Patent Description:
This invention was made with government support under NS095475 awarded by National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

Periventricular white matter injury in premature infants (PWMI; also referred to as diffuse white matter injury, or leukoencephalopathy of prematurity) is a neurological disorder characterized by reduction of white matter in periventricular and other brain regions <NUM>-<NUM>. Up to <NUM>% of preterm infants manifest some form of PWMI, making it the most common form of brain injury affecting premature infants <NUM>,<NUM>-<NUM>,<NUM>.

PWMI is associated with attention, behavioral, and socialization deficits <NUM>. Such deficits include impairment in intelligence, object working memory, various executive functions, impulse control, and some characteristics of autism <NUM>-<NUM>. Highlighting the magnitude of PWMI, each year in the United States more than <NUM>,<NUM> infants are born prematurely, with <NUM>,<NUM> born before <NUM>-week, post-conception age<NUM>. Of the <NUM>,<NUM> infants born annually at risk for PWMI, about <NUM>,<NUM> children per year will develop PWMI. Worldwide, <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM> infants will be born annually at risk for PWMI, and about <NUM>,<NUM> children per year will develop PWMI<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>. It is estimated the lifetime care costs for infants who develop cerebral palsy due to PWMI exceeds $<NUM> million per infant <NUM>.

A method for treating or preventing a CNS white matter injury in a patient in need thereof is disclosed in <CIT>. Disclosed is a method of stimulating proliferation of a CNS cell in a patient in need thereof. <CIT> refers to a method altering the lifespan of a eukaryotic organism. <CIT> discloses compounds as sirtuin modulators.

Despite the wide prevalence of PWMI and the considerable morbidity associated with it, no direct treatments are available to either treat or prevent the white matter injury that these infants sustain.

Recent studies show that caffeine and epidermal growth factor may mitigate this condition in animals <NUM>,<NUM>. However, none is fully protective. Thus, finding a treatment for PWMI is of major public health importance and of great commercial potential.

Provided herein are compounds, compositions, and methods of use that are useful to address significant unmet need of patients afflicted with disorders associated with oligodendrocyte stimulation and differentiation, myelination, and symptoms thereof. Any references to methods of treatment in the subsequent paragraphs of this description are to be interpreted as references to the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments of the present invention for use in a method for treatment of the human (or animal) body by therapy (or for diagnosis).

The invention is directed towards the use of compounds (e.g., any of those delineated herein) as a medicament forthe treatment of diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof.

It is understood that the embodiments of the invention discussed below with respect to the preferred variable selections can be taken alone or in combination with one or more embodiments, or preferred variable selections, of the invention, as if each combination were explicitly listed herein.

In one aspect, provided are compounds of Formula I:
<CHM>
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates, thereof, wherein:.

In another aspect the compounds for use as a medicament are those of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates, thereof, wherein:.

In other aspects the compounds for use as a medicament are those of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates, thereof:.

In other aspects the compounds for use as a medicament of the invention are:
<CHM>.

In another aspect, provided are compounds of Formula I for use as a medicament for treating, hypomyelination or myelination disorder.

In another aspect, provided compounds of Formula I for use as a medicament for reducing ventriculomegaly.

In another aspect, provided are compounds of Formula I for use as a medicament for treating periventricular white matter injury (PWMI; also referred to as diffuse white matter injury, or leukoencephalopathy), myelination disorders, abnormal PreOL proliferation, abnormal PreOL differentiation, symptoms associated with PWMI (e.g., attention, behavioral, and socialization deficits, impairment in intellegence, object working memory, various executive functions, impulse control, or some characteristics of autism).

The present invention is further described below with reference to the following non-limiting examples and with reference to the following figures, in which:.

In order that the invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined here for convenience.

As used herein, the term "treating" a disorder encompasses ameliorating, mitigating and/or managing the disorder and/or conditions that may cause the disorder. The terms "treating" and "treatment" refer to a method of alleviating or abating a disease and/or its attendant symptoms. In accordance with the present invention "treating" includes blocking, inhibiting, attenuating, modulating, reversing the effects of and reducing the occurrence of e.g., the harmful effects of a disorder.

As used herein, the term "preventing" a disorder encompasses stopping initiation of, or stopping the arising of the disorder and/or symptoms or conditions that may cause the disorder. The terms "preventing" and "prevention" refer to a method of effectual hindrance of a disease and/or its attendant symptoms.

As used herein, "inhibiting" encompasses preventing, reducing and halting progression.

As used herein, "activating" encompasses permitting, increasing and enhancing progression.

As used herein, "enriched" encompasses greater or increased amounts of a material or desired or active compound or agent relative to its natural or other reference state.

The term "modulate" refers to increases or decreases in the activity of a cell in response to exposure to a compound of the invention.

The terms "isolated," "purified," or "biologically pure" refer to material that is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany it as found in its native state. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. Particularly, in embodiments the compound is at least <NUM>% pure, more preferably at least <NUM>% pure, more preferably at least <NUM>% pure, and most preferably at least <NUM>% pure.

