Patent Description:
The various uses and applications of display apparatuses has become more diversified over time. Various functions for connecting to, linking to, or interacting with display apparatuses have been added while the area occupied by a display area in such display apparatuses has increased. As a method of adding various functions while expanding the display area, a display apparatus may have an opening formed inside the display area and a photographing device such as a camera is located at a position overlapping the opening.

<CIT> discloses an electroluminescent device, including: a lower structure; and an encapsulation structure disposed on the lower structure, wherein the lower structure includes: a display region; a light transmitting region having a non-through-hole structure including at least a portion surrounded by the display region; and a buffer region having at least a portion extending along an outline of the light transmitting region between the display region and the light transmitting region to separate the display region and the light transmitting region from each other, and wherein the lower structure further includes a light blocking structure extending along the outline of the light transmitting region in the at least the portion of the buffer region.

When forming an opening in a display area, a manufacturing process may be utilized to minimize or reduce a dead space (e.g., a non-display or bezel area) around the opening. Aspects of one or more embodiments include a display apparatus in which a dead space around an opening is minimized or reduced and defects that may otherwise occur in an opening forming process are minimized, eliminated, or reduced. However, this is merely an example, and the scope of embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Additional aspects and characteristics will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be more apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

According to the invention, there is disclosed a display apparatus as recited in claim <NUM>.

According to the invention, the encapsulation layer includes a first trench overlapping the first opening and the second opening.

According to the invention, the encapsulation layer includes a glass material.

According to the invention, the display apparatus further includes a refractive index compensation layer between the first trench and the substrate.

According to the invention, a refractive index of the refractive index compensation layer is greater than a refractive index of air and less than a refractive index of the encapsulation layer.

According to some embodiments, the refractive index compensation layer may include a silicon resin.

According to some embodiments, the insulating layer may include a multilayer films (e.g. a plurality of insulating layers), and the first opening may be formed in at least one of the multilayer films (e.g. in at least one of the plurality of insulating layers).

According to some embodiments, the intermediate layer may include a first intermediate layer between the emission layer and the plurality of first electrodes, and a second intermediate layer between the emission layer and the second electrode. At least one of the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer may overlap the first opening and the second opening.

According to some embodiments, the second electrode may overlap the first opening and the second opening.

According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a capping layer between the second electrode and the encapsulation layer, wherein the capping layer may overlap the first opening and the second opening.

According to some embodiments, the substrate may include a second trench overlapping the first opening and the second opening.

According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a pixel defining layer surrounding the plurality of first electrodes, and a spacer located in a partial area on the pixel definition layer, wherein the spacer may surround the first opening.

According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a cover layer including a transparent material on the polarizing layer.

According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include an adhesive layer between the polarizing layer and the cover layer.

According to some embodiments, the intermediate layer may include a first intermediate layer between the emission layer and the first electrode, and a second intermediate layer between the emission layer and the second electrode. At least one of the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer may be continuously located in the first area and the second area without interruption.

According to some embodiments, the second electrode may be continuously located in the first area and the second area without interruption.

According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a capping layer between the second electrode and the encapsulation layer, wherein the capping layer may be continuously located in the first area and the second area without interruption.

According to the invention, the display apparatus further includes a refractive index compensation layer between the trench and the substrate and having a refractive index greater than that of air and less than that of the encapsulation layer.

According to the invention, the encapsulation layer includes a trench overlapping the first area, and the display apparatus further includes a refractive index compensation layer between the trench and the substrate and having a refractive index greater than that of air and less than that of the encapsulation layer.

The above and other aspects, features, and characteristics of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:.

Reference will now be made in more detail to aspects of some embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of some embodiments of the present description. Throughout the disclosure, the expression "at least one of a, b and c" indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

Because the disclosure may have diverse modified embodiments, certain embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and are described in the detailed description. An effect and a characteristic of the disclosure, and a method of accomplishing these will be more apparent when referring to embodiments described with reference to the drawings. Embodiments according to the present disclosure may, however, have many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

Reference will now be made in more detail to aspects of some embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and repeated description thereof will be omitted.

It will be understood that although the terms "first," "second," etc. may be used herein to describe various components, these components should not be limited by these terms.

