Patent Description:
In recent years, electric vehicles which use an electric motor as a power source for running, and hybrid vehicles which use an electric motor and an internal combustion engine together as a power source for running are attracting interest in view of energy efficiency and environmental compatibility. While generating heat during operation thereof, electric motors include a heat-sensitive component such as a coil and a magnet. Those vehicles which run using an electric motor as a power source for running are thus provided with means for cooling the electric motor. Known means for cooling the electric motor include air cooling, water cooling and oil cooling. Among them, oil cooling is to circulate oil in the electric motor, to directly make a part in the electric motor which generates heat (such as a coil, a core and a magnet) contact with a coolant (oil), which makes it possible to obtain a high cooling effect. In the electric motor using oil cooling, oil (lubricating oil) is circulated in the electric motor, to cool and lubricate the electric motor at the same time. Electrical insulation is required of a lubricating oil (electric motor oil) of the electric motor.

Vehicles which use an electric motor as a power source for running usually include a transmission having a gear mechanism. Various additives are incorporated into a lubricating oil to lubricate the gear mechanism since anti-wear performance and anti-fatigue performance are required of the lubricating oil.

Patent Literature <NUM> discloses a lubricating oil composition suitable for internal combustion engines, which composition is excellent in thermal/oxidation stability and can inhibit the increases of the viscosity and acid number even in the presence of NOx and can be used for a long period of time or provide a lubricating oil composition particularly suitable for diesel or direct injection engines equipped with an exhaust-gas after-treatment device such as DPF or various catalysts, which composition is excellent in high-temperature detergency and base number retention properties and further can achieve the effect of inhibit wear caused by soot contamination in the oil occurring significantly when the content of phosphorus compounds such as ZnDTP is decreased, at a high level and can inhibit the exhaust-gas after-treatment device from being adversely affected.

Patent Literature <NUM> discloses a lubricating oil composition further superior than the prior art and improved in insulation performance, abrasion resistance and seize resistance while retaining the performance necessary for lubrication of a transmission and other machinery.

A lubricating oil used for lubricating electric motors is usually different from that used for lubricating transmissions. If electric motors and transmissions (gear mechanisms) can be lubricated using the same lubricating oil, lubricating oil circulation systems can be simplified. Recently, an electric drive module into which an electric motor and a transmission (gear mechanism) are integrated as one device (package) has been also proposed. For lubrication of such an electric drive module, it is desirable to lubricate an electric motor and a transmission (gear mechanism) using the same lubricating oil in view of downsizing and weight reduction.

Disadvantageously, conventional transmission oils suffer insufficient electrical insulation when they are oxidatively deteriorated by the use thereof even if electrical insulation of fresh oils thereof is improved for a use for lubrication of electric motors. Anti-fatigue performance of conventional electric motor oils are not enough for a use for lubrication of transmissions (gear mechanisms).

An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricating oil composition having anti-fatigue performance and electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition in a well-balanced manner.

The present invention is defined in the appended set of claims <NUM> to <NUM>.

The first aspect of the present invention can provide a lubricating oil composition having anti-fatigue performance and electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition in a well-balanced manner.

The lubricating oil composition according to the first aspect of the present invention may be preferably used in the lubricating method according to the second aspect of the present invention.

The present invention will be described hereinafter. In the present description, expression "A to B" concerning numeral values A and B means "no less than A and no more than B" unless otherwise specified. In such expression, if a unit is added only to the numeral value B, the unit is applied to the numeral value A as well. Also, a word "or" means a logical sum unless otherwise specified. In the present description, expression "E<NUM> and/or E<NUM>" concerning elements E<NUM> and E<NUM> means "E<NUM>, or E<NUM>, or the combination thereof", and expression " E<NUM>,. , EN-<NUM>, and/or EN" concerning elements E<NUM>,. , EN (N is an integer of <NUM> or more) means "E<NUM>,. , EN-<NUM>, or EN, or any combination thereof".

As a lubricating base oil in a lubricating oil composition according to the present invention (hereinafter may be referred to as "lubricating oil composition" or simply "composition"), at least one mineral base oil, at least one synthetic base oil, or any mixed base oil thereof may be used and in one embodiment, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, or a Group V base oil of API base stock categories, or a mixed base oil thereof may be preferably used. An API Group II base oil is a mineral base oil containing no more than <NUM> mass% sulfur and no less than <NUM> mass% saturates, and having a viscosity index of no less than <NUM> and less than <NUM>. An API Group III base oil is a mineral base oil containing no more than <NUM> mass% sulfur and no less than <NUM> mass% saturates, and having a viscosity index of no less than <NUM>. An API Group IV base oil is a poly-α-olefin base oil. An API Group V base oil is a base oil other than the foregoing Groups I to IV base oils, and preferred examples thereof includes ester base oils.

The mineral base oil may be, for example, a paraffinic or naphthenic mineral base oil obtained through application of one or at least two of refining means in suitable combination, such as solvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, hydrocracking, solvent dewaxing, catalytic dewaxing, hydrorefining, sulfuric acid washing, and white clay treatment, to lubricant oil fractions that are obtained by distillation of crude oil under atmospheric pressure and under reduced pressure. API Group II base oils and Group III base oils are usually produced via hydrocracking. A wax isomerized base oil, a base oil produced by a process of isomerizing GTL WAX (gas to liquid wax), or the like may be also used.

Examples of the API Group IV base oil include ethylene-propylene copolymers, polybutene, <NUM>-octene oligomers, and <NUM>-decene oligomers, and hydrogenated products thereof.

Examples of the API Group V base oil include monoesters (such as butyl stearate, octyl laurate, and <NUM>-ethylhexyl oleate); diesters (such as ditridecyl glutarate, bis(<NUM>-ethylhexyl) adipate, diisodecyl adipate, ditridecyl adipate, and bis(<NUM>-ethylhexyl) sebacate); polyesters (such as trimellitate esters); and polyol esters (such as trimethylolpropane caprylate, trimethylolpropane pelargonate, pentaerythritol <NUM>-ethylhexanoate, and pentaerythritol pelargonate).

