Patent Description:
Antennas are useful for a variety of wireless communication devices. The antenna is operable for transmitting and/or receiving signals to/from the device. Some known antennas are omnidirectional antennas having a radiation pattern that allows for good transmission and reception from a mobile unit. Generally, an omnidirectional antenna is an antenna that radiates power generally uniformly in one plane with a directive pattern shape in a perpendicular plane. An omnidirectional antenna may be used in applications such as vehicular, public safety, and IoT installations. <CIT> discloses a tulip antenna with two orthogonally intersecting conductive plates. <CIT> discloses an omnidirectional antenna including two vibrator pieces arranged in a criss-cross. Further omnidirectional monopole antenna assemblies are known from <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>.

In accordance with the invention, there is provided an antenna assembly as defined in claim <NUM>. The antenna assembly includes an antenna base having a feed and an antenna element coupled to the antenna base. The antenna element includes a central radiating element, a first side radiating element coupled to the central radiating element, and a second side radiating element coupled to the central radiating element. The central radiating element, the first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element form a cross shaped antenna structure extending along a central antenna axis. The central radiating element, the first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element having radial or rotational symmetry about the central antenna axis for high omni-directional conformance. The first side radiating element may be identical to the second side radiating element.

In one embodiment, an antenna element is provided and includes a central radiating element having a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the central radiating element. The main panel of the central radiating element has a first side and a second side. The main panel of the central radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the central radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the central radiating element. The central radiating element includes a front wing extending from a front edge of the main panel. The front wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the central radiating element. The central radiating element includes a rear wing extending from a rear edge of the main panel. The rear wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the central radiating element. The antenna element includes a first side radiating element coupled to the first side of the central radiating element. The first side radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the first side radiating element. The main panel of the first side radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the first side radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the of the first side radiating element. The first side radiating element includes a first side wing extending from a first side edge of the main panel. The first side wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the first side radiating element. The antenna element includes a second side radiating element coupled to the second side of the central radiating element. The second side radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the second side radiating element. The main panel of the second side radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the second side radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the of the second side radiating element. The second side radiating element includes a second side wing extending from a second side edge of the main panel. The second side wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the second side radiating element. The central radiating element, the first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element form a cross shaped antenna structure.

In another embodiment, an antenna assembly is provided and includes a radome having a cavity. The antenna assembly includes an antenna base having a feed. The antenna assembly includes an antenna element received in the cavity of the radome. The antenna element includes a central radiating element, a first side radiating element coupled to the central radiating element, and a second side radiating element coupled to the central radiating element. The first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element form a cross shaped antenna structure form a cross shaped antenna structure coupled to the feed of the antenna base. The central radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the central radiating element. The main panel of the central radiating element has a first side and a second side. The main panel of the central radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom coupled to the antenna base and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the central radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the central radiating element. The central radiating element includes a front wing extending from a front edge of the main panel. The front wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the central radiating element. The central radiating element includes a rear wing extending from a rear edge of the main panel. The rear wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the central radiating element. The first side radiating element coupled to the first side of the central radiating element. The first side radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the first side radiating element. The main panel of the first side radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom coupled to the antenna base and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the first side radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the of the first side radiating element. The first side radiating element includes a first side wing extending from a first side edge of the main panel. The first side wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the first side radiating element. The second side radiating element coupled to the second side of the central radiating element. The second side radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the second side radiating element. The main panel of the second side radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom coupled to the antenna base and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the second side radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the of the second side radiating element. The second side radiating element includes a second side wing extending from a second side edge of the main panel. The second side wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the second side radiating element.

In another embodiment, an antenna assembly is provided and includes a radome having a cavity. The antenna assembly includes an antenna base having a connector body includes a bore. The antenna base has an insulator received in the bore. The insulator includes an insulator bore. The antenna base includes a feed received in the insulator bore. The connector body is electrically grounded. The insulator isolating the feed from the connector body. The antenna assembly includes an antenna element received in the cavity of the radome. The antenna element includes a central radiating element, a first side radiating element coupled to the central radiating element, and a second side radiating element coupled to the central radiating element. The central radiating element. The first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element form a cross shaped antenna structure form a cross shaped antenna structure coupled to the feed of the antenna base. The central radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the central radiating element. The main panel of the central radiating element has a first side and a second side. The main panel of the central radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom coupled to the antenna base and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the central radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the central radiating element. The central radiating element includes a front wing extending from a front edge of the main panel. The front wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the central radiating element. The central radiating element includes a rear wing extending from a rear edge of the main panel. The rear wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the central radiating element. The first side radiating element coupled to the first side of the central radiating element. The first side radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the first side radiating element. The main panel of the first side radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom coupled to the antenna base and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the first side radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the of the first side radiating element. The first side radiating element includes a first side wing extending from a first side edge of the main panel. The first side wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the first side radiating element. The second side radiating element coupled to the second side of the central radiating element. The second side radiating element has a main panel extending between a top and a bottom of the second side radiating element. The main panel of the second side radiating element has a feed portion at the bottom coupled to the antenna base and a resonator portion at the top. The main panel of the second side radiating element has an aperture between the feed portion and the resonator portion of the of the second side radiating element. The second side radiating element includes a second side wing extending from a second side edge of the main panel. The second side wing is oriented transverse to the main panel of the second side radiating element.

The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

Corresponding reference numerals may indicate corresponding (but not necessarily identical) parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

Disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments of antenna assemblies <NUM> including broadband rugged monopole antennas with high omnidirectional pattern conformity. As disclosed herein, exemplary embodiments may be configured to have improved bandwidth and omnidirectional performance. In various embodiments, the antenna assemblies <NUM> may be operable at frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>. In other embodiments, the antenna assemblies <NUM> may be operable at frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>. The antenna assemblies <NUM> may be operable at other target frequencies in alternative embodiments.

In exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly <NUM> includes an antenna element <NUM> having a plurality of radiating elements <NUM> coupled to an antenna base <NUM> and surrounded by a radome <NUM>. The radiating elements <NUM> may form a cross-shaped antenna structure for the antenna element <NUM>. The radiating elements <NUM> are electrically connected to a feed <NUM> of the antenna base <NUM>. In various embodiments, the radiating elements <NUM> are centrifugally symmetric radiating elements that enable broadband impedance, which allows the antenna assembly be used in a wide range of frequencies. The radiating elements <NUM> may be used in telecommunication applications at a wide range of telecommunication frequencies, including frequencies from about <NUM> to about <NUM> or frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>, etc..

The radiating elements <NUM> may be tapered and folded radiating elements to provide a condensed overall shape, such as to have a small outer perimeter and/or to fit within a condensed space, such as the radome <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the radiating elements <NUM> include folded, crossed, tapered, metal elements that emulate wideband impedance characteristics of a conventional conical structure but at lower cost with less manufacturing complexity than the conical structure. Folding the radiating elements <NUM> decreases the volume for more compact packaging as compared to the conical structure.

A cylindrical ring may be integrated into the antenna base <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM>. The cylindrical ring is configured to be operable or function as an impedance tuning component that enhances impedance bandwidth performance.

In an exemplary embodiment, strategically placed and sized cuts, slots, and apertures in the radiating elements <NUM> enhance impedance bandwidth and control radiating currents to optimize the gain above horizon across the bands of operation. The enhanced gain above horizon is further augmented by exceedingly low azimuth gain ripple enabled by the radially or rotationally symmetrical antenna element <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna assemblies <NUM> may be configured to be operable with extreme omnidirectional conformance. The antenna assemblies <NUM> may be operable with less than <NUM> decibel variation and minimized variation in gain performance above horizon over frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM> or frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>, etc..