It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" used herein specify the presence of stated features or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or elements.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or element is referred to as being "formed on" another layer, area, or element, it can be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or element. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or elements may be present.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is connected to another portion, the layer, region, or component may be directly connected to the portion or an intervening layer, region, or component may exist, such that the layer, region, or component may be indirectly connected to the portion. For example, when a layer, region, or component is electrically connected to another portion, the layer, region, or component may be directly electrically connected to the portion or may be indirectly connected to the portion through another layer, region, or component.

<FIG> is a perspective view of a display apparatus <NUM> according to some embodiments.

Referring to <FIG>, the display apparatus <NUM> may include a transmission area TA, a display area DA surrounding the transmission area TA, and a peripheral area PA surrounding the display area DA.

The display apparatus <NUM> may display images using light emitted from a plurality of pixels arranged in the display area DA. The transmission area TA may be surrounded by the display area DA. The transmission area TA may be an area in which a component CP (see <FIG>) is arranged.

Hereinafter, as the display apparatus <NUM> according to some embodiments, an organic light-emitting display apparatus is described as an example, but a display apparatus according to embodiments of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. According to some embodiments, various types of display apparatuses, such as a liquid crystal display apparatus, an inorganic light emitting display apparatus, and a quantum dot light emitting display apparatus, may be used.

In <FIG>, one transmission area TA is provided and is shown in a substantially circular shape, but embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The number of transmission areas TA may be two or more, and each shape may be variously changed in a plane such as a circle, an ellipse, a polygon such as a triangle or a square, a star shape, a diamond shape, and an irregular shape.

In addition, the display apparatus <NUM> may be various electronic devices such as a mobile phone, a laptop computer, and a smart watch.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments, which is taken along the line II-II' of <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, the display apparatus <NUM> includes the transmission area TA and the display area DA surrounding the transmission area TA. The component CP having various functions is located in a position overlapping the transmission area TA, and a plurality of pixels including an emission layer 222b are located in the display area DA.

The component CP may include an electronic element. For example, the component CP may include an electronic element utilizing light or sound. For example, the electronic element may include a sensor that uses light such as an infrared sensor, a camera that captures an image by receiving light, a sensor that outputs and detects light or sound to measure a distance or recognize fingerprints, a small lamp that outputs light, a speaker that outputs sound, and the like. In the case of an electronic element using light, light of various wavelength bands such as visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, and the like may be used. In some embodiments, the transmission area TA may be understood as an area in which light or/and sound that is output from the component CP to the outside or that travels from the outside toward the electronic element may be transmitted.

The display apparatus <NUM> may include a substrate <NUM>, an insulating layer <NUM>, the emission layer 222b, an intermediate layer <NUM>, a second electrode <NUM>, a capping layer <NUM>, a refractive index compensation layer <NUM>, an encapsulation layer <NUM>, a polarization layer <NUM>, an adhesive layer <NUM>, and a cover layer <NUM>.

A plurality of thin-film transistors TFT (see <FIG>) are located in the insulating layer <NUM>, and a first opening OP1 is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved.

The emission layer 222b may not be located in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP. A plurality of emission layers 222b apart from each other may emit different colors.

The intermediate layer <NUM> including the emission layer 222b may be continuously located in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

The second electrode <NUM> on the intermediate layer <NUM> may be continuously located in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

The capping layer <NUM> on the second electrode <NUM> may be continuously located in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

In the encapsulation layer <NUM> on the capping layer <NUM>, a first trench 400T is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved.

The refractive index compensation layer <NUM> having a refractive index greater than a refractive index of air and less than a refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM> may be located between the first trench 400T of the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the substrate <NUM>. When air is filled between the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the substrate <NUM> instead of the refractive index compensation layer <NUM>, visibility distortion may occur due to air having a less refractive index than that of the encapsulation layer <NUM>. Because the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> includes a material having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of air and less than the refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM>, a difference in refractive index between the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> may be minimized or reduced, thereby improving visibility distortion.

For example, when the encapsulation layer <NUM> includes a transparent glass material, the range of the refractive index is approximately <NUM>. The refractive index compensation layer <NUM> may include a silicon resin having a refractive index of about <NUM> to minimize or reduce a difference in refractive index between the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM>.

In the polarization layer <NUM> on the encapsulation layer <NUM>, a second opening OP2 is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved.

