question stringlengths 24 833 | subject stringclasses 1
value | choices listlengths 4 4 | answer class label 4
classes |
|---|---|---|---|
How many human polyomaviruses are known at present? | virology | [
"100",
"1",
"10",
"unknown"
] | 0A |
AIDS activism in the U.S. resulted in: | virology | [
"Food and Drug Administration reforms",
"Easier access to investigational drugs",
"Changes in the way medicine was practiced in the U.S.",
"All of the above"
] | 3D |
There were no new cases of Ebola virus in the United States from January 1, 1997 through January 1, 1998. Which of the following epidemiologic terms does this statement describe? | virology | [
"Incidence",
"Lifetime expectancy",
"Lifetime prevalence",
"Period prevalence"
] | 2C |
The prevalence of HIV among Latino-Americans compared to other ethic groups in the U.S. is: | virology | [
"Highest",
"Higher than all other ethnic groups except African-Americans",
"Higher than in all other ethnic groups except African-Americans and",
"Native Americans"
] | 1B |
What is the rubella syndrome? | virology | [
"A description of the 3 day rash of German measles",
"The teratogenic lesions of cataracts, deafness, mental retardation and microcephaly in the foetus",
"Combination of rash and post infection encephalitis",
"Side effects of the MMR vaccine"
] | 1B |
What is the most common way for a virus to kill a cell? | virology | [
"Dissolves the cellular membrane",
"Induces apoptosis via caspases",
"Fragments cellular DNA",
"Totally blocks cellular transcription"
] | 1B |
The influenza virus has complicated genetics mainly characterised by which of the following? | virology | [
"Genetic reassortment amongst 8 genes",
"High levels of recombination",
"Rapid adsorption and fusion from without via a hydrophobic peptide",
"High fidelity RNA replicase enzyme"
] | 1B |
The highest risk of HIV infection among drug users in the U.S. is in: | virology | [
"The east coast",
"The central United States (Kansas, Missouri etc.)",
"Southern California",
"The Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho)"
] | 0A |
What is urban yellow fever (YF)? | virology | [
"Part of a cycle of mosquitoes biting humans in cities",
"Part of a cycle of mosquitoes biting humans and monkeys in forested areas",
"A mutant of the YF virus",
"A YF species that has adapted to new mosquitoes"
] | 0A |
Common cold viruses are ubiquitous and invade by which route? | virology | [
"Faecal oral route",
"Respiratory and surface route",
"Cuts in the skin",
"Sexual transmission"
] | 1B |
What does the reproductive number of a virus tell us? | virology | [
"How virulent the infection will be",
"How many people will die",
"How many contacts will be infected from one case",
"How long the 'incubation period' will be"
] | 2C |
A special feature of adaptive immunity is: | virology | [
"Speed of response to a foreign protein",
"Ability to distinguish self and non self",
"Ability to distinguish viruses and bacteria",
"Short memory"
] | 1B |
Which is the exception in the following range of disease symptoms caused by bunyaviruses? | virology | [
"Pneumonias",
"Haemorrhagic fever",
"Hepatitis",
"Impaired renal function"
] | 3D |
Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs? | virology | [
"Cohort",
"Serial cross-sectional",
"Mortality",
"Syndromic"
] | 1B |
The major beneficiary of Medicaid in the U.S. is: | virology | [
"Single men",
"The elderly",
"Women and children",
"Undocumented residents"
] | 2C |
Which of the following is the most important for controlling disease caused by norovirus? | virology | [
"A norovirus vaccine",
"Attention to handwashing and hygiene",
"Quarantine",
"New antiviral drugs"
] | 1B |
The most widespread and important retrovirus is HIV-1; which of the following is true? | virology | [
"Infecting only gay people",
"Infecting only males",
"Infecting every country in the world",
"Infecting only females"
] | 0A |
Which of the following is a special feature of the rabies vaccine? | virology | [
"The vaccine has not changed since the time of L. Pasteur",
"The original air dried spinal cord of infected rabbits was a killed vaccine",
"The vaccine still needs 16 doses given into the peritoneal cavity",
"The modern rabies vaccine is grown in human diploid cells from an aborted embryo"
] | 1B |
Chikungunya has spread widely from Asia and Africa into the Caribbean in recent years. This has been mainly facilitated by: | virology | [
"Mutation in the virus allowing replication in the mosquito Aedes albopictus",
"Air Travel",
"Climate change",
"Poor mosquito control and the absence of DTT"
] | 0A |
Polio can be eradicated by which of the following? | virology | [
"Attention to sewage control and hygiene",
"Killed polio vaccine",
"Live polio vaccine",
"Combination of the killed and live vaccines."