<FIG> is an exploded view of the antenna assembly <NUM> in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. <FIG> is an assembled view of the antenna assembly <NUM> in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. <FIG> is an assembled view of the antenna assembly <NUM> in accordance with another exemplary embodiment. The embodiments of the antenna assemblies <NUM> shown in <FIG> and <FIG> may be operable in different target frequencies, such as frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM> or frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>, respectively.

In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna assembly <NUM> includes a connector body <NUM>, an electrical insulator <NUM>, a center pin <NUM>, a contact pin <NUM>, a radome <NUM>, a pad <NUM> (e.g., Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), etc.), O-ring <NUM> (e.g. EPDM, etc.), radiating element <NUM>, radiating element <NUM>, radiating element <NUM>, a threaded connector nut <NUM> (e.g., wash,Tloc-I,<NUM>/<NUM>-<NUM> NF, etc.), cap <NUM>, a connector or fastener <NUM> (e.g., wash,Tloc-I,<NUM>/<NUM>-<NUM> SS, NF, etc.), O-ring <NUM> (e.g., EPDM, etc.), and a unit label <NUM>. The radiating element <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> define the radiating elements <NUM> of the antenna element <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the center pin <NUM> and contact pin <NUM> form the feed <NUM> of the antenna element <NUM>. The center pin <NUM> may be terminated to a wire or cable in various embodiments. The center pin <NUM> may be terminated to a circuit board in other various embodiments. The center pin <NUM> is received in the electrical insulator <NUM>. The contact pin <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the radiating elements <NUM>. The feed <NUM> may include other contacts in alternative embodiments. The feed <NUM> may have a single contact or pin in other embodiments.

In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna base <NUM> includes the connector body <NUM>, the electrical insulator <NUM>, the threaded connector nut <NUM>, the cap <NUM>, the fastener <NUM> and the O-ring <NUM>. The antenna base <NUM> may include other components in alternative embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, the connector body <NUM> is conductive. For example, the connector body <NUM> may be metal. In various embodiments, the connector body <NUM> may be die cast or machined. In other embodiments, the connector body <NUM> may be molded, such as from a conductive plastic material. In an exemplary embodiment, the connector body <NUM> is configured to be electrically grounded, such as being connected to a ground plane or other grounded component, such as a panel, a chassis, a circuit board, or other supporting structure. The O-rings <NUM> is used to seal the connector body <NUM> to the mounting structure, such as the panel. In an exemplary embodiment, the fastener <NUM> and the connector nut <NUM> are used to secure the connector body <NUM> to the mounting structure, such as the panel. For example, the connector nut <NUM> may be threadably coupled to the end of the connector body <NUM>. The cap <NUM> may cover the end of the connector body <NUM>. The electrical insulator <NUM> electrically isolates the feed <NUM> from the connector body <NUM>.

<FIG> and <FIG> show the antenna element <NUM> in an assembled state. The radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are assembled together to form the antenna element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the radiating element <NUM> is a central radiating element <NUM>, the radiating element <NUM> is a first side radiating element <NUM> coupled to a first side of the central radiating element <NUM>, and the radiating element <NUM> is a second side radiating element <NUM> coupled to a second side of the central radiating element <NUM>. The radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are assembled together (for example, spot welded, soldered, and the like) into the antenna element <NUM>, which is coupled to the connector body <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna element <NUM> is a broadband, rugged monopole antenna. The monopole antenna element <NUM> may emulate the wideband impedance characteristics of a conventional conical structure. As disclosed herein, the antenna assembly <NUM> including the monopole antenna element <NUM> may be configured to operate with high omnidirectional pattern conformity. In various embodiments, the monopole antenna element <NUM> is operable at frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM> or from frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>.

The lower portion of the antenna element <NUM> is configured for engagement within slots in the upper portion of the contact pin <NUM>. In turn, the lower portion of the contact pin <NUM> is configured to be slid into and engagingly received within the slotted end portion or socket of the center pin <NUM>. Advantageously, this connection scheme of the antenna element <NUM>, contact pin <NUM>, and center pin <NUM> may improve manufacturability.

In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna element <NUM> includes the central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM> coupled to a central axis of the central radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> coupled to the central axis of the central radiating element <NUM>. The central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> form the cross shaped antenna structure extending along a central antenna axis <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> have radial or rotational symmetry about the central antenna axis <NUM> for high omni-directional conformance. The central radiating element <NUM> defines a front radiator forward of the central axis <NUM> and a rear radiator rearward of the central axis <NUM>. The first side radiating element defines a first side radiator at a first side of the central axis. The second side radiating element defines a second side radiator at a second side of the central axis. The front radiator, the rear radiator, the first side radiator, and the second side radiator are radially or rotationally symmetrical, such as about the central antenna axis <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> have an omni-directional conformance of less than 5dB and in some embodiments less than 3dB. The antenna element <NUM> has good gain above the horizon, such as in the azimuth direction.

In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna element <NUM> is a broadband antenna element. The central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> are operable in at least one low frequency band, such as a frequency band of between <NUM> megahertz (MHz) and <NUM> megahertz (MHz) and in at least one high frequency band, such as a frequency band of between <NUM> megahertz (MHz) and <NUM> megahertz (MHz). The central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> may operable in other frequency bands, such as one or more frequency bands between the low and high frequency bands. The central radiating element <NUM>, the first side radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> may have tapered shapes at bottoms thereof for broadband performance. The tapered shape has increased inductance and/or decreased capacitance at the bottom, such as at the antenna base <NUM>. The tapered shape may have improved electrical field distribution at many frequencies.

In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna element <NUM> has a condensed overall shape, such as being folded inward to reduce the overall size of the antenna element <NUM>. The condensed shape allows fitting of the antenna element <NUM> in a smaller overall radome. The antenna element <NUM> includes cuts, openings, apertures, branches, stubs, radiating structures and the like to control gain above the horizon, such as at one or more target frequencies.

<FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG> respectively illustrate flat patterns and folded configurations of the first side radiating element <NUM>, the central radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM>, respectively, corresponding to the antenna element <NUM> shown in <FIG>. <FIG> illustrates the antenna element <NUM> with the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> after being assembled (for example, soldered, spot welded, and the like) into a broadband rugged monopole antenna element, corresponding to the antenna element <NUM> shown in <FIG>. The radiating elements of the antenna element <NUM> shown in <FIG> may have different features (for example, different shaped features, different locations of slots, apertures, resonating components, and the like); however, the overall shape and components may be similar).

The central radiating element <NUM> (<FIG>) is a conductive structure configured to form part of the antenna element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the central radiating element <NUM> is stamped and formed from a metal blank or plate. The central radiating element <NUM> is initially stamped in a flat pattern <NUM>' and then formed into a formed shape that defines the central radiating element <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the central radiating element <NUM> is symmetric about a central axis <NUM>. For example, the central radiating element <NUM> includes a first or front portion <NUM> at a front side of the central axis <NUM> and a second or rear portion <NUM> at a rear side of the central axis <NUM>, where the front and rear portions <NUM>, <NUM> are identical (for example, mirrored halves). However, the front and rear portions <NUM>, <NUM> may have different features in alternative embodiments, such as to have different antenna characteristics (for example, to target different frequencies or directional radiating patterns).

In an exemplary embodiment, the central radiating element <NUM> includes tab slots <NUM> along the central axis <NUM> that receive portions of the first and second side radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM> to position the first and second side radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM> relative to the central radiating element <NUM>.

