.

<CIT> discloses an example of cryogenic cooling for a superconducting integrated circuit (SIC) including a superconducting processor where it may be desirable to test the SIC behavior in the superconducting regime before committing to cool the SIC to the temperature desired for superconducting quantum computation. One of the ways to cool a device to the superconducting regime is an immersion in a liquid coolant, such a liquid helium.

<NPL>" discloses a scheme to cool the motional state of neutral atoms confined in sites of an optical lattice by immersing the system in a superfluid. The motion of the atoms is damped by the generation of excitations in the superfluid, and under appropriate conditions the internal state of the atoms remains unchanged. The scheme can be used to cool atoms used to encode a series of entangled qubits non-destructively. Within realizable parameter ranges, the rate of cooling to the ground state is found to be sufficiently large to be useful in experiments.

<NPL>, discloses a robust cryogenic infrastructure in the form of a wired, thermally optimized dilution refrigerator considered essential for solid-state based quantum processors. A cryogenic setup is engineered which minimizes passive and active heat loads, while guaranteeing rapid qubit control and readout. Design criteria for qubit drive lines, flux lines, and output lines used in typical experiments with superconducting circuits are reviewed, and each type of line is described. The passive heat load of stainless steel and NbTi coaxial cables and the active heat load due to signal dissipation are measured, validating the concept for for thermal anchoring of attenuators, cables, and other microwave components.

<NPL>" discloses the magnet system of the VERNUS ECR ion source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory having two <NUM>-watt cryocoolers suspended in a cryostat vacuum. Helium vapour from the liquid reservoir is admitted to a finned condenser bolted to the cryocooler second stage and returns as liquid via gravity. Small diameter flexible tubes allow the cryocoolers to be located remotely from the reservoir.

Therefore, there is a need in the art to address the aforementioned problem.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a system and method for cooling quantum computing devices as claimed in the independent claims.

The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of one or more embodiments of the invention. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements or delineate any scope of the particular embodiments or any scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein, devices, systems, methods, and computer-implemented methods are described that can facilitate using thermalizing material in an enclosure for cooling quantum computing devices.

According to an embodiment, a system comprises a quantum computing device disposed within an enclosure. The system further comprises a thermalizing material further disposed within the enclosure, and the thermalizing material is adapted to thermally link a cryogenic device to the quantum computing device.

According to an embodiment, in the system, the enclosure containing the thermalizing material and the quantum computing device can be coupled to the cryogenic device. In an alternative embodiment, in the system, instead of being affixed to the cryogenic device, the enclosure can be a part of the cryogenic device, e.g., formed as a part of a cryogenic plate. In some implementations, the cryogenic device can be a cryostat.

In this system, the enclosure can be sealed to be leak-tight to contain a liquid thermalizing material. Further, in some implementations, the liquid thermalizing material is adapted to thermally link the cryogenic device to the quantum computing device by immersing the quantum computing device in the liquid thermalizing material. An example liquid thermalizing material that can be used by one or more embodiments is superfluid helium.

In an alternative embodiment, the thermalizing material can be a solid thermalizing material adapted to thermally link the cryogenic device to the quantum computing device by contact with the quantum computing device. An example solid thermalizing material discussed below, that can be used by one or more embodiments is pressurized helium.

In some additional embodiments of the system, the enclosure includes an opening to facilitate the providing of the thermalizing material into the enclosure. One approach to facilitating this providing that can be used by one or more embodiments uses a one-piece hollow body (e.g., a pipe) to define a fluid path into the enclosure. To further facilitate this providing, a valve disposed in an opening in the disclosure is coupled to the one-piece hollow body.

In one or more embodiments, the fluid path defined by the one-piece hollow body traverses multiple stages of the cryogenic device, e.g., to facilitate adding thermalizing material to the enclosure from a room temperature environment. Further, after sufficient thermalizing material has been added, the valve can be closed, and excess thermalizing material can be removed from the one-piece hollow body, e.g., removed to the room temperature environment.

In another feature of the system embodiment, the enclosure can comprise a connection to interact with the quantum computing device. For example, in some implementations the connection can be a hermetic microwave feedthrough into the enclosure. In an alternative or additional embodiment, the connection can be a direct current (DC) connection with the quantum computing device.

In another embodiment, a method can comprise forming an enclosure and disposing a quantum computing device within the enclosure. The method can further comprise providing a thermalizing material into the enclosure with the quantum computing device, and the thermalizing material can be adapted to thermally link a cryogenic device to the quantum computing device. Further embodiments of the method can comprise coupling the enclosure to the cryogenic device.

