Patent Description:
Methods for increasing the utilization of proteins in proteinaceous animal feed by ruminants are disclosed by prior art documents. These methods include: (a) chemical treatment with tannin, as disclosed in <CIT>, (b) chemical treatment with formaldehyde, as disclosed in <CIT>, (c) adding sugars to the proteinaceous animal feed and heating the mixture at a determined temperature and pH conditions, as disclosed in <CIT>, (d) mixing the proteinaceous animal feed with a carbohydrase enzyme, followed by heating of the mixture at a determined temperature, pH and percentage moisture; (e) heating the proteinaceous animal feed using compressive pressures, i.e. heating the product by frictional heat, for increasing the utilization of proteins by reducing the degradability of said materials as disclosed in <CIT>; (f) microwave radiation as discussed in <NPL>; <NPL>; <NPL>.

The methods (a)-(d) all involve the reaction of the proteinaceous animal feed with an added reagent. Method (e) has the disadvantage that there is a risk of excessive heating leading to protein in the feed that is indigestible in the post-rumen tract. Method (f) has the disadvantage that the heating is not homogeneous and only the outer layer of the treatment material is sufficiently heated, generating large inhomogeneous products, and leads to a drawback that this method is not applicable on large scale since the heat has to penetrate the remainder of the product by means of convection and/or conduction.

Methods for increasing the utilization of starch in starch-containing animal feed by ruminants are disclosed by prior art documents: <NPL>; <NPL> and <NPL>, for example, showed that starch and protein digestibility is increased by heating animal fodder by means of microwaves, at a frequency of <NUM> and a power ranging between <NUM> W and <NUM> kW.

<NPL> disclose RF heating of mustard seed leading to enzyme inactivation.

There is a need in the field of feed preparation for an efficient, safe and reliable method for treating a vegetable material in order to increase the nutritional value and to increase the value of said material in feed manufacture.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for increasing the nutritional value for ruminants of vegetable material which is suitable for use as or for being processed into ruminant feed.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for increasing the nutritional value of vegetable material with a power consumption that is as low as possible.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for increasing the nutritional value of a vegetable material which is suitable for use as or for being processed into feed for ruminants.

One or more of the above cited objects are achieved by the several aspects and embodiments of the present invention as discussed below.

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for increasing the nutritional value of a vegetable material according to claim <NUM>. In other words, the present invention relates to a method of treating a vegetable material to obtain a vegetable material having an increased nutritional value for ruminants.

The present invention aims to increase the nutritional value of a vegetable material by using heating by means of radiation in the radio frequency range (also called RF heating in the present invention), specifically in the radio frequency range of between <NUM> and <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the additive has a dielectric constant above <NUM>, preferably above <NUM>, more preferably above <NUM>, even more preferably above <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the additive has a melting point below <NUM>, preferably below <NUM>, more preferably below <NUM>, even more preferably below <NUM>. This facilitates the addition and mixing of the additive with the vegetable material.

In an embodiment, the additive has a boiling point above <NUM>, preferably above <NUM>, more preferably above <NUM>, more preferably above <NUM>, such as above <NUM>, even more preferably above <NUM>, such as above <NUM>, most preferably above <NUM>, such as above <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the alkane polyol has a carbon chain of between C3 to C6, more preferably having the molecular formulae CxH(2x+<NUM>)Ox. In an embodiment, the alcohol has a carbon chain of between C3 to C6, more preferably having the molecular formulae CxH(2x+<NUM>)O.

In an embodiment, the alkane polyol, additive is chosen from the group consisting of: glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the additive is added prior to and/or during subjecting the vegetable material to heating at a temperature of at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM>, more preferably at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM>, even more preferably at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM>, most preferably at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM> or at most ambient temperature (<NUM>).

In an embodiment, the combination of additive and vegetable material comprises between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of said additive, preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of said additive, more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of said additive, even more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of said additive, most preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of said additive.

In an embodiment, the processing time of the vegetable material subjected to heating by means of radiation in the radio frequency range is between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes (<NUM> hours), preferably between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes (<NUM> hour), such as between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes, more preferably between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes, such as between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes or between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes.

In an embodiment, the range of radio frequency radiation is <NUM> ±<NUM> %.

In an embodiment, the vegetable material is selected from grains, tubers and residual vegetable materials and one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the residual vegetable material is a residue of grain or tuber processing. In an embodiment, the residual vegetable material is a residue of processing of rapeseed, soybean, wheat, barley or corn and one or more combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the residual vegetable material is selected from the group consisting of rapeseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower seed meal, dehydrated Alfalfa meal, dehydrated grass meal, DDGS corn and one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the grains are selected from the group consisting of cereal grains, legumes and oilseeds, more preferably corn, peas, sweet lupines, soybeans, rapeseed, wheat, barley and one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the tubers are selected from the group consisting of potato, such as the by product potato protein, yam, sweet potato, cassava and one or more combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the material is subjected to RF radiation to achieve a temperature of between <NUM> and <NUM>, more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>, even more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM>, most preferably between <NUM> and <NUM>.

