Patent Description:
The transition from combustible energy sources to renewable energies is generally accompanied by the challenge of handling a fluctuating supply of energy. For example, power plants based on wind or solar radiation rely on temporally varying natural phenomena and therefore inherently provide a temporarily varying supply of energy. Sector coupling can combine different energy sources to balance out the fluctuating energy supply. However, it is unlikely that a constant and reliable energy supply will be achieved without temporary energy storage, which can be charged and discharged based on demand, to temporally decouple energy generation and energy consumption.

In Germany, <NUM>% of the generated electrical energy is consumed for refrigeration. Hence, power-to-cold energy storage systems could cover a significant portion of an excess capacity of a power network. Moreover, storing power through the refrigeration of carrier liquids can be efficient and compact, such as by converting water to ice and temporarily storing the resulting ice or ice-water slurry with high energy density due to the high latent heat of ice.

For example, <CIT> discloses a cold reservoir, wherein surfaces of a heat exchanger are exposed to water to create an ice layer on the heat exchanger. The ice layer can then be removed from the heat exchanger by injecting a hot gas or liquid into the heat exchanger and thereby partially melting the ice layer at the interface to the heat exchanger. The ice layer then detaches from the heat exchanger and is collected on the surface of a water reservoir in a tank to form an ice-slurry. Alternatively, the ice layer may be removed from the heat exchanger by mechanical deformation or scraping of the ice.

As another example, <NPL>") have proposed a power-to-cold storage based on vacuum-evaporation of water in a tank. The vacuum induces a cooling of the water when gaseous water molecules evaporate due to the extracted latent heat of vaporization, and ice crystals are subsequently formed in the water.

The resulting ice-slurry can be transferred to a storage tank or directly transferred to a heat exchanger.

<CIT> discloses a seasonal cold storage. In the winter season, cold air enters into a snow silo and a snowfall nozzle is driven to generate snow in the snow silo. Heat exchange with the cold air in the snow silo can be used for cooling in the summer season.

<CIT> discloses an ice thermal storage device. The system comprises two water coolers opposite each other for over-cooling water into a super cooled state and discharging the super cooled water such that the jets collide and create an ice slurry. The ice slurry is collected in a tank between the water coolers. A discharge port may discharge cold air towards the collision point to guide the supercooled water into the tank.

<CIT> discloses a seasonal snow storage with vents for letting in air into an enclosure and a sprayer for spraying water into the air and form snow. A collection hopper collects the snow into a falling supply shooter as a conveying means towards an underground ice thermal storage tank. The low-temperature atmosphere in the icemaker can be supplemented by a cooling loop, which cools the air proximate the sprayer for generating the snow.

<CIT> discloses an ice thermal storage device based on supercooled water sprayers. Instead of a collision of the supercooled water jet with a collision object, nozzles provide pressurized air to collide with the supercooled water to generate an ice slurry.

<CIT> discloses a seasonal cold storage system. Cold air is used during winter to generate snow with a high pressure water nozzle. Crops in a compartment of the storage can be cooled by the snow in summer, while molten snow water is drained via the drain port.

<NPL>") discloses techniques for the Calibration of Snowmaking Equipment for Efficient Use on Virginia's Smart Road.

<CIT> discloses a snow-making and air-conditioning system for use in indoor ski resorts in areas where it does not snow.

However, the known systems and methods based on ice generation and storage are associated with inherent shortcomings. Generating ice sheets at the surfaces of a heat exchanger is intrinsically cyclic, as the efficiency of the ice generation reduces with increasing ice thickness due to the heat insulating property of the ice layer. The removal of the ice layer on the other hand is associated with thermal losses, or requires additional mechanical energy. Further, the repeated generation and removal of ice from the heat exchanger can induce wear in the storage system.

While the direct generation of ice-slurry by vacuum-evaporation overcomes these shortcomings of ice accumulation on the surfaces of the heat exchanger, the volumetric refrigeration capacity of the associated system is low and depends on large turbo compressors. For example, a prototype of this system in Dresden employs a <NUM>,<NUM> diameter turbo compressor for inducing an ice-slurry in a <NUM><NUM> water storage tank at a refrigeration capacity of <NUM> kW.

In view of this prior art, the object of the invention is to provide a cheap and efficient energy storage system and a corresponding method which should be simple and robust in operation as well as being scalable to refrigeration capacities in the MW range.

This object is solved by a temporary energy storage system and a temporary energy storage method according to the independent claims. The dependent claims relate to preferred embodiments.

