Patent Description:
In many industrial processes, flotation is used to separate valuable or desired material from unwanted material. By way of example, in this process a mixture of water, valuable material, unwanted material, chemicals and air is placed into a flotation cell. The chemicals are used to make the desired material hydrophobic and the air is used to carry the material to the surface of the flotation cell. When the hydrophobic material and the air bubbles collide they become attached to each other. The bubble rises to the surface carrying the desired material with it.

The performance of the flotation cell is dependent on the bubble surface area flux in the collection zone of the cell. The bubble surface area flux is dependent on the size of the bubbles and the air injection rate. Controlling the bubble surface area flux has traditionally been very difficult. This is a multivariable control problem and there are no dependable real time feedback mechanisms to use for control.

The mineral recovery of such a process can be highly dependent on the mineral particle size distribution entering the flotation cell. Typically, coarse and fine particles recovery can be significantly less than the optimal particle size. Mining operations routinely discharge large well liberated particles to the tailings pond.

<CIT> is concerned with removing finely dispersed particulate matter from a fluid using a particle functionalized by attachment of at least one activating group or amine functional group to modify the particle, so that the modified particle complexes with the particulate matter to form a removable complex.

<CIT> discloses a process for separating at least one hydrophobic material from a mixture comprising this at least one hydrophobic material and at least one hydrophilic material, wherein the process uses a solid hydrophobic surface.

<CIT> discloses a method for separating hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon bearing compositions by contacting buoyant beads having oleophilic surfaces with the composition. The hydrocarbons adhere to the oleophilic beads.

<CIT> discloses surface-modified particles obtained by reacting metal or semi-metal oxide particles with a silicon-containing compound.

<CIT> discloses processing rich ores using magnetic particles which are hydrophobic.

There is a need in the industry to provide a better way to separate valuable material from unwanted material, e.g., including in such a flotation cell, so as to eliminate problems associated with using air bubbles in such a separation process.

The problem is solved by the apparatus having the features indicated in independent claim <NUM>.

The present invention provides flotation separation techniques using lightweight synthetic beads, or so-called "Engineered Bubbles.

The present disclosure consists of replacing the air bubbles in a flotation cell that are presently used in the prior art with a similar density material that has very controllable size characteristics. By controlling the size and the injection rate a very accurate surface area flux can be achieved. This type of control would enable the bead size to be tuned or selected to the particle size of interest in order to better separate valuable or desired material from unwanted material in the mixture. By way of example, the material or medium could be a polymer bead. These polymer beads are very inexpensive to manufacture and have a very low density. They behave very similar to a bubble, but do not pop.

Since this lifting medium size is not dependent on the chemicals in the flotation cell, the chemicals may be tailored to optimize hydrophobicity and froth stability. There is no need to compromise the performance of the frother in order to generate the desired bead size. A controlled size distribution of medium may be customized to maximize recovery of different feed matrixes to flotation as ore quality changes.

There may be a mixture of both air and lightweight beads. The lightweight beads may be used to lift the valuable material and the air may be used to create the desired froth layer in order to achieve the desired material grade.

Bead chemistry is also developed to maximize the attachment forces of the lightweight beads and the valuable material.

A bead recovery process is also described herein which enables the reuse of the lightweight beads in a closed loop process. This process may consist of a washing station whereby the valuable mineral is mechanically, chemically, or electro-statically removed from the lightweight beads.

The present application discloses the form of an apparatus comprising synthetic beads and a flotation stage. The synthetic beads are configured with a polymer material functionalized to attach to the valuable material in a mixture to form at least some enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto, and are also configured to be transported through the mixture based at least partly on a characteristic of the synthetic beads. The flotation stage has the mixture containing valuable material, and configured to receive the synthetic beads and to provide the at least some enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto based at least partly the characteristic of the synthetic beads.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the characteristic may be a density characteristic so that the synthetic beads are transported through the mixture based at least partly on the difference between the density of the synthetic beads and the density of the mixture. By way of example, the density of the synthetic beads may be less than the density of the mixture so as to be buoyant in the mixture; or the density of the synthetic beads may be more than the density of the mixture so as to have a tendency to settle in the mixture; or the density of the synthetic beads may be substantially equal to the density of the mixture, so as to be substantially suspended in the mixture.

According to some embodiments, which do not fall under the scope of protection by the present claims, the characteristic may be a magnetic characteristic, and the synthetic beads may be configured with a para-, ferri-, ferro-magnetic material and be transported through the mixture based at least partly on responding an electromagnetic field applied to the mixture. By way of example, the apparatus further may also include a device, e.g., an electromagnetic field generation device, that may be configured to apply the electromagnetic field to the mixture to transport the synthetic beads through the mixture. The electromagnetic field generation device may be configured to apply the electromagnetic field to stir the synthetic beads in the mixture, or to pull upwardly or downwardly the synthetic beads in the mixture, or to remove the synthetic beads from the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the characteristic may be a thermal characteristic, and the synthetic beads may be configured to respond to heat/cold and expand/contract so as to increase/decrease the buoyancy thereof to be transported through the mixture. By way of example, the synthetic beads may be configured with a pocket of gas or liquid that responds to heat and expands so as to increase the buoyancy thereof and the rate of transport of the synthetic beads through the mixture. The apparatus further may also include a device, e.g., a heating device, that is configured to heat the synthetic beads in the mixture. The heating device may also be configured to provide radiant heat or microwaves to heat the synthetic beads in the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the synthetic beads may also be configured to be transported through the mixture based at least partly on a size characteristic, including where the difference in size of the synthetic beads results in a difference between the density of the synthetic beads and the density of the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the apparatus further comprises multiple flotation stages, where one group of synthetic beads is configured to be transported through the mixture in a first flotation stage based at least partly on a first type of transportation technique, and where another group of synthetic beads is configured to be transported through a corresponding mixture in a second flotation stage based at least partly on a different type of transportation technique than the first type of transportation technique. By way of example, the transportation techniques may be based at least partly on using different group of synthetic beads having different densities, different rates of expansion, different sizes, different magnetisms, different rates of transportation, different chemical encapsulations.

The synthetic beads may be configured with a surface having molecules comprising a functional group selected for attracting or attaching to the valuable material in the mixture.