The lubricating base oil (total base oil) may comprise one base oil, and may be a mixed base oil comprising at least two base oils. In the mixed base oil comprising at least two base oils, the API base stock categories of these base oils may be the same, and may be different from each other. The content of the API Group V base oil is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and is more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%; and in one embodiment may be <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the lubricating base oil. The content of the ester base oil at the above described upper limit or less can offer improved oxidation stability of the lubricating oil composition.

The kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil (total base oil) at <NUM> is preferably <NUM> to <NUM><NUM>/s, and is more preferably <NUM> to <NUM><NUM>/s; and in one embodiment may be <NUM> to <NUM><NUM>/s. The kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil at <NUM> at the above described upper limit or less can lead to improved fuel efficiency. The kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil at <NUM> at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved anti-wear performance and anti-fatigue performance, and improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil. In the present description, "kinematic viscosity at <NUM>" means a kinematic viscosity at <NUM> specified in ASTM D-<NUM>.

The viscosity index of the lubricating base oil (total base oil) is preferably no less than <NUM>, and more preferably no less than <NUM>; and in one embodiment, may be no less than <NUM>, may be no less than <NUM>, and may be no less than <NUM>. The viscosity index of the lubricating base oil at the above described lower limit or more can lead to improved viscosity-temperature characteristics and thermal and oxidation stability, a reduced friction coefficient, and improved anti-wear performance of the lubricating oil composition. In the present description, a viscosity index means a viscosity index measured conforming to JIS K <NUM>-<NUM>.

The sulfur content in the lubricating base oil (total base oil) is, in view of oxidation stability, preferably no more than <NUM> mass% (<NUM> mass ppm), more preferably no more than <NUM> mass ppm, and especially preferably no more than <NUM> mass ppm, and may be no more than <NUM> mass ppm.

The lubricating base oil (total base oil) is a major constituent of the lubricating oil composition. The content of the lubricating base oil (total base oil) in the lubricating oil composition is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and is more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%; and in one embodiment may be <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition.

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention comprises (A) a calcium salicylate detergent (hereinafter may be simply referred to as "component (A)"). As the component (A), a calcium salicylate, or a basic salt or overbased salt thereof may be used. As the component (A), one calcium salicylate detergent may be used alone, or at least two calcium salicylate detergents may be used in combination. Examples of the calcium salicylate include any compound represented by the following general formula (<NUM>).

In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> each independently represent a C14-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group; and a represents <NUM> or <NUM>, and is preferably <NUM>. The compound represented by the general formula (<NUM>) may be a mixture of any compound where a = <NUM> and any compound where a = <NUM>. When a = <NUM>, R<NUM> may be any combination of different groups.

One preferred embodiment of the calcium salicylate detergent may be a calcium salicylate represented by the above general formula (<NUM>) where a = <NUM>, or a basic salt or overbased salt thereof.

A method of producing the calcium salicylate is not particularly restricted, and a known method of producing monoalkylsalicylates or the like may be used. For example, the calcium salicylate may be obtained by: making a calcium base such as oxides and hydroxides of calcium react with a monoalkylsalicylic acid obtained by alkylating a phenol as a starting material with an olefin, and then carboxylating the resultant product with carbonic acid gas or the like, or with a monoalkylsalicylic acid obtained by alkylating a salicylic acid as a starting material with an equivalent of the olefin, or the like; converting the above monoalkylsalicylic acid or the like to an alkali metal salt such as a sodium salt and a potassium salt, and then performing transmetallation with a calcium salt; or the like.

A method of obtaining the overbased calcium salicylate is not particularly restricted. For example, a calcium salicylate is made to react with a calcium base such as calcium hydroxide in the presence of carbonic acid gas, which makes it possible to obtain the overbased calcium salicylate.

The base number of the component (A) is not particularly limited, but is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mgKOH/g, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mgKOH/g, and especially preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mgKOH/g. The base number of the component (A) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

The content of the component (A) in the lubricating oil composition is <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of calcium on the basis of the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. The content of the component (A) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The content of the component (A) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to improved anti-fatigue performance.

The lubricating oil composition may comprise the component (A) only, and may further comprise at least one metallic detergent other than the calcium salicylate detergent (such as a calcium sulfonate detergent and a calcium phenate detergent) in addition to the component (A), as a metallic detergent. The total content of the metallic detergent in the lubricating oil composition is <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of metal on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The total content of the metallic detergent in the lubricating oil composition at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The proportion of total salicylates in the total soap group content of the metallic detergent is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mol%, and more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mol%. Contribution of salicylates to the total soap group content of the metallic detergent at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved anti-fatigue performance. In the present description, "the proportion of salicylates to the total soap group content of the metallic detergent" means the proportion (mol%) of the total negative charges (mol) of salicylate ions in the salicylate detergent to the total negative charges (mol) of the soap group of the metallic detergent.

The lubricating oil composition according to the present invention comprises (B) a succinimide ashless dispersant (hereinafter may be referre d to as "component (B)"), the component (B) being a condensation reaction product, or a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof, wherein the condensation reaction product is a condensation reaction product of an alk yl- or alkenyl-succinic acid or anhydride thereof and a polyamine, the alk yl- or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group. As t he component (B), a boronated succinimide ashless dispersant may be use d, a non-boronated succinimide ashless dispersant may be used, or both m ay be used in combination. In view of further improving electrical insulat ion of an oxidatively deteriorated oil, the component (B) preferably compri ses a non-boronated succinimide ashless dispersant.

As the component (B), succinimide having at least one C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group in its molecule, or any derivative (modified compound) thereof is used. Preferably, succinimide having at least one C60-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group in its molecule, or any derivative (modified compound) thereof may be used. Examples of succinimide having at least one alkyl or alkenyl group in its molecule include any compound represented by the following general formula (<NUM>) or (<NUM>). <CHM>
<CHM>.

In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> represents a C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group; and b is an integer of <NUM> to <NUM>, preferably <NUM> to <NUM>. The compound represented by the general formula (<NUM>) may be a mixture of a plurality of the compounds having different values of b. The carbon number of R<NUM> is preferably <NUM> to <NUM>.

In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> and R<NUM> each independently represent a C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group, and may be any combination of different groups; and c is an integer of <NUM> to <NUM>, preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>. The compound represented by the general formula (<NUM>) may be a mixture of a plurality of the compounds having different values of c. The carbon numbers of R<NUM> and R<NUM> are preferably <NUM> to <NUM>.

