Patent Description:
Sensors are important devices in electronic equipment. Primarily proximity sensors, such as capacitive sensors, find their use in different applications ranging from touchscreens to measuring humidity. Capacitive sensors make use of capacitive coupling, i.e. detecting and measuring a change in capacitance. Several examples of sensors that use capacitive sensing include sensors to detect and measure proximity, position and displacement, force, humidity, fluid level, acceleration, gas saturation and composition etc..

As a byproduct of numerous industrial processes, hydrogen has historically been burned for heat, for lack of other valuable uses. The situation resembles natural gas flaring at oil wells. Several countries, such as Japan focus on developing carbon-free technology to generate hydrogen as a key step in becoming a "hydrogen society". In addition, some countries mix hydrogen with traditional fuel gas (coal and natural gas) in an attempt to reduce the use of fossil fuels, especially those countries which are fully dependent on imported fossil fuels. Global climate objectives contribute as well hereto, resulting in the addition of hydrogen to natural gas.

As a consequence, there is an increasing need for frequent inline measurement of gas composition. At present, chromatography is commonly used for quantitatively and qualitatively determining the composition of gas mixtures. Accordingly, the sensor units based on (gas) chromatography are typically large, complex, and expensive, since they comprise at least a sampling unit, a gas separation column, and a detector. Moreover, they need storage containers for carrier gas and calibration gas.

A need exists for relatively inexpensive and more practical sensors and methods for determining the composition of gas mixtures with high accuracy.

For example, <CIT> describes a hydrogen sensor comprising chemochromic nanoparticles having improved properties in determining hydrogen. The chemochromic material reacts with hydrogen, resulting in a change in colour, transmission/reflection properties or other optical properties. The resulting change in colour, transmission/reflection or other optical properties is evaluated either by the naked eye, a spectrophotometer, or a photodetector.

<CIT> relates to a palladium-based hydrogen sensor which relies upon measuring electrical impedance (i.e. resistance). Temperature and the presence of oxygen are key parameters to the measurable hydrogen concentration. In addition, the sensitivity of the sensor depends on the distribution of the palladium isles on the dielectric substrate between the electrodes.

<CIT> relates to a gas sensor comprising a gate electrode in which platinum crystal grains are surrounded with a metal oxide mixture obtained by mixing oxygen-doped amorphous metal with crystalline metal oxide.

<CIT> describes to a method for manufacturing a hydrogen gas sensor by using noble metal doped titanium dioxide nanopowder. The method encompasses a sintering step at a temperature of <NUM>-<NUM>. The resulting sensor is a sintered nanoblock having electrodes on its surface.

<CIT> relates to a sampling system for taking samples from the atmosphere in a reactor containment of a nuclear plant. The system can comprise a gas analyser, in particular a capacitive polymer sensor for analysing hydrogen.

<NPL>) describe a titanium dioxide-based metal oxide semiconductor sensor suitable for detecting low concentrations of hydrogen in gas streams. The sensor comprises palladium isles as top electrodes for adsorbing hydrogen gas.

<NPL>) reveal a methane gas sensor comprising interdigitated platinum electrodes onto which a thin film of titanium dioxide particles having an average particle size of <NUM> is deposited. The sensor measurements are based on a change in resistance.

<NPL>) describe a titanium-based photocatalyst having a very small amount (<NUM>-<NUM> wt. %) of platinum loading for hydrogen evolution from methanol. The particle size of <NUM>-<NUM>, which is typically suitable for catalysis, rules out its effectiveness as sensing material.

<NPL>) describe hydrogen gas sensors using small-sized, flame-made, platinum-loaded titanium dioxide nanoparticles that measure resistance at temperatures above <NUM> for adequate sensing response.

An objective of the invention is to provide capacitive sensing material which addresses, at least part of, one or more disadvantages faced in the art.

Also an objective of the invention is to provide a cost efficient and simple to use sensor with which the composition of a gaseous mixture can be relatively easy determined.

The inventors surprisingly found that one or more of these objectives can, at least in part, be met by using a material, for example as part of a sensor, which can take up high amounts of gases, preferably such as hydrogen. The capacitive sensing material contributes advantageously to for example the ease of detecting gases at varying conditions, robustness of the sensor, cost efficiency, and ease of deployment in the field.

Accordingly, in a first aspect the invention relates to a capacitive sensing material, as defined by claim <NUM>.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a capacitive chip, comprising the capacitive sensing material of the first aspect.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a capacitive sensor, comprising the capacitive sensing material of the first aspect and/or the capacitive chip of the second aspect.

According to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing the capacitive sensing material of the first aspect, the method comprising:.

According to a fifth aspect, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a coated chip, preferably a capacitive chip of the second aspect, comprising:.

According to another aspect, the invention relates to a method for sensing a gas in a gaseous mixture, wherein the gaseous mixture preferably comprises at least hydrogen, the method comprising:.

