Patent Description:
Hitherto, a heat exchanger that exchanges heat between water and a refrigerant has been used in, for example, a heat-pump air-conditioning and heating device or a heat-pump hot water supply device. As such a heat exchanger, a heat exchanger is described in, for example, <CIT>. <CIT> discloses a heat exchanger in which a layer having a plurality of water flow paths in which water flows and a layer having a plurality of refrigerant flow paths in which R410A flows are stacked upon each other.

<CIT> discloses a method and a system for reliquefying evaporation gas of an LNG ship to improve overall reliquefaction efficiency and a reliquefaction amount by stabilizing reliquefaction performance. According to an aspect, the system for reliquefying evaporation gas of an LNG ship comprises: a compressor; a heat exchanger; and an expansion means. The heat exchanger comprises: a core; a fluid dispersion means; and at least one partition wall.

<CIT> is to provide a method for preventing closure of a plate type heat exchanger. The method for preventing the closure of a plate type heat exchanger in an apparatus for treating a gas containing an easily closure-causing substance having the exchanger as a heater and/or a cooler comprises the step of (a) setting the width of a plate channel of the exchanger in the apparatus to <NUM> to <NUM>, and (b) setting of the mean flowing speed per unit sectional area of the plate channel of the gas passing the exchanger to <NUM> to <NUM>/s. The closure of the exchanger can be significantly reduced in the heat exchanging of exhaust gas generated in the manufacturing step of a (meth)acrylic acid or its ester or in the step of discarding the gas.

<CIT> discloses a fluid allocation end of plate-fin heat exchanger, which consists of fluid inlet section and arc end connection section, wherein an isolation plate is set space region of arc end connection section with several through-holes of three regions; the hole diameter of end section central region is the shortest and the deflection center region hole is secondary and the end section edge region is longest; or we can drill little hole on the orifice plate evenly according to the need of fluid resistance. The invention improves the nonuniformity of transverse and longitude allocation in the exchanger and heat conductivity, which reduces the equipment bulk and cost.

<CIT> discloses a heat exchanger that comprises a shell having an elongated shape and a cylindrical geometry. A first fluid, fed through one or more first inlet pipes, flows inside the shell and a second fluid, fed through at least one second inlet pipe, flows inside the shell in order to perform heat exchange with the first fluid. The heat exchanger also comprises a fluid distributor assembly placed at the first inlet pipes. The fluid distributor assembly is provided with a first perforated plate, in turn provided with first through holes, and with at least one second perforated plate, in turn provided with second through holes. The second perforated plate is disposed parallel and downstream of the first perforated plate with respect to the flow direction of the first fluid flowing into the first through holes and the second through holes. Between the first perforated plate and the second perforated plate a hermetic seal device is disposed. The first perforated plate and the second perforated plate are spaced from each other, in such a way that the first perforated plate and the second perforated plate, together with the hermetic seal device, surround an equalization chamber of predefined depth, measured along the flow direction of the first fluid flowing into the first through holes and the second through holes. Each equalization chamber is closed at the peripheral edges of the first perforated plate and of the second perforated plate.

<CIT> is to provide a multipipe heat exchanger with excellent heat exchange efficiency, by introducing exhaust gas, with constant flow rate and uniform flow velocity distribution, into a plurality of heat exchanger tubes disposed to the multipipe heat exchanger for an exhaust gas cooling device. In a shell and tube type multipipe heat exchanger for an exhaust gas cooling device, a bonnet having a tubular part approximately concentrically with the center of axis of a shell main body is connected with a shell on an exhaust gas inlet side of the shell main body constituting the multipipe heat exchanger, and an inner wall surface of a tubular inner peripheral part of the bonnet is integrally provided with at least one baffle plate having a plurality of holes or slits.

In order to increase the performance of the heat exchanger, there is a technology that reduces the diameter of the water flow paths. However, when, for example, the heat exchanger is used as an evaporator, water that flows in the water flow paths may freeze due to the temperature of a refrigerant becoming very low. When the water freezes, the heat exchanger may be damaged due to the water flow paths being closed. In order to prevent damage to the heat exchanger, there are restrictions such as increasing the temperature of the refrigerant to a certain degree.

