Patent Description:
Traditionally rigid and semi-rigid inflatable splints are used to immobilise injuries, in particular injuries such as sprains, fractures and breaks. The rigid splint provides support to the injury and prevents the patient from further injury due to movement. Inflatable splints are another splint type used to immobilise injured areas. The splints are inflated by blowing air through a valve once in position around the injury, thus creating a support for the damaged area. A further splint type is a vacuum splint in which the air is evacuated out of a splint resulting in a rigid shape formed by polystyrene balls moulding around the injured area, by doing so, increasing the pressure on the injury compared with alternative splints. Additionally, vacuum splints can be applied to abnormal shaped injuries (as a result of a severe fracture for example), compressing the injury compared to inflatable splints.

Stretchers and head immobilisers are also used to immobilise the spine. Basket stretchers, scoop stretchers and millennia boards are various stretcher types. Basket stretchers are often used for mountain rescue and extracting patients from disaster zones for example. Scoop stretchers are used to move suspected spinal injury patients as they reduce the amount of movement required to place patients on a stretcher so reduce the risk of further injury.

Rigid splints can be uncomfortable for the patient as they are designed to fit a multitude of patients, meaning only a basic moulded shape can be used. Rigid splints and inflatable splints cannot be applied to abnormal shaped injuries such as dislocations or extreme fractures. Inflatable splints may straighten limbs when being inflated which can cause further injury. Further to this, inflatable splints have a risk of bursting, which can result in a sudden loss of support and require a person to manually blow up the splint which can take time. Stretchers are generally inflexible, bulky and heavy making them difficult to transport, particularly in mountain rescues or extraction from natural disasters etc. They also do not conform to an individual shape so often additional blankets are required for comfort and warmth.

Vacuum splints require the manual evacuation of air or a pump to remove the air which can take time and could require extra, heavy equipment to be carried and are prone to failure due to the form being punctured or the valve failing to form an air tight connection and function. Furthermore, the accidental puncture of a vacuum splint will render the splint no longer useable. Vacuum splints also are generally not rigid enough to be used in extraction manoeuvres and are impractical for use in wet or snowy conditions as they can ingest water and/or snow. Vacuum splints can often also have a significantly higher cost compared to rigid splints and stretchers.

Splints made by mixing multiple components to form a foam which then solidifies are known from e.g. <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>, <CIT>.

Aspects and embodiments of the invention provide a splinting apparatus and a method of activating a splint apparatus as claimed in the appended claims.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a splinting apparatus comprising:.

Suitably, the first portion and the second portion of the retaining pouch are coupled together by the sacrificial seam.

Suitably, each of the first portion and the second portion comprise one of the at least one sacrificial seam.

Suitably, the first and second precursors are miscible.

Suitably, each of the first and second precursors are a monomer precursor.

Suitably, mixing of the first and second precursors provides an exothermic reaction providing heat having a temperature from <NUM> degrees Celsius to <NUM> degrees Celsius.

Suitably, the expanded polymer foam is configured to cure within <NUM> to <NUM> minutes of breaking of the sacrificial seam.

Suitably, the volume of the expanded polymer foam is about <NUM> times the total volume of the precursors prior to mixing.

Suitably, the expanded polymer foam is a closed-cell foam.

Suitably, the expanded polymer foam is mouldable prior to curing.

Suitably, each of the first and second portions of the retaining pouch are configured as elongate tubes.

Suitably, the first and second portions extend along from <NUM>% to <NUM>% of the length of the expansion chamber.

Suitably, the retaining pouch is configured to burst upon expansion of the first and second precursors as they mix to form the expanded polymer foam.

The expansion chamber has a volume that is about <NUM>% of the volume of the expanded polymer foam.

Suitably, the apparatus further comprises at least one further retaining pouch.

Suitably, the expansion chamber is formed as a bladder or a bag.

Suitably, the apparatus further comprises an outer sleeve enclosing the expansion chamber.

Suitably, the expansion chamber is secured to an internal surface of the outer sleeve.

Suitably, the outer sleeve comprises an envelope configured to retain the expansion chamber.

Suitably, the envelope comprises an upper layer and a lower layer, and wherein the upper layer and the lower layer are secured together to form the envelope.

Suitably, the outer sleeve is formed from a flexible material.

Suitably, the outer sleeve further comprises securing elements for securing the splinting apparatus around a body part of a patient.

Suitably, the outer sleeve is sized and shaped to form a C-shaped splint.

Suitably, the outer sleeve is configured to further enclose a metal splint for splinting a relatively long limb.

Suitably, the outer sleeve comprises a joining portion for separating first and second envelopes, each of the first and second envelopes retaining an expansion chamber.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a splinting system comprising a plurality of splinting apparatus according to the first aspect.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of activating the splinting apparatus according to the first aspect, the method comprising applying a force to the splinting apparatus to break the sacrificial seam.

Suitably, the step of applying a force comprises twisting the splinting apparatus to provide a torsional force to the splinting apparatus.

Suitably, the method comprises twisting the splinting apparatus in a clockwise and an anti-clockwise direction.

Suitably, the step of applying a force comprises applying a compressional force to the splitting apparatus.

It will be appreciated that any of the methods described herein may be used in combination with any variations of the apparatus described herein.

Certain embodiments have the advantage that the splinting apparatus is X-ray friendly. As such, the splinting apparatus can remain in place to continue to immobilise a limb or other body part during X-ray or a CAT Scan. This can help to alleviate patient discomfort associated with removal of the splinting apparatus prior to X-ray and assist with continued alignment in preparation of remedial repair, in so doing reducing additional pain, discomfort and aggravation of the injury, resulting in swelling and requiring administrating additional analgesia.

Some examples provide a relatively lightweight splinting apparatus compared to previously known splinting apparatus. This can help with transportation of the splinting apparatus, particularly in difficult environments, for example, in mountain rescue operations or remote locations.