] | 0A |
What disease do herpes viruses not cause? | virology | [
"Infantile paralysis",
"Encephalitis",
"Sexually transmitted disease",
"Cancer"
] | 0A |
Nipah is a zoonotic paramyxovirus; where did it originate? | virology | [
"Originating in pigs",
"Originating in bats",
"Coming from humans",
"Coming from horses"
] | 2C |
What is the genome structure of the polyomavirus family? | virology | [
"Circular ds DNA with T antigen coding regions",
"Circular ssDNA",
"RNA genome with RT",
"Segmented RNA genome"
] | 2C |
Interferons are very special defence mechanisms which operate by: | virology | [
"Binding to viruses",
"Binding to neighbouring cells",
"Producing a long lasting state of resistance",
"Inhibiting virus induced enzymes"
] | 1B |
Genetic characteristics of the bunyavirus family include which one of the following? | virology | [
"Three segmented negative stranded RNA viruses with anti-sense expression",
"Highly mutable RNA viruses",
"Emerging viruses via arthropod vector",
"Use an RT enzyme"
] | 0A |
Public health ethics is: | virology | [
"Patient-centered",
"Population-centered",
"Subject-centered",
"Must respect the rights of individuals"
] | 1B |
What is the essential pathology of astroviruses? | virology | [
"Very restricted replication in the gut",
"Can cause infection of the central nervous system",
"Sequence diversity allows widespread replication",
"Can cause infection in the upper respiratory tract"
] | 0A |
A quasi species virus such as influenza and HIV has which of the following characteristics? | virology | [
"A fragmented or segmented genome",
"Co-existence of innumerable genetic variants",
"Possesses RNA and DNA",
"A very large genome"
] | 1B |
Positive stranded RNA viruses have which of the following characteristics? | virology | [
"Their genome RNA can be translated directly as mRNA",
"They have to transcribe their genome RNA to a mirror image copy as a mRNA",
"This genome is circular",
"Their RNA genome is segmented"
] | 0A |
What is a virus pandemic? | virology | [
"A sharp and rapid epidemic involving more than one country",
"An outbreak which recurs again and again",
"A rapid global outbreak starting from a single focus",
"A characteristic of common cold virus and HIV"
] | 2C |
Papilloma viruses are characterised by what genetic feature? | virology | [
"A genome of ds circular DNA encoding around 8 ORF",
"A virus with RT able to integrate and cause cancer",
"A variable ds RNA virus",
"A large DNA containing virus"
] | 0A |
As part of the Women’s Health Study, researchers investigated the role of systemic inflammation in predicting cardiovascular disease in women (N Engl J Med. 2002;347[20]:1557-1565). Researchers used a prospective study design with a large sample size. Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at baseline a... | virology | [
"There is no risk of heart attack/stroke for women with CRP levels in the first quintile.",
"Decreasing CRP level appears to increase the risk of heart attack/stroke.",
"Increasing CRP level appears to increase the risk of heart attack/stroke.",
"There appears to be no association between CRP levels and heart... | 0A |
What is the morphology of the Dane particle? | virology | [
"Double shelled icosahedron",
"Lipid membrane free icosahedron",
"Flexuous and filamentous morphology",
"Numerous small particles"
] | 2C |
The adenovirus virion has which unique structural feature? | virology | [
"Icosahedron",
"Icosahedron with slender fibres",
"'Complex' structure not yet fully explored",
"Flexuous lipid containing structure"
] | 1B |
Why are the viruses of this family called astroviruses? | virology | [
"Because of the nucleotide sequence of their genomes",
"The superficial appearance of a 'star' on negative straining electron microscopy",
"Because of isolation in very large numbers of mammals including dromedaries, cats and cattle",
"Because they are more common in developing countries with poor hygiene"
] | 1B |
Why do emerging viruses like Zika and Ebola continue to plague us? | virology | [