The present invention is defined by the appended independent claim. The dependent claims are directed to optional features and preferred embodiments.

A heat exchanger according to a first aspect is a heat exchanger that is configured to heat or cool water with a fluid, and includes a heat transfer portion, an upstream portion, and a distribution portion. The heat transfer portion is such that a plurality of fluid flow paths in which a fluid flows and a plurality of water flow paths in which water flows are adjacent to each other. The upstream portion forms an upstream space on an upstream side of the plurality of water flow paths. The distribution portion is disposed in the upstream space and is configured to distribute to the plurality of water flow paths water that flows into the upstream space from a water entering port.

The present inventor has focused on the fact that the problem regarding the freezing of water that flows in the water flow paths is caused by water not flowing uniformly and drifting to the plurality of water flow paths. When the water drifts, in the plurality of water flow paths, a portion thereof where the amount of water that flows is relatively small tends to freeze.

Therefore, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, water that flows into the upstream space disposed upstream of the plurality of water flow paths can be distributed to the plurality of water flow paths due to the distribution portion being disposed in the upstream space. Therefore, the water can be suppressed from drifting to the plurality of water flow paths. Consequently, the water that flows in the water flow paths can be suppressed from freezing.

Further, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, the distribution portion is a plate member.

In the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, water that flows into the upstream space from the water entering port can be easily distributed to the plurality of water flow paths. Therefore, since the water can be easily suppressed from drifting to the plurality of water flow paths, it is possible to realize a heat exchanger that can suppress the water that flows in the water flow paths from freezing.

Further, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, at least a part of the plurality of water flow paths have an opposing region that opposes the water entering port. The plate member is disposed between the opposing region and the water entering port.

In the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, the plate member is disposed between the water flow paths opposing the water entering port and the water entering port. Therefore, water that flows into the upstream space from the water entering port can be easily distributed to the plurality of water flow paths so as to suppress drifting.

Further, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, a width of each of the plurality of water flow paths is less than or equal to <NUM>.

In the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, if the width of the plurality of water flow paths is reduced to a diameter of <NUM> or less, the heat exchanger of the present disclosure can suppress water from drifting to the plurality of water flow paths. Consequently, performance can be increased and the water that flows in the water flow paths can be suppressed from freezing.

Further, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, the plate member has a through hole.

In the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, water that flows into the upstream space from the water entering port can be more easily distributed to the plurality of water flow paths so as to suppress drifting by causing the water to pass through the through hole of the plate member.

Further, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, the plate member is disposed between the plurality of water flow paths and the water entering port. The plate member has an opposing portion that opposes the water entering port and a non-opposing portion that does not oppose the water entering port. The through hole that is positioned at the opposing portion is smaller than the through hole that is positioned at the non-opposing portion.

In the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, in the plurality of water flow paths, a pressure loss of the water flow paths that oppose the water entering port is smaller than a pressure loss of the water flow paths that do not oppose the water entering port. In the plate member, since the through hole that is positioned at the opposing portion is smaller than the through hole that is positioned at the non-opposing portion, water that flows into the upstream space from the water entering port can be distributed in a larger amount to the water flow paths that do not oppose the water entering port (that oppose the non-opposing portion) than to the water flow paths that oppose the water entering port (the opposing portion). Therefore, the water that flows into the upstream space from the water entering port can be distributed in a relatively small amount to the water flow paths having a small pressure loss and can be distributed in a relatively large amount to the water flow paths having a large pressure loss. Consequently, since a drift can be further suppressed, water that flows in the water flow paths can be further suppressed from freezing.

Further, in the heat exchanger according to the first aspect, the heat transfer portion has first layers and second layers alternately stacked upon each other, the water flow paths being formed in each of the first layers and the fluid flow paths being formed in each of the second layers, and the water flow paths and the fluid flow paths have linearly extending shapes.

A heat exchanger according to a second aspect is the heat exchanger according to the first aspect further including a header portion that forms a header space for causing water that has flowed in from the water entering port to be divided and to flow to the plurality of water flow paths. The distribution portion is disposed in the header space.

In the heat exchanger according to the second aspect, the distribution portion is disposed in the header space, which is a relatively large upstream space. Therefore, the freedom with which the distribution portion is disposed can be increased.