In an embodiment, the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the in situ intestinal digestibility measurement (dRUP) either has increased by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units or has decreased by no more than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, wherein the rumen undegradable starch (RUS) value increases by between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the rumen undegradable fat RUF value increases by between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units.

In an embodiment, soybean meal extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal. extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal. expeller is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, soybeans are used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units and/or an increase in the rumen undegradable fat (RUF) value of between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, corn is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units and/or an increase in the RUS value of between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, wheat is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units and/or an increase in the RUS value of between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, barley is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units and/or the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units and/or an increase in the RUS value of between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units.

The present specification also discloses a vegetable material having an improved nutritional value that is directly obtained by a method according to the present invention. In addition, the present specification also discloses a vegetable material having an improved nutritional value obtainable by a method according to the present invention.

The present invention also relates to the use of the vegetable material according to the present invention as a feed for ruminants or for preparing a mixed feed for ruminants.

The following definitions are used in the present description.

"Feed grade polar substance" as used in the present application means: a polar substance that is feed grade. With "feed grade" is meant a material that is safe, functional, handled and labeled appropriately for its intended use in animal food; as stipulated to by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). In other words, suitable for animal food (or feed).

"Residual vegetable material" as used in the present application means: a material that remains after a raw vegetable material has been processed for obtaining one or more primary products; for example: a residue after processing of grains or tubers; or a residue after use of vegetable materials for obtaining biofuels, such as the so-called dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS).

"Meal" as used in the present application means: the residual vegetable material that remains after processing of grains. It is a by-product obtained after either chemical extraction of oil (extracted meal) or after pressing to obtain oil (expeller meal). Meal according to the present invention includes both extracted meal and expeller meal.

"Radio frequency treatment" or "RF treatment" or "RF heating" as used in the present application means: subjecting a material to an alternating electromagnetic field of RF radiation. With radio frequency treatment the polarity of the electric field is changed several million times per second. This quick reversal and constant realignment of molecules within the product will generate heat (thermal energy).

"Indirect heating" as used in the present application means: a heating method in which heat is generated externally to a material and is then transferred to its external surface by conduction, convection and/or radiation.

"Direct heating" as used in the present application means: a heating method in which heat is generated within a material itself, such as radio frequency (RF) heating.

"rumen resistant fraction" as used in the present application means: the fraction of the feed material that passes the rumen without being degraded. This is sometimes also called rumen undegraded fraction.

"in situ nylon bag technique": is the standard technique used for measuring the degradation of materials in the rumen and/or the intestines. In this technique nylon bags filled with a material are introduced into the rumen and/or the intestines of cows.

"processing time", (tp) as used in the present application means: the time needed for bringing a material from an initial temperature, for example room temperature, to a final temperature (Tf) by using RF radiation.

"holding time", (th) as used in the present application means: the time during which a material is hold at a specific temperature, by means of, for example an oven and/or by adjusting the power of the RF radiation.

"dielectric constant" sometimes also called relative permittivity or specific inductive capacity, of a material is the absolute permittivity expressed as a ratio relative to the permittivity of vacuum. It is typically denoted as εr(ω) (sometimes κ or K) and is defined as: <MAT> where ε(ω) is the complex frequency-dependent absolute permittivity of the material, and ε<NUM> is the vacuum permittivity. The dielectric constant is equal to the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor filled with the given material to the capacitance of an identical capacitor in vacuum without the dielectric material. The value of the dielectric constant for air is nearly the same as that for a vacuum, and in practice the dielectric constants of liquids and solids may be determined by using the value when the capacitor is filled with air for ε<NUM>. The dielectric constant is a number without dimensions.

"Molasses" as used in the present application means: a viscous by-product of refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar. It can vary in amount of sugar, method of extraction, and age of plant. It is primarily used for sweetening and flavoring food.

"Vinasses" as used in the present application means: a byproduct of bioethanol production in the sugar industry. It is produced during fermentation of sugar (e.g. from molasses) to ethanol or other products. After removal of the desired product, the remaining material is called vinasse.

RF radiation has working frequencies in the range of tens of megahertz. The frequency most commonly used in industrial equipment is about <NUM>, corresponding to a wavelength of about <NUM>; however a frequency of about <NUM> is also often used. Radio frequencies can be used to endogenously heat a large volume of a product, viz. layers in the range of a meter. On the contrary, microwaves can penetrate only small layers, in the range of centimeters.

By using radio frequency, the energy for the required treatment is applied by a couple of electrodes, whose geometry is designed and set according to the product shape and size, receiving such energy from the generator. The electrodes are in fact the opposite plates of a capacitor and the product between them is the dielectric which, depending on its physical-chemical characteristics, absorbs the energy evenly and diffusely, notwithstanding its shape and size. Radio frequency treatment is a direct heating method.

