Patent Description:
Frame houses have been known in the state of the art for a long time. Frame technology refers to the way walls are constructed. In this construction technique, a load-bearing skeleton of the building is first being created, which is then filled with other building materials, such as bricks or insulation materials, to create a full (not openwork) wall.

An advantageous feature of frame houses is the possibility of achieving very good thermal insulation of the walls, which is achieved because the space of the frame can be filled mainly or exclusively with insulating material. In masonry buildings with solid load-bearing walls, insulating materials can be placed only on the outside of the wall or on the inside of the wall.

In frame building construction technology, the skeleton of a building is most often formed on the construction site by assembling smaller prefabricated structural elements. In this way, timber frame or metal frame buildings are constructed.

The skeleton of a building can also be formed as a monolithic concrete frame. In this technology, the building skeleton is cast on site from concrete using formwork and reinforcement. Such a method of construction is not quite an actual alternative to wood or metal framing due to the much larger distances between the structural elements of the monolithic concrete frame, which de facto makes it impossible to fill such a frame with only insulating materials.

The most popular and well-known is timber frame construction. A timber frame wall consists mainly of wooden vertical beams and horizontal beams. Vertical structural beams are long and narrow - they are at least as long as one floor of the building (that is, about <NUM>-<NUM>) and have a relatively small cross section (<NUM>-<NUM> in single-family buildings). The main task of vertical beams is to transfer vertical pressure forces. Horizontal beams are long or short (<NUM>-<NUM>) and the main task of horizontal elements - shorter beams and connectors, is to stiffen the structure by connecting them to vertical beams. Specially prepared wood is used to produce the frame elements. The stiffness of the timber frame structure is further ensured by attaching sheathing to the frame in the form of boards such as OSB, gypsum board, etc. The wall structure prepared in this way is filled with insulating material, usually mineral wool. A wall made with this technology has many other layers, such as wind insulation, vapor insulation, grates for the installation of additional external insulation or facade. Many variants of timber frame house construction are known. These include Canadian, Scandinavian and German houses. They differ in the method of construction, the layout of the wall layers, but the general structural principle is similar in these construction systems.

The main advantages of timber frame technology:.

Disadvantages of timber frame technology:.

One significant disadvantage of timber frame technology is the need to ensure that the timber frame is protected from moisture, due to the fact that wood tolerates moisture poorly. This requires the construction of multiple layers of wall and the use of more expensive insulation materials, such as mineral wool instead of Styrofoam, which is cheaper. In addition, in timber frame technology it is very difficult to achieve full air-tightness of the walls, which is required for energy-efficient and passive houses. Uncontrolled escape of air from inside the building causes energy losses and increases the use of energy for heating and cooling.

Metal framing technology is very similar to wood framing technology except that the construction material instead of wood is steel protected against corrosion. Metal framing eliminates some of the disadvantages of wood framing technology such as flammability. The main disadvantage is the risk of corrosion of metal structures, especially at joints, which are difficult to protect well against rust. Metallic structures are usually more expensive than wooden ones. This causes metal framing technology to be used much less frequently than wood framing technology.

In this technology, the skeleton of the building is formed from cast concrete columns and floors reinforced with steel. The advantages of this technology are the high strength of the structure. Disadvantages of this technology include:.

Despite many disadvantages of this technology, it is often used especially in countries where structural timber is hard to come by - for example, in southern Europe.

The state of the art has not yet developed a method of building frame houses from concrete elements that can be assembled into a structural frame by hand on the construction site without the use of cranes, as is the case, for example, with timber frame technology.

Consequently, concrete frame house construction technology has not been developed as an alternative to timber frame technology in terms of construction process and wall performance, due to the following technical problems:.

Because of these problems, the method of building concrete frame houses from prefabricated concrete elements (as an alternative to timber frame technology) has not been developed. A long vertical beam made of concrete instead of wood has a greater thickness and weight than a wooden beam. It will not be possible to move it without using a crane. The connection of such a beam to other framing elements is very complicated due to the small contact area of structural elements in frame technology.