"These viruses mutate and hence emerge",
"We disturb forests where they quietly exist as a zoonosis",
"Mosquitoes are the main culprit to encourage virus spread",
"The viruses can be halted by new vaccines"
] | 1B |
How are antibody producing cells stimulated? | virology | [
"Interacting with a virus short peptide",
"Interacting with a T helper cell.",
"Interacting with a plasma cell",
"Interacting with a virus infected cell"
] | 1B |
Globally, the most deaths are caused by: | virology | [
"Respiratory infections",
"Diarrheal diseases",
"Malaria",
"Tuberculosis"
] | 1B |
Why are members of the astrovirus family only recently recognised as significant enteric viruses for humans? | virology | [
"The genome has been identified by the new method of deep sequencing",
"A new vector has been discovered",
"They infect a wide range of domestic animals and so contaminate meat",
"Knowledge of their replication as positive sense ssRNA viruses is now complete"
] | 0A |
How can the spread of filoviruses be restricted? | virology | [
"New antivirals",
"New humanised monoclonal antibodies",
"Hygiene and social distancing",
"New vaccines"
] | 2C |
PreP is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence of HIV in: | virology | [
"Women",
"Drug users",
"Pregnant women",
"a. and b. above"
] | 1B |
What happens during the 'incubation period'? | virology | [
"The virus is cleared from the body by the immune system",
"Virus replication happens at an intracellular level",
"This period commonly lasts for a few days",
"This period commonly lasts for a few hours"
] | 1B |
How does the papilloma family of viruses cause cancer? | virology | [
"Replicate in dividing cells and encodes three oncogenic proteins E5, E6 and E7",
"Integrates viral genome into cellular DNA",
"Has an oncogene able to initiate cancer",
"Acts as a co factor for a cellular oncogene"
] | 1B |
The noroviruses typically cause which of the following? | virology | [
"Diarrhoea",
"Rash",
"Projectile vomiting and diarrhoea",
"Disease of the central nervous system"
] | 2C |
Deep nucleotide sequencing (NGS) is now cheap enough for general application. What will the technique mainly be useful for? | virology | [
"Speedy vaccine development",
"Identifying genetic variation",
"Giving details on virus excretion in symptomless carriers",
"Quickly identifying new viruses"
] | 3D |
Which of the following HPV viruses are known to cause cervical cancer? | virology | [
"Viruses of all 5 clades",
"Types 14, 16, 18, 31, 45",
"None are oncogenic per se",
"Types 1-180"
] | 2C |
Which member of the paramyxovirus family can cause very serious croup? | virology | [
"Measles",
"Meta pneumo virus",
"Hendra",
"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)"
] | 1B |
Describe the morphology of a togavirus. | virology | [
"Enveloped spherical particles with an icosahedral structure",
"Non-enveloped with an icosahedral structure",
"Filamentous virus with protruding glycoproteins",
"Small round viruses"
] | 0A |
A good surveillance system should provide information about: | virology | [
"Who is being infected",
"Where the infected individuals are",
"How rapidly infection is spreading",
"All of the above"
] | 3D |
What has so far prevented polio being eradicated from the world? | virology | [
"Inability to vaccinate in some countries",
"Poor quality (unsafe) vaccines",
"Genetic variation",
"Expense"
] | 0A |
The range of disease caused by the family is wide but identify the exception from the following: | virology | [
"Aplastic crisis in anaemia patients",
"Fifth disease at 'Slapped cheek' syndrome",
"Foetal infection with teratogenicity",
"Serious pneumonia"
] | 0A |
Which of the following drugs inhibit herpes viruses? | virology | [
"Amantadine",
"Acyclovir",
"Oseltamivir",
"Azidothymidine"
] | 3D |
Lassa and Ebola are emergent viruses in W. Africa. What is their origin? | virology | [
"Humans",
"Primates",
"Fruit bats",
"Pigs"
] | 1B |
Papillomaviruses cause warts and cancer but how do they most often infect humans? | virology | [
