Patent Description:
The invention relates particularly to a method for extracting and analysing malodourous substances and particularly to the extraction and analysis of malodourous molecules of the type responsible for driving under arm malodour perception.

The invention also relates to an apparatus for extracting a substance and particularly to an apparatus for extracting and analysing malodourous substances of the type responsible for driving underarm malodour perception.

The invention further relates to a container for containing a substance whilst the substance is extracted and analysed according to the method and apparatus of the invention.

The molecules responsible for driving under arm malodour perception are well reported in the literature and consist of short to medium chain volatile fatty acids and thiols. Stable sampling and extraction of these molecules for subsequent quantitative analysis of volatile components is a challenge. Samples are biogenically unstable due to the bacterial components present. Additionally, and most importantly, the molecules are present at extremely low levels (PPT/PPB) and accurate quantification at these trace levels is required to accurately discriminate between samples.

In the field of personal care, and particularly in the field of deodorants, there is a need to rapidly screen the efficacy of odour control technologies in order to improve the efficacy of deodorants.

A known method of analysing molecules responsible for driving under arm malodour involves a fabric swatch or substrate being worn under an arm of a volunteer. The swatch is worn for a predetermined length of time before a human assessment panel effectively sniff and score levels of odour intensity directly from the underarm of a volunteer. Alternatively the swatch comprising a sample of the malodourous molecules is removed by hand and placed in a sample container. The swatch may be sniffed by a human assessment panel at a later time, and similarly allocated a score representative of the perceived level of odour intensity.

Using such a method to analyse malodourous molecules introduces a high level of subjectivity, and assessment of odour character is challenging. On the other hand, known analytical methods of measuring and analysing odorous molecules, such as gas chromatography and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are complex and time consuming leading to a low throughput. A low throughput hampers analysis of large studies. The sensitivity and limit of detection of the analytical instrumentation must also be highly sensitive as the molecules responsible for odour may be present at extremely low level (PPT/PPB).

Further, techniques such as SPME are selective and do not provide the true quantification required of a sample's composition.

Liquid extraction techniques require large volumes of solvents and, for analysis of compounds present at low levels, this compromises the detection.

Use of supercritical extraction is well known as a clean and highly efficient technique but it is not yet common place for extraction of volatile components for analytical measurement.

A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a fluid that shares properties of both a gas and a liquid where distinct gas and liquid phases don't exist. Supercritical fluids occur when a substance is at a temperature and pressure above its critical point. For example, carbon dioxide reaches its critical point at about <NUM> and <NUM> bar.

As a matter of example, reference is made to <CIT> which discloses a dual channel supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction system, comprising a pumping system, a valve system, a collector system and a pressure-vessel and fluid-extraction assembly. A cartridge containing the sample is enclosed within a pressure vessel held at supercritical pressure and temperature during extraction. The supercritical fluid (SCF) is pumped into the pressure vessel at supercritical pressure, while separation is performed at lower pressure/temperature in the collection tube.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of extracting a substance according to claim <NUM>.

By means of the present invention it is possible to maintain the integrity of a sample of a substance that has been adsorbed onto a substrate prior to, and during, the extraction and analysis of that substance. This is because once the substrate on which the substance has been adsorbed is placed in the container it remains in the container throughout storage and throughout the extraction process.

The container containing the substrate may be shipped and stored at reduced temperatures (typically -<NUM> to -80C) prior to extraction, due to the fact that such samples are biogenically unstable.

By means of the present invention therefore, it is possible to robustly and reproducibly extract a substance for subsequent analysis and quantification of the components of that substance.

According to the claimed invention, the solvent transitions into a supercritical fluid within the container as it is heated to a temperature above its critical point as well as being pressurised to a pressure above its critical point.

The invention has particular application in, although is not limited to, the fields of personal care, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), home care, environmental health and health care. For demonstrative purposes the invention may be described, from here in, based on the invention's application in the particular field of deodorants. However, the invention is not limited to this exemplar application and is rather a method applicable to extracting any suitable substance from a suitable substrate.

According to the claimed invention, the method comprises the further initial step of adsorbing the substance onto a substrate.