The synthetic beads are configured with a surface having a hydrophobic polymer, or a coating of a hydrophobic chemical.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, and by way of example, the separation process may utilize exiting mining industry equipment, including traditional column cells and thickeners. The lightweight synthetic beads, including polymer beads, may be injected into a first traditional column or cell at an injection air port and rise to the surface. This first traditional column or cell has an environment that is conducive to particle attachment. As the lightweight synthetic beads rise they collide with the falling mineral particles. The falling mineral particles stick to the lightweight synthetic beads and float or report to the surface. The wash water can be used to clean off the entrained gangue. The recovered beads and mineral may be sent to another traditional column or cell and injected into, e.g., the middle of the column. This traditional column or cell has an environment that will promote release of the mineral particles. The mineral particles fall to the bottom and the synthetic beads float or go to the surface. The synthetic beads may be reclaimed and then sent back through the process taking place in the first traditional column or cell. Thickeners may be used to reclaim the process water at both stages of the process.

According to some embodiments, the present invention may be used for flotation recovery of coarse ore particles in mining.

For example, the concept may take the form of the creation of the lightweight synthetic beads in a flotation recovery for lifting particles, e.g., greater than <NUM> micron, to the surface in a flotation cell or column.

The fundamental notion is to create a shell or "semi-porous" structured bead of a predetermined size and use this as an 'engineered 'air bubble' for improving flotation recovery, e.g., of coarse ore particles in mining.

Flotation recovery may be implemented in multiple stages, e.g., where the first stage works well at recovering the ground ore at the right size (<<NUM> microns), but ore particles that are too small or to large pass on to later stages and are more difficult to recover.

The present disclosure includes creating the "bubbles," i.e. synthetic beads, and engineering them to carry the ore to the surface using, e.g., a polymer shell or structure, appropriately chemically activated to attract or attach to the ore.

Depending on the method of "engineering" the bead, at or near the surface the shell could dissolve (time activated), and release an agent that further promotes the frothing.

According to some embodiments, when the beads are in the form of a solid-phase body made of polydimethylsiloxane, the present invention may take the form of "synthetic flotation bubbles", using a concept such as to incorporate air bubbles into polymer blocks, which are designed to attract or attach to mineral rich ore onto their surface and then float to the top of the flotation tank. The polymer is polydimethylsiloxane.

The benefits of this approach include the fact that "engineered bubbles" in a polymer may enable a much larger range of ore grains to be lifted to the surface hence improving recover efficiency.

According to some embodiments, optimally sized polymer (polydimethylsiloxane) blocks with a high percentage of air may be produced with appropriate collector chemicals also encapsulated into the polymer.

Once the blocks are in, e.g., a mixture such as a slurry pulp, the collector chemicals may be released to initially attract mineral rich ore particles and then rise to the surface.

According to some embodiments, the present invention may be implemented using a super wettability concept, by using tailored collector molecules to improve wettability of ore rich particles, e.g., to improve the take up of ore rich particles of varying sizes in the froth, which is likely to work well for smaller particles. Polymer material with functional groups may be used that bind well to the mineral rich particles with low polar functionality. Polymer materials used in the present invention are polydimethylsiloxane, polysiloxanate and fluoroalkylsilane. In embodiments outside the scope of the invention, linear oligomer/low molecular weight polymer may be used to wrap around ore rich particles making them more hydrophobic and hence more likely to float when foamed. Some advantages of the super wettability concept include increasing the surface area of the synthetic bead, as well as increasing the amount of surface area in contact with the ore rich particle. The scope of the invention is also intended to include using a super hydrophobic polymer that coats the surface, or using a specific coating that is selected to attract or attach to a particular mineral of interest in the mixture. In the present invention, a polysiloxane is used to coat glass beads, and a fluoroalkylsilane is used to coat ceramic beads.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be functionalized in order to control the chemistry of a process being performed in a cell or column, including to release a chemical to control the chemistry of a flotation separation process. For example, chemicals used in the flotation separation of mining ores can be encapsulated into polydimethylsiloxane beadsto provide a slow or targeted release of the chemical once released into the water tank. The chemical would be contained within this safe polymer during transportation and delivery of the chemical to the flotation tank. The benefits of this approach include the following: more efficient use of chemical treatment reduces chemical cost; associated transportation costs of chemical may be lowered; and the reactive chemical is encapsulated, allowing safer delivery of chemical by user.

According to some embodiments, the required chemical would be encapsulated into a polydimethylsiloxanate block that could be tailored to suit the release rate and potentially the location in the flotation tank where the release is required, including using synthetic beads configured to burst at a certain pressure, or using synthetic beads configured to burst when the mineral of interest is contacted, or using synthetic beads configured to release a chemical when contacting air, e.g., in the froth.

According to some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the potential to encapsulate a wide variety of chemical and for chemical mixes including typical frothers, collectors and other additives commonly used in a flotation separation process.

The synthetic beads according to some embodiments provide an easy way to deliver chemistry to a process being performed in standard equipment already being used in the industry without drilling new holes or adapting new pumps or valves, etc. to the standard equipment.

The synthetic beads according to some embodiments may be used to implement and optimize downstream frother injections in a bank of flotation cells or columns, e.g. using time released chemicals.

According to some embodiments, the present invention may take the form of an apparatus featuring a cell or column configured to receive a mixture of fluid (e.g. water) and valuable material and unwanted material; receive synthetic beads constructed to be buoyant when submerged in the mixture and functionalized to control the chemistry of a process being performed in the cell or column; and provide enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto.

According to the present invention, the synthetic beads are either made of glass coated with a polysiloxanate so that the beads become hydrophobic, or are made of ceramic coated with fluoroalkylsilane so as to render the beads hydrophobic, or are in the form of a solid-phase body made of polydimethylsiloxane.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the cell or column may take the form of a flotation cell or column, and the synthetic beads may be functionalized to attach to the valuable material in the mixture that forms part of a flotation separation process being performed in the flotation cell or column.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be functionalized to release a chemical to control the chemistry of the flotation separation process.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be configured with firm outer shells functionalized with a chemical to attach to the valuable material in the mixture. Alternatively, the synthetic beads may include a chemical that may be released to attach to the valuable material in the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be constructed with firm outer shells configured to contain a gas, including air, so as to increase be buoyant when submerged in the mixture. Alternatively, the synthetic beads may be made from a low-density material so as to be buoyant when submerged in the mixture, including the synthetic beads being configured as a solid without an internal cavity.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may include a multiplicity of hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures, each configured with a respective cavity, unfilled space, or hole to trap and maintain a gas bubble inside. The hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures may include hollow cylinders, or spheres, or globules, or capillary tubes, or some combination thereof. Each hollow object, body, element or structure may be configured with a dimension so as not to absorb liquid, including water, including where the dimension is in a range of about <NUM>-<NUM> microns. The multiplicity of hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures may be configured with chemicals applied to prevent migration of liquid into respective cavities, including where the chemicals are hydrophobic chemicals. The syntheticbeads made from glass may take the form of hollow glass cylinders manufactured using a drawing and dicing process.

The scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the size or shape of the synthetic beads, so as to enhance their rise or fall in the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the mixture may take the form of a slurry pulp containing, e.g., water and the valuable material of interest.

A method for implementing in a flotation separation device having a flotation cell or column may include steps for receiving in the flotation cell or column a mixture of fluid and valuable material; receiving in the flotation cell or column synthetic beads constructed to be buoyant when submerged in the mixture and functionalized to attach to the valuable material in the mixture and; and providing from the flotation cell or column enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto.

The method may include being implemented consistent with one or more of the features set forth herein.

The present invention takes the form of an apparatus as claimed in claim <NUM>. The present invention may take the form of a flotation separation device, including a flotation cell or column configured to receive a mixture of water, valuable material and unwanted material; receive polymer materials, i.e. synthetic beads configured with a polymer, configured to attach to the valuable material in the mixture; and provide enriched polymer materials, i.e. enriched synthetic beads, having the valuable material attached thereon. According to some embodiments, the polymer material may be configured with a surface area flux by controlling some combination of the size of the polymer material and/or the injection rate that the mixture is received in the flotation cell or column; or the polymer material may be configured with a low density so as to behave like air bubbles; or the polymer material may be configured with a controlled size distribution of medium that may be customized to maximize recovery of different feed matrixes to flotation as valuable material quality changes, including as ore quality changes; or some combination thereof.

The apparatus comprises synthetic beads configured with a polymer material functionalized to attach to a valuable material in a mixture so as to form enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto, and also configured to separate from the mixture based at least partly on a difference in a physical property between the enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto and the mixture.

The synthetic beads may be configured so that the separation is based at least partly on the difference between the density of the enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto and the density of the mixture.

The synthetic beads may also be configured so that the separation is based on other differences in the physical property between the enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto and the mixture, including between the size of the enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto and the size of unwanted material in the mixture; or between the weight of the enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto and the weight of unwanted material in the mixture; or between the magnetism of the enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attracted thereto and the magnetism of unwanted material in the mixture.

The synthetic bead takes the form of a solid-phase body comprising a surface in combination with a plurality of molecules attached to the surface, the molecules comprising a functional group selected for attracting or attaching to one or more mineral particles of interest to the molecules.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the solid-phase body may be made of a synthetic material comprising the molecules. In this embodiment, the synthetic material is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In embodiments outside the scope of the invention, the synthetic material may be selected from a group consisting of polyamides (nylon), polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), and phenolic resin.

According to some embodiments, the solid-phase body may include a shell providing the surface, the shell being made of a synthetic material (PDMS) comprising the molecules.

According to some embodiments, the shell may comprise an interior part arranged to encapsulate a gaseous element such that the synthetic bead has a density less than the aqueous mixture.

According to some embodiments, the shell may comprise an interior part arranged to encapsulate a liquid having a chemical property different from the aqueous mixture, in order to control the chemistry of a process being performed in relation to the aqueous mixture.

According to some embodiments, the shell may comprise an interior part arranged to encapsulate a solid-phase material different from the synthetic material, and the solid-phase material may be selected to control the density of the synthetic bead relative to the density of the aqueous mixture.

According to some embodiments, the shell may comprise an interior part configured to encapsulate a magnetic material.

According to some embodiments, the solid-phase body may comprise a core and a coating over the core for providing the surface, and the coating may be made of a synthetic material and the core is made of a core material different from the synthetic material. According to the invention, the core material is glass or ceramic, coated as defined in claim <NUM>.

According to some embodiments, the functional group may have an anionic bond for attracting the mineral particles to the surface.

According to some embodiments, the functional group may take the form of a collector having a non-ionizing bond or an ionizing bond.

According to some embodiments, the ionizing bond may be an anionic bond or a cationic bond. The anionic bond comprises an oxyhydryl, including carboxylic, sulfates and sulfonates, and sulfhydral bond.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be configured with a size depending on the particular application, or depending on the particular size of the mineral particle of interest. According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be configured with a size less than <NUM> for attracting or attaching to the mineral particles, e.g., having a substantially similar size, including in applications related to flotation cells. Alternatively, according to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may be configured with a size in a range of about <NUM> to <NUM> for attracting or attaching to the mineral particles, including in applications related to a tailings pond. Furthermore, according to some embodiments, the synthetic beads may also be configured with a size of about <NUM> for attracting or attaching to the mineral particles, e.g., having a substantially similar size; or the synthetic beads may be configured with a size in a range of about <NUM>-<NUM> for attracting or attaching to the mineral particles, e.g., having a substantially similar size; or the synthetic beads may be configured with a size about <NUM> for attracting or attaching to the mineral particles, e.g., having a substantially similar size.

The surface of the synthetic beads is functionalized to be hydrophobic so as to provide a bonding between the surface and a mineral particle associated with one or more hydrophobic molecules.

Furthermore, the polymer can be naturally hydrophobic or functionalized to be hydrophobic. Therefore, the terms "polymer beads" and "synthetic beads" may be used interchangeably herein. Some polymers having a long hydrocarbon chain or silicon-oxygen backbone, for example, tend to be hydrophobic. Hydrophobic polymers include polystyrene, poly(d,l-lactide), poly(dimethylsiloxane), polypropylene, polyacrylic, polyethylene, etc. The mineral particle of interest or the valuable material associated with one or more hydrophobic molecules is referred to as a wetted mineral particle. When the pulp slurry contains a plurality of collectors or collector molecules, some of the mineral particles will become wetted mineral particles if the collectors are attached to mineral particles. Xanthates can be used in the pulp slurry as the collectors. According to the invention, the beads are made of glass to be coated with a polysiloxanate so that thebeads become hydrophobic. Or the beads are made of ceramic to be coated with a fluoroalkylsilane, so as to render the beads hydrophobic. Or the beads are made of a hydrophobic polymer, i.e. PDMS, to provide the desired hydrophobicity.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, only a part of the surface of the synthetic beads may be configured to have the molecules attached thereto, wherein the molecules comprise collectors.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, only a part of the surface of the synthetic beads may be configured to have the molecules attached thereto, wherein the molecules comprise collectors, and another part of the surface of the synthetic beads may be configured to be hydrophobic.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, only a part of the surface of the synthetic beads may be configured to be hydrophobic.