According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a temporary energy storage system. The temporary energy storage system comprises a thermal storage tank for storing water, a chiller comprising a heat exchanger of an evaporator of a heat pump configured for generating cooled air in the thermal storage tank, and a snow generator for generating snow particles suspended in the cooled air, such that the snow particles settle on the water stored in the thermal storage tank for forming a snow layer on the water. The chiller and the snow generator are arranged in a separated part of the temporary energy storage system, and the snow generator comprises a fan for generating a stream of cooled air from the chiller through the snow generator and out of the separated part into the thermal storage tank, and wherein the snow generator is further configured to inject water into the stream of cooled air.

As opposed to the prior art ice storage systems, latent heat may be stored in snow particles which can be formed in a cooled airstream and can therefore be spatially disconnected from heat exchangers. Hence, the temporary energy storage system may operate at constant refrigeration capacity. When the snow particles settle on the water in the thermal storage, a snow layer may be formed and may mix with the water, such as to result in a pumpable water/ice-slurry mixture which may store energy within the latent heat of the crystallized water.

Snow generators have been applied in their technical field with a focus on a large snow throughput, e.g. in snowmaking for ski slope preparation. Hence, the invention can advantageously apply previous technical advances in the technical field of snowmaking for winter sports to provide robust energy storage at high refrigeration capacity and high storage density.

The artificially generated snow particles may be stored with the water in the thermal storage tank, which may comprise thermally isolating walls (of the thermal storage tank), such that the water and/or cooled air is thermally isolated from the surrounding environment and the temperature of the water may be substantially maintained.

The skilled person will appreciate that reference is made to "water" for the sake of conciseness only, while no limitation is intended on the constituents or physical state of the water. Instead, the skilled person will appreciate that the reference to water may include crystalline water components (e.g. snow or ice) and that the water or water/ice-slurry mixture may include arbitrary additives, e.g. for adjusting the freezing point or for affecting the nucleating dynamics of snow particles, such as salts or proteins. In other words, the term "water" as used in the present disclosure should be understood broadly as any water-based and at least partially liquid mixture supporting the generation of snow particles therefrom. In some embodiments, the water-based and at least partially liquid mixture stored in the thermal storage tank may be primarily composed of ice to store energy at a high energy density, e.g. the water may temporarily feature ice contents of <NUM>% or more in operation. External power is stored in the temporary energy storage system by transforming (electrical) energy to cold energy using the chiller. The chiller comprises a heat exchanger of an evaporator, such as an ammonia evaporator, to provide cooled air at a high refrigeration capacity. For example, the chiller may generate cooled air at a temperature of between about o °C to about -<NUM>, such as between about -<NUM> to about -<NUM>. The air may be drawn in from the thermal storage tank and cooled to supply cooled air to the snow generator for creating suitable environmental conditions for snow particle aggregation.

In other words, the chiller generates a stream of cooled air in which snow particles may be created with the snow generator. The snow generator may locally expand air and/or water to create snow nuclei in the cooled air, and the snow particles may aggregate around the snow nuclei while suspended in the cooled air. In particular, the snow generator may generate a mist of snow nuclei and water in the cooled air and the snow particles may aggregate in the mist before the snow particles settle on the water (i.e. during the hang time of the mist/snow nuclei in the cooled air).

In preferred embodiments, the snow generator comprises a nucleation nozzle for ejecting air and/or a water, such that snow nuclei are formed in the cooled air for aggregating snow particles.

Upon expansion through the nucleation nozzle, the air and/or water may cool and snow nuclei may be formed. In some embodiments, the nucleation nozzle ejects a mixture of water and air for generating snow particles (so called internal mixing nozzle) into the stream of cooled air. In some embodiments, different nozzles for expanding air and water are arranged in the snow generator and the streams of expanded air and expanded water from the nozzles cross in the cooled air for forming snow nuclei (so called external mixing snow generator). For example, a snow cannon used for artificial snow generation for ski slope preparation may comprise a plurality of nozzles for ejecting air and for ejecting water through different nozzles and may further comprise nucleation nozzles for ejecting a mixture of air and water in order to generate snow nuclei in a stream of cooled air.

In preferred embodiments, the snow generator comprises a compressor for generating compressed air, wherein the compressed air is expanded through the nucleation nozzle to generate snow nuclei for aggregating snow particles.

The compressor may draw in air from the thermal storage tank which may be expanded by the nucleation nozzle with or without additional water for generating snow nuclei in the cooled air.