A cover layer <NUM> including a transparent material may be on the polarization layer <NUM>, and the adhesive layer <NUM> may be further between the polarization layer <NUM> and the cover layer <NUM>.

<FIG> shows a case where all of the intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are continuously located in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption, but embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Some of the intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> may not be located in the transmission area TA. Detailed descriptions thereof will be described later below.

<FIG> is a plan view schematically illustrating the display apparatus <NUM> according to some embodiments, and <FIG> is an equivalent circuit diagram schematically illustrating one pixel P of the display apparatus <NUM>.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, a plurality of pixels P are located in the display area DA, and each pixel P, as shown in <FIG>, may include a pixel circuit PC and an organic light-emitting diode OLED as a display element connected to the pixel circuit PC.

The pixel circuit PC may include a first thin-film transistor T1, a second thin-film transistor T2, and a storage capacitor Cst. Each pixel P may emit, for example, red, green, or blue light from the organic light-emitting diode OLED. Alternatively, each pixel P may emit, for example, red, green, blue, or white light from the organic light-emitting diode OLED.

The second thin-film transistor T2 is a switching thin-film transistor which is connected to a scan line SL and a data line DL and may transfer a data voltage input from the data line DL to the first thin-film transistor T1 according to a switching voltage input from the scan line SL. The storage capacitor Cst is connected to the second thin-film transistor T2 and a driving voltage line PL and may store a voltage corresponding to a difference between a voltage received from the second thin-film transistor T2 and a first power supply voltage ELVDD supplied to the driving voltage line PL.

The first thin-film transistor T1 includes a driving thin-film transistor which is connected to the driving voltage line PL and the storage capacitor Cst and may control a driving current flowing to the organic light-emitting diode OLED from the driving voltage line PL according to a voltage value stored in the storage capacitor Cst. The organic light-emitting diode OLED may emit light having certain luminance according to the driving current. A cathode of the organic light-emitting diode OLED may be supplied with a second power supply voltage ELVSS.

<FIG> illustrates that the pixel circuit PC includes two thin-film transistors and one storage capacitor, but embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The number of thin-film transistors and the number of storage capacitors may be variously changed according to the design of the pixel circuit PC.

Referring again to <FIG>, the peripheral area PA may include a scan driver <NUM> for providing a scan signal (or the switching voltage) to each pixel P, a data driver <NUM> for providing a data signal (or the data voltage) to each pixel P, and a main power line for providing first and second power supply voltages ELVDD and ELVSS. <FIG> shows that the data driver <NUM> is adjacent to one side of the substrate <NUM>. According to some embodiments, the data driver <NUM> may be on a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) electrically connected to a pad on one side of the substrate <NUM>.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to the invention, in which portion V of <FIG> is enlarged.

Referring to <FIG>, the plurality of thin film transistors TFT are on the substrate <NUM>, and are connected to a plurality of first electrodes <NUM> that are separated from each other on the insulating layer <NUM>, respectively.

The substrate <NUM> may include a polymer resin or glass. According to some embodiments, the substrate <NUM> may include a polymer resin such as polyethersulfone (PES), polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), cellulose triacetate (TAC), or/and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), and may be flexible.

The substrate <NUM> may include a glass material including SiO<NUM> as a main component and a resin such as reinforced plastic, and may be rigid.

The substrate <NUM> may have a stack structure of a layer including the above-described polymer resin and a barrier layer on the above-described polymer resin layer. For example, the substrate <NUM> may have a structure in which a first polymer resin layer, a first barrier layer, a second polymer resin layer, and a second barrier layer are stacked. The substrate <NUM> including the polymer resin may improve flexibility. The barrier layer may include silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxynitride (SiON), and silicon oxide (SiOx).

A buffer layer <NUM> may be formed on the substrate <NUM> to prevent impurities from penetrating into a semiconductor layer Act of the thin-film transistor TFT. The buffer layer <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and silicon oxide, and may include a single layer or multiple layers including the inorganic insulating material described above.

The thin film transistor TFT and the storage capacitor Cst may be on the buffer layer <NUM>.