In embodiments of the invention, the substance comprises a sample of sweat taken directly from the human axilla (armpit). In such embodiments of the invention, the step of adsorbing a sample of sweat onto a substrate comprises the step of placing the substrate onto the human axilla such that sweat and vapour produced by the human is adsorbed by the substrate.

In embodiments of the invention, the substrate is wearable in close contact with the skin of a person who's sweat and odour is to be analysed.

Once the sample of sweat has been adsorbed onto a substrate it may be stored in the container prior to being extracted from the substrate and subsequently analysed.

In embodiments of the invention, once the substrate has been removed from the skin it will immediately be packed into the container.

According to the claimed invention, the method comprises a further step after the step of placing the substrate in the container, of sealing the substrate in the container.

In such embodiments, the step of placing the substrate in the container, and then of sealing the substrate in the container may be carried out using a bespoke packing rig which allows for rapid packing of samples of sweat. Such an approach is simple and low cost.

Once the container has been sealed it may be shipped anywhere around the world. It may be shipped at low temperatures such as -<NUM> (the temperature of dry ice) or -<NUM> (the temperature of liquid nitrogen), for example.

In embodiments of the invention, the container is sealed by using crimped caps to close the container once a sample has been placed in the container. The crimpled caps form first and second closures positioned at first and second ends respectively of the container. In embodiments of the invention, the method comprises the further step, prior to the step of feeding the solvent into the container, of maintaining the temperature of the container at a predetermined temperature. In such embodiments, the predetermined temperature is generally less than room temperature. If the container is to be stored for up to a month, for example if long-distance shipping is required, then the predetermined temperature may be -<NUM> or -<NUM> as mentioned above. However, if the container is to be stored for smaller periods of time then the predetermined temperature may be -<NUM>. Also, the predetermined temperature may depend on the substance adsorbed on the substrate. A volatile or biogenically unstable substance may require a lower predetermined temperature than a stable substance.

In embodiments of the invention, where the container is sealed once the substrate has been placed in the container, the step of maintaining the container at a predetermined temperature may take place after the step of sealing the substrate in the container.

By storing the substrate on which the substance has been adsorbed in a sealed container at a reduced temperature, of about -<NUM> for example, the maintenance of the sample's integrity during storage is improved. This means that once the sample is extracted from the substrate for analysis, the integrity of the sample will have been maintained at or very close to its original level.

By maintaining the container and the sample at a temperature of -<NUM>, the sample may remain stable for up to one month. This can be useful if it is not possible to analyse the sample immediately after it has been removed from the skin and the person.

In other embodiments of the invention, the substance may be extracted from the substrate immediately after the substrate is harvested from the person who's sweat and odour is to be analysed. Thereby the requirement for a storage step, during which the temperature of the substance is maintained at a predetermined level, is removed.

The container may be any suitable container. The container must be able to withstand pressure of up to 500bar. In embodiments of the invention, the container comprises a first openable end and a second openable opposite end.

The container may be made from any suitable material, and in embodiments of the invention, the container is formed from a metal or metallic substance. In such embodiments the container may be formed of stainless steel.

In embodiments of the invention the container is re-useable and may be cleaned by hand, or in a dishwasher, for example.

The container may be made from a low-cost material in order that the overall cost of the container is kept low and large number of containers may therefore be produced cost efficiently.

The container may have any suitable shape, and in some embodiments of the invention the container is in the form of an extraction tube or extraction basket.

The extraction basket may have a highly polished internal finish (<NUM>-<NUM> Ra), preferably <NUM> Ra.

The substrate may be any suitable substrate and in embodiments of the invention the substrate comprises a solid or semi-solid substrate.

In embodiments of the invention, the substrate is formed of a textile (such as cotton, polycotton or polyester) although other materials may also be suitable including, but not limited to, hydrogels and other adsorbent, skin-safe polymeric materials. The substrate may also be the sample itself, for example in biological samples such as a leaf.

According to the claimed invention, the method comprises an additional step, prior to the step of feeding supercritical fluid into the container, of removing the first and second closures of the container and replacing the first and second closures with first and second plungers respectively, which first and second plungers are releasably and sealably engageable with the first and second ends respectively of the container.