The present invention typically uses RF that are in the so-called industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands (portions of the radio spectrum) which are reserved internationally for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than telecommunications. The ISM bands are defined by the ITU-R in <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM> of the Radio Regulations. In the present method the range of radio frequency radiation (radio waves) is between <NUM> and <NUM>. In an embodiment of the present method, the range of radio frequency radiation (radio waves) is <NUM> ±<NUM> % (between <NUM> and <NUM>). In another specific embodiment, the RF is <NUM> ±<NUM> % (between <NUM> and <NUM>). In another specific embodiment, the RF is <NUM> ±<NUM> % (between <NUM> and <NUM>).

It should be noted that typically an apparatus is set to one specific radio frequency with a certain variation range. The used working frequency depends on the regulations of each country as shown above. For the Netherlands, in <NUM>, the allowed radio frequency is set to <NUM> ±<NUM> %.

In an embodiment, the vegetable starting material is heated by means of said radiation to a final temperature of between <NUM> and <NUM>, more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM>, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>, even more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM>, most preferably between <NUM> and <NUM>. These temperatures are the temperatures of the vegetable material. These temperatures are reached after radiation is applied to the material which increases the temperature of the material. The radiation is applied in such a manner that the final temperature that the material reaches is the temperature specified above. The temperature is measured using known means, e.g. an optical fiber at one or more locations in the material during irradiation.

The duration of the RF treatment (processing time) as well as the holding time depends i. on the equipment used, the amount of material to be treated, the type and amount of additive that is added. The desired duration (processing time as well as holding time) may be set by a person skilled in the art using e.g. the above variables. If for whatever reason a certain holding time is desired. It is within the scope of the invention to apply such a holding time after the RF treatment. The duration of the irradiation according to the invention is preferably at least <NUM> minutes. As a non-limiting example, the duration of the irradiation is between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> hours, preferably between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes (<NUM> hour), such as between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes, more preferably between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> or between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes such as between <NUM> minutes and <NUM> minutes. However, based on the settings and efficiency of the apparatus used, the intensity of the radiation, the amount of material irradiated and other factors, a person skilled in the art may be able to determine an optimal duration based on the final temperature desired. The power or intensity of the radiation may also vary and is partly dependent on the treated product and the efficiency of the apparatus used. It may for example be between <NUM> and <NUM> kWh/kg starting material.

Additives used in the method according to the present invention is preferably a feed grade polar substance.

A polar substance is formed by molecules having an electrical dipole moment; therefore, these molecules can align themselves in an electromagnetic field. When this field is oscillating, like the field created by the RF treatment according to the invention, these molecules also oscillates generating heat.

A feed grade polar substance, is then a polar substance that is suitable for animal feed.

Wherein is it stated in the description and the claims that the additive "comprises" it is meant that preferably at <NUM> wt. % of said additive consists of said compound, more preferably at least <NUM> wt. % or at least <NUM> wt. %, at least <NUM> wt. % or at least <NUM> w. t%, more preferably at least <NUM> wt. % or even at least <NUM> wt. % in which case "comprises" can be read as "consists of" or "is".

In an embodiment the additive comprises a sugar. In an embodiment, the additive is selected from the group consisting of allyl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, glycerol-water, glycol, hexanol, methanol, molasses, pentanol, viscose, vinasses, sorbitol, xylitol.

The polar substance used in the method according to the present invention has a boiling point above <NUM> or above <NUM> , preferably above <NUM>; preferably above <NUM>, such as above <NUM>, even more preferably above <NUM>, such as above <NUM>, most preferably above <NUM>, such as above <NUM>.

Therefore, the polar substance preferably has a boiling point that is equal or higher than the desired (target) temperature by subjecting the vegetable material to the RF radiation. Furthermore, is preferred to add the polar substance, before or during subjecting the vegetable material to heating. The additive may be added in solid state or it may be added in a liquid state.

In an embodiment the additive comprises one or more alkane polyols, i.e. alkanes containing two or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Preferably, this one or more alkane polyols have a carbon chain of between C3 and C6, more preferably having the molecular formula CxH(2x+<NUM>)Ox. Non-limiting examples of alkane polyols having a carbon chain of between C3 and C6 are glycerol, sorbitol and xylitol.

Glycerol (propane-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-triol) has a melting point of <NUM> and a boiling point of <NUM>. It has the molecular formula C<NUM>H<NUM>O<NUM> and the following structure:
<CHM>.

Xylitol ((<NUM>,4R)-pentane-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-pentol) has a melting point of <NUM> and a boiling point of <NUM>. It has the molecular formula C<NUM>H<NUM>O<NUM> and the following structure:
<CHM>.

Sorbitol ((<NUM>,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane-<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>,<NUM>-hexol) has a melting point of <NUM> and a boiling point of <NUM>. It has the molecular formula C<NUM>H<NUM>O<NUM> and the following structure:
<CHM>.