In these embodiments, the method can further comprise coupling a one-piece hollow body defining a fluid path to a valve disposed in an opening in the enclosure, and the providing of the thermalizing material into the enclosure employs the one-piece hollow body and the valve in an open state. In additional embodiments, the method can comprise changing the valve to be in a closed state and evacuating excess thermalizing material from the one-piece hollow body. The method can further comprise an arrangement where the one-piece hollow body can traverse multiple temperature stages of the cryogenic device, the evacuating the excess thermalizing material from the one-piece hollow body can prevent a thermal short between two or more of the multiple temperature stages, potentially based on this traversal.

To facilitate access to the quantum computing device, the method can further comprise, connecting a microwave source to the quantum computing device via a cryogenic connector into the enclosure. In an additional or alternative embodiment, the method can further comprise connecting a direct current source to the quantum computing device via a feedthrough into the enclosure.

The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the following figures:.

One or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like referenced numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the one or more embodiments. It is evident, however, in various cases, that the one or more embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. It is noted that the drawings of the present application are provided for illustrative purposes only and, as such, the drawings are not drawn to scale.

It should be appreciated that the embodiments of the subject disclosure depicted in various figures disclosed herein are for illustration only, and as such, the architecture of such embodiments are not limited to the systems, devices, and/or components depicted therein.

<FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. In one or more embodiments, devices <NUM> can include cryogenic device <NUM> that can establish and maintain temperature conditions of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>. In some embodiments, cryogenic device <NUM> can include layers 150A-E, with layer 150E coupled to cryogenic plate <NUM>. Other layers may also be coupled to cryogenic plates, not shown in <FIG>. In embodiments, the temperature of environment <NUM> can be altered by thermic exposure to cryogenic plate <NUM>.

As noted above, some implementations of quantum computing devices <NUM> can require particular conditions of environment <NUM> to be maintained for operation, one of these conditions being a cryogenic environment, e.g., a cold environment can reduce unwanted instability based on excitation of the qubit states of quantum computing device <NUM>.

According to multiple embodiments, quantum computing device <NUM> can comprise one or more quantum computing devices including, but not limited to, a quantum computer, a quantum processor, a quantum simulator, quantum hardware, a quantum chip (e.g., a superconducting circuit fabricated on a semiconducting device), one or more qubits of a quantum chip, and/or another quantum computing device. Operating quantum computing device <NUM> in an unstable thermal environment can limit the operation of the devices, e.g., by limiting the coherence time of qubits of the device. As described further below, one or more embodiments can improve the operation of quantum computing devices by improving the thermal stability of the devices. One approach that can be used by one or more embodiments to achieve these benefits can increase the exposure of qubits to cryogenic cooling, e.g., by mounting quantum computing device <NUM> an enclosure filled with a thermally conductive material.

As used herein, cryogenic device <NUM> is a general term for current and future devices that can, potentially in different ways, provide a cryogenic environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>. Example cryogenic devices <NUM> that can be used by one or more embodiments can include, but are not limited to, a cryostat device, a cryogenic refrigerator device, and a dilution refrigerator device.

In some implementations, cryogenic device <NUM> can comprise two or more layers of cooling elements can be combined to incrementally cool the environment (e.g., becoming colder <NUM> when traversing from layers 150A-E), until, at a layer (e.g., layer 150E), a cryogenic environment <NUM> can result, which can be used to thermalize quantum computing device <NUM>. In an example, as depicted, coldest layer 150E is adjacent and thermally coupled to cryogenic plate <NUM>. In some embodiments, cryogenic plate <NUM> can comprise International Organization for Standardization (ISO) <NUM> plates. In some embodiments, when, as depicted in <FIG>, cryogenic device <NUM> comprises a dilution refrigerator, coldest layer 150E can comprise a mixing chamber, and cryogenic plate <NUM> can comprise a mixing chamber plate.

<FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. In one or more embodiments, devices <NUM> can include dilution refrigerator <NUM> coupled to quantum computing device mount <NUM>.

In some implementations of dilution refrigerator <NUM>, mixing chamber plate <NUM> has characteristics similar to cryogenic plate <NUM>. In multiple embodiments, to provide cooling to quantum computing device <NUM>, quantum computing device mount <NUM> can be adapted to mount to mixing chamber plate <NUM>. Examples of different implementations of quantum computing device mount <NUM> are discussed with <FIG> below.

Continuing this example, in one or more embodiments, the mounting of quantum computing device mount <NUM> to mixing chamber plate <NUM> can thermally link quantum computing device mount <NUM> to mixing chamber plate <NUM>, and further to mixing chamber <NUM>. In this example, layer 150E can thermalize cryogenic plate <NUM>, which in turn can thermalize elements disposed on cryogenic plate <NUM>, e.g., quantum computing device mount <NUM>. In example embodiments discussed below, cryogenic plate <NUM> can be maintained at <NUM> millikelvins (mK) by the operation of layer 150E.