A heat exchanger according to a third aspect is the heat exchanger according to the second aspect, in which, in the header space, a ratio of a distance between a first surface, where the water entering port is formed, and the plate member to a distance between the first surface and a second surface, where inlets of the plurality of water flow paths are formed, is greater than or equal to <NUM> and less than or equal to <NUM>.

In the heat exchanger according to the third aspect, a space can be provided between an upstream side and a downstream side of the plate member disposed in the header space. Therefore, water that flows into the upstream space from the water entering port can be easily distributed to the plurality of water flow paths so as to suppress drifting.

A heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is described below with reference to the drawings.

A heat exchanger <NUM> according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is a heat exchanger that heats or cools water with a fluid (here, a refrigerant). The heat exchanger <NUM> is used in a water circuit of, for example, an air conditioner or a hot water supply apparatus. The heat exchanger <NUM> of the present embodiment is a water heat exchanger that can perform a cooling operation, a heating operation, and a defrosting operation.

As shown in <FIG>, the heat exchanger <NUM> of the present embodiment is a microchannel heat exchanger. The heat exchanger <NUM> includes a casing <NUM>, a water inlet pipe <NUM>, a water outlet pipe <NUM>, a fluid inlet pipe <NUM>, a fluid outlet pipe <NUM>, which are shown in <FIG>, first layers <NUM>, one of which is shown in <FIG>, and second layers <NUM>, one of which is shown in <FIG>.

The water inlet pipe <NUM>, the water outlet pipe <NUM>, the fluid inlet pipe <NUM>, and the fluid outlet pipe <NUM> are attached to the casing <NUM>. In detail, in <FIG>, the water inlet pipe <NUM> is attached to the bottom, the water outlet pipe <NUM> is attached to the top, the fluid inlet pipe <NUM> is attached to a lower part of a side end portion, and the fluid outlet pipe <NUM> is attached to an upper part of the side end portion.

As shown in <FIG>, the first layers <NUM> and the second layers <NUM> are alternately stacked upon each other. Note that <FIG> schematically shows a state in which the first layers <NUM> and the second layers <NUM> are stacked upon each other, and up-down directions, left-right directions, and the dimensions are not the same as those in the other figures. Water flow paths <NUM> in which water flows are formed in each first layer <NUM>. Fluid flow paths <NUM> in which a fluid flows are formed in each second layer <NUM>. The first layers <NUM> and the second layers <NUM> are each constituted by a metallic flat plate.

As shown in <FIG>, the heat exchanger <NUM> includes a heat transfer portion <NUM>, an upstream portion <NUM>, a downstream portion <NUM>, a header portion <NUM>, and a distribution portion <NUM>. The heat transfer portion <NUM>, the upstream portion <NUM>, the downstream portion <NUM>, the header portion <NUM>, and the distribution portion <NUM> are accommodated in the casing <NUM>.

The heat-transfer portion <NUM> is such that the water flow paths <NUM>, shown in <FIG>, in which water flows and the fluid flow paths <NUM>, shown in <FIG>, in which a fluid flows are adjacent to each other. The heat-transfer portion <NUM> has the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> and the plurality of fluid flow paths <NUM>. Specifically, the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> and the plurality of fluid flow paths <NUM> are formed in a plurality of rows in the heat-transfer portion <NUM>. In the heat transfer portion <NUM>, a direction in which water flows and a direction in which a fluid flows intersect each other, and are here orthogonal to each other. Specifically, water flows from a lower side toward an upper side. A fluid flows from a lower left side toward a lower right side, passes through a header portion <NUM> described below, and flows from an upper right side toward an upper left side. Water that flows in the water flow paths <NUM> and a fluid that flows in the fluid flow paths <NUM> exchange heat with each other.

The water flow paths <NUM> and the fluid flow paths <NUM> have small diameters. A width W11 of each water flow path <NUM> shown in <FIG> is less than or equal to <NUM>, according to the present invention. The width W11 is the minimum width of each water flow path <NUM>. Although, as the width W11 is reduced, the performance is increased, from the viewpoint of suppressing closure, a lower limit is, for example, <NUM>.