Certain embodiments have the advantage that the splinting apparatus is relatively easy to deploy. As such, minimal or no training is needed for a user and the splinting apparatus can be relatively quickly and easily deployed and secured in position.

Certain embodiments are absorbent. As such, any fluids (e.g. bodily fluids, wound exudates, or external fluids) can be absorbed by the apparatus to help keep the patient relatively dry, warm and comfortable. In addition, the medical attendant can also monitor fluids loss as the absorption capacity of the splint is calculated at <NUM> times its volume for fluid absorption,.

Certain embodiments provide the advantage of relatively low heat dissipation during activation. This can help to reduce the risk of delivering excess heat to wound areas.

Some embodiments have the advantage of exhibiting a positive buoyancy. This can be particularly beneficial to help transport patients over water, for example if injured at sea.

One or more embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:.

In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts.

<FIG> illustrates an example of a splinting apparatus <NUM>. The splinting apparatus <NUM> includes a retaining pouch <NUM>. The retaining pouch includes a first portion 102a and a second portion 102b. Each of the first and second portions 102a, 102b form an enclosed receptacle for retaining a fluid. The first and second portions 102a, 102b are fluidly separated by a sacrificial seam <NUM>. In this example, the sacrificial seam <NUM> is configured as a heat weld coupling opposing sides of the retaining pouch <NUM>. As such, the first and second portions 102a, 102b are fluidly separated by the heat weld.

The retaining pouch <NUM> is aptly formed from a flexible material, for example a polymer film. In this example, each of the first and second portions 102a, 102b are configured as elongate tubes. The elongate tubes are aptly parallel to each other and separated by the sacrificial seam <NUM>.

Each of the first and second portions 102a, 102b contain respective first and second precursors. The first and second precursors are configured such that when mixed together they form a curable expanded polymer foam. The expanded polymer foam is aptly mouldable until cured. Various suitable precursors for forming a foam will be known to those skilled in the art. The precursors are aptly miscible to form a uniform mixture. Each of the first and second precursors may aptly be a monomer precursor.

The first and second precursors are aptly configured to mix to provide an exothermic reaction providing heat having a temperature from <NUM> degrees Celsius to <NUM> degrees Celsius. More aptly, the exothermic reaction temperature may be from <NUM> degrees Celsius to <NUM> degrees Celsius, or more aptly around <NUM> degrees Celsius. This helps to provide a warming effect to comfort the patient without overheating the wound or injury area.

One suitable example of the first and second precursors is commercially available Polycraft LD40 expanding Polyurethane Foam. In this example, the first precursor is a resin part and the second precursor is an Isocyanate part. The LD40 foam takes about <NUM> to <NUM> seconds to form and the final foam volume is about <NUM> times the total liquid volume of the first and second precursors. The exothermic reaction temperature of LD40 is about <NUM> degrees Celsius.

Upon application of a force to the retaining pouch <NUM>, the sacrificial seam <NUM> is broken to thereby fluidly connect the first and second portions 102a, 102b of the retaining pouch such that the first and second precursors mix together. Aptly, a torsional (twisting) force is applied to the retaining pouch <NUM> to break the sacrificial seam <NUM>. The torsional force may be applied in a first (e.g. clockwise) direction and then a second (e.g. anticlockwise) direction. The process may be repeated whilst the precursors begin to mix. The torsional forces can help to agitate and mix the first and second precursors to allow for more even expansion of the foam and a more uniform mixture.

Upon mixing, the first and second precursors react together to form a curable expanded polymer foam. As the foam expands, it may burst from the retaining pouch <NUM>, and continue to expand into the surrounding area. In this example, each of the first and seconds portions 102a, 102b contain about <NUM> of precursor. The total volume of the expanded polymer foam is aptly about <NUM> times the total volume of the precursors prior to mixing. As such, in this example, the total volume of the expanded polymer foam may be about <NUM>.

An expansion chamber <NUM> encloses the retaining pouch <NUM>. The expansion chamber <NUM> contains the expanding foam and helps to guide the expanding foam into the desired areas. In this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> is substantially rectangular in shape and may be particularly suited to splinting of a limb. The expansion chamber <NUM> may be any other suitable shape depending on the intended use for the splinting apparatus.

The expansion chamber <NUM> is configured as a bladder or a bag for enclosing the retaining pouch. In this example, the expansion chamber is formed from a polyester film or plastic sheet. The expansion chamber <NUM> is preferably formed from a polyester film or plastic sheet of higher gauge than the retaining pouch <NUM>. For example, the expansion chamber may be formed from a film or sheet having a gauge of around <NUM> and <NUM>/m<NUM>. An example of a suitable polyester film is Mylar® available from DuPont Teijin Films, e.g. <NUM> clear Mylar® <NUM>/m<NUM>.

The retaining pouch <NUM> may be attached to the expansion chamber <NUM>. For example, the retaining pouch <NUM> may be filled with the respective first and second precursors and then glued in place to the inside of the expansion chamber once filled. In other examples, the retaining pouch <NUM> may simply be placed inside the expansion chamber, without the need for attachment.

The retaining pouch <NUM> (including the first and second portions) aptly extends along <NUM>% to <NUM>% of the length of the expansion chamber <NUM>, or more aptly <NUM>% to <NUM>% of the length of the expansion chamber. This can help to guide the expanding foam to expand to substantially all areas of the expansion chamber <NUM>.

The expansion chamber is configured to have a volume about <NUM>% of the expected volume of the expanded foam (i.e. the volume to which the foam is expected to expand based on the precursor volume and reaction characteristics). As such, in this example having <NUM> of each precursor, with the expanded foam volume expected to be <NUM> times the volume of the unmixed precursor (i.e. <NUM>), the expansion chamber is configured to have a volume of <NUM>% of <NUM>, i.e. about <NUM>. This allows for extra expansion space in the expansion chamber <NUM> in case the foam expands to a greater volume than expected, and therefore helps to prevent leakage of the foam in cases of overexpansion.