The term "chip" as described herein is meant to comprise a piece of material, such as semiconductor material, onto which an electrode layout is manufactured. The chip may be part of a "wafer". The term "chip" includes in the context of the invention microchip and nanochip.

The term "coating" as used herein is meant to include both the single and plural of a layer on the surface of, e.g. a chip, such as the capacitive chip as described herein, layer on the surface of a substrate, such as an insulating or semiconductive material, layer on the surface of a particle or substance, such as porous titanium dioxide, and a layer on the inner surface of a particle or substance, e.g. within pores, and may include, for example a layer of discrete particles, a layer of a continuous material, and a layer comprising discrete particles in a layer of a continuous matrix material. In particular, the sensing material as described comprises composite particles wherein a layer of discrete platinum particles is present on the porous titanium dioxide. The porous titanium dioxide may be completely or incompletely covered with platinum particles. The term "coating" includes both complete and incomplete coverage of the surface of a substrate with, e.g. a material, substance or particles.

The term "fuel gas" is used to denote a gaseous mixture. The term includes for example natural gas, coal gas, biogas and combinations thereof. Although such gas streams are mostly used as fuel, they are defined herein by their composition and are not restricted to a particular use.

The term "inline" refers to an analyser which is connected to a process or stream and conducts automatic sampling or does not need sampling and is based on continuous flow (either of the main stream or of a side stream).

The term "sensing material" in "capacitive sensing material" as used herein includes terms, such as "coating", "smart material", "responsive material", and "stimuli-responsive material". The term may broadly refer to: layer on the surface of, e.g. a chip, such as a capacitive chip as described herein, layer on the surface of a substrate, such as an insulating or semiconductive material, and may include, for example a layer of discrete particles, a layer of a continuous material, and a layer comprising discrete particles in a layer of a continuous matrix material. In particular, the sensing material as described herein includes a layer of discrete particles. The sensing material may completely or incompletely cover a surface. Thus, the capacitive sensing material as described herein may be in the form of a coating.

The term "sensor element" as described herein is meant to include the sensing material, in particular a substrate, e.g. a chip, coated with the capacitive sensing material, and the capacitive chip as described herein. The term "sensor" refers to a single sensor element or a plurality of sensor elements in combination with a casing or housing, and typically comprises components, such as electronics, e.g. a transducer and/or capacitator, a processor, and/or a memory device. In case of a plurality of sensor elements, the elements may be spatially separated and arranged such that each sensor element has a surface for exposure to for example an atmosphere. In addition, the term is meant to include the capacitive sensor as described herein. The casing preferably comprises a chamber to which the sensor elements are exposed and wherein the chamber is provided with at least one opening for a gas stream.

The invention provides a capacitive sensing material comprising composite particles wherein porous titanium dioxide is at least in part coated with platinum particles. The capacitive sensing material as described herein comprises composite particles of porous titanium dioxide that comprise smaller platinum particles, and even smaller platinum particles at least in part of the pores of the titanium dioxide. The composite particles, in particular being composite nanoparticles, have an average particle size of <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>-<NUM>. The platinum particles, which are nanoparticles, may be impregnated in at least part of the pores of the porous titanium dioxide and have an average particle size of <NUM>. The titanium dioxide is at least in part coated (covered) with platinum, or platinum particles, e.g. a layer of platinum particles. The efficiency of the sensing properties of the capacitive sensing material depends on the size and/or amount of the platinum particles. When these platinum particles are too small (i.e., typical particle size for catalyst particles, such as below about <NUM>), they do not have sufficient metallic properties, whereas when these are too large (i.e. above about <NUM>), they may form a connected conductive path, which is unsuitable for capacitive measurements. With too large platinum particles, the sorption of gas molecules by the capacitive sensing material may result in damage, or even cracks, and therefore reduce the lifespan of the material.

For the capacitive sensing material, the relative permittivity or capacitance of the material changes as a function of the partial pressure of the gaseous absorbent. The change in capacitance is influenced typically by the change in dielectric constant and by the swelling of the material caused by absorption of the gaseous component. Based on the effect of the thickness on the change in capacitance due to absorption of gas, it was found that the highest sensitivity is obtained with the preferred average particle size of the platinum particles of <NUM>-<NUM>, and more preferably <NUM>-<NUM>, preferably in combination with a sensor active area of <NUM>-<NUM><NUM> for each sensor element, and a thickness of the layer of the sensing material on the sensor element of <NUM>-<NUM>. The average particle size of the composite particles, porous titanium dioxide particles, and the platinum particles can be measured with techniques known in the art, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Sensing materials may detect the presence of various types of gases by measuring the change in capacitance, or change in dielectric constant of the material due to absorption and/or adsorption of at least one of the various types of gases. In general, atmospheric oxygen residing on (the) sensing material, such as the metal oxide surface, is reduced by the target gases, allowing more electrons in the conduction band of the metal oxide. This resistance drop is reversible and varies depending on the composition of the capacitive sensing material, and working conditions, such as temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. The inventors surprisingly found that the capacitive sensing material of the invention does not require the presence of oxygen to be applicable in measuring gases, such as hydrogen. Hence, in an embodiment the capacitive sensing material as described herein can be used for measuring gases in an oxygen-free environment. The capacitive sensing material as described herein can surprisingly be used at room temperature.