Considering the thermalization process in greater detail, in one or more embodiments, as depicted by thermal influence 155A, mixing chamber <NUM> can cool mixing chamber plate <NUM>. Based on the thermal conductivity of mixing chamber plate <NUM>, as depicted by thermal influence 155B, mixing chamber plate <NUM> can thermally influence quantum computing device mount <NUM>. In an example, this mount can be comprised of copper bottom cover affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM>. Quantum computing device <NUM> can, in some implementations, be mounted on the copper bottom. Other types of mounts are described with embodiments below.

Returning to the thermalization process, in one or more embodiments, the temperature of mixing chamber plate <NUM> can remove heat from quantum computing device mount <NUM>, eventually causing the temperatures of these components to be equal, e.g., the components being in a thermal equilibrium. It should be noted however, that having quantum computing device mount <NUM> be at a selected temperature does not ensure that quantum computing device <NUM> mounted within quantum computing device mount <NUM> will be at the same temperature. <FIG> below depict different approaches to thermally linking layer 150E to a quantum computing device, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

<FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting device <NUM> that can establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. In one or more embodiments, devices <NUM> can include enclosure <NUM> affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM>. In some embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can enclose quantum computing device <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM>.

It should be noted that, although in one or more embodiments described herein enclosure <NUM> is described as affixed to mixing chamber plate, this characterization is non-limiting, and these elements can be placed in proximity by many ways, including, but not limited to, coupled, thermally coupled, glued, fastened, attached, and mechanically coupled. Many of these approaches are described with <FIG> below, including an embodiment where the enclosure <NUM> structure is formed as a part of mixing chamber plate <NUM>. It should further be noted that, because enclosure <NUM> is affixed to cryogenic device <NUM>, enclosure <NUM> can also be termed a cryogenic enclosure, in one or more embodiments.

Generally speaking, as depicted in <FIG>, one or more embodiments can maintain a stable environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM> by enclosing quantum computing device <NUM> in enclosure <NUM>, and affixing enclosure <NUM> to a cold reservoir, e.g., mixing chamber plate <NUM>. Enclosure <NUM> can be filled with thermalizing material <NUM> such that this material contacts quantum computing device <NUM> and enclosure <NUM>. In a process that can thermalize quantum computing device <NUM>, in one or more embodiments, mixing table plate <NUM> can, as a cold reservoir in contact with enclosure <NUM>, remove heat from this enclosure <NUM>, which in turn removes heat from thermalizing material <NUM> and subsequently directly from quantum computing device <NUM>.

This approach can increase thermalization of quantum computing device <NUM> at least based on the contact between thermalizing material <NUM> and quantum computing device <NUM> inside enclosure <NUM>. Additional details, and variations of this general approach are described with <FIG> below. Example embodiments of the providing of the thermalizing material <NUM> into enclosure <NUM> are described with <FIG> below, and a discussion of <FIG> provides example approaches to establishing signal lines to quantum computing device <NUM> within enclosure <NUM>.

<FIG> provide a more detailed description of the general approaches described above, with <FIG> focusing on details of enclosure <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM>, and <FIG> describing one or more embodiments of quantum computing device mount <NUM>, this mount being adapted in several ways to beneficially orient quantum computing device <NUM> inside enclosure <NUM>, in contact with thermalizing material <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates a cross-sectional side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of a quantum computing device, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. In one or more embodiments, devices <NUM> can include enclosure <NUM> affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM> by fasteners 470A-B and cover <NUM> to seal enclosure <NUM>. In many embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can include quantum computing device mount <NUM> that secures quantum computing device <NUM> inside enclosure <NUM>. <FIG> depicts one or more embodiments of quantum computing device mount <NUM> securing quantum computing device <NUM>, along with details of different embodiments of quantum computing device <NUM> mount.

As depicted in <FIG>, in one or more embodiments, to receive thermal influence from mixing chamber plate <NUM>, enclosure <NUM> can be affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM>. Although fasteners 470A-B are depicted, it should be appreciated that other ways can be employed to affix enclosure <NUM> to mixing chamber plate <NUM>, including adhesives or the use of more than two fasteners. In an alternative embodiment, instead of being a device separate from mixing chamber plate <NUM>, enclosure <NUM> can be integrally formed as a part of mixing chamber plate <NUM>.

In some embodiments, one or more elements of the various embodiments described of illustrated herein can be fabricated using various materials. For example, the various embodiments of enclosure <NUM>, quantum computing device <NUM>, quantum computing device mount <NUM>, and components thereof described herein or illustrated in the figures can be fabricated using materials of one or more different material classes including, but not limited to: conductive materials, semiconducting materials, superconducting materials, dielectric materials, polymer materials, organic materials, inorganic materials, non-conductive materials, and/or another material that can be utilized with one or more of the techniques described above for enclosure <NUM> as well as other elements described below.