In embodiments of the invention the first and second plungers are shaped to be removably insertable into the container. In such embodiments of the invention, the first and second plungers are engaged into the openings of the container.

The plungers are surrounded by a seal whereby the design and material must completely seal the container and comply with the surface of the extraction basket under pressure. In embodiments of the invention, the method comprises the further step of applying compression to the substrate after it has been placed in the container.

In such embodiments of the invention, compression may be applied to the sample after the step of replacing the first and second closures with the first and second plungers. In embodiments of the invention the compression applied is axial compression. Such compression may increase the volatile recovery of the substance and reduce the total volume of required extraction solvent. The plunger and seal combination form a pressure-tight environment in the container.

In embodiments of the invention, the method comprises a further step carried out prior to and during the feeding of a solvent into the container, of maintaining the container and the substrate at a predetermined temperature.

In such embodiments, the predetermined temperature may be between <NUM> and <NUM> and typically <NUM>.

In embodiments of the invention, the step of maintaining the container and the substrate at the predetermined temperature comprises the step of encasing the container in a shroud prior to feeding the solvent into the container.

By encasing the container in a shroud it is possible to ensure that the container is rapidly heated to the predetermined temperature and then maintained at that temperature.

In embodiments of the invention, the step of feeding a solvent into the container comprises pumping the solvent into the container through the first plunger.

A predetermined pressure is achieved in the container with the use of a back-pressure regulator located downstream of the second plunger. The back-pressure regulator operates by preventing the exit of solvent from the container through the second plunger when the pressure in the container is lower than the predetermined pressure. When the predetermined pressure has been exceeded, the back-pressure regulator opens so that solvent can flow and exit through the second plunger, thereby maintaining the pressure at the predetermined level.

The above method step may be achieved in any convenient manner. For example, in embodiments of the invention, the first plunger may comprise a conduit extending through the first end of the container, which conduit allows solvent to pass into the container. Whilst the solvent is being fed into the container, it will not be able to exit the container via the first end due to the flow of solvent entering the container. The flowrate of solvent into the container is controlled by a pump.

In embodiments of the invention, the back-pressure regulator may be an electrically controlled valve connected to a pressure sensor wherein the valve is automated to open when pressures are measured above the predetermined pressure. In other embodiments, the back-pressure regulator may be a mechanical spring-loaded valve wherein the spring is adapted such that it compresses when the pressure it experiences is above the predetermined pressure, thereby opening the valve.

Exit of the SCF via the second end of the container is therefore restricted by the back-pressure regulator.

In embodiments of the invention, solvent is fed into the container via the first end of the container and its exit is restricted from the second end of the container by means of the back-pressure regulator. The plunger seal will maintain the pressure within the extraction basket.

The combination of pressure and temperature in the extraction basket achieves the SCF state of the solvent within the container.

The seals surrounding the first and second plungers may be lip seals adapted to create a pressure-tight seal between the first plunger and the first end of the container.

In embodiments of the invention, the method comprises the further step prior to the step of feeding the solvent into the container, of generating the solvent by mixing components comprising an extraction solvent and a co-solvent together, wherein the extraction solvent is sub-critical or supercritical CO<NUM> or a different solvent capable of reaching sub-critical or supercritical parameters.

In such embodiments of the invention, the extraction solvent may be any solvent capable of reaching sub-critical or supercritical parameters such as CO<NUM> or <NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), for example.

In some embodiments of the invention, the co-solvent may be a mixture of up to six co-solvent components. In other embodiments there may be more co-solvent components. The co-solvent components may be used as modifiers or as make-up solvents through the use of a parallel line which bypasses the extraction process.

In embodiments of the invention the step of feeding the solvent into the container comprises the step of creating a supercritical fluid environment within the container by generating a predetermined pressure between <NUM> and <NUM> bar. The pressure is maintained substantially constant within the container at the predetermined level.

Once the extraction basket has been pressurised to the desired pressure, the back-pressure regulator opens, releasing solvent and extract at constant pressure into the separator. In such embodiments, the solvent and extract will be released via the second end of the container into the separator.