Whilst the foam is expanding, the splinting apparatus <NUM> is applied to a patient (e.g. around a patient's broken arm) and secured into position. The expanding foam is mouldable prior to curing and so may conform to the shape of the patient, providing a relatively close fit. The expanded foam is configured to cure from around <NUM> to <NUM> minutes after breaking of the sacrificial seam, or more aptly from around <NUM> to <NUM> minutes after breaking of the sacrificial seam, or more aptly at around <NUM> minutes after breaking of the sacrificial seam. This is to allow enough time for a medical practitioner (or first aid attendant) to correctly apply the splinting apparatus to the patient whilst also being time efficient, which can be critical for more serious injuries.

The cured expanded polymer foam is aptly a closed cell foam, which can provide greater strength and stability than an open cell foam. The cured foam is relatively rigid to immobilise the splinted body part. Aptly the cured foam using the Durometer Shore Hardness Scale, has a shore hardness of Shore A <NUM> or through an Indentation Force Deflection test, is <NUM> on <NUM>. 4kn [American Society for Testing and Materials - ASTM D3574 Testing for Flexible Cellular Urethane Foams]. The Shore A Hardness Scale measures the hardness of flexible mold rubbers that range in hardness from very soft and flexible, to medium and somewhat flexible, to hard with almost no flexibility at all. Semi-rigid plastics can also be measured on the high end of the Shore A Scale.

Aptly, the cured foam may be a high density straight chain polymer.

In this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> is enclosed within an outer sleeve <NUM>. The outer sleeve <NUM> comprises an envelope for retaining the expansion chamber <NUM>. The envelope may comprise an upper layer and a lower layer, which may be stitched together to form a pouch. The envelope may be configured to have a volume of about <NUM>% of the expected volume of the expanded foam. In this way, the outer sleeve <NUM> can provide further expansion volume to contain the expanding foam in case of overexpansion beyond the volume of the expansion chamber <NUM>. The outer sleeve <NUM> is aptly stretchable to allow overexpansion of the expansion chamber <NUM> whilst still being restrained within the envelope of the outer sleeve <NUM>.

The outer sleeve <NUM> may also include securing elements (e.g. straps, or buckles, or any other releasable strap) for securing the splinting apparatus <NUM> around a body part of a patient. The securing elements are configured to secure the splinting apparatus in a wrapped configuration around a body part of the patient. In this example, the outer sleeve is sized and shaped to form a substantially C-shaped splint (or gutter shaped splint). With this configuration, the splinting apparatus <NUM> may be easier to remove as it can be either slipped off after releasing the securing elements, or can be broken or cut away from the body part.

The outer sleeve <NUM> is aptly formed from a flexible material suitable for wrapping around a body part. The material is aptly relatively lightweight and of suitable gauge to protect the contents (i.e. the expansion chamber and the retaining pouch). In one example, the outer sleeve <NUM> may be formed from a multi-layer material including an absorbent lining layer, a heat reflective layer, and a foil outer layer. The absorbent lining is configured to contact the patient in use, and is aptly a relatively soft lint or fibrous material. The heat reflective layer may be disposed between the absorbent lining layer and the foil outer layer. The foil outermost layer is aptly waterproof or water repellent. The three layers together provide a thermally insulating and waterproof outer sleeve to help to keep the patient warm and dry and maintain a constant body temperature. The outer layer may additionally be configured to be of high visibility to help maintain patient visibility in lower light conditions. Aptly, the outer sleeve <NUM> is formed from a medically approved material. One example of a suitable material is Mediwrap® material, which is often used as a passive patient warming system (e.g. a blanket). Mediwrap®, available from Cantel Medical UK, is highly thermally retentive, for single patient use, includes a soft and absorbent inner layer, has a draft and waterproof outer shell, allows easy access to surgical field, and is a cost effective alternative to active warming.

The outer surface of the outer sleeve <NUM> may be printed with indicia, for example instructions for use and/or branding.

The expansion chamber <NUM> may aptly be fixed to the outer sleeve <NUM>. For example, the expansion chamber may be stitched onto the outer sleeve to form a closed splint sleeve or container. In other examples, the expansion chamber may be adhered to the outer sleeve using a suitable glue, for example. In other examples, the expansion chamber may be attached to the outer sleeve via a single attachment point, for example a glue line.

The expansion chamber is configured to contain the expanded foam to help prevent the foam from adhering to the outer sleeve <NUM>. As such, flexibility of the outer sleeve can be maintained to help form the splinting apparatus around a body part.

<FIG> illustrate another example of a splinting apparatus <NUM>. The splinting apparatus <NUM> is similar to that shown in <FIG>, but includes a plurality of retaining pouches <NUM>. In this example the splitting apparatus includes two retaining pouches <NUM>. Each retaining pouch <NUM> is substantially the same as the retaining pouch <NUM> described in relation to <FIG>, so for brevity will not be described again in detail.

In this example, each of the retaining pouches <NUM> are enclosed within a single expansion chamber <NUM>. The expansion chamber <NUM> may be configured similarly to the expansion chamber <NUM> of the example shown in <FIG>. However, in this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> includes two separate guiding portions <NUM> each enclosing a single respective retaining pouch <NUM>. In this example, each of the guiding portions <NUM> are separated by stitch lines <NUM>. Alternative means for separating guiding portions may include heat welded seals.

Each of the retaining pouches <NUM> may be activated in the same way as described above in relation to <FIG> by applying a force to break the sacrificial seam to thereby mix the first and second precursors. The expanding foam from each retaining pouch <NUM> is enclosed and guided in its respective guiding portion <NUM> such that two substantially elongate and separate foam supports are formed within each guiding portion of the expansion chamber <NUM>.

Similarly to the example of <FIG>, the splinting apparatus <NUM> may be placed around the body part of a patient whilst the foam is expanding so that the foam conforms to the body part. The example shown in <FIG> may be particularly suitable for splinting of a limb (e.g. an arm or leg).

