Patent Description:
Utility segments may be responsible for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Electric utilities include investor-owned and publicly-owned cooperatives and nationalized entities, which may be the primary providers of electricity in most of the countries, worldwide. On the other hand, increasing laws supporting reliable, uninterrupted power supply are increasingly being adopted in regions such as North America and Europe, which are driving the market for switchgear monitoring systems. Prior art methods for monitoring and diagnostics are described in <CIT> and <CIT>.

The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict example embodiments of the disclosure. The drawings are provided to facilitate understanding of the disclosure. In the drawings, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numeral may identify the drawing in which the reference numeral first appears. The use of the same reference numerals indicates similar, but not necessarily the same or identical components. However, different reference numerals may be used to identify similar components as well. Various embodiments may utilize elements or components other than those illustrated in the drawings, and some elements and/or components may not be present in various embodiments. The use of singular terminology to describe a component or element may, depending on the context, encompass a plural number of such components or elements and vice versa.

This disclosure relates to systems and methods for providing enhanced switchgear monitoring and diagnostics in a protection relay. The invention thereto is defined in the accompanying set of claims. In certain embodiments, systems and methods for monitoring and diagnosing power system assets can be provided. An example of a power system asset may include an individual circuit breaker, a switchgear that may include multiple circuit breakers, or any other asset that may be included in a power system. A system for monitoring and diagnosing these power system assets may include one or more intelligent protection relay and switchgear monitor device(s) that may be communicatively coupled in a master-slave or peer-peer configuration in a time-synchronized manner of operation. For example, the protection relay may serve as the master device and may provide instructions to the switchgear monitor (for example, the protection relay may request data from the switchgear monitor). Intelligent protection relays may provide high performance protection, high density inputs and outputs (I/O), extensive programmable logic, and flexible configuration capabilities. With protection and control logic, such a protection relay may allow for simplified coordination with upstream and downstream disconnect devices (e.g., one or more circuit breakers in the power system). The protection relay may itself also have the capability to monitor a switchgear in the power system that may house the one or more circuit breakers. For example, the protection relay may allow for electrical characteristics to be monitored during trip events. A specific switchgear monitor device may also be able to provide additional information, such as partial discharge data, temperature, and humidity data, to name a few examples. The combination of the protection relay and the switchgear monitor in this manner may allow for enhanced monitoring of the switchgear (in some cases, reference may be made herein to only a "breaker" or a "switchgear," but the systems and methods described herein may similarly apply to either of the breaker or switchgear, or any other power system asset as well).

In some embodiments, an algorithm employed by the protection relay in this configuration may include at least two modes of operation: a baselining mode and a monitoring mode. The baselining mode may take place when the switchgear is under healthy operation and/or newly commissioned. The baselining mode may involve initial data collection that may be used to establish baseline operational data (for example, "healthy" operational data) for a switchgear. The baselining mode may also involve establishing a data correlation model that may subsequently be used for estimating certain parameters of the switchgear to predict future problems with the switchgear, such as asset degradation and/or potential for fault events, such as a breaker trip).

During the baselining mode, some data may be captured continuously and some data may be captured at specific instances (for example, at a breaker trip event). For example, protection function data which triggered an event (where an event may be any abnormal condition like fault in the power system such as overload, short circuit, over current, over voltage, etc.), peak fault current, peak voltage, a duration of fault, arcing current and/or energy within the protection relay, a partial discharge (PD) level, temperature, humidity, and/or an operating time of the breaker, are examples of data which may be captured continuously. Additionally, for some or all breaker trip events, peak fault current, duration of the fault, arcing energy, humidity level, and/or duration of the fault may also be obtained. Based on this data captured during some or all of the breaker trip events, breaker operating times, partial discharge level and rise, and/or temperature rise over ambient may be determined. Once a given number of data samples have been captured, a data correlation model may be established. The data correlation model may be a model that, once established, may subsequently be used to estimate a breaker operating time, partial discharge level and/or rise, and a temperature rise over an ambient temperature for any provided data inputs (for example, peak fault current, a duration of the fault, an arcing energy, a humidity level, and/or a duration of the fault as inputs). The data correlation model may be established using artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural networks, or the like, for example, and may be based on the data samples obtained during the baselining mode. Additionally, based on the data obtained during the baselining mode, operational thresholds may be extracted (for example, using methods such as statistical theory, clustering techniques etc.) for the operation of the breaker (and/or switchgear as a whole). For example, the thresholds may be used to determine when a breaker failure or performance degradation has occurred or is likely to occur in near future. Thresholds may be extracted specific to each breaker based on its design, rating, type etc..