The central radiating element <NUM> includes a main panel <NUM> extending between a top <NUM> and a bottom <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> extends between a front <NUM> and a rear <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> has a front portion 210a between the central axis <NUM> and a front edge <NUM> at the front <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> has a rear portion 210b between the central axis <NUM> and a rear edge <NUM> at the rear <NUM>. In various embodiments, the front and rear edges <NUM>, <NUM> are parallel to each other and parallel to the central axis <NUM>. In alternative embodiments, the front and rear edges <NUM>, <NUM> may be angled or tapered such that the front and rear edges <NUM>, <NUM> are transverse to the central axis <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> has a first side <NUM> and a second side <NUM> opposite the first side <NUM>. The sides <NUM>, <NUM> extend between the top <NUM> and the bottom <NUM>. The sides <NUM>, <NUM> extend between the front <NUM> and the rear <NUM>. The first side radiating element <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the first side <NUM>. The second side radiating element <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the second side <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the main panel <NUM> includes a feed portion <NUM> at the bottom <NUM> and a resonator portion <NUM> at the top <NUM>. The feed portion <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the feed <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). The main panel <NUM> includes an aperture <NUM> between the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. The resonator portion <NUM> includes resonating features that define antenna characteristics of the antenna element <NUM>, such as the target frequencies, the return loss, the antenna gain, and the like. The radiation pattern of the antenna element <NUM> may be controllable with great freedom by changing physical characteristics of the radiating structure and/or the feeding structure and/or the ground structure. For example, resonating features and slots/apertures/cuts may be adjusted to achieve desired beamwidth, front-to-back ratio, directivity, gain, and the like to improve the operation of the antenna element <NUM> at target frequency(ies).

The aperture <NUM> may be formed during the stamping process. The aperture <NUM> separates the feed portion <NUM> from the resonator portion <NUM>. The size and shape of the aperture <NUM> affects the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>. The orientation of the aperture <NUM> (for example, vertical, horizontal, or other orientation direction) affects the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>. The aperture <NUM> may have a regular shape, such as a rectangular shape. However, the aperture <NUM> may have other shapes in alternative embodiments, such as an L-shape. The position of the aperture <NUM> along the main panel <NUM> (for example, distance from the top <NUM>, from the bottom <NUM>, from the front <NUM>, from the rear <NUM>, from the first side <NUM>, from the second side <NUM>, and the like) affects the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>. In various embodiments, the aperture <NUM> may be approximately centered between the top <NUM> and the bottom <NUM>. As such, the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM> have approximately equal areas of the main panel <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the aperture <NUM> may be offset, such as closer to the bottom <NUM> such that the resonator portion <NUM> has a larger area of the main panel <NUM> than the feed portion <NUM>, or vice versa. In an exemplary embodiment, the aperture <NUM> extends across the central axis <NUM> such that the aperture <NUM> is located in both the front portion 210a and the rear portion 210b. The aperture <NUM> may be symmetric about the central axis <NUM> such that the front portion and the rear portion of the aperture <NUM> are identical on both sides of the central axis <NUM>.

The main panel <NUM> includes one or more flanking portions <NUM> flanking the aperture <NUM>. The flanking portions <NUM> electrically connect the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the main panel <NUM> includes flanking portions <NUM> both forward of and rearward of the aperture <NUM> (for example, between the aperture <NUM> and the front and rear edges <NUM>, <NUM>). As such, each of the front portion 210a and the rear portion 210b have a corresponding flanking portion <NUM>. The flanking portions <NUM> are defined between the aperture <NUM> and the front <NUM> or the rear <NUM>.

The aperture <NUM> is defined by edges <NUM>, <NUM>. The edges <NUM>, <NUM> face each other across the gap defined by the aperture <NUM>. The edge <NUM> extends along the top of the feed portion <NUM>. The edge <NUM> extends along the bottom of the resonator portion <NUM>. The edges <NUM>, <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to each other across the aperture <NUM>. The width of the aperture <NUM> (for example spacing between the edges <NUM>, <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>.

The feed portion <NUM> is located at the bottom <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the feed portion <NUM> includes a feed tab <NUM> at the bottom <NUM>. The feed tab <NUM> is configured to be electrically connected to the feed <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). The feed tab <NUM> is plugged into a slot at a top of the contact pin <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). The feed tab <NUM> is provided at the central axis <NUM> such that the feed tab <NUM> is provided on both the front portion 210a and the rear portion 210b.

In an exemplary embodiment, the feed portion <NUM> is tapered at the bottom <NUM>. For example, the feed portion <NUM> includes tapered edges <NUM>, <NUM> that extend from the bottom <NUM> to the front and rear edges <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. The feed portion <NUM> is tapered such that the feed portion <NUM> is narrower at the bottom <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the tapered edges <NUM>, <NUM> are linear. However, the tapered edges <NUM>, <NUM> may have other shapes in alternative embodiments, such as being curved or stepped.

The resonator portion <NUM> is located at the top <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the resonator portion <NUM> includes one or more slots <NUM> cut into the resonator portion <NUM>. The slot(s) <NUM> separate portions of the main panel <NUM> from other portions to form a resonating structure. The main panel <NUM> includes one or more branches <NUM> that surround the slot(s) <NUM>. Each branch <NUM> defines a stub. The size and shape of the stub affects antenna characteristics, such as to control gain above the horizon at one or more target frequencies. Each branch <NUM> includes multiple legs <NUM> extending along the various sides of the corresponding slot <NUM>. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the branch <NUM> includes an inner leg <NUM>, an outer leg <NUM>, and a connecting leg <NUM> between the inner and outer legs <NUM>, <NUM>. The inner leg <NUM> extends along an inner portion of the slot <NUM>. The outer leg <NUM> extends along an outer portion of the slot <NUM>, and the connecting leg <NUM> extends along the upper portion of the slot <NUM>. The branch <NUM> may include greater or fewer legs depending on the shape of the slot <NUM>. Providing multiple legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> widen the frequency bands in which the antenna element <NUM> operates efficiently. For example, the multiple legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> defining different radiating structures having different path lengths. The shorter paths operate at higher frequencies and the longer path operate at lower frequencies.

In the illustrated embodiment, the slot <NUM> is oriented generally vertically. However, the slot <NUM> may have other orientations in alternative embodiments. The width, length, and orientation of the slot <NUM> affects the antenna characteristics of the resonator portion <NUM>. Similarly, the widths, lengths, and orientations of the legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> affect the antenna characteristics of the resonator portion <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> have different lengths and different widths from each other. For example, the outer leg <NUM> is narrower than the inner leg <NUM> and/or the connecting leg <NUM>. The legs <NUM>, <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to each other across the slot <NUM>. The width of the slot <NUM> (for example, spacing between the edges of the legs <NUM>, <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>. The distal end of the outer leg <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to the resonator portion <NUM> of the main panel <NUM> across the slot <NUM>. The width of the slot <NUM> (for example, spacing between the distal end of the outer leg <NUM> and the main panel <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the central radiating element <NUM> includes a front wing <NUM> extending from the front edge <NUM> of the main panel <NUM> and a rear wing <NUM> extending from the rear edge <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. The wings <NUM>, <NUM> are integral with the main panel <NUM>. For example, the wings <NUM>, <NUM> are stamped from the same metal sheet with the main panel <NUM>. The wings <NUM>, <NUM> are bent out of plane relative to the main panel <NUM> during the forming process. The wings <NUM>, <NUM> are oriented transverse to the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, both wings <NUM>, <NUM> are bent in a counterclockwise direction such that the front wing <NUM> is bent toward the second side <NUM> and the rear wing <NUM> is bent toward the first side <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the wings <NUM>, <NUM> are oriented non-perpendicular to the main panel <NUM>. For example, the wings <NUM>, <NUM> are oriented at acute angles relative to the main panel <NUM>.

