question stringlengths 19 411 | subject stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of style over substance? | logical_fallacies | [
"Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another.",
"Confusing figurative language with literal language.",
"Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message.",
"Using emotionally charged language to create an impress... | 2C |
Appeal to compassion is | logical_fallacies | [
"an appeal to emotion that argues against a position based only on negative personal feelings toward the position",
"an appeal to emotion that argues a conclusion should be made based only on feeling sorry for someone",
"an appeal to emotion that argues an action should be taken based only on the need to be loy... | 1B |
Arguing that someone couldn't have done something good because she holds a particular position commits the fallacy of | logical_fallacies | [
"Guilt by association",
"False dilemma",
"Reprehensible personality",
"False dichotomy"
] | 2C |
The hasty conclusion fallacy is | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that a single event caused another when the cause is really several events",
"making an argument without enough evidence to support the conclusion",
"substituting individual stories for a larger sample in support of a claim",
"reasoning that applies irrelevant criteria to the subject of the argument.... | 1B |
" _Ad lazarum_ " is | logical_fallacies | [
"a specific type of false sign that argues there is necessarily an inverse relationship between cost and quality, so something is necessarily a better value because it costs less",
"arguing that what is true of an entire object must also be true of every individual part of that object",
"a specific type of fals... | 0A |
Which of the statements below is correct about the following argument?
"If the sky is blue there won't be rain. The sky is blue today. Therefore, there won't be rain." | logical_fallacies | [
"It is a formally valid categorical syllogism",
"It is a formally invalid disjunctive syllogism",
"It is a formally valid conditional syllogism",
"It is a formally invalid conditional syllogism"
] | 2C |
Which of the following best describes the snob appeal fallacy? | logical_fallacies | [
"reasoning that a claim is true based only on the evidence that it has been made so often.",
"arguing someone should accept a claim based only on the evidence that he or she has the favorable characteristics to understand the truth of the claim.",
"arguing a claim should be accepted based only on evidence that ... | 3D |
The universe, like a watch, must have a maker. | logical_fallacies | [
"Fallacy of Accident",
"Questionable Analogy",
"Questionable Cause",
"Fallacy of Composition"
] | 1B |
Given the following major premise, which of the following minor premises could lead to a valid conclusion?
"Either I'm going to do well on this test or I'm going to be mad." | logical_fallacies | [
"\"I won't do well on the test\"",
"\"I won't take the test\"",
"\"My birthday is today\"",
"both A and B"
] | 0A |
In a faulty analogy, the things being compared are... | logical_fallacies | [
"Sufficiently similar",
"Sufficiently similar in irrelevant ways",
"Complete opposites",
"Not sufficiently similar in relevant ways"
] | 3D |
Which of the following describes the _tu quoque_ fallacy? | logical_fallacies | [
"summarizing an opponent's position in a way that makes it seem silly",
"attempting to gain agreement based only on the feelings aroused in the argument",
"responding to charges of wrongdoing by saying the accuser does the same thing",
"arguing against a position based only on negative personal feelings towar... | 2C |
The genetic fallacy consists of | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that a conclusion should be made based on feeling sorry for someone when that feeling is irrelevant to the conclusion",
"responding to charges of wrongdoing by saying the accuser does something just as bad",
"arguing that an idea should be accepted or rejected based only on who originated the idea.",
... | 2C |
So, how long have you been beating your wife? | logical_fallacies | [
"Attacking the Person (ad hominem)",
"False Dilemma",
"Prejudicial Language",
"Appeal to Force"
] | 2C |
We must assume that he is a Communist, because he says that he is not, and we know that Communists are taught always to deny party membership. | logical_fallacies | [
"Argument from Ignorance",
"Affirming the Consequent",
"Denying the Antecedent",
"Begging the Question"
] | 1B |
False analogy is another name for which fallacy? | logical_fallacies | [
"Over generalization",
"Composition",
"Concomitant variation",
"Imperfect analogy"
] | 3D |
Which of the following fallacies happen if someone argues that you are a reasonable and intelligent person, so of course you understand his claim is true? | logical_fallacies | [
"significance",
"argument from authority",
"appeal to pride",
"slippery slope"
] | 2C |
Which fallacy happens when someone argues in favor of a two part proposition, only supports one part of the proposition, then asserts that the entire proposition has been supported. | logical_fallacies | [
"a priori",
"Complex proposition",
"Extension",
"Appeal to ignorance"
] | 1B |
Which of the following is a test of the validity of a conditional syllogism? | logical_fallacies | [
"Every term must be used twice--no more and no less",
"If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative",
"The minor premise must affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent",
"The alternatives presented must be mutually exclusive"
] | 2C |
Which of the following is another name for the fallacy of amphiboly? | logical_fallacies | [
"Misusing ambiguity",
"Reification",
"Figure of speech",
"Special pleading"
] | 0A |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of self-evident truths? | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that a claim is true based only on evidence that an authority figure accepts the claim.",
