Patent Description:
The normal resting blood pressure of an average an adult is approximately <NUM> mmHG systolic, and <NUM> mmHG diastolic (<NUM>/<NUM>). Blood pressure that is consistently high is referred to as hypertension, and low blood pressure is referred to as hypotension. Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke and kidney failure.

Blood pressure is commonly measured using a sphygmomanometer, which typically consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (e.g. a mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically. The inflatable cuff is placed around an upper arm (or in some cases, the wrist), and inflated to constrict the arm and the blood vessels within. By listening through a stethoscope at the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. As the pressure in the cuffs falls, a "whooshing" or pounding sound is heard when blood flow first starts again in the artery. The pressure at which this sound began is noted and recorded as the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until the sound can no longer be heard. This is recorded as the diastolic blood pressure. Digital instruments use a cuff which may be placed, according to the instrument, around the upper arm, wrist, or a finger, in all cases elevated to the same height as the heart. The automated instruments inflate the cuff and gradually reduce the pressure in the same way as a manual meter, and measure blood pressure using oscillometric methods that measure the oscillations in the cuff pressure induced by the blood pressure.

More recently, methods and systems to measure blood pressure have been developed to measure blood pressure without applying any pressure (or by applying very minimal pressure) on patient's body. One method estimates blood pressure from the time difference (propagation velocity) between pulse waves measured by fiber Bragg grating sensors (herein "FBG sensors") attached to multiple locations on the subject. Another method estimates blood pressure using a calibration model that represents the correlation between measured waveform data of an FBG measured acceleration pulse wave and measured blood pressure values measured at individual measurement time points of the measured wave form data, and the calibration model is used to estimate blood pressure values of a subject at the time of the acceleration pulse wave measurement, from the waveform data of the acceleration pulse wave measured from the subject. Document <CIT> relates to a blood pressure measurement device that utilizes a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a wearable health monitoring device for detecting blood pressure. One embodiment of the invention is defined in claim <NUM>.

Another embodiment consistent with principles of the invention include a heart rate monitor configured to detect periodic changes in surface deformation associated with a heart beat.

In addition to using FBGs to monitor blood pressure, some embodiments of a wearable heath monitor may also include a variety of physiological attribute or wellness monitors such as a blood oxygen saturation sensor, a blood glucose sensor or body temperature sensor. For example, optical sensors or skin temperature sensors may be included in the device.

Embodiments of the device may also include a transmitter where the transmitter provides the blood pressure pulse and the estimated systolic and diastolic blood pressure information for display on a remote device. Such information could also be transmitted to the remote device for monitoring purposes and for data analysis for deriving health metrics.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention may include a plurality of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) configured to be placed in contact with a person's skin in close proximity to an artery or vein. Each FBG is displaced from one another by a predetermined amount.

As illustrated in <FIG>, a Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) <NUM> is a small length of optical fiber <NUM> that comprises a plurality of reflection points 130a-n that create a periodic variation of refractive index. The FBG reflects a unique wavelength (λB), centered around a bandwidth, ΔλB. The periodicity A of the grating is related to the Bragg wavelength λB.

neff is the effective refractive index of the single-mode photosensitive fiber. As the fiber is stretched and grating parameter A increases by 6A while effective refractive index neff decreases by δneff. The Bragg wavelength λB shifts by <MAT>.

By embedding one or more optical fibers with one or more FBG in wearable materials that can be wrapped over parts of anatomically relevant parts of the human body, the wearable materials may be used to sense the surface deformation of that part resulting from physiological processes such as heartbeat and changes between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. As shown in <FIG>, a band <NUM> may be provided to wrap around an appendage, such as the wrist A of a user. A blood pressure sensor <NUM> that includes an FBG may be placed within the band, and configured to detect slight changes in the user's skin, particularly near an artery such as the radial artery B. By measuring the surface deformation in the skin, the device <NUM> can detect and track the periodic movement caused by a user's pulse (for example the radial pulse) that results from pressure waves due to changing arterial blood pressure as the beating heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body. By counting the number of blood pressure signal pulses in a prescribed time, as well as the time interval between pulses, the system may be used to detect the pulse/heart rate, and any heart rate variability.