This example also includes an outer sleeve <NUM> enclosing the expansion chamber <NUM>. The outer sleeve <NUM> includes securing elements <NUM>. In this example, the outer sleeve <NUM> includes three spaced apart securing elements <NUM>. In this example, each of the securing elements <NUM> include elastane fasteners having a unidirectional stretch. The securing elements are coupled to the outer sleeve <NUM> such that they extend transverse to the longitudinal direction of the outer sleeve <NUM>. In this way, the unidirectional stretch of the fasteners is also transverse to the longitudinal direction of the outer sleeve <NUM> such that the fasteners provide an elastic coupling of the splinting apparatus to the patient, which may provide for improved comfort. The securing elements may be secured in place on the opposite side of the outer sleeve by a hook and loop fastening.

The outer sleeve may be configured similarly to the outer sleeve <NUM> described in relation to <FIG>, including an envelope for retaining the expansion chamber <NUM>. The expansion chamber <NUM> may be secured to an inner surface of the outer sleeve <NUM> to maintain the expansion chamber <NUM> in a desired position relative to the outer sleeve <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrate another example of a splinting apparatus <NUM>. The splinting apparatus <NUM> is similar to that shown in <FIG> , but includes a three retaining pouches <NUM>. Each retaining pouch <NUM> is substantially the same as the retaining pouch <NUM> described in relation to <FIG>, so for brevity will not be described again in detail.

In this example, each of the retaining pouches <NUM> are enclosed within a single expansion chamber <NUM>. The expansion chamber <NUM> may be configured similarly to the expansion chamber <NUM> of the example shown in <FIG>. However, in this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> includes three separate guiding portions <NUM> each enclosing a single respective retaining pouch <NUM>. In this example, each of the guiding portions <NUM> are separated by stitch lines <NUM>. Alternative means for separating guiding portions may include heat welded seals.

Each of the retaining pouches <NUM> may be activated in the same way as described above in relation to <FIG> by applying a force to break the sacrificial seam to thereby mix the first and second precursors. The expanding foam from each retaining pouch <NUM> is enclosed and guided in its respective guiding portion <NUM> such that three substantially elongate and separate foam supports are formed within each guiding portion of the expansion chamber <NUM>.

Similarly to the example of <FIG>, the splinting apparatus <NUM> may be placed around the body part of a patient whilst the foam is expanding so that the foam conforms to the body part. The example shown in <FIG> may also be particularly suitable for splinting of a limb (e.g. an arm or leg).

This example also includes an outer sleeve <NUM> enclosing the expansion chamber <NUM>. The outer sleeve <NUM> includes securing elements <NUM>. The securing elements <NUM> may be configured similarly to the securing elements <NUM> described in relation to <FIG>, so for brevity will not be described again in detail.

The outer sleeve <NUM> may be configured similarly to the outer sleeve <NUM> described in relation to <FIG>, including an envelope for retaining the expansion chamber <NUM>. The expansion chamber <NUM> may be secured to an inner surface of the outer sleeve <NUM> to maintain the expansion chamber <NUM> in a desired position relative to the outer sleeve <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrate a further example of a splinting apparatus <NUM>. In this example, the splinting apparatus is configured very similarly to the splinting apparatus <NUM> shown in <FIG> with the exception that the splinting apparatus <NUM> includes four retaining pouches <NUM>. In this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> is divided into two guiding portions <NUM>. Each guiding portion <NUM> contains two retaining pouches <NUM>.

The retaining pouches <NUM> in this example each include first and second separate portions 402a, 402b. Each of the first and second separate portions 402a, 402b includes a respective sacrificial seam (not shown). The sacrificial seam may be a weakened point in each of the first and second portions, which may break upon application of a force to the retaining pouch. Thus, the retaining pouches <NUM> may be activated similarly to the other retaining pouches described herein by applying a force to the retaining pouch to break the sacrificial seam of each of the first and second portions to thereby allow mixing of the first and second precursors.

<FIG> illustrates an exemplary method of assembling and packaging a splinting apparatus <NUM>. The splinting apparatus <NUM> includes two retaining pouches <NUM>. Each retaining pouch includes a first portion 1402a and a second portion <NUM>. The splinting apparatus <NUM> and the retaining pouch <NUM> is similar to that shown in <FIG>, so for brevity will not be described again in detail. An expansion chamber <NUM> encloses the retaining pouch <NUM>. The expansion chamber <NUM> contains the expanding foam and helps to guide the expanding foam into the desired areas. In this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> is substantially rectangular in shape and may be particularly suited to splinting of a limb. The expansion chamber <NUM> may be any other suitable shape depending on the intended use for the splinting apparatus. In this example, the expansion chamber <NUM> is enclosed within an outer sleeve. The outer sleeve comprises an envelope for retaining the expansion chamber <NUM>.

In the depicted example, the envelope of the outer sleeve has a length of <NUM> and a width of <NUM>. The envelope is cut at <NUM> to form two portions of the outer sleeve of equal size, each having a length of <NUM> and a width of <NUM>. The retaining pouches <NUM> are affixed to a first portion of the envelope (at <NUM>) in this example by stitching, but the retaining pouches may also be placed onto the envelope, or they may be affixed to the envelope by other methods such as via an adhesive. The envelope portion not containing the retaining pouches <NUM> is then folded over the envelope portion containing the retaining pouches <NUM> at step <NUM>. Securing elements <NUM> are attached to the envelope portion not containing the retaining pouches <NUM> (step <NUM>) and the envelope is welded, at step <NUM>,on four sides and further welding on a line separating the pairs of retaining pouches <NUM>. The envelope is rolled and/or folded (step <NUM>) before it is placed into packaging (<NUM>) along with instructions (step <NUM>) on how to use the splinting apparatus <NUM>. The package is then closed (step <NUM>). In this example, the package is sealed with a tamper-proof seal for safety and security purposes. It should be appreciated that certain steps in this method can be carried out in a difference sequence, some before others. For example, the retaining pouches <NUM> may be affixed to the envelope portion at any point before the envelope is folded, and the securing elements may be attached at any point before the envelope is placed into packaging.

