Patent Description:
Rodents are global pests. For example, mice and rats cause damage by soiling food, spreading allergens, diminishing yields of agricultural crops, serving as reservoirs for disease-causing pathogens, endangering island seabird colonies, and by acting as an invasive species harming indigenous fauna (Wanless et al. <NUM>, Angel et al. These many adverse effects have prompted ongoing efforts to trap and poison rodents. However, rodents can exhibit neophobia (the fear of new objects). The lag time for neophobic rodents to become conditioned to the presence of newly placed traps, or trap boxes containing snap traps, and to enter them greatly reduces the effectiveness of rodent control efforts.

<CIT> relates to novel rodent control agents comprising antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, that bind to proteins expressed in rodents and in particular antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that bind to proteins expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of rodents, as well as to methods of making such novel rodent control agents. The invention further extends to novel antibodies and antigen-binding fragments for use in rodent control as well as to methods of controlling rodents through the use of such antibodies, antigen binding fragments and novel rodent control agents.

<CIT> discloses stable chemosterilant compositions useful in the control of pest populations comprising an orally active progestogenic compound of formula (I), wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of OR2, OH and F, and R2 is carbacyl of <NUM> to <NUM> carbon atoms, and a paraffin wax. The compositions are palatable to rodent species and also cause temporary or permanent sterility in the rodents. A method of controlling the number of animal pest species in an area involves distributing the described compositions in the area. Animals eating the pests are not effected by the described progestogens, thereby causing fewer problems with the food chain.

<NPL>, discloses that pheromones play an important role in mammalian reproduction and social behavior including sexual attraction, territorial marking, mother-young bond, individual identification, evocation of aggression and so on. Among the various sources of pheromones, the exocrine glands particularly preputial gland is considered as a vital gland for odor production and a potent source of pheromone in rodents.

The invention provides a device for attracting a rodent and a method for immobilizing a rodent according to the independent claims. Specific embodiments relating to the device of the invention and the method of the invention are disclosed in dependent claims and the following description.

The term "isolated" as used herein means separated from materials with which the compound is normally associated in a native state.

The term "purified" as used herein refers to material that has been isolated under conditions that reduce, or eliminate, the presence of unrelated materials, i.e., contaminants, including native materials from which the material is obtained. Purified material substantially free of contaminants can be <NUM>% or more pure; about <NUM>% or more pure, or about <NUM>% or more pure. Purity can be evaluated by methods known in the art.

The term "synthetic" as used herein means artificially produced by chemical processes or other processes initiated by human energy, as opposed to compounds formed by natural processes.

The term "lethal" as used herein means sufficient to result in immobilization, knockdown and/or death of <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, or <NUM>% or more, rodents.

The term "lethal agent" as used herein means an agent that is capable of immobilizing, knocking down, and/or killing <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, or <NUM>% or more, rodents that are exposed to an appropriate dose, number or intensity over an appropriate amount of time.

The term "attractant" as used herein refers to any composition or formulation that makes attractive to a rodent a habitat, food source, or other site which may be frequented or traversed by a mouse or a rat.

The term "chemosterilant" as used herein means a substance that is capable of sterilizing <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, <NUM>% or more, or <NUM>% or more, of male or female rodents that are exposed to an appropriate dose, number or intensity of the substance over an appropriate amount of time.

The term "rodent" as used herein refers to a rodent. The term "mouse" as used herein refers to at least one mouse of the genus Mus, including the house mouse (Mus musculus). The mouse can be male or female. The term "rat" as used herein refers to at least one rat of the genus Rattus including the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) or the black rat, or roof rat, (Rattus rattus). The rat can be male or female.

The term "androstenone" as used herein refers to 5α-androst-<NUM>-en-<NUM>-one. The term "testosterone" as used herein refers to (<NUM>R,<NUM>S,<NUM>R,<NUM>S,<NUM>S,<NUM>S)-<NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>,<NUM>-dimethyl-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-<NUM>-one. The term "progesterone" as used herein refers to <NUM>S,<NUM>S,<NUM>R,<NUM>S,<NUM>S,<NUM>S)-<NUM>-acetyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-dimethyl-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-<NUM>-one. The term "estrogen" as used herein refers to (<NUM>R,<NUM><NUM>,<NUM>S,<NUM>S,<NUM>S)-<NUM>-methyl-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-<NUM>,<NUM>-diol. The term "estrogen" further includes estradiol.

Unless otherwise specifically disclosed, materials for making components of the device of the present disclosure can be selected from appropriate materials, such as metal, metal alloys, natural or manmade fibers, composites, vinyl, plastics, silicone, rubber, and the like. Any and all appropriate manufacturing or production methods, such as casting, pressing, extruding, molding, or machining can be used to construct exemplary devices, embodiments, or their components.

Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In certain embodiments, the lethal agent can be a chemical that is capable of causing immobilization and/or death of one or more rodents. For example, the chemical can be one or more of an anticoagulant and/or a toxicant. In certain embodiments, suitable anticoagulants can include warfarin ((RS)-<NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>-(<NUM>-oxo-<NUM>-phenylbutyl)- <NUM>H-chromen-<NUM>-one), chlorophacinone (<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-chlorophenyl)-<NUM>-oxo-<NUM>-phenylethyl]indane-<NUM>,<NUM>-dione), diphacinone (<NUM>-(diphenylacetyl)-<NUM>H-indene-<NUM>,<NUM>(<NUM>H)-dione), bromadiolone (<NUM>-[<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-bromophenyl)phenyl]-<NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>-phenylpropyl]-<NUM>-hydroxychromen-<NUM>-one), difethialone (<NUM>-[<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-bromophenyl)phenyl]-<NUM>-tetralinyl]-<NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>-thiochromenone), brodifacoum (<NUM>-[<NUM>-[<NUM>-(<NUM>-bromophenyl)phenyl]-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetrahydronaphthalen-<NUM>-yl]-<NUM>-hydroxychromen-<NUM>-one), and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, suitable toxicants can include bromethalin (N-methyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-dinitro-<NUM>-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(<NUM>',<NUM>',<NUM>'-tribromophenyl)aniline), cholecalciferol ((3β,<NUM>Z,<NUM>E)-<NUM>,<NUM>-secocholesta-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>(<NUM>)-trien-<NUM>-ol), zinc phosphide (zinc phosphide/trizinc diphosphide), strychnine (strychnidin-<NUM>-one), alphachloralose, and combinations thereof. As can be appreciated, a lethal agent can be provided in any suitable manner. For example, the lethal agent can be mixed with the composition. In certain embodiments, the lethal agent can be microencapsulated.

In certain embodiments, a chemosterilant can be a chemical that is capable of sterilizing a female rodent. For example, the chemical can include one or more of mestranol, quinoestrol, diethylstilbestrol, methyl testosterone, the <NUM>-cyclopentyl ester of 17α-hexa-<NUM>'<NUM>'-diynyloestra-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>(<NUM>)-trien-17β-ol, α-chlorhydrin, or <NUM>-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide. Alternatively, the chemical can be capable of sterilizing a male rodent. Examples of such chemicals can include one or more of bicalutimide, degarelex, estrogen, flutamide, goserelin, ketoconazol, leuprolide, medroxypregesterone, nilutimide, orntide acetate, or triptorelin.

In certain embodiments, the composition which is comprised by the device of the invention can further include one or more food baits. Suitable food baits can include natural foodstuffs such as meat, cheese, eggs, nuts, and/or grains. For example, suitable food baits can include lard and cracklings, cereal flour (e.g., oat flour and/or rice flour), cereal bran (e.g., wheat bran), gelling agent(s) (e.g., gelatin and/or agar), sugar (e.g., fructose), oil(s) (e.g., safflower oil), emulsifier(s) (e.g., soy lecithin) and humectant(s) (e.g., carrageenan gum powder), water, chemical attractants (e.g., <NUM>-hydroxy-<NUM>-methylcyclopent-<NUM>-en-<NUM>-one, <NUM>,<NUM>-butadione, <NUM>-methylbutanal, <NUM>-methyl-(E)-<NUM>-hepten-<NUM>-one, <NUM>-methyl-<NUM>-heptanone, γ-octalactone and/or butyric acid), and combinations thereof.

Additionally, or alternatively, volatile pheromone components attractive to female mice, female rats, or male rats can be included. For example, one or more of <NUM>,<NUM>-dehydro-exo-brevicomin and <NUM>-sec-butyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrothiazole can be included in compositions attractive to female mice. Compositions attractive to female rats, can include one or more of <NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-octanone, <NUM>-nonanone and <NUM>-nonanone in certain embodiments. Compositions attractive to male rats can include one or more of <NUM>-methyl-butyric acid, <NUM>-methyl-butyric acid, heptanal, hexanoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, <NUM>-phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal and decanal in certain embodiments.

The compositions comprised by the device of the invention and described herein can be used to attract at least one adult female mouse or rat when the composition comprises one or more of androstenone and testosterone. The compositions described herein can be used to attract at least one adult male mouse or rat when the composition comprises one or more of progesterone and estrogen. The composition can be used as a bait, and, optionally, can be included in a trap. In certain embodiments, a composition consisting essentially of, or consisting of, one or more of testosterone and androstenone can be used to attract at least one adult female mouse or rat. In certain embodiments, a composition consisting essentially of, or consisting of, one or more of progesterone and estrogen can be used to attract at least one adult male mouse or rat. For example, a composition consisting of testosterone and androstenone can be used to attract at least one adult female mouse or rat. For example, a composition consisting of progesterone and estrogen can be used to attract at least one adult male mouse or rat. In certain embodiments, three, or more, of testosterone, androstenone, progesterone, and estrogen can be used to attract one or more rodents, within the scope of the claims. The testosterone, androstenone, progesterone and estrogen can be isolated, purified, and/or synthetic.

In certain embodiments, a composition including one or more of testosterone, androstenone, progesterone, and estrogen in an amount of about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of the composition. For example, one or more of testosterone, androstenone, progesterone, and estrogen can be included at about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, about <NUM>%, or about <NUM>% by weight of the composition. In certain embodiments, one or more of testosterone, androstenone, progesterone, and estrogen can be included in an amount of about <NUM>% to <NUM>% by weight of the composition. For example, one or more of testosterone, androstenone, progesterone, and estrogen can be included in an amount of about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM> to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%, or about <NUM>% to about <NUM>%.