In principle, the snow generator may be a snowmaking gun used for ski slope preparation, such as a snow lance or a fan gun, in particular a snow cannon, depending on the size and shape of the thermal storage tank. For example, when the thermal storage tank provides a vertical hang time sufficient for snow particle aggregation, a snow lance may be installed within the thermal storage tank to generate snow particles in the stream of cooled air.

The snow generator comprises a fan for generating a stream of cooled air from the chiller through the snow generator and into the thermal storage tank.

For example, in large thermal storage tanks providing a lateral throwing distance of at least <NUM>, in particular a lateral throwing distance of at least <NUM>, such as <NUM>, a snow cannon may be employed for generating snow particles at a comparatively high refrigeration capacity, wherein the fan draws in the cooled air from the chiller for blowing a mist of cooled air and snow nuclei into the thermal storage tank thereby aggregating snow particles within said mist over the throwing distance.

In preferred embodiments, the snow generator draws the water from the thermal storage tank for generating snow particles.

The water from the thermal storage tank may be drawn in by a pump directly from the thermal storage tank, or may be drawn in from additional conduits connected to a heat exchanger, e.g. from return conduits after the water has exchanged heat with an external fluid. Preferably, the water for the snow generator is directly drawn in from the thermal storage tank, such that the temperature of the water may be close to the freezing point, e.g. substantially between <NUM> and the freezing point, such as a freezing point of o °C or -<NUM>. The water may be pressurized by the pump to eject the water at an increased pressure, such as at least <NUM> bar, at least <NUM> bar, or at least <NUM> bar, e.g. a water pressure between <NUM> bar and <NUM> bar.

The water may be injected into the stream of cooled air for generating a cooled mist by associated water nozzles, and snow particles may aggregate within the cooled mist before settling on the water in the thermal storage tank. The aggregated snow particles may initially cool the water in the thermal storage tank and may subsequently form a snow layer on the surface of the water.

The artificial snow particles generated with a snow generator may lack the hexagonal symmetry of natural snow(-flakes) and may feature increased density. For example, artificial snow generated with a snow cannon may feature a density of about <NUM>-<NUM>/m<NUM> and the snow particles may have a substantially circular shape. Hence, artificial snow particles can provide higher energy storage density than naturally occurring snow particles/snowflakes. Moreover, the storage density may be increased by increasing the water content of the snow particles, e.g. by adjusting parameters of the snow generator for increasing the water content of the snow particles.

In preferred embodiments, the system further comprises a sprinkler for wetting the snow layer, wherein the sprinkler in particular draws in water from the thermal storage tank for wetting the snow layer with said water.

The water may densify the snow layer and may crystallize for forming a dense ice/snow layer with a density of up to about <NUM>/m<NUM>. Hence, the energy storage density of the thermal storage system may be further increased with the sprinkler. The sprinkler may be coupled to conduits of a heat exchanger, such that recirculating water can be sprinkled onto the snow layer for cooling the recirculated water and for densifying the snow layer by partially melting the same. Wetting the snow layer with the sprinkler may also increase an energy exchange rate between the snow layer and the water, and may thus be selectively performed to reduce the temperature of the water.

In preferred embodiments, the system further comprises an agitator to agitate the water in the thermal storage tank, such that the snow layer is displaced in the thermal storage tank and/or mixed with the water.

The agitator may displace the snow layer, such that the snow layer may be distributed throughout the thermal storage tank and such that the snow layer may be mixed with the water for forming a pumpable ice-slurry. The ice-slurry may be transferred through conduits for exchanging heat with an external fluid.

In preferred embodiments, the thermal storage tank is coupled to conduits for extracting the water from the thermal storage tank, wherein the conduits are in particular coupled to a heat exchanger to cool a fluid in an external cooling system.

The water/ice-slurry in the thermal storage tank may be extracted from the tank at a temperature of e.g. o °C with a pump and may be pumped towards a heat exchanger for exchanging heat with a fluid in an external cooling network. For example, the cold energy stored in the temporary energy storage system may be transferred to a district cooling network, may be employed for server cooling in a datacenter, or for refrigerating food items. In some embodiments, the fluid is air and the cold energy stored in the temporary energy storage system is employed for providing cold energy to an air conditioning system. In some embodiments, the water/ice-slurry stored in the thermal storage tank is employed as a heat exchange medium for directly exchanging heat with a consumer, e.g. in a district cooling network.

In preferred embodiments, the thermal storage tank comprises artificial snow nuclei or a snow inducer, in particular snow inducing proteins, for increasing a nucleation temperature of the snow particles.

