Patent Description:
The invention disclosed herein relates to the application to photosynthetic organisms of glycan composite formulations comprised of a branched glycan deglycosylate less than <NUM> kDa in size that originates from deglycosylation of a macromolecule, a Ca<NUM>+ coordination complex and one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. The branched glycan deglycosylate is selected from (i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannN-glycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAC<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>; (ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminyl-terminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or (iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids.

The health of photosynthetic organisms in agricultural crops is dependent on their biological manufacture of photosynthates, especially, sugars; and the compositions described herein enhance the availability of these photosynthates to promote crop health and growth. Recent major advancements for crop improvements include water-soluble glucosides as described in the patent literature. While these glucosides have proven effective at foliar rates ranging in the application of kilograms per hectare, there is a need for formulations that are more potent and effective in the range of grams per hectare as shown herein. The branched glycan deglycosylates described herein are of higher order potencies than conventional compositions while transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex components of the glycan composites further improve activity. In addition, by treatment of sap nectar, glycan composites improve photosynthate flux capacity of a crop. Further still, methods and compositions of glycan composites may be customized for improvement of qualities and/or quantities of crops while sustaining potency of the glycan composite.

<CIT> discloses a composition for enhancing plant growth that contains poly- and oligoglycosides including complex glycans with mannose terminal ligand comprising trimannoside and mannotriose, alkyl-polymannosides, acyl-polymannosides, or aryl-polymannosides supplemented with manganese and calcium ions. However, this application does not disclose branched glycans.

<NPL>) disclose compositions for enhancing plant growth containing methyl-mannoside or mannotriose in the presence of chelated calcium and manganese. However, branched glycans are not disclosed.

<CIT> discloses plant growth accelerating compositions comprising: a) branched xylooligosaccharide from plant xylans; or branched glycan glucomannan oligosaccharides derived from konjac; and
b) a fertiliser comprising Otsuka House fertilizer #<NUM> and Otsuka House fertilizer #<NUM> providing: N, P, K, Mg, Mn, B, Fe, Ca.

<CIT> discloses a foliage fertilizer comprising branched pectous oligosaccharides; a fertilzer comprising N, P, K, B, Fe, Mo; Zn; and citric acid.

<CIT> discloses a plant nutrient composition comprising plant derived oligosaccharides and calcium gluconate.

<NPL>) discloses plant growth enhancing activity of branched N-glycans: LNFP-<NUM>; LNFP-<NUM>; LNDFH-<NUM>; DFLNF(b), TFLNH.

<CIT> discloses a plant growth enhancing activity of N-acetylglucosamine derived from chitin which can be used with inorganic fertilisers.

The present invention provides a formulation comprising a glycan composite, said glycan composite comprising (i) a branched glycan deglycosylate less than <NUM> kD in size which is a branched glycan originating from deglycosylation of a macromolecule, and (ii) a Ca<NUM>+ coordination complex and one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. The branched glycan deglycosylate is selected from (i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannN-glycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>; (ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminyl-terminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or (iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids.

In another preferred embodiment the one or more transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes comprises (a) one or more anionic components, and (b) one or more metal<NUM>+ components, wherein said anionic component is selected from the group consisting of polydentate alkylamide chelants, aconitates, citrates, fumarates, glutarates, malates, oxaloacetates, succinates, acids, salts, and esters.

In another preferred embodiment the glycan composite formulation further comprises one or more preservatives, wherein said one or more preservatives are preferably selected from the group consisting of benzoisothiazolinones, methylchloroisothiazolinones, methylisothiazolinones, and combinations thereof.

In another preferred embodiment the branched glycan deglycosylate is a trimannopyranosyl-N-glycan.

The present invention also provides a method of enhancing the respiratory growth of a photosynthetic organism, comprising applying to said organism an effective amount of a formulation comprising a glycan composite comprising (a) one or more branched glycan deglycosylates less than <NUM> kD in size, wherein said branched glycan deglycosylate is a branched glycan originating from a macromolecule, and (b) a Ca<NUM>+ coordination complex and one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. The branched glycan deglycosylate is selected from (i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannN-glycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>; (ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminyl-terminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or (iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids.

In a preferred embodiment the one or more transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes comprise both metals<NUM>+ components and one or more anionic components.

In another preferred embodiment the anionic component of the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex in said glycan composite is selected from the group consisting of polydentate alkylamide chelants, aconitates, citrates, fumarates, glutarates, malates, oxaloacetates, succinates, acids, salts, and esters.

In another preferred embodiment the one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes comprise metals<NUM>+ selected from the group consisting of Mn<NUM>+, Fe<NUM>+, Co<NUM>+, Ni<NUM>+ and Zn<NUM>+.

In another preferred embodiment the glycan composite further comprises one or more preservatives. In another preferred embodiment the glycan composite is present in the weight amount of <NUM> ppb to <NUM>%, and said one or more transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes are present in the weight amount of <NUM> ppb to <NUM>%. In another preferred embodiment the glycan composite is present as a concentrated product composition in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM>% glycan composite for dilution prior to application to a crop of photosynthetic organisms for the enhancement of productivity; wherein said glycan composite concentrated product composition comprises one or more of glycan deglycosylates in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM>% and one or more transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes in the range of between <NUM> ppm - <NUM>% and a preservative in the weight range of <NUM> ppm to <NUM>%.

In another preferred embodiment the glycan composite formulation comprises one or more Ca<NUM>+-Mn<NUM>+-transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes and one or more GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>Glycan deglycosylates.

In another preferred embodiment the photosynthetic organism produces sap nectar, and wherein said glycan composite is applied to said sap nectar, and wherein said photosynthetic organism preferably is a flowering plant. In another preferred embodiment, said photosynthetic organism produces photosynthates, and wherein said glycan composite is applied to said photosynthetic organism to endogenously enhance flavor.

In another preferred embodiment the application of said glycan composite to said photosynthetic organism is in an amount effective to enhance the hydrostatic pressure of a photosynthetic organism.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms employed herein have their conventional meaning in the art. As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed.

"M" refers to molar concentration, "µM" refers to microMolar, and "mM" refers to milliMolar concentration.

"Enhance growth" or "enhancing growth" refers to promoting, increasing or improving the rate of growth of a photosynthetic organism such as a plant; and/or increasing or promoting an increase in the size and/or yield; and/or enhancing the quality of the photosynthetic organism or its parts; regulating the flow of photosynthates; enhancing the flow of photosynthates to respiration; enhancing aesthetics; increasing hydrostatic pressure; improving fragrance; accumulating photosynthates within the photosynthetic organism; and/or improving the flavor of the photosynthetic organism, in particular, Brix (a measure of sugar content), of its seed, fruit, flower, nectar, root, stem, or its parts.

"Photosynthetic Organism" refers to life forms that synthesize photosynthates including C<NUM>, C<NUM>, and CAM plants; and photosynthetic Eukaryotes including, but not necessarily limited to, those of the following preferred supergroups: Archaeplastida such as Plantae, Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta; and Chromoveolata such as Phaeophyta. Photosynthetic organisms may also refer to botanicals; turf and ornamentals; crops, including food, fodder, fiber, feed, and agricultural crops; and harvests thereof; and plants, both higher and lower plants, and plant-like organisms. The systems, methods and formulations may be advantageously used with any species of photosynthetic life.

The compositions may be applied to virtually any variety of live photosynthetic organisms. Photosynthetic organisms which may benefit include, but are not limited to, all Plantae particularly those in all crop groups recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (<NUM>: <NUM> CFR <NUM>) as for example such as the following: alfalfa, allspice, amaranth, angelica, anise, annatto, arugula, bach ciao, balm, barley, basil, bean, beet, borage, breadfruit, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, burdock, burnet, cabbage, cantaloupe, caper, caraway, cardamom, cardoon, carrot, cassava, castor, cauliflower, cavalo, broccolo, celeriac, celery, celtuce, cereals, chard, chayote, chervil, chickpea, chicory, chive, cilantro, cinnamon, clove, clover, coffee, collards, coriander, corn, cotton, cranberry, cress, cucumber, cumin, curry, daikon, daylily, dill, endive, euphorbia, eggplant, fennel, fenugreek, flax, forage, fritillaria, gherkin, gourd, grape, grain, garlic, guar, hay, hemp, horehound, hosta, hyssop, jackbean, jicama, jojoba, kale, kohlrabi, kudzu, kurrat, lablab bean, lavender, leafy greens, leek, legume, lemongrass, lentil, lespedeza, lettuce, lupin, mace, marjoram, melon, millet, mint, mizuna, Momordica, muskmelon, mustard, nasturtium, nutmeg, oat, onion, orach, parsley, parsnip, pasture, pea, peanut, pepper, peppermint, perilla, popcorn, potato, poppy, pumpkin, purslane, radicchio, radish, rape greens, rhubarb, rice, rosemary, rutabaga, rye, safflower, saffron, sage, sainfoin, salsify, skirret, sesame, shallot, sorghum, soybean, spinach, squash, stevia, strawberry, sunflower, sweet bay, sweet potato, sugar beet, sugar cane, Swiss chard, swordbean, tanier, taro, tarragon, tea, teosinte, thyme, tobacco, tomato, trefoil, triticale, turmeric, turnip, vanilla, vernonia, vetch, watermelon, wheat, wild rice, wintergreen, woodruff, wormwood, yam, zucchini and the like; fruit-bearing plants, such as, almond, apple, apricot, avocado, azarole, banana, beech nut, blackberry, blueberry, Brazil nut, breadfruit, butternut, cashew, cherry, chestnut, chinquapin, citrus, cocoa, cocona, coffee, currant, dragonfruit, elderberry, fig, filbert, goji, gooseberry, grapefruit, guava, hickory nut, huckleberry, kiwifruit, kumquat, lemon, lime, loganberry, loquat, macadamia nut, mango, mangosteen, martynia, mayhaw, naranjilla, nectarine, nopales, nut, okra, olive, orange, papaya, passion fruit, peach, pear, pecan, pepper, pistachio, plum, plumcot, prune, pummelo, quince, raspberry, roselle, tangelo, tangerine, tangor, tejocote, tomatillo, uniq fruit, walnut, spices, and the like; florals and ornamentals, such as achillea, adenium, agave, ageratum, aloe, alyssum, anemone, aquilegia, aster, azalea, begonia, bird-of-paradise, bleeding heart, borage, bromeliad, bougainvillea, buddlea, cactus, calendula, camellia, campanula, carex, carnation, celosia, chrysanthemum, clematis, cleome, coleus, cosmos, crocus, croton, cyclamen, dahlia, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, day lily, delphinium, dianthus, dietes, digitalis, dipladenia, dock, dusty miller, euonymus, forget-me-not, fremontia, fuchsia, gardenia, gazania, geranium, gerbera, gesneriad, gladiolus, hibiscus, hydrangea, impatiens, jasmine, lily, lilac, lisianthus, lobelia, marigold, mesembryanthemum, mimulus, myosotis, narcissus, New Guinea Impatiens, nymphaea, oenothera, oleander, orchid, ornamentals, oxalis, pansy, penstemon, peony, petunia, plumeria, poinsettia, polemonium, polygonum, poppy, portulaca, primula, ranunculus, rhododendron, rose, salvia, senecio, shooting star, snapdragon, solanum, solidago, stock, ti, torenia, tulip, verbena, vinca, viola, violet, yucca, zinnia, and the like; indoor garden and houseplants, such as African violet, Chinese evergreen, succulents, dieffenbachia, dracaena, ficus, hosta, peace lily, philodendron, pothos, rubber tree, sansevieria, chlorophytum, and the like; trees, such as Abies, Aspen, birch, cedar, Cinnamomum, Cornus, cycad, cypress, Dawn Redwood, elm, ficus, fir, ginkgo, gymnosperm, hardwood trees, Indian Rosewood, jacaranda, juniper, Laurel, legume, Liriodendron, magnolia, mahogany, maple, oak, palm, Picea, Pinus, Pittosporum, Plantago, poplar, redwood, rosewood, saguaro, Salix, sycamore, Taxus, teak, willow, yew, Christmas tree, sources of lumber, sources of paper, and the like; grasses, such as turf, sod, bluegrass, bent grass, Bermuda grass, bromegrass, calamogrostis, carex, creeping bent, elymus, fescue, festuca, helictotrichon, imperata, miscanthus, molina, panicum, paspalum, pennisetum, phalaris, poa, grass seeds, and the like; dwarfs; grafts; cuttings; hybrids; and the like. In addition to the aforementioned crops, the formulations are also suitable for application to photosynthetic organismal sources of secondary metabolites such as switchgrass, jatropha, euphorbia, nicotiana, lichen, kelp, diatom, cyanobacteria, bacteria, dunaliella, nannochloropsis, chlorella, haematococcus, eucheuma; bryophytes such as moss and fern; and the like. This list is intended to be exemplary and is not intended to be exclusive. Other photosynthetic organisms that may benefit by application of the compositions and methods of the present embodiments will be readily determined by those skilled in the art. The methods and formulations disclosed herein may be used to enhance growth in juvenile and mature photosynthetic organisms, as well as cuttings, tissues, seeds, meristems, callus, cells, and micropropagation. Seed priming and coatings prior to sowing may be applied in the range of <NUM> - <NUM>µg of glycan composites per seed, preferably in the range of <NUM> - <NUM>µg/seed.