Additionally, the device can measure the user's blood pressure by using a calibration curve that correlates the change in Bragg wavelength (and in turn the induced strain) caused by the deformation of the FBG by the pulses to a pressure required to induce that change. Another sensor serves as a baseline sensor <NUM> that includes an optical fiber with an embedded FBG located away from the artery B can perform a real time baseline measurement. Based on a calibration curve comparing pressure against strain or wavelength, along with the strain data from these two sets of sensors, one can detect both the Systolic and the Diastolic blood pressure. It is also known that the effective Bragg wavelength (λeff) of an FBG is a function of temperature. The second FBG measures the baseline that could change due to temperature changes or any other variables, and may also provide a method to measure temperature. The second FBG may be used to correct the time varying λeff shifts due to the blood pressure pulses in the first FBG that is in contact with the artery.

Before one can use the embedded FBG as a strain gauge, the FBG's response function and linearity should be characterized as a function of load. To characterize the FBG's response function and linearity, an electrical strain gauge may be used to calibrate the FBG such that the applied tensile loading approximates readings of the displacement of the users skin due to the flow of blood. Once calibrated, the response of an FBG may be reliably used as an embedded strain gauge for detecting object surface deformation.

For the FBG to perform as a reliable strain gauge, the change in the reflection wavelength of the FBG as it gets stretched under tensile load must linearly track the electrical strain gauge data. It has been shown that the Bragg wavelength shift for an embedded FBG under tensile loading is linearly correlated with the induced strain as measured using an electrical strain gauge within the elastic limit. It is also known that in the low strain regime which is the case in the current application, the stress which is defined as the tensile loading divided by the cross-sectional area (in unit of pressure) is linearly correlated with the induced strain with the constant of proportionality being the modulus of elasticity. This is the classical definition of Hooke's law. Based on the above two linear relationships, one can deduce that the stress is linearly correlated with the Bragg wavelength is linearly correlated with stress. It is this proportionality that one exploits to deduce the blood pressure from the Bragg wavelength shift in an embedded FBG. Within reasonable limits on the elasticity of the gauge, it may also be used for detecting the degree to which the object surface has been displaced for purposes of detecting a blood pressure reading.

Referring back to device <NUM>, the FBG sensor is embedded longitudinally along the band <NUM>, typically running in a direction perpendicular to the blood flow of a major artery or vein B. The band <NUM> may have an input <NUM> for a laser or light source that is transmitted through the FBG <NUM>. The FBG <NUM> is connected to a light sensor <NUM> that receives pulsed light waves from the light source <NUM>. The light sensor is connected to a processor <NUM> configured to analyze the data concerning the light transmissions through the FBG <NUM>. The processor <NUM> identify shifts in the refractive index of the FBG <NUM> and calculate the user's blood pressure based on those readings. In addition to reading blood pressure, the FBG sensors can also be used to measure pulse rates by detecting the periodic changes in surface deformation caused by the pumping of blood through the user's circulatory system.

In the embodiment shown in device <NUM>, the blood pressure calculation and/or pulse rates can then be sent by transmitter <NUM> to an application on an external device (not shown) such as a mobile phone or handheld reader. The band may be designed to communicate wirelessly over Bluetooth, cellular data, local WiFi, or some other wireless transmission. The embodiment shown in device <NUM> also provides a localized display <NUM>, allowing for a real-time reading of the user's blood pressure and other readings without the use of an external device reader. The circuitry in the band may be include other known elements known to those skilled in the art, such as wireless communications circuitry, energy storage, and other processors not shown.

Thus, the band <NUM> may provide blood pressure and pulse rates using one or more embedded FBG sensors can be used as a standalone blood pressure monitor that is free of a physically moving part such as a pump used in current versions of blood pressure monitors making them robust against environmental conditions as well as more cost effective to manufacture. Having a wearable blood pressure monitor, and health monitor in general, that is free of any wired connections, and cumbersome devices (such as pumps and inflatable cuffs), that can have a user display and/or transmit the health data remotely for viewing or monitoring may be used in both a hospital or health care setting.

While such a device may be particularly helpful in those situations where a patient needs to be monitored, personal health monitoring devices have become increasingly popular, and allow individuals with non-critical needs to track their wellness. Tracking vitals such as blood pressure, blood oxygen, and blood glucose levels can lead to early detection of many conditions, such as sleep apnea through blood oxygen monitoring; and heart conditions such as Patent Foramen Ovale ("PFO") and Atrial Septal Aneurysm ("ASA") through blood pressure and blood oxygen monitoring. Additionally, real time measurement of the blood pressure pulse waveform in full detail may open up new way to assess pulmonary function as well as identify indications of septic or neurogenic shock through the measurement of the dichrotic notch location. With the advent of big data analytics and artificial intelligence, comprehensive vitals data from individuals and population can be mined to detect and predict conditions that are not possible today. A health monitor consistent with principles of the present invention can go far beyond the wellness and activity monitors and become a potent tool in preventive healthcare.