The porous titanium dioxide suitably holds platinum nanoparticles in its pores. Hence, the pores of the porous titanium dioxide are at least in part filled with platinum nanoparticles.

The (average) porosity of the titanium dioxide, as measured by mercury porosimetry, may be <NUM> % or less, and <NUM> % or more, such as <NUM> % or more, or <NUM> % or more, such as <NUM>-<NUM> %, or <NUM>-<NUM> %. It was surprisingly found that platinum is at least in part present in the pores of titanium dioxide, whereas palladium tend to grow primarily on the outside of the titanium dioxide. In addition, the capacitive sensing material according to the invention has surprisingly high efficiency. This is believed to be caused by the high surface adsorption of hydrogen to the platinum particles. Consequently, the higher the surface area of the platinum particles the higher the hydrogen adsorption.

The capacitive sensing material as described herein may further comprise a dopant. In particular, the dopant may be inserted into the bulk of the capacitive sensing material, i.e. in the composite particles, in a certain concentration to (positively) alter the electric property of the material. The dopant may be inserted into the porous titanium dioxide and/or the platinum particles, preferably into the platinum particles. In case a dopant is added, the surface of the platinum particles present in the capacitive sensing material preferably has to be available to adsorption and/or absorption of gases, e.g. hydrogen. The dopant may comprise one or more electron acceptors selected from the group consisting of, for example boron, aluminium, gallium, beryllium, zinc, silver, cadmium, silicon, or germanium, one or more electron donors selected from the group consisting of, for example phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, silicon, or germanium, or a mixture of electron acceptor(s) and electron donor(s). The concentration of the dopant may be <NUM>-<NUM> % by total weight of the sensing material, such as <NUM>-<NUM> %, <NUM>-<NUM> %, or <NUM>-<NUM> %.

In particular, the porous titanium dioxide may be amorphous, since after the synthesis thereof no hydrothermal treatment is required to be applied to increase the crystallinity. The porous titanium dioxide may be characterised by a crystallinity percentage, i.e. an amount of crystalline (porous) titanium dioxide, as measured by Raman spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction, of <NUM>-<NUM> % by total amount of porous titanium dioxide, such as <NUM>-<NUM> %, <NUM>-<NUM> %, or <NUM>-<NUM> %.

As is known in the art, humidity may negatively influence the sensing capabilities of capacitive sensing material, e.g. affecting the capacitance. Since a particular application of the capacitive sensing material as described herein will be in sensors, e.g. used in fuel gases - from which most of the water has been extracted, the influence of water may only be small. In addition, a sensor (array) comprising the capacitive sensing material as described herein may further comprise an additional (capacitive) sensor element that can measure the water concentration in the gas mixture, and/or enable correction.

The capacitive sensing material may comprise <NUM>-<NUM> % of titanium dioxide, based on the total weight of the composite particles. In particular, the amount of titanium dioxide may be <NUM> % or more and <NUM> % or less by total weight of the composite particles, such as <NUM>-<NUM> %, <NUM>-<NUM> %, or <NUM>-<NUM> %. Preferably, the amount of titanium dioxide in the capacitive sensing material is <NUM>-<NUM> % by total weight of the composite particles, more preferably <NUM>-<NUM> %.

The capacitive sensing material may comprise <NUM>-<NUM> % by total weight of the composite particles of platinum. In particular, the amount of platinum may be <NUM>-<NUM> % by total weight of the composite particles, such as <NUM>-<NUM> %, <NUM>-<NUM> %, <NUM>-<NUM> %, or <NUM>-<NUM> %. Preferably, the amount of platinum in the capacitive sensing material is <NUM>-<NUM> %, such as <NUM>-<NUM> % by total weight of the composite particles.

The mass ratio of titanium dioxide and platinum in the capacitive sensing material is <NUM> : <NUM> to <NUM> : <NUM>. In particular, the mass ratio may be <NUM> : <NUM> to <NUM> : <NUM>. Preferably, the mass ratio is about <NUM> : <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the capacitive sensing material comprises composite particles wherein <NUM>-<NUM> wt. % is porous titanium dioxide and <NUM>-<NUM> wt. %, such as <NUM>-<NUM> wt. %, is platinum particles by total weight of the capacitive sensing material.

The shape of the particles of the capacitive sensing material as described herein may depend on the application of the capacitive sensing material. There are many descriptive terms that can be applied to the particle's shape. Several shape classifications include, cubic, cylindrical, such as barrels, rods and pillars, discoidal, ellipsoidal, equant, irregular, polygon, polyhedron, round, spherical, square, tabular, and triangular. In particular, the shape of the particles may be classified as round. Preferably, the shape of the particles is spherical, rounded polyhedron, rounded polygon, such as poker chip, corn, pill, rounded cylinder, such as capsule, faceted. More preferably, the particles as described herein are spherical, cylindrical, or ellipsoidal.