In one or more embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can be composed of different materials, these materials being selected based on factors including, but not limited to, a capacity to contain the material selected as thermalizing material <NUM>, the thermal conductivity of the material, and the characteristics of the material under the conditions of the required operating environment <NUM> for quantum computing device <NUM>. An example material that can be employed with one or more embodiments is copper, but this is non-limiting, and other materials can be selected.

Turning to the characteristics and composition of thermalizing material <NUM>, in one or more embodiments, to remove heat from quantum computing device <NUM>, different types and different amounts of thermalizing material <NUM> can be placed inside enclosure <NUM>. In one or more embodiments, thermalizing material <NUM> can be adapted to thermally link a cryogenic device to quantum computing device <NUM>. For example, mixing chamber plate <NUM>, as a reservoir of cold from a cryogenic device <NUM> (e.g., dilution refrigerator <NUM>), can thermally influence quantum computing device <NUM> mounted in quantum computing device mount <NUM>. Different embodiments that describe this thermal influence, including the interaction between thermalizing material <NUM> and quantum computing device <NUM> are included with the discussion of <FIG> below.

One having skill in the relevant art(s), given the description herein, would appreciate that different materials can be used as thermalizing material <NUM>. Superfluid helium, is an example of a thermalizing material <NUM> that can be employed by one or more embodiments described herein. Different compositions of superfluid helium can be employed, including, but not limited to 3He, 4He, or a 3He/4He mixture. It would be appreciated by one having skill in the relevant art(s), given the description herein, that thermalizing material <NUM> can be selected for use by one or more embodiments, based on factors including, but not limited to, the thermal conductivity of the material, and the characteristics of the material under the conditions of the required operating environment <NUM> for quantum computing device <NUM>. In addition to the types of superfluid helium discussed above, materials that can also be employed individually or in combination as thermalizing material <NUM> can include, but are not limited to: argon, xenon, nitrogen, and non-superfluid helium. One having skill in the art would appreciate that different thermalizing materials are suitable for use with different types of cryogenic device <NUM>.

Materials usable as thermalizing material <NUM> can also broadly include materials in different states, including, a liquid state and a solid state. It would further be appreciated that, different elements of embodiments described herein would be modified and adapted to add, contain, and remove thermalizing material <NUM>, based on the state in which the material is employed.

For an example where thermalizing material <NUM> is in a liquid state, one having skill in the relevant art(s), given the description herein, would appreciate that, to facilitate containing the liquid thermalizing material <NUM>, enclosure <NUM> can be sealed with a leak tight seal, that can be sustained under a pressure required to maintain thermalizing material <NUM> in a selected state. In addition, selected approaches can be used for providing and egressing liquid thermalizing material <NUM> in to and out of enclosure <NUM>. <FIG> below provide detailed examples of different approaches to handling thermalizing martial <NUM>, that can be employed by one or more embodiments.

In an alternative example, a solid thermalizing material <NUM> can be used. Materials that can be used as a solid thermalizing material include, but are not limited to, pressurized 4He or 3He. In one or more embodiments, a solid thermalizing material <NUM> can be placed within enclosure <NUM> and not be subject to movement based on shock or movement of enclosure <NUM>. In alternative embodiments, liquid thermalizing material <NUM> can, in one or more embodiments, fill up enclosure <NUM> such that large movements in the material could be prevented.

Returning to a discussion of <FIG>, in one or more embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can be closed and sealed by cover <NUM>, this being, in some embodiments, composed of thermally conductive materials similar to materials selected for enclosure <NUM>, e.g., copper. To be affixed to enclosure <NUM>, cover <NUM> can, in some embodiments, be secured with fasteners (e.g., fastener <NUM>). In addition, as noted above, to contain thermalizing material <NUM> in different states, enclosure <NUM> can be required to be sealed and leak tight. Different approaches to sealing cover <NUM> on enclosure <NUM> can be employed, with a non-limiting example being indium seal <NUM>. It should be noted that, for illustrating convenience, indium seal <NUM> is depicted irregularly applied to enclosure <NUM>. In a preferred embodiment, indium seal <NUM> can form a continuous ring, and can be pressed between a surface of enclosure <NUM> and a surface of cover <NUM>. In one or more embodiments, cover <NUM> can be circular in shape, and further can be used to seal one or more of any side of enclosure <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. In one or more embodiments, devices <NUM> can include quantum computing device mount <NUM> with quantum computing device <NUM> secured thereto.

Quantum computing device mount <NUM> can include holders 545A-B, portions of circuit boards 540A-B, and quantum computing device <NUM>. It should be appreciated that one or both of holders 545A-B and circuit boards 540A-B can wrap around edges of quantum computing device <NUM>, and the two-dimensional cross-section of devices <NUM> does not depict these parts.