In some embodiments, once the baseline data is obtained and the data correlation model is established, the protection relay algorithm may automatically transition to a monitoring mode. During the monitoring mode, the protection relay may continue to collect (and/or instruct the switchgear monitor to collect and provide) the same or similar types of data collected during the baselining mode. That is, the protection relay may continue to obtain data pertaining to, for example, peak fault current, duration of fault, arcing energy, arcing current, humidity level data of an event (trip), as well as any other data mentioned herein. Additionally, based on this data, estimated values of switchgear operating time, PD level, and temperature rise over ambient may be determined using the data correlation model and may be stored in memory (which may be local memory of the protection relay). At the same time, actual measured data for switchgear operating time, PD level, and temperature rise over ambient may also be obtained. As the estimated and measured data is being collected and stored during this monitoring mode, the protection relay may compute deviations between different data sets. For example, measured breaker operating time data may be compared to expected breaker operating time data, and measured breaker operating time data may be compared to threshold levels. Additionally, measured temperature rise over ambient data may be compared to expected temperature rise over ambient data, and measured temperature rise over ambient data may be compared to threshold levels. Finally, measured partial discharge level rise data may be compared to expected partial discharge level rise data, and measured partial discharge level rise data may be compared to threshold levels. These comparisons may then be used to detect breaker anomalies and/or predict breaker failure/degradation. In some cases, a continuous breaker health index, an event-based (e.g., breaker trip) breaker health index, and a breaker deterioration index may also be determined. For example, these values may be calculated using Equations (<NUM>)-(<NUM>) presented below. Based on these data comparisons and calculations, the system may generate one or more alarms or warnings. An alarm, warning, and/or indication may be provided to indicate that the breaker is experiencing a problem and/or may potentially experience a problem in the future. For example, the stored deviations are greater than thresholds as indicated by continuous breaker health index values, a maintenance notification may be provided to a user. At the same time, breaker performance during each breaker trip event (and possible degradation, incipient mechanical faults, mechanical fault progress, and/or mechanical fault occurrence) may be indicated using trip event breaker health index and a breaker deterioration index values completed subsequent to a breaker trip event. The breaker deterioration index may provide an indication if the breaker has deteriorated by some extent even if the other two indices indicate the breaker is healthy. Warnings, alarms, and or other types of indications may also be provided for any other reason.

The master/slave configuration employing the protection relay and switchgear monitor as described herein may provide a number of benefits. For example, the system may operate in real-time and may also operate without the need for external communication and storage infrastructure. As another example, baseline operations for a switchgear may be established automatically without technician intervention. As a third example, the system may employ predictive maintenance as opposed to (or in addition to) reactive and preventative maintenance. That is, the algorithm may be used to predict breaker failure and/or breaker degradation before they occur.

Turning to the figures, <FIG> illustrates an example system <NUM> according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The system may include at least a switchgear <NUM>, a switchgear monitor <NUM>, a protection relay <NUM>, and/or a visualization system <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the switchgear <NUM> may be a type of power system asset that may be desired to be monitored using the systems and methods described herein (however, it should be noted that the systems and methods described herein may also be applied to monitoring of any other type of power system asset as well). More particularly, a switchgear may be a power system asset in a power system that may house one or more circuit breakers.