The thin-film transistor TFT may include the semiconductor layer Act, a gate electrode GE, a source electrode SE, and a drain electrode DE. The thin-film transistor TFT shown in <FIG> may be the driving thin-film transistor described with reference to <FIG>. According to some embodiments, a top gate-type transistor in which the gate electrode GE is on the semiconductor layer Act with a gate insulating layer <NUM> therebetween. However, according to some embodiments, the thin-film transistor TFT may be a bottom gate-type transistor.

The semiconductor layer Act may include polysilicon. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer Act may include amorphous silicon, an oxide semiconductor, an organic semiconductor, or the like. The gate electrode GE may include a low resistance metal material. The gate electrode GE may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like, and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials.

The gate insulating layer <NUM> between the semiconductor layer Act and the gate electrode GE may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, and the like. The gate insulating layer <NUM> may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials.

The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a material having relatively high or good conductivity. The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a conductive material including Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, or the like, and may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials. According to some embodiments, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include multiple layers of Ti/Al/Ti.

The storage capacitor Cst may include a lower electrode CE1 and an upper electrode CE2 which overlap each other with a first interlayer insulating layer <NUM> therebetween. The storage capacitor Cst may overlap the thin-film transistor TFT. <FIG> shows that the gate electrode GE of the thin-film transistor TFT is the lower electrode CE1 of the storage capacitor Cst. According to some embodiments, the storage capacitor Cst may not overlap the thin-film transistor TFT. The storage capacitor Cst may be covered with a second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>.

The first and second interlayer insulating layers <NUM> and <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, and the like. The first and second interlayer insulating layers <NUM> and <NUM> may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described materials.

The thin-film transistor TFT and the storage capacitor Cst may be covered with a planarization insulating layer <NUM>. The planarization insulating layer <NUM> may include an approximately planar upper surface. The planarization insulating layer <NUM> may include an organic insulation material such as a general commercial polymer such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), a polymer derivative including a phenolic group, an acrylic polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol polymer, and/or a blend thereof. According to some embodiments, the planarization insulating layer <NUM> may include polyimide. Alternatively, the planarization insulating layer <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating material. Alternatively, the planarization insulating layer <NUM> may include both an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material.

The first opening OP1 is formed in the planarization insulating layer <NUM> at a position overlapping the component CP, so that transmittance may be improved.

<FIG> illustrates a structure in which the first opening OP1 is formed only in the planarization insulating layer <NUM>, but embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The first opening OP1 may be formed not only in the planarization insulating layer <NUM> but also in the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>. According to some embodiments, the first opening OP1 may be formed in the planarization insulating layer <NUM>, the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>, and the first interlayer insulating layer <NUM>. According to some embodiments, the first opening OP1 may be formed in the planarization insulating layer <NUM>, the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>, the first interlayer insulating layer <NUM>, and the gate insulating layer <NUM>. According to some embodiments, the first opening OP1 may be formed in the planarization insulating layer <NUM>, the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>, the first interlayer insulating layer <NUM>, the gate insulating layer <NUM>, and the buffer layer <NUM>.

A first electrode <NUM> may be formed on the planarization insulating layer <NUM>. The first electrode <NUM> may include a conductive oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In<NUM>O<NUM>), indium gallium oxide (IGO), or aluminium zinc oxide (AZO). According to some embodiments, the first electrode <NUM> may include a reflective layer including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), Al, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), or a compound thereof. According to some embodiments, the first electrode <NUM> may further include a film formed of ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In<NUM>O<NUM> above or/and below the above-described reflective layer.

A pixel defining layer <NUM> may be formed on the first electrode <NUM>. The pixel defining layer <NUM> may include an opening exposing an upper surface of the first electrode <NUM> and may cover an edge of the first electrode <NUM>. The pixel defining layer <NUM> may include an organic insulating material. Alternatively, the pixel defining layer <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxynitride (SiON), or silicon oxide (SiOx). Alternatively, the pixel defining layer <NUM> may include an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material.

The intermediate layer <NUM> includes the emission layer 222b. The emission layer 222b may be arranged for each pixel in the display area DA.

The intermediate layer <NUM> may further include a first intermediate layer 222a arranged between the emission layer 222b and the first electrode <NUM> and/or a second intermediate layer 222c between the emission layer 222b and the second electrode <NUM>. The emission layer 222b may include a polymer organic material or a low molecular weight organic material that emits light of a certain color.