The terms "polypeptide," "peptide" and "protein" are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymer.

A "peptide" is a sequence of at least two amino acids. Peptides can consist of short as well as long amino acid sequences, including proteins.

The term "amino acid" refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.

The term "protein" refers to series of amino acid residues connected one to the other by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carboxy groups of adjacent residues.

Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.

As to amino acid sequences, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in the encoded sequence is a "conservatively modified variant" where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art.

The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount of the compound being administered sufficient to prevent development of or alleviate to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the condition or disorder being treated.

A therapeutically effective amount of compound (i.e., an effective dosage) may range from about <NUM>µg/kg to about <NUM>/kg, preferably about <NUM>/kg to about <NUM>/kg, more preferably about <NUM>/kg to about <NUM>/kg of body weight. In other embodiments, the therapeutically effect amount may range from about <NUM> pM to about <NUM>. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. In one example, a subject is treated with a compound in the range of between about <NUM>µg/kg to about <NUM>/kg of body weight, one time per day for between about <NUM> to <NUM> weeks, preferably between <NUM> to <NUM> weeks, more preferably between about <NUM> to <NUM> weeks, and even more preferably for about <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> weeks. In another example, a subject may be treated daily for several years in the setting of a chronic condition or illness. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment.

The term "chiral" refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term "achiral" refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.

The term "diastereomers" refers to stereoisomers with two or more centers of dissymmetry and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another.

The term "enantiomers" refers to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a "racemic mixture" or a "racemate.

The term "isomers" or "stereoisomers" refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.

The term "prodrug" includes compounds with moieties which can be metabolized in vivo. Generally, the prodrugs are metabolized in vivo by esterases or by other mechanisms to active drugs. Examples of prodrugs and their uses are well known in the art (See, e.g., <NPL>). The prodrugs can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form or hydroxyl with a suitable esterifying agent. Hydroxyl groups can be converted into esters via treatment with a carboxylic acid. Examples of prodrug moieties include substituted and unsubstituted, branched or unbranched lower alkyl ester moieties, (e.g., propionoic acid esters), lower alkenyl esters, di-lower alkylamino lower-alkyl esters (e.g., dimethylaminoethyl ester), acylamino lower alkyl esters (e.g., acetyloxymethyl ester), acyloxy lower alkyl esters (e.g., pivaloyloxymethyl ester), aryl esters (phenyl ester), aryl-lower alkyl esters (e.g., benzyl ester), substituted (e.g., with methyl, halo, or methoxy substituents) aryl and aryl-lower alkyl esters, amides, lower-alkyl amides, di-lower alkyl amides, and hydroxy amides. Preferred prodrug moieties are propionoic acid esters and acyl esters.

The term "subject" refers to animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human child, a human infant, or a human premature infant.

The terms "a," "an," and "the" refer to "one or more" when used in this application, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to "a sample" includes a plurality of samples, unless the context clearly is to the contrary (e.g., a plurality of samples), and so forth.

Throughout this specification and the claims, the words "comprise," "comprises," and "comprising" are used in a non-exclusive sense, except where the context requires otherwise.

As used herein, the term "about," when referring to a value is meant to encompass variations of, in some embodiments ± <NUM>%, in some embodiments ± <NUM>%, in some embodiments ± <NUM>%, in some embodiments ± <NUM>%, in some embodiments ± <NUM>%, and in some embodiments ± <NUM>% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods or employ the disclosed compositions.

The term "administration" or "administering" includes routes of introducing the compound(s) to a subject to perform their intended function. Examples of routes of administration which can be used include injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intrathecal), topical, oral, inhalation, rectal and transdermal.

The phrases "systemic administration," "administered systemically", "peripheral administration" and "administered peripherally" as used herein mean the administration of a compound(s), drug or other material, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes.

Furthermore the compounds of the invention include olefins having either geometry: "Z" refers to what is referred to as a "cis" (same side) conformation whereas "E" refers to what is referred to as a "trans" (opposite side) conformation. With respect to the nomenclature of a chiral center, the terms "d" and "l" configuration are as defined by the IUPAC Recommendations. As to the use of the terms, diastereomer, racemate, epimer and enantiomer, these will be used in their normal context to describe the stereochemistry of preparations.

As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to a straight-chained or branched hydrocarbon group containing <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms. The term "lower alkyl" refers to a C1-C6 alkyl chain. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, and n-pentyl. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term "alkenyl" refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term "alkynyl" refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The sp<NUM> or sp carbons of an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group, respectively, may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl or alkynyl groups.

The term "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical.

As used herein, the term "halogen", "hal" or "halo" means -F, -Cl, -Br or -I.

The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon <NUM>-<NUM> membered monocyclic or <NUM>-<NUM> membered bicyclic ring system having at least one saturated ring or having at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein the non-aromatic ring may have some degree of unsaturation. Cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> atoms of each ring of a cycloalkyl group may be substituted by a substituent. Representative examples of cycloalkyl group include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and the like.