Document <CIT> reveals a Structural element in the form of a column, for architectural construction of frame walls of buildings, containing shaft in the form of vertical support beam, which shaft has a bottom contact surface on the lower side and head connected to the top of the shaft, which head extends substantially horizontally, perpendicular to the Z-axis of the shaft and symmetrical with respect to the shaft, in at least two opposite directions forming at least two side arms, and from above the head includes the top surface of the head.

The purpose of the invention is to enable low-cost and fast construction of structural walls of buildings that can have high thermal insulation, which is necessary for the construction of energy-efficient and passive buildings.

The purpose of the invention is achieved by making it possible to quickly erect frame walls from prefabricated elements without the need for a crane, even by a single person.

The purpose of the invention is to develop a construction method that eliminates the disadvantages of timber frame technology and gives the structural walls additional desirable performance characteristics. The invention makes it possible to build cheaper and warmer walls compared to those currently used in timber frame construction technology.

The purpose of the invention is to provide such structural elements and such wall construction technology that will allow easy and quick erection and construction of frame walls, including structural walls, from ready-made structural and insulation elements without the need for cranes (even by a single person).

The essence of the invention is to solve the problem of efficiently and quickly joining prefabricated concrete elements, including those of low weight (up to <NUM>) and small size, in order to create a frame structure based on such elements.

The invention makes it possible to easily and quickly insulate the resulting wall skeleton or give it other desired functional characteristics by using specially designed insulating bricks matched to the wall skeleton. In addition, the invention makes it easy to give different functional characteristics to different parts of the wall, which will also facilitate the construction of intelligent buildings.

The invention enables low-cost construction of frame wall structures around the world, including in places where timber-frame technology cannot be used due to the lack of wood.

Structural element <NUM> in the form of a column, for architectural construction of frame walls of buildings, containing:.

characterized in that the head <NUM> on the top surface of the head 3b has at least two tongues <NUM> , which on the top have a top contact surface 6a and are located substantially at the edges 3c of the head <NUM> and at least two grooves <NUM> , which on the bottom have a bottom contact surface 5a , which grooves <NUM> are located substantially in the center of the top surface of the head 3b and the shape of the individual tongues <NUM> corresponds to the shape of the individual groove <NUM>.

Advantageously, the tongues <NUM> have the profile of a right-angled triangle, in which one of the right-angle side surfaces 6b of the tongue <NUM> is perpendicular to the upper surface of the head 3b.

Advantageously, the upper contact surface 6a forms an angle of <NUM>° with respect to the horizontal or the upper surface of the head 3b and/or the lower contact surface 5a forms an angle of <NUM>° with the upper surface of the head 3b and the head <NUM> has a lower plane 3a , which the lower plane 3a forms with the Z axis of the shaft <NUM> an obtuse angle advantageously an angle of <NUM>°.

Advantageously, at least two grooves <NUM> are connected to each other and form one double groove.

Advantageously, the thickness of the tongue <NUM> is essentially equal to the thickness calculated according to the formula:<MAT>.

Advantageously, the two tongues <NUM> either extend beyond the edges of the head <NUM> or do not extend beyond the edges of the head <NUM> or do not touch them.

Advantageously, the shaft <NUM> is essentially cuboid, cube or cylinder in shape and advantageously has in addition holes <NUM> adapted for placing elements therein and/or the side surface 2a of the shaft <NUM> together with the lower surface 3a of the head <NUM> form an arc.

Advantageously, the dimensions of the structural element <NUM> are: maximum width of <NUM>, maximum height of <NUM>, maximum thickness of <NUM> and the maximum weight of the structural element <NUM> is <NUM> and is made of concrete, gypsum, ceramic, polymer or composite.

Advantageously constructed from two structural elements <NUM> connected by bottom contact surfaces 2b to form a column-shaped element with two heads that are advantageously shaped like arches.

Advantageously, it has more than two tongues and more than two grooves and replicates the structural element in any direction.

The invention also includes an arrangement for the construction of a frame house wall frame comprising at least two structural elements <NUM> configured to be aligned vertically and horizontally with respect to each other, advantageously the arrangement additionally comprises a structural or insulating part configured to be placed in the hollow space between the structural elements <NUM> in the form of an insulating brick <NUM>, advantageously in the shape of a substantially hexagon, regular hexagon, circle or ellipse, which insulating brick <NUM> is advantageously made of insulating materials for example Styrofoam.