The first intermediate layer 222a may include a single layer or multiple layers. For example, when the first intermediate layer 222a includes a polymer material, the first intermediate layer 222a, which is a hole transport layer (HTL) having a single-layer structure, may include poly-(<NUM>,<NUM>-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or polyaniline (PANI). When the first intermediate layer 222a includes a low molecular weight material, the first intermediate layer 222a may include a hole injection layer (HIL) and a hole transport layer (HTL).

The second intermediate layer 222c may be omitted. For example, when the first intermediate layer 222a and the emission layer 222b include a polymer material, the second intermediate layer 222c may be formed. The second intermediate layer 222c may include a single layer or multiple layers. The second intermediate layer 222c may include an electron transport layer (ETL) and/or an electron injection layer (EIL).

Unlike the emission layer 222b, the first and second intermediate layers 222a and 222c may be located in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP.

The second electrode <NUM> may include a conductive material having a low work function. For example, the second electrode <NUM> may include a transparent layer or a semi-transparent layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), or an alloy thereof. Alternatively, the second electrode <NUM> may further include a layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In<NUM>O<NUM> on the transparent or semi-transparent layer including the above-described material.

Unlike the emission layer 222b, the second electrode <NUM> may be located in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP.

The capping layer <NUM> may be on the second electrode <NUM>. For example, the capping layer <NUM> may include LiF and may be formed by thermal evaporation. Alternatively, the capping layer <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride. Alternatively, the capping layer <NUM> may include an organic insulating material.

Unlike the emission layer 222b, the capping layer <NUM> may be arranged in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP.

A spacer <NUM> may be formed on the pixel defining layer <NUM>. The spacer <NUM> may include an organic insulating material such as polyimide. Alternatively, the spacer <NUM> may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride or silicon oxide, or may include an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material.

The spacer <NUM> may include a material different from a material of the pixel defining layer <NUM>. Alternatively, the spacer <NUM> may include the same material as that of the pixel defining layer <NUM>. In this case, the pixel defining layer <NUM> and the spacer <NUM> may be formed together in a mask process using a halftone mask or the like. According to some embodiments, the pixel defining layer <NUM> and the spacer <NUM> may include polyimide.

The spacer <NUM> may be formed to surround the transmission area TA in which the first opening OP1 is formed.

The transmission area TA and the display area DA may be covered by the encapsulation layer <NUM>.

According to the invention, the encapsulation layer <NUM> includes a glass material.

In the encapsulation layer <NUM>, the first trench 400T is formed in an area overlapping the first opening OP1, so that transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved. For example, a first thickness T1 of the encapsulation layer <NUM> in the area overlapping the first opening OP1 may be less than a second thickness T2 of the encapsulation layer <NUM> in an area not overlapping the first opening OP1. However, the first thickness T1 may be greater than <NUM>, so that the encapsulation layer <NUM> may be formed to encapsulate the entire display area DA and the transmission area TA.

The first trench 400T may have various shapes. For example, the first trench 400T may be formed in a circular or polygonal shape on a plan view, and may be formed to correspond to the number and shape of the first openings OP1 formed in the insulating layer <NUM>.

The refractive index compensation layer <NUM> having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of air and less than the refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM> is located between the first trench 400T of the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the substrate <NUM>. In more detail, the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> may be surrounded by the encapsulation layer <NUM> on an upper portion thereof, the insulating layer <NUM> on a lower portion thereof, and the spacer <NUM> on a side surface thereof.

When air is filled between the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the substrate <NUM> instead of the refractive index compensation layer <NUM>, visibility distortion may occur due to air having a lower refractive index than that of the encapsulation layer <NUM>. Because the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> includes a material having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of air and less than the refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM>, a difference in refractive index between the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> may be minimized or reduced, thereby improving visibility distortion.

The polarization layer <NUM> is on the encapsulation layer <NUM>.

In the polarization layer <NUM>, the second opening OP2 is formed in the area overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved. The second opening OP2 of the polarization layer <NUM> overlaps each of the first opening OP1 of the insulating layer <NUM> and the first trench 400T of the encapsulation layer <NUM>, thereby maximizing transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM>.