The term "aryl" refers to a hydrocarbon monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring system. Aryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> or <NUM> atoms of each ring of an aryl group may be substituted by a substituent. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and the like.

The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic <NUM>-<NUM> membered monocyclic, <NUM>-<NUM> membered bicyclic, or <NUM>-<NUM> membered tricyclic ring system having <NUM>-<NUM> ring heteroatoms if monocyclic, <NUM>-<NUM> heteroatoms if bicyclic, or <NUM>-<NUM> heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S, and the remainder ring atoms being carbon (with appropriate hydrogen atoms unless otherwise indicated). Heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> atoms of each ring of a heteroaryl group may be substituted by a substituent. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, imidazolyl thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, and the like.

The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a nonaromatic <NUM>-<NUM> membered monocyclic, <NUM>-<NUM> membered bicyclic, or <NUM>-<NUM> membered tricyclic ring system comprising <NUM>-<NUM> heteroatoms if monocyclic, <NUM>-<NUM> heteroatoms if bicyclic, or <NUM>-<NUM> heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, S, B, P or Si, wherein the nonaromatic ring system is completely saturated. Heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> atoms of each ring of a heterocycloalkyl group may be substituted by a substituent. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, <NUM>,<NUM>-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thiirenyl, and the like.

The term "alkylamino" refers to an amino substituent which is further substituted with one or two alkyl groups. The term "aminoalkyl" refers to an alkyl substituent which is further substituted with one or more amino groups. The term "hydroxyalkyl" or "hydroxylalkyl" refers to an alkyl substituent which is further substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups. The alkyl or aryl portion of alkylamino, aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkoxy, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, alkylcarbonyl, and alkylcarbonylalkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

Acids and bases useful in the methods herein are known in the art. Acid catalysts are any acidic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g., hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric acids, aluminum trichloride) or organic (e.g., camphorsulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, ytterbium triflate) in nature. Acids are useful in either catalytic or stoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions. Bases are any basic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide) or organic (e.g., triethylamine, pyridine) in nature. Bases are useful in either catalytic or stoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions.

Alkylating agents are any reagent that is capable of effecting the alkylation of the functional group at issue (e.g., oxygen atom of an alcohol, nitrogen atom of an amino group). Alkylating agents are known in the art, including in the references cited herein, and include alkyl halides (e.g., methyl iodide, benzyl bromide or chloride), alkyl sulfates (e.g., methyl sulfate), or other alkyl group-leaving group combinations known in the art. Leaving groups are any stable species that can detach from a molecule during a reaction (e.g., elimination reaction, substitution reaction) and are known in the art, including in the references cited herein, and include halides (e.g., I-, Cl-, Br-, F-), hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., -OMe, -O-t-Bu), acyloxy anions (e.g., - OAc, -OC(O)CF<NUM>), sulfonates (e.g., mesyl, tosyl), acetamides (e.g., -NHC(O)Me), carbamates (e.g., N(Me)C(O)Ot-Bu), phosphonates (e.g., -OP(O)(OEt)<NUM>), water or alcohols (protic conditions), and the like.

In certain embodiments, substituents on any group (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl) can be at any atom of that group, wherein any group that can be substituted (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl) can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents (which may be the same or different), each replacing a hydrogen atom. Examples of suitable substituents include, but are not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, aryloxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, oxo (i.e., carbonyl), carboxyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, thio, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, arylsulfonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylcarbonyl, or arylamino-substituted aryl; arylalkylamino, aralkylaminocarbonyl, amido, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, imino, carbamido, carbamyl, thioureido, thiocyanato, sulfoamido, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, or mercaptoalkoxy.

Compounds (e.g., isolated compounds) of the invention can be made by means known in the art of organic synthesis. Methods for optimizing reaction conditions, if necessary minimizing competing by-products, are known in the art. Reaction optimization and scale-up may advantageously utilize high-speed parallel synthesis equipment and computer-controlled microreactors (e.g. <NPL>; <NPL>; and references therein). Additional reaction schemes and protocols may be determined by the skilled artesian by use of commercially available structure-searchable database software, for instance, SciFinder® (CAS division of the American Chemical Society) and CrossFire Beilstein® (Elsevier MDL), or by appropriate keyword searching using an internet search engine such as Google® or keyword databases such as the US Patent and Trademark Office text database.

The compounds herein may also contain linkages (e.g., carbon-carbon bonds) wherein bond rotation is restricted about that particular linkage, e.g. restriction resulting from the presence of a ring or double bond. Accordingly, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers are expressly included in the present invention. The compounds herein may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may be represented. All such isomeric forms of such compounds herein are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms and polymorphs of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the present invention. Also embodied are extracts and fractions comprising compounds of the invention. The term isomers is intended to include diastereoisomers, enantiomers, regioisomers, structural isomers, rotational isomers, tautomers, and the like. For compounds which contain one or more stereogenic centers, e.g., chiral compounds, the the invention may be carried out with an enantiomerically enriched compound, a racemate, or a mixture of diastereomers.