Referring now to the drawing, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, the foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which like elements are numbered alike:.

By way of example, <FIG> shows the present invention is the form of apparatus <NUM>, having a flotation cell or column <NUM> configured to receive a mixture of fluid (e.g. water), valuable material and unwanted material, e.g., a pulp slurry <NUM>; receive synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) that are constructed to be buoyant when submerged in the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM> and functionalized to control the chemistry of a process being performed in the flotation cell or column, including to attach to the valuable material in the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM>; and provide enriched synthetic beads <NUM> having the valuable material attached thereon. By way of example, the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be made from polymer or polymer-based materials, or silica or silica-based materials, or glass or glass-based materials, wherein only the material combinations disclosed in the claims are within the scope of protection, i.e. the beads are either made of glass coated with a polysiloxanate so that the beads become hydrophobic, or are made of ceramic coated with fluoroalkylsilane so as to render the beads hydrophobic, or are in the form of a solid-phase body made of polydimethylsiloxane. For the purpose of describing one example of the present disclosure, in <FIG> the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) are shown as polymer beads labeled <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and the enriched synthetic beads <NUM> are shown as enriched polymer beads labeled <NUM>. The flotation cell or column <NUM> is configured with a top portion or piping <NUM> to provide the enriched polymer beads <NUM> from the flotation cell or column <NUM> for further processing consistent with that set forth herein.

The flotation cell or column <NUM> may be configured with a top part or piping <NUM>, e.g., having a valve 22a, to receive the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM> and also with a bottom part or piping <NUM> to receive the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>. In operation, the buoyancy of the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> causes them to float upwardly from the bottom to the top of the flotation cell or column <NUM> through the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM> in the flotation cell or column <NUM> so as to collide with the water, valuable material and unwanted material in the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM>. The functionalization of the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> causes them to attach to the valuable material in the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM>. As a result of the collision between the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and the water, valuable material and unwanted material in the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM>, and the attachment of the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and the valuable material in the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM>, the enriched polymer beads <NUM> having the valuable material attached thereto will float to the top of the flotation cell <NUM> and form part of the froth formed at the top of the flotation cell <NUM>. The flotation cell <NUM> may include a top part or piping <NUM> configured to provide the enriched polymer beads <NUM> having the valuable material attached thereto, which may be further processed consistent with that set forth herein. In effect, the enriched polymer beads <NUM> may be taken off the top of the flotation cell <NUM> or may be drained off by the top part or piping <NUM>.

The flotation cell or column <NUM> may be configured to contain an attachment rich environment, including where the attachment rich environment has a high pH, so as to encourage the flotation recovery process therein. The flotation recovery process may include the recovery of ore particles in mining, including copper. The applicability of the invention is not limited to any particular type or kind of flotation recovery process. The applicabilty of the invention is also not limited to any particular type or kind of mineral of interest that may form part of the flotation recovery process.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured with a surface area flux by controlling some combination of the size of the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and/or the injection rate that the pulp slurry or mixture <NUM> is received in the flotation cell or column <NUM>. The polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may also be configured with a low density so as to behave like air bubbles. The polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may also be configured with a controlled size distribution of medium that may be customized to maximize recovery of different feed matrixes to flotation as valuable material quality changes, including as ore quality changes.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the flotation cell or column <NUM> may be configured to receive the polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> together with air, where the air is used to create a desired froth layer in the mixture in the flotation cell or column <NUM> in order to achieve a desired grade of valuable material. The polymer beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be configured to lift the valuable material to the surface of the mixture in the flotation cell or column.

The synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) are configured with a polymer functionalized to attach to the valuable material in a mixture to form at least some enriched synthetic beads <NUM> having the valuable material attached thereto, and are also configured to be transported through the mixture based at least partly on a characteristic of the synthetic beads. The flotation stage, cell or column <NUM> has the mixture containing valuable material, and may be configured to receive the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) and to provide the at least some enriched synthetic beads <NUM> having the valuable material attached thereto based at least partly the characteristic of the synthetic beads.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the characteristic may be a density characteristic so that the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) are transported through the mixture based at least partly on the difference between the density of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) and the density of the mixture. By way of example, the density of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be less than the density of the mixture so as to be buoyant in the mixture; or the density of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be more than the density of the mixture so as to have a tendency to settle in the mixture; or the density of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be substantially equal to the density of the mixture, so as to be substantially suspended in the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the characteristic may be a magnetic characteristic, and the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be configured with a para-, ferri-, ferro-magnetic material and be transported through the mixture based at least partly on responding an electromagnetic field applied to the mixture. The apparatus <NUM> further may also include a device <NUM> may take the form of, e.g., an electromagnetic field generation device, that may be configured to apply the electromagnetic field to the mixture to transport the synthetic beads through the mixture. The electromagnetic field generation device may be configured to apply the electromagnetic field to stir the synthetic beads in the mixture, or to pull upwardly or downwardly the synthetic beads in the mixture, or to remove the synthetic beads from the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the characteristic may be a thermal characteristic, and the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be configured to respond to heat/cold and expand/contract so as to increase/decrease the buoyancy thereof to be transported through the mixture. By way of example, the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may be configured with a pocket of gas or liquid that responds to heat and expands so as to increase the buoyancy thereof and the rate of transport of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) through the mixture. Alternatively, the device <NUM> may take the form of, e.g., a heating device, that is configured to heat the synthetic beads in the mixture. The heating device may also be configured to provide radiant heat or microwaves to heat the synthetic beads in the mixture.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) may also be configured to be transported through the mixture based at least partly on a size characteristic, including where the difference in size of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) results in a difference between the density of the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) and the density of the mixture.