In one or more embodiments, certain aspects of the design of quantum computing device mount <NUM> are adapted to improve the thermal link between quantum computing device <NUM> and mixing chamber plate <NUM>. Specifically, one or more embodiments can be adapted to reduce Kapitza resistance, which scales inversely with the interface area between two materials. In this example, the two materials between which thermal resistance is further reduced is thermalizing material <NUM> and quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments. To this end, in one or more embodiments, quantum computing device mount <NUM> and the use of thermalizing material <NUM> have several useful characteristics, discussed below.

In an example embodiment where thermalizing material <NUM> is in a liquid state, this liquid can fill enclosure <NUM> such that quantum computing device <NUM> is partially or completely immersed by the liquid thermalizing material. It can be noted that, in the embodiment depicted, quantum computing device mount <NUM> is formed so as to maximize exposure to liquid thermalizing material <NUM>. For example, it can be appreciated that both sides of quantum computing device <NUM> are exposed. This contrasts with the approach discussed with <FIG> above, where quantum computing device <NUM> is mounted with only one side exposed to mixing chamber plate <NUM>, e.g., the approach of <FIG> comparatively reduces Kapitza resistance by almost doubling the exposed surface area of quantum computing device <NUM>.

Another feature to this end is that holders 545A-B and circuit boards 540A-B are formed such that the amount of surface area required to secure quantum computing device <NUM> is reduced as compared to other approaches, e.g., an example discussed with <FIG> above. For example, label <NUM> highlights a part of quantum computing device mount <NUM> where the exposure of a small portion of quantum computing device <NUM> is blocked to secure the device.

Another aspect of one or more embodiments that can be facilitated by the approach of <FIG>, is that qubits (e.g., qubit <NUM>) on an exposed surface of quantum computing device <NUM> can directly contact liquid thermalizing material <NUM>. In some circumstances this direct contact with qubit <NUM> can facilitate increased thermalization of qubits.

<FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can employ enclosure <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM> to establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. Devices <NUM> can include enclosure <NUM> affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM>.

Enclosure <NUM> includes quantum computing device mount <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM> therein, and contains an opening with a valve <NUM> that can control a flow of liquid. Coupled to enclosure <NUM> at valve <NUM>, one-piece hollow body <NUM> defines a fluid path through mixing chamber plate <NUM>. In one or more embodiments, thermalizing fluid <NUM> can be provided into, and egressed out of, enclosure <NUM> via hollow body <NUM>, with valve <NUM> facilitating the traversing of material in and out of enclosure <NUM>. Thus, to initially fill or add additional thermalizing material <NUM> to enclosure <NUM>, valve <NUM> can be opened and thermalizing material <NUM> can be added at label <NUM>. It should be noted that, in one or more embodiments, thermalizing material can be added and removed through hollow body <NUM> in a room temperature environment. In one or more embodiments, hollow body <NUM> can further be used to control the pressure in enclosure <NUM>.

With respect to the providing and egressing of thermalizing material <NUM>, it should be noted that the material and state of the thermalizing material may not be able to flow through hollow body <NUM>, and different approaches can be used, e.g., removal of cover <NUM> of enclosure <NUM>, described above. <FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can employ enclosure <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM> to establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. Devices <NUM> can include enclosure <NUM> affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM> attached to dilution refrigerator <NUM>. Enclosure <NUM> includes quantum computing device mount <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM> therein. As described with <FIG> above, dilution refrigerator <NUM> includes layers 150A-E, with traversal toward layer 150E being associated with a colder <NUM> environment.

<FIG> illustrates a side view of example, non-limiting devices <NUM> that can employ enclosure <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM> to establish and maintain stability aspects of environment <NUM> for the operation of quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. Devices <NUM> can include enclosure <NUM> affixed to mixing chamber plate <NUM> attached to dilution refrigerator <NUM>. Enclosure <NUM> includes quantum computing device mount <NUM> and thermalizing material <NUM> therein. As described with <FIG> above, dilution refrigerator <NUM> includes layers 150A-E, with traversal toward layer 150E being associated with a colder <NUM> environment.

As described with <FIG> above, in one or more embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can contain an opening with a valve <NUM> that can control a flow of liquid. Coupled to enclosure <NUM> at valve <NUM>, one-piece hollow body <NUM> can define a fluid path. In this example, hollow body <NUM> traverses layers 150A-E from an opening <NUM> that is at room temperature <NUM>.

When, as discussed with <FIG> above, thermalizing material <NUM> is added at opening <NUM>, in some circumstances, due to enclosure <NUM> being filled with thermalizing material <NUM> or another reason, thermalizing material <NUM> can fill up hollow body <NUM>. In example, material level <NUM> corresponds to an amount of thermalizing material <NUM> that, in this example, is filling hollow body <NUM>. Further in this example, dilution refrigerator <NUM> is operating in a normal state, e.g., mixing chamber layer 150E reduces the temperature of mixing chamber plate <NUM> to an operational temperature for quantum computing device <NUM>.