The carbon numbers of R<NUM> to R<NUM> in the general formulae (<NUM>) and (<NUM>) at the above described lower limits or more make it possible to obtain good solubility in the lubricating base oil. In contrast, the carbon numbers of R<NUM> to R<NUM> at the above described upper limits or less can lead to improved low-temperature fluidity of the lubricating oil composition.

The alkyl or alkenyl groups (R<NUM> to R<NUM>) in the general formulae (<NUM>) and (<NUM>) may be linear chain or branched, and preferred examples thereof include branched alkyl groups and branched alkenyl groups derived from oligomers of olefins such as propylene, <NUM>-butene, and isobutene, or from co-oligomers of ethylene and propylene. Among them, a branched alkyl or alkenyl group derived from oligomers of isobutene that are conventionally referred to as polyisobutylene, or a polybutenyl group is most preferable.

Preferred number average molecular weights of the alkyl or alkenyl groups (R<NUM> to R<NUM>) in the general formulae (<NUM>) and (<NUM>) are <NUM> to <NUM>.

Succinimide having at least one alkyl or alkenyl group in its molecule includes so-called monotype succinimide represented by the general formula (<NUM>) where only an amino group at one terminal of a polyamine chain is imidated, and so-called bistype succinimide represented by the general formula (<NUM>) where amino groups at both terminals of a polyamine chain are imidated. The component (B) may comprise either monotype or bistype succinimide, or may comprise both as a mixture. The content of bistype succinimide or any derivative thereof in the component (B) is preferably no less than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no less than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the component (B) (<NUM> mass%).

A method for producing succinimide having at least one alkyl or alkenyl group in its molecule is not specifically limited. For example, such succinimide may be obtained as a condensation reaction product by: reaction of alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group or anhydride thereof, with a polyamine. As the component (B), such a condensation product may be used as it is, or may be converted into a derivative (modified compound) described later to be used. The condensation product of alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid or anhydride thereof, and a polyamine may be bistype succinimide where both terminals of a polyamine chain are imidated (see the general formula (<NUM>)), may be monotype succinimide where only one terminal of a polyamine chain is imidated (see the general formula (<NUM>)), or may be a mixture thereof. Here, an alkenyl-succinic acid anhydride having a C40-<NUM> alkenyl group may be obtained by reaction of a C40-<NUM> alkene and maleic anhydride, and an alkyl-succinic acid anhydride having a C40-<NUM> alkyl group may be obtained by a catalytic hydrogenation reaction of such an alkenyl-succinic acid anhydride. Examples of an alkene to react with maleic anhydride may include oligomers of olefins and co-oligomers of ethylene and propylene as described above, and may include isobutene oligomers. Examples of a polyamine include diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine, and any mixtures thereof, and a polyamine raw material comprising at least one selected therefrom may be preferably used. The polyamine raw material may further or optionally comprise ethylenediamine. In view of improvement of the performance of the condensation product or derivative thereof as a dispersant, the content of ethylenediamine in the polyamine raw material is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the polyamine raw material. Succinimide obtained as the condensation reaction product of alkyl-or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group or anhydride thereof, and a mixture of at least two polyamines is a mixture of the compounds of the general formulae (<NUM>) or (<NUM>) having different values of b or c.

Examples of derivatives (modified compounds) of the foregoing succinimide include:.

The weight average molecular weight of the succinimide ashless dispersant is preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, and in one embodiment <NUM> to <NUM>. The weight average molecular weight of the component (B) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The weight average molecular weight of the component (B) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

The content of the component (B) in the lubricating oil composition is <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and in one embodiment <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. The content of the component (B) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The content of the component (B) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil.

The lubricating oil composition according to the present invention comprises (C) a nitrogen-containing antioxidant (hereinafter may be referred to as "component (C)"). As the component (C), one compound may be used alone, or at least two compounds may be used in combination. As the component (C), any known amine antioxidant such as aromatic amine antioxidants and hindered amine antioxidants may be used without particular limitations. Examples of aromatic amine antioxidants include primary aromatic amine compounds such as alkylated-α-naphthylamine; and secondary aromatic amine compounds such as alkylated diphenylamine, phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkylated phenyl-α-naphthylamine, and phenyl-β-naphthylamine. As an aromatic amine antioxidant, alkylated diphenylamine, or alkylated phenyl-α-naphthylamine, or the combination thereof may be preferably used. As the component (C), at least one aromatic amine antioxidant may be used, at least one hindered amine antioxidant may be used, or at least one aromatic amine antioxidant and at least one hindered amine antioxidant may be used in combination.

Examples of alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants include any compound represented by the following general formula (<NUM>). <CHM>
In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> and R<NUM> each independently represent a C1-<NUM>, preferably a C3-<NUM>, more preferably a C4-<NUM> alkyl group. R<NUM> and R<NUM> are preferably different from each other, but it is difficult to synthesize only a compound having a specific combination of R<NUM> and R<NUM>. Thus, an alkylated diphenylamine antioxidant represented by the general formula (<NUM>) is preferably a mixture of any compound where R<NUM> and R<NUM> are the same, and any compound where R<NUM> and R<NUM> are different from each other.

Examples of alkylated phenyl-α-naphthylamine antioxidants include any compound represented by the following general formula (<NUM>). <CHM>
In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> represents a C1-<NUM>, preferably a C6-<NUM>, more preferably a C8-<NUM> alkyl group.

Examples of hindered amine antioxidants include <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine derivatives. As a <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine derivative, a <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine derivative having a substituent in <NUM>-position is preferable. Two <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeletons may be bonded with each other via substituents in respective <NUM>-positions thereof. There may be no substituent in N-position of the <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeleton, and a C1-<NUM> alkyl group may be substituted in N-position thereof. The <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeleton is preferably a <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetramethylpiperidine skeleton.

Substituents in <NUM>-position of the <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeleton include acyloxy group (R<NUM>COO-), alkoxy group (R<NUM>O-), alkylamino group (R<NUM>NH-), and acylamino group (R<NUM>CONH-). R<NUM> is preferably a C1-<NUM>, more preferably a C1-<NUM>, and further preferably a C1-<NUM> hydrocarbon group. Examples of the hydrocarbon group include alkyl group, alkenyl group, cycloalkyl group, alkylcycloalkyl group, aryl group, alkylaryl group, and arylalkyl group.