The apparatus <NUM> may also include piping <NUM> having a valve 26a for providing tailings to a thickener <NUM> configured to receive the tailings from the flotation cell or column <NUM>. The thickener <NUM> includes piping <NUM> having a valve 30a to provide thickened tailings. The thickener <NUM> also includes suitable piping <NUM> for providing reclaimed water back to the flotation cell or column <NUM> for reuse in the process. Thickeners like element <NUM> are known in the art.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the apparatus <NUM> may further comprises a bead recovery process or processor generally indicated as <NUM> configured to receive the enriched polymer beads <NUM> and provide reclaimed polymer beads <NUM> without the valuable material attached thereon so as to enable the reuse of the polymer beads <NUM> in a closed loop process. By way of example, the bead recovery process or processor <NUM> may take the form of a washing station whereby the valuable mineral is mechanically, chemically, or electro-statically removed from the polymer beads <NUM>.

The bead recovery process or processor <NUM> may include a second flotation cell or column <NUM> having piping <NUM> with a valve 56a configured to receive the enriched polymer beads <NUM>; and substantially release the valuable material from the polymer beads <NUM>, and also having a top part or piping <NUM> configured to provide the reclaimed polymer beads <NUM>, substantially without the valuable material attached thereon The second flotation cell or column <NUM> may be configured to contain a release rich environment, including where the release rich environment has a low pH, or including where the release rich environment results from ultrasonic waves pulsed into the second flotation cell or column <NUM>.

The bead recovery process or processor <NUM> may also include piping <NUM> having a valve 56a for providing concentrated minerals to a thickener <NUM> configured to receive the concentrated minerals from the flotation cell or column <NUM>. The thickener <NUM> includes piping <NUM> having a valve 62a to provide thickened concentrate. The thickener <NUM> also includes suitable piping <NUM> for providing reclaimed water back to the second flotation cell or column <NUM> for reuse in the process. Thickeners like element <NUM> are known in the art.

Embodiments are also envisioned in which the enriched synthetic beads are placed in a chemical solution so the valuable material is dissolved off, or are sent to a smelter where the valuable material is burned off, including where the synthetic beads are reused afterwards.

<FIG> shows the synthetic beads <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>), <NUM> (<FIG>) in the form of a lightweight polymer bead generally indicated as <NUM> having a polymer shell or sponge <NUM> with a chemically activated light surface 102a according to some embodiments of the present invention. The polymer shell or sponge <NUM> attracts or attaches to particles <NUM> (i.e. valuable material) using selective (e.g., for copper) collective chemical linkers.

The lightweight polymer beads <NUM> are designed to incorporate air bubbles and to attract mineral rich ore (to be recovered) onto their surface 102a and then float to the top of the flotation tank, e.g. <NUM> (<FIG>). The benefits of this approach include the fact that polymer blocks, such as the lightweight polymer bead <NUM>, enables a much larger range of ore grains to be lifted to the surface hence improving recover efficiency. Optimally sized polymer blocks, such as the lightweight polymer bead <NUM>, with a high percentage of air may be produced with the appropriate collector chemicals also encapsulated into the polymer. Once the polymer blocks are in, e.g., a mixture such as a slurry pulp, the collector chemicals may be released to initially attract mineral rich ore particles and then rise to the surface.

<FIG> shows the synthetic bead that forms part of a combination generally indicated as <NUM> that includes a polymer material <NUM> wrapping around an ore rich particle <NUM>, aka valuable material to be recovered. The polymer material <NUM> may have, or take the form of, tailored collector molecules. The polymer material <NUM> provides a super wettability concept, using the tailored collector molecules to improve wettability of the ore rich particles <NUM>, e.g., to improve the take up of ore rich particles <NUM> of varying sizes in the froth, which is likely to work well for smaller particles. The polymer material <NUM> with functional groups may be used that bind well to the mineral rich particles <NUM> with a low polar functionality. In addition, the polymer material <NUM> may take the form of a linear oligomer/low molecular weight polymer that may be used to wrap around ore rich particles <NUM> making them more hydrophobic and hence more likely to float when foamed, as shown in <FIG>.

<FIG> show the synthetic beads as hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures, each generally indicated as <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM> (<FIG>). The synthetic beads may include a multiplicity of the hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM> (<FIG>) configured with a respective cavity, unfilled space, or hole indicated as 115a (<FIG>) or 117a (<FIG>) to trap and maintain one or more bubbles <NUM> inside.

The multiplicity of hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures may include hollow cylinders like element <NUM> (<FIG>) or spheres like <NUM> (<FIG>), as well as capillary tubes, or some combination thereof. The scope of the invention is not limited to the type, kind or geometric shape of the hollow object, body, element or structure or the uniformity of the mixture of the same. Each hollow object, body, element or structure <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM> (<FIG>) may be configured with a dimension so as not to absorb liquid, including water, including where the dimension is in a range of about <NUM>-<NUM> microns. Each hollow object, body, element or structure <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM> (<FIG>) may be made of glass coated with a polysiloxanate.

By way of example, the multiplicity of hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures like <NUM> (<FIG>) or <NUM> (<FIG>) that are received in the mixture may include a number in a range of multiple thousands of beads per <NUM> litres (<NUM> cubic foot) of mixture, although the scope of the invention is not limited per se to the specific number of beads. For instance, a mixture of about <NUM> litres (three thousand cubic feet) may include multiple millions of bubbles or beads, e.g., having a size of about <NUM> millimeter, in <NUM> litres (three thousand cubic feet) of the mixture.

The multiplicity of hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures like <NUM> (<FIG>) or like <NUM> (<FIG>) may be configured with chemicals applied to prevent migration of liquid into respective cavities, unfilled spaces or holes before the wet concrete mixture cures, including where the chemicals are hydrophobic chemicals.

The one or more beads <NUM> may take the form of a small quantity of gas, including air, that is trapped or maintained in the cavities, unfilled spaces, or holes 115a or 117a of the multiplicity of hollow objects, bodies, elements or structures.

The scope of the invention includes the synthetic beads shown herein being made from polydimethylsiloxane, or made of ceramic coated with fluoroalkylsilane, or made of glass coated with a polysiloxanate. In this case, the one or more hollow cylinders like <NUM> may also include hollow glass cylinders manufactured using a drawing and dicing process.

The synthetic beads <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> may be functionalized to control the chemistry of the process being performed in the cell or column, e.g. to release a chemical to control the chemistry of the flotation separation process.