The invention also includes a frame wall of a house, characterized in that it contains at least two structural elements <NUM> are connected to each other horizontally by means of the right-angle side surfaces 6b of the tongues <NUM>, and vertically by means of the upper surfaces of the head 3b and the lower contact surfaces 5a connected to the upper contact surfaces 6a.

Advantageously it contains structural elements <NUM> advantageously arranged between starting element <NUM> and ending element <NUM> and/or system lintels <NUM>, side elements <NUM> and vertical beams <NUM>.

Advantageously, the joints of the structural elements <NUM> are reinforced with bonding and/or reinforcement and/or assembly elements.

Advantageously it additionally includes a structural or insulating part in the form of an insulating brick <NUM> , which advantageously is configured as a finished exterior façade element of a building.

The invention will be described below with reference to the figures and the references therein. The invention presented herein relates to, among other things, the structural element <NUM> shown in <FIG>, which is used in the erection of frame structures made of prefabricated elements (advantageously made of concrete) without the use of additional supports, formwork and without the need for cranes. Thanks to a design that uses, among other things, the principles of physics (architecture) involving the transfer of forces by means of architectural (structural) columns and arches, <FIG>, smaller structural elements <NUM> are easily connected to form a larger structure - a wall that is rigid and stable. The contact surface (joining force) of structural elements <NUM> is comparable to that found in masonry buildings, which provides high rigidity to the framework. This is because each structural element <NUM> transfers forces from its own Z-axis to the two Z-axes of two other structural elements <NUM>, at the same time it accepts force from two Z-axes of two other structural elements, through groove <NUM> on its own Z-axis. This mutual transmission of forces is made possible by the large contact surface of the elements, which at the same time ensures that they are firmly and stably connected.

An example of the execution of the invention is a structural element <NUM>, in the form of a column, which is intended for the construction of frame walls of buildings. The structural element <NUM>, in the form of a column, includes a shaft <NUM> and a head <NUM>.

The elements, from which the object of the invention is constructed, are shown in <FIG>. The shaft <NUM> is in the form of an elongated vertical beam, which has a bottom contact surface 2b on its lower, free side. In this example, the shaft <NUM> is substantially cuboidal in shape, and in other examples of execution it may be substantially cube or cylinder in shape. The shaft <NUM> has a Z-axis, shown in <FIG>, which marks the center of symmetry of such shaft <NUM>.

The shaft <NUM> can vary in height, but it cannot, including the height of the head <NUM>, exceed the overall width of structural element <NUM>, since such structural element <NUM> must be stable when the structure is being assembled. The overall width in this example is understood to be the largest dimension of the entire structural element <NUM> in the direction perpendicular to the Z axis.

The head <NUM> is permanently connected to the top of the shaft <NUM> and forms one rigid unit with it, i.e. it forms a column.

The head <NUM> extends essentially horizontally (essentially perpendicular with respect to the Z-axis), symmetrically with respect to the shaft <NUM>, in at least two opposite directions to form two side arms, which arms are inscribed in the construction of a tensile-reinforced structural (architectural) arch, <FIG>. Visible in <FIG> structural elements that are inscribed in the (architectural) arch are the two tongues <NUM> and the groove <NUM>. The arch is tensile reinforced by the upper part of the head 3b with the top surface of the head 3b also constituting the only, essentially, horizontal element of the head structure. The head <NUM> (advantageously including tongues, grooves and the top surface 3b and the surface 3a) with the top surface of the head 3b, in addition to the function of tensile reinforcement of the arch, performs a stabilizing function, making it easy to stack the structural elements <NUM> on top of each other. The top surface of the head 3b can also serve as a base for the installation of additional reinforcement (reinforcement bars) of the wall horizontally, if necessary.

The head <NUM> has at least two tongues <NUM> on the top surface of the head 3b, which tongues <NUM> are placed symmetrically on both opposite arms of the head <NUM>, at the end of these arms. The tongues <NUM> are the ends of the structural arch (<FIG>) that crowns the head <NUM> and are the vertical-most parts of the head <NUM>. The tongues <NUM> transfer forces in the skeleton from the Z-axis of the structural element <NUM> to the Z-axis of the next two structural elements <NUM>, which are arranged as another layer of the skeleton. Each of the tongues <NUM> has an upper contact surface 6a. The tongues <NUM> are located at the edges 3c of the head <NUM> as shown in <FIG> (fitting together with the groove <NUM> into the cross-section of the structural arch, <FIG>).