The additive used in the method according to the invention is added during subjecting the vegetable material to heating at a temperature of at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM>, more preferably at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM>, even more preferably at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM>, most preferably at most <NUM>, such as at most <NUM> or at most ambient temperature (<NUM>).

As non limiting examples, the combination of additive and vegetable material comprises between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of the additive, preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of the additive, more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of the additive, even more preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of the additive, most preferably between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % of the additive, based on the combined weight of the additive and the vegetable material.

There may be more than one additive present in which case the amounts cited here relate to the combination of additives.

The additive may be added prior to the application of RF radiation. The additive may also be added during the heating process, viz. when RF radiation has already been applied. The present inventors have observed that the earlier the additive is added (e.g. prior to heating or prior to the vegetable material having a temperature of at most <NUM>, preferably at most <NUM>, more preferably at most <NUM>, most preferably at most <NUM>, the more pronounced the effect of reduction in time is.

The vegetable material used in the method according to the present invention is preferably selected from grains, tubers and residual vegetable materials and one or more combinations thereof. It should be noted that "grains" also include "seeds" as discussed below in the section regarding grains.

Grains may be used as starting material for the present method. In other words, grains may be subjected to a radiation treatment using RF radiation.

In an embodiment, the grains are selected from the group consisting of cereal grains, legumes and oilseeds.

In an embodiment, the cereal grains may be selected from the group consisting of barley, oats, rice, rye, spelt, teff, triticale, wheat, corn, sorghum, and millet. Other cereal grains known in the art may also be used. These may be used as such or in the form of granulates, flakes, or ground or other forms.

In an embodiment, the legumes (also called pulses) may be selected from the group consisting of soybeans, (sweet) lupines, fava beans, peas, chickpeas, common beans, and lentils. Other legumes known in the art may also be used. These may be used as such or in the form of granulates, flakes, or ground or other forms.

In an embodiment, oilseeds may be selected from the group consisting of rapeseed (including canola), safflower seed, sunflower seed, flax seed (also called linseed). Other oilseeds known in the art may also be used. These may be used as such or in the form of granulates, flakes, or ground or other forms.

In an embodiment, the grains according to the present invention that are subjected to RF radiation are selected from the group consisting of: corn, soybeans, rapeseed, wheat, barley and one or more combinations thereof. These may be used as such or in the form of granulates, flakes, or ground or other forms.

In another embodiment, tubers may be used as starting materials, examples of stem tubers such as potatoes and yams, and root tubers, such as sweet potato, cassava and combinations thereof.

Residual vegetable material may be used as starting material for the present method. In other words, residual vegetable materials may be subjected to a radiation treatment using RF radiation.

In an embodiment, the residual vegetable material is residue of grain processing, preferably a residue of processing of rapeseed, soybeans, wheat, barley or corn and one or more combinations thereof, more preferably rapeseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower seed meal, corn gluten feed, wheat middlings, and one or more combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the residual vegetable material is a residue of tuber processing, preferably a residue of processing potatoes, yams, sweet potato, cassava (to obtain tapioca), and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment the residual vegetable materials comprises residue after use of vegetable materials for obtaining biofuels, so called DDGS , e.g. DDGS corn.

In another embodiment the residual vegetable materials comprise dried roughages like grassmeal (dehydrated) and alfalfa meal (dehydrated) or pellets of these materials.

The vegetable materials used as starting materials in the method according to the present invention have varying compositions. The method according to the invention is suitable for them all. The results of the treatment with RF differs when different starting materials are used.

Some materials, for example most residual materials, have a relatively high protein content and a small starch content. Some materials, for example, cereal grains, have a relatively high starch content and a low protein content. Other materials, for example oilseeds, have a relatively high protein and fat content. In the following more information is provided regarding the increase in nutritional value of proteins, starch and fat of the starting material. The present method is capable of increasing the nutritional value of one or more of these components, protein, starch and fat.

In an embodiment, the Aufrère value, representing the in vitro rumen undegraded protein content of the vegetable material, has increased with between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units, or between <NUM> and <NUM>, or between <NUM> and <NUM> or even between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units.

In an embodiment, the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD), which gives an indication of the protein fraction that is enzymatically degraded in the small intestine, has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably no more than <NUM> or no more than <NUM>, or even no more than <NUM> percentage units. In another embodiment, the VIPD has increased with at least <NUM> %, preferably with at least <NUM> percentage units or at least <NUM> percentage units.

In an embodiment, the in situ intestinal digestibility measurement (dRUP) either has increased by <NUM> to <NUM>, e.g. <NUM> to <NUM> or even <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units or by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. The dRUP at least decreased by no more than <NUM>, preferably <NUM> percentage units.

In an embodiment, the RUS value increases by between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units.

In an embodiment, the RUF value increases by between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units.

The present invention relates to the improvement of the nutritional value of vegetable materials, e.g. comprising proteins. Vegetable materials that are considered to be protein-containing are grains and residual material. The protein content of these starting materials may vary between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % based on dry matter for grains and between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % based on dry matter for residual materials. However, starting materials having other protein contents may also be used. The protein content of the starting material is not limiting for the present invention.