Alternatively, seeds, corms, bulbs, stolons, and cuttings, may be treated in-furrow, simultaneously with sowing. Generally, the anatomical location to which the composition of the method is applied should have a surface area large enough to enable the photosynthetic organism to absorb the composition. For example, it is desirable to include the sprouted cotyledon (i.e., the "seed leaf"), potato stolon, bulb, corm, or other substantial surfaces that facilitate absorption, such as true leaves and roots. Fruit bearing plants may be treated before and after the onset of bud, fruit and seed formation. For plants such as annuals, perennials, trees, orchids, gesneriads, and cacti in which stems, roots and/or trunks may be treated, application methods include treatment of shoots with sprays and/or treatment of shoots and roots by sprench or dip application or by separate root and shoot applications. Commercial aqua- and mariculture crops such as spirulina, aonori, laver, kombu, macrocystis, nori and wakame, may be misted, sprayed, brushed or dipped in sterile aqueous freshwater or seawater solutions of <NUM> ppb - <NUM>% glycan composites, allowing <NUM> - <NUM> minutes to absorb.

The methods and formulations disclosed herein are designed, for example, to treat any of the aforementioned photosynthetic organisms such as plants, and to enhance quality, increase growth and/or improve the quality and quantity of harvested yields. This can be achieved by applying glycan composite formulations comprised of the following: one or more branched glycan deglycosylates characterized by a size of less than <NUM> kD and originating from deglycosylation of a macromolecule in combination with a Ca<NUM>+ coordination complex and one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. The branched glycan deglycosylate is selected from (i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannN-glycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>; (ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminyl-terminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or (iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids. The formulations can be applied in a dry or liquid form directly to photosynthetic organisms. In certain embodiments, liquid formulations additionally may include a preservative for prevention of spoilage during shipping and storage periods. The methods disclosed herein make glycan composites readily available for uptake by photosynthetic organisms.

The formulations disclosed herein comprise branched glycan deglycosylates that are components of the glycan composite, wherein said branched glycan deglycosylates are less than <NUM> kD in size and originate from deglycosylation of a macromolecule. The branched glycan deglycosylate is selected from (i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannN-glycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>; (ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminyl-terminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or (iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids. Hereinafter, this branched glycan deglycosylate component will be referred to as the "glycan" or "deglycosylate" component of the glycan composite.

Glycans are rather expensive when chemically synthesized and, if not for certain of the embodiments of the invention, agricultural applications would not be economically justifiable. Fortunately, embodiments disclosed herein provide a number of cost-effective products by means of deglycosylation of certain inexpensive macromolecules, and these products make suitable glycan components of the glycan composite. Thus, certain branched glycan deglycosylates render economically feasible farm crop treatments. Suitable glycans may originate by cleavage, i.e., deglycosylation of glycan subunits from their parent macromolecule. Generally, macromolecules greater than <NUM> kD are chemical structures too large for treatment and uptake by a photosynthetic organism; therefore, deglycosylates less than <NUM> kD are used according to the invention as branched glycan deglycosylate components. Deglycosylates are typically from macromolecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, N-linked-glycan-macromolecules and/or O-linked-glycan-macromolecules. They may be products of hydrolysis or other processes known to the art, resulting from actions of acids, bases, enzymes and/or microbes breaking bonds. Biosynthesis of branched glycan components by a plant or yeast may be cost effective as compared to products of chemical synthesis and purification, the expense of which has proven prohibitive. For example, purchase of pure high mannan branched N-linked glycans may cost $<NUM>/gram; whereas, suitable high mannan branched N-linked glycans, deglycosylated from proteins per embodiments disclosed herein, may cost pennies/gram.

Botanical sources of suitable glycan subunits include the following: Cyanaposis tetragonalobus and Cyanaposis psoraloides, guar gums, GalMan<NUM>; Caesalpinia spinosa, tara gums, GalMan<NUM>; Ceratonia siliqua, locust bean gums, GalMan<NUM>-<NUM>; Amorphophallus konjac, konjac gums, Glc<NUM>Man<NUM>; Canavalia ensiformis Jack Bean, N-linked glycans; Ivory nut, Mann; carob; coffee bean; fenugreek; barley; palms, lilies, irises, and legumes, endosperm tissues, Mann; soft wood and bark of various trees; birch; gymnosperms; Norway spruce; and Chlorophyta such as Dasycladales, Characeae, Codium fragile, Caulerpa and Acetabularia acetabulum Mannan Weed. Furthermore, branched mannan derivative structures such as exhibited in <FIG>, may be found in fungi, such as, Hansenula holstii, Rhodotorula acheniorum; in glycoproteins, such as, concanavalins and enzymes; and preferably in invertases. Other natural sources include microbes; bacteria; mushrooms; animals, such as, arthropods, crustaceans, shellfish, fish, krill, and insects; and waste, such as guano, offal, blood, marrow, liver, animal organ, bark, sawdust, wood, bone, exoskeleton, ferment, bycatch, and manure.

The aforementioned gums, proteins and other macromolecules may undergo deglycosylation by commercial processes known in the art. For example, some branched glycan macromolecules may be microbially digested under tightly controlled fermentation and others may be subjected to various other enzymatic digestion processes known in the art; and whereby, branched glycan macromolecules may be partially hydrolyzed by cleaving ><NUM>,<NUM> kD gums to average molecular weights of <NUM> - <NUM> kDa glycan deglycosylates. That permits uptake of the smaller deglycosylates by plants. By comparison with a variety of natural sources, branched glycan deglycosylates from invertases showed the highest feasibility, exhibiting low cost and high potency, making them suitable for commercial production; see Table <NUM>.

Terminal ligands of glycans were key to their activity, rendering identification of this part of glycan structure critical. Suitable terminal ligands of a glycan were identified in glycopyranoses, such as, galactopyranoses, glucopyranoses, and preferably mannopyranoses; alkyl-, acyl-, and aryl-substitutions thereof; and acylglycosamines. It followed that suitable glycans were cationic, anionic and neutral polymers; aldosyls and/or ketosyls; and branched glycans with any of the above terminal ligands. The molecular weight sizes typically ranged from <NUM> to ><NUM> kD, preferably between <NUM> to <NUM> kD, and most preferably in the range of <NUM> to <NUM> kD.

j, m, n subscripts mean corresponding chainlengths, where m = <NUM> - <NUM> and n = <NUM> - <NUM>, unless otherwise noted. For example, GalGlcMann means GalactopyranosylGlucopyranosylMannopyranosyln and GlcmMann means GlucopyranosylmMannopyranosyln.

Hyphenated numerals denote the range of sizes. For example, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> means the branched mannopyranosyl<NUM>-<NUM>N-acetylglucosamine<NUM>-<NUM> in which Man<NUM>-<NUM> means a range of <NUM> to <NUM> Man units in the branched chain.

Suitable branched gylcans are selected from:
(i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannNglycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc1-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>, (ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminylterminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or (iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids;.

The formulations of the invention comprise a Ca<NUM>+ coordination complex and one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. In certain embodiments, the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex is comprised of the metals<NUM>+ component and one or more anionic components. Specific metals<NUM>+ are incorporated into the holoprotein structure for proper binding of glycans. In the absence of specific metals<NUM>+, the protein structure is incomplete, lacking the conformation to conjugate. Therefore, these preferred metals<NUM>+ include calcium (Ca<NUM>+) and manganese (Mn<NUM>+), and both applied together are preferred because Ca<NUM>+ and Mn<NUM>+ naturally occur in holoprotein binding sites. However, suitable D-block transition metals<NUM>+ other than Mn<NUM>+ may be added, substituted or formulated including one or more D-block transition metals<NUM>+ selected from cobalt (Co<NUM>+), nickel (Ni<NUM>+), and zinc (Zn<NUM>+); and combinations thereof; and always in the presence of Ca<NUM>+. In addition, the presence of iron (Fe<NUM>+) and magnesium (Mg<NUM>+) and/or one or more of the aforementioned D-block transition metals<NUM>+ may further support the structural conformation of the holoprotein by Ca<NUM>+ and Mn<NUM>+. These metals<NUM>+ and/or their water-soluble salts may be measured into the glycan composite as liquids or solids; for example, applied in the ranges of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Ca<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mg<NUM>+, <NUM> - <NUM> ppm Fe<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mn<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Zn<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppb Co<NUM>+, and <NUM>-<NUM> ppb Ni<NUM>+.

Preferred anionic components of the aforementioned transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes of glycan composites may be selected from sequestering anions that further function as respiration accelerators, as follow: oxaloacetates; acetates; aconitates; citrates, isocitrates; fumarates; glutarates, ketoglutarates; malates; and succinates. Suitable acid derivatives thereof, named herein without exclusion of others, were selected from aconitic, citric, fumaric, glutaric, malic, oxaloacetic, succinic, and like acids of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes; and preferably at <NUM>:<NUM> anion:cation molar ratios or greater, within the range of <NUM> ppb to <NUM>% w/w. Aconitic acids include aconitates, cis- and trans-aconitic acids, salts, and the like. Citric acids include citrates, citric, isocitric, and methylcitric acids; citric acid anhydrides; citric phosphates; salts, and the like. Fumaric acids include fumarates, fumaric acids, boletic acids, alkylfumarates, salts and the like. Glutaric acids include glutarates, ketoglutarates, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, alkylglutarates, glutamates, salts, and the like. Malic acids include malates, malic acids, maleic acids, maleates, maleic anhydrides, alkylmaleic anhydrides, maleyl-proteins, salts, and the like. Oxaloacetic acids include acetates, acetic acids such as glacial acetic acid and vinegar; acetyl-CoA; acetylphosphate, acetic anhydrides; alkylacetates, alkylacetoacetates, oxaloacetates, salts, and so forth. Succinic acids include succinates, succinic acids, Sprit of Amber, alkylsuccinic acids, succinyl anhydride, salts, and the like. The aforementioned salts include, one or more of Ca, Mg, Na, and transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes with the aforementioned acids. Anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes may be preferably selected from their phosphates, such as, for example, malate-phosphate, citrate-phosphate, and the like. Generally, pure components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes are commercially available in bulk. Anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes may be selected from suitable polydentate chelants, such as alkylamide chelants as follow: ammonium, sodium, and/or potassium salts of alkyl amide chelants such as, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acids (EDTA), N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acids (HeEDTA), ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis2-hydroxyphenylacetic acids (EDDHA), di(ortho-hydroxybenzyl)-ethylenediaminediacetic acids (HBED), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acids (DTPA); methylglycine N,N-diacetic acids (MGDA); glutamic acid diacetic acids (GLDA); and the like. The anionic components are conventionally added to liquid solutions of the metals at a minimum of <NUM>:<NUM>, and preferably at <NUM>:<NUM> anion:cation molar ratios or greater.