In some embodiments, the switchgear monitor <NUM> may be a device that may specifically be used for monitoring the switchgear <NUM> (or any other power system asset), including at least obtaining any type of data from the switchgear <NUM>, such as, for example, partial discharge data, temperature, and humidity data. In some cases, the switchgear monitor <NUM> may provide this data to the protection relay <NUM>. The protection relay <NUM> may provide instructions to the switchgear monitor <NUM> in a master/slave and/or peer-to-peer configuration between the protection relay <NUM> and the switchgear monitor <NUM> (however, in some cases, the switchgear monitor <NUM> may also capture and provide data automatically without instruction from the protection relay <NUM>). For example, the switchgear monitor <NUM> may include an optional current transformer/voltage transformer (CT/VT) <NUM>, one or more light sensor(s) <NUM>, one or more temperature monitor(s) <NUM>, and/or one or more partial discharge (PD) and humidity monitor(s) <NUM>. In some cases, the CT/VT <NUM>, light sensor(s) <NUM>, and/or temperature sensors <NUM> may be connected to protection relay <NUM> or they can be connected to switchgear monitor <NUM> in mutually exclusive or redundant manner. Partial discharge and humidity sensors <NUM> may be part of switchgear monitor <NUM> in most typical installations. However, other combinations are also possible as well.

In some embodiments, the protection relay <NUM> may be an intelligent device that may be used to control the operations of the switchgear monitor <NUM> in a master/slave and/or peer-to-peer configuration as mentioned above. The protection relay <NUM> itself may also be capable of capturing data from the switchgear <NUM>. The protection relay <NUM> may include a Modbus master data collector <NUM> (which may collect data from one or more downstream slave devices such as monitoring and diagnostic devices using a Modbus master-slave communication protocol mechanism), a protection event and trigger mechanism <NUM> (which may detect when an abnormal condition, such as fault occurrence in power system, and may trigger control mechanism to operate or trip breaker), a data integrator <NUM>, and/or a baseline storage element <NUM>. The data integrator <NUM> may receive one or more data inputs from various sources, such as the switchgear monitor <NUM>, and may provide the data to a M&D modes and threshold module <NUM>. For example, the data integrator <NUM> may receive voltage and/or current measurement data <NUM> from the CT/VT <NUM>, light intensity measurement data <NUM> from the light sensor <NUM>, and/or any data received by the Modbus master data collector <NUM>. The baseline storage element <NUM> may be local (or remote) storage that may be used to store certain data either captured by the protection relay <NUM> and/or switchgear monitor <NUM> (for example, any of the data described herein as being captured by either of these devices) or determined through calculations (for example, any calculations described with respect to <FIG>, or any other calculations described herein). The M&D modes and threshold module <NUM> may receive data from the protection event and trigger mechanism <NUM> and the data integrator <NUM>. The M&D modes and threshold module <NUM> may detect a current mode of breaker operation such as baseline or monitoring modes and may use the data collected accordingly. In baseline mode, the data collected may be used to establish healthy behavior characteristics, build data correlation model(s) and threshold computations using statistical or clustering based techniques. In monitoring mode, the data collected may be used to estimate parameters, compare with thresholds, compute breaker indices and assess its degradation level for possible maintenance action or check readiness for next trip operation or perform any component repair or plan for replacement. The M&D modes and threshold module <NUM> may store any of the captured and/or calculated data and/or any other information in the baseline storage <NUM>. The M&D modes and threshold module <NUM> may cause a control action execution module <NUM> to take control action to indicate an alarm/warning to user regarding breaker condition. The control action execution module <NUM> may also send control signal(s) to the switchgear (for example, switchgear <NUM>) for trip/close operations during or after fault event occurrence. In some embodiments, a control action can include, but is not limited to, tripping a breaker or otherwise disconnecting an electrical connection or circuit associated with the protection relay <NUM>.

In some embodiments, the visualization system <NUM> may be, for example, a local human machine interface (HMI) within relay hardware, standalone relay software, substation HMI, Enterprise software or cloud-based system software that may be used to display breaker data/analytics/models to user or operator. A digital twin can be a 3D CAD-based visualization model of breaker or switchgear in software representing the analysis of breaker or switchgear subsystems condition in a user-friendly or appealing manner or easier way to the operator. The digital twin may provide a visually rich way to analyze breaker condition (for example, orange color code on any sub-system or part of breaker 3D model may indicate high temperature condition of that sub-system or part in actual field, red color code on any sub-system or part of breaker 3D model may indicate health degradation condition of that sub-system or part in actual field) rather than looking at large data sets). The visualization system <NUM> may include a digital twin <NUM> and/or a breaker health index <NUM>.