In particular, the flotation cell or column <NUM> in <FIG> may be configured to receive polymer-based blocks like elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> of materials, with elements <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> being beads as defined in claim <NUM>, the elements containing one or more chemicals used in a flotation separation of the valuable material, including mining ores, that are encapsulated into polymers to provide a slow or targeted release of the chemical once released into the flotation cell or column <NUM>. By way of example, the one or more chemicals may include chemical mixes, including typical frothers, collectors and other additives used in flotation separation. The scope of the invention is not limited to the type or kind of chemicals or chemical mixes that may be released into the flotation cell or column <NUM> using the synthetic beads according to the present invention.

The present disclosure includes other types or kinds of functionalization of the synthetic beads in order to provide other types or kinds of control of the chemistry of the process being performed in the cell or column. For example, the synthetic beads may be functionalized to control the pH of the mixture that forms part of the flotation separation process being performed in the flotation cell or column.

<FIG> shows alternative apparatus generally indicated as <NUM> in the form of an alternative flotation cell <NUM> that is based at least partly on a collision technique between the mixture and the synthetic beads.

The mixture <NUM>, e.g. the pulp slurry, may be received in a top part or piping <NUM>, and the synthetic beads <NUM> may be received in a bottom part or piping <NUM>. The flotation cell <NUM> may be configured to include a first device <NUM> for receiving the mixture <NUM>, and also may be configured to include a second device <NUM> for receiving the polymer materials. The first device <NUM> and the second device <NUM> are configured to face towards one another so as to provide the mixture <NUM> and the synthetic beads <NUM>, i.e., polymer materials, using the collision technique. In <FIG>, the arrows 210a represent the mixture being sprayed, and the arrows 212a represent the syntheticbeads <NUM> being sprayed towards one another in the flotation cell <NUM>.

In operation, the collision technique causes vortices and collisions using enough energy to increase the probability of touching of the polymer materials <NUM> and the valuable material in the mixture <NUM>, but not too much energy to destroy bonds that form between the polymer materials <NUM> and the valuable material in the mixture <NUM>. Pumps, not shown, may be used to provide the mixture <NUM> and the synthetic beads <NUM> at the appropriate pressure in order to implement the collision technique.

By way of example, the first device <NUM> and the second device <NUM> may take the form of shower-head like devices having a perforated nozzle with a multiplicity of holes for spraying the mixture and the synthetic beads towards one another. Shower-head like devices are known in the art. Moreover, based on that disclosed in the instant patent application, a person skilled in the art without undue experimentation would be able to determine the number and size of the holes for spraying the mixture <NUM> and the synthetic beads <NUM> towards one another, as well as the appropriate pumping pressure in order to provide enough energy to increase the probability of touching of the polymer materials <NUM> and the valuable material in the mixture <NUM>, but not too much energy to destroy bonds that form between the polymer materials <NUM> and the valuable material in the mixture <NUM>.

As a result of the collision between the synthetic beads <NUM> and the mixture, enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto will float to the top and form part of the froth in the flotation cell <NUM>. The flotation cell <NUM> may include a top part or piping <NUM> configured to provide enriched synthetic beads <NUM>, i.e., enriched polymer beads as shown, having the valuable material attached thereto, which may be further processed consistent with that set forth herein.

The alternative apparatus <NUM> may be used in place of the flotation columns or cells, and inserted into the apparatus or system shown in <FIG>, and may prove to be more efficient than using the flotation columns or cells.

For aiding a person of ordinary skill in the art in understanding various embodiments of the present disclosure, <FIG> shows a generalized synthetic bead and <FIG> shows an enlarged portion of the surface. It shall be understood that only the material combinations disclosed in the claims are within the scope of the present invention. As shown in <FIG>, the synthetic bead <NUM> has a bead body to provide a bead surface <NUM>. At least the outside part of the bead body is made of a synthetic material, i.e. a polymer, so as to provide a plurality of molecules or molecular segments <NUM> on the surface <NUM>. The molecule <NUM> is used to attach a chemical functional group <NUM> to the surface <NUM>. In general, the molecule <NUM> can be a hydrocarbon chain, for example, and the functional group <NUM> can have an anionic bond for attracting or attaching to a mineral, such as copper to the surface <NUM>. A xanthate, for example, has both the functional group <NUM> and the molecular segment <NUM> to be incorporated into the polymer that is used to make the synthetic bead <NUM>. The functional group <NUM> is also known as a collector that can have a non-ionizing or ionizing bond. The ionizing bond can be anionic or cationic. An anionic bond includes oxyhydryl, such as carboxylic, sulfates and sulfonates, and sulfhydral, such as xanthates and dithiophosphates. Other molecules or compounds that can be used to provide the functional group <NUM> include thionocarboamates, thioureas, xanthogens, monothiophosphates, hydroquinones and polyamines.

Similarly, a chelating agent can be incorporated into the polymer as a collector site for attracting or attaching to a mineral, such as copper. As shown in <FIG>, a mineral particle <NUM> is attached to the functional group <NUM> on the molecule <NUM>. In general, the mineral particle <NUM> is much smaller than the synthetic bead <NUM>. Many mineral particles <NUM> can be attracted to or attached to the surface <NUM> of a synthetic bead <NUM>. When the mineral particles <NUM> are very fine, smaller synthetic beads <NUM> can also be used.

In the present disclosure, a synthetic bead may take the form of a solid-phase body made of a synthetic material, i.e. PDMS. (By way of example, the term "solid-phase body" is understood herein to be a body having a cohesive force of matter that is strong enough to keep the molecules or atoms in the given positions, restraining the thermal mobility. ) The polymer can be rigid or elastomeric. An elastomeric polymer can be a bisoxazolone-based polymer (outside the scope of the invention), for example. The body has a surface comprising a plurality of molecules with one or more functional groups for attracting or attaching mineral particles of interest to the surface. A polymer having a functional group to attract or collect mineral particles is referred to as a functionalized polymer. By way of example, the entire body of the synthetic bead may be made of the same functionalized material, i.e. PDMS, or the bead body may be a shell, which can be formed by way of expansion, such as thermal expansion or pressure reduction.