Preferred salts of the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes may result from reacting metal<NUM>+ and anion components. Moreover, suitable commercially available salts include derivatives of N, P, K, S, C, H, O, Cl, secondary and micronutrients; and other agriculturally compliant combinations of compounds known to the art. For example, N as amines, amides, nitrates, polyacylamines; C as carbonates; Cl as chlorides; P as phosphates, phosphites; S as sulfates; H as acids; OH as bases; and the like.

Glycan composites (GC) are composed of several compounds having distinct chemical characteristics, each contributing desirable properties to the whole. It has been most elucidative to discover that when components of the glycan composite are applied separately to crops in the field, performance is inconsistent. Although direct application of each component to separate plant populations is possible, it is not preferred for lack of beneficial effect. Therefore, experiments were undertaken to verify functional exemplary glycan composites; and, at the same time, showing that each of the separate components did not function adequately alone.

Photosynthetic crops grow by means of respiratory metabolism of photosynthates to build, for maintenance and to reproduce. However, the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis is less than a third. Regulation of crop growth through more efficient transfer of photosynthates to respiration than before, by application of glycan composites in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, were used to raise that ratio. This was expedited by efficient treatments with glycan composites in the dark (i.e., in an environment where sunlight does not reach); whether to seeds and roots underground during the day; or to roots and/or shoots at night, for example. It would be of benefit to agriculture to enhance productivity by optimizing treatments with glycan composites to seed, fruit, flower, sap nectar, photosynthate, root, stem and/or trunk; that is, via shoot and/or root applications, through these novel systems, as well. Taken together, application of glycan composites to achieve a positive effect is realized by embodiments disclosed herein.

In contrast to photosynthetic leaves, seeds are entirely respiratory. As a consequence, hastening germination has resulted from applications of exceedingly low doses of GC to seeds as compared to nutrient control. Early growth responses to separated components were compared to the unified GC and results were analyzed for statistically significant compared means. It was clearly indicated that separate components did not work; but together, they contributed to efficacy. Furthermore, the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes of the embodiment that included the full set of D-block transition metals<NUM>+ improved performance of composite formulations.

Respiration is dependent on available oxygen (O<NUM>) and O<NUM> was enhanced through co-application or otherwise exposing crops under GC treatment to elevated O<NUM>. Site-directed O<NUM> enhancement, in particular to roots or seeds, was achieved more efficaciously in the field by application of O<NUM>-generating compounds such as peroxides. Suitable inexpensive peroxides include H<NUM>O<NUM> and carbamide peroxides, while O<NUM>-generating granular compounds are known to the art, such as, CaO<NUM> and/or MgO<NUM> that slowly released O<NUM> while crops were under GC treatments. CaO<NUM> and MgO<NUM> provided O<NUM> enriched environments that supported respiration, particularly when applied to seeds or roots, as separate oxygen sources in conjunction with formulations of the embodiment. Peroxides are O<NUM>-generating components that may be formulated into dry products, but preferably are stored and applied separately to the crop before, during or after treatments with GC. Peroxides tend to destabilize and decompose GC-concentrates, thus, shortening shelf life.

An exemplary O<NUM>-generating co-application method follows: Prior to treatment with GC, liquid H<NUM>O<NUM>, <NUM> - <NUM> grams granular CaO<NUM> and/or MgO<NUM> was incorporated at <NUM> - <NUM> soil depth at a rate of <NUM>/ha during the crop season; and/or potting media or planting hole soils were mixed with <NUM>-<NUM>/L prior to transplanting. GC was applied as a side dressing or spray drench to the photosynthetic organism to the same acreage. Thereafter, while the plant was under GC-treatment, the peroxide slowly released O<NUM>, advancing respiration in conjunction with the actions of GC. Injecting O<NUM> gas may be undertaken, primarily by bubbling into liquid media to saturation. Co-applications of O<NUM>-generators with glycan composites were synergistic, resulting in enhanced quantities of productivity.

Under circumstances in which O<NUM> could not be elevated, alternate methods were applied to provide an environment conducive to respiration wherein photosynthetic organisms under cultivation. Thus, treatments with glycan composites were undertaken in conjunction with exposure of crops to respiration accelerators, either by addition to or incorporation with glycan composites. Respiration accelerators were selected from the following: iP, such as for example, salts of phosphoric acid, such as, ammonium, potassium and sodium phosphates; Gly-phosphates such as Glc-phosphates and Man-phosphates, Glc<NUM>-phosphates such as mannobiose-phosphates, sucrose-phosphates, trehalose-phosphates, and xylobiose-phosphates; plant growth regulators, such as, auxins; and oxaloacetic, aconitic, citric, fumaric, glutaric, malic, and succinic acids. The aforementioned acids also serve as anionic components of the coordination complex, added at a minimum of <NUM>:<NUM> anion:cation ratio.

Germination and early growth of Burpee Sweet Corn cv. Bi-Licious Hybrid was tested for response to various components of composite formulations. Rapid assays of seedling growth were undertaken with hydroponic cultures in which aqueous media were sterilized and cooled. Seeds were examined to exclude aberrantly large, small, or damaged seeds, prior to treatment. Plants were maintained in the dark for respiration at <NUM>. Exactly <NUM> seeds were sown per <NUM> sterile disposable plastic Petri dish on Whatman paper circles moistened with nutrient control or treatments. Replicates numbered <NUM> per treatment (n=<NUM>). Germination was established when radicle emergence was observed for <NUM>% of controls after <NUM> hours. Treatment and control solutions were prepared by dissolving nutrients in deionized ultrapure water. In place of stainless steel vessels and stirrers, plastic laboratory utensils were utilized to prevent intrusion of Ni<NUM>+ and other metals. Cross-contamination with nutrients was avoided by disposing of plastic utensils immediately after use. Stock solutions were from reagent grade compounds. The aqueous glycan stock solutions of the GC in this investigation were <NUM>-<NUM>% Mann glycan deglycosylates (not according to the invention) that were obtained by acetolysis of ivory nut flour in acetic acid:acetic anhydride:sulfuric acid <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>. The <NUM> - <NUM>% Ca<NUM>+ and transition metals Fe<NUM>+, Mn<NUM>+, Zn<NUM>+, Co<NUM>+, and Ni<NUM>+ (Cat) were prepared by sequestration in a blend of <NUM> citrate, <NUM> malate, and <NUM> succinate, abbreviated CMS. The GC was applied at <NUM> Mann concentration. Ca- and Mn-EDTA salts are limited ions, abbreviated EDTA. Other concentrations applied were <NUM>µMMan<NUM> and <NUM> Man<NUM>. Man<NUM>-CatCMS was formulated with Cat-CMS transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes for comparison to Man<NUM>-EDTA, and so forth. Water was provided as a negative control.

As presented in Table <NUM>, corn seeds treated with GC showed highly significant acceleration of germination mean counts (p=<NUM>) as compared to those of separate components, Cat, glycan, CMS alone. Counts of CMS, glycan, and Cat were the same as for water; and there was no difference between water and Cat. Whole GC showed significant enhancement as compared to G-EDTA. GC showed borderline significant improvement when compared to glycan with CaMn-CMS, indicating that the whole Cat improved efficacy of the GC over the contribution of limited ions. Thus, both Cat and CMS contributed to germination in the GC. Furthermore, composite formulations in which the glycan was substituted with Man<NUM> or Man<NUM> with Cat CMS, showed significant improvements of germination as compared to the Man<NUM> and Man<NUM> formulations with limited ions and with EDTA salts that did not enhance respiration.

In the whole GC, the components contributed to respiration and growth; yet, in contrast, individual components applied separately did not work. The full complement of the transition metals<NUM>+ in Cat, in particular in CMS transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes, significantly improved the product as compared to limited ion formulas. Selection of suitable anionic components of the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes that facilitated respiration contributed to the GC significantly as compared to EDTA that did not. Remarkably, the potencies of glycan and Man<NUM> composites were orders of magnitude greater than Man<NUM>, both showing germination at far lower doses than Man<NUM>. Composites were found to be applicable toward significant improvements of Man<NUM> and Man<NUM> formulations, an unexpected outcome of the investigations. Notably, post-germination applications of GC with transition metal<NUM>+ -alkyl amide coordination complexes resulted in a trend toward accumulation of photosynthates, particularly in environments of reduced oxygen tension. For example, applications with GC-CaMnEDDHA <NUM> week prior to lettuce leaf harvest resulted in higher Brix than whole GC and control. Table <NUM>. Effects of components of formulations on germination of corn showed complete glycan composites function best. Statistical significance of differences between mean counts of germinated seeds grown on various components as compared to the unified glycan composite included the following: Cat = non-chelated Ca<NUM>+, Fe<NUM>+, Mn<NUM>+, Zn<NUM>+, Co<NUM>+, and Ni<NUM>+; CMS = citrate malate succinate; EDTA = Ca-EDTA salts + Mn-EDTA salts; GC = GC Seeds mean count; n=<NUM> for all replicates; and p = significance.

O-glycans tested below are not according to the invention.

It is often advantageous to provide glycan composite products as <NUM> ppm - <NUM>% concentrates that may be shipped in dry or liquid form while kept under cool, dry, dark storage conditions; but inherent to organic compounds that comprise glycan composites is that the complex was consumed by various and sundry microbes as well as by plant cells. Therefore, measures must be taken to preserve the compositions from spoilage, particularly of the aqueous products. For storage, especially of liquid compositions, suitable preservative agents may be incorporated to the formula to improve the stability of products. Commercial preservative agents include biocides and germicides, such as for example, the following: peroxides; sodium hypochlorites; bleaches; acids; bases; oxidizing agents; formaldehyde-releasing preservatives such as <NUM>,<NUM>-dimethylol-<NUM>,<NUM>-dimethylhydantoin, quaternium-<NUM>, bronopol, diazolidinyl urea, Na-hydroxymethylglycinate; silver; copper acetate; permanganates; dinitromorpholines; phenolics, such as, <NUM>-Chloro-<NUM>-methylphenol and <NUM>-phenylphenol; thiazolinones and the preferred isothiazolinones (IT), such as, benzoisothiazolinones (BIT), methylchloroisothiazolinones and methylisothiazolinones (MIT). IT is a phytobland antimicrobial in the range of <NUM> - <NUM> ppm. The preservatives are recommended for formulation into liquid glycan composite concentrates in the range of label rates, from <NUM> ppm to <NUM>%. For example, BIT in the range between <NUM> to <NUM> ppm, preferably between <NUM> - <NUM> ppm in liquid concentrates was safe and effective. Thus, liquid formulation of the glycan composite may be blended with any antimicrobial, yet they must be selected from phytobland preservatives as per embodiments disclosed herein. In a glycan composite product present as a concentrated product composition in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM>% glycan composite for dilution prior to application to a crop of photosynthetic organisms for the enhancement of productivity, a suitable concentrate comprises one or more of glycan deglycosylates in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM>% and one or more transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes in the range of between <NUM> ppm - <NUM>% and a preservative in the weight range of <NUM> ppm to <NUM>%.