Typically, the method according to the present invention does not alter the total protein content of the product. Due to the heating water will evaporate so the protein content is determined on dry matter base (also called based on the dry fraction of the product).

The RF treatment method according to the present invention has an effect on increasing the nutritional value for ruminants for example by decreasing the protein solubility and by increasing the protein fraction that is resistant to microbial degradation in the rumen; therefore passing to the small intestine leading to a higher absorbable protein value and a more efficient use of dietary protein.

The resistance to microbial degradation in the rumen of a ruminant is determined in sacco by the so-called RUP test (rumen undegraded protein). These test are however complicated and costly and therefore the present inventors propose an in vitro protein rumen degradation test (also called Aufrère test) that is able to predict the RUP results. This reduces costs and allows an easy test to see if one RF treatment is more or less successful than another RF treatment. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units.

In order to have a good estimate of the protein digestion in the small intestine, an in vitro ileal protein digestibility test (VIPD) is carried out. The VIPD value gives an indication of the protein fraction that is enzymatically degraded in the small intestine. It would therefore be beneficial if the VIPD value does not decrease - indicating no detrimental effect on protein digestion in the small intestine.

The increased nutritional value may be determined by comparing the protein fraction that is resistant to microbial degradation in the rumen and the protein fraction that is digestible in the intestine. The rumen resistance fraction can be estimated by in vitro Aufrère or in situ rumen degradation measurement (RUP) and the digestible fraction can be estimated by in vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) or in situ intestinal digestibility measurement (dRUP).

The nutritional value may be determined by comparing the values of e.g. digestible protein on the starting material and on the RF treated product. The values of digestible protein or intestinal digestible protein are estimated based on rumen resistance fraction (estimated by Aufrère or in situ by RUP); and digestibility of the rumen resistant fraction in the intestine (estimated by vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) or in situ digestibility measurements (dRUP). The digestibility of the feed in the small intestine which is directly related to the uptake of nutrients by the animal is determined by determining the amount of protein that is digested in the intestine.

The higher the temperature used (within a certain range as specified above), the larger the effect on increasing the nutritional value of the protein It was surprisingly found by the present inventor that the overall nutritional value still increased due to the increased RUP.

Untreated soybean meal, extracted typically has an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> % depending on production conditions in the extraction plant. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %, after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, soybean meal, extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, soybean meal, extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, soybean meal, extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP decreases by at most more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably by at most <NUM> percentage units.

Untreated rapeseed meal, extracted typically has an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, depending on production conditions in the extraction plant. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>%, after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> or even to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, extracted is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> or even to <NUM> percentage units, and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In In an embodiment, the dRUP value increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, for example between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units.

Untreated rapeseed meal, expeller typically has an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, depending on production conditions in the extraction plant. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, such as between <NUM> to <NUM>%, after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, expeller is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, expeller is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, expeller is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, rapeseed meal, expeller is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP value increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, preferably by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units.

Untreated soybeans typically have an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, preferably between <NUM> % and <NUM> % after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, soybeans are used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> or <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, soybeans are used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, soybeans are used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP increases by at most more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably by at most <NUM> percentage units.

Untreated corn typically has an Aufrère value of between <NUM> to <NUM> %. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> % and <NUM> % after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, corn is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; such as between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example, <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, corn is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, corn is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has increased with at least <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP decreases by at most more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably by at most <NUM> percentage units.

Untreated wheat typically has an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> % and <NUM>%, such as between <NUM> % and <NUM> %, after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, wheat is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example, <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, wheat is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> or even <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, wheat is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has increased with at least <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, preferably <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units.

Untreated barley typically has an Aufrère value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %. It is desired to obtain an Aufrère value of between <NUM> % and <NUM> %, after the treatment of the present invention. In an embodiment, barley is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example, <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, barley is used as vegetable material and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, barley is used as vegetable material and wherein the Aufrère value has increased with <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units; for example, <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, and wherein the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) has decreased with no more than <NUM> percentage units, preferably less than <NUM> percentage, preferably less than <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the RUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units. In an embodiment, the dRUP increases by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, preferably by <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units.

In addition to feed ingredients comprising protein several feed materials also comprise starch. It was surprisingly found by the present inventor that the RF heating also has a beneficial effect on starch. It is therefore also an aspect of the present invention to use RF heating for increasing the nutritional starch value of vegetable materials.

Vegetable materials that are considered to be protein- and starch-containing are the following: cereal grains, most legumes, tubers and residues thereof. The protein content of these materials may vary between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % based on dry matter. The starch content of these starting materials may vary between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % based on dry matter. However, starting materials having other starch and/or protein contents may also be used. The starch and/or protein content of the starting material is not limiting for the present invention.