Examples of substituents when two <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeletons are bonded with each other via substituents in respective <NUM>-positions thereof include hydrocarbylene bis(carbonyloxy) group (-OOC-R<NUM>-COO-), hydrocarbylene diamino group (-HN-R<NUM>-NH-), and hydrocarbylene bis(carbonylamino) group (-HNCO-R<NUM>-CONH-). R<NUM> is preferably a C1-<NUM> hydrocarbylene group, and is more preferably an alkylene group.

An acyloxy group is preferable as a substituent in <NUM>-position of the <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeleton. One example of compounds having an acyloxy group in <NUM>-position of the <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetraalkylpiperidine skeleton is an ester of <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetramethyl-<NUM>-piperidinol and a carboxylic acid. Examples of such a carboxylic acid include C8-<NUM> linear or branched chain aliphatic carboxylic acids.

The content of the component (C) in the lubricating oil composition is <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and in one embodiment may be <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. The content of the component (C) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The content of the component (C) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to improved electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

The lubricating oil composition according to the present invention comprises a nitrogen-containing friction modifier (hereinafter may be simply referred to as "component (D)"), where component (D) comprises (D1) succinimide friction modifier described later. Further examples of nitrogen-containing friction modifiers include oiliness agent-based friction modifiers such as amine friction modifiers and amide friction modifiers. The component (D) encompasses aliphatic amine compounds each having a C8-<NUM> aliphatic hydrocarbyl group other than the succinimide ashless dispersant (component (B)) and amine antioxidant (component (C)), and compounds each having a C8-<NUM> aliphatic hydrocarbyl or aliphatic hydrocarbylcarbonyl group and an amide bond other than the succinimide ashless dispersant (component (B)) and amine antioxidant (component (C)).

Examples of the amine friction modifier include aliphatic amine compounds each having a C10-<NUM>, preferably a C12-<NUM>, more preferably a C12-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl, preferably linear chain alkyl or linear chain alkenyl group.

Examples of the amide friction modifier include condensation products of a linear or branched chain, preferably linear chain fatty acid, and ammonia, an aliphatic monoamine or an aliphatic polyamine.

One example of the amide friction modifier is a fatty acid amide compound having a C10-<NUM>, preferably a C12-<NUM> alkylcarbonyl or alkenylcarbonyl group. For example, such an amide compound can be obtained by a condensation reaction of a C10-<NUM>, preferably a C12-<NUM> fatty acid or an acid chloride thereof, and an aliphatic primary or secondary amine compound, an aliphatic primary or secondary alkanolamine compound, or ammonia. The foregoing amine compound and alkanolamine compound each preferably have a C1-<NUM>, more preferably a C1-<NUM>, further preferably a C1-<NUM> aliphatic group, and in one embodiment have a C1 or C2 aliphatic group.

Examples of the fatty acid amide friction modifier include lauramide, myristamide, palmitamide, stearamide, oleamide, cocamide, and C12-<NUM> synthetic mixed fatty acid amide.

Other examples of the amide friction modifier include fatty acid hydrazides, fatty acid semicarbazides, aliphatic ureas, fatty acid ureides, and aliphatic allophanamides each having a C10-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group, or a C10-<NUM> alkylcarbonyl or alkenylcarbonyl group, and derivatives (modified compounds) thereof. Examples of the derivative (modified compound) of the amide friction modifier include boric acid-modified compounds obtained by reacting any amide compound as described above with boric acid or a boric acid salt.

Examples of the aliphatic urea friction modifier include aliphatic urea compounds each having a C12-<NUM>, preferably a C12-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group such as dodecylurea, tridecylurea, tetradecylurea, pentadecylurea, hexadecylurea, heptadecylurea, octadecylurea, and oleylurea, and acid-modified derivatives thereof (acid-modified compounds such as boric acid-modified compounds).

Examples of the fatty acid hydrazide friction modifier include fatty acid hydrazide compounds each having a C12-<NUM> alkylcarbonyl or alkenylcarbonyl group, such as dodecanoic hydrazide, tridecanoic hydrazide, tetradecanoic hydrazide, pentadecanoic hydrazide, hexadecanoic hydrazide, heptadecanoic hydrazide, octadecanoic hydrazide, oleic hydrazide, erucic hydrazide, and acid-modified derivatives thereof (acid-modified compounds such as boric acid-modified compounds).

Other examples of the amide friction modifier include amide compounds of aliphatic hydroxy acids each having a C1-<NUM> hydroxy-substituted alkyl or alkenyl group. Such an amide compound can be obtained by, for example, a condensation reaction of any aliphatic hydroxy acid as described above with an aliphatic primary or secondary amine compound, or an aliphatic primary or secondary alkanolamine compound. The carbon number of a hydroxy-substituted alkyl or alkenyl group of the above described aliphatic hydroxy acid is preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM>, and in one embodiment <NUM> or <NUM>. The aliphatic hydroxy acid is preferably a linear chain aliphatic α-hydroxy acid, and in one embodiment is a glycolic acid. The above described amine compounds and alkanolamine compounds each preferably have a C1-<NUM>, more preferably a C10-<NUM>, further preferably a C12-<NUM>, and especially preferably a C12-<NUM> aliphatic group.

Other examples of the amide friction modifier include amide compounds of a C10-<NUM>, preferably a C12-<NUM> fatty acid, and an amino acid (N-acylated amino acid). Examples of the N-acylated amino acid friction modifier include N-acylated-N-methylglycine (such as N-oleoyl-N-methylglycine).