<FIG> illustrate an example of a splinting apparatus configured as a stretcher <NUM>. The stretcher includes a plurality of supports 100a-h, and may also be referred to as a splinting system. Each of the supports 100a-h may be configured as a splinting apparatus similar to that described in relation to <FIG> or may alternatively be configured as a foam pad for providing a soft cushioning to the respective body part of a patient.

In this example, the stretcher <NUM> is sized and shaped to accommodate the full body of a person <NUM>. The stretcher <NUM> includes an outer shell <NUM>. The outer shell <NUM> forms the base of the stretcher <NUM> and supports the plurality of supports 100a-h. In this example, the supports 100a-h are each secured (e.g. by stitching) onto the outer shell <NUM>. The outer shell <NUM> in this example includes a central portion <NUM> for supporting the main body of the person <NUM> and first and second wing portions 506a, 506b disposed either side of the central portion <NUM> and configured for wrapping over the body of the person <NUM> positioned on the central portion <NUM>.

The stretcher <NUM> includes a main central support 100a positioned on the central portion <NUM> and configured (sized and shaped) to support the main body of the person <NUM>. The main central support 100a aptly comprises as a relatively soft foam pad configured to provide a cushioning support to the spinal area of the patient. In other examples, the main central support may comprise a splinting apparatus similar to the example of <FIG> or any of the other examples described herein. The main central support 100a may aptly be configured to be around <NUM> to <NUM> in thickness, or more aptly <NUM> in thickness.

A head block 100b is located on the central portion <NUM> over or adjacent to the main central support 100a and is configured to support the head of the person <NUM>. The head block 100b may include a splinting apparatus including a retaining pouch and expansion chamber (similar to that described in relation to <FIG> or any other example described herein). Alternatively, the head block 100b may include a foam pad (e.g. a preformed foam pad). The foam pad may aptly be formed from a relatively soft foam to provide cushioning support to the head and neck of the patient. The foam pad may be secured onto the main central support 100a or may be secured directly to the outer shell <NUM> of the stretcher <NUM> e.g. via stitching or adhesive.

Peripheral supports 100c, 100d are positioned on the central portion <NUM> either side of the main central support 100a for providing support to peripheral body portions of the person <NUM>. The peripheral supports 100c, 100d aptly each comprise a splinting apparatus similar to that described in <FIG> or any other examples described herein.

The peripheral supports 100c, 100d may each be configured as elongate tubes extending longitudinally adjacent to the main central support 100a. Each of the elongate tubes may aptly be configured to expand to a diameter of around <NUM> to <NUM> or more aptly <NUM>. It will be appreciated that the expanded diameter of the elongate tubes may be controlled according to the volume of precursor contained within each of the portions of the retaining pouch, and/or the number of retaining pouches in each tube.

A further two supports 100e-h are provided on each wing portion 506a, 506b, and are configured to conform to the front of the person <NUM> when the wing portions 506a, 506b are wrapped over the person <NUM>. The further supports 100e-h aptly each comprise a splinting apparatus similar to that described in <FIG> or any other examples described herein. Similarly to the peripheral supports 100c, 100d, the further supports may each be configured as elongate tubes extending longitudinally along the respective wing portions 506a, 506b. The inner of the elongate tubes (i.e. those closest to the central portion <NUM>) may aptly be configured to expand to a diameter of around <NUM> to <NUM> or more aptly <NUM>. The outer of the elongate tubes (i.e. those furthest from the central portion <NUM>) may aptly be configured to expand to a diameter smaller than that of the inner elongate tubes. For example, the outer elongate tubes may be configured to expand to a diameter of around <NUM> to <NUM> or more aptly <NUM>. It will be appreciated that the expanded diameter of the elongate tubes may be controlled according to the volume of precursor supplied to each of the portions of the retaining pouch, and/or the number of retaining pouches in each tube.

Each support 100a-h may be configured similarly to any of the splinting apparatus described herein, or as described above, may be configured as a preformed foam pad. Each support is each sized and shaped to fit the relative portion of the stretcher <NUM>. Where the support 100a-h comprises a splinting apparatus, the splinting apparatus may include an outer sleeve and be secured to the outer shell <NUM> via the outer sleeve. For example, the outer sleeve may be stitched onto the outer shell <NUM>. In other examples, the outer shell <NUM> may form an outer sleeve and include a plurality of envelopes for retaining a respective expansion chamber of each of the splinting apparatus 100a-h, mitigating the need for a separate outer sleeve for each splinting apparatus 100a-h. The envelopes of the outer shell <NUM> may be separated from each other via stitch lines or weld lines, or intermediate adjoining fabric for example.

Where the support 100a-h comprises a preformed foam pad, the foam pad may be secured to the outer shell, e.g. by stitching or adhesive. In other examples, the outer shell may include one or more envelopes configured to retain the foam pad(s) in position.

The outer shell <NUM> of the stretcher <NUM> may include an integral carrying bag <NUM>, which may be located at the foot end of the stretcher. The carry bag <NUM> may be configured to enclose the stretcher in a folded or rolled configuration prior to use. The carry bag <NUM> may be configured to protect the contents during transportation. In particular, the carry bag <NUM> may be of sufficient gauge or rigidity to help prevent accidental activation of the supports 100a-h that comprise splinting apparatus by breakage of the sacrificial seams.

In some examples, the stretcher <NUM> may also include a hood portion (not shown). The hood portion may be located at the head end of the stretcher and may be configured for placing and securing around the head of a patient <NUM> when in position on the stretcher. The hood portion may aptly be integral with the outer shell and may be formed from the same material as the outer shell. The hood portion is aptly of insulating material to provide passive warming to the patient by retaining head heat. The hood portion may aptly include an elasticated perimeter and/or a draw cord configuration to help secure the hood in position over the patient's head.