Note that, although the water flow paths <NUM> and the fluid flow paths <NUM> may have meandering shapes, the water flow paths <NUM> and the fluid flow paths <NUM> according to the present invention have linearly extending shapes.

The upstream portion <NUM> is positioned on an upstream side of each water flow path <NUM>. Here, the upstream portion <NUM> is positioned below the water flow paths <NUM>. The upstream portion <NUM> forms an upstream space <NUM> on the upstream side of each water flow path <NUM>.

The upstream portion <NUM> includes a water entering port <NUM> that communicates with the water inlet pipe <NUM>. Water flows into the upstream space <NUM> from the water entering port <NUM>. The water entering port <NUM> opposes at least a part of the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>. Here, the water entering port <NUM> opposes the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> at a central portion.

The downstream portion <NUM> is positioned on a downstream side of each water flow path <NUM>. Here, the downstream portion <NUM> is positioned above the water flow paths <NUM>. The downstream portion <NUM> forms a downstream space <NUM> on the downstream side of each water flow path <NUM>. The downstream space <NUM> communicates with the water outlet pipe <NUM>.

The heat exchanger <NUM> of the present embodiment further includes the header portion <NUM>. The header portion <NUM> forms a header space <NUM> for causing water that has flowed in from the water entering port <NUM> to be divided and to flow to the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>. The header portion <NUM> that forms the header space <NUM> for causing water to be divided and to flow to the water flow paths <NUM> includes the upstream portion <NUM> that forms the upstream space <NUM>.

Each first layer <NUM> further includes a header portion <NUM> that forms a header space <NUM> for gathering water that has flowed out of the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>. The header portion <NUM> that forms the header space <NUM> for gathering the water that has flowed out of the water flow paths <NUM> includes the downstream portion <NUM> that forms the downstream space <NUM>.

The water inlet pipe <NUM> and the water outlet pipe <NUM> communicate with the water flow paths <NUM> via the header portions <NUM> and <NUM>.

Note that the second layer <NUM> shown in <FIG> further includes header portions <NUM> to <NUM>. The header portion <NUM> forms a header space for causing flow division with respect to the plurality of fluid flow paths <NUM>. The header portion <NUM> forms a header space for gathering water that has flowed out of a plurality of lower fluid flow paths <NUM> and for causing the water to be divided and to flow to a plurality of upper fluid flow paths <NUM>. The header portion <NUM> forms a header space for gathering water that has flowed out of the plurality of upper fluid flow paths <NUM>. The fluid inlet pipe <NUM> and the fluid outlet pipe <NUM> communicate with the fluid flow paths <NUM> via the header portions <NUM> to <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, the distribution portion <NUM> distributes to the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> water that flows into the upstream space <NUM> from the water entering port <NUM>. The distribution portion <NUM> has a mechanism for uniformly distributing water to the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>.

The distribution portion <NUM> is disposed in the upstream space <NUM>. Here, the distribution portion <NUM> is disposed in the header space <NUM>.

Specifically, the distribution portion <NUM> is disposed between the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> and the water entering port <NUM>. In detail, the distribution portion <NUM> is disposed between the water entering port <NUM> and an opposing region R, opposing the water entering port <NUM>, in the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>. The distribution portion <NUM> in <FIG> is disposed between the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> in their entirety (the opposing region R and a non-opposing region) and the water entering port <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG> and <FIG>, the distribution portion <NUM> is a plate member. In detail, the distribution portion <NUM> is a plate member having a surface that intersects a direction of flow of water. Here, the distribution portion <NUM> is a plate member having a surface that is orthogonal to the direction of flow of water.

The distribution portion <NUM> has one or more through holes <NUM>. The plurality of through holes <NUM> of the distribution portion <NUM> shown in <FIG> have circular shapes. In <FIG>, the through holes <NUM> that are positioned at an outer peripheral portion are larger than the through holes <NUM> that are positioned at a central portion.