The temperature in the separator is constant but lower than in the extraction basket. The separator facilitates the separation of gas from liquid components.

In embodiments of the invention, the method comprises the additional step of adjusting the pressure of the solvent and extract mixture as it is released into the separator. In embodiments of the invention the solvent and extract mixture is depressurised from what it was as a supercritical fluid to <NUM> bar. This depressurisation causes the extraction solvent (typically CO<NUM>) to be vented from the separator.

Because the temperature and pressure are controlled as described hereinabove, the extraction solvent (CO<NUM>) is removed without fractionation or loss of the extracted components.

In embodiments of the invention the separator comprises a baffle assembly and the step of reducing the temperature and pressure in the separator comprises causing the gaseous portion of the solvent to flow through the baffle assembly to separate substances entrained in the gaseous portion of the solvent as an aerosol from the gaseous portion of the solvent.

In such embodiments of the invention the baffle assembly may comprise one or more baffles configured to allow any heavy material that deposits on internal walls of the separator due to the cyclonic effect to remain in a discrete space which can be more easily cleaned. Also, each baffle may comprise a fine mesh suitable for separating aerosol substances from gaseous substances.

In embodiments of the invention the method may comprise the further step of causing substances separated from the gaseous portion of the solvent in the baffle assembly to flow from the baffle assembly to be collected with the extract.

In such embodiments of the invention, the baffles may be shaped suitably to cause the flow of substances separated from the gaseous portion of the solvent to a bottom portion of the separator from which liquid including the extract may be collected. The baffles may be downward cone shaped for example.

Finally, the extract that remains in the container is collected.

The step of collecting the extract remaining in the separator may comprise the step of syphoning the extract into a collection container prior to dispensing. Alternatively the extract may be dispensed directly into a sample vial.

The method may comprise a further step of analysing the extract that has been collected from the container.

The step of analysing the extract may comprise the step of mixing the extract from the separator and dispensing it into vials for external analysis.

In embodiments of the invention the method may comprise the further step, following the collection of the extract, of flooding the separator with cleaning solvent to remove solids from the separator. Additionally, the method may comprise the step of controlling the flow rate of the cleaning solvent such that self-cleaning occurs.

In such embodiments of the invention solid substances deposited on the walls of the separator, such as heavy metals, may be removed so that the separator is clean for its next use. Further, self-cleaning may be automated to reduce the burden on a person carrying out the method.

In embodiments of the invention any one or more of the steps described above are performed by an automated, robotic system.

In such embodiments of the invention the method of extracting a substance may be partially or fully automated.

The invention will now be further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:.

Referring initially to <FIG>, an embodiment of a method according to the invention is schematically represented. The method is designated generally by the reference numeral <NUM> and has four main stages as described below.

The first stage is the sample collection stage <NUM>. This comprises the step of adsorbing a substance onto a substrate <NUM>.

In the illustrated embodiment, the substance is a sample of sweat that is to be analysed. However, in other embodiments of the invention, the substance may be any suitable substance to be extracted from the substrate. The substrate <NUM> may therefore be worn by the person whose sweat is to be sampled. Such a substrate may be wearable in close contact with the skin.

Once sweat has been adsorbed by the substrate <NUM>, the substrate may be removed from the skin and immediately packed in a container <NUM> according to embodiments of the invention, and as illustrated in <FIG>. In embodiments of the invention, the step of placing, or packing the substrate in the extraction basket may be facilitated through the use of a packing rig. This unit is remote from the rig <NUM> (shown in <FIG>) and enables packing of the samples at the destination of initial collection.

Once the substrate <NUM> on which the sweat has been adsorbed has been packed into a container <NUM>, closures (not shown) are sealingly attached to the container <NUM> in order to seal the substrate <NUM> with sample substance within the container <NUM>.

At this stage, the container <NUM> may be placed in cold storage where the temperature of the container may be reduced to -<NUM>, for example. This is in order to maintain the integrity of the sample within the container and any volatile substances collected on the sample may be preserved prior to being analysed. The temperature required for storage will depend on the storage duration and the components extracted and may be between <NUM> and -<NUM>, though it is typically between -<NUM> and -<NUM>.