When the stretcher <NUM> is required, a user first removes the stretcher <NUM> from the integrated carry bag <NUM> (if present), and then unfolds or unrolls the stretcher <NUM> into a substantially flat configuration with the supports 100a-h facing upwards. Each of the supports comprising splinting apparatus are then activated by applying a force to the splinting apparatus. In this example, although a torsional (twisting) force may be possible, it can be easier to apply a compressional force to each of the splinting apparatus in order to break the respective sacrifical seams and activate expansion of the foam. Continued agitation of the splinting apparatus after breakage of the sacrifical seams, e.g. by applying a pumping force or sequential compressions to each of the splinting apparatus can help to mix the precursors and provide the activation energy for expansion of the foam.

In this example, the precursors may be selected to provide quicker activation to cure time than the precursors used in the other splinting apparatus described herein. For example, the precursors may be selected such that the activation to cure time is around <NUM> minute. In some examples, this selection of precursors can give increased off-gas compared to other precursor selections, but in this example this may be beneficial to help with foam expansion. An example of suitable precursors may be those used in Instapak®, manufactured by Sealed Air. In this example, the first precursor may be a Aromatic Isocyanate, for example Polymethylene Polyphenylisocyanate, and the second precursor is a Polyurethane foam resin.

Mixing of the first and second precursors by continued agitation activates expansion of the foam for each splinting apparatus. Whilst the foam is expanding, the patient <NUM> is positioned in place on the stretcher <NUM>, with their back placed in the central portion <NUM> resting on the main central support 100a (and possibly also the peripheral supports 100c, 100d). The head of the patient <NUM> is positioned on the head block 100b 100b. The wing portions 506a, 506b of the stretcher <NUM> may then be wrapped over the front of the patient <NUM> and secured in place (e.g. with securing elements, for example including elasticated straps having hook and loop fasteners). The foam of each of the supports 100a-h that include splinting apparatus continues to expand to the final volume and during the expansion conforms to the shape of the patient. After the expanded foam of each of the splinting apparatus has cured (around <NUM> to <NUM> minutes after activation, or more aptly around <NUM> to <NUM> minutes after activation, or in some examples around <NUM> minute after activation), the splinting apparatus acts to immobilise the patient <NUM> in the stretcher <NUM>.

The stretcher <NUM> may further include grab handles (not shown) to aid lifting of the stretcher.

In some examples, the stretcher may further include an adjustable length lower region (i.e. foot region) for adjusting the stretcher to the length of the patient. The adjustable length lower region may include an adjustable buckle fastener for releasing additional length of the stretcher or for drawing in excess length of the stretcher to the desired length requirements.

<FIG> illustrates an example of packaging the stretcher <NUM> of <FIG>. After the stretcher <NUM> has been fabricated (step <NUM>), fasteners (step1520) are applied around the supports 100a-h. For example, "hook-and-loop" fasteners are used to secure the supports 100a-h in a spaced apart manner such that three "hook-and-loop" fasteners are used to secure each support 100a-h. A different number of fasteners and fastener types can be used depending on the size and length of the support 100a-h. Labels (step <NUM>) are affixed to the stretcher <NUM>. For example, safety labels are affixed to the inside and logo labels are affixed to the outside. The stretcher is packaged, for example inside the integrated carry bag <NUM>. The head block 100b is placed inside the carry bag <NUM>, in step <NUM>, as are the supports (steps <NUM>). The stretcher <NUM> is rolled and folded (step <NUM>) and placed within the carry bag <NUM>. The carry bag <NUM> may be configured to enclose the stretcher in a folded or rolled configuration The carry bag <NUM> may be configured to protect the contents during transportation. In this example the carry bag <NUM> has a handle (not shown) for the user to more easily carry the contents. A instruction card (step <NUM>) is placed around the handle. The carry bag <NUM> is placed into a box to be secured (step <NUM>) and for transporting the stretcher <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrate a lifting harness arrangement <NUM> for a stretcher such as that described in relation to <FIG>. The harness <NUM> includes four lifting tapes 602a-d, with two of the lifting tapes located on each side of the harness. Four transverse tapes 604a-d extend transversly across the strectcher <NUM> and intersect with a corresponding lifting tape 602a-d. The transverse tapes 604a-d may each be coupled to the respective lifting tape 602a-d at the intersection (e.g. by stitching). The free end of each of the transverse tapes 604a-d includes a loop <NUM>, which may be a stiched loop, through which an end of a corresponding lifting tape 602a-d may pass (see <FIG>).

In one example each of the lifting tapes 602a-d include a loop <NUM> at one end, which may be a preformed flat loop carrying handle attached to the lifting tape (as shown in <FIG>) or in another example may be formed by stitching back a length of the lifting tape 602a-d to form a loop.

The harness may also include a strengthening tape <NUM> running along substantially the length of the stretcher <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, the loops <NUM> of each lifting tape may be gathered together to a single point for attachment to a hook <NUM>, for example a heli-hook or other lifting hook.

The harness is aptly coupled to the the outer or underside of the stretcher, i.e. the opposite side to the support elements of the stretcher <NUM> in <FIG>. The harness may aptly the coupled to the stretcher <NUM> by stitching.

The harness may also include a foot tow handle <NUM>. The foot tow handle <NUM> may be coupled to the lower (foot) end of the stretcher <NUM>, e.g. via stitching. The foot tow handle <NUM> may be fabricated from a flat web sling and conform to BS EN1492-<NUM>. The webbing may be about <NUM> in width and around <NUM>/m. The foot tow handle <NUM> may be configured as a ladder shape including longitudinal side straps 611a and transverse straps 611b coupled between the longitudinal side straps 611a (see <FIG>).