In particular, the composite particles of the capacitive sensing material are composite nanoparticles because of their increased surface area to volume ratio when compared to microparticles. The inventors found that the presence of platinum as nanoparticles in the pores of the porous titanium dioxide contributes to prevent bursting of the capacitive sensing material upon absorption of gas molecules, such as hydrogen, therefore overcoming a key common-faced issue with gas sensors known in the art. Consequently, high concentrations of gases can be measured with the capacitive sensing material as described herein. The invention allows gases, in particular hydrogen, to be measured, for example, in a range of <NUM>-<NUM><NUM><NUM> ppm.

The composite particles of the capacitive sensing material as described herein have an average particle size, as measured by transmission electron microscopy, of <NUM> or more, <NUM> or more, or <NUM> or more, and <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, <NUM> or less, <NUM> or less, or <NUM> or less. In particular, the average particle size of the composite particles is <NUM> or more, such as <NUM> or more, or <NUM> or more, and <NUM> or less, such as <NUM> or less, or <NUM> or less. Preferably, the average particle size is <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>. In addition, the average particle size of the platinum particles is <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>. Preferably, the average particle size of the platinum particles is <NUM>-<NUM>. The capacitive sensing material of the invention is sensitive to gases, preferably at least to hydrogen. More preferably, the capacitive sensing material according to the invention is sensitive to hydrogen. That is, the capacitive sensing material has a property that is responsive to one or more gases when exposed thereto. Exposure of the capacitive sensing material to gases causes the gases to be adsorbed and/or absorbed, preferably adsorbed. In particular, the inventors found that the capacitive sensing material of the invention has extraordinary adsorption sensitivity to hydrogen (gas). Preferred responsive properties of the capacitive sensing material include the dielectric constant, conductivity, refractive index, density, volume, and mass. More preferably, the responsive property of the capacitive sensing material is the dielectric constant. Sorption of gas to the capacitive sensing material can cause a change of one or more of these properties of the capacitive sensing material. In particular, the capacitive sensing material of the invention has the property of dielectric constant which is responsive. The property is typically measured for the capacitive sensing material, including sorbed components.

The capacitive sensing material as described herein may additionally comprise components, for example reducing agents, shape controlling agents, dispersants and/or surfactants, such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). The additional component(s) may or may not have a responsive property. In case the capacitive sensing material comprises such (a) component(s), the component is preferably part of a part of the composite particles. In addition, the capacitive sensing material may comprise components that do not have a responsive property, which components may or may not comprise metal oxide and/or metal. A capacitive sensing formulation comprises a capacitive sensing material as described herein. The coating can be applied to surfaces, such as chips, for example, to obtain a capacitive chip as described herein. The coating may comprise a liquid which comprises a capacitive sensing material as described herein. The liquid may be any liquid, such as solvent, suitable for applying the capacitive sensing material onto a surface. In particular, the liquid is water, such as demineralised water. The skilled person understands that the concentration of the capacitive sensing material in the capacitive sensing coating formulation depends on the desired use. For example, when the capacitive sensing coating formulation is used to coat a chip, e.g., to obtain a capacitive chip, the concentration of the capacitive sensing material is selected such that the chip is sufficiently coated for further use. The capacitive sensing coating formulation may advantageously be applied to a surface, such as a chip comprising vulnerable electrodes, without requiring any such high temperature process.

The invention further provides a capacitive chip, comprising the capacitive sensing material as described herein. The capacitive chip may comprise a piece of material, preferably semiconductor material, such as quartz, silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium or any other semiconductor material known in the art, on which electrical conductive tracks are manufactured capable of measuring a capacitance, such as interdigitated electrodes, and on which the capacitive sensing material as described herein is present, as well as electronic circuits, comprising electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes may be present. Alternatively, only the electrodes and the capacitive sensing material are present on the chip, and the chip is connected to the electronic circuits present on a printed circuit board using wire bonds or soldered connections. The electronic circuits may be connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow, or interconnected by photolithographic techniques on a laminated substrate, such as a printed circuit board. Preferably, in case electronic circuits are present on the capacitive chip, the capacitive sensing material does not completely cover (or coat) the electronic circuits, or does not cover the electronic circuits at all. In particular, the capacitive chip has the property of reading a change in capacitance or dielectric constant of the capacitive sensing material. The capacitive chip as used herein may also include the term "sensor element".

The capacitive chip as described herein may suitably be used in (a) sensor(s), i.e. as a part of a sensor. In an embodiment, the capacitive chip and/or a sensor comprising the capacitive chip is used for measuring gases in an oxygen-free environment, such as hydrogen.

