instruction stringlengths 26 149 | input stringclasses 14
values | Response stringlengths 33 582 |
|---|---|---|
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 15) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
Create a small Python program to write a function that counts words in a sentence. | null | def word_count(sentence):
return len(sentence.split())
print(word_count('Python is readable and practical')) |
Demonstrate the difference between `break` and `continue`. (practice variation 29) | for number in range(1, 6):
if number == 2:
continue
if number == 5:
break
print(number) | `continue` skips the rest of the current iteration; `break` terminates the loop. |
Show how to make a shallow copy of a list and explain why it matters. (practice variation 33) | original = [[1], [2]]
copy = original.copy()
copy[0].append(9)
print(original) | A shallow copy creates a new outer list but retains references to nested objects. Mutating a nested list is visible through both lists. |
Explain and demonstrate how Python can check whether the text contains the substring cat. | null | Example:
text = "education"
result = text.__contains__("cat")
print(result)
The expression uses string indexing or a string method to produce the requested result. |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to write a function with a default argument. | null | def greet(name, greeting='Hello'):
return f'{greeting}, {name}!'
print(greet('Aylin'))
print(greet('Murad', 'Welcome')) |
Give a short explanation and code example for how to assign a letter grade based on a numeric score. | null | score = 86
if score >= 90:
grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60:
grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'
print(grade) |
Write code to safely convert a string to a float and handle invalid input. (practice variation 11) | raw = '3.14'
try:
value = float(raw)
except ValueError:
print('Invalid number')
else:
print(value) | Catch ValueError for text that cannot be converted to a float. |
Write a runnable Python solution to check whether all values in a list are positive. | null | values = [2, 4, 1, 9]
print(all(value > 0 for value in values)) |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to implement linear search. | null | def linear_search(values, target):
for index, value in enumerate(values):
if value == target:
return index
return -1
print(linear_search(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'b')) |
Write Python code to measure elapsed time for a block of work. | null | from time import perf_counter
start = perf_counter()
result = sum(range(1_000_000))
elapsed = perf_counter() - start
print(result, elapsed) |
Explain what this slice returns. (practice variation 19) | values = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print(values[1:4]) | The slice includes index 1 and excludes index 4, so it prints `[20, 30, 40]`. |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to use defaultdict to group items. | null | from collections import defaultdict
items = [('fruit', 'apple'), ('tool', 'hammer'), ('fruit', 'pear')]
groups = defaultdict(list)
for category, item in items:
groups[category].append(item)
print(dict(groups)) |
Implement the following task in Python: list all Python files in a directory. | null | from pathlib import Path
for path in Path('.').glob('*.py'):
print(path.name) |
Show how to make a shallow copy of a list and explain why it matters. (practice variation 3) | original = [[1], [2]]
copy = original.copy()
copy[0].append(9)
print(original) | A shallow copy creates a new outer list but retains references to nested objects. Mutating a nested list is visible through both lists. |
Show a clear Python example that can write a function that converts Celsius to Fahrenheit. | null | def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
return celsius * 9 / 5 + 32
print(celsius_to_fahrenheit(20)) |
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 13) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
Describe the relevant list or tuple operation and show working code to create a reversed copy without changing the original list. | null | numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
reversed_numbers = numbers[::-1]
print(reversed_numbers)
print(numbers)
Use zero-based indexing for list positions. Methods such as append(), remove(), and sort() modify a list in place. |
Show how to iterate over a dictionary in sorted key order. (practice variation 9) | scores = {'Murad': 80, 'Aylin': 95, 'Leyla': 88}
for name in sorted(scores):
print(name, scores[name]) | sorted(scores) returns the dictionary keys in sorted order, which can then be used to retrieve values. |
Show a clear Python example that can calculate the median of a numeric list. | null | from statistics import median
values = [8, 2, 5, 1, 9]
print(median(values)) |
Implement the following task in Python: calculate the distance between two 2D points. | null | from math import hypot
x1, y1 = 1, 2
x2, y2 = 4, 6
print(hypot(x2 - x1, y2 - y1)) |
Write code to safely convert a string to a float and handle invalid input. (practice variation 16) | raw = '3.14'
try:
value = float(raw)
except ValueError:
print('Invalid number')
else:
print(value) | Catch ValueError for text that cannot be converted to a float. |
Implement the following task in Python: normalize a string for case-insensitive comparison. | null | def normalize(text):
return ' '.join(text.casefold().split())
print(normalize(' PYTHON Programming ')) |
Create a small Python program to write a function that returns the square of a number. | null | def square(number):
return number * number