"arguing a claim should be accepted based only on evidence that unidentified authorities accept it.",
"arguing that a claim should be accepted based on evidence that is not presented, but is asserted to be well kn... | 2C |
If someone uses an emotionally charged restatement of a claim in place of support for the claim, that person may have committed which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"Style over substance",
"Question begging epithets",
"Hypostatization",
"Amphiboly"
] | 1B |
Another name for the fallacy of accident is | logical_fallacies | [
"Laudatory personality",
"Guilt by association",
"Either-or fallacy",
"Dicto simpliciter"
] | 3D |
Arguing that someone should do something because other people are doing it is a description of which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"appeal to common practice",
"snob appeal",
"argument by consensus",
"appeal to tradition"
] | 0A |
Which of the following describes the fallacy of false consolation? | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing against a position based only on negative personal feelings toward the position",
"responding to charges of wrongdoing by saying others do things as bad or worse",
"arguing that someone is not really harmed because things could be worse or by pointing out what they have to be thankful for",
"using th... | 2C |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of poisoning the well? | logical_fallacies | [
"a way of suppressing evidence that eliminates a source of evidence from consideration by claiming the source is flawed, when there is no true relationship between the alleged flaw and the reliability of the source",
"arguing that a claim should be accepted based on evidence that is not presented, but asserted to... | 0A |
Which of the following describes the straw person fallacy? | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing someone should do something only because it will make him or her better liked",
"saying an opposing arguer has taken a position that you can easily defeat, when he or she has not taken that position, then going on to defeat that position and claim to have done significant damage to that arguer's overall ... | 1B |
Which of the following is another name for appeal to the people? | logical_fallacies | [
"argument by consensus",
"appeal to beliefs",
"no true Scotsman",
"overlooked evidence"
] | 0A |
Which of the following is the best explanation of the fallacy of loaded language? | logical_fallacies | [
"Using emotionally charged language to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.",
"Referring to an act committed by an opponent in negative terms while referring to the same act committed by the arguer or supporters in favorable terms.",
"... | 0A |
Automatically rejecting a claim just because it's traditional is... | logical_fallacies | [
"Not reasonable",
"An appeal to tradition",
"An appeal to the masses",
"Reasonable"
] | 0A |
A slippery-slope pattern of argument is fallacious when... | logical_fallacies | [
"It is hypothetical",
"There is good reason to think that doing one action will inevitably lead to another undesirable action",
"There are only two possible results",
"There is no good reason to think that doing one action will inevitably lead to another undesirable action"
] | 3D |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of special pleading? | logical_fallacies | [
"Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message.",
"Using language and punctuation in a way that a statement can have multiple interpretations, so it's not really clear what is meant.",
"Confusing figurative language with literal language.",
"Referr... | 3D |
If someone says if you do something it will lead to extreme consequences, but doesn't provide you with any evidence of a cause and effect relationship between your act and those consequences, that person has probably committed which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"ad nauseam",
"self evident truths",
"slippery slope",
"suppressed evidence"
] | 2C |
" _Ad novitatem_ " is a specific kind of fallacy of | logical_fallacies | [
"Division",
"False sign",
"False cause",
"Hasty Generalization"
] | 1B |
Rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself is known as the fallacy of... | logical_fallacies | [
"Division",
"Appeal to emotion",
"Composition",
"Appeal to the person"
] | 3D |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of amphiboly? | logical_fallacies | [
"Using emotionally charged languages to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.",
"Referring to an act committed by an opponent in negative terms while referring to the same act committed by the arguer or supporters in favorable terms.",
... | 2C |
The fallacy of appeal to the person is rejecting a claim by... | logical_fallacies | [
"Using rhetoric",
"Making false statements",
"Ignoring the person",
"Criticizing the person who makes it"
] | 3D |
Another name for hasty conclusion is | logical_fallacies | [
"hasty generalization",
"post hoc ergo prompter hoc",
"jumping to a conclusion",
"ad novitatem"
] | 2C |
I don't know what the answer is to number 8. But Heather hasn't made the third option into the correct answer for a while, and even then only once, so I'm guessing that this is the fallacy of Composition! | logical_fallacies | [
"Gambler's Fallacy",
"Equivocation",
"Fallacy of Composition",
"Appeal to Pity"
] | 0A |
When someone argues that making a change will have no significant effect, but there is no evidence that the effect will not be significant, that person has committed which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"poisoning the well",
"solid slope",
"appeal to tradition",
"argument from authority"
] | 1B |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of question begging epithets? | logical_fallacies | [
"Treating something that exists in the mind as if it was a real object.",