The present invention also contemplates solvates (e.g., hydrates) of a compound of herein, compositions thereof, and their use in the treatment of disease or symptoms thereof as described herein. As used herein, "solvate" refers to the physical association of a compound of the invention with one or more solvent or water molecules, whether organic or inorganic. In certain instances, the solvate is capable of isolation, for example, when one or more solvate molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.

Preferred enantiomerically enriched compounds have an enantiomeric excess of <NUM>% or more, more preferably the compound has an enantiomeric excess of <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, <NUM>%, or <NUM>% or more. In preferred embodiments, only one enantiomer or diastereomer of a chiral compound of the invention is administered to cells or a subject.

This invention is directed towards compounds delineated herein for use as a medicament for treating and/or preventing diseases and disorders.

In other aspects, the invention provides compounds delineated herein for use as a medicament for treating and/or preventing a disease, disorder, or symptom thereof in a subject. In another aspect, the compound is administered in an amount and under conditions sufficient to ameliorate the disease, disorder, or symptom thereof in a subject.

In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal, preferably a primate or human.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds for use as a medicament as described above, wherein the effective amount of the compound ranges from about <NUM>µg/kg to about <NUM>/kg, preferably about <NUM>/kg to about <NUM>/kg, more preferably about <NUM>/kg to about <NUM>/kg of body weight.

In other embodiments, the invention provides compounds for use as a medicament as described above wherein the effective amount of the compound, ranges from about <NUM> to about <NUM>. In another embodiment, the effective amount ranges from about <NUM> to about <NUM>.

In other embodiments, the invention provides compounds for use as a medicament as described above wherein the effective amount of the compound, ranges from about <NUM>/ml to about <NUM>/ml. In certain embodiments, the effective amount ranges from about <NUM>/ml to about <NUM>/ml. In another embodiment, the effective amount ranges from about <NUM>/ml to about <NUM>/ml.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds for use as a medicament as described above, wherein the compound is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracerebroventricularly, orally, ocularly, or topically.

In other embodiments, the invention provides compounds for use as a medicament as described above, wherein the compound is administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents.

Another object of the present invention is the use of a compound as described herein (e.g., of any formulae herein) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a disorder or disease described herein. Another object of the present invention is the use of a compound as described herein (e.g., of any formulae herein) for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a disorder or disease described herein.

In one aspect, disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any of the formulae herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:.

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition further comprising an additional therapeutic agent.

In one aspect, disclosed is a kit comprising an effective amount of a the compound, in unit dosage form, together with instructions for administering the compound to a subject suffering in need of stimulating myelination (e.g., treating hypomyelination), stimulating proliferation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), or stimulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells, comprising administering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of Formula I (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates, thereof).

In one aspect, disclosed is a kit comprising an effective amount of a compound, or composition thereof, in unit dosage form, together with instructions for administering the compound to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease or disorder, including periventricular white matter injury (PWMI; also referred to as diffuse white matter injury, or leukoencephalopathy), myelination disorders, abnormal PreOL proliferation, abnormal PreOL differentiation, symptoms associated with PWMI (e.g., attention, behavioral, and socialization deficits, impairment in intellegence, object working memory, various executive functions, impulse control, or some characteristics of autism), or cerebral palsey.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" or "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is meant to include salts of the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., <NPL>)). Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known to those of skill in the art are suitable for the present invention.

The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compounds which are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent. Prodrugs do not form part of the invention.

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

Disclosed is also a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In an embodiment, compound is administered to the subject using a pharmaceutically-acceptable formulation, e.g., a pharmaceutically-acceptable formulation that provides sustained delivery of the compound to a subject for at least <NUM> hours, <NUM> hours, <NUM> hours, <NUM> hours, one week, two weeks, three weeks, or four weeks after the pharmaceutically-acceptable formulation is administered to the subject.

Actual dosage levels and time course of administration of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic (or unacceptably toxic) to the patient.

In use, at least one compound according to the present invention is administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof in a pharmaceutical carrier by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intracerebro ventricular injection or by oral administration or topical application. In accordance with the present invention, a compound of the invention may be administered alone or in conjunction with a second, different therapeutic. By "in conjunction with" is meant together, substantially simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered acutely. The compound of the invention may therefore be administered for a short course of treatment, such as for about <NUM> day to about <NUM> week. In another embodiment, the compound of the invention may be administered over a longer period of time to ameliorate chronic disorders, such as, for example, for about one week to several months depending upon the condition to be treated.

By "pharmaceutically effective amount" as used herein is meant an amount of a compound of the invention, high enough to significantly positively modify the condition to be treated but low enough to avoid serious side effects (at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio), within the scope of sound medical judgment. A pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the invention will vary with the particular goal to be achieved, the age and physical condition of the patient being treated, the severity of the underlying disease, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy and the specific organozinc compound employed. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention administered to a child or a neonate will be reduced proportionately in accordance with sound medical judgment. The effective amount of a compound of the invention will thus be the minimum amount which will provide the desired effect.