The second opening OP2 may have various shapes. For example, the second opening OP2 may be formed in a circular or polygonal shape on a plan view, and may be formed to correspond to the number and shape of the first openings OP1 of the insulating layer <NUM>. In addition, the second opening OP2 may be formed to correspond to the number and shape of the first trench 400T.

The cover layer <NUM> including a transparent material may be on the polarization layer <NUM>.

The cover layer <NUM> may be coupled to a housing, and the component CP may be located in an inner space of the housing.

The adhesive layer <NUM> such as an optical clear adhesive (OCA) is arranged between the polarization layer <NUM> and the cover layer <NUM>, so that the coupling of the polarization layer <NUM> to the cover layer <NUM> may be maintained.

<FIG> is an enlarged cross-sectional view of portions VIA and VIB of <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG>, in the transmission area TA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, the capping layer <NUM>, and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>. In the display area DA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the emission layer 222b, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the first electrode <NUM>.

According to an embodiment of <FIG>, the emission layer 222b is located only in the display area DA and not in the transmission area TA. On the other hand, unlike the emission layer 222b, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are continuously located in both the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

<FIG> is a plan view of a fine metal mask (FMM) <NUM> used according to some embodiments, and <FIG> is an enlarged plan view of the portion VIII of <FIG>.

Referring to <FIG> and <FIG>, the fine metal mask <NUM> includes a non-porous portion <NUM>, a plurality of openings <NUM>, and a bridge <NUM> connecting the plurality of openings <NUM>.

In a method of forming the emission layer 222b so as to be apart from each pixel in the display area DA, deposition may be performed using the fine metal mask <NUM> in which the plurality of openings <NUM> are formed in an area corresponding to each emission layer 222b. When the non-porous portion <NUM> is formed in an area corresponding to the transmission area TA in order to prevent the emission layer 222b from being located in the transmission area TA, the emission layer 222b is not deposited in the transmission area TA because the non-porous portion <NUM> serves as a film blocking a deposition material.

<FIG> and <FIG> are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming the transmission area TA by a laser etching method.

Referring to <FIG>, without distinction between the transmission area TA and the display area DA, the intermediate layer <NUM> including the emission layer 222b, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are formed on the substrate <NUM> and an insulating layer <NUM> by a deposition process.

Referring to <FIG>, an opening is formed by etching the capping layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, the intermediate layer <NUM>, the emission layer 222b, and the insulating layer <NUM> formed in the transmission area TA by using a laser beam on a portion of the structure of <FIG> where the transmission area TA is to be formed.

In the laser etching method as described above, because an etching process using a separate laser beam is added after all deposition materials such as the insulating layer <NUM>, the emission layer 222b, the intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are deposited on the substrate <NUM>, there are problems of product price increase due to additional facility investment and a decrease in mass productivity due to an increase in process. In addition, there is a problem that defect factors increase due to the generation of particles due to laser etching. In addition, because the display area DA needs to be formed with a sufficient margin on an etching surface 222E of the intermediate layer <NUM> damaged by laser etching, there is a problem in that a dead space increases in a process of securing an intermediate area MA having a certain width or more between the transmission area TA and the display area DA.

However, in the case of the disclosure, after the deposition process, a non-porous portion is formed in a mask used in an existing deposition process instead of a laser etching process, which is a separate facility process, thereby preventing problems of product price increase due to additional facility investment and a decrease in mass productivity due to an increase in process. In addition, because defect factors due to the generation of particles by laser etching are eliminated and damage to the side of an opening due to laser etching does not occur, a dead space between the display area DA and the transmission area TA may be reduced.

Compared to the structure of <FIG>, the structure of the disclosure further includes the intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> in the transmission area TA. However, the structure of the disclosure may control the appropriate transmittance by controlling the thickness of each layer.

<FIG> are cross-sectional views showing example combinations of various deposits deposited on a transmission area and a display area.

Referring to <FIG>, in the transmission area TA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second electrode <NUM>, the capping layer <NUM>, and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>. In the display area DA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the emission layer 222b, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the first electrode <NUM>.

According to an embodiment of <FIG>, the emission layer 222b and the second intermediate layer 222c are located only in the display area DA and not in the transmission area TA. On the other hand, unlike the emission layer 222b and the second intermediate layer 222c, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are continuously located in both the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption. Compared with the embodiment of <FIG>, because the second intermediate layer 222c is not formed in the transmission area TA, the transmittance of the display apparatus may be further improved.