In one or more embodiments, because thermalizing material <NUM> has a high thermal conductivity, if thermalizing material <NUM> is left in hollow body <NUM> at material level <NUM>, this can enable heat from a warmer layer (e.g., layer 150C) to be thermally influenced by materials of a colder <NUM> layer, e.g., layer 150E. This thermal interaction between levels of a dilution refrigerator <NUM> is termed a thermal short <NUM> and can deleteriously affect the operation of dilution refrigerator <NUM>. One way that one or more embodiments can prevent this thermal short <NUM> is to, after employing valve <NUM> to prevent thermalizing material <NUM> from egressing from enclosure <NUM>, remove excess thermalizing material <NUM> from hollow body <NUM>, e.g., by suction or any other equivalent approach.

It should be noted that the various embodiments of elements discussed herein, including enclosure <NUM>, quantum computing device <NUM>, quantum computing device mount <NUM>, and components thereof can provide technical improvements to systems, devices, components, operational steps, and/or processing steps associated with the various technologies identified above. For example, as discussed above, by immersing quantum computing device <NUM> in thermalizing material <NUM>, one or more embodiments can increase the surface area of quantum computing device <NUM> that is in contact with thermalizing material <NUM>. This increase in exposed surface area can improve the thermalization process by factors such as a reduction of thermal resistance.

<FIG> illustrates a top view of an example, non-limiting system <NUM> that can facilitate the establishing of signal lines 810A-C from outside of enclosure <NUM> to quantum computing device <NUM> inside enclosure <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity. System <NUM> includes mixing chamber plate <NUM>, and enclosure <NUM> having thermalizing material <NUM> and quantum computing device mount <NUM> therein. In one or more embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can include feedthrough access points 820A-C with signal lines 810A-C and internal access lines 830A-C connecting to circuit board 540A at connection point <NUM>. Although for purposes of illustration only three signal lines 810A-C and three access points 820A-c are shown, it is possible to have more than three signal lines and access points to enclosure <NUM>.

One or more embodiments can implement different approaches described herein with a configuration that attempts to maximize qubit cooling, while also enabling external connectivity to room temperature electronic components. Because in some embodiments, enclosure <NUM> can be hermetically sealed, approaches can be used to establish signal lines between external components, e.g., between room temperature electronics and supercooled quantum computer <NUM> inside sealed enclosure <NUM>.

Example types of signals that can be used by one or more embodiments include, but are not limited to, signals encoded in direct current (DC) and microwave signals. In some embodiments, signal lines 810A-C and internal access lines 830A-C can comprise electrically conductive components through which electrical current and/or electrical signals can flow. For example, signal lines 810A-C and internal access lines 830A-C can comprise electrically conductive components including, but not limited to, wires, traces, transmission lines, resonant buses, waveguides, and/or other components through which electrical current can flow. In some embodiments, signal lines 810A-C and internal access lines 830A-C can be fabricated using materials including, but not limited to, copper, copper alloys (e.g., copper nickel), gold, platinum, palladium, gold alloys (e.g., gold palladium), brass, or any conductive metal or alloy, e.g., alternating current and/or direct current) and/or electrical signals (e.g., microwave signals) can be relayed thereby.

Some approaches employed by one or more embodiments can use cryogenic feedthroughs to carry signal lines into enclosure <NUM>. For example, when microwave communication is implemented hermetic microwave feedthroughs 820A-C can be used. Example components that can be used by one or more embodiments are hermetic, cryogenic feedthrough connectors.

In some embodiments, the various approaches of one or more embodiments described herein can be associated with various technologies. For example, various embodiments described herein can be associated with cryogenic technologies, cryogenic refrigerator technologies, microwave signal carrier technologies, semiconductor fabrication technologies, printed circuit board technologies, quantum computing device technologies, quantum circuit technologies, quantum bit (qubit) technologies, circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit-QED) technologies, quantum computing technologies, scalable quantum computing architecture technologies, surface code architecture technologies, surface code error correction architecture technologies, quantum hardware technologies, and/or other technologies.