The effects of preservatives on potencies of plant growth regulator glycan composites were compared. The experiments quantified root growth. The results showed that potency was retained after storage for one month with preservatives. In contrast, formulations without preservative lost activity.

Early post-germination Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cicla L. , cultivar "Fordhook® Giant") root growth was tested for response to glycan composites (GC) supplemented with the preservative, BIT. Preliminary experiments of preservatives that were narrow in antimicrobial effect, not suitable for food use, or that were phytotoxic at antimicrobial doses were excluded. Roots of Swiss Chard germlings showed responses of improved growth in length within a week of application of GC and this corresponded to weight increases. The branched N-linked glycan, <NUM> ppm Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM> deglycosylate, was selected to initiate blending the glycan composite with agitation into water. The glycan composite was further formulated by stirring <NUM> malic acid anion component in the glycan-water solution with aqueous metal<NUM>+-nitrate salts; resulting in the <NUM> malate transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Ca<NUM>+ and transition metals <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Fe<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mn<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Zn<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppb Co<NUM>+, and <NUM>-<NUM> ppb Ni<NUM>+. The preservative, Proxel™ GXL, was selected from IT antimicrobials and was applied to <NUM> ppm to <NUM>% liquid product concentrates for storage in the range of <NUM> - <NUM> ppm. Formulations were stored for a month at <NUM>° C prior to testing. Concentrated formulations were diluted in water as needed immediately prior to treatment of seedlings. Solutions incorporated reagent grade compounds of other required elements.

Rapid assays of root growth were based on modified methods of the aforementioned hydroponic culture on moistened Whatman <NUM> Seed Culture paper circles and in which treatments and aqueous media were not sterilized prior to application. Root mg weights were taken with a calibrated Mettler digital balance. Terminology used herein indicates the omission or inclusion of nutrients, as follow: Inventive:.

Post-germination Swiss chard seedlings treated with glycan composite without preservative showed losses of potency of as much as half that of the same formulation with IT. Results of means ±SE are presented in Table <NUM>. Doubling (2X) the concentration of composite formulations without IT resulted in higher root weights than control, yet at <NUM>% lower yields than 1X concentrations with IT. Formulations without a preservative lost at least half their potencies after <NUM> month of storage. The retention of original efficacies of GC formulations with preservatives shows a distinct improvement of all products that must be stored until end-user sales and applications.

In the example of <FIG>, a plant cell was exposed to the solution of glycan composite that was transported into the cell. In accordance with glycoprotein binding affinities and specificities, the glycan composite displaced photosynthates from storage making them available for respiration, growth and germination. This redirected flow of energy resulted consistently in faster germination than nutrient controls, among other features.

A suitable synthesis to make a glycan composite is as follows. In certain embodiments, the glycan composite was formulated with one or more of the aforementioned transition metals<NUM>+. To make the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex, one or more of the appropriate anionic components, such as for example, <NUM>-<NUM> citric, malic, succinic, and/or oxaloacetic acids were added and dissolved in water; and then suitable ppb - ppm metal<NUM>+ components of the transition metals<NUM>+ coordination complexes were stirred in to dissolve in the aqueous formulation. Thus, for example, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Ca<NUM>+ and <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mn<NUM>+, one or more of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mg<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Fe<NUM>+, and <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Zn<NUM>+, and <NUM>-<NUM> ppb Co<NUM>+ and <NUM>-<NUM> ppb Ni<NUM>+were the added metal<NUM>+ components. Formation of proper transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes requires at least <NUM>:<NUM> and preferably <NUM>:<NUM> transition metal<NUM>+-cation:anion ratios. The glycan composite unit was completed by blending in <NUM> to <NUM> glycan. Formulations that were to be stored for more than a day before applications to plants included label quantities of a broad spectrum preservative selected from IT, BIT, MIT, hydantoin, and the like. The method may also comprise the step of blending one or more agricultural surfactant/emulsifiers, and/or other agricultural additives/adjuvants at label quantities that achieve at least critical micelle concentrations, in particular, for foliar applications.

Suitable surfactants and emulsifiers include anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic detergents; for example, amine ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, phosphate esters, polyalkylene oxides, polyalkylene glycols, polyoxyethylene (POE) fatty acid esters, POE fatty diglycerides, POE polymers, POP polymers, PEG polymers, protein surfactants, sorbitan fatty acid esters, alcohol ethoxylates, sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylates, ethoxylated alkylamines, quaternary amines, sorbitan ethoxylate esters, substituted polysaccharides, alkyl polyglucosides (APG), APG-citrates, alkylglycosides such as methylglucosides, alkylmannosides, methylmannosides, ethylacetoacetates, N-acetylglucosamines, meglumines, glucamides, dimethylglucamines, copolymers, siloxanes, tallow amines, and blends. When applying glycan composites to foliage, the formulation may further comprise one or more aqueous surfactants and applying the resulting mixture by spraying, misting, fogging or electrostatics to the plant foliage in an amount between about <NUM> to <NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> to <NUM> gallons per acre), preferably <NUM> to <NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> to <NUM> gallons per acre).

Blending the GC with nutrients sustained vigor, expanded root systems, enhanced plant growth, enlarged floral displays, promoted fruiting and improved flavor; a rendering that was particularly important in nutrient-deficient soils and water. Essential primary elements include, N-P-K. Essential secondary nutrient elements include Ca, Mg, and S. Essential micronutrient elements include B, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Na, and Zn. Preferred nutrients are not selected to the exclusion of other elements, ions, or salts, and, depending on the situation, may be available in the soil and water in particular abundance such that supplementation is unnecessary for productivity; therefore, nutrient supplementations are applied at rates compliant with government agricultural regulatory agencies following instructions on labels. Suitable sources include salts and minerals generally known to the art. For example, the most highly preferred micronutrient selections to the compositions may include <NUM> - <NUM> ppm chelated Fe and/or Zn; and applying a suitable amount of the resulting mixture to one or more plants.

Plant nutrient phosphorus may be obtained from one or more of the following sources: iP, phosphorus rock, phosphoric acids, phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, steric P, guano, manures, seaweed extracts, bird droppings, fishery, poultry and livestock waste and the like. Organic sources of P tend to be far too expensive to apply to fields in the <NUM> - <NUM>% ranges of iP, however, at ranges below <NUM>% concentration they often proved effective as respiration accelerators. Organic sources of P included, for example, glycerophosphates and the aforementioned sugar-phosphates were utilized in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM> ppt.

Nitrogen may be obtained from one or more of the following sources: nitrate N, such as, nitric acid and salts, thereof; ammoniacal N, such as ammonia, UAN, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate; urea N such as methylene urea, urea-formaldehyde, urea, low biuret and preferably ultralow biuret urea; amine/amide/amino N, such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, ornithine, proline, selenocysteine, taurine, tyrosine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine; salts, such as sodium or potassium glutamate; derivatives; blends; and the like; and mixtures of amino acids; proteins, such as from, glutens, caseins, fish, and blood; hexamines; and combinations, thereof. Nutrient elements were metabolized to all biochemical, growth, reproductive and structural components of photosynthetic organisms.

Applications of glycan composites provide opportunities to supplement plant nutrient deficiencies by use of tank mixes or by applications formulated with a selection of additives. The amounts of plant nutrients were applied in accordance with labeling of guaranteed analysis by governance boards at rates known to the art. Supplementation comprised the steps of dissolving plant nutrient components into aqueous solution, resulting in a mixture comprising glycan composites. For example, in certain embodiments, glycan composites were supplemented with <NUM> - <NUM> ppm N, <NUM> - <NUM> ppm P; <NUM> - <NUM> ppm K; <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Ca; <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Fe; <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mn; and/or <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Zn. Various glycan composite formulations may be classified as plant biostimulants that may benefit nutrient use efficiency, improve tolerance to abiotic stress, and increase yields. Biostimulants generally include natural products, such as for example, plant, algal, fermentation and animal metabolites; humates; microbials; biochemicals; and the like. Other glycan composite formulations may be classified as elicitors that generally include natural products, such as for example, algal, fermentation and animal metabolites; proteins; enzymes; microbials; and the like.

Embodiments disclosed herein as applied to crops are of glycan composites made into compositions of which the compounds themselves serve as resources for control of photosynthetic organisms, including live photosynthetic Eukaryotes; and, for the most part, agricultural Archaeplastida plants. As such, the glycan composite may be appropriately formulated with agrochemicals and are rendered into aqueous compositions that are capable of facilitating the growth of photosynthetic organisms, particularly cultivated flowering plants. The methods disclosed herein may be applied to safely enhance the balanced metabolism of exogenous components that contribute to the productivity of photosynthetic organisms. While, at the same time, they may be methods for applications of compositions of the glycan composite in the beneficial treatments of photosynthetic organisms, that, further, may be made to enhance the healthy growth and quality of crops.

Although the present inventor is not to be bound by any theory, the glycan composites of the embodiments disclosed herein feature a "lock and key" mechanism. A glycan with a suitable terminal ligand shows high binding affinity to a specific receptive glycoprotein. The lock is the glycoprotein and the key is the terminal ligand. The "tumblers" of the glycoprotein-lock are the internal structural sites of calcium and manganese. When the glycan key opens the lock, photosynthates are displaced to accumulate or to move on to respiratory metabolism; and thus, opening the option for selection of respiration accelerators in the anionic components of the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex. During daylight hours, roots consume those photosynthates. Respiring roots produce carbon dioxide, a portion (<NUM>% to <NUM>%) of which is transported up to the shoots; and enhanced photosynthetic carbon fixation results. Thus, the glycan composite may be useful to reduce energetic losses to photorespiration by these treatments of photosynthetic organisms through their reach into sap nectar that modulate quality of sweetness measured as Brix. In particular, when, for example, plants are cultivated under photorespiratory environmental stresses such as saturated sunlight intensities, droughts and heat, the glycan composite may benefit yields. Moreover, the embodiments provide glycan composite systems for regulating the accumulation of photosynthates through the deceleration of respiration for flavor and nutritional enhancement by human consumers, livestock, poultry, and as well as, in robust nectar for pollinators.

In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, a novel plant growth regulator system is introduced that advances photosynthetic flux to drive a photosynthetic organism to accumulate photosynthates. This is initiated, for example, by creation of novel crop inputs of glycan composites that may be applied to photosynthetic organisms. Glycan composites may be comprised of branched glycans with transition metal<NUM>+-polydentate anions. The preferred anions of this embodiment are alkyl amides selected from salts of EDTA, EDDHA, HeEDTA, DTPA, HBED, MGDA, GLDA, and the like. In addition, oxygen-starved environments under reduced oxygen tension, in the range from <NUM>-<NUM>% O<NUM>, may be induced physically by respiration decelerators, such as by flooding roots with irrigation water, by storing plants or their parts in nitrogen gas, or by elevating CO<NUM> concentrations. Alternatively, respiration decelerators may be selected from suitable plant growth regulators, co-applied according to agriculturally labeled methods known to the art; for example, plant growth regulators at <NUM> - <NUM> ppm dosages were selected from various suitable cytokinins, salicylic acids, and/or, gibberellins; and derivatives and the like.

Photosynthetic organisms respond consistently to glycan composite components when applied, preferably suitably formulated and rendered into potent formulations such that they facilitate the growth and quality of photosynthetic organisms as well as provide an array of physiological benefits that enhance their marketable qualities.