In the upper part of the head, there is also a groove <NUM>, which has a lower contact surface 5a on the bottom. The groove <NUM> is located symmetrically (centrally) with respect to the shaft <NUM>, in the upper part of the head <NUM> on the upper surface of the head 3b and between the tongues <NUM>. In this example of execution, there are at least two grooves <NUM> on the upper surface of the head 3b. The shape of the two tongues <NUM> corresponds to the shape of the same number of grooves <NUM>, such that the tongues <NUM> fill the grooves <NUM>. The grooves <NUM> may be separated from each other (not shown in the pictures).

Advantageously, the grooves <NUM> merge into one double groove consisting of two grooves <NUM>, it is advantageous if the grooves <NUM> merge into one double groove, because then, when assembled, the tongues <NUM> of adjacent elements <NUM> are in contact with the surfaces 6b and transfer loads to each other. The groove <NUM> transfers the forces from the Z-axis of the structural element <NUM> to the ends of the structural arc, which are the tongues <NUM>, of the subsequent structural element <NUM>. The upper contact surface 6a of the tongue <NUM> corresponds to the lower contact surface 5a of the groove <NUM> as seen in <FIG>.

In this example of execution, the tongues <NUM> have the shape of a right triangle. A connoisseur of the field will know, based on their knowledge, that it is possible to use tongues <NUM> of another shape such as a rectangle, square or semicircle. The rectangular triangle shape is the most optimal. It is important that the tongues <NUM> including the groove <NUM> fit into the cross-section of the structural arch (<FIG>). In this execution example, one of the right-angle side surfaces 6b, visible in <FIG>, is vertical - it is perpendicular to the top surface of the head 3b, it is in line with the direction determined by the Z-axis, which makes it easier to fit the skeleton elements when laying it out as can be seen in <FIG>.

In this example, shown in <FIG>, the upper contact surface 6a of the tongues <NUM> forms an angle of <NUM>° with the upper surface of the head 3b, with respect to the horizontal - perpendicular to the Z axis. The angle is shown in <FIG>. The horizontal is determined by the top surface of the head 3b, perpendicular to the Z axis, which is defined as the plane perpendicular to the direction of gravity on or near the surface of the celestial body. Such an angle of inclination ensures the least weight of the structural element <NUM> and optimal stability of the structural element <NUM> during stacking of successive structural elements <NUM>. Optimal stability and rigidity of the structure is achieved with an angle of inclination of the upper contact surfaces 6a of <NUM>° with respect to the horizontal - perpendicular to the Z axis, because in such an arrangement the contact area of the structural elements <NUM> in relation to their total area (mass) is the largest. Thus, the structure is the strongest. Other than <NUM>° angle of inclination (both smaller and larger) results in a worse ratio of the contact area of structural elements <NUM> to their total area (mass). Thus, a greater than <NUM>° angle of inclination lengthens the element <NUM> vertically causes it to be less stable and heavier, or while keeping the same height of the element increases its weight. In both cases, the ratio of the contact area of structural element <NUM> to its weight (total mass) deteriorates.

A comparison of contact surfaces (other than vertical) for different angles of inclination of the tongues <NUM> of the structural element <NUM> is shown in the table in <FIG>. Vertical contact surfaces were not considered for these calculations because vertical surfaces do not transmit gravitational force. At an angle of <NUM>°, the structural element <NUM> has the smallest weight and the largest contact area. At a larger angle - <NUM>°, the performance is worse. At a smaller angle - <NUM>°, the parameters also deteriorate. With an angle of <NUM>°, the tongues <NUM> and groove <NUM> are completely eliminated, which further results in the instability of such structural elements <NUM> during laying. The contact surface is the surfaces of the structural element <NUM> (other than vertical) that are in contact with the surfaces of subsequent structural element <NUM> laid on top of it. The front surface is the surface that is visible when looking from the front at the structural element <NUM> laid out in the skeleton. The front surface does not include the surface of the tongues, since the tongues are not visible when assembled into a skeleton.