"Are water borne",
"Are airborne",
"Via scratches and breaks in the skin",
"Are nosocomial and spread in hospitals"
] | 2C |
How are new polyomaviruses detailed | virology | [
"Shot gun sequencing",
"Cultivation in human neural cells",
"Deep pyro sequencing (NGS)",
"Monoclonal antibody techniques"
] | 0A |
Achieving effective change in a community is usually dependent on which of the following segments of society? | virology | [
"Innovators",
"Early adapters",
"Middle adapters",
"Late adapters"
] | 0A |
Describe the YF vaccine. | virology | [
"Killed virus vaccine",
"Live attenuated virus vaccine developed by Pasteurian passage",
"Live attenuated vaccine produced by direct mutation of the virus genome",
"Experimental vaccine only"
] | 1B |
What is the biggest risk factor for infection with Ebola? | virology | [
"Working in a category IV laboratory",
"Attending a funeral of a victim outside",
"Nursing a patient at home",
"Attending football matches or large gatherings"
] | 0A |
Which areas of the world are rabies free? | virology | [
"USA",
"Norway",
"EU",
"Island nations, UK, NZ and Australia"
] | 3D |
How is the parvovirus family targeted to reduce disease? | virology | [
"Transfusion blood is screened",
"Vaccine has been developed",
"A range of new antivirals",
"Social distancing"
] | 0A |
Who discovered the first virus? | virology | [
"The microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek",
"The bacteriologist Charles Chamberland",
"The botanist Dmitri Iwanowsky",
"The virologist Jonas Salk"
] | 2C |
“Contingency management” is”: | virology | [
"A strategy of last resort for reducing high-risk behaviors",
"Paying drug users for negative urine specimens",
"Paying sex workers to use condoms",
"Paying drug users to use condoms"
] | 1B |
What is the main clinical picture of hepatitis A? | virology | [
"Rash",
"Limb paralysis",
"Jaundice and abdominal discomfort",
"Upper respiratory tract infection"
] | 2C |
If the human norovirus cannot be cultured in cell cultures how can it best be studied? | virology | [
"Animal models",
"Volunteer studies",
"In cells using replicon systems",
"Deductions from the 3 human ORF's of the virus genome"
] | 1B |
Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure’s effect on the risk of disease is called: | virology | [
"Confounding",
"Bias",
"Interaction",
"Stratification"
] | 2C |
Describe the coronavirus structure. | virology | [
"Club shaped glycoprotein spikes protrude through a lipid bilayer",
"An icosahedral structure with an envelope",
"An icosahedral large pleomorphic virus",
"Large regimented barrel shaped virus"
] | 2C |
SARS is described as a zoonotic virus - what does this mean? | virology | [
"Such viruses are confined to animals",
"They do not cause disease in humans",
"They emerge from animals to cross the species barrier infrequently",
"They cause pandemics"
] | 0A |
Clinical infection by an arenavirus is characterised by which one of the following? | virology | [
"Pantropic infection",
"Signs of malaria",
"Short (2-3 days) incubation",
"Hepatitis"
] | 0A |
How does rubella cause foetal abnormalities? | virology | [
"By crossing the placenta early in pregnancy and infecting the foetus",
"By only infecting the placenta",
"By inducing cytokines and chemokines in the mother",
"By raising the temperature of the mother and inducing an abnormal immune reaction to the foetus"
] | 0A |
Which of the following is an unusual feature of the replication cycle in coronaviruses? | virology | [
"The RNAs all terminate in a common 3´ and produce nested set transcripts",
"They take advantage of recombination with the long RNA genome",
"They are not highly mutable",
"They use capped cellular mRNA's"
] | 1B |
Typical clinical symptoms following infection with astroviruses include which of the following? | virology | [
"Acute pneumonia",
"Gastroenteritis in children",
"Hepatitis",
"rashes"
] | 1B |
An updated version of classification shows the parvovirus family as having how many genera? | virology | [
"Having 5 genera",