In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, the complexes of embodiments may be applied separately, serially, or simultaneously. Indeed, particularly during physiological stress, by action of glycan composites on sap nectar of a photosynthetic organism, productivity was enhanced by the increased flow of photosynthates to respiratory metabolism in photosynthetic organisms in accordance with the aforementioned lock and key mechanism of the embodiments disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, concentrated glycan composite products in compositions comprising at least glycan deglycosylates in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM>% and one or more transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes in the range of between <NUM> ppm to <NUM>%, are made ready for application by dissolving an amount of glycan composites in the preferred carrier, water. Alternative carriers include, for example, vegetable and mineral oils, alkyl acetoacetates, or aliphatic alcohols. Therefore, it is made convenient for the grower to stir the final solution containing glycan composites into water as the carrier of choice for final dilution. In most instances, agitation and <NUM> - <NUM>° heat facilitates the dissolution of the dry product in the carrier. The glycan composite is amenable to water-borne agricultural systems, such as, hydroponic and water cultures, by metered application with pumps into the medium, immersion of roots in diluted glycan composites, or as a foliar treatment.

The formulations employed may include any of a wide variety of agronomically suitable additives, adjuvants, or other agriculturally compliant ingredients and components (hereinafter "additives") that can improve or at least do not hinder the beneficial effects of the glycan composite when applied at label rates. Generally accepted additives for agricultural application are periodically listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In particular, foliar compositions may contain spreaders present in an amount sufficient to further promote wetting, emulsification, even distribution and penetration of the active substances. Spreaders are typically organic alkanes, alkenes or polydimethylsiloxanes that provide a sheeting action of the treatment across the phylloplane. Suitable spreaders include paraffin oils and the foregoing surfactants. Penetrants include, for example, alkyl acetoacetates, sodium dodecylsulfate, formamides, DMSO, and alcohols.

Embodiments herein are useful when blended or tank mixed with various plant treatments such as agriculturally compliant pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, fungicides, germicides, biocides, elicitors, biostimulants, antagonists, antitranspirants, synergists, systemics, surfactants, spreaders, stickers, vitamins, minerals, salts, solvents, genetics, bioagents, and the like. Herbicides that are based on ammonia metabolism, for example the glufosinates, Ignite®, Rely®, and Liberty®, are safened by application of glycan composites, reducing phytotoxicity in related herbicide-resistant GMO crops; and per application at label rates.

Examples of suitable additives and adjuvants include the following: minerals such as limestone, iron filings, and the like; salts such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, calcium permanganate, calcium-phosphates, calcium acetates, calcium aconitates, calcium citrates, calcium citrate-phosphate, calcium fumarates, calcium malate, calcium malonate, calcium maleate, calcium malate-phosphate, calcium gluconates, calcium glutarates, CaO<NUM>, calcium succinates, calcium chelants, calcium nitrate, calcium glycerophosphate, manganese-phosphates, manganese acetates, manganese citrates, manganese fumarates, manganese glutarates, rhodochrosite manganese carbonates, manganese oxides, MgO<NUM>, manganese malate, manganese malonate, manganese maleate, manganese succinates, manganese chelants, and the like; co-solvents such as alcohols, ketones, oils, lipids, water, and the like; genetically modified organisms and genetic materials such as Bt, genes, sequences, RNA, DNA, plasmids, genomes, and the like; bioagents such as microbes, yeasts, bacteria, viruses, vectors, and the like; and colorants, dyes, and pigments such as annatto, methylene dyes, cobalt blue, and indican. Other constituents that may be added to the compositions include soil conditioners, antibiotics, plant growth regulators, GMO, gene therapies and the like. Among the plant growth regulators which may be added to the formulations of the present invention are auxins; brassinolides; cytokinins; gibberellins; salicylates; benzyladenine; amino acids; benzoates; carboxylic acids, vitamins; carbohydrates; herbicides, such as, phosphonomethylglycines, halosulfuron alkyls; selective herbicides, such as, sethoxydims and sulfonyl ureas; salts, esters, phosphates, hydrates and derivatives thereof; and genetic compositions.

Glycan composite technology is appropriate for, but not limited to, crop application in the dark or shade, as during periods of maximum respiration; as well as under direct sunlight. In general, glycan composites are readily applied directly to shoots and/or roots and/or seeds; and/or parts, thereof, including cuticle, epidermis, flower, fruit, sap, nectar, bark, stem, foliage, needle, blade, phylloplane, spine, trichome, root hair, tap root, cotyledon, cone, and the like. The concentration of glycan composites in the formulations as applied to photosynthetic organisms should generally be between about <NUM> ppb to <NUM>% and more preferably between about <NUM> ppb to <NUM> ppm. For specific applications, the concentration at the point of applications may be lower for roots than for shoots; thus, between the concentrations of <NUM> ppb - <NUM> ppm for root application. Glycan composites may be applied to rooting media and then watered in or may be diluted first in an aqueous carrier and then applied to the media. On foliage, treatments generally are applied in a mist, fog, spray, drip, stream, dip, coating, or sprench between <NUM> ppb to <NUM>% concentrations of the glycan composite. When diluted in an aqueous carrier, the resulting diluted glycan composite is applied to a photosynthetic organism in an amount of about <NUM> to <NUM>,<NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> to <NUM> gallons/acre).

The following examples are provided to illustrate the embodiments disclosed herein and should not be construed as limiting. In these examples, purified water was obtained through reverse osmosis; transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex components and surfactants were obtained from Brandt. Abbreviations used in the following examples are defined as follows: "°" means °C; "Sil" means organosiloxane/copolymer blend; "<NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>" means Brandt <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM> Micro, N-P-K with B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn; comparative glycans:
"αManda" means methyl-α-D-Mann, n=<NUM>-<NUM>; "GG" means combinations of branched O-linked Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>, from partially hydrolyzed guar gum; "Ag" means GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; Inventive glycan: "Ethan" means branched Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM> (<FIG>); "Cat" means a blend of soluble <NUM> ppm Fe<NUM>+, <NUM> ppm Mn<NUM>+, <NUM> ppm Zn<NUM>+, <NUM> ppb Co<NUM>+, and <NUM> ppb Ni<NUM>+; "CMS" means <NUM>-<NUM> citrate, malate, maleate and/or succinate transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex; "IT" means isothiazolinone preservatives; "MnCO3" means manganese carbonate; "AMS" means ammonium sulfate; "MKP" means monopotassium phosphate; "DKP" means dipotassium phosphate; "MAP" means monoammonium phosphate; "DAP" means diammonium phosphate; "NH<NUM>OH" means ammonium hydroxide; "KOH" means potassium hydroxide; "Ca(OH)<NUM>" means calcium hydroxide; "L" means Liter; "ml" means milliliter; "mg" means milligram; "g" means gram; "Kg" means kilogram; "mM" means milliMolar; "Micronutrient" means trace quantities of soluble B, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn; and KOH, Ca(OH)<NUM>, NH<NUM>OH, MnCO3, MAP, DAP, MKP and DKP are plant nutrients and buffering agents.

The following are examples of specific formulations that may advantageously be employed in methods to treat photosynthetic organisms such as plants and to enhance growth in the same. The following examples are intended to provide guidance to those skilled in the art and do not represent an exhaustive list of formulations within the scope of the embodiments disclosed.

This formulation may be further supplemented with components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes selected from citrates, fumarates, glutarates, malates, oxaloacetates, succinates; and Mg.

Root glycan composites were dissolved into <NUM> of water with stirring at room temperature, <NUM> to <NUM>; and adjusted by titrating KOH to pH <NUM> - <NUM>. <NUM> to <NUM>,<NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> to <NUM> gallons/acre) applied as close to the roots as possible either by side dressing and/or through drip irrigation. With irrigation, the treatment was watered into the soil, toward the roots for enhanced photosynthates, quality and quantity.

Ca<NUM>+ and Cat were dissolved with malic acid in <NUM> Liter of water. Other ingredients were added, dissolving each, one at a time; and the solution was adjusted within a range of pH <NUM> to pH <NUM> by titration with DKP/MAP, as needed. Transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes were selected from <NUM> ppb Ni and Co; and transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes may include ppm to ppt aconitates, citrates, fumarates, glutarates, oxaloacetates, and/or succinates. Foliar sprays were applied to glisten, approximating <NUM> to <NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> - <NUM> gallons/acre) resulting in enhanced photosynthates, quality and quantity of harvests.

This formulation may be further supplemented with anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes, such as for example, respiration accelerators selected from aconitic, fumaric, glutaric, malic, oxaloacetic, succinic acids, and the like. Alternatively, for accumulation of photosynthates, anionic components were selected from polydentate chelants such as, EDTA, EDDHA, HeEDTA, DTPA, HBED, MGDA, GLDA, and the like.

All components were blended to homogeneity in aqueous solution with rapid agitation until completely dissolved and adjusted to pH <NUM> - <NUM> with MKP/DAP. For foliar application, this formulation was supplemented with <NUM>% Sil for shoot treatments at <NUM> to <NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> - <NUM> gallons/acre) for enhancement of photosynthates and respiration in a crop.

An exemplary foliar system follows: Bell pepper sprouts were matched and maintained in half-gallon plastic containers each, separated into equal populations of Treated and Nutrient Controls. The glycan composite from this example was diluted to <NUM>% with water and applied to shoots of the Treated population as a foliar spray, while the shoots of the Control population was sprayed with the same concentrations of mineral nutrients in water. In all other ways, Control and Treated populations were cultivated side-by-side under identical field conditions. At harvest, the Treated population averaged <NUM>% bell pepper fruit mean weight yield increase over the control population that proved statistically significant p=<NUM>; n=<NUM>. In addition, sun scorched peppers were absent from treated fruit as compared to controls that showed <NUM>-<NUM>% loss from scorched fruit that were not marketable due to unattractive appearance. Thus, enhanced flow of photosynthates resulted in an increase of marketable yields attributable to enhanced aesthetic quality of the final product by treatment with the glycan composite system.

The regulation of flow of photosynthates by glycan composites comprised of αManda was further managed by optional coapplications of the respiration accelerator, <NUM> - <NUM> CaO<NUM> to soil near roots, for high qualities and quantities of yields.

This solution may be further supplemented with anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes selected from ppm-ppt aconitic, citric, fumaric, malic, oxaloacetic and succinic acids; ppm-ppt polydentate alkylamide chelants; and ppm-ppt Mg.

Radish seeds, <NUM> per dish, were sown in <NUM> replicate Gosselin germination dishes on Whatman <NUM> Seed Culture paper circles moistened with Nutrient Control or glycan composite. Seeds were maintained a constant temperature of <NUM>° in the dark for respiration only. Germination was established at the time at which radicle emergence was observed for <NUM>% of the seeds, G<NUM>. Results showed accelerated glycan composite mean G<NUM> = <NUM> hours as compared to Nutrient Control mean G<NUM> = <NUM> hours; n = <NUM>; p = <NUM>. Treatments of radish by coating seed with <NUM>-<NUM>µg/seed dry weight glycan composite proved highly potent, significantly accelerating germination as compared to Nutrient Controls as a result of enhanced flow of photosynthates. Similar acceleration of germination was observed for radish seeds that were pre-coated with <NUM>-<NUM>µg glycan composite/seed and dried, as compared to nutrient controls.

This solution may be further supplemented with anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes selected from aconitic, citric, fumaric, malic, oxaloacetic and succinic acids; polydentate alkylamide chelants; Mg; and in ppm-ppt amounts.