The shell may be formed as a micro-bubble or a balloon. The shell, which may be made of functionalized material, may have an interior part. The interior part may be filled with air or gas to aid buoyancy, for example. The interior part can be used to contain a liquid to be released during the mineral separation process, in order to control the chemistry of the process being performed, e.g., in the flotation cell or column. The encapsulated liquid can be a polar liquid or a non-polar liquid, for example. The encapsulated liquid can contain a depressant composition for the enhanced separation of copper, nickel, zinc, lead in sulfide ores in the flotation stage, for example. The shell can be used to encapsulate a powder which can have a magnetic property so as to cause the synthetic bead to be magnetic, for example. In such embodiments, an electromagnetic field may be generated to capture or stir the synthetic beads. The encapsulated liquid or powder may contain monomers, oligomers or short polymer segments for wetting the surface of mineral particles when released from the beads. For example, each of the monomers or oligomers may contain one functional group for attaching to a mineral particle of interest and one ionic bond for attaching the wetted mineral particle to the synthetic bead. The shell can be used to encapsulate a solid core, such as Styrofoam to aid buoyancy, for example. In yet another embodiment, only the coating of the bead body may be made of functionalized polymer. The synthetic bead can have a core made of ceramic, glass or metal (only ceramic and glass being within the scope of this invention) and only the surface of core can have a coating made of functionalized polymer. In this case, the beads are made of glass coated with a polysiloxanate, or are made of ceramic coated with a fluoroalkylsilane. The core can be a hollow core or a filled core depending on the applications. The core can be a micro-bubble, a sphere or balloon. For example, a filled core made of metal (outside the scope of the invention) makes the density of the synthetic bead to be higher than the density of the pulp slurry, for example, so as to settle in the flotation cell or column and be capture. The core can be made of a magnetic material (outside the scope of the invention) so that the para-, ferri-, ferro-magnetism of the synthetic bead is greater than the para-, ferri-, ferro-magnetism of the unwanted ground ore particle in the mixture. According to some embodiments (outside the scope of the invention), the synthetic bead can be configured with a ferro-magnetic or ferri-magnetic core that attract to paramagnetic surfaces. A core made of glass or ceramic can be used to make the density of the synthetic bead substantially equal to the density of the pulp slurry so that when the synthetic beads are mixed into the pulp slurry for mineral collection, the beads can be in a so-called suspension state.

It should be understood that the use of the term "bead" is not intended to limit the shape of the synthetic bead of the present invention to being spherical, as shown in <FIG>. In various embodiments of the present invention, the synthetic bead can have an elliptical shape, a cylindrical shape, a shape of a block, an irregular shape. In effect, the scope of the invention is not limited to any particular type or kind of shape of the synthetic bead.

It should also be understood that the surface of a synthetic bead, according to the present invention, is not limited to an overall smoothness of its surface as shown in <FIG>. In some embodiments of the present invention, the surface can be irregular and rough. For example, the surface can have some physical structures like grooves or rods, or holes or dents. The surface can have some physical structures formed from stacked beads. The surface can have some hair-like physical structures. In addition to the functional groups on the synthetic beads that attract or attach mineral particles of interest to the bead surface, the physical structures can help trapping the mineral particles on the bead surface. The surface can be configured to be a honeycomb surface or a sponge-like surface for trapping the mineral particles and/or increasing the contacting surface. In effect, the scope of the invention is not limited to any particular type or kind of surface of the synthetic bead.

It should be noted that the synthetic beads can be realized by a different way to achieve the same goal. Namely, it is possible to use a different means to attract or attach the mineral particles of interest to the surface of the synthetic beads. For example, the surface of the polymer beads or shells can be functionalized with a hydrophobic chemical molecule or compound, as discussed below. Alternatively, the surface of beads made of glass, ceramic and metal (metal being outside the scope of the invention)can be coated with hydrophobic chemical molecules or compounds. Using the coating of glass beads as an example, polysiloxanates are used to functionalize the glass beads in order to make the synthetic beads. In the pulp slurry, xanthate and hydroxamate collectors can also be added therein for collecting the mineral particles and making the mineral particles hydrophobic. When the synthetic beads are used to collect the mineral particles in the pulp slurry having a pH value around <NUM>-<NUM>, it is possible to release the mineral particles on the enriched synthetic beads from the surface of the synthetic beads in an acidic solution, such as a sulfuric acid solution. According to some embodiment, it may also be possible to release the mineral particles carried with the enriched synthetic beads by sonic agitation, such as ultrasonic waves, or simply by washing it with water.

For aiding a person of ordinary skill in the art in understanding various embodiments of the present invention, <FIG> shows a generalized synthetic bead having some particles attached to the surface. <FIG> illustrates an enlarged portion of the synthetic bead showing a wetted mineral particle attached to the hydrophobic surface of the synthetic bead. <FIG> illustrates an enlarged portion of the synthetic bead showing a hydrophobic particle attached to the hydrophobic surface of the synthetic bead.

The hydrophobic particle can be mineral related or non-mineral related. Non-mineral related particles are outside the scope of the present invention. The synthetic bead can be a size-based bead, weight-based polymer bead , or magnetic-based bead, consistent with that set forth herein. The size of the synthetic bead can be smaller than the minimum size of the mineral particles of interest which is about <NUM>, and can be larger than the maximum size of the mineral particles of interest. In certain applications, the size of the synthetic bead can be <NUM> or larger.

As shown in <FIG>, the synthetic bead <NUM> may have a bead body to provide a bead surface <NUM>. At least the outside part of the bead body is made of a synthetic material, such as a hydrophobic polymer, or a coating of a hydrophobic chemical, i.e. the bead body is made from PDMS or has a polysiloxanate coating (glass body) or a fluoroalkylsilane coating (ceramic body). As such, hydrophobic particles <NUM>, <NUM>' are attracted or attached to the surface <NUM> to form an enriched synthetic bead <NUM>. As shown in <FIG>, the surface <NUM> of the synthetic bead comprises a plurality of molecules <NUM> which renders the surface <NUM> hydrophobic. For example, the surface <NUM> may be a glass surface coated with polysiloxanates which have functional groups that bind to the hydroxyl group of the glass surface. Polysiloxanates, such as hydroxyl-terminated polydimethysiloxanes, have a silicon-oxygen chain to provide the hydrophobic molecules <NUM>. The hydrophobic particle <NUM>', as shown in <FIG>, can be a mineral particle <NUM>' having one or more collectors <NUM> attached thereto. One end (<NUM>) of the collector <NUM> has an ionic bond attached to the mineral particle of interest <NUM>'. The other end of the collector <NUM> has a hydrophobic chain <NUM> which tends to move into the hydrophobic molecules <NUM>. Thus, the hydrophobic particle <NUM>' can be a wetted mineral particle. A collector, such as xanthate, has both the functional group <NUM> and the molecule <NUM>. A xanthate, for example, has both the functional group <NUM> and the molecular segment <NUM> to be incorporated into the polymer that is used to make the synthetic bead <NUM>. A functional group <NUM> is also known as a collector that can have a non-ionizing or ionizing bond. The ionizing bond can be anionic or cationic. An anionic bond includes oxyhydryl, such as carboxylic, sulfates and sulfonates, and sulfhydral, such as xanthates and dithiophosphates. Other molecules or compounds that can be used to provide the functional group <NUM> include thionocarboamates, thioureas, xanthogens, monothiophosphates, hydroquinones and polyamines.