print(square(6)) |
Create a small Python program to print integers from 1 through 10. | null | for number in range(1, 11):
print(number) |
Show a clear Python example that can write a function that checks whether a string is a palindrome. | null | def is_palindrome(text):
normalized = ''.join(ch.lower() for ch in text if ch.isalnum())
return normalized == normalized[::-1]
print(is_palindrome('Never odd or even')) |
Write a runnable Python solution to list all Python files in a directory. | null | from pathlib import Path
for path in Path('.').glob('*.py'):
print(path.name) |
Write a runnable Python solution to calculate the average score from records. | null | students = [{"name": "Aylin", "score": 90}, {"name": "Murad", "score": 76}]
average = sum(s["score"] for s in students) / len(students)
print(average) |
Implement the following task in Python: create a matrix of zeros. | null | rows, columns = 3, 4
matrix = [[0 for _ in range(columns)] for _ in range(rows)]
print(matrix) |
Show how to make a shallow copy of a list and explain why it matters. (practice variation 14) | original = [[1], [2]]
copy = original.copy()
copy[0].append(9)
print(original) | A shallow copy creates a new outer list but retains references to nested objects. Mutating a nested list is visible through both lists. |
Implement the following task in Python: print a multiplication table for a number. | null | number = 7
for multiplier in range(1, 11):
print(f'{number} x {multiplier} = {number * multiplier}') |
Show how to iterate over a dictionary in sorted key order. (practice variation 35) | scores = {'Murad': 80, 'Aylin': 95, 'Leyla': 88}
for name in sorted(scores):
print(name, scores[name]) | sorted(scores) returns the dictionary keys in sorted order, which can then be used to retrieve values. |
Explain why `list.sort()` and `sorted()` differ. (practice variation 17) | values = [3, 1, 2]
result = sorted(values)
print(result)
print(values) | sorted() returns a new sorted list and leaves the original iterable unchanged. list.sort() sorts a list in place and returns None. |
Show a clear Python example that can write a recursive function for the factorial of a non-negative integer. | null | def factorial(n):
if n < 0:
raise ValueError('n must be non-negative')
if n < 2:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)
print(factorial(5)) |
Show how to iterate over a dictionary in sorted key order. (practice variation 33) | scores = {'Murad': 80, 'Aylin': 95, 'Leyla': 88}
for name in sorted(scores):
print(name, scores[name]) | sorted(scores) returns the dictionary keys in sorted order, which can then be used to retrieve values. |
Write a runnable Python solution to avoid shared nested lists when creating a matrix. | null | matrix = [[0] * 3 for _ in range(2)]
matrix[0][0] = 1
print(matrix) |
Show a clear Python example that can append a line to a text file. | null | with open('log.txt', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as file:
file.write('Program started\n') |
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 8) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
Describe the relevant list or tuple operation and show working code to use slicing to select the middle three elements. | null | numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print(numbers[1:4])
Use zero-based indexing for list positions. Methods such as append(), remove(), and sort() modify a list in place. |
Show a clear Python example that can write a context manager using contextlib. | null | from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def managed_message():
print('start')
try:
yield
finally:
print('finish')
with managed_message():
print('working') |
Write a Python example that can unpack a tuple into three variables. | null | student = ("Aylin", 20, "CS")
name, age, major = student
print(name, age, major) |
Write Python code to write a unit test for a square function using unittest. | null | import unittest
def square(n):
return n * n
class SquareTests(unittest.TestCase):
def test_positive_number(self):
self.assertEqual(square(4), 16)
def test_zero(self):
self.assertEqual(square(0), 0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main() |
Show how to iterate over a dictionary in sorted key order. (practice variation 14) | scores = {'Murad': 80, 'Aylin': 95, 'Leyla': 88}
for name in sorted(scores):
print(name, scores[name]) | sorted(scores) returns the dictionary keys in sorted order, which can then be used to retrieve values. |
Provide a short explanation and code sample to measure elapsed time for a block of work. | null | from time import perf_counter
start = perf_counter()
result = sum(range(1_000_000))
elapsed = perf_counter() - start
print(result, elapsed) |
Show a clear Python example that can write a function that returns the square of a number. | null | def square(number):
return number * number
print(square(6)) |
Explain why `list.sort()` and `sorted()` differ. (practice variation 16) | values = [3, 1, 2]
result = sorted(values)
print(result)
print(values) | sorted() returns a new sorted list and leaves the original iterable unchanged. list.sort() sorts a list in place and returns None. |
Write Python code to create an infinite counter generator. | null | def counter(start=0):
value = start
while True:
yield value
value += 1
numbers = counter(10)
print(next(numbers), next(numbers), next(numbers)) |
Write Python code to read all text from a UTF-8 file. | null | from pathlib import Path
text = Path('message.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
print(text) |
Explain why `list.sort()` and `sorted()` differ. (practice variation 10) | values = [3, 1, 2]