The lubricating oil composition according to the present invention comprises (D1) a succinimide friction modifier (hereinafter may be referre d to as "component (D1)") as the component (D), the component (D1) bein g a condensation reaction product, or a derivative thereof, or any combina tion thereof, the condensation reaction product being a condensation reacti on product of an alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid or anhydride thereof and a polyamine, the alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C8-<NUM> alkyl or al kenyl group, the polyamine being a polyamine, a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkylated product of the polyamine, or a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkenylated product of the polyamine, or any mixture thereof. Examples of the component (D1) inclu de bis-succinimide compounds and mono-succinimide compounds each hav ing a C8-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group, and derivatives (modified compounds) thereof. For example, such a succinimide compound is represented by th e following general formula (<NUM>) or (<NUM>). <CHM>
<CHM>
In the general formulae (<NUM>) and (<NUM>), R<NUM> and R<NUM> each independently represent a C8-<NUM>, preferably a C8-<NUM>, more preferably a C12-<NUM>, and in one embodiment a C12-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group. R<NUM> and R<NUM> each independently represent a C1-<NUM>, preferably a C2-<NUM> alkylene group, and especially preferably an ethylene group. R<NUM> is a hydrogen atom or C1-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom or C1-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group, and more preferably a hydrogen atom. d represents an integer of <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>. e represents an integer of <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, further preferably <NUM>-<NUM>.

A method for producing a succinimide compound that may be used as the component (D1) is not specifically limited. For example, such a succinimide compound may be obtained as a condensation reaction product by: reaction of alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C8-<NUM>, preferably a C8-<NUM>, preferably a C12-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group or anhydride thereof, with a polyamine, a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkylated product of the polyamine or a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkenylated product of the polyamine, or a mixture thereof. As the component (D1), such a condensation product may be used as it is, and may be converted into a derivative (modified compound) described later to be used. The condensation product of alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid or anhydride thereof, and a polyamine may be bistype succinimide where both terminals of a polyamine chain are imidated (see the general formula (<NUM>)), may be monotype succinimide where only one end of a polyamine chain is imidated (see the general formula (<NUM>)), or may be a mixture thereof. Here, examples of polyamines include diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine, and any mixtures thereof, and a polyamine raw material comprising at least one selected therefrom may be preferably used. The polyamine raw material may further or optionally comprise ethylenediamine. In view of improvement of the performance of the condensation product or derivative thereof as a friction modifier, the content of ethylenediamine in the polyamine raw material is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the polyamine raw material. As the N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkylated product of the polyamine, a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkylated polyamine having a C1-<NUM> alkyl group on a nitrogen atom at an end of a chain of the polyamine may be preferably used. As the N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkenylated product of the polyamine, a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkenylated polyamine having a C1-<NUM> alkenyl group on a nitrogen atom at an end of a chain of the polyamine may be preferably used. In the present description, "Ci-j" (i and j are integers) means that the carbon number is no less than i and no more than j.

Examples of derivatives (modified compounds) of succinimide compounds which may be used as the component (D1) include modified compounds obtained by reacting any succinimide compound as described above with at least one selected from boric acid, phosphoric acid, a C1-<NUM> carboxylic acid, and a sulfur-containing compound. Among them, a boric acid-modified compound may be preferably used.

The lubricating oil composition comprises the component (D). The content of the component (D) in the lubricating oil composition is no more than <NUM> mass%, and in one embodiment is no more than <NUM> mass%, in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of the component (D) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

The content of the component (D1) in the lubricating oil composition is <NUM> to <NUM> mass%; and may be <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in one embodiment, and may be <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in another embodiment, in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of the component (D1) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The content of the component (D1) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to a reduced friction coefficient for a long term. In the present description, the content of the component (D1) shall contribute to the content of the component (D).

In one preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may further comprise a phosphite ester compound (hereinafter may be referred to as "component (E)") represented by the following general formula (<NUM>). As the component (E), one phosphite ester compound may be used alone, or at least two phosphite ester compounds may be used in combination. <CHM>
In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> and R<NUM> are each independently a C1-<NUM> linear chain hydrocarbon group, or any C5-<NUM> group represented by the following general formula (<NUM>). <CHM>
In the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> is a C2-<NUM> linear chain hydrocarbon group, preferably an ethylene group or a propylene group, and in one embodiment, an ethylene group; R<NUM> is a C3-<NUM>, preferably a C3-<NUM>, and especially preferably a C6-<NUM> linear chain hydrocarbon group. X<NUM> is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, preferably a sulfur atom.

Using a phosphite ester compound having the foregoing structure as the component (E) can lead to further improved anti-wear performance and anti-fatigue performance.

In one embodiment, preferred examples of R<NUM> and R<NUM> include C4-<NUM> linear chain alkyl groups. Examples of the linear chain alkyl group include butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, hexadecyl group, heptadecyl group, and octadecyl group.

In one embodiment, preferred examples of R<NUM> and R<NUM> include <NUM>-thiahexyl group, <NUM>-thiaheptyl group, <NUM>-thiaoctyl group, <NUM>-thianonyl group, <NUM>-thiadecyl group, <NUM>-thiaundecyl group, <NUM>-thiahexyl group, <NUM>-oxapentyl group, <NUM>-oxahexyl group, <NUM>-oxaheptyl group, <NUM>-oxaoctyl group, <NUM>-oxanonyl group, <NUM>-oxadecyl group, <NUM>-oxaundecyl group, <NUM>-oxadodecyl group, <NUM>-oxatridecyl group, <NUM>-oxatetradecyl group, <NUM>-oxapentadecyl group, <NUM>-oxahexadecyl group, <NUM>-oxaheptadecyl group, <NUM>-oxaheptadecyl group, <NUM>-oxanonadecyl group, <NUM>-oxahexyl group, <NUM>-oxaheptyl group, and <NUM>-oxaoctyl group.

The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise the component (E). When the lubricating oil composition comprises the component (E), the content of the component (E) in the lubricating oil composition is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of phosphorus on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of the component (E) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The content of the component (E) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved anti-wear performance and anti-fatigue performance.

In one preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may further comprise a tolyltriazole metal deactivator and/or a benzotriazol metal deactivator (hereinafter may be referred to as "component (F)"). As the component (F), any tolyltriazole metal deactivator and/or benzotriazol metal deactivator used in lubricating oils may be used without particular limitations. As the component (F), one compound may be used alone, or at least two compounds may be used in combination.

The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise the component (F). When the lubricating oil composition comprises the component (F), the content of the component (F) is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and especially preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%. The content of the component (F) at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved copper corrosion inhibition performance. The content of the component (F) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved anti-wear performance, and electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may further comprise at least one additive selected from viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, antioxidants other than the component (C), anti-wear agents or extreme-pressure agents other than component (E), friction modifiers other than the component (D), corrosion inhibitors other than the component (F), metal deactivators other than the component (F), anti-rust agents, demulsifiers, anti-foaming agents, and coloring agents.