<FIG> depicts an example method in a flowchart <NUM> according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The flowchart <NUM> may illustrate one or more operations performed during a baselining mode <NUM>, which may take place when a breaker is initially commissioned and/or undergoing "healthy operations," which may refer to a period of operation of the during which it is not tripped. During the baselining period, data may be collected regarding the operation of the breaker. The data may be collected using the protection relay <NUM> and/or the switchgear monitor <NUM> described with respect to <FIG>. The data may include a first set of data that may be captured continuously during this baselining period and a second set of data that may be captured once a breaker trip is detected. Examples of types of data that may be captured may be outlined in more detail below with respect to the specific operations of the flowchart <NUM>. Once a given number of data samples have been obtained, a data correlation model may then be created. The data correlation model may be established by using artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural networks, or the like, to identify trends between captured data inputs during the baselining mode and data outputs that are produced based on those inputs. The data correlation model may then be used to monitor the breaker during the monitoring mode discussed with respect to <FIG> to estimate data outputs based on obtained data inputs. Additionally, the baselining mode may involve establishing thresholds for different types of data that may be monitored to identify when a breaker fault is likely to occur and/or has already occurred.

The flowchart <NUM> may start at operation <NUM>. Operation <NUM> may involve performing data capture. For example, the data capture in operation <NUM> may be similar to data capture in operation <NUM>, as well as any other data capture described herein. The flowchart <NUM> may then proceed to condition <NUM>. Condition <NUM> may determine if a breaker event has taken place (for example a breaker trip). The flowchart <NUM> may then proceed to operation <NUM>. Operation <NUM> may involve determining a type of event that has occurred. For example, an event may be any abnormal condition like fault in the power system such as overload, short circuit, over current, over voltage, or any other type of event. The flowchart may then proceed to operation <NUM>, which may involve capturing data. For example, the following data (as well as any other types of data) may be captured: protection function data which triggered event, peak fault current, peak voltage, duration of fault, arcing current and/or energy within the protection relay, a partial discharge (PD) level, temperature, humidity, and/or an operating time of the breaker. In some cases, some or all of this data may be captured during every switchgear operation event. For example, for each switchgear operation event (which may include a breaker trip, for example), peak fault current, a duration of the fault, an arcing energy, a humidity level, and/or a duration of the fault may be obtained. Additionally, a breaker operating time, partial discharge level and/or rise, and a temperature rise over an ambient temperature may be obtained in light of the above data that may be captured during the same switchgear operation event. Once a given number of data samples have been captured through operation <NUM>, a data correlation model may be established in operation <NUM>. The data correlation model may subsequently be used for estimating certain parameters of the breaker to predict future problems with the breaker. The data correlation model may be a model that, once established, may subsequently be used to estimate a breaker operating time, partial discharge level and/or rise, and a temperature rise over an ambient temperature for any provided data inputs (for example, peak fault current, a duration of the fault, an arcing energy, a humidity level, and/or a duration of the fault). The data correlation model may be established using artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural networks, or the like, for example, and may be based on the data samples obtained during the baselining mode. Finally, after the data correlation model is established in operation <NUM>, the flowchart <NUM> may proceed to operation <NUM>, which may involve threshold extraction. Thresholds may be extracted specific to each breaker based on its design, rating, type, etc..

<FIG> depicts another example method in flowchart <NUM>, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the disclosure. More particularly, <FIG> may illustrate one or more operations performed during a monitoring mode <NUM>. The monitoring mode may involve monitoring data associated with the switchgear once the baseline has been established in order to identify when different types of faults may occur in the switchgear. As with the baselining mode described with respect to <FIG>, the monitoring mode may be performed by the protection relay (however, in some cases, the monitoring mode may be performed by any other element described herein as well). As described above, the monitoring mode may take place after the baselining mode (for example, the baselining mode described with respect to <FIG> or any other baselining mode described herein).