Typically, the method according to the present invention does not alter the total protein and/or starch content of the product. Due to the heating water will evaporate so the protein and/or starch content is determined on dry matter base.

In most Dutch feed evaluation systems the value of dietary starch is increased when more starch escapes degradation in the rumen and is enzymatically digested in the small intestine. Starch is hydrolyzed into glucose molecules and these are absorbed in the small intestine and serve as glucogenic nutrients generally leading to a more efficient milk (protein) production. It would therefore be beneficial if the rumen undegradable starch (RUS) fraction is increased without detrimental effects on starch digestion in the small intestine.

In an embodiment, for wheat the starting material typically has a RUS value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %. It is desired to achieve a RUS value after the RF treatment of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %. An increase of <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units is desired.

In an embodiment, for corn the starting material typically has a RUS value of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %; for example between <NUM> and <NUM>%. It is desired to achieve a RUS value after the RF treatment of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM>%. An increase of <NUM> to <NUM>, for example <NUM> to <NUM>, such as between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units is desired.

In an embodiment, for barley the starting material typically has a RUS value of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %. It is desired to achieve a RUS value after the RF treatment of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %. An increase of <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units is desired.

In addition to feed ingredients comprising protein or starch several feed materials also comprise fat. It was surprisingly found by the present inventor that the RF heating also has a beneficial effect on fat. It is therefore also an aspect of the present invention to use RF heating for increasing the nutritional fat value of vegetable materials.

Vegetable materials that are considered to be protein- and fat-containing are the following: soybeans, rapeseed, linseed (flaxseed), safflower seed and sunflower seed. The protein content of these materials may vary between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % based on dry matter. The fat content of these starting materials may vary between <NUM> and <NUM> wt. % based on dry matter. However, starting materials having other fat and/or protein contents may also be used. The fat and/or protein content of the starting material is not limiting for the present invention.

Typically, the method according to the present invention does not alter the total protein and/or fat content of the product. Due to the RF heating water will evaporate so the protein and/or fat content is determined on dry matter base. It would be beneficial if the rumen undegradable fat (RUF) fraction is increased without detrimental effects on fat digestion in the small intestine.

The value of dietary fat is increased when fat is protected in the rumen.

In an embodiment, for soybeans the starting material typically has rumen undegradable fat (RUF) value after <NUM> incubation in the rumen of between <NUM> and <NUM>%, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %. It is desired to achieve a RUF (<NUM>) value after the RF treatment of between <NUM> and <NUM> %, such as between <NUM> and <NUM> %. An increase of <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units, such as between <NUM> to <NUM> percentage units is desired.

Several chemical analyses have been carried out in laboratories in order to provide information about the starting materials as well as the products. These techniques will be discussed in more detail below.

Moisture content: this relates to the amount of water. There is a difference in the moisture content of the starting material and the product since due to the heating water is evaporated. The moisture content of the starting material depends on the type and source of the starting material. The moisture content is determined using the method according to the EU Regulation (EC) No. <NUM>/<NUM>, Annex III, L54/<NUM>-<NUM> (<NUM>).

Crude protein content: The protein content is determined using the so-called crude protein method (N x <NUM>). The protein content may be determined for both the starting material and/or the product. The determination is done based on the assumption that proteins contain <NUM> percent Nitrogen. The analysis is carried out using the method described in the EU Regulation (EC) No. <NUM>/<NUM>, Annex III, L54/<NUM>-<NUM> (<NUM>).

Starch content: the starch content is determined using ISO <NUM>:<NUM> "Enzymatic determination of total starch content". The starch content is determined for both the starting material and/or the product.

Fat content: EU guideline <NUM>/<NUM><NUM> January <NUM>; appendix III H L54 <NUM>-<NUM>.

Several in vitro analyses have been carried out in laboratories in order to give an estimate of the increase in the nutritional value of the RF treated vegetable materials according to the invention. These techniques simulate the behavior of nutrients in the animal and they will be discussed in more detail below.