As a viscosity index improver, any viscosity index improver that is used in lubricating oils may be used without particular limitations. Examples of such a viscosity index improver include polymethacrylates, ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and hydrogenated products thereof, copolymers of an α-olefin and an ester monomer having a polymerizable unsaturated bond, polyisobutylene and hydrogenated products thereof, hydrogenated products of styrene-diene copolymers, styrene-maleic anhydride/ester copolymers, and polyalkylstyrene. Among them, a polymethacrylate, an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer or a hydrogenated product thereof, or any combination thereof may be preferably used. The viscosity index improver may be dispersant type, or may be non-dispersant type. In one embodiment, the weight average molecular weight of the viscosity index improver may be, for example, <NUM> to <NUM>. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise the viscosity index improver. When the lubricating oil composition comprises the viscosity index improver, the content of the viscosity index improver is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of the viscosity index improver at the foregoing upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of this content is not particularly limited, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

As a pour point depressant, for example, any known pour point depressant such as a polymethacrylate polymer may be used without particular limitations. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise the pour point depressant. When the lubricating oil composition comprises the pour point depressant, the content of the pour point depressant is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of the pour point depressant at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of this content is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

As an antioxidant other than the component (C), a known antioxidant such as a phenolic antioxidant which does not fall under the component (C) may be used without any particular limitations. Examples of the phenolic antioxidant include <NUM>,<NUM>'-methylenebis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-bis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-methylenebis(<NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-methylenebis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-butylidenebis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-isopropylidenebis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-methylenebis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-nonylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-isobutylidenebis(<NUM>,<NUM>-dimethylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-methylenebis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-cyclohexylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-methylphenol; <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-ethylphenol; <NUM>,<NUM>-dimethyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol; <NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-(N,N'-dimethylaminomethyl)phenol; <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiobis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butylphenol); bis(<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide; bis (<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-<NUM>-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide; <NUM>,<NUM>'-thiodiethylene bis[<NUM>-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]; tridecyl-<NUM>-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; pentaerythritol tetrakis[<NUM>-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]; octyl <NUM>-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; octadecyl <NUM>-(<NUM>,<NUM>-di-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; and <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-tert-butyl-<NUM>-hydroxyphenol fatty acid esters.

The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise an antioxidant other than the component (C). When the lubricating oil composition comprises an antioxidant other than the component (C), the content of this antioxidant is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this antioxidant at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The content of this antioxidant at the above described upper limit or less can also lead to improved oxidation stability of the lubricating oil composition.

Examples of an anti-wear agent or extreme-pressure agent other than component (E) include sulfur-containing compounds such as disulfides, sulfurized olefins, sulfurized oils, and dithiocarbamates, and phosphorus-containing anti-wear agents other than the component (E). Examples of phosphorus-containing anti-wear agents other than the component (E) include phosphoric acid, thiophosphoric acid, dithiophosphoric acid, trithiophosphoric acid, and complete or partial esters thereof; phosphorous acid, thiophosphoric acid, dithiophosphoric acid, trithiophosphoric acid, monoesters thereof, diesters thereof (excluding diesters represented by the general formula (<NUM>)), and triesters thereof. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise an anti-wear agent other than the component (E). When the lubricating oil composition comprises an anti-wear agent other than the component (E), the content of this anti-wear agent is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this anti-wear agent at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of this content is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment, may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise a phosphorus-containing additive other than the component (E). The total phosphorus content in the lubricating oil composition is preferably no more than <NUM> mass% on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The total phosphorus content in the lubricating oil composition at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. In one embodiment, the total content of a phosphorus-containing additive other than the component (E) in the lubricating oil composition is preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, more preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, and further preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass%, in terms of phosphorus on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The total content of a phosphorus-containing additive other than the component (E) at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

As a friction modifier other than the component (D), for example, at least one friction modifier selected from organic molybdenum compounds and oiliness agent-based friction modifiers other than the component (D) may be used. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise a friction modifier other than the component (D). When the lubricating oil composition comprises a friction modifier other than the component (D), the content of this friction modifier is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this friction modifier at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

Examples of organic molybdenum compounds include sulfur-containing organic molybdenum compounds, and organic molybdenum compounds which do not contain sulfur as a constituent element. Examples of the sulfur-containing organic molybdenum compound include sulfur-containing organic compounds such as molybdenum dithiocarbamate compounds; molybdenum dithiophosphate compounds; complexes of molybdenum compounds (examples thereof include: molybdenum oxides such as molybdenum dioxide and molybdenum trioxide; molybdenum acids such as orthomolybdic acid, paramolybdic acid, and sulfurized (poly)molybdic acid; molybdic acid salts such as metal salts and ammonium salts of these molybdic acids; molybdenum sulfides such as molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum trisulfide, molybdenum pentasulfide, and molybdenum polysulfide; thiomolybdic acid; metal salts and amine salts of thiomolybdic acid; and molybdenum halides such as molybdenum chloride), and sulfur-containing organic compounds (examples thereof include: alkyl (thio)xanthate, thiadiazole, mercaptothiadiazole, thiocarbonate, tetrahydrocarbylthiuram disulfide, bis(di(thio)hydrocarbyl dithiophosphonate) disulfide, organic (poly)sulfide, and sulfurized ester) or other organic compounds; and sulfur-containing organic molybdenum compounds such as complexes of sulfur-containing molybdenum compounds such as the above described molybdenum sulfides and sulfurized molybdic acids, and alkenylsuccinimide. The organic molybdenum compound may be a mononuclear molybdenum compound, or may be a polynuclear molybdenum compound such as binuclear molybdenum compounds and trinuclear molybdenum compounds. Examples of the organic molybdenum compound which does not contain sulfur as a constituent element include molybdenum-amine complexes, molybdenum-succinimide complexes, molybdenum salts of organic acids, and molybdenum salts of alcohols.