Bell Pepper seeds were sown in <NUM> replicate plots of uniform sandy loam with label rates of <NUM>-<NUM>-<NUM>. The glycan composite was formulated in water and adjusted to pH <NUM> with DAP and Control was also adjusted with equivalent P with DAP/MAP. Two weeks after germination, six randomly selected plots were sprenched with glycan composite, targeting the plantings; and otherwise all <NUM> plots of bell peppers received identical growth maintenance. In order to eliminate crowding, each plot contained <NUM> plants, spaced <NUM> apart. Plants were harvested with roots intact after <NUM> weeks; followed by clipping roots from shoots, thoroughly washing off soil and oven-drying. Root dry weights of individual plants were taken. Results showed glycan composite root mean dry weight <NUM> grams as compared to Nutrient Control root mean dry weight <NUM> gram; n=<NUM>; p=<NUM>. Treatment significantly enhanced root dry weights as compared to controls. Sun scorched fruit, though present in controls, were absent from treated plants indicative of enhanced photosynthates and quality of the harvest.

Fields of Plumeria flowers are conventionally cultivated under high ~<NUM> - <NUM>µEinstein/m<NUM>/sec light intensity and low to moderate ~<NUM> - <NUM>% humidity. Under these environmental conditions, daily hydrostatic pressure responses were observed in the afternoon. Typically, in the early morning, flowering plants are high in hydrostatic pressure, but by mid-afternoon, leaves begin to droop. This cycle of midday wilt showing high to low hydrostatic pressures was visually distinguishable as the elevation of leaves changed from pointing upward to downward, approximately <NUM> to <NUM> millimeters (mm). An increase of hydrostatic pressure is prerequisite to growth and was measured according to the change of elevation of foliage, especially during midday. The purpose of the trial was to record changes in hydrostatic pressure of Plumeria by measuring mm changes of elevation of leaves and comparing the responses of aqueous nutrient controls against plants to which a single treatment of <NUM>-<NUM> of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Ethan glycan composite was applied to roots. The glycan composite formula was from the aforementioned Example <NUM>; and optionally, other exemplary glycan composites may be applied for enhancement of hydrostatic pressure. For example, an effective amount of <NUM>-<NUM> of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm partially hydrolyzed invertase deglycosylates was applied to roots at <NUM> AM and a subsequent rise in elevation of foliage showing enhanced hydrostatic pressure was observed by noon when controls, at the same time, showed reduced hydrostatic pressure. Plumeria obtusa L. variety obtusa plants in <NUM> plastic containers were allowed a week to acclimate to environmental conditions of direct sunlight and were further observed for consistency of diurnal changes in hydrostatic pressure with evening irrigation once per week. Mid-week between watering, the baseline elevations of leaves were measured late in the morning and marked against rulers; and later, compared against mm elevations of the same leaves <NUM> hours after treatment.

Results: Foliar elevation was a visually discernible sign of enhanced hydrostatic pressure. The mean +<NUM> rise of leaves treated with glycan composite was significant (n=<NUM>; p=<NUM>) as compared to a corresponding mean -<NUM> drop in elevation of nutrient control foliage. After treatment with <NUM> ppb to <NUM> ppm glycan composites, the rise of foliage was greater in plants treated late in the afternoon, after <NUM> PM; while at the same time, control foliage showed the most pronounced loss of hydrostatic pressure and drop in elevation caused by midday wilt.

In conclusion, Plumeria responded to treatments with increased hydrostatic pressure when controls showed decreases. Similar increases of quality of crop hydrostatic pressure occurred in bell pepper, brassicas, curcubits, pomes, and root crops treated with glycan composites formulated with suitable anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. For example, anionic components were selected from one or more of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm aconitic, fumaric, glutaric, malic, oxaloacetic, and succinic acids; and <NUM>-<NUM> ppm polydentate alkylamide chelants such as EDTA, EDDHA, HeEDTA, DTPA, HBED, MGDA, GLDA, and the like. Growth and development of all photosynthetic organisms are dependent on cell expansion initiated by increased hydrostatic pressure. When hydrostatic pressures increased over the long duration by application of the glycan composite systems of embodiments disclosed herein, the results showed significantly enhanced growth and development of the treated photosynthetic organism. Glycan composite systems coapplied with respiration accelerators improved quantity yields of crops.

Canola vegetative growth of nutrient controls in the shade was compared to shaded populations of Canola treated with branched N-linked glycan composite; and furthermore, treated and controlled populations were cultivated without shade to determine if there was a beneficial productivity enhancement in relatively reduced light environments. Canola seeds were sown in <NUM>-cell plastic flats and showed even growth after <NUM> month, when shade control and glycan composite-treatments of shaded plants were placed under <NUM>% shade cloth. Plants that were not shaded were under natural midday full light intensity in the range of <NUM> - <NUM>µEin/m2/sec; and under <NUM>-<NUM>% shade cloth, the low light intensity was in the range of <NUM> to <NUM>µEin/m2/sec or less than half full light intensity. Foliar treatments with foliar surfactants were applied, spray to drip about <NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (~<NUM> gallons/acre). Full daylight and shaded nutrient controls were compared against foliar glycan composite applied to Canola plants under the same conditions. The glycan composite composition was dissolved in water in the following order: <NUM> - <NUM> Ethan; <NUM> - <NUM> citrate; <NUM> - <NUM> ppm Mn-CMS; <NUM> - <NUM> ppm Ca-CMS; and with adjustment to pH <NUM> with DAP, DKP or KOH. Plants were harvested after two weeks and dried at low temperature in a <NUM>° oven for <NUM> hours. Dry shoots of individual plants were weighed and mean dry weights and T-tests of equality of means of populations are summarized in the table, below.

In conclusion, the population of Canola under Shade Control showed reduced productivity as compared to Full Daylight Control and Shade populations that were treated with glycan composites. Moreover, when shaded plants were treated with glycan composites, benefits of the enhanced quality and quantity of productivities as compared to Shade Control were statistically significant.

Many glycoproteins contain glycans that may be processed from seeds of legumes, such as Jack Bean; or by deglycosylation from a number of enzymes. Invertase is a commercially manufactured enzyme from bakers yeasts with suitable glycan components of the interior core or exterior protrusions that may constitute up to three quarters of the total glycoprotein weight. Invertase has preferred branched glycans with terminal Man-ligands from such as GalManProteins; Mann such as Man<NUM>-<NUM>, Mannotrioses, Mannotetraoses, and Mannopentaoses; GalnMann, such as, Gal<NUM>Man and Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>; GalnMann-N-glycans, such as, Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc and Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Mann-N-glycans, such as, Man<NUM>GlcNAc and the preferred Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; and the like. At <NUM> kDa, the glycoprotein was too large to penetrate foliage. Therefore, to establish a baseline for comparisons to enzymatic digestions, a laboratory process was undertaken primarily to release glycan deglycosylates from glycoproteins, preferably from invertase.

Invertase was denatured in dilute <NUM>. 2N NH<NUM>OH, pH <NUM>, <NUM>° for <NUM>, and neutralized by titration with <NUM>. 2N HCl; predigested with <NUM>% trypsin at <NUM>° overnight; and further denatured by boiling for <NUM> minutes. These protease-treated samples showed moderate <NUM> germination activity in the glycan composite. The samples were deglycosylated by incubation with <NUM> milliunit endoglucosaminidase H at <NUM>° for a day; and denatured in dilute NH<NUM>OH pH <NUM><NUM>° for <NUM>. Residual protein and peptides were precipitated and removed. Deglycosylates typically comprised blends of O-linked and N-linked mannans and as glycan components of the glycan composite glycan isolates or blends, thereof, exhibited a range of <NUM> - <NUM> ppm w/w activity.

The aforementioned deglycosylations by means of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes were relatively mild, yet involved costly biochemicals. It was found by these experiments that the initial denaturation of glycoproteins with base substantially shortened the subsequent heating duration in acids, and in consideration of energy savings, is preferred. Therefore, the preferred process was by hydrolyzing glycoproteins in components that were commercially available in bulk quantities at relatively low costs. Preferred methods were tested that may be utilized, such as, treatments with acid/base, hydrolysis, hydrazinolysis, and/or fermentations. For example, acetolysis (acetic acid:acetic anhydride:sulfuric acid <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>) of invertase resulted in potent deglycosylates that showed activity as low as <NUM>-<NUM> ppb. Optionally, a novel malolysis of the embodiment was applied by incubation of invertase in maleic acid:acetic anhydride:nitric acid <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> at <NUM> - <NUM>° for <NUM> - <NUM>. Alternatively, invertase was incubated in citric:phosphoric acids <NUM>:<NUM>; saturated citric and/or succinic acids; and/or selected from <NUM> - 3N mineral acids, such as sulfuric acid, and preferably, was deglycosylated by direct nitrolysis in <NUM> - <NUM> N nitric acid; and incubated with stirring for <NUM> to <NUM> at <NUM> - <NUM>°.

The preferred method to partially hydrolyze invertase was as follows: <NUM> - <NUM>% invertase was dissolved in alkaline aqueous solution, such as, <NUM> - <NUM> N KOH and/or <NUM> N NH<NUM>OH with heating to <NUM> - <NUM>° for <NUM> - <NUM>; <NUM> - <NUM>% citric acid was stirred in and incubated <NUM> - <NUM>, <NUM> - <NUM>°. After acid-incubation, the solution was adjusted to between a range of pH <NUM> - <NUM>. The partially hydrolyzed invertase, now deglycosylated, was formulated to achieve field application with at least, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Ca<NUM>+, <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mn<NUM>+ and preferably with <NUM> - <NUM> ppm D-block transition metals<NUM>+ selected from Fe<NUM>+, Ni<NUM>+, Co<NUM>+, Zn<NUM>+; and <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Mg<NUM>+. Anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes were selected from one or more of aconitates, citrates, fumarates, glutarates, oxaloacetates, and succinates. Alternatively, anionic components may be selected from the aforementioned polydentate chelants. For storage of solutions, one or more preservatives were added. Enhancement of quality and quantity of crops of photosynthetic organisms resulted from treatment of said crops with the aforementioned solutions containing in the range of <NUM> ppb to <NUM> ppm invertase deglycosylates. For example, when a glycan composite containing invertase deglycosylates was applied to photosynthetic organisms at <NUM> ppb partially hydrolyzed invertase the dose was <NUM>/L.

All of the aforementioned deglycosylation methods rendered similar potencies in their glycan composites. Elimination of any one of the components of the glycan composite decreased activity. The glycan composites comprised of invertase deglycosylates showed orders of magnitude higher potency than the processed botanical gums of the embodiments. Moreover, the manufacturing processes for invertase deglycosylates were simpler and more cost effective than those of other sources. The regulation of flow of photosynthates by glycan composites comprised of invertase deglycosylates was further instituted by optional coapplications of ppm respiration decelerators for flavor enhancement or respiration accelerators for enhancement of quantity yields.