The invention further provides a capacitive sensor, comprising the capacitive sensing material as described herein and/or the capacitive chip as described herein. The capacitive sensor may include a combination of a casing, electronics, a processor, memory device, and one or more sensor elements. The casing preferably comprises a chamber comprising one or more sensor elements, which sensor element(s) is (are) exposed to an atmosphere, preferably the outer atmosphere, because of, for example at least one opening in the chamber and/or casing. The atmosphere is, for example a pure gas comprising a vapour, a gaseous mixture, or a gaseous mixture comprising vapour. The sensor element may be the capacitive chip as described herein, the capacitive sensing material as described herein, which, for example is applied onto a substrate, such as semiconductor material, and applied to a capacitive chip, or a combination of both. In particular, the sensor element comprises the capacitive sensing material as described herein. The capacitive sensing material does not require the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere, hence the atmosphere may comprise a low concentration of oxygen, or be free of oxygen. Hence, in an embodiment, the sensor is used for measuring, e.g. gases, such as hydrogen, in an oxygen-free environment (atmosphere).

The (capacitive) sensor as described herein may comprise more than one sensor elements, such as two, three, four, five, or more sensor elements. A combination of sensor elements can be made, depending on the application and required function of the sensor. For example, the capacitive sensor may be a capacitive gas sensor and/or a capacitive humidity sensor. In case the sensor comprises multiple sensor elements, the sensor may be coined as a multifunctional sensor. Preferably, the multifunctional sensor comprises at least the property of measuring hydrogen.

In an embodiment, a capacitive sensor is provided, comprising the capacitive sensing material as described herein and/or the capacitive chip according to the invention, the sensor being a capacitive gas sensor, preferably having selectivity to detecting hydrogen (gas) and/or determining its concentration.

In another embodiment, a capacitive sensor is provided, comprising two or more capacitive chips, one of which is coated with the capacitive sensing material of the invention, the other capacitive chip(s) coated with other, for example sensing materials responsive to, e.g. methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen.

The sensors as described herein may be capable of operating at least in a part of the range of -<NUM> to <NUM>, more preferably at least in the range of -<NUM> to <NUM>, and/or preferably at least in a part of the range of <NUM>-<NUM> absolute bar, such as <NUM>-<NUM> absolute bar which is typical for the gas grid. The sensors are described herein do not require heating and/or calcination of the capacitive sensing material. The methods as described herein can, for example, be carried out under these conditions. The sensor is preferably adapted for operating on gas streams having a flow of from about <NUM>/min (such as in household environments), or up to <NUM><NUM>/h or even <NUM><NUM><NUM>/h (such as in distribution networks). In some embodiments, the (gas) sensor as described herein is resistant to gas streams with up to <NUM> H<NUM>S per Nm<NUM> (i.e. cubic meter at normal conditions), up to <NUM> mol% aromatic hydrocarbons, up to <NUM> ppm by volume siloxanes, and/or total sulphur up to <NUM> per Nm<NUM>. The person skilled in the art of sensor for natural gas streams is familiar with materials that are resistant to these conditions. The sensor preferably has a power consumption of less than <NUM> W, more preferably less than <NUM> mW for battery driven devices. The sensor element preferably has a footprint within <NUM> × <NUM>, and preferably fits in a sensor body of <NUM> × <NUM> × <NUM>. In inline devices any electronics are preferably contained within the casing and sealed-off from a fuel gas stream for better safety.

The invention also provides a method for manufacturing the capacitive sensing material as described herein, the method comprising:.

The method for manufacturing the capacitive sensing material may further comprise one or both of the following optional steps:.

Step i) of the method may alternatively be read as preparing or synthesising a dispersion comprising porous titanium dioxide nanoparticles from precursors, such as titanium isopropoxide and potassium chloride. With step i) of the method one or more precursors for the porous titanium dioxide are used, for example titanium isopropoxide, and one or more salts are used, for example potassium chloride. With step ii) the platinum particles may at least in part fill at least part of the pores of the porous titanium dioxide particles. Step ii) of the method is performed using precursors, e.g. chloroplatinic acid and sodium borohydride, at elevated temperatures, to form the capacitive sensing material. Furthermore, with step ii) the capacitive sensing material may be formed by using platinum precursors, such as chloroplatinic acid, and one or more reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride. The preparation of the dispersion and/or the formation of the capacitive sensing material with the method as described herein may be performed at a temperature of <NUM>-<NUM>. In particular, the temperature is <NUM> or higher and <NUM> or lower, such as <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>. Preferably, the temperature is about <NUM>. Unlike material known from the art, the capacitive sensing material as described herein does not require calcination or flame pyrolysis.