In certain embodiments, one or more of testosterone, androstenone, progesterone, and estrogen can included in an amount of about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, and about <NUM>% or less, by weight of the composition. The composition can be used as a bait, and optionally, can be included in a trap. In certain embodiments described herein, a composition can further include one or more lethal agents in an amount of about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of the composition. The lethal agent can be a chemical that is capable of immobilizing and/or killing a rodent. In certain embodiments, the lethal agent(s) can be included in an amount of about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, and about <NUM>% or more, by weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the lethal agent(s) can be included in an amount of about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, and about <NUM>% or less, by weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, a composition can also include one or more chemosterilants in an amount of about <NUM>% to about <NUM>% of the composition. The chemosterilant(s) can be a chemical that is capable of sterilizing a rodent. The rodent can be a female rodent or a male rodent. In certain embodiments, the chemosterilant(s) can be included in an amount of about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, about <NUM>% or more, and about <NUM>% or more, by weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the chemosterilant(s) can be included in an amount of about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, about <NUM>% or less, and about <NUM>% or less, by weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, a composition in the device can consist of no more than two of testosterone and androstenone, or no more than two of progesterone, and estrogen.

In certain embodiments, a composition can consist essentially of no more than two of testosterone and androstenone and a lethal agent, or consist essentially of no more than two of progesterone and estrogen and a lethal agent.

In certain embodiments, a composition can consist essentially of no more than two of testosterone and androstenone and a chemosterilant, or consist essentially of progesterone and estrogen and a chemosterilant.

In certain embodiments, a composition that can attract a rodent can be formulated as a granule, a solid block, a gel, a powder, a paste, a liquid, or as combinations thereof.

Any of the compositions described herein can be included in a device of the invention for attracting a rodent. The device can include a housing for receiving a rodent. The composition is then adjacent to, or included within, the housing. The housing can also include a food bait that can be adjacent to, or included within, the composition. The housing can allow a rodent to enter and leave the device after ingesting the composition. As can be appreciated, the housing can be configured so that a rodent can enter the device, but other animals are less likely to be able to enter the device. For example, the housing can contain a size-restrictive entry way and additionally, or alternatively, include a sharp turn. The device can be reusable (e.g., rebaitable or resettable) or be for single-use. In certain embodiments, the device can include a trap that is capable of trapping more than one rodent and/or capable of trapping and killing more than one rodent.

In certain embodiments, the device for attracting one or more rodents can be a device that is capable of producing an acoustic signal to attract rodents. Such devices are described, for example, in <CIT>.

A device for attracting a rodent can include an attractant compound that is capable of attracting a rodent.

A device for attracting one or more female mice can include one or more of <NUM>,<NUM>-dehydro-exo-brevicomin and <NUM>-sec-butyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrothiazole in certain embodiments.

A device for attracting one or more female rats can include one or more of <NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-octanone, <NUM>-nonanone and <NUM>-nonanone in certain embodiments.

A device for attracting one or more male rats can include one or more of <NUM>-methyl-butyric acid, <NUM>-methyl-butyric acid, heptanal, hexanoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, <NUM>-phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal and decanal in certain embodiments.

In certain embodiments, a device can also include a trap. The trap can be an immobilizing trap (e.g., a sticky trap or a chamber trap), an impaling trap, a snap trap, an asphyxiation trap (e.g., a drowning trap, or a noose-based trap), an electrocution trap, a skull-fracturing piston trap, a crushing trap, a catch-and-release trap, a self-resetting trap capable of multiple killings, or combinations thereof.

As can be appreciated, the device can trap, or kill, more than one rodent in certain embodiments. For example, a device for attracting one or more rodents can include multiple single-use traps, a plurality of chambers that can each trap one rodent, or a single chamber that can trap or kill multiple rodents in various embodiments.

Other variations to the device are also possible in certain embodiments. For example, a device can automatically kill and remove a rodent in certain examples. In such examples, a rodent can be lured into a housing containing a trap that kills the rodent using, for example, an impaling trap, a compression trap, an asphyxiation trap, an electrocution trap, or a skull-fracturing piston trap. Once the rodent has been killed, the trap can reset itself by releasing the rodent to fall out of both the trap housing and device. As can be appreciated, such devices can kill multiple rodents without human intervention. In certain embodiments, such devices can be mechanically powered (using e.g., a compressed gas cartridge) or can be electrically powered.

As can be appreciated, other devices are also possible in certain embodiments. For example, in certain embodiments, a device for attracting rodents can be a dispensing device or a dispersing device which dispenses, or disperses, a composition as described herein. As can be appreciated, the composition in such embodiments can be an aerosolized liquid, a gel, a solid product such as a granule, or the like. As can be further appreciated, the method of application is not particularly limited and can be supplied as a ready to spray liquid trigger dispenser, in a paste syringe dispenser, or in any other known dispenser in various embodiments.

Any of the embodiments described herein can be used to attract a rodent. The rodent can also be immobilized and/or killed by providing any of the compositions described herein with a lethal agent. The rodent can also be sterilized by providing any of the compositions described herein with a chemosterilant. The composition can be provided in a dose that is sufficient to result in the attraction, and optionally, the sterilization and/or immobilization and/or death of the rodent.