The front wing <NUM> extends between a proximal end <NUM> and a distal end <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> extends from the front edge <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal end <NUM> extends from the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. For example, the proximal end <NUM> is located both above and below the aperture <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the proximal end <NUM> extends from only the feed portion <NUM> or only the resonator portion <NUM>. A bend <NUM> is defined at the intersection of the proximal end <NUM> and the front edge <NUM>. The front wing <NUM> is bent at an angle relative to the main panel <NUM> at the bend <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> may be oriented parallel to the central axis <NUM> in various embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, the distal end <NUM> is oriented parallel to the proximal end <NUM>. For example, the front wing <NUM> may have a uniform width between the proximal end <NUM> and the distal end <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the front wing <NUM> may have other shapes. For example, the width of the front wing <NUM> may vary, such as being wider at the top and/or at the bottom of the front wing <NUM>. In other various embodiments, the front wing <NUM> may include multiple bends; and/or may be curved.

In an exemplary embodiment, the front wing <NUM> includes wing tips <NUM> at the top and/or the bottom of the front wing <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> of the front wing <NUM> is not connected to the main panel <NUM> at the wing tips <NUM>. The wing tips <NUM> are free from the main panel <NUM>. Optionally, the wing tips <NUM> may be bent relative to other portions of the front wing <NUM> such that the wing tips <NUM> are non-coplanar. The wing <NUM> and the wing tips <NUM> form resonating structures that affect the operating frequencies and widen the frequency bands in which the antenna element <NUM> operates efficiently. For example, the wing <NUM> and the wing tips <NUM> have different path lengths that operate at different frequencies.

In the illustrated embodiment, the front wing <NUM> is illustrated as being generally rectangular and planar. However, in various alternative embodiments, the front wing <NUM> may have other shapes. The front wing <NUM> may include cuts, slots, apertures, branches, legs, or other features that define radiating structures that affect the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>.

The rear wing <NUM> extends between a proximal end <NUM> and a distal end <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> extends from the rear edge <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal end <NUM> extends from the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. For example, the proximal end <NUM> is located both above and below the aperture <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the proximal end <NUM> extends from only the feed portion <NUM> or only the resonator portion <NUM>. A bend <NUM> is defined at the intersection of the proximal end <NUM> and the rear edge <NUM>. The rear wing <NUM> is bent at an angle relative to the main panel <NUM> at the bend <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> may be oriented parallel to the central axis <NUM> in various embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, the distal end <NUM> is oriented parallel to the proximal end <NUM>. For example, the rear wing <NUM> may have a uniform width between the proximal end <NUM> and the distal end <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the rear wing <NUM> may have other shapes. For example, the width of the rear wing <NUM> may vary, such as being wider at the top and/or at the bottom of the rear wing <NUM>. In other various embodiments, the rear wing <NUM> may include multiple bends; and/or may be curved.

In an exemplary embodiment, the rear wing <NUM> includes wing tips <NUM> at the top and/or the bottom of the rear wing <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> of the rear wing <NUM> is not connected to the main panel <NUM> at the wing tips <NUM>. The wing tips <NUM> are free from the main panel <NUM>. Optionally, the wing tips <NUM> may be bent relative to other portions of the rear wing <NUM> such that the wing tips <NUM> are non-coplanar.

In the illustrated embodiment, the rear wing <NUM> is illustrated as being generally rectangular and planar. However, in various alternative embodiments, the rear wing <NUM> may have other shapes. The rear wing <NUM> may include cuts, slots, apertures, branches, legs, or other features that define radiating structures that affect the antenna characteristics of the central radiating element <NUM>.

The first side radiating element <NUM> (<FIG>) is a conductive structure configured to form part of the antenna element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the first side radiating element <NUM> is stamped and formed from a metal blank or plate. The first side radiating element <NUM> is initially stamped in a flat pattern <NUM>' and then formed into a formed shape that defines the first side radiating element <NUM>.

The first side radiating element <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the first side <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM> to form the antenna element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the first side radiating element <NUM> includes locating tabs <NUM> along an inner edge of the first side radiating element <NUM>. The locating tabs <NUM> are used to position the first side radiating element <NUM> relative to the central radiating element <NUM>. The locating tabs <NUM> are configured to be received in corresponding tab openings <NUM> in the central radiating element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the first side radiating element <NUM> includes mounting tabs <NUM> along an inner edge of the first side radiating element <NUM>. The mounting tabs <NUM> are used to mount the first side radiating element <NUM> to the central radiating element <NUM>. The mounting tabs <NUM> may be soldered or welded to the central radiating element <NUM>, such as along the central axis <NUM>.

The first side radiating element <NUM> includes a main panel <NUM> extending between a top <NUM> and a bottom <NUM> of the first side radiating element <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> extends between an interior <NUM> and an exterior <NUM>. The interior <NUM> of the first side radiating element <NUM> has an inner edge <NUM> configured to be coupled to the first side <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM>. The locating tabs <NUM> and the mounting tabs <NUM> extend from the inner edge <NUM> for connection to the central radiating element <NUM>. The exterior <NUM> of the first side radiating element <NUM> has an outer edge <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> has a first side <NUM> and a second side <NUM> opposite the first side <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the main panel <NUM> includes a feed portion <NUM> at the bottom <NUM> and a resonator portion <NUM> at the top <NUM>. The feed portion <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the feed <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). The resonator portion <NUM> includes resonating features that define antenna characteristics of the antenna element <NUM>, such as the target frequencies, the return loss, the antenna gain, and the like. The main panel <NUM> includes an aperture <NUM> between the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>.

The aperture <NUM> may be formed during the stamping process. The aperture <NUM> separates the feed portion <NUM> from the resonator portion <NUM>. The size and shape of the aperture <NUM> affects the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>. The orientation of the aperture <NUM> (for example, vertical, horizontal, or other orientation direction) affects the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>. The aperture <NUM> may have a regular shape, such as a rectangular shape. However, the aperture <NUM> may have other shapes in alternative embodiments, such as an L-shape. The position of the aperture <NUM> along the main panel <NUM> (for example, distance from the top <NUM>, from the bottom <NUM>, from the interior <NUM>, from the exterior <NUM>, and the like) affects the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>. In various embodiments, the aperture <NUM> may be approximately centered between the top <NUM> and the bottom <NUM>. As such, the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM> have approximately equal areas of the main panel <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the aperture <NUM> may be offset, such as closer to the bottom <NUM> such that the resonator portion <NUM> has a larger area of the main panel <NUM> than the feed portion <NUM>, or vice versa. In an exemplary embodiment, the aperture <NUM> is open at the interior <NUM>. The aperture <NUM> is at a similar position as the aperture <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM> such that the aperture <NUM> may be open to the aperture <NUM>.

The main panel <NUM> includes a flanking portion <NUM> flanking the aperture <NUM>. The flanking portion <NUM> electrically connects the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, flanking portion <NUM> is provided at the exterior <NUM>. However, the flanking portion <NUM> may additionally or alternatively be provided at the interior <NUM>.

The aperture <NUM> is defined by edges <NUM>, <NUM>. The edges <NUM>, <NUM> face each other across the gap defined by the aperture <NUM>. The edge <NUM> extends along the top of the feed portion <NUM>. The edge <NUM> extends along the bottom of the resonator portion <NUM>. The edges <NUM>, <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to each other across the aperture <NUM>. The width of the aperture <NUM> (for example spacing between the edges <NUM>, <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>.