Referring to <FIG>, in the transmission area TA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the capping layer <NUM>, and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>. In the display area DA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the emission layer 222b, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the first electrode <NUM>.

According to an embodiment of <FIG>, the emission layer 222b and the second electrode <NUM> are located only in the display area DA and not in the transmission area TA. On the other hand, unlike the emission layer 222b and the second electrode <NUM>, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, and the capping layer <NUM> are continuously located in both the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption. Compared with the embodiment of <FIG>, because the second electrode <NUM> is not formed in the transmission area TA, the transmittance of the display apparatus may be further improved.

Referring to <FIG>, in the transmission area TA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the refractive index compensation layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the second interlayer insulating layer <NUM>. In the display area DA, the first intermediate layer 222a, the emission layer 222b, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> are sequentially arranged on the first electrode <NUM>.

According to some embodiments, as illustrated in <FIG>, the emission layer 222b and the capping layer <NUM> are located only in the display area DA and not in the transmission area TA. On the other hand, unlike the emission layer 222b and the capping layer <NUM>, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, and the second electrode <NUM> are continuously located in both the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption. Compared with the embodiment of <FIG>, because the capping layer <NUM> is not formed in the transmission area TA, the transmittance of the display apparatus may be further improved.

The embodiments of <FIG> illustrate a structure in which one of the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> is not located in the transmission area TA. However, embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. According to some embodiments, at least two or more of the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> may not be located in the transmission area TA.

Meanwhile, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> may be formed not as a fine metal mask including a plurality of openings, but as an open mask having one opening in one display apparatus. To prevent at least one of the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> from being formed in the transmission area TA by using the open mask, the open mask may include a non-porous portion, and a small number of bridges for coupling the non-porous portion to the open mask may be further added to the open mask.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus <NUM> according to some embodiments not falling within the scope of the invention. Hereinafter, differences from the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG> will be mainly described.

Referring to <FIG>, the display apparatus <NUM> may include a substrate <NUM>, an insulating layer <NUM>, the emission layer 222b, an intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, the capping layer <NUM>, an encapsulation layer <NUM>', the polarization layer <NUM>, the adhesive layer <NUM>, and the cover layer <NUM>.

The plurality of thin-film transistors TFT are located in the insulating layer <NUM>, and the first opening OP1 is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved.

The emission layer 222b may not be located in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP. The intermediate layer <NUM> including the emission layer 222b may be continuously located in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

The second electrode <NUM> on the intermediate layer <NUM> may be continuously arranged in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption. The capping layer <NUM> on the second electrode <NUM> may be continuously arranged in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

Unlike the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG>, a trench is not formed in the encapsulation layer <NUM>' on the capping layer <NUM> of the display apparatus <NUM>. The encapsulation layer <NUM>' may be continuously located in the transmission area TA and the display area DA without interruption.

In the polarization layer <NUM> on the encapsulation layer <NUM>', a second opening OP2 is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved. The cover layer <NUM> including a transparent material may be on the polarization layer <NUM>, and the adhesive layer <NUM> may be further located between the polarization layer <NUM> and the cover layer <NUM>.

According to some embodiments, the encapsulation layer <NUM>' may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer <NUM>, a second inorganic encapsulation layer <NUM>, and an organic encapsulation layer <NUM> between the first inorganic encapsulation layer <NUM> and the second inorganic encapsulation layer <NUM>.

The first and second inorganic encapsulation layers <NUM> and <NUM> may include one or more inorganic insulating materials such as aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride and may be formed using a CVD method or the like.

The organic encapsulation layer <NUM> may include polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate, a polyacrylic acid, etc.), or any combination thereof.

A thickness T3 of an area in which the organic encapsulation layer <NUM> overlaps the first opening OP1 and the second opening OP2 may be greater than a thickness T4 of an area in which the organic encapsulation layer <NUM> does not overlap the first opening OP1 and the second opening OP2. In other words, the thickness T3 of the organic encapsulation layer <NUM> in the transmission area TA is greater than the thickness T4 of the organic encapsulation layer <NUM> in the display area DA, so that an upper surface of the display apparatus <NUM> may be entirely planarized.