The examples and experiments, even if not directly related to the device or method of the invention, are related to findings for implementation of the device or method of the invention.

Brown rats, Rattus norvegicus (strain: BN; UACC protocol number <NUM>-<NUM>), were obtained from Charles River Laboratories Ltd (Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 0B5, Canada) and housed in the Animal Research Centre of Simon Fraser University ("SFU"). On arrival, rats were assigned to four groups of five male rats each and four groups of five female rats each, accommodated in cages (<NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM>) lined with commercial corn cob bedding (Anderson's Bed o'cobs, The Andersons Inc. , Maumee, OH <NUM>, USA ), provided with Nalgene toys (Jaimesons Pet Food Distributers, Richmond, BC V4G 1C9, Canada), and provisioned with commercial rodent food (LabDiet® Certified Rodent Diet, LabDiet, St Louis, MO <NUM>, USA) as well as water ad libitum.

A laboratory experimental apparatus was constructed to test the behavioral responses of rats to the compositions described herein. The experimental design is depicted in <FIG> and includes a circular galvanized steel arena (<NUM> × <NUM>) illuminated from above by a <NUM>-W red bulb (Halco Lighting Technologies, Norcross, GA <NUM>, USA) to facilitate observations of the position of the rat within the steel arena. Two metal trap boxes (3a, 3b) (each <NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM>; T. Eaton & Co. , Twinsburg, OH <NUM>, USA) were placed in opposite quadrants of the arena (<NUM>) <NUM> from the wall to serve as harborage. Each box (3a, 3b) was fitted with a Petri dish (<NUM>) containing a Whatman #<NUM> filter paper disk (<NUM> diam; Sigma-Aldrich Canada Co. Oakville, On L6H 6J8) treated with a randomly assigned treatment or control stimulus. Individual rats were released from a gated mesh and sheet metal box (<NUM>) (<NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM>) positioned equidistant to each of the two metal trap boxes (3a, 3b).

For each experimental replicate, a single rat was removed from its "home" cage, and placed into the gated mesh- and sheet-metal container (<NUM>). After a <NUM>-min acclimation period, the gate was raised, allowing the rat to leave the box (<NUM>) on its own accord and to explore the arena (<NUM>) and the trap boxes (3a, 3b).

A rat was classed a responder if it entered a trap box (3a, 3b). For each responding rat, two criteria were recorded and analyzed: <NUM>) the trap box (3a, 3b) it entered first ("first entry"), and <NUM>) the time it spent in the arena quadrants associated with a trap box ("time spent"). The latter data were obtained by recording the rat's position in any one of the four arena quadrants at each of <NUM><NUM>-min intervals. Following each replicate, the arena and trap boxes were cleaned with a Percept™ disinfectant detergent (Virox Technologies Inc. Mississaugua ON L5N 5M4, Canada) and were wiped with a pet urine odor remover (Nature's Miracle®, Spectrum Brands Inc. , Blacksburg, VA <NUM>-<NUM>, USA).

First-choice data and the time spent in a trap box quadrant were analyzed using a χ<NUM> test with Yates' correction for continuity (α = <NUM>) and the Student's t-test (α = <NUM>), respectively.

In Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>, the laboratory experimental design of <FIG> was used to evaluate the responses of male and female rats to synthetic androstenone. For Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>, the treatment stimulus consisted of filter paper sprayed with <NUM> of an aqueous microemulsion containing <NUM>µg of synthetic androstenone and a control stimulus which consisted of untreated filter paper. The treatment stimulus and control stimulus were placed in the trap boxes (3a, 3b). Experiment <NUM> tested the response of male rats and Experiment <NUM> tested the response of female rats.

In Experiment <NUM>, androstenone had no observed attractive effect on male rats. Male rats chose to first enter the trap box (3a, 3b) baited with the treatment stimulus (androstenone) as often as the corresponding control trap-box (3a, 3b) baited with the control stimulus (χ<NUM>=<NUM>, P = <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. As further depicted in <FIG>, male rats also spent significantly less time in quadrants associated with the control stimulus (androstenone) than in opposite control quadrants (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P = <NUM>).

In Experiment <NUM>, androstenone was observed to have a very attractive effect on female rats. Female rats chose to first enter the trap box (3a, 3b) baited with the treatment stimulus (androstenone) significantly more often than the corresponding control trap box (3a, 3b) baited with the control stimulus (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. Similarly, female rats also spent significantly more time in quadrants associated with the treatment stimulus (androstenone) than in opposite control quadrants (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>).

These results unexpectedly suggest that androstenone serves as an attractive compound for female rats.

In Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>, the laboratory experimental design of <FIG> was used to evaluate the responses of male and female rats to synthetic progesterone and estrogen. For Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>, the treatment stimulus consisted of filter paper impregnated with a <NUM>-µg blend of the synthetic hormones progesterone and estrogen formulated in <NUM>µl of ether at a ratio of either <NUM>:<NUM> (Experiment <NUM>) or <NUM>:<NUM> (Experiment <NUM>). The control stimulus in each of Experiments <NUM> and <NUM> consisted of filter paper impregnated with <NUM>µl of ether.