A decided practical advantage of the present invention is that the compound may be administered in a convenient manner such as by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, ocularly, or intra-cerebroventricular injection routes or by topical application, such as in creams or gels. Depending on the route of administration, the active ingredients which comprise a compound of the invention may be required to be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which may inactivate the compound. In order to administer a compound of the invention by other than parenteral administration, the compound can be coated by, or administered with, a material to prevent inactivation.

The compound may be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Dispersions can also be prepared, for example, in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof, and in oils.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, DMSO, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion. In many cases it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compound of the invention in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized compounds into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and the freeze-drying technique which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

For oral therapeutic administration, the compound may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Compositions or preparations according to the present invention are prepared so that an oral dosage unit form contains compound concentration sufficient to treat a disorder in a subject.

Some examples of substances which can serve as pharmaceutical carriers are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethycellulose, ethylcellulose and cellulose acetates; powdered tragancanth; malt; gelatin; talc; stearic acids; magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oils, cotton seed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, manitol, and polyethylene glycol; agar; alginic acids; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; and phosphate buffer solution; skim milk powder; as well as other non-toxic compatible substances used in pharmaceutical formulations such as Vitamin C, estrogen and echinacea, for example. Wetting agents and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as coloring agents, flavoring agents, lubricants, excipients, tableting agents, stabilizers, anti-oxidants and preservatives, can also be present.

Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application. For topical application topically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment, lotion, or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, water, phenoxyethanol, citric acid, phosphoric acid, succinic acid, steareth-<NUM>, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, ethylparaben, isobutylparaben, glyceryl stearate, dimethicone, capryl glycol, triethanolamine, maltodextrin, sorbic acid, ethylene brassylate, methyl linalool, isobutyl methyl tetrahydropyranol, phenonip, tocopheryl acetate, prodew <NUM>, isododecane, pentylene glycol, capric/caprylic triglyceride, shea butter, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, polysorbate <NUM>, xanthan gum, C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkyl benzoate, sunscreen agents, sodium cocoamphodiacetate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, polyamide powder, animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins (e.g., liquid paraffin, isoparaffin, soft paraffin), starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols (e.g., polyethylene glycol, PEG-<NUM> stearate, hexadecyl stearate, decyl stearate, isopropyl isostearate, stearyl stearate; aluminium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, PEG-<NUM> dimethicone, polyethylene glycol (<NUM>-<NUM>) mono- and di-fatty acid esters, PEG-<NUM> or PEG-<NUM>), silicones, zinc oxide, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, hexylene glycol, <NUM>,<NUM>-butylene glycol, <NUM>,<NUM>-butylene glycol monostearate, <NUM>,<NUM>-butylene glycol distearate, <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerin, propoxylated glycerin, ethylhexylglycerin, xylitol, hexyl laurate, isohexyl laurate, isohexyl palmitate, ethylhexyl palmitate, isopropyl palmirate, decyl oleate, isodecyl oleate, diisopropyl adipate, diisohexyl adipate, dihexyldecyl adipate, diisopropyl sebacate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, cetyl lactate, oleyl myristate, myristyl myristate, oleyl stearate, oleyl oleate; ethylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, diethylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters, polyglycerol poly-fatty esters, ethoxylated glyceryl monostearate, polyoxyethylene polyol fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., sorbitan isostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters), cellulose polymers, carbomer polymers, carbomer derivatives, essential oils, terpenes, oxazoldines, surfactants, polyols, azone and azone derivatives, microcrystalline wax, wax esters such as beeswax, spermaceti, terol esters, cholesterol fatty acid esters, mineral oil, polyalphaolefins, petrolatum, polybutenes, lays (e.g., Montmorillonite, Hectorite, Laponite Bentonite), mica, silica, alumina, zeolites, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, fatty acid soaps, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, alkyl benzene sulfonate, mono- and di-alkyl acid phosphates, sarcosinates, taurates, sodium fatty acyl isethionate; dialkylamine oxide, betaines (e.g., betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine), vegetable oil (e.g., arachis oil, castor oil and the like), cetostearyl alcohol, wool-fat, non-ionic emulsifying agents, glycerol, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, olive oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, cresols, benzyl alcohol, phenyllic alcohol, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, glucose, raffinose, arginine, glycine, histidine, dextran, ethylene glycol, ethanol, and methanol. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate <NUM>, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, <NUM>-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol, and water. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches and iontophoretic administration are also included in this invention.

Ocular administration of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by ocular application. For ocular application topically to the eyes, the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable liquid, ointment, or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for ocular administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, the aforementioned carriers for topical administration in addition to <NUM>,<NUM>-dioleoyl-<NUM>-trimethylammonium-propane chloride (DOTAP), <NUM>,<NUM>-distearoyl-SN-glycero-<NUM>-phosphocholine, alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, arginine octadecylamine, castor oil, chitosan, dextrose, gellan gum, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), lecithins (egg and soybean), mannitol, oleylamine, poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA), Poloxamer <NUM>, Poloxamer <NUM>, Poloxamer CRL <NUM>, poly (ε-caprolactone), poly (N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm), polyamidoamine (PAMAM), polyethylene glycol <NUM>, polyethylene glycol <NUM> stearate, poly-hexyl-<NUM>-cyanoacrylate, poly-L-lysine (PLL), polymethacrylic acid, polysorbate <NUM>, polyvinyl alcohol, propylene glycol, quaternary ammoniums, sodium alginate, sorbitol, stearylamine, tyloxapol, and water.