"A form of loaded language that uses an emotionally charged restatement of the claim, often in the form of name calling, in place of support for the claim.",
"Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to anoth... | 1B |
Which of the following describes he fallacy of appeal to pride? | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing a claim should be accepted based only on evidence that unidentified authorities accept it.",
"arguing someone should accept a claim based only on the evidence that he or she has the favorable characteristics to understand the truth of the claim.",
"arguing something should be done based only on evidenc... | 1B |
_A priori_ is a fallacy that involves | logical_fallacies | [
"asking a question that includes either an unproven assumption or more than one question, thus making a straightforward yes or no answer meaningless.",
"arguing something is inferior just because it doesn't do something it was never intended to do.",
"arguing that a claim must be true because there is no eviden... | 3D |
If you say an opposing arguer has taken a position that you can easily defeat, when he or she has not taken that position, then you go on to defeat that position and claim to have done significant damage to that arguer's overall argument, you are probably guilty of which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"genetic fallacy",
"appeal to emotions",
"straw person",
"ignorance of refutation"
] | 2C |
The complex proposition fallacy involves | logical_fallacies | [
"including more than one claim in the proposition and treating proof for one claim as proof for all the claims.",
"asking a question that includes either an unproven assumption or more than one question, thus making a straightforward yes or no answer meaningless.",
"arguing that a claim must be true because the... | 0A |
The _ad nauseam_ fallacy is | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that something should be done because that's the way it's been done in the past.",
"arguing that an act should be carried out because it will not have any significant consequences, when there is no evidence of the effects",
"reasoning that a conclusion is true because it's been claimed so often",
"re... | 2C |
Referring to an act committed by an opponent in negative terms while referring to the same act committed by the arguer or supporters in favorable terms describes which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"Ambiguity",
"Special pleading",
"Reification",
"Hypostatization"
] | 1B |
Another name for the fallacy of complex question is | logical_fallacies | [
"Fallacy of interrogation",
"Compound proposition",
"Appeal to ignorance",
"Extension"
] | 0A |
The appeal to joy fallacy involves | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that someone should do something based only on the assertion that it will make him or her feel happier",
"causing confusion during refutation because of a lack of ability to engage in refutation",
"arguing for a conclusion based only on feeling sorry for someone when that feeling is irrelevant to the c... | 0A |
Another name for the fallacy of accident is | logical_fallacies | [
"Sweeping generalization",
"Black-or-white fallacy",
"Petitio principii",
"False dichotomy"
] | 0A |
Which of the following describes the fallacy of evading the issue? | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that someone should do something only because of ill will towards someone else",
"characterizing an opponent's position in a way that makes it seem ridiculous",
"supporting a claim with evidence or reasoning that is not relevant to the proposition, or responding to another's argument by changing the su... | 2C |
Including more than one claim in a proposition may lead to which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"Complex question",
"Appeal to ignorance",
"Compound proposition",
"Extension"
] | 2C |
Which of the following fallacies happens when someone concludes that someone couldn't have done something bad because he or she has good qualities? | logical_fallacies | [
"Laudatory personality",
"Guilt by association",
"Reprehensible personality",
"Circular reasoning"
] | 0A |
The appeal to anonymous authority fallacy consists of | logical_fallacies | [
"reasoning that an act or series of acts should be carried out because they will have no significant consequences, when there is no evidence there will be no consequences.",
"arguing that a claim should be accepted based on the evidence that a large number of people accept it",
"arguing that something should be... | 3D |
A hasty generalization is a fallacy of... | logical_fallacies | [
"Acceptable premises",
"Unacceptable premises",
"Deduction",
"Acceptable but untrue premises"
] | 1B |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of figure of speech? | logical_fallacies | [
"Using emotionally charged language to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.",
"Treating something that exists in the mind as if it was a real object.",
"Confusing figurative language with literal language.",
"A form of loaded languag... | 2C |
The fallacy of extension consists of | logical_fallacies | [
"asking a question that includes either an unproven assumption or more than one question, thus making a straightforward yes or no answer meaningless.",
"arguing something is flawed because it doesn't do what it was never intended to do.",
"arguing about something when you don't know what you're talking about",
... | 1B |
Which of the following describes the fallacy of appeal to common practice? | logical_fallacies | [
"eliminating a source of evidence from consideration by claiming the source is flawed, when there is no true relationship between the alleged flaw and the reliability of the source",
"reasoning that an act or series of acts should be carried out because they will have no significant consequences, when there is no... | 3D |