Invertase was denatured in aqueous basic solution by blending <NUM> grams invertase into <NUM> Liter aqueous <NUM> N KOH and steamed for <NUM>. With stirring, <NUM>% citric acid was added and the solution was heated to <NUM>° for <NUM>. After cooling, the solution was titrated to pH <NUM> with NH<NUM>OH; and this was followed by addition of <NUM>% Ca, <NUM>% Mg, <NUM>% Cat; and QID <NUM> with water. The final <NUM>% partially hydrolyzed invertase solution contained a blend of <NUM> - <NUM>% branched <NUM>-linked and N-linked deglycosylates including those shown in <FIG>. This concentrate was adjusted in the range of pH <NUM> to <NUM>, preferably pH <NUM>, by addition of appropriate volumes of bases and/or acids as selected from nutrients such as KOH, NH<NUM>OH, Ca(OH)<NUM>, MnCO3, calcium carbonate, seashell flours, HCl, H2SO4, phosphoric acids, MAP, DAP, DKP, MKP, and the like; and preferably oyster shell flour. Vigorous crop growth was supported by the presence of nutrient elements that may be formulated at the following preferred rates: primary plant nutrients N-P-K, each <NUM> - <NUM>%; secondary nutrients <NUM> - <NUM>% Ca, <NUM> - <NUM>% Mg, <NUM> - <NUM>% S; and/or micronutrients <NUM> - <NUM>% B, <NUM> - <NUM>% Cl, <NUM> ppb - <NUM>% Co, <NUM> - <NUM>% Cu, Fe <NUM> - <NUM>%, <NUM> - <NUM>% Mn, <NUM> ppb - <NUM>% Mo, <NUM> - <NUM>% Zn, <NUM> - <NUM>% Na, and <NUM> - <NUM> ppb Ni. The glycan composites preferably may be supplemented with D-block transition metals<NUM>+ selected from one or more of Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn; and anionic components selected from respiration accelerators and polydentate chelants, and the like. In consideration of storage of liquid concentrates, a preservative was essential to the liquid glycan composite concentrated formulation, such as for example, selections from aforementioned IT, in the range of <NUM> ppm to <NUM> ppm, preferably BIT in the range of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm.

Not only was availability of the full body of plant nutrients important to the crop, it was also essential to the vigorous health of pollinators, such as honey bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, birds and bumble bees for provision of their full spectra of nutrients when they drew nectar containing vitamins and minerals from plants. In crops of photosynthetic organisms, Co<NUM>+ is a D-block transition metal<NUM>+ of the embodiment that is metabolized to Vitamin B<NUM>. Correction of this deficiency by foliar applications of glycan composites containing, for example, Co-CMS, conferred health benefits, particularly as pollinators and grazers consumed photosynthetic organisms and sap nectar fortified with B<NUM> and other nutrients from healthy photosynthetic crops. For example, when <NUM>% Co was formulated as a suitable transition metal and applied to a flowering crop, its fortified metabolites became available from a flower to a honeybee and to its colony. Immediately prior to application to a crop, the concentrate was diluted in water or other agriculturally approved carriers in the range of <NUM> ppb to <NUM> ppm, preferably between <NUM> ppb to <NUM> ppm. The resultant diluted aqueous solution was applied as a spray drench or root application. For foliar application, the product was supplemented with one or more selections of agriculturally approved foliar surfactant and/or additives. One or more applications were applied per season, preferably <NUM>-2X per month. For further optimization of the flow of photosynthates to sweetness and nectar production, glycan composites were applied within a week of blossoming and harvesting in conjunction with respiration decelerators, ppm cytokinins and ppm gibberellins, for endogenous enhancement of flavor and fortified plant foods.

Invertase Deglycosylate Glycans Blends of Glycan Composites.

The IGC may be further supplemented with components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes selected from D-block transition metals; anionic components; and Mg in trace quantities. Respiration accelerators may be selected from, for example, one or more of aconitic, fumaric, glutaric, malic, oxaloacetic, and succinic acids. Optionally, anionic components may be selected from one or more of polydentate chelants such as EDTA, EDDHA, HeEDTA, DTPA, HBED, MGDA, GLDA, and the like.

Under stressful arid conditions for cultivation of tomato, IGC was applied to plants and compared against nutrient controls. IGC significantly enhanced general growth, yield and quality of treated tomatoes over controls. Tomato seeds treated with IGC seed coats showed speedy germination.

Tomato cultivar Steak Sandwich Hybrid seeds (Burpee®) seeds were germinated under automatically controlled environmental conditions at <NUM>° in the dark. A week after germination, sprouts were transplanted out of doors for culture in an arid environment of <NUM>°:<NUM>° LD; <NUM>% relative humidity; <NUM>:<NUM> LD; and mostly sunny days with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) up to <NUM>µmol photons m-<NUM> s-<NUM> at midday. Application of solutions to test plants and control plants under study were made simultaneously and all plants were subjected to identical conditions consistent with good laboratory practices. Chemigations were maintained at sufficiency to keep roots uniformly moistened and drained without water damage. Replicate populations of plants were cultured in plastic TLC Pro <NUM> trays, each of the <NUM> cells with <NUM> capacity, until transfer to <NUM> diameter plastic pots containing soil-less media. Control and treated tomatoes were matched for size and vigor; and runts, damaged or diseased plants and seeds were discarded prior to onset in order to produce uniform replicates. Volumes for the three foliar applications were calibrated to <NUM>/Ha with <NUM> - <NUM> ppm Invertase Deglycosylate glycans blend content in the applied Glycan Composite. Sweetness as an indicator of the level of flavor was measured as Brix of sap nectar squeezed from individual tomatoes using a calibrated digital refractometer (Reichert).

IGC was made according the methods described in Example <NUM> modified to the composition in the IGC Concentrate Table, above. For foliar applications, <NUM>-<NUM>% Sil foliar surfactant was supplemented at label specifications. By application of identical overhead sprays of solution, the same quantities of nutrients were given to all plants.

Seeds were germinated on water-moistened Whatman <NUM> paper in Gosselin dishes, <NUM> seeds/dish, and <NUM> replicates per treatment. Experimental seeds were coated with <NUM> IGC, air-dried <NUM> and sown. Controls were treated with the same nutrients without IGC. Germination was determined by radicle emergence in <NUM>% of the seeds. After <NUM> days, sprouts were transplanted into flats.

Each survey pool held replicates for statistical analyses. The differences between treated and control populations were statistically significant in each experiment unless otherwise noted; error bars show <NUM>% confidence intervals.

IGC-coated tomato seeds showed accelerated germination. All replicates of treated seeds showed <NUM>% germination in <NUM>. In contrast, Controls showed <NUM>% germination in all dishes after <NUM>.

Experiments were designed to determine fruit quality and yield responses to IGC under stressful arid conditions. Field treatments under the aforementioned conditions consistent with decelerated respiration <NUM> days prior to harvest were compared to nutrient controls to determine effects on sweetness. Regardless of color, twelve of the largest ><NUM> diameter tomatoes were harvested <NUM> days after treatment and live shoot weights were recorded. Half of the controls were red, whereas, all of the treated tomatoes were red. Table <NUM> shows that appropriate treatment of endogenous photosynthates of sap nectar resulted in enhanced fruit quality, expressed as mean Brix <NUM> that was significantly (p=<NUM>) improved as greater flavor than nutrient control Brix <NUM>.

The count of tomatoes per plant is a measure of fruit yield and Table <NUM> shows that IGC treatment resulted in <NUM> mean fruit count per plant that was significantly (p=<NUM>; n=<NUM>) greater than the mean fruit count of <NUM> per nutrient control plant. The results of treatment with IGC were improved yield, enhanced fruit sap nectar and increased sweetness and flavor qualities in this arid environment.

Average total fruit mean weights per tomato plant were analyzed for Nutrient Control and IGC as measures of yield. Table <NUM>, shows IGC treatment resulted in <NUM> grams wet/<NUM> grams dry weight fruit mean yield per plant that was significantly (p=<NUM>/p=<NUM>) higher than control <NUM> grams wet/<NUM> grams dry mean fruit weight per plant.

Responses of various species were surveyed with results displayed in Table <NUM>. Applications were effective on plants known for C<NUM> and C<NUM> metabolism.

Rapid germination after treatment of seeds with IGC was an indication of improved respiration and explained why species of CAM, C<NUM> and C<NUM> responded to glycan composites because all plants respire. Endogenous modulation of photosynthates flux by action of the glycan composite was consistent with tomato Brix elevation of sap nectar to improve flavor quality. Under environmental stress of the arid zone, tomato cultivation by treatment with glycan composites showed enhanced quality and quantity as compared to control. The regulation of flow of photosynthates by IGC was further instituted by optional coapplications of the respiration decelerator, <NUM> - <NUM> ppm cytokinin, for flavor enhancement or respiration accelerators for enhancement of quantity yields. Furthermore, under conditions of O<NUM>-starvation, supplementation with the O<NUM>-generator, <NUM> - <NUM> H<NUM>O<NUM> per plant maintained root health for consistency of high qualities and quantities of yields.

This formulation may be further supplemented with ppb-ppm D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex components selected from Zn, Co, Ni; aconitic, citric, fumaric, glutaric, oxaloacetic, and succinic acids; alkylamide chelants; and Mg<NUM>+. Photosynthetic organisms thus treated with glycan composites comprised of GG-deglycosylates resulted in enhanced flow of photosynthates for improvement of the quality and quantity of harvests. The regulation of flow of photosynthates by glycan composites comprised of GG was further established by optional coapplications of respiration decelerators for flavor enhancement or respiration accelerators for enhancement of quantity yields.

Tara gums are commercially available in bulk quantities and this species contains large polymers of branched GalMan<NUM> units suitable for deglycosylation by the aforementioned acetolysis processes. That is, glycan deglycosylates were derived from food grade tara gum by acetolysis (acetic acid:acetic anhydride: sulfuric acid <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> v/v, <NUM> - <NUM>° C, <NUM>-<NUM>) or nitrolysis (citric acid:acetic anhydride:nitric acid <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>) yielding partially hydrolyzed branched GalMan<NUM>-deglycosylates. Glycans as partially Hydrolyzed Tara Gum (HTG) deglycosylates showed high potency in glycan composites between a range of <NUM>-<NUM> ppm concentrations. As a glycan component, HTG was investigated showing activity only in the presence of the glycan composite components, utilizing the methods as follow:
Cabbage was cultivated in environmentally controlled conditions as described above in plastic flats with <NUM> plants; <NUM> cc/cell. All aqueous foliar treatment solutions contained <NUM> Sil/L, pH <NUM>, and included Metals<NUM>+ in separate formulations of the following: Metals<NUM>+ <NUM> ppm manganese sulfate, <NUM> ppm ferrous sulfate, and <NUM> ppm calcium nitrate dissolved in water with <NUM> PPM DAP; Anionic component of the transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complex - <NUM> ppm potassium α-ketoglutarate, abbreviated aKG; and <NUM> ppm HTG. Glycan composite components and Metals<NUM>+ were applied separately and blended together to test plant growth response to the components as compared to the holo-glycan composite. The solutions of aKG, HTG, and aKG+HTG were dissolved in the aqueous Metals<NUM>+ solution; and, therefore, transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes comprised of aKG, Ca<NUM>+ and Mn<NUM>+ were present in the treatment solutions. Metals<NUM>+ served as the control.

Foliar treatments were applied in a volume of <NUM>/flat, n=<NUM>, at expansion of the first true leaves. Shoots were harvested, dried and weighed.

Results of the trials in Table HTG, below, compared the mean dry weights of cabbage shoots to that of Metals<NUM>+, the stock solution in which all of the treatments were dissolved. The aKG shoots were not significantly (n=<NUM>; p=<NUM>) different in yield than the Metals<NUM>+ control; HTG with Metals<NUM>+ showed a significant (n=<NUM>, p=<NUM>) enhancement as compared to Metals<NUM>+ alone. Finally, aKG + HTG + Metals<NUM>+ showed the most highly significant (n=<NUM>; p=<NUM>) enhancement of yield as compared to Metals<NUM>+. Furthermore, the holo-glycan composite showed highly significant (aKG+HTG v aKG, p=<NUM>; aKG+HTG v HTG, p=<NUM>) enhancements of yields as compared to all of the other treated populations.

In conclusion, the glycan composite showed the most highly significant improvements when formulated together as the holo-glycan composite applied to photosynthetic organisms, targeting photosynthates. Moreover, beneficial responses to holo-glycan composites were confirmed after supplementation with D-block transition metals<NUM>+; Ca<NUM>+; and Mg<NUM>+. The regulation of flow of photosynthates by holo-glycan composites was further instituted by optional coapplications of respiration decelerators for flavor enhancement or respiration accelerators for enhancement of quantity yields.