in vitro protein rumen degradation: The Aufrère test is used, which is a standardized enzymatic laboratory technique to determine protein degradability in order to evaluate and predict the rumen degradability of various protein sources (Aufrère and Cartailler, <NUM>; Aufrère et al. , <NUM>; Cone et al. In the present invention the Aufrère method is used as specified here:
This test is based on the measurement of protein hydrolysis. Samples are hydrolyzed with a protease in a basic buffer. A borate-phosphate buffer (pH <NUM>) is prepared using <NUM> of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and <NUM> of sodium tetraborate dissolved in <NUM> of water wherein the pH is adjusted using <NUM> NaOH. A <NUM>/ml tetracycline solution in said buffer is prepared. A solution of <NUM> of protease (of Streptomyces griseus), <NUM> of nystatin suspended in a small amount of the borate-phosphate buffer, <NUM> of the tetracycline solution are mixed with buffer to reach <NUM> liter. The enzyme-solution should be brought to <NUM> and approx. <NUM> of the sample to be measured is precisely weighted in a glass container and <NUM> of the enzyme-solution is added. As a blank only the enzyme-solution without sample is taken. The samples are incubated for a period of <NUM> hours at <NUM> in a water bath. The sample is mildly agitated at <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> hours during <NUM> minutes at <NUM> rpm. The glass containing with sample is carefully transferred to an ice bath for <NUM> minutes and then the sample is filtered over a paper filter. Of the filtrate <NUM> is taken and two Kjeldahl C tablets (<NUM> K<NUM>SO<NUM> + <NUM> CuSO<NUM><NUM><NUM>O) and <NUM> of <NUM> % sulfuric acid is added to destruct the amino acids. This is heated/evaporated at <NUM> during <NUM> night. The amount of remaining nitrogen in the sample is determined using the Kjeldahl method using a Kjeltec 2400KT off Foss according to EU Regulation (EC) No. <NUM>/<NUM>, Annex III, L54/<NUM>-<NUM> (<NUM>). To calibrate for a specific batch of protease used a sample having a known amount of nitrogen should be tested.

vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD): This feature relates to the digestibility of protein in the small intestine of animals. This test comprises a standardized enzymatic laboratory treatment of the vegetable material, and the in vitro ileal protein digestibility of the vegetable material is then given by the protein fraction of the material that is dissolved by the enzymatic treatment.

In the present invention the VIPD test is performed at <NUM> ± <NUM>, and it comprises two main phases, viz. <NUM>) simulation of the stomach; it involves protein digestion by pepsin at pH <NUM> during <NUM> hour; <NUM>) simulation of the small intestine; it involves protein digestion by pancreatin (including amylase, chymotrypsin, trypsin and lipase activity) at pH <NUM>,<NUM> during <NUM> hours.

The specific steps of this test are the following:.

In situ analyses have been carried out in animals by specialized institutes.

In situ rumen degradation: the amount of a nutrient that is degraded (for example protein (RUP), starch (RUS) or fat (RUF)), after subjecting a sample of a material to the in situ degradation test, measured according to the Dutch <NUM> Protocol for In Situ Rumen Incubations: Determination of Degradation Rate and Washable Fractions of Protein, Starch, Cell Walls and Organic Residual Fraction (Dutch: Protocol voor in situ pensincubatie: bepaling van afbraaksnelheid en uitwasbare fracties van eiwit, zetmeel, celwanden en organische restfractie; <NUM> december <NUM>, Centraal Veervoederbureau, Lelystad, pages <NUM>-<NUM>). The amount of the nutrient that is not degraded in this test is defined as rumen undegradable; viz. RUP for Rumen Undegradable Protein, RUS for Rumen Undegradable Starch, and RUF for Rumen Undegradable Fat. An in situ nylon bag technique is used for this method. Test cows having a rumen cannula were used. At least <NUM> different incubation times in the rumen were used; <NUM> to <NUM> nylon bags were incubated per cow. After incubation in the rumen, the material containing nylon bags were brought into ice water; followed by freezing. Subsequently, after thawing the bags were washed using a standard washing machine with water at room temperature, without centrifugation. After washing the material containing nylon bags were freeze-dried. Residual material from the bags were pooled per animal and ground through <NUM> screens, the residues were analyzed for the specific nutrient content.

In situ intestinal digestibility (dRUP): this is the amount of protein that is digested in the intestines. The in situ nylon bag technique was used and as a starting point nylon bags were used that have undergone the in situ rumen protein degradation test (<NUM> hours) and subsequent pepsin-HCl treatment to resemble passage through the abomasum. The present in situ study provides valuable information about the amount of protein that is being taken up in the intestines; an increase in this value means an increase in the nutritional value of the feed material. The dRUP is expressed in a percentage (%) of the amount of RUP and is estimated using the method disclosed in <NPL>. It is calculated per cow according to the equation below: <MAT>.

Wherein "In(gram)" is the sum of all the weighed rumen residues, being the contents of the nylon bags that remained after the in situ rumen protein degradation test (<NUM>) in grams. Wherein the CPC stands for crude protein content and is the fraction of the total weight that is protein (e.g. a protein content of <NUM>% gives a CPC of <NUM>). Wherein "out(gram) is the sum of all the weighed intestinal residues, being the contents of the mobile nylon bags that remained after the in situ intestinal digestibility test in grams. Cows having a T-cannula in the upper part of the duodenum were used. Ten bags were incubated per residue per cow.

Immediately before insertion in the duodenum, bags were soaked in a pepsin-<NUM> N HCl-solution at <NUM> to simulate digestion in the abomasum. Every <NUM> four bags were incubated in the duodenum. After passage through the intestines, bags were almost directly recuperated from the feces, rinsed and frozen. After thawing, they were intensively machine-washed at least four times using water at <NUM> and finally spinning at <NUM> rpm. After freeze-drying, pooling per animal and grinding through <NUM>, the residues were analyzed for crude protein content.