The hydrophobic particle <NUM>, as shown in <FIG>, can be a particle that has a hydrophobic chain <NUM>. Such particle can be non-mineral related (outside the scope of the invention), but it can be arranged to contact with the hydrophobic synthetic beads <NUM>.

Thus the hydrophobic beads <NUM>, according to various embodiments, can be used in non-mining applications, such as water-pollution control and water purification. Non-mining applications are outside the scope of the claimed invention.

In many releasing environments, the pH value is lower than the pH value for mineral attachment. It should be noted that, however, when the valuable material is copper, for example, it is possible to provide a lower pH environment for the attachment of mineral particles and to provide a higher pH environment for the releasing of the mineral particles from the synthetic beads. In general, the pH value is chosen to facilitate the strongest attachment, and a different pH value is chosen to facilitate release. Thus, according to some embodiments, one pH value is chosen for mineral attachment, and a different pH value is chosen for mineral releasing. The different pH could be higher or lower, depending on the specific mineral and collector.

The synthetic beads, according to some embodiments, can be made with different sizes in order to attract mineral particles of different sizes. For example, unlike air bubbles, the synthetic beads of a larger size can be used to attract mineral particles larger than, say, <NUM>. Thus, the grinding of the blasted ore can be separated into different stages. In the first stage, the rock is crushed into particles in the order of <NUM>. After the separation process using the larger synthetic beads in the slurry containing these crude particles, the remaining slurry can be subjected to a finer grinding stage where the crushed rock is further crushed into particles in the order of <NUM>. With the slurry containing the finer mineral particles, synthetic beads with a smaller size may be more effective in interacting with the finer mineral particles. In a flotation cell application, the bead size can be smaller than <NUM>. In a tailings pond application, the bead size can be <NUM> to <NUM> or larger. However, large beads would reduce the functionalized surfaces where the mineral particles can attach to the synthetic beads. Thus, according to some embodiments of the present invention, the synthetic beads are configured with a size less than <NUM> for attracting to mineral particles having a substantially similar size, including in applications related to flotation cells; the synthetic beads are configured with a size of about <NUM> for attracting or attaching to mineral particles having a substantially similar size, smaller size or larger size; the synthetic beads are configured with a size in a range of about <NUM>-<NUM> for attracting or attaching to mineral particles having a substantially similar size, smaller size or larger size; the synthetic beads are configured with a size about <NUM> for attracting to mineral particles having a substantially similar size; the synthetic beads are configured with a size in a range of about <NUM> to <NUM>, including in applications related to a tailings pond. In general, the synthetic beads are configured with a size in a range of about <NUM> to <NUM>. But the beads can be smaller than <NUM> and larger than <NUM>.

According to some embodiments, the synthetic beads are configured to be larger than the mineral particles. As such, a plurality of mineral particles may attach to one synthetic bead. According to other embodiments, the synthetic beads are configured to be smaller than the mineral particles. As such, a plurality of synthetic beads may attach to one mineral particle. The size of the synthetic beads can also be about the same as the size of the mineral particle.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, only a portion of the surface of the synthetic bead is functionalized to be hydrophobic. This has the benefits as follows:.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, only a portion of the surface of the synthetic bead is functionalized with collectors. This also has the benefits of.

Both collector and hydrophobic on same bead:
According to some embodiments of the present invention, one part of the synthetic bead is functionalized with collectors while another part of same synthetic bead is functionalized to be hydrophobic as shown in <FIG>. As shown in <FIG>, a synthetic bead <NUM> has a surface portion where polymer is functionalized to have collector molecules <NUM> with functional group <NUM> and molecular segment <NUM> attached to the surface of the bead <NUM>. The synthetic bead <NUM> also has a different surface portion where polymer is functionalized to have hydrophobic molecules <NUM> (or <NUM>). In the embodiment as shown in <FIG>, the entire surface of the synthetic bead <NUM> can be functionalized to have collector molecules <NUM>, but a portion of the surface is functionalized to have hydrophobic molecules <NUM> (or <NUM>) render it hydrophobic.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, one part of the synthetic bead is functionalized with collectors while another part of same synthetic bead is functionalized to be hydrophobic and this "hybrid" synthetic bead is configured for use in a traditional flotation cell as well. The "hybrid" synthetic bead (see <FIG>) has a hydrophobic portion and a separate collector portion. When the "hybrid" beads are mixed with air in the flotation cell, some of them will attach to the air bubbles because of the hydrophobic portion. As the "hybrid" synthetic bead is attached to an air bubble, the collector portion of the attached bead can collect mineral particles with the functional groups. Thus, the synthetic beads, according to some embodiments of the present inventions, can be used to replace the air bubbles, or to work together with the air bubbles in a flotation process.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the surface of a synthetic bead can be functionalized to have a collector molecule. The collector has a functional group with an ion capable of forming a chemical bond with a mineral particle. A mineral particle associated with one or more collector molecules is referred to as a wetted mineral particle. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the synthetic bead can be functionalized to be hydrophobic in order to collect one or more wetted mineral particles.

The Invention is related to mineral separation, including the separation of copper from ore.

Claim 1:
Apparatus comprising:
synthetic beads configured with a polymer functionalized to attach to a valuable material comprising mineral particles in a mixture to form at least some enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto, and also configured to be transported through the mixture based at least partly on a characteristic of the synthetic beads; and
a flotation stage having the mixture containing the valuable material, and configured to receive the synthetic beads and to provide the at least some enriched synthetic beads having the valuable material attached thereto based at least partly on the characteristic of the synthetic beads,
characterized in that
the beads are made of glass coated with a polysiloxanate so that the beads become hydrophobic, or
the beads are made of ceramic coated with fluoroalkylsilane so as to render the beads hydrophobic, or
the beads are in the form of a solid-phase body made of polydimethylsiloxane.