The monitoring mode <NUM> may begin with operation <NUM>. Operation <NUM> may involve performing data capture. For example, the data capture in operation <NUM> may be similar to data capture in operation <NUM>, as well as any other data capture described herein. In some cases, the data may also be provided to the Digital twin model <NUM> (similar to the data captured in operation <NUM>). The flowchart <NUM> may then proceed to condition <NUM>, which may involve determining if a breaker event has occurred. For example, a breaker event may refer to a breaker trip. The flowchart <NUM> may then proceed to operation <NUM>. Operation <NUM> may involve determining a type of event that has occurred. The flowchart <NUM> may proceed to operation <NUM>, which may involve data capture. In some cases, the data captured during the monitoring mode <NUM> depicted in flowchart <NUM> may be the same or similar types of data capturing during the baselining mode described in <FIG>. For example, types of data that may be captured may include protection type, peak fault V/I, a duration of fault, an arcing current/time/energy, an age of a breaker, a partial discharge level, a temperature, a humidity, and/or a breaker operating time. In some cases, the data may be continuously captured during this monitoring mode <NUM> illustrated in the flowchart <NUM>. In some cases, the data may be captured at periodic intervals. At operation <NUM>, the data captured in operation <NUM> may be provided to a digital twin model of the power system from which the data is being obtained. The digital twin model may be used to provide a visualization of data associated with any of the power system. At operation <NUM>, the data captured in operation <NUM> may be provided to a data correlation model, which may be the data correlation model established in the baselining mode as described above. The data correlation model may be used to determine one or more estimated data outputs based on input data that is provided to the data correlation model. In some cases, the one or more output values may include partial discharge level, temperature rise over ambient, and/or breaking operating time. In some cases, these same data outputs that are estimated by the data correlation model may also be actually measured as well. That, is estimated and actual values may be obtained for at least partial discharge level, temperature rise over ambient, and/or breaking operating time.

In some embodiments, once the estimated and actual values may be obtained for at least partial discharge level, temperature rise over ambient, and/or breaking operating time, the flowchart <NUM> may proceed to operation <NUM>. At operation <NUM>, the measured data, estimated data, and thresholds may be compared. For example, measured breaker operating time data may be compared to expected breaker operating time data, and measured breaker operating time data may be compared to threshold levels. Additionally, measured temperature rise over ambient data may be compared to expected temperature rise over ambient data, and measured temperature rise over ambient data may be compared to threshold levels. Finally, measured partial discharge level rise data may be compared to expected partial discharge level rise data, and measured partial discharge level rise data may be compared to threshold levels.

In some embodiments, once the comparisons are performed, the flowchart <NUM> may proceed to operation <NUM>. Operation <NUM> may involve computing different index values. For example, these index values may include a continuous breaker health index, a trip event breaker health index, and a breaker deterioration index. The continuous breaker health index may be computed continuously or at given periodic intervals and the and trip event breaker health index and breaker deterioration index may be computed during each breaker trip event. These indices may be computed using Equations (<NUM>)-(<NUM>) presented below. <MAT> where, m, n may be less than <NUM> and m + n may be equal to <NUM>. <MAT> where, x, y & z may be less than <NUM> and x + y + z may be equal to <NUM>. <MAT> where, x, y & z may be less than <NUM> and x + y + z may be equal to <NUM>. Values associated with the variables A1-A3, B1-B3, and C1-C3 may be provided below in Table <NUM>.

After these values are computed in operation <NUM>, the flowchart <NUM> may proceed to condition <NUM>. Condition <NUM> may involve a determination as to whether the breaker is ready for subsequent usage. If it is determined that the breaker is ready for a subsequent usage, the flowchart <NUM> proceeds back to the beginning and starts again with condition <NUM>. However, if it is determined that there is a problem with the breaker, then the flowchart proceeds to operation <NUM>. At operation <NUM> an alarm, warning, and/or indication is provided that the breaker is experiencing a problem and/or may potentially experience a problem in the future. For example, the stored deviations are greater than thresholds as indicated by continuous breaker health index values, a maintenance notification may be provided to a user. At the same time breaker performance during each breaker trip event (and possible degradation, incipient mechanical faults, mechanical fault progress, and/or mechanical fault occurrence) may be indicated using trip event breaker health index and a breaker deterioration index values completed subsequent to a breaker trip event. The breaker deterioration index may provide an indication if the breaker has deteriorated by some extent even if the other two indices indicate the breaker is healthy. Warnings, alarms, and or other types of indications may also be provided for any other reason.