For topical administration, the active compound(s), extracts, enriched extracts, or prodrug(s) can be formulated as solutions, gels, lotions, ointments, creams, suspensions, and the like.

The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

The present invention will now be demonstrated using specific examples that are not to be construed as limiting.

Compounds of the invention are made using materials and procedures known to those of ordinary skill in the field of organic synthesis. Compounds can be made essentially using schemes as described herein, however it being understood that alternate synthetic routes, reagents, order of steps, and reaction conditions may be utilized to achieve manufacture of the compounds herein, and such alternatives are numerous and are described in known organic chemistry literature, and within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

The methods described herein may also additionally include steps, either before or after the steps described specifically herein, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the compounds herein. In addition, various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the applicable compounds are known in the art and include, for example, those described in <NPL>) and subsequent editions thereof; <NPL>) and subsequent editions thereof; <NPL>) and subsequent editions thereof; and <NPL>) and subsequent editions thereof.

The synthetic methods described herein may also additionally include steps, either before or after any of the steps described in any scheme, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the compound of the formulae described herein. The methods delineated herein contemplate converting compounds of one formula to compounds of another formula. The process of converting refers to one or more chemical transformations, which can be performed in situ, or with isolation of intermediate compounds. The transformations can include reacting the starting compounds or intermediates with additional reagents using techniques and protocols known in the art, including those in the references cited herein. Intermediates can be used with or without purification (e.g., filtration, distillation, sublimation, crystallization, trituration, solid phase extraction, and chromatography). <CHM>
<CHM>.

Compounds of the invention can be made, for example, essentially according to the protocol illustrated in Scheme I, wherein the group depicted as "R" is -(CH<NUM>)m-CH<NUM>-C(O)-NR<NUM>R<NUM> , or can be a suitably protected form of such group (protecting group and protecting/deprotecting chemical transformation technology being well established in the art; see, for example,<NPL>) and subsequent editions thereof, or can be a moiety that can be transformed to the desired "R" group using chemistry reagents, materials, and procedures known to those of ordinary skill in the field of organic synthesis, see, for example, aforementioned chemistry references.

The following compounds can be made essentially using the synthetic route above:
<CHM>.

Reduced white matter is a major feature of PWMI <NUM><NUM>,<NUM>-<NUM> raising the possibility that there is abnormal development of oligodendrocytes (OLs) <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>. OL maturation involves a complex series of events during which progenitor cells undergo dramatic morphological and biochemical changes that lead to the formation of OLs that myelinate axons <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>.

Four stages of OL differentiation are recognized, including early OL progenitors, late OL progenitors, immature OLs, and mature OLs (<FIG>) <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>. Early OL progenitor cells express the A2B5 antigen, the platelet-derived growth factor (PGF) receptor, and NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan <NUM>,<NUM>. These cells differentiate into late oligodendrocyte progenitors. Late OL progenitor cells (PreOLs; also called oligodendrocyte precursor cells) express A2B5, O4 and NG2 surface antigen, but do not express O1 antigens <NUM>-<NUM>. PreOLs also express Olig-<NUM>-labeled nuclei and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PGFR-alpha)<NUM>. PreOLs are mitotically active premyelinating cells, are migratory, and give rise to immature OLs, which express O1. In humans, PreOLs are present in the brains of premature infants from postconception ages <NUM> to <NUM> weeks <NUM>, which correspond with the peak period of PWMI vulnerability <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>.

An extensive body of literature shows that there are parallels between rodent and human OL development <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>. Furthermore, in animals, PWMI-like features are induced by exposing neonates to hypoxia, hypoxia-ischemia, inflammation, or by reduction in cerebral blood flow <NUM>-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>, facilitating studies of OL maturation in these conditions.

From postnatal days <NUM>-<NUM> (P2-<NUM>) in rodents, PreOLs predominate and correspond within the window of <NUM>-<NUM> weeks when PreOLs predominate in humans <NUM>. This window overlaps with the high-risk period for PWMI that extends from <NUM> to <NUM> post-conception weeks <NUM>. After P7 in rodents, immature OLs predominate, which overlaps with between <NUM> weeks and term birth (<NUM>-<NUM> weeks) when human immature OLs peak. Thus, properly timed studies of rodent OLs can be used to mimic human OL development (<FIG>).

The leading concept in PWMI causation is that damage to or abnormal PreOL proliferation and/or differentiation depletes the brain of myelinating cells, resulting in white matter injury <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-<NUM> (see supporting letter from Dr. Although there are no human clinical intervention studies of agents that specifically stimulate PreOLs, as such agents have not been tested. Recent experimental evidence shows that compounds that stimulate PreOLs differentiation and myelination improve neurobehavioral outcomes <NUM>. We also find that neonatal diazoxide therapy in a model of PWMI markedly improves myelination and reduces ventriculomegaly <NUM>,<NUM>, and improves neurocognitive function. These results and observations indicate that it is possible to prevent white matter disease by developing therapeutic agents that stimulate OL proliferation and differentiation and myelination.