The wearable band <NUM> should be constructed from a thin elastic, or otherwise pliable material, such as a stretchable fabric, that enables some movement of the material over a user's skin, as the band is configured to fit around a body part of the user. The band may be made of constructed to hold the FBG <NUM> against the body part to which the surface deformation is to be detected. The band material should have sufficient elasticity such that the rigidity of the band material does not interfere with the flexion of the optical fiber and FBG embedded within it.

Other embodiments consistent with principles of the invention could use multiple FBGs in the embedded in the band to acquire a number of different readings that could be reconciled with one another to provide a more accurate calculation of the blood pressure. <FIG> illustrate another embodiment consistent with principle of the invention. <FIG> shows a sensor strip <NUM> having a set of optical fibers <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> with embedded FBGs 325a-n, 335a-n, 345a-n, and 355a-n, that are slightly displaced from each other. In <FIG>, the wearable band <NUM> includes a blood pressure sensor <NUM> that includes multiple optical fibers as shown in <FIG>. The optical fibers of the sensor strip <NUM> span a region that is directly over the radial artery B, and as an example, may measure the pulse shape. Another embedded optical fiber <NUM> with an embedded FBG is located away from the artery to perform a real time baseline measurement. Each of the optical fibers <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> use both light source and light sensor (not shown) in order to provide pulsed light waves data to a processor <NUM>. The band <NUM> shown in <FIG> also has a transmitter <NUM> that allows the band <NUM> to send data to an application on an external device (not shown) such as a mobile phone or handheld reader. Additionally, the band <NUM> also provides a localized display <NUM>.

Similarly, while the optical fibers and FBGs shown in <FIG> and <FIG> are embedded longitudinally along the band <NUM>, in alternate embodiments, data may be acquired by one or more FBGs embedded perpendicular to the length of the band, with the processor analyzing the deformations accordingly.

In addition, in other embodiments consistent with principles of the invention, a blood pressure monitor described above may also be combined with other miniaturized physiological monitors (blood oxygen saturation, body temperature, and blood glucose measurements using known contact temperature sensors and optical methods) to make a comprehensive wearable health monitor. These other miniaturized physiological monitors may be an integral part of a single device, or some embodiments, employed in a separate standalone device in communication with a health monitor via a wireless transmission (e.g. Bluetooth or Near Field Communications). For example, the blood oxygen saturation sensor may be in the form of a finger ring that is in communication with a health monitor.

In other embodiments, a single optical fiber with multiple FBGs inscribed along its length each with a unique Bragg Wavelength and separated from each other by predetermined distances can be configured such that some of the FBGs are on top of an artery (such as the radial artery) while others are away from the artery. Such a fiber can be probed using a single light source and a light sensor. In this configuration the pulsatile component of the Bragg wavelength shifts for the FBGs overlapping the artery can be used for measuring the BP waveform while the non-pulsatile wavelength shifts for the FBGs that are not overlapping the artery can be used for correcting for blood pressure waveform baseline shifts and also for temperature sensing.

<FIG> illustrates yet another embodiment consistent with principles of the present invention. In <FIG>, the wearable blood pressure monitoring system <NUM> is comprised of a blood pressure processing unit <NUM> and a detachable band <NUM>. The detachable band <NUM> includes a least one blood pressure sensing optical fiber <NUM> with an FBG, and a baseline optical fiber <NUM> with an FBG. The blood pressure processing unit <NUM> contains internal electronics (not shown) that enable the pulsing of a laser or light through the optical fibers <NUM> and <NUM> of the band <NUM>, the sensing of the refractive indices through the fibers, and the processing of the indices to determine the blood pressure of the wearer A. The band <NUM> is removably connected to the blood pressure processing unit <NUM>, such that upon connection, unit <NUM> can pulse a laser or light through the band <NUM>. As a wearable device, the band <NUM> may become dirty or damaged. However, as a removable component of the device, the band <NUM> may be easily replaced with minimal cost.