As the storage tank may provide a closed environment not subject to environmental regulations, the snow particle generation may be enhanced with a range of additives in the water. For example, snow inducing Pseudomonas syringae proteins may be added to the water for increasing a nucleation temperature of the water by up to <NUM>-<NUM>. As another example, silver iodide particles may be employed as artificial snow nuclei. Hence, the efficiency of the snow generator may be increased due to additives in the water used to nucleate and/or aggregate the snow particles.

Further, additional additives, such as salt, urea, and/or ammonium nitrate, may be added for reducing the freezing point of the water such that the temperature of the pumpable water may be reduced for application specific requirements. For example, the freezing point of the water may be reduced to a temperature below o °C using additives for freezing food items.

The chiller comprises an evaporator of a heat pump.

The temporary energy storage system may provide a heat reservoir for the heat pump. The temporary energy storage system may accordingly be a part of a composite power-to-heat and power-to-cold system.

In preferred embodiments, the system is configured to exchange the water with an external reservoir.

When the chiller comprises an evaporator of a heat pump, the water may be exchanged with the external reservoir in the event of low cold energy consumption and accumulation of the snow layer in the tank. Hence, the water/ice-slurry in the tank may be renewed following exchange of the water with the external reservoir, such as a lake or river.

In preferred embodiments, the thermal storage tank further comprises a heat exchanger to directly exchange heat with the water for cooling said water.

The heat exchanger may cool the water during a start-up of the temporary energy storage and/or when the temperature of the water is above a start-up temperature, such as <NUM> or above o °C. Direct exchange of heat with the water may be more efficient than storing the energy in the latent heat of the snow particles when the temperature of the water is above the start-up temperature.

According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a method for temporarily storing energy. The method comprises providing water in a thermal storage tank, generating cooled air in a separated part using a chiller comprising an evaporator of a heat pump , and generating snow particles suspended in the cooled air, comprising injecting water into the stream of cooled air, such that the snow particles settle on the water stored in the thermal storage tank and thereby forming a snow layer on the water.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises wetting the snow layer with the water.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises drawing the water from the thermal storage tank for wetting the snow layer with the water.

The method further comprises generating a stream of cooled air from a chiller through a snow generator and into the thermal storage tank with a fan.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises forming snow nuclei in the cooled air for aggregating snow particle by ejecting air and/or water through a nucleation nozzle.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises expanding compressed air through the nucleation nozzle to generate snow nuclei for aggregating snow particles.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises drawing in water from the thermal storage tank for generating snow particles.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises agitating the water, such that the snow layer is displaced in the thermal storage tank and/or mixed with the water.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises adding artificial snow nuclei or a snow inducer to the water, in particular snow inducing proteins, for increasing a nucleation temperature of the snow particles.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises extracting the water from the thermal storage tank through conduits, wherein the conduits are in particular coupled to a heat exchanger to cool a fluid in an external cooling system.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises driving an evaporator of a heat pump for generating the cooled air at the evaporator.

In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises exchanging the water with an external reservoir.

The features and numerous advantages of the system and corresponding method according to the present invention will best be understood from a detailed description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:.

<FIG> schematically illustrates an example of a temporary energy storage system <NUM>. The temporary energy storage system <NUM> comprises a thermal storage tank <NUM> for holding water <NUM>, a chiller <NUM> for generating a stream of cooled air <NUM> by exchanging heat with a refrigerant supplied via refrigerant conduits <NUM>, and a snow generator <NUM>. The stream of cooled air <NUM> can pass through the snow generator <NUM> and into the thermal storage tank <NUM> for generating snow particles <NUM> suspended in the cooled air <NUM>.

The snow particles <NUM> may settle on the water <NUM> for forming a snow layer <NUM>. The snow layer <NUM> may be mixed with the water <NUM> for cooling the water <NUM> towards its freezing point and for forming a pumpable ice-slurry, such that cold energy may be stored in the latent heat of crystalline water particles. The water <NUM> may be pumped from the bottom of the thermal storage tank <NUM> towards the snow generator <NUM> via conduits <NUM> with a pump <NUM>, such that the temporary energy storage system <NUM> may operate in a closed loop by transforming the water <NUM> with low ice content from the bottom of the thermal storage tank <NUM> into snow particles <NUM>.