The first inorganic encapsulation layer <NUM> is continuously located in the display area DA and the transmission area TA without interruption to completely cover the intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM>, thereby preventing the inflow of impurities through the first opening OP1 formed in the insulating layer <NUM>.

In addition, unlike the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG>, the display apparatus <NUM> does not include a separate refractive index compensation layer, and may improve visibility distortion by adjusting a refractive index of the organic encapsulation layer <NUM>.

<FIG> is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus <NUM> according to the invention. Hereinafter, differences from the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG> will be mainly described.

Referring to <FIG>, the display apparatus <NUM> may include the substrate <NUM>, the insulating layer <NUM>, the emission layer 222b, the intermediate layer <NUM>, the second electrode <NUM>, the capping layer <NUM>, the refractive index compensation layer <NUM>, the encapsulation layer <NUM>, the polarization layer <NUM>, the adhesive layer <NUM>, and the cover layer <NUM>.

In the encapsulation layer <NUM> on the capping layer <NUM>, the first trench 400T is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved.

Unlike the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG>, in the substrate <NUM> of the display apparatus <NUM>, a second trench 100T is formed in the transmission area TA overlapping the component CP, so that the transmittance of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved.

The refractive index compensation layer <NUM> having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of air and less than the refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM> is located between the first trench 400T of the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the second trench 100T of the substrate <NUM>, thereby improving (e.g., reducing) visibility distortion of the display apparatus <NUM>.

Unlike the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG>, the first opening OP1 (see <FIG>) is not formed in the insulating layer <NUM> of the display apparatus <NUM>. By omitting a process of forming the first opening OP1, the process of <FIG> may be simplified.

The refractive index compensation layer <NUM> having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of air and less than the refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM> is located between the first trench 400T of the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the substrate <NUM>, thereby improving visibility distortion of the display apparatus <NUM>.

Unlike the display apparatus <NUM> of <FIG>, the first trench 400T (see <FIG>) is not formed in the encapsulation layer <NUM> of the display apparatus <NUM>. By omitting a process of forming the first trench 400T, the process of <FIG> may be simplified, and strength of the display apparatus <NUM> may be improved by making the thickness of the encapsulation layer <NUM> constant.

The refractive index compensation layer <NUM> having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of air and less than the refractive index of the encapsulation layer <NUM> may be located between the encapsulation layer <NUM> and the substrate <NUM>, thereby improving visibility distortion of the display apparatus <NUM>.

In the embodiments of the display apparatuses <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> described above, the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> excluding the emission layer 222b are located in both the transmission area TA and the display area DA. However, embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. According to some embodiments, at least one of the first intermediate layer 222a, the second intermediate layer 222c, the second electrode <NUM>, and the capping layer <NUM> may not be located in the transmission area TA.

Embodiments of the disclosure may prevent product price increase due to additional facility investment and a decrease in mass productivity due to an increase in process, reduce defect factors due to the generation of particles, and reduce a dead space in a transmission area. However, the effects described above are illustrative, but the invention is not limited to the effects described above.

Claim 1:
A display apparatus (<NUM>, <NUM>) comprising:
a substrate (<NUM>);
an insulating layer (<NUM>) on the substrate (<NUM>) and including a first opening (OP1);
a plurality of first electrodes (<NUM>) on the insulating layer (<NUM>), not overlapping the first opening (OP1), and spaced apart from each other;
an emission layer (222b) on each of the plurality of first electrodes (<NUM>) without overlapping the first opening (OP1);
an intermediate layer (<NUM>) including the emission layer (222b);
a second electrode (<NUM>) on the intermediate layer (<NUM>);
an encapsulation layer (<NUM>) on the second electrode (<NUM>) and including a glass material; and
a polarization layer (<NUM>) on the encapsulation layer (<NUM>) and including a second opening (OP2) overlapping the first opening (OP1), wherein the encapsulation layer (<NUM>) includes a first trench (400T) overlapping the first opening (OP1) and the second opening (OP2), and
wherein the display apparatus (<NUM>, <NUM>) further comprises a refractive index compensation layer (<NUM>) between the first trench (400T) and the substrate (<NUM>), wherein a refractive index of the refractive index compensation layer (<NUM>) is greater than a refractive index of air and less than a refractive index of the encapsulation layer (<NUM>).