The harness may additionally include a head tow handle <NUM>. The head tow handle <NUM> may be coupled to the upper (head) end of the stretcher <NUM>, e.g. via stitching. The head tow handle <NUM> may be fabricated from a flat web sling and conform to BS EN1492-<NUM>. The webbing may be about <NUM> in width and around <NUM>/m. The head tow handle <NUM> may be configured as a ladder shape including longitudinal side straps 613a and transverse straps 613b coupled between the longitudinal side straps 613a (see <FIG>). Further lateral extensions <NUM> may be provided at the end of the head tow handle <NUM> distal from the coupling to the stretcher <NUM>.

The end of the head and/or foot tow handles may include reinforced strap regions for coupling to the stretcher <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrate a further example of a splinting apparatus <NUM>. The splinting apparatus <NUM> is similar to the splinting apparatus <NUM>, <NUM> shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, but is configured for veterinary long leg splinting, e.g. the leg <NUM> of canine, equine or cattle. The splinting apparatus <NUM> in this example includes an outer sleeve <NUM> having three envelopes 702a-c arranged in parallel and extending longitudinally along the outer sleeve <NUM>. First and second envelopes 702a, 702c disposed on first and second sides of the outer sleeve <NUM> are configured to each enclose an expansion chamber containing a respective one or more retaining pouch <NUM> (see <FIG>). In this example, each outer envelope 702a, 702c encloses an expansion chamber containing two retaining pouches <NUM>. In other examples, any number of retaining pouches, or expansion chambers or outer sleeve envelopes may be present according to the shape and size of the leg to be splinted.

A further central envelope 702b is disposed between each outer envelope 702a, 702c and is configured to enclose a metal splint <NUM>. The metal splint <NUM> may extend longitudinally along the central envelope 702b and may include a hook portion at the lower end for positioning under the foot or hoof of the animal leg <NUM>. Aptly, the metal splint <NUM> may be an aluminium splint, though other metals may also be suitable. The metal splint can help to provide additional support for long limb splinting above the support provided by the expanded foam contained in each of the expansion chambers.

The splinting apparatus <NUM> may be operated in substantially the same way as the splinting apparatus <NUM> of <FIG> by applying a torsional force to the splinting apparatus to break the sacrificial seam(s) of each of the retaining pouches <NUM>. This begins the mixing of the first and second precursors and the foam starts to expand. Whilst the foam is expanding, the splinting apparatus <NUM> can be positioned around the animal leg <NUM> with the hook of the metal splint positioned under the hoof (or foot). The outer sleeve <NUM> may then be wrapped around the leg and fastened in position. In this example, the splinting apparatus includes securing elements (e.g. elasticated straps including hook and loop fasteners), which may be fastened together to hold the splinting apparatus in position.

<FIG> illustrate a freight blanket <NUM> including a plurality of splinting apparatus <NUM>. The freight blanket <NUM> may be used to protect livestock, e.g. horses, during transportation. This is important to prevent injury of the livestock during particularly turbulent journeys, e.g. air or road travel.

<FIG> illustrate the freight blanket <NUM> in situ on a horse <NUM>. <FIG> illustrates the freight blanket <NUM> in a flat configuration.

The freight blanket <NUM> includes an outer sleeve <NUM> having first and second side envelopes 806a, 806b and a central joining section 806c separating the first and second side envelopes 806a, 806b. The central joining section 806c is configured for positioning over the back of a horse <NUM> and supporting each of the side envelopes 806a, 806b to hang either side of the horse <NUM>.

Each of the first and second side envelopes 806a, 806b are configured to enclose a respective expansion chamber <NUM>, which may be secured to an inner side the respective envelope 806a, 806b (e.g. via adhesive). The expansion chambers <NUM> may be configured similarly to any of the other expansion chambers described herein.

Each of the expansion chambers <NUM> includes first and second retaining pouches <NUM> (though any other number of retaining pouches may be used according to the desired side of the blanket). Similarly to the examples above, the retaining pouches may be fixed to the inside of the expansion chamber <NUM> (e.g. with adhesive). The retaining pouches <NUM> may be configured similarly to the retaining pouch <NUM> described in relation to <FIG> including first and second portions, so for brevity will not be described again in detail.

The blanket <NUM> also includes securing elements <NUM> (e.g. elasticated straps including hook and loop fasteners) for extending under the belly of the horse and securing the blanket in position.

In use, the horse (or other animal) may be positioned in the transportation stall or container. The blanket may then be activated by applying a torsional (twisting) or a compressional force to the retaining pouches on either side of the blanket <NUM> to break the sacrificial seam(s) of the retaining pouches. Whilst the foam begins to expand, and before curing, the blanket <NUM> may then be located over the horse with the central section 806c resting over the horse's back and each of the side envelopes 806a, 806b hanging either side of the horse (as showing in <FIG>). The securing elements <NUM> may then be fastened in place around the horse's belly.

The expanding foam will then conform to the shape of the horse and also any surrounding obstacles (e.g. stall walls) and once cured will secure the horse <NUM> in position and/or provide protection to the horse to help prevent injury from accidental collision with adjacent obstacles.

<FIG> illustrate an example of a splinting apparatus <NUM> in a folded state. By folding the apparatus <NUM>, transportation and deployment is made easier. The apparatus <NUM> includes a single fabric tube forming a first expansion chamber <NUM>, a second expansion chamber <NUM> and a third expansion chamber <NUM> as shown in <FIG>. Each expansion chamber <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> contains a retaining pouch <NUM>. Each retaining pouch <NUM> and each expansion chamber <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> is similar to the retaining pouch and the expansion chamber in <FIG>, so for brevity will not be described again in detail. By providing multiple expansion chambers and respective retaining pouches, the support can be made as long as is required and expansion of the foam in each expansion chamber is swift and consistent.