Other technical improvements that can be provided by one or more embodiments described herein, are in areas of qubit coherence, that is, maintaining coherence in the qubits of quantum computing device <NUM> for as long as possible. As noted with the discussion of <FIG> above, because of the open design of some embodiments of quantum computing device assembly and the operation of thermalizing material <NUM> in enclosure <NUM>, one or more qubits <NUM> programmed with quantum logic can be in contact with thermalizing material. In alternative approaches, qubits <NUM> received thermalization, potentially unpredictably, through additional structures and materials, e.g., thermalizing qubits <NUM> through quantum computing device mount <NUM> and the structural material of quantum computing device <NUM>.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the approaches to communicating with quantum computing device described with <FIG> below, can provide technical improvements to a non-quantum processing unit associated with a quantum computing device, e.g., a quantum processor, quantum hardware etc. a circuit-QED system, and/or a superconducting quantum circuit. For example, as described above, one or more embodiments can provide an increased quantity of independent microwave signal transmission paths (e.g., feedthroughs 820A-C) that can be utilized to transmit microwave signals to quantum computing device <NUM>. In this example, such quantum computing devices can comprise a quantum processor, and by providing independent microwave signals that can be transmitted to such a quantum processor, the device of the subject disclosure can facilitate improved performance of such a quantum processor (e.g., improved error correction, improved processing time, etc.). In some embodiments, different implementations of quantum computing device <NUM> in enclosure <NUM> connected to conventional computer hardware and software can solve problems that are highly technical in nature, that are not abstract and that cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by a human. For example, as discussed above, the wired and wireless feedthrough approaches described above facilitate transmitting microwave signals and DC signals to a quantum computing device <NUM>, in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

It is to be appreciated that one or more embodiments described herein can utilize various combinations of electrical components, mechanical components, and circuitry that cannot be replicated in the mind of a human or performed by a human. For example, transmitting microwave signals to qubits <NUM> of quantum computing device <NUM> is greater than the capability of a human mind. For instance, the amount of data transmitted, the speed of transmitting such data, and/or the types of data transmitted using approaches described with <FIG>, can be greater, faster, or different than the amount, speed, and/or data type that can be transmitted by a human mind over the same period of time.

<FIG> illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting computer-implemented method <NUM> that can facilitate employing thermalizing materials in an enclosure for quantum computing devices, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity.

In some embodiments, at <NUM>, computer-implemented method <NUM> can comprise forming an enclosure. In an example, as described herein, an enclosure (e.g., enclosure <NUM>) can be formed, for example, out of a thermo conductive material that can function in the operational environment <NUM> of quantum computing device <NUM>, e.g., copper.

In some embodiments, at <NUM>, computer-implemented method <NUM> can comprise disposing a quantum computing device within the enclosure. In an example, quantum computing device <NUM> can be disposed inside enclosure <NUM>. In further embodiments, to promote thermalization, quantum computing device <NUM> can be securely attached to quantum computing device mount <NUM>.

In some embodiments, at <NUM>, computer-implemented method <NUM> can comprise providing a thermalizing material into the enclosure with the quantum computing device, wherein the thermalizing material is adapted to thermally link a cryogenic device to the quantum computing device. In an example, thermalizing material <NUM> can be added to hollow body <NUM> at opening <NUM> and traverse through hollow body <NUM> to enter enclosure <NUM>. In this example, because thermalizing agent, a thermal conductor, fills enclosure <NUM> so as to immerse quantum computing device <NUM> and make contact with enclosure <NUM>, which is thermally coupled to mixing chamber plate <NUM> of dilution refrigerator, a thermal link has been established between quantum computing device <NUM> and a cryogenic device.

In some embodiments, method <NUM> can be implemented by a computing system (e.g., operating environment <NUM> illustrated in <FIG> and described below) or a computing device (e.g., computer <NUM> illustrated in <FIG> and described below). In non-limiting example embodiments, such computing system (e.g., operating environment <NUM>) or such computing device (e.g., computer <NUM>) can comprise one or more processors and one or more memory devices that can store executable instructions thereon that, when executed by the one or more processors, can facilitate performance of the operations described herein, including the non-limiting operations of method <NUM> illustrated in <FIG>. As a non-limiting example, the one or more processors can facilitate performance of the operations described herein, for example, method <NUM>, by directing and/or controlling one or more systems and/or equipment operable to perform such operations.

For simplicity of explanation, the computer-implemented methodologies are depicted and described as a series of acts. It is to be understood and appreciated that the subject innovation is not limited by the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts, for example acts can occur in various orders and/or concurrently, and with other acts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts can be required to implement the computer-implemented methodologies in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that the computer-implemented methodologies could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states via a state diagram or events. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the computer-implemented methodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such computer-implemented methodologies to computers. The term "article of manufacture", as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storage media.

<FIG> depicts an example context the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter, e.g., this figure, as well as the following discussion are intended to provide a general description of a suitable environment in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Repetitive description of like elements and processes employed in respective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity.

<FIG> illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting operating environment in which one or more embodiments described herein can be facilitated. Repetitive description of like elements employed in other embodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity.

With reference to <FIG>, a suitable operating environment <NUM> for implementing various aspects of this disclosure can also include a computer <NUM>. The computer <NUM> can also include a processing unit <NUM>, a system memory <NUM>, and a system bus <NUM>. The system bus <NUM> couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory <NUM> to the processing unit <NUM>. The processing unit <NUM> can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit <NUM>. The system bus <NUM> can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Card Bus, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Firewire (IEEE <NUM>), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).