Compounds were tested for their ability to stimulate PreOL proliferation, as reported by us <NUM>,<NUM>. Primary cultures from rat were <NUM>% PreOLs<NUM>-<NUM>. <NUM>,<NUM> cells were seeded at <NUM> uL/well volume in <NUM>-well plates (BD Biosciences, Corning, PerkinElmer or NUNC). At least <NUM> positive (C+) and <NUM> negative (c-) controls were included on each plate. For positive controls, cells were treated with a combination of growth factors (<NUM> ng/ml bFGF and <NUM> ng/ml PDGF). For negative controls, cells were treated with vehicle (DMEM + media). For initial screening, we tested compounds at a final concentration of <NUM>.

To assess effects on cell proliferation, DNA content was assessed via fluorescent dye binding, using the commercially available NF CYQUANT® Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), which has been validated for high throughput screening61. For each plate, the Z' factors were calculated, which is a parameter that evaluates the signal or screening window of a particular assay. Plates with Z' factors > <NUM> were included in the final analysis (Positive and negative control mean signals (µ) and standard deviations (σ) were combined to calculate the Z' for each plate: <NUM> positive (c+) and <NUM> negative (c-) controls were included on each plate).

After initial screening, the compounds with the greatest effect on cell proliferation were selected for rescreening (each compound was tested on <NUM> independent plates). Compounds were tested side-by-side with diazoxide. Of the compounds evaluated, (K261-<NUM>, K261-<NUM>, K261-<NUM> and K261-<NUM>) were <NUM>-<NUM> fold more potent than diazoxide in promoting proliferation.

Concentration-response studies were performed using concentrations between <NUM> pM and <NUM>. EC<NUM> values were ~<NUM> for K261-<NUM> and K261-<NUM> and ~<NUM> for K261-<NUM> and K261-<NUM>. Considering the potency of diazoxide in stimulating white matter formation and attenuating PWMI in our previous studies <NUM>,<NUM>, an increase in potency of up to <NUM>-fold may potentially completely ameliorate this condition, which was achieved. These data show that the compounds herein potently stimulate PreOL proliferation greater than diazoxide.

Before undertaking in vivo testing, we assessed the ability of the lead compounds to promote OL development and myelination using mouse brain slices, as reported <NUM>,<NUM>. Each compound and concentration was tested in triplicate, in at least three separate studies. Slices were collected at <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> days in vitro, fixed in <NUM>% paraformaldehyde, and used for immunohistochemical staining. Slices were stained for markers of myelination (MBP; myelin basic protein; oligodendrocyte development (PGF-receptor, O1, Olig <NUM>, O4) and markers of cell death (caspase-<NUM>), and DAPI to label all cells, as reported <NUM>. Data revealed that each of our lead compounds stimulated myelination more than diazoxide (<FIG>), as there was at least a <NUM>% increase in MBP staining versus vehicle for each compound. We also observed at least a <NUM>% increase in the number of O1-labeled cells with each compound (data not shown; p<<NUM>) with each compound lending to increased numbers of PreOLs. These data show that Compound <NUM> [K261-<NUM>] stimulates myelination in vitro.

Critical in evaluating compounds for potential clinical use is assessment of in vivo safety. Following the above studies, we performed toxicology studies:
Dose-range and toxicity studies in mice. In consultation with UF veterinary staff and the IACUC committee, toxicity studies were performed. Based on the LD50 for our parent compound diazoxide (<NUM>-<NUM>/kg), we assessed the approximate LD50 for these new compounds with a step wise approach using doses <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>/kg. Compounds were dissolved in <NUM>% DMSO and diluted with <NUM>% NaCl before injecting. The IP route (<NUM>-<NUM> ul) was used to treat <NUM>-<NUM> week old female adults. We used females because in some studies they are more sensitive to toxins. Experiments were performed with the <NUM> compounds that had the largest effect on myelination in the brain slice cultures, including K261-<NUM> and K261-<NUM>. Mice were treated with a single dose.

For K261-<NUM>, the mice tolerated a single dose up to <NUM>/kg with no effect on weight or behavior. After <NUM> weeks, necropsies were done and no gross abnormalities were observed. Histopathological analysis did not reveal any evidence of cellular damage in any of the major organs examined. For K261-<NUM>, the highest dose we were able to administer was <NUM>/kg, because the compound precipitated out of solution at higher concentrations. There were no adverse effects observed at the <NUM>/kg dose, either at the behavioral or gross necropsy levels.

Multiday studies. Because of its more favorable solubility properties allowing us to administer higher doses, we next performed multiday toxicity studies with the K261-<NUM>. This study was performed at the <NUM>/kg dose for <NUM> days, and there were no adverse effects on animal behavior or weight loss over the <NUM>-day experiment. Necropsies were performed on <NUM> controls and <NUM> K261-<NUM>-treated mice and no gross malformations were observed. Histopathological analysis by a UF Veterinary Pathologist did not reveal evidence of damage in any major organs.