The chiller <NUM> and the snow generator <NUM> are arranged within a separated part <NUM> of the temporary energy storage system <NUM> which may be a separated part <NUM> of the thermal storage tank <NUM> or may be a separated compartment external to the thermal storage tank <NUM> and coupled to the thermal storage tank <NUM> via conduits or hatches.

The chiller <NUM> may draw in the air from the interior of the thermal storage tank <NUM>, e.g. with a compressor or fan (not shown), and may feature heat exchanging elements (not shown) for cooling the air drawn in from the thermal storage tank <NUM> and for generating the stream of cooled air <NUM> towards the snow generator <NUM>. Additionally or alternatively, the snow generator <NUM> may draw in cooled air from the chiller <NUM>, and comparatively warmer air may flow into the chiller <NUM> via an inlet due to the resulting negative pressure. The chiller <NUM> may be an evaporator for evaporating the refrigerant supplied via the refrigerant conduits <NUM>. The latent heat of evaporation for evaporating the refrigerant may be drawn from the air in the thermal storage tank <NUM> and may therefore produce cooled air <NUM> at the chiller <NUM>. For example, the chiller <NUM> may be an ammonia evaporator evaporating ammonia supplied via the refrigerant conduits <NUM> for generating cooled air <NUM> in the separated part <NUM>.

The snow generator <NUM> is coupled to the stream of cooled air <NUM>, e.g. by drawing in the stream of cooled air <NUM> with a fan (not shown), and the temperature of the cooled air <NUM> may be selected for creating suitable environmental conditions for snow particle aggregation. Snow particles <NUM> may form below a temperature of about <NUM>. However, the efficiency of the snow generator <NUM> may be temperature dependent, such that the stream of cooled air <NUM> is preferably associated with a temperature of below o°C or below -<NUM>. Nonetheless, the temperature of the stream of cooled air <NUM> may also be higher, for example in the case of additives in the water <NUM> increasing the snow particle nucleation temperature.

Preferably, the snow generator <NUM> ejects compressed air and water <NUM> into the stream of cooled air <NUM> via nozzles for generating a cooled mist of snow nuclei and water in the stream of cooled air <NUM>. The ejected water <NUM> may aggregate into snow particles <NUM> around the snow nuclei while suspended in the stream of cooled air <NUM> before the snow particles <NUM> settle on the snow layer <NUM>. The snow layer <NUM> may cool the water <NUM> towards the freezing point and subsequently store cold energy within the latent heat of the snow layer <NUM>. Commercially available snow cannons for snowmaking can produce serval cubic meters of snow per hour, e.g. <NUM><NUM>/h or more, and may thus be compatible with a refrigeration capacity in the MW range.

The thermal storage tank <NUM> may comprise a liquid-tight concrete tank for holding the water <NUM> which may be thermally insulated to passively maintain the temperature of the water <NUM> in the thermal storage tank <NUM>. The thermal storage tank <NUM> may be situated below a technical center of an industrial cold energy consumer and may thus complement the operation of a (central) refrigeration facility. The thermal storage tank <NUM> may have vertical and/or lateral dimensions of at least <NUM> to accommodate a throwing distance of the snow generator <NUM> for a refrigeration capacity in the MW range. However, the temporary energy storage system <NUM> may also be scaled to lower dimensions by adjusting the snowmaking process to form snow particles <NUM> at reduced hang time, e.g. by increasing a ratio of compressed air to ejected water or by providing additives in the water, and comparatively smaller temporary storage systems <NUM> may accordingly be provided depending on the demand of the cold energy consumer. Thus, a versatile temporary energy storage system <NUM> may be provided with simple technical means. The temporary energy storage system <NUM> may store cold energy at a selectable refrigeration capacity which can be selected via the operation point of the chiller <NUM> and of the snow generator <NUM>, while the system <NUM> may benefit from increased volumetric cold energy storage capacity due to the storing of cold energy within the latent heat of snow/ice. At the same time, the water <NUM> may constitute a pumpable heat exchange liquid for delivering the stored cold energy to external system in a controllable fashion.

<FIG> illustrates a schematic flow diagram of a method for temporarily storing energy. The method comprises providing water <NUM> in a thermal storage tank <NUM> (S10), and generating cooled air <NUM> in the thermal storage tank <NUM> (S12). The method further comprises generating snow particles <NUM> suspended in the cooled air <NUM>, such that the snow particles <NUM> settle on the water <NUM> stored in the thermal storage tank <NUM> thereby forming a snow layer <NUM> on the water <NUM> (S14).