result = sorted(values)
print(result)
print(values) | sorted() returns a new sorted list and leaves the original iterable unchanged. list.sort() sorts a list in place and returns None. |
Explain the approach and provide a complete Python implementation to write a function that checks whether a string is a palindrome. | null | def is_palindrome(text):
normalized = ''.join(ch.lower() for ch in text if ch.isalnum())
return normalized == normalized[::-1]
print(is_palindrome('Never odd or even')) |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to write a context manager using contextlib. | null | from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def managed_message():
print('start')
try:
yield
finally:
print('finish')
with managed_message():
print('working') |
Explain why `list.sort()` and `sorted()` differ. (practice variation 38) | values = [3, 1, 2]
result = sorted(values)
print(result)
print(values) | sorted() returns a new sorted list and leaves the original iterable unchanged. list.sort() sorts a list in place and returns None. |
Write Python code to store a dictionary of a student's details. Print the value and its type. | null | student = {"name": "Aylin", "age": 20}
print(student)
print(type(student).__name__) |
Explain the algorithm briefly and provide a working implementation to implement linear search. | null | def linear_search(values, target):
for index, value in enumerate(values):
if value == target:
return index
return -1
print(linear_search(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'b')) |
Write a runnable Python solution to use defaultdict to group items. | null | from collections import defaultdict
items = [('fruit', 'apple'), ('tool', 'hammer'), ('fruit', 'pear')]
groups = defaultdict(list)
for category, item in items:
groups[category].append(item)
print(dict(groups)) |
Write a runnable Python solution to read all text from a UTF-8 file. | null | from pathlib import Path
text = Path('message.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
print(text) |
Show how to make a shallow copy of a list and explain why it matters. (practice variation 1) | original = [[1], [2]]
copy = original.copy()
copy[0].append(9)
print(original) | A shallow copy creates a new outer list but retains references to nested objects. Mutating a nested list is visible through both lists. |
Explain why `input()` returns a string and convert the value to an integer. (practice variation 13) | raw = input('Enter an integer: ')
number = int(raw)
print(number + 1) | The built-in input() returns text. Convert it with int() when an integer is required; handle ValueError if the input may be invalid. |
Give a concise explanation with an example: What is a dictionary comprehension? | null | A dictionary comprehension builds a dictionary from an expression and an iterable. Example: `{n: n*n for n in range(1, 4)}` produces `{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9}`. |
Show a clear Python example that can write text to a UTF-8 file. | null | from pathlib import Path
Path('message.txt').write_text('Hello from Python\n', encoding='utf-8') |
Show a clear Python example that can find common elements of two lists without duplicates. | null | a = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4]
b = [2, 4, 4, 6]
common = sorted(set(a) & set(b))
print(common) |
Explain the key idea and provide a runnable implementation to calculate the population standard deviation. | null | from statistics import pstdev
values = [2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9]
print(pstdev(values)) |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to find all even numbers in a list. | null | numbers = [3, 8, 11, 14, 20]
even_numbers = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]
print(even_numbers) |
Show a clear Python example that can parse an ISO-formatted date string. | null | from datetime import date
value = date.fromisoformat('2026-10-18')
print(value.year, value.month, value.day) |
Write a runnable Python solution to create a matrix of zeros. | null | rows, columns = 3, 4
matrix = [[0 for _ in range(columns)] for _ in range(rows)]
print(matrix) |
Demonstrate the difference between `break` and `continue`. (practice variation 27) | for number in range(1, 6):
if number == 2:
continue
if number == 5:
break
print(number) | `continue` skips the rest of the current iteration; `break` terminates the loop. |
Write a runnable Python solution to calculate the median of a numeric list. | null | from statistics import median
values = [8, 2, 5, 1, 9]
print(median(values)) |
Write Python code to store a list of programming languages. Print the value and its type. | null | languages = ["Python", "C#", "Java"]
print(languages)
print(type(languages).__name__) |
Fix this function so it returns a value rather than printing it. | def double(number):
print(number * 2) | def double(number):
return number * 2
# Explanation: return sends a result back to the caller; print only displays a value. |
Explain how to update the variable used to store a student's name, then show a short example. | null | student_name = "Aylin"
print(student_name)
# Assign a new value to the same variable.
# Example:
# student_name = "Aylin"
# student_name = ... # replace with the new value
print(student_name) |
Write Python code to get the final character. | null | text = "Python 3"
print(text[-1]) |
Write Python code to read a comma-separated list of integers safely. | null | raw = input('Enter integers separated by commas: ')
try:
numbers = [int(part.strip()) for part in raw.split(',') if part.strip()]
except ValueError:
print('Input contains a non-integer value.')