The second stage of the method represented in <FIG> is the extraction stage <NUM>.

In order to extract the substance from the substrate <NUM>, the container <NUM> is removed from the cold storage, the closures removed from the container <NUM> and the container <NUM> is loaded into an apparatus for collecting and extracting a substance according to an embodiment of the invention which is illustrated in <FIG> and <FIG>. The apparatus is designated generally by the reference numeral <NUM>.

As shown in <FIG>, the apparatus comprises four sub-systems or modules. The first module is a fluid delivery assembly <NUM>. Operatively connected to the fluid delivery assembly <NUM> is an extraction assembly <NUM> which in turn is operatively connected to a separation assembly <NUM> which is in turn operatively connected to a dispenser assembly <NUM>.

The system may be in the form of a rig <NUM> as shown in <FIG>. The rig <NUM> comprises the fluid delivery assembly <NUM>, the extractor assembly <NUM>, the separation assembly <NUM> and the dispenser assembly <NUM>. In this embodiment of the invention, the rig <NUM> is fully automated such that it is capable of performing method steps <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> without requiring the manual intervention of an operator.

The modules forming the system <NUM> are contained within a frame <NUM>. Further, the extraction assembly <NUM> is contained within a heated enclosure <NUM> which enables the environment surrounding the extractor assembly <NUM> to be controlled.

The operation and purpose of each of these assemblies will be explained in more detail below.

Referring now to <FIG>, the extraction assembly <NUM> comprises the container <NUM>. The container <NUM> is shown in greater detail in <FIG> having a first open end <NUM> and a second, opposite open end <NUM>.

The extraction assembly <NUM> further comprises a first plunger <NUM> adapted to close end <NUM>, and a second plunger <NUM> adapted to close end <NUM>.

Referring now to <FIG>, each of the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> is insertable within the container <NUM>, such that when each of the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> is fully engaged, a chamber <NUM> is defined. In this embodiment of the invention the volume of the chamber <NUM> is approximately <NUM>, but in other embodiments of the invention components of the extraction assembly <NUM> could be of different sizes and the chamber <NUM> may be between <NUM> and <NUM>.

Each of the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> comprises lip seals <NUM>, <NUM> respectively. The seals <NUM>, <NUM> provide controllable seals between respective closures <NUM>, <NUM> and respective ends <NUM>, <NUM> of the container <NUM>.

Each of the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> further comprise frits <NUM>, <NUM> which are each attached at an end of the respective plungers <NUM>, <NUM>. The frits are adapted to disperse fluid evenly through the full volume of the chamber <NUM> so that as much of the extractable substance within the substrate can be captured as possible during the extraction process.

Referring back to <FIG>, the extractor assembly <NUM> further comprises two heated shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> which are illustrated in more detail in <FIG>. The heated shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> are positionable around the container <NUM> and plungers <NUM>, <NUM> and serve to regulate the temperature of the container <NUM> within the extraction module <NUM>.

Although the container <NUM> is in the heated enclosure <NUM>, the container <NUM> nevertheless requires additional heating to ensure that the temperature of the container and its contents are raised to a predetermined temperature required for the supercritical fluid extraction process to take place, for example about <NUM>, and maintained at that level. For this reason the two heated shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> surround the container <NUM> during extraction in order to maintain the temperature of the container and its contents at approximately <NUM>.

The heated shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> are, in this embodiment, made from anodised aluminium to aid with thermal conductivity.

The shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> are heated using cartridge heaters which are held in heater recesses <NUM>. The heaters may be set to operating at a specific temperature, such as <NUM>, throughout the process using any suitable control device. In embodiments of the invention the control device may be a PID controller.

In this embodiment of the invention, closed loop feedback is provided in each of the shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> by temperature sensors (not shown) which are located in sensor recesses <NUM>.

Each of the shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> has a resettable thermal trip (not shown) which are located in trip recesses <NUM>. These thermal trips are set to trigger at a temperature above the desired temperature of the container, for example <NUM> in this embodiment of the invention. In the event that a fuse is tripped, the power is cut to the heater cartridges and the emergency stop is triggered. This prevents temperature run away if the PID controllers fail and the cartridges remain on.