The system memory <NUM> can also include volatile memory <NUM> and nonvolatile memory <NUM>. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer <NUM>, such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory <NUM>. Computer <NUM> can also include removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. <FIG> illustrates, for example, a disk storage <NUM>. Disk storage <NUM> can also include, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-<NUM> drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. The disk storage <NUM> also can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media. To facilitate connection of the disk storage <NUM> to the system bus <NUM>, a removable or non-removable interface is typically used, such as interface <NUM>. <FIG> also depicts software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in the suitable operating environment <NUM>. Such software can also include, for example, an operating system <NUM>. Operating system <NUM>, which can be stored on disk storage <NUM>, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer <NUM>.

System applications <NUM> take advantage of the management of resources by operating system <NUM> through program modules <NUM> and program data <NUM>, e.g., stored either in system memory <NUM> or on disk storage <NUM>. It is to be appreciated that this disclosure can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. A user enters commands or information into the computer <NUM> through input device(s) <NUM>. Input devices <NUM> include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit <NUM> through the system bus <NUM> via interface port(s) <NUM>. interface port(s) <NUM> include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s) <NUM> use some of the same type of ports as input device(s) <NUM>. Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input to computer <NUM>, and to output information from computer <NUM> to an output device <NUM>. Output adapter <NUM> is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices <NUM> like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices <NUM>, which require special adapters. The output adapters <NUM> include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device <NUM> and the system bus <NUM>. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s) <NUM>.

Computer <NUM> can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s) <NUM>. The remote computer(s) <NUM> can be a computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically can also include many or all of the elements described relative to computer <NUM>. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device <NUM> is illustrated with remote computer(s) <NUM>. Remote computer(s) <NUM> is logically connected to computer <NUM> through a network interface <NUM> and then physically connected via communication connection <NUM>. Network interface <NUM> encompasses wire and/or wireless communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN), wide-area networks (WAN), cellular networks, etc. LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet, Token Ring and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). Communication connection(s) <NUM> refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface <NUM> to the system bus <NUM>. While communication connection <NUM> is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer <NUM>, it can also be external to computer <NUM>. The hardware/software for connection to the network interface <NUM> can also include, for exemplary purposes only, internal, and external technologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.

The present invention may be a system, a method, an apparatus, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium can also include the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing.

These computer readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer readable program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational acts to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a computer program product that runs on a computer and/or computer, those skilled in the art will recognize that this disclosure also can or can be implemented in combination with other program modules.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive computer-implemented methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments in which tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. However, some, if not all aspects of this disclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

As used in this application, the terms "component," "system," "platform," "interface," and the like, can refer to and/or can include a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machine with one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In another example, respective components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or firmware application executed by a processor. In such a case, the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, wherein the electronic components can include a processor or other means to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. In an aspect, a component can emulate an electronic component via a virtual machine, e.g., within a cloud computing system.

As it is employed in the subject specification, the term "processor" can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Further, processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches, and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units. In this disclosure, terms such as "store," "storage," "data store," data storage," "database," and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component are utilized to refer to "memory components," entities embodied in a "memory," or components comprising a memory. It is to be appreciated that memory and/or memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or nonvolatile random-access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM). Volatile memory can include RAM, which can act as external cache memory, for example. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus dynamic RAM (RDRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or computer-implemented methods herein are intended to include, without being limited to including, these and any other suitable types of memory.

What has been described above include mere examples of systems and computer-implemented methods. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or computer-implemented methods for purposes of describing this disclosure, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further combinations and permutations of this disclosure are possible. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "includes," "has," "possesses," and the like are used in the detailed description, claims, appendices and drawings such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

Claim 1:
A system for cooling quantum computing devices, comprising:
a quantum computing device (<NUM>);
a cryogenic device (<NUM>);
an enclosure (<NUM>) having the quantum computing device (<NUM>) disposed within the enclosure (<NUM>); and
a thermalizing material (<NUM>) disposed within the enclosure (<NUM>), wherein the thermalizing material (<NUM>) is adapted to thermally link the dilution cryogenic device (<NUM>) to the quantum computing device (<NUM>) by immersing the quantum computing device (<NUM>) in the thermalizing material (<NUM>), wherein the enclosure (<NUM>) comprises an enclosure opening to facilitate providing the thermalizing material (<NUM>) therein;
a one-piece hollow body (<NUM>) defining a fluid path; and
a valve (<NUM>) coupled to the one-piece hollow body (<NUM>), wherein the enclosure opening comprises the valve (<NUM>), and wherein the fluid path traverses multiple temperature stages (150A-E) of the cryogenic device (<NUM>).