In Experiment <NUM>, the hormone blend of progesterone and estrogen (<NUM>:<NUM> ratio) was observed to have a positive effect on the responses of male rats. As depicted in <FIG>, male rats spent significantly more time in quadrants associated with the treatment stimulus than in opposite control quadrants associated with the control stimulus (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P = <NUM>). However, male rats also chose to first enter the trap box (3a, 3b) baited with the treatment stimulus (hormone blend) as often as the corresponding control trap box (3a, 3b) baited with the control stimulus (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>).

In Experiment <NUM>, the hormone blend of progesterone and estrogen at a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> was observed not to have a significant effect on responses of male rats (first choice: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>; time spent: df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P = <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>.

These results unexpectedly suggest that progesterone and estrogen can serve as sex attractant components for male rats.

House mice, Mus musculus (strain: CD-<NUM>; UACC protocol number 1159B-<NUM>), were obtained from Charles River Laboratories Ltd (Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 0B5, Canada) and housed in the Animal Research Centre of Simon Fraser University (SFU). On arrival, mice were assigned to four groups of five male mice each and four groups of five female mice each, accommodated in cages (<NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM>) lined with commercial corn cob bedding (Anderson's Bed o'cobs, The Andersons Inc. Maumee, OH <NUM>, USA), provided with Nalgene toys and running wheels (Jaimesons Pet Food Distributers, Richmond, BC V4G 1C9, Canada), and provisioned with commercial rodent food (LabDiet® Certified Rodent Diet, LabDiet, St Louis, MO <NUM>, USA) as well as water ad libitum.

A laboratory experimental apparatus was constructed to test the behavioral responses of mice to the compositions described herein. The experimental design is depicted in <FIG> and includes three clear Plexiglas chambers: release chamber (<NUM>: <NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM> for placement of a mouse at the onset of a bioassay), and response chambers (3a and 3b: each <NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM>) interconnected by a Pyrex glass T-tube (<NUM>; stem: <NUM> long, side arms: <NUM> long, all <NUM> in diameter). Each response chamber housed a test stimulus in a Petri dish (4a, 4b; <NUM> diam. For each replicate, a single mouse was deprived of food, but not water, for <NUM>-<NUM> before being placed into chamber <NUM>, which was illuminated by dim red light to facilitate observations of the mouse's position. The mouse was allowed to enter the stem of the T-tube (<NUM>) on its own accord in response to test stimuli, which were randomly assigned to response chamber 3a or 3b.

Both response chambers were fitted with a Petri dish (4a, 4b) containing a Whatman #<NUM> filter paper disk (<NUM> diam. ) treated with a randomly assigned treatment stimulus or control stimulus. For each bioassay, a single mouse was tested and the following data were recorded: (<NUM>) the treatment or control chamber the mouse entered first with all four paws ("first-choice data"); and (<NUM>) the position of the mouse at each of <NUM><NUM>-sec intervals after its first entry into the T-tube. Position data were then used to calculate the proportion of time a mouse spent in the treatment or control chamber ("time-spent data").

Following each replicate, the chambers and T-tube were cleaned with a Percept® disinfectant detergent (Virox Technologies Inc. Mississaugua ON L5N 5M4, Canada) and wiped with <NUM>% ethanol.

In Experiment <NUM>, the laboratory experimental design of <FIG> was used to evaluate the responses of female mice to synthetic androstenone. For Experiment <NUM>, the treatment stimulus consisted of filter paper treated with <NUM>µg of synthetic androstenone (see Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>), and the control stimulus consisted of filter paper treated with the <NUM>µl of ether without androstenone.

In Experiment <NUM>, androstenone was observed to have a positive effect on female mice as depicted in <FIG>. Female mice spent significantly more time in the response chamber (3a, 3b) associated with synthetic androstenone than in the response chamber (3a, 3b) associated with the control stimulus (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>). However, female mice also chose to first enter the response chamber (3a, 3b) baited with synthetic androstenone as often as the response chamber (3a, 3b) associated with the control stimulus (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>).

Similarly to rats, these results unexpectedly suggest that androstenone can serve as a sex attractant for female mice.

In Experiment <NUM>, the laboratory experimental design of <FIG> was used to evaluate the responses of male mice to blends of synthetic progesterone and estrogen. For Experiment <NUM>, the treatment stimulus consisted of filter paper treated with a <NUM>-µg blend of the synthetic hormones progesterone and estrogen formulated in <NUM>µl of ether at a ratio of <NUM>:<NUM> and a control stimulus which consisted of filter paper treated with <NUM>µl of ether.

In Experiment <NUM>, the hormone blend of progesterone and estrogen was observed to have a very positive effect on the responses of male mice. As depicted in <FIG>, male mice chose to first enter the response chamber (3a, 3b) baited with the hormone blend significantly more often than the corresponding response chamber (3a, 3b) associated with the control stimulus (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>). Male mice also spent significantly more time in the response chamber (3a, 3b) associated with the hormone blend than in the response chamber (3a, 3b) associated with the control stimulus (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>).