Referring again to <FIG>, The extractor assembly <NUM> further comprises an aluminium support frame <NUM> comprising a first platform <NUM> and a second platform <NUM>. In this example, the first plunger <NUM> (not shown) is positioned within the first heated shroud <NUM> and in alignment with the first platform <NUM>. Further in this example, the second plunger <NUM> (not shown) may be positioned within the second heated shroud <NUM> and coupled to the aluminium support frame <NUM> such that it extends down from the second platform <NUM>.

Also in this example, the container <NUM> is positioned such that it engages with the second plunger <NUM>, grippers <NUM> may hold the container <NUM> in this position. Pneumatic cylinders <NUM> may then be activated to cause the first plunger <NUM> to engage with the container <NUM> until the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> and the container <NUM> have the position shown in <FIG>. The configuration of the components shown in <FIG> is an example only. Other configurations may also be suitable for carrying out a method according to embodiments of the invention.

In this embodiment of the invention, the second plunger <NUM> is stationary, whereas the first plunger <NUM> is moveable due to the action of the pneumatic cylinders <NUM> which raise the plunger <NUM> so that it engages with the container <NUM>.

The extraction assembly <NUM> is designed around the aluminium support frame <NUM> which is designed to withstand forces up to <NUM> bar.

The pneumatic cylinders <NUM> not only cause the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> to engage with the basket <NUM> but also then perform the step of compressing the substrate into a predetermined volume in chamber <NUM> (see <FIG>). The substrate is compressed in this way to increase substance recovery and reduce the total volume of required solvent.

As can be seen in <FIG>, the cylinders are located below the container loading position.

During the extraction stage <NUM>, the container <NUM> will be pressurised to a predetermined pressure between <NUM> and <NUM> bar. To withstand this pressure, the extractor assembly <NUM> further comprises mechanical locking jaws <NUM> which are adapted to clamp around the compression cylinders <NUM> and lock the first plunger <NUM> in position when it is fully engaged with the container <NUM> and the extraction process is operating.

In this embodiment of the invention the seals <NUM>, <NUM> have a polymer external surface with a stainless-steel spring to help hold shape during pressurisation.

The polymer external surface may be made from any suitable polymer and is used to prevent contamination and sample substance loss between extraction runs.

Once the container is loaded into extraction assembly <NUM>, the plungers <NUM>, <NUM> are engaged with the container <NUM> and the mechanical locking jaws <NUM> are engaged around the compression cylinders <NUM>, the extraction stage <NUM> of the method represented in <FIG> may continue. The fluid delivery assembly <NUM> controls the delivery of highpressure solvent and co-solvent to the extraction assembly <NUM> (see <FIG>) and into the container <NUM>.

This process first involves priming pumps forming part of the fluid delivery assembly <NUM>. The pumps then begin the flow of the solvent (CO<NUM> in this embodiment) and co-solvent from their respective storage tanks to the extraction assembly <NUM> via a mixer in which the solvent and co-solvent are mixed. The solvent and co-solvent then enter the container <NUM> through a conduit in the first plunger <NUM>. The extractor assembly <NUM> may be placed within a heated enclosure <NUM> (see <FIG>) which pre-heats the lines supplying the solvent and co-solvent to the container <NUM>.

During this stage of initial fluid delivery the pressure within the container is increased to the predetermined level, for example <NUM> bar. In embodiments of the invention the fluid delivery assembly <NUM> may comprise a Waters Fluid Delivery Module.

In order for the solvent to reach a supercritical state, the solvent must be heated to a certain temperature as well as being pressurised. In embodiments of the invention, in which the solvent is carbon dioxide, the solvent temperature required in order to reach supercritical state is <NUM>. However, a temperature of at least <NUM> may be required inside the container <NUM> to increase the volatility of the substance to be extracted and to increases diffusivity of the carbon dioxide. The temperature increase is achieved and maintained through a combination of the heated enclosure <NUM> and the heated shrouds <NUM>, <NUM> described above and shown in <FIG>.