The distribution portion <NUM> has an opposing portion <NUM> that opposes the water entering port <NUM> and a non-opposing portion <NUM> that does not oppose the water entering port <NUM>. The through holes <NUM> that are positioned at the opposing portion <NUM> are smaller than the through holes <NUM> that are positioned at the non-opposing portion <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, in the header space <NUM>, a ratio (L2/L1) of a distance L2 between a first surface 41a, where the water entering port <NUM> is formed, and the distribution portion <NUM> to a distance L1 between the first surface 41a and a second surface 41b, where inlets of the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> are formed, is greater than <NUM> and less than <NUM>, is, desirably, greater than or equal to <NUM> and less than or equal to <NUM>, and is, more desirably, greater than or equal to <NUM>/<NUM> and less than or equal to <NUM>/<NUM>.

The distribution portion <NUM> is made of, for example, a metal. Although the material of which the distribution portion <NUM> is made may differ from the material of which each first layer <NUM> is made, here, the materials are the same. The distribution portion <NUM> is made of, for example, stainless steel, copper, or aluminum.

The distribution portion <NUM> of the present embodiment may be formed separately from a member that constitutes the upstream portion <NUM>. The distribution portion <NUM> is, for example, attached to the upstream space <NUM> by welding or the like. In detail, with a predetermined number of first layers <NUM> and second layers <NUM> being stacked upon each other, for example, after joining them by diffusion bonding or the like, for example, the distribution portion <NUM> is disposed in the upstream space <NUM> by welding or the like.

The heat exchanger <NUM> having such a structure is used as, for example, an evaporator. Specifically, water is introduced into the upstream portion <NUM> from the water inlet pipe <NUM>. Water that has been introduced into the upstream space <NUM> is distributed to the plurality of water flow paths <NUM> by the distribution portion <NUM> disposed in the upstream space <NUM> (here, the header space <NUM>).

In the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>, a pressure loss of the water flow paths <NUM> (the opposing region R) that oppose the water entering port <NUM> is smaller than a pressure loss of the water flow paths <NUM> that do not oppose the water entering port <NUM>. In the distribution portion <NUM> of the present embodiment, the through holes <NUM> that are positioned at the opposing portion <NUM> are smaller than the through holes <NUM> that are positioned at the non-opposing portion <NUM>. Therefore, the amount of water that is supplied to the non-opposing region in the water flow paths <NUM> is larger than the amount of water that is supplied to the opposing region R in the water flow paths <NUM>. Consequently, water that has passed through the through holes <NUM> of the distribution portion <NUM> is suppressed from drifting, and flows into the water flow paths.

On the other hand, a fluid that has been introduced from the fluid inlet pipe <NUM> flows into the fluid flow paths <NUM>. In the heat transfer portion <NUM>, water that flows in the water flow paths <NUM> and a fluid that flows in the fluid flow paths <NUM> exchange heat with each other. Water that has flowed out of the water flow paths <NUM> is discharged from the water outlet pipe <NUM> via the downstream space <NUM>.

In the second layer <NUM>, a fluid that has been introduced from the fluid inlet pipe <NUM> flows into the lower fluid flow paths <NUM> in <FIG> via the header portion <NUM>. Thereafter, the fluid passes through the lower fluid flow paths <NUM> in <FIG> and passes through the upper fluid flow paths <NUM> in <FIG> via the header portion <NUM>. The fluid that has exchanged heat flows out of the fluid flow paths <NUM> and is discharged from the fluid outlet pipe <NUM> via the header portion <NUM>.

In the heat exchanger <NUM> of the present embodiment, the distribution portion <NUM> is disposed in the upstream space <NUM> disposed upstream of the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>. Before water flows into the water flow paths <NUM>, the distribution portion <NUM> can distribute to the plurality of water flow paths water that flows into the upstream space <NUM>. Therefore, the water can flow uniformly and can be suppressed from drifting to the plurality of water flow paths <NUM>. Consequently, since, in the plurality of water flow paths, the number of portions where the amount of water that flows is relatively small can be reduced, water that flows in the water flow paths <NUM> can be suppressed from freezing.

In the heat exchanger <NUM> having water flow paths in which water flows from the lower side toward the upper side as in the present embodiment, freezing at a downstream region of the water flow paths <NUM> that are positioned at end portions can be effectively suppressed. The heat exchanger <NUM> of the present embodiment is particularly effective when the heat exchanger <NUM> is used as an evaporator in which a refrigerant temperature may become very low and when a defrosting operation is performed.