I don't understand why everyone thinks they belong in college. After all, everyone knows that when you are intelligent you'll succeed. But so many people that elect to attend college don't have even the most basic intelligence. How do they expect to get anywhere here? | logical_fallacies | [
"Attacking the Person (ad hominem)",
"Straw Man",
"Denying the Antecedent",
"Begging the Question"
] | 2C |
Another name for hasty generalization is | logical_fallacies | [
"false criteria",
"secundum quid",
"anecdotal evidence",
"ad crumenam"
] | 1B |
If you think that someone's argument is strong based on their compelling use of language and confident delivery, you've probably committed which fallacy? | logical_fallacies | [
"Amphiboly",
"Equivocation",
"Special pleading",
"Style over substance"
] | 3D |
Moses Maimonides, "The Guide of the Perplexed": God, may He be exalted ... existed alone, and nothing else. ...Afterwards, through His will and His volition, He brought into existence out of nothing all the beings as they are, time itself being one of the created things. For time is consequent upon motion, and motion i... | logical_fallacies | [
"Equivocation",
"Appeal to Authority",
"Inconsisteny",
"Slippery Slope"
] | 2C |
Which of the following best describes the fallacy of equivocation? | logical_fallacies | [
"A form of loaded language that uses an emotionally charged restatement of the claim in place of support for the claim.",
"Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another.",
"Confusing figurative language with literal language.",
"Referring to an act committed by an opponent ... | 1B |
The fallacy of appeal to emotions consists of | logical_fallacies | [
"trying to make an opponent's argument seem ridiculous",
"defending wrongdoing by claiming the opposing arguer does the same thing",
"arguing that an argument should be rejected because the source of the argument",
"trying to get someone else to agree to a claim only by arousing that person's feelings about t... | 3D |
Which of the following fallacies happens when someone concludes that someone couldn't have done something good because he or she has negative qualities? | logical_fallacies | [
"Laudatory personality",
"Guilt by association",
"Reprehensible personality",
"Circular reasoning"
] | 2C |
Another name for the bandwagon appeal is | logical_fallacies | [
"appeal to beliefs",
"appeal to authority",
"appeal to the people",
"common man appeal"
] | 2C |
A valid disjunctive syllogism has which of the following characteristics? | logical_fallacies | [
"The minor premise must either affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent",
"The minor premise must either accept an alternative or reject an alternative",
"One of the premises is missing",
"It reaches a truthful conclusion"
] | 1B |
Appeal to beliefs is another name for which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"ad nauseam",
"appeal to tradition",
"solid slope",
"self evident truths"
] | 3D |
When a claim is supported only by asserting that unidentified experts accept the claim the arguer has committed which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"appeal to tradition",
"ad vericundiam",
"appeal to anonymous authority",
"snob appeal"
] | 2C |
The false sign fallacy is | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that what is true of part of an object is necessarily true of the entire object",
"arguing that two things are similar enough that what is true of one is true of the other",
"arguing that since something is inexpensive it is necessarily of low quality",
"reasoning by sign when there is really not a d... | 3D |
" _Ad novitatem_ " is | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing that what is true of a few members of a class is true of all members of the class",
"drawing a conclusion by applying irrelevant criteria to a subject",
"substituting individual stories for a larger sample as support for a claim",
"arguing that something must be good because it is new, or must be bad... | 3D |
If you argued something is flawed because it fails to do something, when it was never intended to do that, you may have committed which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"ad ignorantium",
"Many questions",
"Extension",
"Compound proposition"
] | 2C |
" _Ad antiquitatem_ " is | logical_fallacies | [
"a specific type of false cause fallacy that argues that since two event happened at the same time one event must have caused the other",
"a specific type of false sign fallacy that reasons something is necessarily better because it is old, or is worse because it is new",
"a specific type of false sign fallacy ... | 1B |
" _Ad crumenam_ " is | logical_fallacies | [
"basing a conclusion on an analogy when the items being compared are not similar enough to sustain the analogy",
"a specific type of false sign fallacy that reasons someone is necessarily better because he or she is wealthy, or is worse because he or she is poor",
"drawing a firm conclusion without enough evide... | 1B |
"The minor premise must affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent" is a validity requirement of which type of argument? | logical_fallacies | [
"Toulmin",
"Categorical",
"Disjunctive",
"Conditional (or hypothetical)"
] | 3D |
Arguing in favor of a claim based only on the evidence that some regular people believe the claim is one way to commit which of the following fallacies? | logical_fallacies | [
"poisoning the well",
"common person appeal",
"ad numerum",
"suppressed evidence"
] | 1B |
The appeal to fear involves | logical_fallacies | [
"arguing something should be done only because it will make the person doing it feel good",
"arguing someone should do something only because of ill will towards someone else",
"arguing actions should be taken to avoid exaggerated, unlikely, or irrelevant negative results",
"characterizing an opponents positi... | 2C |
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