A comparison of the contact area for different traditional building materials is shown in the table in <FIG>. Double structural element <NUM> (2x structural element <NUM>) has a very high contact area to front area ratio. It is inferior only to traditional flat brick, which has the best ratio of all building materials because it is the flattest. In addition, the structural element <NUM> is the only one in the list to have grooves <NUM> and tongues <NUM>. The other building materials analyzed have a flat surface. The table shows that the design of the structural element <NUM> solves well the technical problem of low tangency of structural elements, which occurs in frame structures.

In the optimal execution example, the lower contact surface 5a of the groove <NUM> forms an angle of <NUM>° with the upper surface of the head 3b, with the horizontal. Maintaining the same angles of the groove <NUM> and the tongues <NUM> allows the tongues <NUM> to fit properly into the groove <NUM> and fill them completely when assembling structural elements <NUM>, resulting in a structure with greater strength, as can be seen in <FIG>. <FIG> show an example of execution where the tongues <NUM> fill the groove <NUM> completely.

The optimal thickness of tongues <NUM> is indicated in <FIG> by the reference designation G. The optimal thickness of the tongues is calculated from the formula: <MAT>.

Where x is the value of the inclination of the upper contact surface 6a with respect to the level determined by the top surface of the head 3b, perpendicular to the Z axis,
y is the overall width of the structural element <NUM>.

Realistically, the thickness of the tongues may deviate from the calculated result by
The optimal thickness of the tongues <NUM> ensures full filling of the groove <NUM>.

The optimal thickness of tongues <NUM> depends on the overall dimensional width of the entire structural element <NUM> and the angle of inclination of the upper contact surface 6a with respect to the Z axis of shaft <NUM>. The greater the dimensional width of the structural element <NUM>, the greater the thickness of tongues <NUM>. The thickness of tongues <NUM> is not related to the thickness of shaft <NUM>. The shaft <NUM> can have a smaller or larger thickness with the same thickness of tongues <NUM>.

In one example of the design of <FIG>, the head <NUM> has a lower surface 3a, symmetrical (or symmetrically arranged) with respect to the shaft <NUM>, which forms an obtuse angle with the Z-axis of the shaft <NUM> as seen in <FIG>. In one example of <FIG>, <FIG>, the obtuse angle is <NUM>°. In yet another example of the design of <FIG>, the lower surface 3a of the head <NUM> forms an arc together with the side surface 2a of the shaft <NUM>, <FIG>. Such a design is heavier than the design with a <NUM>° obtuse angle, but it is also more robust. The obtuse angle design is optimal considering the ratio of weight to the contact surfaces of the structural element <NUM>.

<FIG> shows an example where the bottom contact surface 2b has holes <NUM> adapted to accommodate elements therein, which are reinforcement bars that can serve both to join two elements <NUM> together and can also serve as additional reinforcement for the skeleton vertically.

All parts of the structural element <NUM> can be formed from the same material or from a combination of different materials into a single unit. In the case of the same material in different examples of execution, it can be concrete (including reinforced), ceramic, polymer or composite. Currently, concrete is the cheapest material due to its low cost.

In this example of execution, the dimensions of the structural element <NUM> advantageously are: <NUM> wide, <NUM> high and <NUM> thick. The height should not be greater than the width so that the structural element <NUM> is stable during laying. The thickness must ensure stability during laying and be proportional to the element's width. In a favorable example, the mass of the entire structural element <NUM> made of concrete is less than <NUM>. This mass allows the structural element <NUM> to be carried without the use of a crane or other auxiliary machinery.

In another favorable design example, shown in part in <FIG>, the structural element <NUM> is built from two structural elements <NUM> connected to each other with bottom contact surfaces 2b into a single unit, forming a structural element <NUM> with the shape of a column with two heads - <FIG>. The structural element <NUM> in this shape is optimal from the point of view of speed and simplicity of construction of the structural skeleton.

The application discloses an arrangement for constructing a frame wall of a frame house using a structural element <NUM>. The arrangement includes at least two interconnected structural elements <NUM> that are stacked on top of each other and side by side as shown in <FIG>.