The feed portion <NUM> is located at the bottom <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the feed portion <NUM> includes a feed tab <NUM> at the bottom <NUM>. The feed tab <NUM> is configured to be electrically connected to the feed <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). The feed tab <NUM> is plugged into a slot at a top of the contact pin <NUM> (shown in <FIG>). In an exemplary embodiment, the feed tab <NUM> is provided at the interior <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the feed portion <NUM> is tapered between the interior <NUM> and the exterior <NUM> at the bottom <NUM>. For example, the feed portion <NUM> includes a tapered edge <NUM> that extends from the interior <NUM> at the bottom <NUM> to the exterior <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the tapered edge <NUM> is linear. However, the tapered edge <NUM> may have other shapes in alternative embodiments, such as being curved or stepped.

The resonator portion <NUM> is located at the top <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the resonator portion <NUM> includes one or more slots <NUM> cut into the resonator portion <NUM>. The slot <NUM> separates portions of the main panel <NUM> from other portions to form a resonating structure. The main panel <NUM> includes one or more branches <NUM> that surround the slot(s) <NUM>. Each branch <NUM> defines a stub. The size and shape of the stub affects antenna characteristics, such as to control gain above the horizon at one or more target frequencies. The branch <NUM> includes multiple legs <NUM> extending along the various sides of the slot <NUM>. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the branch <NUM> includes an inner leg <NUM>, an outer leg <NUM>, and a connecting leg <NUM> between the inner and outer legs <NUM>, <NUM>. The inner leg <NUM> extends along an inner portion of the slot <NUM>. The outer leg <NUM> extends along an outer portion of the slot <NUM>, and the connecting leg <NUM> extends along the upper portion of the slot <NUM>. The branch <NUM> may include greater or fewer legs depending on the shape of the slot <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the slot <NUM> is oriented generally vertically. However, the slot <NUM> may have other orientations in alternative embodiments. The width, length, and orientation of the slot <NUM> affects the antenna characteristics of the resonator portion <NUM>. Similarly, the widths, lengths, and orientations of the legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> affect the antenna characteristics of the resonator portion <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> have different lengths and different widths from each other. For example, the outer leg <NUM> is narrower than the inner leg <NUM> and/or the connecting leg <NUM>. The legs <NUM>, <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to each other across the slot <NUM>. The width of the slot <NUM> (for example, spacing between the edges of the legs <NUM>, <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>. The distal end of the outer leg <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to the resonator portion <NUM> of the main panel <NUM> across the slot <NUM>. The width of the slot <NUM> (for example, spacing between the distal end of the outer leg <NUM> and the main panel <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the first side radiating element <NUM> includes a first side wing <NUM> extending from the exterior <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. The wing <NUM> is integral with the main panel <NUM>. For example, the wing <NUM> is stamped from the same metal sheet with the main panel <NUM>. The wing <NUM> is bent out of plane relative to the main panel <NUM> during the forming process. The wing <NUM> is oriented transverse to the main panel <NUM>, such as being bent in a counterclockwise direction toward the first side <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the wing <NUM> is oriented non-perpendicular to the main panel <NUM>. For example, the wing <NUM> is oriented at an acute angle relative to the main panel <NUM>.

The first side wing <NUM> extends between a proximal end <NUM> and a distal end <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> extends from the outer edge <NUM> at the exterior <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal end <NUM> extends from the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. For example, the proximal end <NUM> is located both above and below the aperture <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the proximal end <NUM> extends from only the feed portion <NUM> or only the resonator portion <NUM>. A bend <NUM> is defined at the intersection of the proximal end <NUM> and the outer edge <NUM>. The first side wing <NUM> is bent at an angle relative to the main panel <NUM> at the bend <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> may be oriented parallel to the inner edge <NUM> in various embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, the distal end <NUM> is oriented parallel to the proximal end <NUM>. For example, the first side wing <NUM> may have a uniform width between the proximal end <NUM> and the distal end <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the first side wing <NUM> may have other shapes. For example, the width of the first side wing <NUM> may vary, such as being wider at the top and/or at the bottom of the first side wing <NUM>. In other various embodiments, the first side wing <NUM> may include multiple bends; and/or may be curved.

In an exemplary embodiment, the first side wing <NUM> includes wing tips <NUM> at the top and/or the bottom of the first side wing <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> of the first side wing <NUM> is not connected to the main panel <NUM> at the wing tips <NUM>. The wing tips <NUM> are free from the main panel <NUM>. Optionally, the wing tips <NUM> may be bent relative to other portions of the first side wing <NUM> such that the wing tips <NUM> are non-coplanar.

In the illustrated embodiment, the first side wing <NUM> is illustrated as being generally rectangular and planar. However, in various alternative embodiments, the first side wing <NUM> may have other shapes. The first side wing <NUM> may include cuts, slots, apertures, branches, legs, or other features that define radiating structures that affect the antenna characteristics of the first side radiating element <NUM>.

The second side radiating element <NUM> (<FIG>) is a conductive structure configured to form part of the antenna element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the second side radiating element <NUM> is stamped and formed from a metal blank or plate. The second side radiating element <NUM> is initially stamped in a flat pattern <NUM>' and then formed into a formed shape that defines the second side radiating element <NUM>.

The second side radiating element <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the second side <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM> to form the antenna element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the second side radiating element <NUM> includes locating tabs <NUM> along an inner edge of the second side radiating element <NUM>. The locating tabs <NUM> are used to position the second side radiating element <NUM> relative to the central radiating element <NUM>. The locating tabs <NUM> are configured to be received in corresponding tab openings <NUM> in the central radiating element <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the second side radiating element <NUM> includes mounting tabs <NUM> along an inner edge of the second side radiating element <NUM>. The mounting tabs <NUM> are used to mount the second side radiating element <NUM> to the central radiating element <NUM>. The mounting tabs <NUM> may be soldered or welded to the central radiating element <NUM>, such as along the central axis <NUM>.

The second side radiating element <NUM> includes a main panel <NUM> extending between a top <NUM> and a bottom <NUM> of the second side radiating element <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> extends between an interior <NUM> and an exterior <NUM>. The interior <NUM> of the second side radiating element <NUM> has an inner edge <NUM> configured to be coupled to the second side <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM>. The locating tabs <NUM> and the mounting tabs <NUM> extend from the inner edge <NUM> for connection to the central radiating element <NUM>. The exterior <NUM> of the second side radiating element <NUM> has an outer edge <NUM>. The main panel <NUM> has a second side <NUM> and a second side <NUM> opposite the second side <NUM>.

The aperture <NUM> may be formed during the stamping process. The aperture <NUM> separates the feed portion <NUM> from the resonator portion <NUM>. The size and shape of the aperture <NUM> affects the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>. The orientation of the aperture <NUM> (for example, vertical, horizontal, or other orientation direction) affects the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>. The aperture <NUM> may have a regular shape, such as a rectangular shape. However, the aperture <NUM> may have other shapes in alternative embodiments, such as an L-shape. The position of the aperture <NUM> along the main panel <NUM> (for example, distance from the top <NUM>, from the bottom <NUM>, from the interior <NUM>, from the exterior <NUM>, and the like) affects the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>. In various embodiments, the aperture <NUM> may be approximately centered between the top <NUM> and the bottom <NUM>. As such, the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM> have approximately equal areas of the main panel <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the aperture <NUM> may be offset, such as closer to the bottom <NUM> such that the resonator portion <NUM> has a larger area of the main panel <NUM> than the feed portion <NUM>, or vice versa. In an exemplary embodiment, the aperture <NUM> is open at the interior <NUM>. The aperture <NUM> is at a similar position as the aperture <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM> such that the aperture <NUM> may be open to the aperture <NUM>.

The aperture <NUM> is defined by edges <NUM>, <NUM>. The edges <NUM>, <NUM> face each other across the gap defined by the aperture <NUM>. The edge <NUM> extends along the top of the feed portion <NUM>. The edge <NUM> extends along the bottom of the resonator portion <NUM>. The edges <NUM>, <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to each other across the aperture <NUM>. The width of the aperture <NUM> (for example spacing between the edges <NUM>, <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>.