The method may comprise thermally isolating the water <NUM> in the thermal storage tank <NUM>, e.g. by storing the water <NUM> in a thermal storage tank <NUM> featuring heat insulating walls for preventing a heat exchange with the surrounding environment. In addition, the method may comprise pumping the water <NUM> towards the snow generator <NUM> for ejecting the water <NUM> into the stream of cooled air <NUM> for nucleating and aggregating snow particles <NUM>. The method may further comprise inducing a mixing of the snow layer <NUM> and the water <NUM> for improving a heat exchange between the snow layer <NUM> and the water <NUM> and/or for densifying the snow layer <NUM>, such as to form an ice-slurry in the thermal storage tank <NUM>.

In addition, the method may comprise adding additives to the water <NUM> for increasing a nucleation temperature of the snow particles <NUM>, such as snow inducers, or for adjusting the freezing point of the water <NUM>. For example, salt may be added to the water <NUM> for reducing the freezing point of the water <NUM> when the system <NUM> is coupled to an external freezer. Accordingly, the system <NUM> may be adapted to application specific temperature requirements by adjusting the additive content in the water <NUM>, thereby allowing the temporary energy storage system <NUM> to complement different cooling applications.

<FIG> schematically illustrates another example of a temporary energy storage system <NUM>. Similar to the operation of the system <NUM> shown in <FIG>, cold energy can be stored by generating a snow layer <NUM> on the water <NUM> with a snow generator <NUM>. A chiller <NUM> can draw in air from the thermal storage tank <NUM> and the resulting stream of cooled air <NUM> can be supplied towards the snow generator <NUM>. Additionally, a pump <NUM> may pump water <NUM> via conduits <NUM> towards the snow generator <NUM> for generating snow particles <NUM> suspended in the stream of cooled air <NUM> (not shown). The snow particles <NUM> may settle on the water <NUM> for forming the snow layer <NUM>.

An agitator <NUM> may be arranged in the thermal storage tank <NUM> for agitating the water <NUM> and for displacing the snow layer <NUM>. By agitating the water <NUM>, the snow layer <NUM> may be distributed throughout the thermal storage tank <NUM> for providing a more uniform heat exchange between the water <NUM> and the snow layer <NUM>. In addition, driving the agitator <NUM> may mix the snow layer <NUM> and the water <NUM> for further increasing a heat transfer and for inducing an ice-slurry. The ice-slurry may provide denser energy storage while still being pumpable, such that the ice-slurry in the water <NUM> may be employed for energy exchange with external systems. While the agitator <NUM> is illustrated as a mechanical agitator <NUM>, the skilled person will appreciate that other types of agitators, such as air conduits for inducing a motion of the water <NUM> by creating air bubbles, may equally be used for agitating the water <NUM>.

As illustrated in <FIG>, the thermal storage tank <NUM> may be coupled via extraction conduits <NUM> to a heat exchanger <NUM> which in turn may be coupled to external fluid conduits <NUM> for exchanging heat between the water <NUM> and an external fluid, e.g. a cooling liquid. The water <NUM> may be extracted from the thermal storage tank <NUM> at a temperature close to the freezing point of the water <NUM>, such as o °C or -<NUM>, for cooling the external fluid in the external conduits <NUM> towards the same or a higher temperature, e.g. <NUM> for refrigeration applications or <NUM> for air conditioning applications. After passing the heat exchanger <NUM>, the water <NUM> may be returned towards the thermal storage tank <NUM> via return conduits <NUM>.

As further illustrated in <FIG>, the system <NUM> may also comprise a sprinkler <NUM> for wetting the snow layer <NUM> on the water <NUM>. Artificially created snow may have a density of about <NUM>-<NUM>/m<NUM>. By wetting the snow layer <NUM>, the snow layer <NUM> may partially melt and the water wetting the snow layer <NUM> may (re-)freeze, such that a densified snow layer <NUM> may be created. In addition, wetting the snow layer <NUM> with the sprinkler <NUM> may induce mixing of the snow layer <NUM> with the water <NUM> to induce a pumpable ice-slurry.

The sprinkler <NUM> may be coupled to a return conduit <NUM> of the heat exchanger <NUM>. Hence, the water returned via the return conduits <NUM> from the heat exchanger <NUM> may be sprinkled onto the snow layer <NUM> at an increased temperature, such as to efficiently cool the water returned via the return conduits <NUM> while densifying the snow layer <NUM>.