"A very large number of virus types",
"Only a single virus",
"Only three viruses"
] | 1B |
How can epidemics of astrovirus mainly be controlled? | virology | [
"By vaccination",
"Using passive antibody",
"Basic knowledge of hand washing and food hygiene",
"Quarantine"
] | 2C |
500 women aged 40 – 54 who present for routine check-ups are asked about their meat consumption the women turn out to be vegetarian. During the ensuing 5 years, 5 vegetarians and 43 non-vegetarians develop colorectal cancer. Which of the following best describes the study design? | virology | [
"Case series report",
"Cohort study",
"Case-control study",
"Cross-sectional study"
] | 0A |
Poliovirus can most easily become more virulent by which of the following processes? | virology | [
"Mutation of the RNA genome at only a few positions",
"Recombining with another enterovirus",
"Altering its protein coat",
"Multiple nucleotide deletions and substitutions"
] | 0A |
A virus such as influenza which emerges suddenly and spreads globally is called: | virology | [
"Epidemic",
"Endemic",
"Pandemic",
"Zoonotic"
] | 1B |
Of the following factors, which are the most important factors for virus spread and infection? | virology | [
"Age",
"Sex",
"Genetic factors",
"Travel"
] | 3D |
How do viruses of the calcivirus family replicate? | virology | [
"As negative strand RNA viruses",
"As positive strand RNA viruses",
"Retroviruses",
"Using genetic reassortment"
] | 1B |
Which of the following is the most special characteristic of the adaptive immune system? | virology | [
"Antibodies",
"T cells",
"Memory T cells",
"Clonal expansion of pre-existing antibodies and/or T cells"
] | 3D |
The parvoviruses have a rather unique genome; what form does it take? | virology | [
"Circular ds DNA",
"Small linear ss DNA",
"ds DNA genome",
"RNA genome with RT"
] | 3D |
What is the usual direction of 'knowledge' in a cell? | virology | [
"From protein to DNA",
"From DNA to DNA",
"From DNA to RNA to protein",
"Random"
] | 2C |
Why are drug combinations essential for HIV? | virology | [
"Single drugs are not completely inhibitory",
"Mutations negate the effect of one drug",
"Combinations of antibiotics are effective versus TB",
"The virus cannot mutate vs a combination"
] | 2C |
David Baltimore is a molecular biologist. What did he discover? | virology | [
"The structure of DNA",
"X-ray crystallographic techniques",
"The enzyme reverse transcriptase",
"The anti HIV drug zidovudine"
] | 2C |
Identify the most commonly used diagnostic technique in the virus laboratory: | virology | [
"Virus isolation in cell culture",
"Deep sequencing (NGS)",
"Reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR",
"Immuno-serology"
] | 1B |
The major risk group for HIV infection among Latinos is: | virology | [
"Heterosexual males",
"Homosexual males",
"Females",
"Injection drug users"
] | 1B |
Chemotherapy is now an option for clinical care of patients. Typical drug regimens now include which of the following? | virology | [
"Interferon and ribavirin",
"Lamivudine and ribavirin",
"Combinations of adefovir and entecavir and/or tenofovir (DAA)",
"Interferons alone"
] | 1B |
What is the current best option for preventing future outbreaks of Ebola? | virology | [
"Rebuild scientific, medical and nursing infrastructure and train staff",
"Early and accurate diagnosis with molecular kits",
"Develop effective vaccines",
"Arrange rapid intervention into West Africa with EU and USA army teams"
] | 3D |
What is the most important factor for virus classification? | virology | [
"The geometry of the virus",
"How many proteins the virus has",
"The disease a virus causes",
"Chemistry of the DNA and RNA"
] | 3D |
Which is a major characteristic of the bunyavirus family? | virology | [
"Amplify by persistent infection of midgets, mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks",
"Predominantly mosquito borne",
"Genetic recombination or reassortment",
"Spread to humans via bites of mice and rats"
] | 0A |
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