The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise a metal-containing additive other than the metallic detergent (such as organic molybdenum compounds and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate). The total content of metal elements in the lubricating oil composition is preferably no more than <NUM> mass% in terms of metal on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The total content of metal elements in the lubricating oil composition at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. In one embodiment, the total content of a metal-containing additive other than the metallic detergent in the lubricating oil composition is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and further preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, in terms of metal on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The total content of a metal-containing additive other than the metallic detergent at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

Examples of oiliness agent-based friction modifiers other than the component (D) include compounds such as fatty acid esters, fatty acids, fatty acid metal salts, aliphatic alcohols, and aliphatic ethers. These compounds each preferably have a C10-<NUM> aliphatic hydrocarbyl or aliphatic hydrocarbylcarbonyl group, more preferably a C10-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group or a C10-<NUM> alkylcarbonyl or alkenylcarbonyl group, further preferably a C10-<NUM> linear chain alkyl or linear chain alkenyl group or a C10-<NUM> linear chain alkylcarbonyl or linear chain alkenylcarbonyl group.

As a corrosion inhibitor other than the component (F), for example, any known corrosion inhibitor such as thiadiazole compounds and imidazole compounds may be used without particular limitations. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise a corrosion inhibitor other than the component (F). When the lubricating oil composition comprises a corrosion inhibitor other than the component (F), the content of this corrosion inhibitor is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this corrosion inhibitor at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of the content of this corrosion inhibitor is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

As a metal deactivator other than the component (F), for example, any known metal deactivator such as imidazoline, pyrimidine derivatives, alkylthiadiazoles, mercaptobenzothiazoles, <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-thiadiazole polysulfide, <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-thiadiazolyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-bis(dialkyl dithiocarbamate), <NUM>-(alkyldithio)benzimidazole, and β-(o-carboxybenzylthio)propionitrile may be used without particular limitations. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise a metal deactivator other than the component (F). When the lubricating oil composition comprises a metal deactivator other than the component (F), the content of this metal deactivator is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this metal deactivator at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of the content of this metal deactivator is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

As an anti-rust agent, for example, any known anti-rust agent such as petroleum sulfonate, alkylbenzenesulfonate, dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate, alkenylsuccinate esters, and polyol esters may be used without particular limitations. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise an anti-rust agent. When the lubricating oil composition comprises an anti-rust agent, the content of this anti-rust agent is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this anti-rust agent at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of the content of this anti-rust agent is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%. In the present description, the content of any metal sulfonate shall contribute to the content of the metallic detergent even when used as an anti-rust agent.

As a demulsifier, for example, any known demulsifier such as polyoxyalkylene glycol-based nonionic surfactants including polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene alkylnaphthyl ether may be used without particular limitations. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise a demulsifier. When the lubricating oil composition comprises a demulsifier, the content of this demulsifier is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, on the basis of the total mass of the composition. The content of this demulsifier at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of this content is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

As an anti-foaming agent, any known anti-foaming agent such as silicones, fluorosilicones, and fluoroalkyl ethers may be used. The lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise an anti-foaming agent. When the lubricating oil composition comprises an anti-foaming agent, the content of this anti-foaming agent is preferably no more than <NUM> mass%, and more preferably no more than <NUM> mass%. The content of this anti-foaming agent at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition. The lower limit of this content is not particularly restricted, but in one embodiment may be no less than <NUM> mass%.

As a coloring agent, for example, any known coloring agent such as azo compounds may be used.

The kinematic viscosity of the lubricating oil composition at <NUM> is preferably <NUM> to <NUM><NUM>/s. The kinematic viscosity of the composition at <NUM> at the above described upper limit or less can lead to improved fuel efficiency. The kinematic viscosity of the composition at <NUM> at the above described lower limit or more can lead to further improved anti-seizure performance, anti-wear performance, anti-fatigue performance, and electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

In one embodiment, the volume resistivity of an oxidatively deteriorated oil of the lubricating oil composition at <NUM> is preferably no less than <NUM> × <NUM><NUM> Ω·cm. In the present description, the volume resistivity of an oxidatively deteriorated oil is volume resistivity of an oxidatively deteriorated oil measured at <NUM> in oil temperature, conforming to the volume resistivity test specified in JIS C2101: this oxidatively deteriorated oil is obtained by oxidation treatment on a fresh oil at <NUM> for <NUM> hours by the ISOT method (Indiana Stirring Oxidation Test) specified in JIS K2514-<NUM>.

In one embodiment, the total content of any compound having a non-phenolic OH group (which may be part of any other functional group (such as carboxy group and phosphoric acid group)) or a salt thereof, >NH group, or -NH<NUM> group (hereinafter may be referred to as "O/N-based active hydrogen-containing group"), and not contributing to any content of the metallic detergent, the succinimide ashless dispersant, the amine antioxidant, the succinimide friction modifier (the component (D1)), a phosphite diester compound that does not have an O/N-based active hydrogen-containing group in its alcohol residue (such as the component (E)), and the tolyltriazole metal deactivator may be preferably <NUM> to <NUM> mass ppm, in one embodiment <NUM> to <NUM> mass ppm, and in another embodiment <NUM> to <NUM> mass ppm, on the basis of the total mass of the lubricating oil composition in terms of the sum of the oxygen element content and the nitrogen element content. Examples of such an O/N-based active hydrogen compound include phosphoric acid (which may be in a form of a salt) and partial esters thereof; phosphorous acid (which may be in a form of a salt) and partial esters thereof (it is noted that any phosphite diester compound that does not have the above described O/N-based active hydrogen-containing group in its alcohol residue shall not fall under the O/N-based active hydrogen compound); nitrogen-containing oiliness agent-based friction modifiers each having a N-H bond (such as primary fatty amines, secondary fatty amines, fatty acid primary amides, fatty acid secondary amides, aliphatic ureas each having a N-H bond, and fatty acid hydrazides); nitrogen-containing oiliness agent-based friction modifiers each having a hydroxy group (such as amides of fatty acids and primary or secondary alkanolamines, and amides of primary or secondary fatty amines and aliphatic hydroxy acids); nitrogen-containing oiliness agent-based friction modifiers each having a carboxy group (which may be in a form of a salt) (such as N-acylated amino acids); oiliness agent-based friction modifiers each having a hydroxy group (such as glycerol monooleate), and oiliness agent-based friction modifiers each having a carboxy group (which may be in a form of a salt) (such as fatty acids and fatty acid metal salts). When one O/N-based active hydrogen compound comprises both an oxygen element and a nitrogen element, the amounts of both an oxygen element and a nitrogen element derived from this compound shall contribute to the total content of the O/N-based active hydrogen compound (total amount of oxygen and nitrogen elements) irrespective of whether each oxygen atom of the compound is bonded to a hydrogen atom and irrespective of whether each nitrogen atom of the compound is bonded to a hydrogen atom. The total content of the O/N-based active hydrogen compound at the above described upper limit or less can lead to further improved electrical insulation of a fresh oil and the oxidatively deteriorated oil.