Accordingly, since the heat exchanger <NUM> can suppress drifting by the distribution portion <NUM>, the heat exchanger <NUM> can suppress the water flow paths <NUM> from being closed due to freezing. Since resistance to freezing can be increased, damage to the heat exchanger <NUM> can be reduced. Therefore, the heat exchanger <NUM> of the present embodiment can allow a reduction in the diameter of the water flow paths <NUM>.

Although, in the embodiment described above, a microchannel heat exchanger that can perform a cooling operation, a heating operation, and a defrosting operation is given as an example and described, the heat exchanger is not limited thereto. The heat exchanger of the present disclosure can be used in general for heat exchangers that use water as a medium that exchanges heat. In the present modification, the heat exchanger is used for a chiller.

Although, in the embodiment described above, as shown in <FIG>, the distribution portion <NUM> having dispersed through holes <NUM> is given as an example and described, the distribution portion <NUM> is not limited thereto. Note that <FIG> and <FIG> are each a schematic view showing a disposition of the distribution portion <NUM> inside the heat exchanger <NUM>. In the present modification, as shown in <FIG>, in the distribution portion <NUM>, there may be no through holes <NUM> at the opposing portion <NUM> and there may be through holes <NUM> only at the non-opposing portion <NUM>.

The shape of the through holes <NUM> is not limited, and is selected as appropriate in accordance with, for example, the position of the water entering port or the shape of the water flow paths. The through holes <NUM> of the present modification each have a rectangular shape.

Although, in the embodiment described above, the distribution portion <NUM> has a surface that is orthogonal to the direction of flow of water, the distribution portion <NUM> may have a surface that intersects the direction of flow of water. The intersecting surface may be a flat surface or a curved surface. In the present modification, as shown in <FIG>, the distribution portion <NUM> is a plate member having a surface that is inclined with respect to the direction of flow of water. In detail, the distribution portion <NUM> is a V-shaped plate member that is inclined upward from the center toward end portions.

Although, in the embodiment described above, the distribution portion <NUM> is one plate member, the distribution portion <NUM> may be a plurality of plate members. The plurality of plate members may be disposed so as to extend parallel to each other, or may be disposed so as not to extend parallel to each other.

Although, in the embodiment described above, the distribution portion <NUM> is a plate member, the distribution portion <NUM> is not limited thereto. The distribution portion <NUM> of the present modification includes a plurality of protrusions that protrude from a member that partitions the upstream space <NUM> toward the upstream space <NUM>. The protrusions each have a through hole. In this case, the member that partitions the upstream space <NUM> and the protrusions may be integrated with each other.

Claim 1:
A heat exchanger that is configured to heat or cool water with a fluid, the heat exchanger comprising:
a heat transfer portion (<NUM>) in which a plurality of fluid flow paths (<NUM>) in which a fluid flows and a plurality of water flow paths (<NUM>) in which water flows are adjacent to each other;
an upstream portion (<NUM>) that forms an upstream space (<NUM>) on an upstream side of the plurality of water flow paths;
a distribution portion (<NUM>) that is disposed in the upstream space and that is configured to distribute to the plurality of water flow paths water that flows into the upstream space from a water entering port (<NUM>),
wherein the distribution portion is a plate member,
wherein at least a part of the plurality of water flow paths have an opposing region (R) that opposes the water entering port,
wherein the plate member has through holes (<NUM>),
wherein the plate member is disposed between the plurality of water flow paths and the water entering port,
wherein the plate member has an opposing portion (<NUM>) that opposes the water entering port and a non-opposing portion (<NUM>) that does not oppose the water entering port, and
wherein the through holes that are positioned at the opposing portion are smaller than the through holes that are positioned at the non-opposing portion,
characterized in that a width (W11) of each of the plurality of water flow paths is less than or equal to <NUM>,
the heat transfer portion (<NUM>) has first layers (<NUM>) and second layers (<NUM>) alternately stacked upon each other, the water flow paths (<NUM>) being formed in each of the first layers (<NUM>) and the fluid flow paths (<NUM>) being formed in each of the second layers (<NUM>), and
the water flow paths (<NUM>) and the fluid flow paths (<NUM>) have linearly extending shapes and intersect each other.