The resonator portion <NUM> is located at the top <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the resonator portion <NUM> includes one or more slots <NUM> cut into the resonator portion <NUM>. The slot <NUM> separates portions of the main panel <NUM> from other portions to form a resonating structure. The main panel <NUM> includes one or more branches <NUM> that surround the slot(s) <NUM>. Each branch <NUM> defines a stub. The size and shape of the stub affects antenna characteristics, such as to control gain above the horizon at one or more target frequencies. The branch <NUM> includes multiple legs <NUM> extending along the various sides of the slot <NUM>. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the branch <NUM> includes an inner leg <NUM>, an outer leg <NUM>, and a connecting leg <NUM> between the inner and outer legs <NUM>, <NUM>. The inner leg <NUM> extends along an inner portion of the slot <NUM>. The outer leg <NUM> extends along an outer portion of the slot <NUM>, and the connecting leg <NUM> extends along the upper portion of the slot <NUM>. The branch <NUM> may include greater or fewer legs depending on the shape of the slot <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the slot <NUM> is oriented generally vertically. However, the slot <NUM> may have other orientations in alternative embodiments. The width, length, and orientation of the slot <NUM> affects the antenna characteristics of the resonator portion <NUM>. Similarly, the widths, lengths, and orientations of the legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> affect the antenna characteristics of the resonator portion <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the legs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> have different lengths and different widths from each other. For example, the outer leg <NUM> is narrower than the inner leg <NUM> and/or the connecting leg <NUM>. The legs <NUM>, <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to each other across the slot <NUM>. The width of the slot <NUM> (for example, spacing between the edges of the legs <NUM>, <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>. The distal end of the outer leg <NUM> may be capacitively coupled to the resonator portion <NUM> of the main panel <NUM> across the slot <NUM>. The width of the slot <NUM> (for example, spacing between the distal end of the outer leg <NUM> and the main panel <NUM>) affects the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, the second side radiating element <NUM> includes a second side wing <NUM> extending from the exterior <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. The wing <NUM> is integral with the main panel <NUM>. For example, the wing <NUM> is stamped from the same metal sheet with the main panel <NUM>. The wing <NUM> is bent out of plane relative to the main panel <NUM> during the forming process. The wing <NUM> is oriented transverse to the main panel <NUM>, such as being bent in a counterclockwise direction toward the second side <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the wing <NUM> is oriented non-perpendicular to the main panel <NUM>. For example, the wing <NUM> is oriented at an acute angle relative to the main panel <NUM>.

The second side wing <NUM> extends between a proximal end <NUM> and a distal end <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> extends from the outer edge <NUM> at the exterior <NUM> of the main panel <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal end <NUM> extends from the feed portion <NUM> and the resonator portion <NUM>. For example, the proximal end <NUM> is located both above and below the aperture <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the proximal end <NUM> extends from only the feed portion <NUM> or only the resonator portion <NUM>. A bend <NUM> is defined at the intersection of the proximal end <NUM> and the outer edge <NUM>. The second side wing <NUM> is bent at an angle relative to the main panel <NUM> at the bend <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> may be oriented parallel to the inner edge <NUM> in various embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, the distal end <NUM> is oriented parallel to the proximal end <NUM>. For example, the second side wing <NUM> may have a uniform width between the proximal end <NUM> and the distal end <NUM>. However, in alternative embodiments, the second side wing <NUM> may have other shapes. For example, the width of the second side wing <NUM> may vary, such as being wider at the top and/or at the bottom of the second side wing <NUM>. In other various embodiments, the second side wing <NUM> may include multiple bends; and/or may be curved.

In an exemplary embodiment, the second side wing <NUM> includes wing tips <NUM> at the top and/or the bottom of the second side wing <NUM>. The proximal end <NUM> of the second side wing <NUM> is not connected to the main panel <NUM> at the wing tips <NUM>. The wing tips <NUM> are free from the main panel <NUM>. Optionally, the wing tips <NUM> may be bent relative to other portions of the second side wing <NUM> such that the wing tips <NUM> are non-coplanar.

In the illustrated embodiment, the second side wing <NUM> is illustrated as being generally rectangular and planar. However, in various alternative embodiments, the second side wing <NUM> may have other shapes. The second side wing <NUM> may include cuts, slots, apertures, branches, legs, or other features that define radiating structures that affect the antenna characteristics of the second side radiating element <NUM>.

When assembled (<FIG>), the first and second side radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM> are coupled to the central radiating element <NUM> to form the antenna element <NUM>. The antenna element <NUM> is a cross shaped antenna structure. In an exemplary embodiment, the first side radiating element <NUM> and the second side radiating element <NUM> are coupled to the main panel <NUM> of the central radiating element <NUM> at the central axis <NUM>. The cross shaped antenna structure is symmetrical about the central axis <NUM>. For example, the first and second side radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM> are symmetric about the central axis <NUM> and the front and rear portions of the central radiating element <NUM> is symmetric about the central axis <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second side radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, and the front and rear portions of the central radiating element <NUM> are identical radiating structures emanating from the central axis <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the stamped and formed radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> arranged in the crossed structure emulate wideband impedance characteristics of a conventional conical structure but at lower cost with less manufacturing complexity than conventional conical antenna structures.

The wings <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> provide additional surface area for radiation to improve the antenna characteristics of the antenna element <NUM>. In the illustrated embodiment, the wings <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> each extend in conterclockwise directions around the central axis <NUM>. The wings <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are bent inward at acute angles to reduce the overall size (for example, outer perimeter) of the antenna element <NUM> and provide a condensed overall shape to fit within a condensed space, such as the radome <NUM> (<FIG>). Folding the wings <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> decreases the volume for more compact packaging as compared to conventional conical antenna structures.

With reference back to <FIG>, the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> have different shapes and features compared to the embodiment shown in <FIG>. For example, the resonator portions <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be shaped differently. The apertures <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be shaped differently. For example, the apertures <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be L-shaped. In the illustrated embodiment, the apertures <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are oriented generally vertically rather than being oriented generally horizontally. The apertures <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be open at the exterior edges of the main panels. The feed portions of the main panels are shorter than the resonator portions in the illustrated embodiment. The exterior edges of the main panels are angled inward (non-parallel to the central axis) in the illustrated embodiment. The wings <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be shaped differently, such as having tapered edges.

<FIG> illustrate the radome <NUM> of the antenna assembly shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a perspective view of the radome <NUM>. <FIG> is a side view of the radome <NUM>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the radome <NUM>. The radome <NUM> is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects the antenna element <NUM> (<FIG>). The radome <NUM> is constructed of material transparent to radio waves. The radome <NUM> protects the antenna element <NUM> from weather and conceals the antenna element <NUM> from view.

In an exemplary embodiment, the radome <NUM> includes an interior cavity <NUM> that receives the antenna element <NUM>. The cavity <NUM> may be generally cylindrical. Optionally, the cavity <NUM> may be conical, such as being tapered inward at the top of the radome <NUM>. Optionally, a base <NUM> of the radome <NUM> may be flared outward, such as for stability. In an exemplary embodiment, the radome <NUM> includes internal threads <NUM> at the base <NUM>. The threads <NUM> are configured to be threadably coupled to the connector body <NUM> (<FIG>).