As for rats, these results unexpectedly suggest that progesterone and estrogen can serve as sex attractant pheromone components for male mice.

Two field experiments were run in parallel from February <NUM>, <NUM> to April <NUM>, <NUM> in Vancouver B. to evaluate the effect of synthetic androstenone (Experiment <NUM>) and of synthetic progesterone and estrogen (Experiment <NUM>) on trap captures of wild mice. Experimental replicates were set up as depicted in <FIG> along the interior walls and bird feeder areas of a plant and bird conservatory maintained under tropical conditions. Each replicate consisted of a pair of trap boxes (PROTECTA® Mouse, Bell Laboratories Inc. , Madison, WI <NUM>, USA), with <NUM>-cm spacing between boxes in each pair, and at least <NUM> between pairs.

In Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>, each box in each pair contained a snap trap (<NUM>) (<FIG>) that was baited with a food lure (Musso et al. In Experiment <NUM>, the trap box was also baited with the synthetic two-component sex pheromone of male mice (<NUM>,<NUM>-dehydro-exo-brevicomin and <NUM>-sec-butyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrothiazole). The compounds were formulated in <NUM> of mineral oil and dispensed from a custom-made scintillation vial (<NUM>) (<FIG>). Each box in each pair also contained a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper that by random assignment was treated with <NUM>µg of synthetic androstenone dissolved in <NUM>µl ether (3a) or <NUM>µl ether (control; <NUM>).

In Experiment <NUM>, each box in each pair also housed a piece of filter paper that by random assignment was treated with either <NUM>µg of a <NUM>:<NUM> blend of progesterone and estrogen formulated in <NUM>µl ether (3b) or <NUM>µl ether (<NUM>).

All boxes and snap traps in both experiments were checked every <NUM> to <NUM>, and test stimuli (food lure, male-specific pheromone blend in mineral oil, filter paper with or without hormones) were replaced at each visit. Whenever mice had been captured, their age (juvenile or adult) and sex were recorded, and new trap boxes and snap traps were deployed, thus ensuring that the odor of captured mice did not affect future captures.

Mouse captures in treatment and control traps were compared against an expected <NUM>:<NUM> distribution using χ<NUM> tests with Yates' correction for continuity (α = <NUM>). Replicates with captures in both trap boxes of a pair are not included in the graphical illustration and statistical analyses of data.

In Experiment <NUM>, trap boxes baited with synthetic androstenone captured significantly more juvenile and adult female mice than corresponding control boxes (Adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>; juveniles: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. In Experiment <NUM>, trap boxes baited with synthetic progesterone and estrogen also captured significantly more juvenile and adult male mice than corresponding control boxes (Adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; juvenilesχ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>.

Surprisingly, the results of Experiment <NUM> confirm in a definitive field experiment that androstenone serves as a sex attractant for female mice, and the results of Experiment <NUM> confirm that progesterone and estrogen serve as sex attractant pheromones for male mice. This discovery is the first instance in which hormones of vertebrates have been shown to serve outside of the body as sex attractant pheromone components for rodents.

In Experiments <NUM> to <NUM>, the laboratory experimental design of <FIG> was used to evaluate the responses of male mice to synthetic progesterone and estrogen. For the Experiments, the treatment stimulus consisted of filter paper treated with a blend of the synthetic progesterone (<NUM> ng) and estrogen (<NUM> ng) (hereinafter "synthetic hormone blend") (Experiment <NUM>), progesterone alone (<NUM> ng) (Experiment <NUM>) or estrogen alone (<NUM> ng) (Experiment <NUM>) formulated in <NUM>µl ether. The control stimulus consisted of filter paper treated with <NUM>µl of ether for each of Experiments <NUM> to <NUM>.

In Experiment <NUM>, the blend of progesterone and estrogen was observed to have a positive effect on the responses of male mice. As depicted in <FIG>, male mice chose to first enter the chamber baited with the treatment stimulus (synthetic hormone blend) significantly more often than the corresponding control chamber containing the control stimulus (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>). Male mice also spent significantly more time in the chamber associated with the treatment stimulus (synthetic hormone blend) than in the opposite control chamber (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>). Responses to progesterone alone (Experiment <NUM>) were less pronounced as depicted in <FIG>. In Experiment <NUM>, male mice did not significantly choose to first enter the progesterone-treated chamber (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P > <NUM>), but did spend significantly more time in the progesterone-treated chamber than in the chamber containing the control stimulus (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>). Experiment <NUM> showed that male mice were more responsive to estrogen than to progesterone. In Experiment <NUM>, male mice chose to first enter the chamber baited with the treatment stimulus (estrogen) significantly more often than the corresponding chamber containing the control stimulus (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. Male mice also spent significantly more time in the chamber associated with the treatment stimulus (estrogen) than in the opposite chamber containing the control stimulus (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>).

These results unexpectedly indicate that even at very low doses progesterone and estrogen act as sex attractant pheromone components for mice. The results also suggest that male mice are more attracted to estrogen than to progesterone.

Experiment <NUM> used the laboratory experimental apparatus of <FIG> to test choices of female mice between filter paper treated with <NUM> ng of synthetic testosterone (the treatment stimulus) formulated in <NUM>µl of ether and control filter paper treated with <NUM>µl of ether. Experiment <NUM> was identical to Experiment <NUM> except that the treatment stimulus consisted of filter paper treated with <NUM> ng of synthetic androstenone.