Hence, the temporary energy storage system <NUM> may provide dense cold energy storage by selectively mixing the snow layer <NUM> formed on the water <NUM> with the agitator <NUM> and/or with the sprinkler <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates a schematic example of a separated part <NUM> of a temporary energy storage system <NUM> for transferring power to cold energy and for generating snow particles <NUM>. The separated part <NUM> accommodates a chiller <NUM> coupled to refrigerant conduits <NUM> for generating cooled air <NUM> in the separated part <NUM>. The separated part <NUM> further accommodates a snow generator <NUM> comprising a fan <NUM> for drawing in the cooled air <NUM> and generating a stream of cooled air <NUM> through the snow generator <NUM>. The snow generator <NUM> further comprises a plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b for ejecting water and/or air into the stream of cooled air <NUM> for creating snow nuclei and for generating snow particles <NUM> suspended in the stream of cooled air <NUM>.

The plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b may comprise nucleation nozzles for mixing compressed air and water <NUM> drawn in from the thermal storage tank <NUM> and for ejecting the mixture of compressed air and water into the stream of cooled air <NUM> in order to create snow nuclei. The water <NUM> may be drawn in via conduits <NUM> with a pump <NUM> and the compressed air may be air from the thermal storage tank <NUM>. For example, the snow generator <NUM> may comprise an internal compressor (not shown) for compressing air in the snow generator <NUM>. Upon expansion, the compressed air/air-water mixture may cool, thereby inducing snow nuclei within the stream of cooled air <NUM>.

Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b may comprise nozzles for ejecting compressed air or water into the stream of cooled air <NUM>, such that streams of the expanding air and the ejected water droplets cross in the snow generator <NUM> for generating snow nuclei. Additional water nozzles 48a, 48b may be provided for spraying water into the stream of cooled air <NUM>, such as to provide a mist of water droplets in the stream of cooled air <NUM>.

The stream of cooled air <NUM> may carry the mist of the snow nuclei and water droplets ejected from the plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b into the thermal storage tank <NUM>, such that water molecules may aggregate around the snow nuclei for forming snow particles <NUM> while the required latent heat can be extracted from the stream of cooled air <NUM>.

The stream of cooled air <NUM> leaving the separated part <NUM> may feature a temperature below the freezing point of the water <NUM>, such as -<NUM> or -<NUM>, such that a snowmaking process via the snow generator <NUM> may be performed efficiently at suitable environmental conditions, effectively increasing a refrigeration capacity of the temporary energy storage system <NUM>. For example, commercially available snow cannons may generate up to about <NUM><NUM>/h of snow when the temperature of the ambient air is at about -<NUM>. In the temporary energy storage system <NUM>, the ambient air temperature can be adjusted through the chiller <NUM>, such that suitable environmental conditions for snowmaking may be artificially created by controlling the temperature and humidity of the stream of cooled air <NUM> supplied from the chiller <NUM> into the thermal storage tank <NUM>. Hence, the environmental conditions in the thermal storage tank <NUM> may approximate optimal environmental conditions for snow making, such that the water <NUM> can be transformed into snow particles <NUM> at high efficiency/refrigeration capacity.

In some embodiments, snow inducers or artificial snow nuclei may be added as additives to the water <NUM>, such that a nucleation temperature for creating snow nuclei may be increased. Hence, the efficiency and/or refrigeration capacity of the snow generation process may be further improved.

The snow generator <NUM> may comprise the fan <NUM> for generating the stream of cooled air <NUM> past the plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b, similar to the operation of a snow cannon which draws in cold air from the surrounding environment for expelling a mist of snow nuclei and water droplets onto ski slopes for generating artificial snow particles <NUM>. The fan <NUM> may increase the flow of the stream of cooled air <NUM> and may thus increase a throughput of the snow generator <NUM>. Additionally or alternatively, air may be drawn into the chiller <NUM> and the resulting stream of cooled air <NUM> may be blown out of the separated part <NUM> through an opening associated with a snow generator <NUM> which may not feature a fan <NUM>, such as a snow lance. In some embodiments, the chiller <NUM> and the snow generator <NUM> are integrated into a composite chilling and snow generation part of the system <NUM>, and a fan <NUM> is arranged in the composite chilling and snow generation part along the path of the air into the chiller <NUM> and through the snow generator <NUM>.

<FIG> illustrates another schematic example of a temporary energy storage system <NUM> including a separated part <NUM> comprising a chiller <NUM> and a snow generator <NUM>. The separated part <NUM> is arranged inside walls of the thermal storage tank <NUM> and is configured to draw in air from the thermal storage tank <NUM> into the separated part <NUM> and past heat exchangers of the chiller <NUM>. The resulting stream of cooled air <NUM> may stream through an opening of the separated part <NUM> into the thermal storage tank <NUM> while passing a plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b of the snow generator <NUM>.

The plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b of the snow generator <NUM> may generate a mist of snow nuclei and water droplets into the stream of cooled air <NUM> by expanding compressed air supplied via a compressor <NUM>. As illustrated in <FIG>, the compressor <NUM> may be arranged outside of the thermal storage tank <NUM> and the compressed air may be guided towards the plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b into the thermal storage tank <NUM>. Accordingly, heat generated due to the operation of the compressor <NUM> can be exchanged with the surrounding environment, and may not directly heat components of the temporary energy storage system <NUM>. A thermal efficiency of the snowmaking process of the snow generator <NUM> may accordingly be improved. In some embodiments, the compressor <NUM> or conduits from the compressor <NUM> into the thermal storage tank <NUM> are coupled to the chiller <NUM>, such that the compressed air is cooled prior to ejection through the plurality of nozzles 48a, 48b.

Other heat generating components, such as the pump <NUM>, may similarly be arranged outside of the thermal storage tank <NUM> and/or coupled to the chiller <NUM>, such that the thermal efficiency of the system <NUM> can be further improved.

In some embodiments, the temporary energy storage system <NUM> is further coupled to a heat pump, such that the temporary energy storage system <NUM> can also act as an artificial heat source for the heat pump in a composite power-to-heat and power-to-cold system.

<FIG> illustrates an example of a temporary energy storage system <NUM>, similar to the example illustrated in <FIG>, wherein the chiller <NUM> comprises an evaporator of a heat pump <NUM>. The evaporator may be coupled via refrigerant conduits <NUM> to a condenser <NUM> of the heat pump <NUM> to transfer heat towards an external heating circuit <NUM>. The refrigerant of the heat pump <NUM> may be passed through an expansion valve <NUM> before arriving at the evaporator in liquid form. In the evaporator, heat may be absorbed from the chiller <NUM> for evaporating the refrigerant in the refrigerant conduits <NUM>. The refrigerant may then be compressed by a heat pump compressor <NUM> for providing a heated refrigerant towards the condenser <NUM> at an opposite (hot) side of the heat pump <NUM>, where the refrigerant is condensed while heat is supplied towards the external heating circuit <NUM>.

Hence, the chiller <NUM> and the associated temporary energy storage <NUM> may act as a heat source of the heat pump <NUM>, wherein the thermal energy extracted from the chiller <NUM> by the heat pump <NUM> cools the air/water <NUM> in the thermal storage tank <NUM> and is employed to create snow particles <NUM> in the thermal storage tank <NUM> for forming snow layer <NUM> on the water <NUM>. The latent heat stored in the crystallized water may then be provided to cold consumers on demand by heat exchange with the water <NUM>, or may be retained in the thermal storage tank <NUM> at comparatively high storage density.

When the snow layer <NUM> accumulates in the thermal storage tank <NUM>, e.g. when the demand for heat exceeds the demand for cold energy, the water/ice-slurry mixture <NUM> may be pumped out of the thermal storage tank <NUM> towards an external reservoir, such as an artificial lake (not shown), via a pump <NUM>. The thermal storage tank <NUM> may be subsequently filled with water from an external reservoir <NUM>, such as a lake or river, in order to continue operating as a fixed temperature heat source for the heat pump <NUM>, effectively reducing the installation cost of the heat pump <NUM>.

Claim 1:
A temporary energy storage system (<NUM>), the system (<NUM>) comprising a thermal storage tank (<NUM>) for storing water (<NUM>);
a chiller (<NUM>) comprising an evaporator of a heat pump (<NUM>) configured for generating cooled air (<NUM>) in the thermal storage tank (<NUM>); and
a snow generator (<NUM>) configured for generating snow particles (<NUM>) suspended in the cooled air (<NUM>), such that the snow particles (<NUM>) settle on the water (<NUM>) stored in the thermal storage tank (<NUM>) for forming a snow layer (<NUM>) on the water (<NUM>),
wherein the chiller (<NUM>) and the snow generator (<NUM>) are arranged in a separated part (<NUM>) of the temporary energy storage system (<NUM>), and
wherein the snow generator (<NUM>) comprises a fan (<NUM>) for generating a stream of cooled air (<NUM>) from the chiller (<NUM>) through the snow generator (<NUM>) and out of the separated part (<NUM>) into the thermal storage tank (<NUM>).