Metal oxide (semiconductor) materials can be deposited in the form of thick or thin films. An example of such a material is tin dioxide, which is known for targeting volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide. Thick films (i.e. film thickness of <NUM>-<NUM>) are preferred, as they tend to have a suitable porosity, i.e. having an increased surface area. Thick films are typically deposited as a paste and sintered (drop coat or printed). Thin films, on the other hand (submicron thickness where surface effect dominates electrical properties) are usually sputter-deposited. Thin films are capable of faster response and recovery time. With the capacitive sensing material as described herein, the titanium dioxide and the platinum (particles) can be deposited by means of drop casting, inkjet printing or automated spotting. Spotting is preferred when the particles in the dispersion are too large for the inkjet nozzle.

The invention also provides a method for manufacturing a coated chip, preferably a capacitive chip as described herein, comprising:.

The method for manufacturing a chip may further comprise a step of drying the chip onto which a capacitive sensing material and/or a capacitive sensing coating formulation is applied. The optional drying step particularly removes at least part of any liquid present on the chip, such as solvent(s). The drying step may be performed at room temperature or at a temperature of at least <NUM>, such as <NUM>-<NUM>, <NUM>-<NUM>, or <NUM>-<NUM>. In particular, the drying step may be performed at <NUM>-<NUM>, such as <NUM>-<NUM>. Unlike with methods known from the art, this method advantageously does not require any heat treatment step(s), such as calcination and/or flame pyrolysis, to obtain a coated chip. Accordingly, a method is provided with which chips can be coated that comprise vulnerable (sensitive) electrodes without having to use high temperature coating conditions.

The invention further provides a method for sensing a gas in a gaseous mixture, comprising preferably at least hydrogen, the method comprising:.

The method for sensing a gas in a gaseous mixture, as described herein, may further comprise one or more of the following steps:.

In an embodiment, the gaseous mixture in the method for sensing a gas in a gaseous mixture as described above, comprises hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the method for sensing a gas in a gaseous mixture as described above is used to sense hydrogen (gas).

The method comprises contacting the gaseous mixture with at least parts of the sensing material, in particular exposing the porous titanium dioxide and platinum particles, preferably at least the platinum particles, of the capacitive sensing material with the gaseous mixture. Preferably, the method comprises continuously contacting a gaseous mixture with the capacitive sensing material, in particular constant exposure of the capacitive sensing material to the gaseous mixture. For example, the method may comprise passing the gaseous mixture over the capacitive sensing material. This is for example useful for methods for determining the composition, such as detecting the presence of hydrogen. The gaseous mixture does not need dilution nor is a carrier gas required. Typically, the gaseous mixture may be passed over the capacitive sensing material by convective flow, for example caused by the flow of the gaseous mixture in a space, such as a pipeline. The method may further optionally comprise a pre-treatment of the gaseous mixture prior to contact with the capacitive sensing material. For instance, the pre-treatment may involve removing at least some non-gaseous contaminations from the gaseous mixture, such as (liquid) droplets and (solid) particles. For instance, the method may comprise filtering to trap dust and droplets to prevent contamination of the capacitive sensing material. The method may also comprise contacting the capacitive sensing material to an atmosphere where hydrogen leakage is expected, thus measuring the presence of low concentrations of hydrogen caused by leaking pipes, valves, etc..

The capacitive sensor as described herein optionally measures in addition one or more properties of the gaseous mixture that are not related to its composition, such as pressure and temperature, and the flow rate in case of a gaseous stream, and optionally comprises sensor elements for these properties. Additional sensor elements can be added to measure other parameters of the gaseous mixture, such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, speed of sound or heat capacity. Preferably the thermal conductivity of the gaseous mixture is measured, since the thermal conductivity of hydrogen is much larger than other components in fuel gasses. This improves the reliability of the hydrogen content measurement, done by the capacitive sensing chip.

In an embodiment, the method for analysing the composition of a gaseous mixture, comprising at least hydrogen, as described herein is performed with a sensor comprising the capacitive sensing material as described herein, such as the capacitive sensor according to the invention. Optionally the method (further) involves determining one or more properties of the gaseous mixture, such as the amount of hydrogen (gas), with or without an intermediate step of calculating the concentration of one or more gases.

In an embodiment, a method is provided for analysing the composition of a gaseous mixture, comprising at least hydrogen, the method comprising:.

wherein the sensor is the capacitive sensor as described herein, wherein the sensor element is optionally the capacitive chip as described herein, and wherein the coating of the sensor element is optionally the capacitive sensing material as described herein. The method comprises contacting the gaseous mixture with at least parts of the sensor, in particular exposing the coating of the sensor elements to the gaseous mixture. Preferably, the method comprises continuously contacting a gaseous mixture with the sensor, in particular constant exposure of the capacitive sensing material to the gaseous mixture. For example, the method may comprise passing the gaseous mixture over the sensor elements. This is for example useful for methods for determining the composition. The gaseous mixture does not need dilution nor is a carrier gas required. Typically, the gaseous mixture may be passed over the sensor elements by convective flow, for example caused by the flow of the gaseous mixture in a space, such as a pipeline. The method may further optionally comprise a pre-treatment of the gaseous mixture prior to contact with the sensor. For instance, the pre-treatment may involve removing at least some non-gaseous contaminations from the gaseous mixture, such as (liquid) droplets and (solid) particles. For instance, the method may comprise filtering to trap dust and droplets to prevent contamination of the sensor.