In Experiment <NUM>, testosterone was observed to have a very positive effect on female mice. Female mice chose to first enter the chamber baited with the treatment stimulus (testosterone) significantly more often than the corresponding chamber containing the control stimulus (ether) (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>), and also spent significantly more time in the chamber baited with the treatment stimulus (testosterone) than in the chamber containing the control stimulus (ether) (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. In Experiment <NUM>, the responses by female mice to androstenone were much weaker than their responses to testosterone in Experiment <NUM>. As depicted in <FIG>, female mice chose to first enter the chamber baited with the treatment stimulus (androstenone) as often as the corresponding chamber containing the control stimulus (ether) (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P > <NUM>). Although female mice spent slightly more time in the chamber baited with the treatment stimulus (androstenone) than in the corresponding chamber containing the control stimulus (ether) (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) the difference in time spent was far smaller than the over threefold preference shown in Experiment <NUM> for the testosterone-treated chamber.

These results strongly suggest that both testosterone and androstenone can serve as a sex attractant for female mice. They further indicate that testosterone is a more potent attractant than androstenone.

Experiment <NUM> used the laboratory experimental apparatus of <FIG> to test choices of female rats between a treatment stimulus consisting of filter paper treated with <NUM> ng of synthetic testosterone formulated in <NUM>µl of ether and a control stimulus consisting of filter paper treated with <NUM>µl of ether.

Testosterone was observed to have a very positive attractant effect on female rats. As depicted in <FIG>, female rats chose to first enter the trap box baited with the treatment stimulus (testosterone) significantly more often than the trap box containing the control stimulus (ether) (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P = <NUM>). Female rats also spent significantly more time in the arena quadrant (<FIG>) associated with the trap box baited with the treatment stimulus (testosterone) than in the opposite arena quadrant associated with the trap box containing the control stimulus (ether) (df = <NUM>, t crit = <NUM>, t = <NUM>, P < <NUM>).

These results suggest that testosterone can serve as a sex attractant pheromone component for female rats.

Four field experiments were run in Vancouver B. to evaluate the effect of synthetic androstenone and synthetic testosterone on captures of female wild mice and rats in combination with species-specific male sex pheromone blend. Experimental replicates were set up along the interior and exterior walls of buildings as depicted in <FIG>. Experiment <NUM> evaluated captures of wild mice in trap boxes baited with high-levels of androstenone; Experiment <NUM> evaluated captures of wild rats in traps baited with high-levels of androstenone; Experiment <NUM> evaluated captures of wild mice in traps baited with low-levels of testosterone; and Experiment <NUM> evaluated captures of wild mice in traps baited with low-levels of androstenone. Experiment <NUM> was run from February <NUM>, <NUM> to April <NUM>, <NUM>. Experiment <NUM> was run from February <NUM>, <NUM> to September <NUM>, <NUM>. Experiments <NUM> and <NUM> were run in parallel from June <NUM>, <NUM> to September <NUM>, <NUM>.

Each replicate of Experiments <NUM> to <NUM> consisted of a pair of trap boxes (Mice: PROTECTA® Mouse, Bell Laboratories Inc. , Madison, WI <NUM>, USA; Rats: PROTECTA® Sidekick™; Bell Laboratories Inc. , Madison, WI <NUM>), with <NUM>-cm spacing between boxes in each pair, and at least <NUM> between pairs. Each trap box contained an armed snap trap (<NUM>, Mice: Victor® Easy Set® Mouse Trap; Rats: Victor® Easy Set® Rat Trap; Woodstream Corp, Lititz, PA <NUM>, USA) baited with a cereal-based food bait and a scintillation vial (<NUM>) containing synthetic sex pheromone blends. Each box in each pair also contained a treatment stimulus that consisted of a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper (3a) that by random assignment was treated with: <NUM>µg of synthetic androstenone dissolved in <NUM>µl ether (Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>); <NUM>µg of synthetic testosterone dissolved in <NUM>µl ether (Experiment <NUM>); or <NUM>µg of synthetic androstenone dissolved in <NUM>µl ether (Experiment <NUM>). The corresponding box in each pair contained a control stimulus which consisted of a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper (3b) treated with <NUM>µl ether.

The synthetic sex pheromone blends included in the scintillation vessels for Experiments <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> (mice) included <NUM>,<NUM>-dehydro-exo-brevicomin and <NUM>-sec-butyl-<NUM>,<NUM>-dihydrothiazole; <NUM> total (formulated in mineral oil at a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio). The synthetic sex pheromone blends included in the scintillation vessels for Experiment <NUM> (rats) included <NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-ethyl-<NUM>-heptanone, <NUM>-octanone, <NUM>-nonanone, <NUM>-nonanone; <NUM> total (respectively formulated in mineral oil at a <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> ratio as found in headspace volatiles of urine odor).

All boxes and snap traps in both experiments were checked every week, and test stimuli (food lure, male-specific pheromone blend in mineral oil, filter paper with or without hormones) were replaced at each visit. Whenever mice or rats had been captured, their age (juvenile or adult) and sex were recorded, and new trap boxes and snap traps were deployed, thus ensuring that the odor of captured mice or rats did not affect future captures.