In addition, we also treated mouse pups starting on day P2 for ten days with <NUM>/kg/day K261-<NUM> or vehicle. We treated <NUM> pups from <NUM> different dams and all survived to the end of treatment without any differences in behavior or weight gain. We also evaluated for possible pulmonary hypertension. It does not appear that this compound induces pulmonary hypertension because all of our treated pups (N=<NUM>), juveniles (N=<NUM>), and adults (N=<NUM>) survived the ten days of treatment at <NUM>-fold the dose given to humans. We did not observe any symptoms of pulmonary hypertension, shortness of breath, lung damage, including blood clots and bleeding, or cardiac hypertrophy.

Toxicokinetic Sample Collection: After the above studies, compound kinetics were examined. Male and female mice at approximately <NUM> days of age were used (n=<NUM> mice per sex). Mice were given single i. injections of each of the doses identified above that do not result in toxicity. Samples were collected prior to dose and at <NUM> minutes, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> hours after. Compound levels were determined by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) at UF. These data revealed that after an injection of <NUM>/kg, peak drug levels were <NUM> +/- <NUM>; the circulating half-life was <NUM> +/- <NUM> hrs.

After adult studies, pups were studied at developmental stages equivalent to preterm infants to assess effects on myelination, as reported by us <NUM>. C57BL/<NUM> mice were reared in room air from P2 to P12, and treated daily with the compound or vehicle. In our studies of diazoxide in room air, we observed increased myelination <NUM>. K261-<NUM> (<NUM>/kg) was given by injection, as above. Tissue slices were stained for markers of myelination (MBP) and oligodendrocyte development (O1, O4), as reported by us <NUM>,<NUM>. This analysis revealed <NUM>+/-<NUM>% increase in MBP labeling, a <NUM>+/- <NUM>% decrease in O4 labeling, and a <NUM>+/-<NUM>% increase in O1 labeling vs. vehicle (n= <NUM>; p<<NUM>; ANOVA; <FIG>). These data suggest that there is increased maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage favoring the development of O1-positive myelinating oligodendrocytes. The fact that we observed changes in central nervous system myelination at animals at stages equivalent to preterm infants suggests that there is bioavailability of the compound to the brain, supporting the notion of penetration of the blood-brain-barrier of the compound.

Data indicate that K261-<NUM> is useful to treat and/or prevent PWMI. We have initiated preclinical testing using the chronic sublethal hypoxia model of PWMI. Mice were reared under hypoxic or normoxic conditions from P2 to P12, as reported <NUM>. At P2, litters were placed in a Plexiglas chamber in which ambient O<NUM> levels are maintained at <NUM> ± <NUM> % O<NUM>. Normoxic animals were exposed to room air. To date we tested K261-<NUM> at <NUM>/kg, and mice were treated once per day from P2 to P12. At the end of the treatment period mice were examined for ventriculomegaly, as reported <NUM>,<NUM>. These data revealed a marked reduction in ventriculomegaly in the K261-<NUM> (<NUM> +/- <NUM><NUM>) vs. vehicle-treated (<NUM> +/- <NUM><NUM>) mice (n= <NUM> per treatment, p<<NUM>; <FIG>). Compared with normoxic controls <NUM>,<NUM>, ventricle sizes in the drug-treated hypoxia animals were similar. Summary of Supporting Data: Collectively, our data show that we identified compounds that are non-toxic, have favorable pharmacokinetic properties, promote the development of myelinating oligodendrocytes, and stimulate myelination in vivo and in vitro. As such, we are in a favorable position to pursue the development of compounds as novel therapeutics for a huge unmet need.

Claim 1:
A compound of Formula I:
<CHM>
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates, thereof, wherein:
each R<NUM> is independently H, alkyl substituted with <NUM>-<NUM> independent R<NUM>;
each R<NUM> is independently alkyl substituted with <NUM>-<NUM> independent R<NUM>; or R<NUM> and R<NUM> taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycloalkyl ring having <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM> heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted with <NUM>-<NUM> independent R<NUM>;
each R<NUM> is independently alkyl, alkoxy, amino, halo, C(<NUM>)R<NUM>, C(<NUM>)0R<NUM>, SR<NUM>, or NR<NUM>R<NUM>;
each R<NUM> is independently alkoxy, or aryl optionally substituted with <NUM>-<NUM> independent R<NUM>;
each R<NUM> is independently H, or alkyl;
each R<NUM> is independently H, or alkyl;
each R<NUM> is independently alkyl, alkoxy, amino, halo, C(<NUM>)R<NUM>, C(<NUM>)0R<NUM>, SR<NUM>, S(<NUM>)<NUM>R<NUM>, S(<NUM>)<NUM>NR<NUM>R<NUM>, or NR<NUM>R<NUM>; n is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>; and m is <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, or <NUM>
for use as a medicament.