<FIG> depicts yet another example method <NUM> according to an example embodiment of the disclosure. At block <NUM> in <FIG>, the method <NUM> may include capturing, during a baseline mode, a first set of data associated with the protection relay. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include detecting that a switchgear operation event has occurred. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include sending, based on the determination that the switchgear operation event has occurred, an instruction to the switchgear monitor to provide a second set of data related to input parameters of the switchgear monitor and a third set data relating to output parameters of the switchgear monitor. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include generating a data correlation model using the second set of data and the third set of data. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include determining an operational baseline for the switchgear based on the data correlation model. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include transitioning, after a threshold number of data samples have been captured, to a monitoring mode. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include determining an estimated output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters based on the data correlation model. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include measuring an actual output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include comparing the estimated output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters to the actual output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include determining that a deviation between the estimated output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters to the actual output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters is greater than a threshold amount. At block <NUM>, the method <NUM> may include generating a warning that the deviation is greater than the threshold amount, wherein the warning precedes a control action by the protection relay. In some embodiments, the method <NUM> can implement, instruct, or otherwise facilitate a control action by the protection relay. An example control action can include, but is not limited to, tripping a breaker or otherwise disconnecting an electrical connection or circuit associated with the protection relay.

In some embodiments, the first set of data comprises protection function data, peak fault current, peak voltage, duration of fault, arcing current or energy within the relay, partial discharge (PD) level, temperature, humidity, operating time of the relay, and an age of the relay. In some embodiments the input parameters comprise peak fault current, duration of fault, arcing energy, humidity, and duration of arc. In some embodiments, the relay is configured to communicate with the switchgear monitor in a peer-to-peer or master and slave configuration. In some embodiments, a switchgear operation event includes at least one of: a type of fault, a fault duration, total switchgear operations, an average open time, and average close time, a fail to open/close alarm, an arc time for an individual phase, an arc energy for an individual phase, a spring charge time, an alarm counter for relay operation, a partial discharge (PD) level, a temperature, or a humidity level.

The method <NUM> may also include determining, upon a trip event, a second breaker health index based on a measured breaker operation time, a threshold breaker operation time, a measured partial discharge (PD) level rise, a threshold PD level rise, a measured temperature rise over set value, and a threshold temperature rise over set value. The method may also include determining, upon a trip event, a breaker deterioration index based on a difference between an estimated breaker operational time and a threshold breaker operational time and a difference between a measured breaker operational time and the threshold breaker operational time, a difference between an estimated partial discharge (PD) level rise and a threshold PD level rise and a difference between a measured PD level rise and the threshold PD level rise, and a difference between an estimated temperature rise over set value and a threshold temperature rise over set value, and a difference between a measured temperature rise over set value and the threshold temperature rise over set value. The method may also include determining that a deviation between the estimated output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters to the actual output of the switchgear associated with the output parameters is greater than a second threshold amount, wherein the second threshold amount is greater than the threshold amount. The method <NUM> may also include initiating an alarm indicating that that the deviation is greater than the second threshold amount.

The operations described and depicted in the illustrative process flow of <FIG> may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various example embodiments of the disclosure. Additionally, in certain example embodiments, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certain example embodiments, less, more, or different operations than those depicted in <FIG> may be performed.