else:
print(numbers) |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to write a function that returns both minimum and maximum values. | null | def min_max(values):
if not values:
raise ValueError('values must not be empty')
return min(values), max(values)
low, high = min_max([8, 2, 11, 4])
print(low, high) |
Explain the main idea and implement: use a stack to reverse a sequence. | null | items = [1, 2, 3, 4]
stack = []
for item in items:
stack.append(item)
reversed_items = []
while stack:
reversed_items.append(stack.pop())
print(reversed_items) |
Show a clear Python example that can write a function that counts words in a sentence. | null | def word_count(sentence):
return len(sentence.split())
print(word_count('Python is readable and practical')) |
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 30) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
Explain what this slice returns. (practice variation 7) | values = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print(values[1:4]) | The slice includes index 1 and excludes index 4, so it prints `[20, 30, 40]`. |
Explain why `input()` returns a string and convert the value to an integer. (practice variation 29) | raw = input('Enter an integer: ')
number = int(raw)
print(number + 1) | The built-in input() returns text. Convert it with int() when an integer is required; handle ValueError if the input may be invalid. |
Write Python code to check whether an integer is even or odd. | null | number = 17
if number % 2 == 0:
print('even')
else:
print('odd') |
Demonstrate the difference between `break` and `continue`. (practice variation 31) | for number in range(1, 6):
if number == 2:
continue
if number == 5:
break
print(number) | `continue` skips the rest of the current iteration; `break` terminates the loop. |
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 17) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to write a function that counts words in a sentence. | null | def word_count(sentence):
return len(sentence.split())
print(word_count('Python is readable and practical')) |
Describe the purpose of a generator or iterator and demonstrate how to make a custom iterable over a list in reverse. | null | class ReverseList:
def __init__(self, items):
self.items = list(items)
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.items[::-1])
print(list(ReverseList([1, 2, 3]))) |
Show how to make a shallow copy of a list and explain why it matters. (practice variation 23) | original = [[1], [2]]
copy = original.copy()
copy[0].append(9)
print(original) | A shallow copy creates a new outer list but retains references to nested objects. Mutating a nested list is visible through both lists. |
Fix the off-by-one error so the loop prints 1 through 5. | for number in range(1, 5):
print(number) | for number in range(1, 6):
print(number)
# Explanation: The stop value in range() is exclusive, so use 6 to include 5. |
Explain why `list.sort()` and `sorted()` differ. (practice variation 13) | values = [3, 1, 2]
result = sorted(values)
print(result)
print(values) | sorted() returns a new sorted list and leaves the original iterable unchanged. list.sort() sorts a list in place and returns None. |
Explain why `list.sort()` and `sorted()` differ. (practice variation 31) | values = [3, 1, 2]
result = sorted(values)
print(result)
print(values) | sorted() returns a new sorted list and leaves the original iterable unchanged. list.sort() sorts a list in place and returns None. |
Give a complete example and explain how to format a price with two decimal places. | null | price = 125.5
print(f'${price:.2f}') |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to find the second largest distinct number. | null | def second_largest(values):
distinct = sorted(set(values))
if len(distinct) < 2:
raise ValueError('At least two distinct values are required')
return distinct[-2]
print(second_largest([4, 8, 8, 2, 6])) |
Write Python code to convert the text to lowercase. | null | text = "LEARNING PYTHON"
result = text.lower()
print(result) |
Write code to safely convert a string to a float and handle invalid input. (practice variation 4) | raw = '3.14'
try:
value = float(raw)
except ValueError:
print('Invalid number')
else:
print(value) | Catch ValueError for text that cannot be converted to a float. |
What is the difference between a list and a tuple? | null | A list is mutable, so its elements can be changed after creation. A tuple is immutable, so its item references cannot be reassigned. Use a list for a changing collection and a tuple for a fixed record.
Example:
values = [1, 2]
values.append(3)
point = (4, 5) |
Write a runnable Python solution to write a context manager using contextlib. | null | from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def managed_message():
print('start')
try:
yield
finally:
print('finish')
with managed_message():
print('working') |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to check whether a number is prime. | null | def is_prime(n):
if n < 2:
return False
divisor = 2
while divisor * divisor <= n:
if n % divisor == 0:
return False
divisor += 1
return True
print(is_prime(29)) |
Write Python code to get the first and last characters. | null | text = "Python"
print(text[0])
print(text[-1]) |
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 34) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
Provide code and a short explanation for how to create a temporary file for a test. | null | from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
from pathlib import Path
with TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
path = Path(directory) / 'sample.txt'
path.write_text('temporary data', encoding='utf-8')
print(path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')) |
Create a small Python program to read JSON data from a file. | null | import json
with open('settings.json', encoding='utf-8') as file:
settings = json.load(file)
print(settings) |
Write Python code to calculate the population standard deviation. | null | from statistics import pstdev
values = [2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9]
print(pstdev(values)) |
Explain why this expression uses floor division and show the result. (practice variation 24) | print(7 // 2) | The `//` operator performs floor division. For positive operands, `7 // 2` evaluates to `3`. |
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