The structural elements <NUM> are connected horizontally to each other in the direction perpendicular to the Z-axis by means of contact surfaces, which consist of the lower contact surface 5a of the groove <NUM>, the upper contact surface 6a of the tongues <NUM>, and the upper surface of the head 3b.

Structural elements <NUM> arranged horizontally next to each other adhere to each other with their perpendicular surfaces 6b and lean against each other.

The structural elements <NUM> are connected to each other by the upper surfaces of the head 3b and the lower contact surfaces 5a of the groove <NUM>, which are in contact with the upper contact surfaces 6a of the tongues <NUM>. The vertical contact surfaces of the components are the right-angle arm surface 6b of the tongue <NUM> and the side surface 6c of the tongue and the side surface 5b of the groove <NUM>.

Superimposed structural elements <NUM> press the structural elements <NUM> of the lower layer against each other. One structural element <NUM> is laid on top of two structural elements <NUM> arranged next to each other horizontally. This position allows the two structural elements <NUM> arranged next to each other horizontally to be pressed against each other by properly aligning the tongues <NUM> with the grooves <NUM>. A well-fitted and stable structure in all directions is formed. Thanks to the structure, according to the favorable example of execution, the elements will stick to each other even without glue or mortar.

The stacked structural elements <NUM> transfer vertical forces from the Z-axis of one structural element <NUM> to the Z-axes of two more structural elements <NUM> as shown in <FIG>.

In the illustrated execution examples, the connected structural elements <NUM> into a wall, form between the side surfaces 2a of the shaft <NUM> together with the bottom surfaces 3a of the head <NUM> a hollow space in the shape of a substantially hexagonal, regular hexagon, circle or ellipse, as can be seen in <FIG> and <FIG>. The arrangement in another execution example includes a structural or insulating part that is configured to be placed in the created voids of the structural framework formed by the arrangement of the structural elements <NUM>. In other execution examples, the structural part of the wall or insulating part is an insulating brick <NUM>, as seen in <FIG>, made of insulating materials for example Styrofoam.

<FIG> shows a wall, which is the subject of the invention, using structural elements <NUM>. In addition to the arrangement of elements <NUM> described above, the wall includes starting elements <NUM> and ending elements <NUM>. Starting elements <NUM> and ending elements <NUM> contain some features of structural element <NUM>, at least grooves <NUM> and tongues <NUM>. Starting elements <NUM> and ending elements <NUM> in this example of execution have the same geometry and can be seen in <FIG>. In other execution examples, the wall includes a system lintel <NUM>, side elements <NUM> and vertical beams <NUM>. <FIG> shows an example of the execution of side element <NUM>, and <FIG> shows an example of the execution of vertical beam <NUM>. <FIG> shows such a wall from the outside of the building with insulating bricks <NUM> filled in.

Some openings can be left open for ventilation of the building. The wall from the outside can be covered with a thin-coat facade plaster, or it can be already finished insulating bricks <NUM> that are also a facade.

<FIG> shows the wall from the inside. The wall from the inside can be finished in any way, for example, with plaster on a grid or with gypsum boards. Additional layers of thermal or acoustic insulation can be applied to the wall.

Claim 1:
Structural element (<NUM>) in the form of a column, for architectural construction of frame walls of buildings, containing:
- shaft (<NUM>) in the form of a vertical support beam, which shaft (<NUM>) has a bottom contact surface (2b) on the lower side;
- head (<NUM>) connected to the top of the shaft (<NUM>), which head (<NUM>) extends substantially horizontally, perpendicular to the Z-axis of the shaft (<NUM>) and symmetrical with respect to the shaft (<NUM>), in at least two opposite directions forming at least two side arms (<NUM>), and from above the head (<NUM>) includes the top surface of the head (3b);
characterized in that the head (<NUM>) on the top surface of the head (3b) has at least two tongues (<NUM>), which on the top have an upper contact surface (6a) and are located essentially at the edges (3c) of the head (<NUM>), and at least two grooves (<NUM>), which on the bottom have a bottom contact surface (5a), which grooves (<NUM>) are located essentially at the center of the top surface of the head (3b) and the shape of the individual tongue (<NUM>) corresponds to the shape of the individual groove (<NUM>).