Once the desired temperature and pressure is achieved within the container <NUM> and the solvent transitions to a supercritical fluid, the extraction of the adsorbed substance from the substrate <NUM> is enabled. A pressure control valve or back-pressure regulator <NUM> positioned after the second plunger <NUM> allows the supercritical fluid containing collected extract to gradually exit the container <NUM>, thereby maintaining the desired pressure. The SCF therefore gradually passes through the material of the substrate <NUM> in the container <NUM> at high pressure and captures the substances that were adsorbed onto the substrate <NUM>. This process continues for a period of time until the extraction of the adsorbed substance is complete. After the process has run for an appropriate time, the fluid delivery system will be stopped, and the system will be de-pressurised to <NUM> bar.

Once the SCF exits the container <NUM> and the extraction assembly <NUM> it flows into the separation assembly <NUM> where the separation stage <NUM>, of the method schematically represented in <FIG>, is performed. During the step in which SCF flows from the extraction assembly <NUM> to the separation assembly <NUM>, the pressure is gradually reduced.

The separation assembly <NUM> is shown in more detail in <FIG>. The separation assembly <NUM> comprises a separator <NUM> around which is positioned a temperature control shroud <NUM>. The separation assembly also comprises a pressure control circuit (not shown).

A series of fluid lines and solenoid valves positioned around the separation assembly <NUM> manipulate the direction of fluid flow and pressure.

The separator <NUM> serves to reduce the temperature and pressure of the supercritical fluid, causing it to transition back into a liquid and a gas.

<FIG> show the separator <NUM> in more detail. The separator <NUM> comprises a body <NUM> and a removable head <NUM>. The removable head <NUM> comprises a nozzle inlet <NUM> and a gas outlet <NUM>. The body <NUM> comprises an extract inlet <NUM>, a liquid outlet <NUM> and a separation chamber <NUM>. The separator <NUM> further comprises a baffle assembly <NUM> that is positionable within the separation chamber <NUM> and comprises a plurality of baffles <NUM>. In this embodiment of the invention there are three baffles <NUM> and they are cone-shaped mesh baffles. However, in other embodiments of the invention the baffles may be any suitable type of baffle and there may be any suitable number of baffles.

In use, the SCF flows through the gas inlet <NUM> and down internal walls of the separation chamber <NUM>. The liquid extract and co-solvent are captured at the bottom of the separation chamber <NUM> while gaseous components are vented through the baffle assembly <NUM> to improve extract and extraction solvent recovery. The extract and co-solvent vapour condenses onto the baffles <NUM> and flows towards the bottom of the separation chamber <NUM>. Meanwhile, gaseous extraction solvent (e.g. carbon dioxide) is vented out of the separation chamber <NUM> through the gas outlet <NUM> and unwanted heavy substances are adsorbed to internal walls of the separation chamber <NUM>. The liquid co-solvent and extract is collected from the separator <NUM> into a collector <NUM> (shown in <FIG>).

During the extraction process, the separator <NUM> is cooled to a fixed temperature, for example between -<NUM> and <NUM>, in preparation to receive the solvent and extract. The resulting reduction of temperature of the solvent and extract in the separator increases the recovery of extract and extraction solvent.

The baffles <NUM> also increase the extract and extraction solvent recovery during the extraction process. In embodiments of the invention where the extraction solvent is carbon dioxide, acetonitrile may be entrained as an aerosol in the carbon dioxide vapour. The baffles <NUM> comprise a fine mesh suitable for separating acetonitrile from carbon dioxide and the downward cone-shape encourages the drainage of the separated acetonitrile to the bottom of the separation chamber <NUM> for collection.

Once the extract has been removed from the separator <NUM>, the separation stage <NUM> is complete and the separator <NUM> may be cleaned. The separation assembly <NUM> may be placed in a cleaning mode in which the separator <NUM> is heated to <NUM> to increase the effectiveness of substance removal. The separation chamber <NUM> is then flooded with cleaning solvent. The flow rate of cleaning solvent into the separation chamber is controlled to encourage removal of remaining substances. Hence the process is self-cleaning.