<FIG> illustrates an example computing system and device <NUM>, in accordance with one or more embodiments of this disclosure. The computing device <NUM> may be representative of any number of elements described herein, such the protection relay <NUM>, switchgear monitor <NUM>, visualization system <NUM>, or any other element described herein. The computing device <NUM> may include one or more processors <NUM> that execute instructions that are stored in one or more memory devices (referred to as memory <NUM>). The instructions can be, for instance, instructions for implementing functionality described as being carried out by one or more modules and systems disclosed above or instructions for implementing one or more of the methods disclosed above. The one or more processors <NUM> can be embodied in, for example, a CPU, multiple CPUs, a GPU, multiple GPUs, a TPU, multiple TPUs, a multi-core processor, a combination thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, the one or more processors <NUM> can be arranged in a single processing device. In other embodiments, the one or more processors <NUM> can be distributed across two or more processing devices (e.g., multiple CPUs; multiple GPUs; a combination thereof; or the like). A processor can be implemented as a combination of processing circuitry or computing processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, or a combination of both). Therefore, for the sake of illustration, a processor can refer to a single-core processor; a single processor with software multithread execution capability; a multi-core processor; a multi-core processor with software multithread execution capability; a multi-core processor with hardware multithread technology; a parallel processing (or computing) platform; and parallel computing platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, or as another example, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit (IC), an ASIC, a digital signal processor (DSP), an FPGA, a PLC, a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed or otherwise configured (e.g., manufactured) to perform the functions described herein.

The one or more processors <NUM> can access the memory <NUM> by means of a communication architecture <NUM> (e.g., a system bus). The communication architecture <NUM> may be suitable for the particular arrangement (localized or distributed) and types of the one or more processors <NUM>. In some embodiments, the communication architecture <NUM> can include one or many bus architectures, such as a memory bus or a memory controller; a peripheral bus; an accelerated graphics port; a processor or local bus; a combination thereof, or the like. As an illustration, such architectures can include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, an Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express bus, a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) bus, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), and/or the like.

Memory components or memory devices disclosed herein can be embodied in either volatile memory or non-volatile memory or can include both volatile and non-volatile memory. In addition, the memory components or memory devices can be removable or non-removable, and/or internal or external to a computing device or component. Examples of various types of non-transitory storage media can include hard-disc drives, zip drives, CD-ROMs, digital versatile disks (DVDs) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory cards or other types of memory cards, cartridges, or any other non-transitory media suitable to retain the desired information and which can be accessed by a computing device.

As an illustration, non-volatile memory can include read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The disclosed memory devices or memories of the operational or computational environments described herein are intended to include one or more of these and/or any other suitable types of memory. In addition to storing executable instructions, the memory <NUM> also can retain data.

Each computing device <NUM> also can include mass storage <NUM> that is accessible by the one or more processors <NUM> by means of the communication architecture <NUM>. The mass storage <NUM> can include machine-accessible instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions and/or computer-executable instructions). In some embodiments, the machine-accessible instructions may be encoded in the mass storage <NUM> and can be arranged in components that can be built (e.g., linked and compiled) and retained in computer-executable form in the mass storage <NUM> or in one or more other machine-accessible non-transitory storage media included in the computing device <NUM>. Such components can embody, or can constitute, one or many of the various modules disclosed herein. Such modules are illustrated as asset monitoring and diagnostic modules <NUM>. Additionally, protocols such as Modbus, DNP, IEC <NUM>, IEC <NUM>, Profibus, Fieldbus, etc. may be used in conjunction with the systems and methods described herein.

Execution of the asset monitoring and diagnostic modules <NUM>, individually or in combination, by the one more processors <NUM>, can cause the computing device <NUM> to perform any of the operations described herein (for example, the operations described with respect to <FIG>, as well as any other operations).

Each computing device <NUM> also can include one or more input/output interface devices <NUM> (referred to as I/O interface <NUM>) that can permit or otherwise facilitate external devices to communicate with the computing device <NUM>. For instance, the I/O interface <NUM> may be used to receive and send data and/or instructions from and to an external computing device.

The computing device <NUM> also includes one or more network interface devices <NUM> (referred to as network interface(s) <NUM>) that can permit or otherwise facilitate functionally coupling the computing device <NUM> with one or more external devices. Functionally coupling the computing device <NUM> to an external device can include establishing a wireline connection or a wireless connection between the computing device <NUM> and the external device. The network interface devices <NUM> can include one or many antennas and a communication processing device that can permit wireless communication between the computing device <NUM> and another external device. For example, between a vehicle and a smart infrastructure system, between two smart infrastructure systems, etc. Such a communication processing device can process data according to defined protocols of one or several radio technologies. The radio technologies can include, for example, <NUM>, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, <NUM>, IEEE <NUM>, IEEE <NUM>, Bluetooth, ZigBee, near-field communication (NFC), and the like. The communication processing device can also process data according to other protocols as well, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, and the like. The network interface(s) <NUM> may also be used to facilitate peer-to-peer ad-hoc network connections as described herein.