The present invention relates to a method for increasing the nutritional value, preferably protein, starch and/or fat value, of a vegetable material by treating the starting material with RF heating and using an additive during said heating.

The vegetable material that is treated according to the method of the present invention, the product, may be used as a feed for ruminants. The feed according to the present invention has an increased nutritional value for ruminants, especially a better resistance to the rumen and due to a shift of digestion from the rumen to the intestines it increases the utilization of protein, starch and fat. As non-limiting examples of ruminants are mentioned dairy cows, beef cattle, goats, and sheep.

As specified above, the present invention is related to a method for increasing the nutritional value of a residual vegetable material while using an additive. In order to increase the nutritional value of said residual vegetable material, said material is heated with an additive by means of radiation in the radio frequency range.

In the section below the examples are numbered according to the vegetable material used. Examples <NUM> use soybean meal, Examples with an asterisk are comparative examples that are untreated, this is denoted with "-" in the column of Final Temperature.

In all examples, the vegetable material was subjected to radiation in the radio frequency range, at a frequency of <NUM>. The maximum temperature to which samples were heated by RF radiation is called the 'Final Temperature' (Tf), and the time needed to reach said 'Final Temperature', or the irradiation time is called the 'Processing Time' (tp). During this processing time the vegetable material is irradiated with RF. It should be noted that, at constant settings of the RF equipment. The longer the processing time, the higher the final temperature.

In the examples <NUM>, two kilograms of a soy bean meal were subjected to RF radiation and different amounts of glycerol were added to the soy bean meal, before subjecting the material to RF radiation. The concentration of glycerol in the combination of soy bean meal and glycerol is: <NUM>% (a); <NUM> wt. % (b); <NUM> wt. % (c), <NUM> wt. % (d) and <NUM> wt. These experiments show the effect of the addition of a polar feed grade additive in the time needed to achieve the desired final temperature. In addition, these experiments also show the effect of the RF treatment on the nutritional value and show the effect of different final temperatures/processing times. Moreover, these experiments show that the addition of a polar feed grade additive does not have a negative effect in the obtained Aufrère value. For each of these examples the Aufrère value (percentage units %) and the VIPD were determined for untreated material (*); the comparative examples; and after RF treatment to four different final temperatures: <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>. The results are shown in Tables 1a-1c below.

From Table 1a it is clear that for soybean meal (Example <NUM>), when a polar feed grade additive is added, the processing time (tp) is reduced, as compared with a soybean meal to which no additive has been added. Moreover, from Table 1b it is clear that for soybean meal (Example <NUM>), the Aufrère value increases significantly with increasing final temperature. Furthermore, from Table 1c is clear that the addition of a polar feed grade additive does not have a negative effect in the obtained Aufrère value.

From Table 1c it is clear that for soybean meal (Example <NUM>), when a polar feed grade additive is added, the vitro ileal protein digestibility (VIPD) does not decrease with more than <NUM> percentage units.

In the Examples <NUM>, two kilograms of a soy bean meal or rapeseed meal were subjected to RF radiation and water was added to the soy bean meal in an amount of <NUM> wt. % to <NUM> wt. %, before subjecting the material to RF radiation; the values in the column related to the water content show the values for respectively a temperature of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM>, (viz. <NUM> / <NUM> / <NUM> / <NUM> wt. % for a temperature of <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM> and <NUM> respectively for soy bean meal and <NUM> / <NUM> / <NUM> / <NUM> wt. % for rapeseed meal). These experiments show the effect of the addition of a polar feed grade additive in the time needed to achieve the desired final temperature. In addition, these experiments also show the effect of the RF treatment on the nutritional value and show the effect of different final temperatures/processing times. Moreover, these experiments show that the addition of a polar feed grade additive does not have a negative effect in the obtained Aufrère value. For each of these examples the Aufrère value (percentage units %) after RF treatment to four different final temperatures: <NUM>, <NUM>, <NUM>, and <NUM>. The results are shown in Tables 2a and 2b below.

From Table 2a it is clear that for soybean meal as well as rapeseed meal when water is added, the processing time is reduced. Table 2b shows the effect on the Aufrère value.

Claim 1:
A method for increasing the nutritional value for ruminants of a vegetable material by subjection of a vegetable material to heating by means of radiation in the radio frequency range to achieve a temperature of between <NUM> and <NUM>, wherein the range of the radio frequency radiation is between <NUM> and <NUM>, and wherein an additive is added to said vegetable material before or during subjecting said vegetable material to heating, wherein said additive is a feed grade polar substance, said additive comprising an alcohol, or an alkane polyol; to obtain an RF treated vegetable material in which:
the Aufrère value, measured as described in the description, has increased, compared to the value of the vegetable material, with between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units; and/or
the RUS value, measured as described in the description, has increased, compared to the value of the vegetable material, by between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units; and/or
the RUF value, measured as described in the description, has increased, compared to the value of the vegetable material, by between <NUM> and <NUM> percentage units.