In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in the <FIG>, the radome <NUM> includes slots <NUM> defined along interior surfaces of the radome <NUM>. The slots <NUM> are configured for engagingly receiving the side edge portions of the antenna element <NUM>, such as the resonator portions <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> (<FIG>, <FIG>, <FIG>) when the antenna element <NUM> is slidably positioned in the cavity <NUM> of the radome <NUM>. Slidably positioning the antenna element <NUM> within the interior slots <NUM> may help support and/or stabilize (e.g., prevent vibration, etc.) the antenna element <NUM>, may provide reinforcement for the antenna element <NUM>, and/or may help with proper alignment of the antenna element <NUM> in the radome <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrate the center pin <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM> shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a perspective view of the center pin <NUM>. <FIG> is a side view of the center pin <NUM>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the center pin <NUM>. The center pin <NUM> forms part of the feed <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM>.

The center pin <NUM> extends between a first end <NUM> and a second end <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the center pin <NUM> includes a locating shoulder <NUM> between the first and second ends <NUM>, <NUM> for locating the center pin <NUM> in the electrical insulator <NUM> (<FIG>). The first end <NUM> is configured to be coupled to the contact pin <NUM> (<FIG>). The second end is configured to be coupled to a cable or feed pin (not shown). The center pin <NUM> is manufactured from a conductive material, such as metal. The center pin <NUM> may be a machined part. Alternatively, the center pin <NUM> may be manufactured by other processes such as being stamped and formed. The center pin <NUM> includes sockets <NUM>, <NUM> at the first and second ends <NUM>, <NUM>, respectively. The contact pin <NUM> may be plugged into the socket <NUM>. The conductor of the cable or a feed pin may be plugged into the socket <NUM>. Other types of contacts may be provided at the first end <NUM> and/or the second end <NUM> in alternative embodiments. The center pin <NUM> includes deflectable spring fingers <NUM> along the sockets <NUM>, <NUM> that engage the contact pin <NUM> or the cable.

<FIG> illustrate the electrical insulator <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM> shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a perspective view of the electrical insulator <NUM>. <FIG> is a side view of the electrical insulator <NUM>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the electrical insulator <NUM>. The electrical insulator <NUM> forms part of the antenna base <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM>.

The electrical insulator <NUM> is manufactured from a dielectric material, such as a plastic material. The electrical insulator <NUM> includes a flange <NUM> at an upper portion of the electrical insulator <NUM>. The flange <NUM> is used for positioning the electrical insulator <NUM> in the connector body <NUM> (<FIG>). The electrical insulator <NUM> includes an insulator bore <NUM> extending through the electrical insulator <NUM> between the top and the bottom of the electrical insulator <NUM>. The insulator bore <NUM> is configured to receive the contact pin <NUM>. The electrical insulator <NUM> electrically isolates the center pin <NUM> from the connector body <NUM>. The insulator bore <NUM> may be cylindrical. In some embodiments, the insulator bore <NUM> may be stepped, such as to receive the locating shoulder <NUM> of the center pin <NUM>.

<FIG> is a perspective view of the contact pin <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM> shown in <FIG>. The contact pin <NUM> includes a pin <NUM> at a bottom and a head <NUM> at a top of the contact pin <NUM>. The pin <NUM> is configured to be plugged into the center pin <NUM> to electrically connect the contact pin <NUM> to the center pin <NUM>. The contact pin <NUM> and the center pin <NUM> form the feed <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM>. The head <NUM> includes a cross-shaped feed slot <NUM> that receives the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> (<FIG>, <FIG>, <FIG>). Tab supports <NUM> surround the feed slot <NUM> to form the cross-shaped feed slot <NUM>. The tab supports <NUM> engage the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> to connect the feed <NUM> to the antenna element <NUM>. The feed slot <NUM> is open from above the receive the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. The feed slot <NUM> may be open at the sides of the head <NUM> to allow the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> to extend through the sides of the head <NUM>. The head <NUM> may include bumps or protrusions extending into the feed slot <NUM> to interface with the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrate the connector body <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM> shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a perspective view of the connector body <NUM>. <FIG> is a side view of the connector body <NUM>. <FIG> is a cross-sectional view of the connector body <NUM>. The connector body <NUM> forms part of the antenna base <NUM> of the antenna assembly <NUM>. In an exemplary embodiment, the connector body <NUM> is configured to be electrically grounded. The connector body <NUM> may form a ground reference or ground plane for the antenna assembly <NUM>.

The connector body <NUM> includes mounting base <NUM> at a bottom of the connector body <NUM> and an upper flange <NUM> at a top of the connector body <NUM>. The connector body <NUM> includes a bore <NUM> extending through the mounting base <NUM> and the upper flange <NUM>. The bore <NUM> receives the insulator <NUM> and the feed <NUM> (<FIG>). The bore <NUM> may receive the cap <NUM> (<FIG>). The bore <NUM> may receive a cable or other feeding element. The mounting base <NUM> is used to mount the antenna base <NUM> to another structure, such as a chassis, a panel, a wall, or other support structure. In an exemplary embodiment, the mounting base <NUM> is cylindrical and threaded with threads <NUM>. The threads <NUM> are configured to be threadably coupled to the support structure. Other types of mounting bases may be used in alternative embodiments.

The upper flange <NUM> includes an upper surface <NUM> and a lower surface <NUM>. The lower surface <NUM> may be supported on the support structure. The lower surface <NUM> may include a seal groove <NUM> that receives the O-ring <NUM>. The O-ring <NUM> may be sealed between the lower surface <NUM> and the support structure. In an exemplary embodiment, an outer perimeter of the upper flange <NUM> is threaded with external threads <NUM>. The external threads <NUM> are configured to be coupled to the radome <NUM>, such as being threadably coupled to the internal threads <NUM> (<FIG>) of the radome <NUM>.

In an exemplary embodiment, a lip <NUM> extends from the upper surface <NUM>. The lip protrudes upward a distance. The lip <NUM> surrounds a pocket <NUM>. The insulator <NUM> and the feed <NUM>, such as the center pin <NUM> and/or the contact pin <NUM>, are received in the pocket <NUM> and surrounded by the lip <NUM>. The pocket <NUM> may receive a portion of the antenna element <NUM>, such as the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and the bottom tapered portions of the feed portions of the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. The lip <NUM> has a height and a diameter that positions the lip <NUM> a predetermined distance from the feed <NUM> and the feed portions of the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> to control antenna characteristics of the antenna assembly <NUM>. For example, the spacing between the grounded connector body <NUM> (for example, the lip <NUM>) and the feed portions of the antenna assembly <NUM> (for example, the pins <NUM>, <NUM> and the feed tabs <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) may be controlled to tune the antenna assembly <NUM>. The amount of taper on the feed portions of the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> control the spacing between the grounded connector body <NUM> and the antenna element <NUM>. The height of the lip <NUM> and the diameter of the lip <NUM> controls the spacing between the grounded connector body <NUM> and the antenna element <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates the first side radiating element <NUM>, the central radiating element <NUM>, and the second side radiating element <NUM> corresponding to the antenna element <NUM> shown in <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates perspective views of the antenna elements <NUM> with the radiating elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> after being assembled (for example, soldered, spot welded, and the like) into a broadband rugged monopole antenna element, corresponding to the antenna element <NUM> shown in <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrates perspective views of the antenna elements <NUM> connected to the corresponding contact pins <NUM>.

<FIG> is an exploded view of the antenna base <NUM> showing the connector body <NUM>, the insulator <NUM> and the center pin <NUM>.

<FIG> is a partially assembled view of a portion of the antenna base <NUM> showing the center pins <NUM> received in corresponding insulators <NUM>.

<FIG> is an assembled view of the antenna bases <NUM> showing the center pins <NUM> and the insulators <NUM> received in corresponding connector bodies <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates bottom perspective views of the antenna assemblies <NUM> with the antenna elements <NUM> and the antenna bases <NUM> in the corresponding radomes <NUM>. Each connector body <NUM> is threadably coupled to the base of the radome <NUM>. The O-ring <NUM> is coupled to the bottom of the radome <NUM> to seal the radome <NUM> to the supporting structure.