The method may comprise a transducer, which is generally configured for converting an energy input to an output signal, preferably a data signal. Suitable energy input as described herein include for example an electric current, an electromagnetic wave, an optical signal, a vibration, a chemical reaction, a physical process. The output signal is typically an electronic signal. The method may therefore comprise a step of providing an energy input to the transducer(s). The energy input is converted into output signals. An embodiment of the method may involve providing an electric current to a transducer, such that data signals are obtained from the transducer as an electric signal, such as an analogous or digital signal.

The method as described herein may further comprise one or both of the following steps:.

Optionally, the sensor (used in the methods) as described herein comprises a data acquisition system as is conventional, for example comprising signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor (output) signals into a form that can be converted to digital values, and analogue-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values. Such digital output signal can be used for calculations.

Suitable computer memory devices include computer memory, for example E<NUM>PROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), flash, and a hard disk. Suitable processors include all types of microprocessors, such as a microcontroller and a central processing unit.

The computer processor may be in communication with the capacitive chip via, e.g. analogue/digital conversion chips such as an AD7745 or AD7746 capacitance to Digital converter and typically stores values of the output signal in a computer memory. For example, the stored values are read by the processor with some frequency. For instance, the values can be used to calculate the hydrogen concentration and/or one or more other properties of the gaseous mixture, for instance according to a schedule or at certain intervals. The processor is accordingly typically adapted, programmed and/or configured for calculating the hydrogen concentration and/or one or more other composition parameters of the gaseous mixture using the output signals from the capacitive chip. Preferably, each sensor element is connected to a sensor interface circuit, which transports the signals from the sensor elements, or sensor, to a processor. The processor which calculates the composition parameters can be connected to the sensor elements, or sensor, for example wired, wireless or through a network such as the internet.

The methods as described herein may be methods of inline analysis of the composition of the gaseous stream, preferably for determining the hydrogen concentration. The sensor is accordingly preferably an inline device mountable or mounted to, or integrated in a pipeline segment or flow meter. In that case preferably the step of contacting the gaseous mixture with the sensor comprises flowing at least part of the gaseous mixture over the sensor elements.

The gaseous mixture may comprise minor amounts of a liquid (typically less than <NUM> % by total volume of the mixture, preferably less than <NUM> % by total volume of the mixture) or solid material (typically less than <NUM> % by total volume of the mixture, preferably less than <NUM>%), for example dust. The gaseous mixture may be the atmosphere as described above or is transported by flowing through a pipeline or tube. The method may also comprise the measurement of properties of a non-flowing gaseous mixture (such as the atmosphere as described herein), for example of a sample, such as an air sample.

The gaseous mixture may be a gaseous stream of, for example, natural gas, syngas, biogas, expanded liquefied natural gas or a mixture comprising two or more thereof. In case of natural gas, the gaseous stream typically comprises at least <NUM> % by total volume of the gaseous stream of methane, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of the gaseous stream of total C<NUM>-C<NUM> alkanes, in particular ethane and propane, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of the gaseous stream of nitrogen, and <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of the gaseous stream of carbon dioxide. Raw biogas is different to natural gas, and typically comprises <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of methane, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of carbon dioxide, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of nitrogen, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of hydrogen, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of hydrogen sulphide and <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of other components. Cleaned biogas typically comprises <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of methane, <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of carbon dioxide, and <NUM>-<NUM> % by total volume of nitrogen. Preferably, the sensing material of the invention is suitable for both natural gas and biogas.

The methods as described herein may be carried out at a temperature between -<NUM> and <NUM>, such as room temperature, i.e. the gaseous mixture to which the capacitive sensing material is exposed has a temperature in such range.

The term "room temperature" as used herein is defined as the average indoor temperature to the geographical region where the invention is applied. Typically, the room temperature is <NUM>.

The methods preferably do not alter the composition of the gaseous mixture, for example as a consequence of chemical reactions resulting in the formation and release of chemical compounds that were not in the gaseous mixture prior to performing the method.

In particular, regarding the method for analysing the composition of a gaseous mixture as described herein, the estimated composition parameter is hydrogen and/or the hydrogen concentration.

The method for analysing the composition of a gaseous mixture may be performed in an oxygen-free atmosphere.

In an embodiment, a gas sensor is provided comprising the capacitive sensing material as described herein, which can be used for detecting gas(es), such as hydrogen, for example of leaks from pipelines for gas streams, in particular of hydrogen leakage, for example in gas production. Such a sensor, or gas leak detector, can for example be placed on the inside and/or outside of a pipeline.