In Experiment <NUM>, trap boxes baited with synthetic androstenone captured significantly more juvenile and adult female mice than corresponding control boxes (adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; juveniles: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. In Experiment <NUM>, trap boxes baited with synthetic androstenone captured significantly more adult female rats than corresponding control boxes (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>). In Experiment <NUM>, testosterone-baited traps captured significantly more adult and juvenile female mice than control traps (adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; juveniles: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. In parallel Experiment <NUM>, however, captures of female mice in androstenone-baited traps did not differ statistically from those in control traps, as depicted in <FIG>. In Experiments <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>, synthetic androstenone as a trap bait had no significant effect on captures of juvenile and adult male mice, juvenile and adult male rats, and juvenile female rats. In Experiment <NUM>, synthetic testosterone as a trap bait had no significant effect on captures of both adult and juvenile mice.

Surprisingly, the results of field Experiments <NUM> to <NUM> confirm that androstenone serves as a sex attractant for adult and juvenile female mice and adult female rats. The results also confirm that testosterone serves as a sex attractant pheromone component for adult and juvenile female mice.

Experiments <NUM> and <NUM> evaluated the effect of synthetic blends of progesterone and estradiol (estrogen) on captures of wild mice (Experiment <NUM>) and wild rats (Experiment <NUM>) in the field. The experimental setup of Experiments <NUM> and <NUM> was identical to that of Experiments <NUM> to <NUM>, but different stimuli were tested. Experiment <NUM> was run from February <NUM>, <NUM> to April <NUM>, <NUM>. Experiment <NUM> was run from February <NUM>, <NUM> to September <NUM>, <NUM>.

In Experiment <NUM>, the treatment stimulus (3a) was, by random assignment, a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper treated with <NUM>µg of a <NUM>:<NUM> blend of progesterone and estradiol (estrogen). The control stimulus consisted of a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper (<NUM>) treated with <NUM>µl ether.

In Experiment <NUM>, the treatment stimulus (3a) was, by random assignment, a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper treated with <NUM>µg of a <NUM>:<NUM> blend of progesterone and estradiol (estrogen). The control stimulus was a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper (<NUM>) treated with <NUM>µl ether. In Experiment <NUM>, a volatile blend of female sex pheromone components was further included in a scintillation vial (<NUM>) and consisted of <NUM>-methyl-butyric acid (<NUM>), <NUM>-methyl-butyric acid, heptanal, hexanoic acid, <NUM>-phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal and decanal <NUM> total (respectively formulated in mineral oil at a <NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM>:<NUM> ratio as found in headspace volatiles of urine odor).

As depicted in <FIG>, traps in Experiments <NUM> and <NUM> baited with a blend of progesterone and estradiol (estrogen) captured significantly more adult and juvenile male mice (adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; juveniles: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) and significantly more adult male rats (χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) than traps containing a control stimulus.

The results of field Experiment <NUM> and <NUM> confirm that progesterone and estradiol (estrogen) function as sex attractant pheromone components for adult and juvenile male mice and adult male rats.

Experiments <NUM> to <NUM> evaluated the effect of synthetic progesterone and estradiol (estrogen) when tested singly, or in a binary combination, on captures of wild mice. In each of Experiments <NUM> to <NUM>, the treatment stimulus (3a) was, by random assignment, a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper treated with (i) <NUM> ng progesterone and estradiol (estrogen) in a <NUM>:<NUM> ratio (Experiment <NUM>); (ii) <NUM> ng of progesterone (Experiment <NUM>); or (iii) <NUM> ng of estradiol (estrogen) (Experiment <NUM>). The control stimulus for each of Experiments <NUM> to <NUM> consisted of a piece of Whatman #<NUM> filter paper (<NUM>) treated with <NUM>µl ether. Experiments <NUM> to <NUM> were run in parallel from June <NUM>, <NUM> to September <NUM>, <NUM>.

Traps baited with the blend of progesterone and estradiol (estrogen), or with progesterone alone, captured significantly more adult and juvenile male mice than control traps (Experiment <NUM>: adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; juveniles: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; Experiment <NUM>: adults: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>; juveniles: χ<NUM> = <NUM>, P < <NUM>) as depicted in <FIG>. In contrast, estradiol-baited traps were as ineffective as control traps as indicated by Experiment <NUM>. As previously indicated by data of Experiments <NUM> and <NUM>, traps baited with female sex hormones did not capture significantly more female mice then control traps.

Claim 1:
A device for attracting a rodent comprising:
a trap or a housing for receiving the rodent; and
a composition comprising one or more of androstenone, testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen, and at least one of a lethal agent or a chemosterilant, wherein the composition is adjacent to or included within the trap or the housing; and
wherein the one or more of androstenone, testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen are isolated, purified, synthetic, or a combination thereof, and
wherein the composition comprises one or more of androstenone and testosterone and, when used, the composition attracts at least one adult female mouse or rat, or
wherein the composition comprises one or more of progesterone and estrogen and, when used, the composition attracts at least one adult male mouse or rat.