<FIG> is a flowchart illustrating a method <NUM> of detecting blood pressure using an wearable item embedded with a fiber Bragg grating FBG. The blood pressure detection may be initiated by a user, or blood pressure may be periodically detected and monitored. Once initiated, peak wavelength data is acquired at step <NUM> from at least one FBG disposed along the wearable item. Data is continually acquired and the user's skin is monitored for effective shifts of the Bragg wavelengths of the FBGs caused by surface deformation at step <NUM>. As a shift is detected <NUM>, the data is processed to calculate an estimated systolic and diastolic blood pressure <NUM>. The estimated systolic and diastolic blood pressure are then displayed at step <NUM>.

While example embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope encompassed by the appended claims.

It should be understood that the example embodiments described above may be implemented in many different ways. In some instances, the various methods and machines described herein may each be implemented by a physical, virtual or hybrid general purpose computer having a central processor, memory, disk or other mass storage, communication interface(s), input/output (I/O) device(s), and other peripherals. The general purpose computer is transformed into the machines that execute the methods described above, for example, by loading software instructions into a data processor, and then causing execution of the instructions to carry out the functions described, herein.

As is known in the art, such a computer may contain a system bus, where a bus is a set of hardware lines used for data transfer among the components of a computer or processing system. The bus or busses are essentially shared conduit(s) that connect different elements of the computer system, e.g., processor, disk storage, memory, input/output ports, network ports, etcetera, which enables the transfer of information between the elements. One or more central processor units are attached to the system bus and provide for the execution of computer instructions. Also attached to system bus are typically I/O device interfaces for connecting various input and output devices, e.g., keyboard, mouse, displays, printers, speakers, etcetera, to the computer. Network interface(s) allow the computer to connect to various other devices attached to a network. Memory provides volatile storage for computer software instructions and data used to implement an embodiment. Disk or other mass storage provides non-volatile storage for computer software instructions and data used to implement, for example, the various procedures described herein.

Embodiments may therefore typically be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the procedures, devices, and processes described herein constitute a computer program product, including a non-transitory computer-readable medium, e.g., a removable storage medium such as one or more DVD-ROM's, CD-ROM's, diskettes, tapes, etcetera, that provides at least a portion of the software instructions for the system. Such a computer program product can be installed by any suitable software installation procedure, as is well known in the art. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the software instructions may also be downloaded over a cable, communication and/or wireless connection.

Further, firmware, software, routines, or instructions may be described herein as performing certain actions and/or functions of the data processors. However, it should be appreciated that such descriptions contained herein are merely for convenience and that such actions in fact result from computing devices, processors, controllers, or other devices executing the firmware, software, routines, instructions, etcetera.

It also should be understood that the flow diagrams, block diagrams, and network diagrams may include more or fewer elements, be arranged differently, or be represented differently. But it further should be understood that certain implementations may dictate the block and network diagrams and the number of block and network diagrams illustrating the execution of the embodiments be implemented in a particular way.

Accordingly, further embodiments may also be implemented in a variety of computer architectures, physical, virtual, cloud computers, and/or some combination thereof, and, thus, the data processors described herein are intended for purposes of illustration only and not as a limitation of the embodiments.

Claim 1:
A health monitoring device, comprising:
a blood pressure sensor (<NUM>, <NUM>) including a first fiber Bragg grating (FBG) configured to be placed in contact with a person's skin approximate to an artery or vein, the first fiber Bragg grating having a refractive index and a first Bragg wavelength;
a baseline sensor (<NUM>) including a second fiber Bragg grating (FBG) configured to be placed in contact with a person's skin away from an artery or vein, the second fiber Bragg grating having a second Bragg wavelength, being configured to perform a real time baseline measurement, and providing a baseline refractive index;
a light emitter configured to pulse light waves through the FBGs;
a light sensor (<NUM>) configured to receive pulsed light waves;
a processor including:
a data acquisition module configured to receive from the light sensor (<NUM>) peak wavelengths reflected by the FBGs;
a comparator configured to determine the effective shifts of the first Bragg wavelength and effective shifts of the second Bragg wavelength, due to axial strain on the FBGs; and
a blood pressure estimator configured to estimate systolic and diastolic blood pressure based on a calibration curve, along effective shifts in the Bragg wavelength of the blood pressure sensor (<NUM>, <NUM>) and the baseline sensor (<NUM>); and
a display (<NUM>, <NUM>) for providing the estimated systolic and diastolic blood pressure,
wherein the health monitoring device is configured to use a pulsatile component of the shifts of the first Bragg wavelength for measuring a BP waveform, and is configured to use non-pulsatile wavelength shifts of the second Bragg wavelength for correcting for blood pressure waveform baseline shifts.