As used in this application, the terms "environment," "system," "unit," "module," "architecture," "interface," "component," and the like refer to a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational apparatus with one or more defined functionalities. The terms "environment," "system," "module," "component," "architecture," "interface," and "unit," can be utilized interchangeably and can be generically referred to functional elements. Such entities may be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. As an example, a module can be embodied in a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable portion of software, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computing device. As another example, both a software application executing on a computing device and the computing device can embody a module. As yet another example, one or more modules may reside within a process and/or thread of execution. A module may be localized on one computing device or distributed between two or more computing devices. As is disclosed herein, a module can execute from various computer-readable non-transitory storage media having various data structures stored thereon. Modules can communicate via local and/or remote processes in accordance, for example, with a signal (either analogic or digital) having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as a wide area network with other systems via the signal).

As yet another example, a module can be embodied in or can include an apparatus with a defined functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry that is controlled by a software application or firmware application executed by a processor. Such a processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and can execute at least part of the software or firmware application. Still, in another example, a module can be embodied in or can include an apparatus that provides defined functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts. The electronic components can include a processor to execute software or firmware that permits or otherwise facilitates, at least in part, the functionality of the electronic components.

In some embodiments, modules can communicate via local and/or remote processes in accordance, for example, with a signal (either analog or digital) having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as a wide area network with other systems via the signal). In addition, or in other embodiments, modules can communicate or otherwise be coupled via thermal, mechanical, electrical, and/or electromechanical coupling mechanisms (such as conduits, connectors, combinations thereof, or the like). An interface can include input/output (I/O) components as well as associated processors, applications, and/or other programming components.

Further, in the present specification and annexed drawings, terms such as "store," "storage," "data store," "data storage," "memory," "repository," and substantially any other information storage component relevant to the operation and functionality of a component of the disclosure, refer to memory components, entities embodied in one or several memory devices, or components forming a memory device. It is noted that the memory components or memory devices described herein embody or include non-transitory computer storage media that can be readable or otherwise accessible by a computing device. Such media can be implemented in any methods or technology for storage of information, such as machine-accessible instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions), information structures, program modules, or other information objects.

Conditional language, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language generally is not intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

Claim 1:
A system comprising:
a monitor device (<NUM>) in communication with a switchgear (<NUM>); and
a protection relay (<NUM>) in communication with the monitor device (<NUM>) and configured to, using a processor (<NUM>):
capture (<NUM>), during a baseline mode, a first set of data associated with the protection relay (<NUM>);
detect (<NUM>) that a switchgear operation event has occurred;
send (<NUM>), based on the detection of the switchgear operation event has occurred, an instruction to the monitor device (<NUM>) to provide a second set of data related to input parameters of the monitor device (<NUM>) and a third set of data relating to output parameters of the monitor device (<NUM>); characterized in that said processor (<NUM>) is further configured to:
generate (<NUM>) a data correlation model using the second set of data and the third set of data;
determine (<NUM>) an operational baseline for the switchgear (<NUM>) based on the data correlation model;
transition (<NUM>), after a threshold number of data samples have been captured, to a monitoring mode;
determine (<NUM>) an estimated output of the switchgear (<NUM>) associated with the output parameters based on the data correlation model;
measure (<NUM>) an actual output of the switchgear (<NUM>) associated with the output parameters;
compare (<NUM>) the estimated output of the switchgear (<NUM>) associated with the output parameters to the actual output of the switchgear (<NUM>) associated with the output parameters;
determine (<NUM>) that a deviation between the estimated output of the switchgear (<NUM>) associated with the output parameters to the actual output of the switchgear (<NUM>) associated with the output parameters is greater than a threshold amount; and
generate (<NUM>) a warning that the deviation is greater than the threshold amount, wherein the warning precedes a control action by the protection relay (<NUM>).