<FIG> provide testing results measured for the prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> shown in <FIG>. The prototype antenna assemblies were tested on a two feet by two feet square ground plane made of <NUM> thick aluminum. The results shown in <FIG> are provided only for purposes of illustration and not for purposes of limitation.

More specifically, <FIG> and <FIG> includes RF specifications tables and compliance data for a prototype antenna assembly <NUM> according to an exemplary embodiment. <FIG> and <FIG> includes tables with antenna characteristics and performance specifications for a prototype antenna assembly <NUM> according to an exemplary embodiment.

<FIG> and <FIG> include line graphs of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) versus frequency in megahertz (MHZ) measured for the three prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> shown in <FIG> including installed O-rings. Generally, <FIG> and <FIG> show that the prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> have relatively good VSWR in compliance with VSWR values shown in <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG>. <FIG> and <FIG> also generally show that the VSWR for all prototype samples was consistent and repeatable.

<FIG> includes a bar graph of efficiency (%) and a line graph of maximum gain in decibels relative to isotropic radiator (dBi) versus frequency (MHz) for the three prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> shown in <FIG>. <FIG> includes a line graph of average gain (dBi) versus frequency (MHz) azimuth theta <NUM>° for the three prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> shown in <FIG>. <FIG> includes a line graph of azimuth plane ripple (dB) versus frequency (MHz) for the three prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> shown in <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrate radiation patterns (azimuth plane, phi zero degree plane, and phi ninety degree plane) measured for the three prototype antenna assemblies shown in <FIG> at frequencies of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> respectively. Azimuth radiation patterns were taken at theta <NUM> degree node. Generally, <FIG> show that the prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> have good omnidirectional radiation patterns at these frequencies ranging from <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to <NUM>.

<FIG> provide testing results measured for the prototype antenna assembly <NUM> shown in <FIG>. The prototype antenna assembly was tested on a two feet by two feet square ground plane made of <NUM> thick aluminum. The results shown in <FIG> are provided only for purposes of illustration and not for purposes of limitation.

More specifically, <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG> include line graphs of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) versus frequency in megahertz (MHZ) measured for prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> as shown in <FIG>. Generally, <FIG>, <FIG>, and <FIG> show that the prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> have relatively good VSWR and that the VSWR for all prototype samples was consistent and repeatable.

<FIG> is a line graph of peak gain (dBi) versus frequency (MHZ) measured for a prototype antenna assembly <NUM> as shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a line graph of gain (dBi) on horizon versus frequency (MHZ) measured for a prototype antenna assembly <NUM> as shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a line graph of efficiency (%) versus frequency (MHZ) measured for a prototype antenna assembly <NUM> as shown in <FIG>. <FIG> is a line graph of beam width (degrees), Phi = <NUM>° versus frequency (MHZ) measured for a prototype antenna assembly <NUM> as shown in <FIG>.

<FIG> illustrate radiation patterns (azimuth plane, phi zero degree plane, and phi ninety degree plane) measured for a prototype antenna assembly as shown in <FIG> at frequencies of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>, respectively. Generally, <FIG> show that the prototype antenna assemblies <NUM> have good omnidirectional radiation patterns at these frequencies ranging from <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to <NUM>.

As recognized herein, good ground contact was important for both the omnidirectional patterns and VSWR performance. The prototype samples were sensitive to poor ground contact. Accordingly, the connector nut was tightened with a large amount of force to ensure good grounding. VSWR measurements were completed with <NUM> lock washers to help establish and maintain good grounding with the ground plane.

A wide range of electrically-conductive materials may be used for the antenna elements A, B, and C of the monopole antenna element <NUM>, such as sheet metal, beryllium copper alloy (e.g., beryllium copper alloy <NUM>, etc.), stainless steel, phosphor bronze, copper-clad steel, brass, monel, aluminum, steel, nickel silver, other beryllium copper alloys, among others.

Accordingly, disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments of omnidirectional antenna assemblies including broadband monopole antennas. In exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly includes a broadband monopole antenna comprising stamped and folded elements. The antenna assembly is configured to be operable with high omnidirectional pattern conformity at frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM> or frequencies from about <NUM> megahertz (MHz) to about <NUM>. Accordingly, the omnidirectional antenna may thus be configured to deliver global cellular coverage even for regions where the lower <NUM> band is required. In exemplary embodiments, the omnidirectional antenna may be configured to be operable with relatively high levels of average efficiency over <NUM>% up to <NUM>, with gain up to <NUM> dBi in an IP67 and UL <NUM> flammability rated compact form factor.

In exemplary embodiments, the omnidirectional antenna assembly may include a direct-mount, threaded stud and integrated N-female connector that provide a tamper-resistant installation. A direct coaxial connection may be provided that ensures performance remains consistent even at the higher frequencies thereby avoiding the performance losses of other mounting methods.

In exemplary embodiments, the omnidirectional antenna assembly may be configured (e.g., optimized, etc.) to be operable with optimal gain directed at just above the horizon for superior connectivity with exceptional efficiency levels.

In exemplary embodiments, the omnidirectional antenna assembly may be configured to be operable with uniform azimuth patterns that reduce the chance of signal drop outs.

In exemplary embodiments, the omnidirectional antenna assembly may be configured with a rugged, robust construction, which is tamper-resistant and highly durable with IP67-rated compact enclosure and UL <NUM> flammability rating.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms (e.g., different materials may be used, etc.) and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In addition, advantages, and improvements that may be achieved with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are provided for purpose of illustration only and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure defined only by the appended claims.

Specific dimensions, specific materials, and/or specific shapes disclosed herein are example in nature and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure. The disclosure herein of particular values and particular ranges of values (e.g., frequency ranges, etc.) for given parameters are not exclusive of other values and ranges of values that may be useful in one or more of the examples disclosed herein. Moreover, it is envisioned that any two particular values for a specific parameter stated herein may define the endpoints of a range of values that may be suitable for the given parameter (i.e., the disclosure of a first value and a second value for a given parameter can be interpreted as disclosing that any value between the first and second values could also be employed for the given parameter). Similarly, it is envisioned that disclosure of two or more ranges of values for a parameter (whether such ranges are nested, overlapping or distinct) subsume all possible combination of ranges for the value that might be claimed using endpoints of the disclosed ranges.

The term "about" when applied to values indicates that the calculation or the measurement allows some slight imprecision in the value (with some approach to exactness in the value; approximately or reasonably close to the value; nearly). If, for some reason, the imprecision provided by "about" is not otherwise understood in the art with this ordinary meaning, then "about" as used herein indicates at least variations that may arise from ordinary methods of measuring or using such parameters. For example, the terms "generally", "about", and "substantially" may be used herein to mean within manufacturing tolerances.

Spatially relative terms, such as "inner," "outer," "beneath", "below", "lower", "above", "upper" and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures.

Claim 1:
An antenna assembly comprising:
an antenna base (<NUM>) having a feed (<NUM>); and
an antenna element (<NUM>) coupled to the antenna base, the antenna element including a central radiating element (<NUM>), a first side radiating element (<NUM>) coupled to the central radiating element, and a second side radiating element (<NUM>) coupled to the central radiating element, the central radiating element, the first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element form a cross shaped antenna structure extending along a central antenna axis (<NUM>), the central radiating element, the first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element having radial or rotational symmetry about the central antenna axis,
wherein the feed (<NUM>) of the antenna base (<NUM>) has a cross shaped feed slot (<NUM>),
and wherein feed portions (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) of the central radiating element, the first side radiating element, and the second side radiating element include feed tabs (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) received in the cross shaped feed slot (<NUM>).