The temperature control shroud <NUM> may be made from any convenient material, and in this embodiment of the invention is made from anodised aluminium to aid with thermal conductivity and is connected to earth. The temperature control shroud <NUM> is insulated to reduce temperature losses.

The final stage of the method schematically represented in <FIG> is the dispensing stage <NUM> which occurs in the dispenser assembly <NUM>.

As can be seen in <FIG>, the dispenser assembly <NUM> may be operatively connected to the separator <NUM>. The separator <NUM> may be connected to a dispenser <NUM> via the collector <NUM>.

In embodiments of the invention, once separation is complete, the collector <NUM> is opened to collect the extract from the separator <NUM>. The extract is mixed in the collector <NUM> and then a syringe pump <NUM> aspirates a predetermined volume of extract from the collector <NUM> and transfers it into a dispensing station <NUM>. The dispensing station <NUM> dispenses predetermined volumes of the extract into a plurality of sample vials <NUM>.

A sample of the extract may then be obtained for further analysis. Any remaining extract is pumped into a waste sink.

To ensure that the extract is homogenous, the extract is dispensed from the separator <NUM> into the collector <NUM> at a pressure of <NUM> bar. The collector <NUM> is insulated to reduce temperature loss.

A dehumidifier may be used to reduce condensation build up on the equipment.

During use, the collector may be cooled to a fixed temperature between a range of -<NUM> and <NUM> to increase the recovery level of volatiles when dispensing. Coolant may be pumped around the collector to cool it.

Once the sample has been collected they may be analysed using any relevant methods.

<FIG> show another embodiment of the separation assembly <NUM> and dispenser assembly <NUM>. The separation assembly <NUM> is similar to the separation assembly <NUM> shown in <FIG> and comprises a separator <NUM> and a temperature control shroud <NUM>.

In this embodiment the separator <NUM> is connected to the dispenser assembly <NUM> via a valve <NUM>.

The dispenser assembly <NUM> comprises a dispenser <NUM> and a syringe pump <NUM>. The dispenser <NUM> comprises a dispensing station <NUM>.

The extract may be released from the separator <NUM> by the valve <NUM> so that it flows to the syringe pump <NUM>. The syringe pump <NUM> aspirates a predetermined volume of extract and transfers it into a dispensing station <NUM>. The dispensing station <NUM> dispenses predetermined volumes of the extract into one of a plurality of sample vials <NUM>. The sample vials <NUM> may then be stored in a collection vial holder <NUM>.

The dispensing station <NUM> may also dispense a small quantity of an extract (<NUM>µL for example) into a QC vial held in a QC sample vial holder <NUM>. During a study analysing several extracts (<NUM> for example) a small quantity of each extract may be dispensed into the QC vial. A large disparity between analysis results for an individual extract sample and analysis results for the QC vial sample may indicate anomalous data and potentially a low-quality extract sample.

Claim 1:
A method (<NUM>) of extracting a substance comprising the steps of:
(i) placing a substrate (<NUM>) on which a substance has been adsorbed into a container (<NUM>);
(ii) feeding a solvent into the container (<NUM>) whilst restricting its exit to achieve a predetermined pressure of the solvent in the container (<NUM>),
wherein the solvent has a critical point and the predetermined pressure is above the critical point of the solvent;
(iii) transitioning the solvent into a supercritical fluid within the container (<NUM>) by heating to a temperature above its critical point as well pressurising to a pressure above its critical point;
(iv) releasing the solvent and an extract comprising extracted substances into a separator (<NUM>; <NUM>);
(v) reducing the temperature and pressure in the separator (<NUM>, <NUM>) to remove a gaseous portion of the solvent from the extract; and
(vi) collecting the extract remaining from the separator (<NUM>, <NUM>);
wherein the container (<NUM>) is in the form of an extraction basket comprising first and second closures adapted to seal the container (<NUM>) at first and second ends respectively, the method being characterized by an additional step prior to the step of feeding solvent into the container (<NUM>), of removing the first and second closures of the container (<NUM>), and replacing the first and second closures with first and second plungers (<NUM>, <NUM>), which first and second plungers (<NUM>, <NUM>) are releasably and sealably engageable with the first and second ends of the container (<NUM>) respectively.