The first expansion chamber <NUM> has a pull tab <NUM> disposed on a distal end and the third expansion chamber has a pull tab <NUM> disposed on a proximal end. The assembly <NUM> further includes two support collars <NUM>, an inner support collar being telescopically received inside an outer support collar such that the inner support collar may slide relative to the outer support collar. Although the inner support collar is telescopically received inside the outer support collar, the support collars <NUM> are separable from one another. In this example, the support collars <NUM> are <NUM> long. The inner collar has a diameter of <NUM> and the outer collar has a diameter of <NUM>. A user pulls on the pull tabs <NUM> to move the splinting apparatus tube assembly <NUM> from a folded state to an unfolded state.

The splinting apparatus <NUM> in an unfolded state is illustrated in <FIG>. Once unfolded, the expansion chambers <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> are coaxial. In the unfolded state, the interface between the first expansion chamber <NUM> and the second expansion chamber <NUM> is welded to create a welded seam <NUM> therebetween, and the second expansion chamber is separated from the third expansion chamber <NUM> by another welding seam <NUM>. The collar supports <NUM> are not shown in <FIG> to show the welding seams <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates the collar supports <NUM> aligned with the welding seams <NUM>. When the assembly 9c is unfolded, the collar supports <NUM> also move such that the collar supports <NUM> separate from one another. The collar supports <NUM> align with the welding seams <NUM> and cover them. It this way the expanded splinting apparatus tube <NUM> has a substantially uniform diameter and the collar supports <NUM> provide further protection to the welded seams <NUM>.

Each of the retaining pouches <NUM> may be activated in the same way as described in relation to <FIG> by applying a force to break the sacrificial seam to thereby mix the first and second precursors. <FIG> illustrates the splinting apparatus tube assembly <NUM> where the retaining pouches <NUM> are activated. The expansion of the retaining pouches <NUM> expands the expansion chambers <NUM> in the tube. This expansion is supported by the support collars <NUM>.

Various modifications to the specific examples above may be possible. For example, the sacrificial seam by be formed by any appropriate means. For example, the sacrificial seam may be formed by a heat weld of opposing sides of the retaining pouch. In other examples, the sacrificial seam may be formed by a weakening line in the join between the first and second portions of the retaining pouch, or a perforation. In another example, the sacrificial seam may be formed by, a tear strip or a pull cord that may be pulled by a user to activate the splinting apparatus. Aptly, the sacrificial seam may be configured such that a minimum force is required to break the seam. For example, the minimum force required to break the seam may be to compress a sachet or pouch of polymer until failure of the packaging occurs. The peak compressive force may be around <NUM> to <NUM> N. To test the peak compressive force, the test was deemed complete when a sudden drop in load was detected or release of the sample was evident. Test results were in the region of <NUM> - 400N.

Alternative first and second precursors to those described above may be suitable for forming the expanded polymer foam. Suitable precursors will be known to those skilled in the art, for example various monomer precursors. The precursors may be selected according to desired properties of the expanded foam (e.g. expansion volume, cure time, exothermic reaction temperature).

In some examples, it may be advantageous to select the precursors such that the resultant polymer foam is substantially buoyant. This can be particularly advantageous for water rescue operations.

The expansion chambers described herein may alternatively be configured as a single sheet attached to the surrounding outer sleeve to form an enclosed chamber. The sheet may be a polymer sheet and may be stitched or heat welded around the periphery to form an enclosed expansion chamber in which to guide and contain the expanding foam. In some examples, the sheet may be attached to the outer sleeve at intermediate locations to divide the expansion chamber into two or more guiding portions.

In some examples, the expansion chamber may aptly be waterproof to help contain the expanding foam.

The outer sleeves described herein may be formed of any flexible material suitable for containing the expansion chamber. Other example materials may include Tyvek ® (DuPont), ripstop nylons or treated paper.

Any of the outer sleeves described herein may include an integral carry bag configured to contain the splinting apparatus or system during transportation.

The outer sleeve may be configured to have a plurality of envelopes each for enclosing a respective one or more expansion chamber. In other examples the outer sleeve may have a single envelope for enclosing one or more expansion chamber.

Any of the securing elements described herein may include a securing strap having a fastener. The securing strap may be coupled to the outer sleeve of the apparatus (or the outer shell) and may be configured to have unidirectional stretch. The unidirectional stretch may help to give increased flexibility in the apparatus to provide improved comfort to the patient or user. The fastener may comprise a hook and loop fastener to secure the strap in a closed position. Alternative fasteners may comprise buckles, or ties for example.

Different forces may be possible to break the sacrificial seam and activate the splinting apparatus. Aptly the sacrificial seam is broken by a torsional force. This can help to promote even blending of the precursors and introduces an activation energy sufficient for expansion of the polymer foam. Alternatively, a compression force may be applied to the splinting apparatus to force breakage of the sacrificial seam. This method may need an agitation, for example additional pumping action or sequential compressions after breakage to help promote mixing of the precursor and provide activation energy for activating expansion of the polymer foam.

Although the examples described above are configured for particular applications, the splinting apparatus may be configured for many different applications. For example, the splinting apparatus may be configured for any of pelvic, neonate, half limb, full limb, full body, wrist, ankle, hand, head and neck splinting. The splinting apparatus may also be configured for veterinary splinting, including freight blankets, and animal legs splints (e.g. for cattle, equine, canine, and other large mammals).

Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise.

Claim 1:
A splinting apparatus (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) comprising:
a retaining pouch (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) having a first portion (102a, 402a) containing a first precursor, a second portion (102b, 402b) containing a second precursor, and at least one sacrificial seam (<NUM>) fluidly separating the first portion (102a, 402a) from the second portion (102b, 402b); and
an expansion chamber (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) enclosing the retaining pouch (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>);
wherein the at least one sacrificial seam (<NUM>) is breakable upon application of a force to the retaining pouch (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) to thereby fluidly connect the first and second portions (102a, 102b, 402a, 402b) of the retaining pouch (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) such that the first and second precursors mix together, and
wherein mixing of the first and second precursors forms a curable expanded polymer foam, and
characterised in that the expansion chamber (<NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>) has a volume that is about <NUM>% of the volume of the expanded polymer foam.