This PHLB formulation may be further supplemented with one or more additional D-block transition metals<NUM>+; anionic components; and/or Mg<NUM>+. Treating photosynthetic organisms with PHLB resulted in enhanced flow of photosynthates for improvement of the quality and quantity of harvests. The regulation of flow of photosynthates by glycan composites comprised of PHLB was further controlled by optional coapplications of the respiration decelerator, <NUM> - <NUM> ppm salicylic acid, for flavor enhancement.

For germination, this formulation may be further supplemented with anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes that are respiration accelerators selected from one or more of aconitic, fumaric, glutaric, malic, oxaloacetic, and succinic acids; and phosphates, thereof.

Radish seeds, <NUM> per dish, were sown in <NUM> replicate Gosselin germination dishes on Whatman <NUM> Seed Culture paper circles moistened with Nutrient Control or glycan composite. Seeds were maintained at a constant temperature of <NUM>° C in the dark for respiration only. Germination was established at the time at which radicle emergence was observed for <NUM>% of the seeds, G<NUM>. Results showed accelerated glycan composite mean G<NUM> = <NUM> hours as compared to Nutrient Control mean G<NUM> = <NUM> hours; n = <NUM>; p= <NUM>. Treatments of radish by coating seed with <NUM>-<NUM>µg/seed dry weight glycan composite proved highly potent and significantly hastened germination as compared to Nutrient Controls as a result of enhanced flow of photosynthates. Similarly, germination was hastened in radish seeds that were pre-coated and dried with <NUM>-<NUM>µg glycan composite/seed, as compared to Nutrient Controls.

This formulation may be further supplemented with anionic components of transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes. For example, the anionic components may be selected from respiration accelerators and polydentate chelants.

Root glycan composites were made in <NUM> of water with stirring at room temperature, <NUM> to <NUM>. The formulation was titrated with KOH and/or NH<NUM>OH to pH <NUM> - <NUM>. <NUM>; and <NUM>,<NUM> to <NUM>,<NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> to <NUM> gallons/acre) were applied as close to the roots as possible either by drench, spray-drench, sidedressing and/or through chemigation. With irrigation, treatments were watered into the soil toward the roots for enhanced quality and quantity. Applications were applied weekly to monthly as needed during the growing season.

Invertase glycoproteins are comprised of proteins with core and surface Mann polymers. As such, these glycoproteins were partially hydrolyzed to yield Mann deglycosylates. When formulated in glycan composites and applied to photosynthetic organisms, invertase deglycosylates modulated the flow of energy from photosynthesis to respiration. Concentrated glycan composite formulations containing N-linked branched chain deglycosylates from invertase were diluted with water to <NUM> ppb - <NUM> ppm field doses for photosynthetic organisms and were applied to germination assays, showing strongly potent activity at levels as low as <NUM> ppb invertase deglycosylates.

Glycan composites were further formulated for regulation of flow of photosynthates with optional selections for flavor enhancement from respiration decelerators and enhancement of quantity yields by respiration accelerators. Transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes of invertase deglycosylates may be further selected from anionic components that are respiration accelerators such as from ppm aconitic, fumaric, glutaric, malic, oxaloacetic, and succinic acids. Optionally, anionic components may be selected from polydentate chelants such as ppm EDTA, EDDHA, HeEDTA, DTPA, HBED, MGDA, GLDA, and the like.

Enhanced quality and quantities of crops yields resulted from glycan composite treatments of, for example, blueberry, leafy vegetables, cotton, cereals, tomato, cherry, onion, coffee, banana, citrus, melon, leafy greens, nuts, pomes, berries, tree fruit, food crops, florals, trees, turf and ornamental crops.

To <NUM> of strong base, preferably selected from <NUM> N KOH, NH<NUM>OH, and Ca(OH)<NUM>, <NUM> - <NUM> dry invertase powder with preferred activity <NUM>,<NUM> Sumner Units/g was added with agitation and the aqueous alkaline solution was steamed to <NUM> - <NUM>° C for <NUM> - <NUM> hours. Next, <NUM> citric acid was added with stirring and the solution was steamed at <NUM> - <NUM>° C for <NUM> - <NUM> hours. The lower the heating temperature, the longer the incubation; and this process was followed by cooling to room temperature. Suitable base, preferably selected from KOH, NH<NUM>OH, and Ca(OH)<NUM> was added with agitation to adjust to pH <NUM> - <NUM>. Volume was brought up to QID <NUM> to make <NUM>% invertase deglycosylates. <NUM>-<NUM> ppm Cat stock solution was prepared and <NUM> <NUM>% invertase deglycosylates was diluted in <NUM> Cat stock solution for <NUM> ppm invertase deglycosylates liquid concentrate. <NUM> ppm BIT was added with agitation to complete invertase deglycosylates liquid concentrate.

Invertase deglycosylates liquid concentrate field dilutions:
<NUM> invertase deglycosylates <NUM> ppm liquid concentrate was diluted in <NUM> water to yield <NUM> ppm invertase deglycosylates, followed by serial dilutions to <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> ppb, as needed. Foliar applications required addition of one or more agricultural surfactants, such as, <NUM>/L Sil. Applications of low concentrations, in the range of between <NUM> ppb - <NUM> ppm invertase deglycosylates were effective and showed significantly earlier germination and enhancement of the qualities and quantities of crops of photosynthetic organisms as compared to control. The regulation of flow of photosynthates by glycan composites comprised of invertase deglycosylates was further adapted by coapplication of the respiration decelerator, <NUM> - <NUM> ppm gibberellin, for flavor enhancement. Furthermore, under conditions of O<NUM>-starvation, supplementation of <NUM> media with <NUM> CaO<NUM> maintained high qualities and quantities of yields.

Botanical gums were selected for branched chain high mannan contents that were partially hydrolyzed according to the following methods: Guar, konjac, locust bean, tara and ivory nut gums were separately dissolved in <NUM> - <NUM>° water with agitation as <NUM>% w/w gums. To each gum solution, <NUM> - <NUM> N nitric acid and <NUM>-<NUM>% acetic anhydride were added. The solutions were maintained at <NUM> - <NUM>° for <NUM> - <NUM>. The solutions were cooled to <NUM> - <NUM>° and titrated to pH <NUM>-<NUM> with Ca(OH)<NUM>, KOH and/or NH<NUM>OH. To the solutions, <NUM>-<NUM>% citric acid was added to saturation and heated to <NUM> - <NUM>° C for <NUM> - <NUM>. Solutions were allowed to cool to room temperature and titrated to pH <NUM>-<NUM> with Ca(OH)<NUM>, KOH, MnCO3 and/or NH<NUM>OH. 10X Cat was dissolved into the partially hydrolyzed gum solution to make <NUM>% gum. Serial dilutions with Cat provided samples of various doses and were compared with the nutrient control solution. Exemplary components for glycan composites comprised of partially hydrolyzed botanical gums are given in Table of Components, below.

Radish seeds, <NUM> per dish, were sown in <NUM> replicate Gosselin germination dishes on moistened Whatman <NUM> Seed Culture paper circles. Seeds were maintained at a constant temperature of <NUM>° in the dark to maintain only respiration. Germination was established at the time at which radicle emergence was observed for <NUM>% of the seeds, G<NUM>.

Results showed faster glycan composite mean G<NUM> at <NUM> hours as compared to Nutrient Control mean G<NUM> at <NUM> hours; n = <NUM>; p = <NUM>. Potencies of various partially hydrolyzed (PH) gums showed general correspondence of concentrations necessary for G<NUM> activity to their contents of branched mannans. Potencies were observed from low activity in PH gums of guar, konjac, locust bean, tara, and to high activity by PH ivory nut, as detailed in the Table of Active Doses (ppm) of Partially Hydrolyzed (PH) Gums.

Treatments of radish seed with glycan composites from different sources of gums showed different levels efficacy and significantly hastened germination as compared to Nutrient Controls. Speedy germination was a result of endogenously enhanced flow of photosynthates. Preferred respiration accelerators included citric and malic acids. Furthermore, under conditions of O<NUM>-starvation, root supplementation of each <NUM> media with <NUM> CaO<NUM> maintained root vigor for high qualities and quantities of yields.

A highly concentrated liquid solution of Invertase Glycan Composite was prepared by denaturing and deglycosylating active invertase with heating to <NUM>° in saturated citrate solution. A saturated <NUM>% citric acid was first prepared in water. To <NUM> saturated citric acid solution, <NUM> MaxInvert <NUM> invertase dry powder was slowly added into the agitated (<NUM>-<NUM> rpm) acid solution to avoid clumping. After the invertase was dispensed, stirring was reduced to <NUM> rpm to minimize foaming. The solution was heated to <NUM>°; and maintained at <NUM> - <NUM>° for <NUM> hours with slow <NUM> rpm stirring that resulted in deglycosylates, a blend of Glycan components of the Glycan Composite, from this process that partially hydrolyzed invertase. After cooling to room temperature, the preservative, <NUM> ppm BIT was added with stirring and the total volume was brought to <NUM> with water to make a <NUM>% Glycan solution.

The Metal+<NUM> concentrate stock was prepared, containing the following: ultra low biuret urea; Ca; Mn; Fe; Zn; Mg; random block copolymer emulsifier, such as, Pluronic L-<NUM>; lower aliphatic alcohols, preferably, propanols; preservatives, such as, BIT; concentrations of each component per Table Invertase Glycan Composite Concentrate. A measure of <NUM> <NUM>% Glycan was diluted per <NUM> Metal+<NUM> concentrate stock for <NUM> ppm Glycan Composite; and titrated with citric acid, KOH, and/or NH<NUM>OH between pH <NUM> - <NUM>. This <NUM> ppm Glycan Composite product was prepared for field dilutions to <NUM> - <NUM>% in water for applications to photosynthetic organisms. For example, <NUM> Glycan Composite in <NUM> water yielded <NUM> ppm Glycan; and similarly, <NUM>/<NUM> per <NUM>,<NUM><NUM> (<NUM> gallon/<NUM> gallons per acre) or <NUM>/<NUM><NUM>(<NUM> fluid ounce/<NUM> foot<NUM>). Serial dilutions also were applied, as needed. The field-diluted Glycan Composite from invertase deglycosylate was effective in a range of <NUM> to <NUM> ppm Glycan on roots; and/or with label rates of foliar surfactant additives, <NUM> to <NUM> ppm Glycan proved effective when applied to shoots.

Claim 1:
A formulation comprising a glycan composite, said glycan composite comprising
(a) a branched glycan deglycosylate less than <NUM> kD in size, wherein said branched glycan deglycosylate is a branched glycan originating from a macromolecule, selected from:
(i) one or more of the group consisting of N-linked-glycans, MannN-glycans, Man<NUM>N-glycans, MannGlcNAc<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GalNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>, Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM> and combinations thereof, wherein n is <NUM> to <NUM>,
(ii) one or more of the group consisting of N-acetylglycosaminyl-terminal ligands, Gal<NUM>-<NUM>Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Gal<NUM>Man<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>; Man<NUM>-<NUM>GlcNAc<NUM>-<NUM>; and combinations thereof, or
(iii) is derived from one or more of invertase enzymes, denatured invertases, partially hydrolyzed invertases, and invertase deglycosylates; and blends, thereof, and wherein said partially hydrolyzed invertases are preferably deglycosylated by citric acids;
and
(b) a Ca<NUM>+ coordination complex and one or more D-block transition metal<NUM>+ coordination complexes.