The lubricating oil composition according to the present invention has balanced anti-fatigue performance and electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition, and thus may be preferably used as an electric motor oil, a transmission oil, a common lubricating oil for electric motors and transmissions (gear mechanisms), or a lubricating oil for electric drive modules including an electric motor and a transmission (gear mechanism). In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention may be preferably used for lubrication of electric motors in automobiles including the electric motor. In another embodiment, the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention may be preferably used for lubrication of electric motors and transmissions (gear mechanism) in automobiles including the electric motor and the transmission (gear mechanism).

Hereinafter, the present invention will be further specifically described based on examples and comparative examples. The present invention is not limited to these examples.

As shown in tables <NUM> to <NUM>, lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention (Examples <NUM> to <NUM>), reference lubricating oil compositions (Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and <NUM>), and lubricating oil compositions for comparison (comparative examples <NUM> to <NUM>) were each prepared. In the tables, "mass%" for the base oil means mass% on the basis of the total mass of the base oils (the total mass of the base oils is defined as <NUM> mass%), "mass%" for the other components means mass% on the basis of the total mass of the composition (the total mass of the composition is defined as <NUM> mass%), and "mass ppm" for the other components means mass ppm on the basis of the total mass of the composition. Details of the components are as follows.

D-<NUM>: succinimide friction modifier (in the general formula (<NUM>), R<NUM> = R<NUM> = an octadecenyl group, R<NUM> = R<NUM> = an ethylene group, d = <NUM>).

E-<NUM>: bis(<NUM>-thiaundecyl) hydrogen phosphite.

F-<NUM>: tolyltriazole metal deactivator.

The volume resistivity of a fresh oil, and the volume resistivity of an oxidatively deteriorated oil were measured for each lubricating oil composition. The oxidatively deteriorated oil was obtained by oxidation treatment on the fresh oil at <NUM> in oil temperature for <NUM> hours by the ISOT (Indiana Stirring Oxidation Test) method, conforming to JIS K2514-<NUM>. The volume resistivity of the fresh oil, and the volume resistivity of the oxidatively deteriorated oil were each measured at <NUM> in oil temperature, conforming to the volume resistivity test specified in JIS C2101. The results are shown in tables <NUM> to <NUM>. In this test, higher volume resistivity at <NUM> means better electrical insulation. The volume resistivity of the oxidatively deteriorated oil at <NUM> in this test is preferably no less than <NUM> × <NUM><NUM> Ω·cm.

For each lubricating oil composition, a rolling fatigue life of a thrust bearing was measured by a Unisteel test (IP305/<NUM>, The Institute of Petroleum) using a Unisteel rolling fatigue testing machine (triple-type high-temperature rolling fatigue testing machine (TRF-<NUM>/<NUM>-<NUM>) manufactured by Tokyo Koki Testing Machine Co. Time until either a roller or a test piece suffered fatigue damage was measured for a test bearing made by replacing a bearing ring in one side of a thrust needle bearing (FNTA-2542C manufactured by NSK Ltd. ) with a flat test piece (material: SUJ2), under the conditions of: <NUM> N in load; <NUM> GPa in surface pressure; <NUM> rpm in rotation speed; and <NUM> in oil temperature. It was determined that fatigue damage occurred when the vibration acceleration of a testing portion measured by a vibration accelerometer installed in the Unisteel rolling fatigue testing machine reached <NUM>/s<NUM>. The test was repeated ten times, and then a fatigue life was calculated as the <NUM>% life (L50: time for the cumulative probability to be <NUM>%) by a Weibull plot based on the time it had taken for fatigue damage to occur in the tests. The results are shown in tables <NUM> to <NUM>. A longer <NUM>% life measured in this test means better anti-fatigue performance.

The lubricating oil compositions of Examples <NUM> to <NUM> (examples according to the present invention) and Examples <NUM> to <NUM> and <NUM> (reference examples) showed good results in anti-fatigue performance, and electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

The lubricating oil compositions of comparative examples <NUM> and <NUM>, which comprised a calcium sulfonate detergent instead of the component (A) (calcium salicylate detergent), showed results inferior in anti-fatigue performance.

The lubricating oil composition of comparative example <NUM>, which comprised too high a content of the component (A), showed results inferior in electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

The lubricating oil composition of comparative example <NUM>, which comprised too high a content of the component (B), showed results inferior in electrical insulation of the oxidatively deteriorated composition.

Claim 1:
A lubricating oil composition comprising:
a lubricant base oil;
(A) a calcium salicylate detergent in an amount of <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of calcium on the basis of the total mass of the composition;
(B) a succinimide type ashless dispersant in an amount of <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition;
(C) a nitrogen-containing antioxidant in an amount of <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition; and
(D) a nitrogen-containing friction modifier in an amount of no more than <NUM> mass% in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition,
wherein a total content of any metallic detergent is <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of metal on the basis of the total mass of the composition,
the component (D) comprising (D1) a succinimide type friction modifier in an amount of <NUM> to <NUM> mass% in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition,
the component (D1) being a first condensation reaction product of a first alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid or anhydride thereof and a first polyamine,
the first alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C8-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group,
the first polyamine being a polyamine, a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkylated product of the polyamine, or a N-mono-C1-<NUM> alkenylated product of the polyamine, or any mixture thereof, and
the component (B) is a second condensation reaction product being a condensation reaction product of a second alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid or anhydride thereof and a polyamine,
the second alkyl- or alkenyl-succinic acid having a C40-<NUM> alkyl or alkenyl group.