The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms "comprising", "having", "including" and "containing" are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning "including, but not limited to") unless otherwise noted.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein. Variation of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

The invention will now be further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

<NUM> <NUM> KCl was added to <NUM> ethanol and the solution was stirred for <NUM> in a <NUM><NUM> reactor. After <NUM> <NUM> of titanium isopropoxide was added at a stirring speed of <NUM> rpm, after addition the stirring speed was set to <NUM> rpm. The dispersion was stirred overnight.

After overnight stirring a white dispersion was obtained which was centrifuged at <NUM> rpm. After removal of the supernatant to the obtained sedimented material was added ethanol again a centrifuge step was used, this was repeated twice with water and after the last centrifuge step the sedimented material was dispersed in <NUM> demineralised water. The obtained dispersion was given an ultrasonic treatment in an ultrasonic bath. The average particle size was <NUM> (<FIG>).

A <NUM> reactor was heated to <NUM>. <NUM> demineralised water was added to the reactor. <NUM> chloroplatinic acid was added to <NUM> demineralised water. <NUM> polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added while stirring/shaking. The mixture was stirred until all PVP is dissolved. This was added to <NUM> demineralised water which was in the <NUM> reactor. After <NUM> of stirring, <NUM> of the <NUM> wt. % titanium dioxide dispersion was added under stirring. The mixture was heated until the temperature of the dispersion was <NUM>. At <NUM>, a solution of <NUM> NaHB<NUM> in <NUM> demineralised water was slowly added using a droplet addition system. The mixture was stirred for <NUM> hours at <NUM> and then centrifuged at <NUM> rpm for <NUM>. Then, the material was washed two times with <NUM> demineralised water. After the final centrifuge step in <NUM> total was dispersed. The concentration of platinum in the particles was <NUM> wt. % according to inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurements. <FIG> displays TEM images of the titanium dioxide particles comprising impregnated platinum nanoparticles.

<NUM> tetrachloropalladate (PdCl<NUM>) was added to <NUM> (<NUM>) HCl. After <NUM>, <NUM> demineralised water was added. After <NUM>, <NUM> of <NUM> wt. % titanium dioxide dispersion was added to this <NUM> H<NUM>PdCl<NUM> solution, under stirring. Then, <NUM> of <NUM> ascorbic acid solution was added under stirring. The dispersion was stirred for <NUM>. After this the dispersion was given a centrifuge step, <NUM> rpm for <NUM>, to obtain the TiOa/Pd particles, the material was washed three times with demineralised water and centrifuged. The TiO<NUM>/Pd material was dispersed in <NUM> demineralised water. The amount of palladium on the particles was ca. % using ICP measurements. <FIG> displays TEM images of titanium dioxide particles having surface grown palladium particles.

The TiOa/Pt particles from example <NUM>, were applied to a chip having interdigitated electrodes. The capacitance of the empty chip was <NUM> pF. The coating process was done one time, two times, three times and four times in order to assess the influence of the coating thickness on the response. This increased the capacitance of the chip to <NUM> pF, <NUM> pF, <NUM> pF and <NUM> pF, respectively. When this coated chip is exposed to <NUM> vol. % hydrogen in nitrogen, a significant response was measured. Even for the thickest coating, there was no short circuit of the capacitive electrodes. This was one of the risks identified, because the TiO<NUM>/Pt may give a conductive layer. The response to hydrogen increased between <NUM> and <NUM> times coating, but stayed constant for <NUM> to <NUM> times coating (<FIG>).

The new sensor, including the TCD and the chips coated with the titanium dioxide coating were inserted in the pressure vessel of the Gas Exposure System. Three sets of experiments were done:.

The response of the coated chip to small changes in hydrogen concentrations was very high. Responses of <NUM> pF are very significant and open the possibilities of measuring hydrogen concentration at ppm levels. This was done using a gas mixture of <NUM> vol. % hydrogen in nitrogen. It was observed that the TCD registers a difference in signal when changing from methane to nitrogen, but the coated chip hardly measures a difference between nitrogen and hydrocarbons.

Both sensors (TiO<NUM>/Pt and TCD) are only slightly dependent on the flow rate of the gas. Furthermore, both sensors are also sensitive to changes in pressure. However, when no hydrogen is present, the coated chip shows no response, but the TCD does. Apparently, the coated chip is only sensitive for hydrogen partial pressure, but the TCD is sensitive for the total gas composition and hydrogen concentration. This is shown in more detail in <FIG>.

Claim 1:
Capacitive sensing material, comprising composite particles having an average particle size of <NUM>-<NUM>, as measured with transmission electron microscopy, wherein porous titanium dioxide is at least in part coated with platinum particles, wherein the platinum particles are at least in part present in the pores of the porous titanium dioxide, and the platinum particles have an average particle size of <NUM>-<NUM>, as measured with transmission electron microscopy, wherein the amount of platinum is <NUM>-<NUM> % by total weight of the composite particles, and
wherein the mass ratio of titanium dioxide and platinum in the capacitive sensing material is from <NUM> : <NUM> to <NUM> : <NUM>.