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ω\omega, the generated results, as shown in the second row, appear more blurred. From the third row, it can be seen that increasing ww produces results that are markedly closer to the ground truth, both featuring a tanh\tanh-like topography, although the direction is not exact. The results generated by w=0w=0 are shown... | As shown in Figure 8, the generated topography results are shown in the second and third columns for w=0w=0 and w=5w=5, respectively. When w=0w=0, the generated features are barely discernible, whereas with w=5w=5, the generated topography exhibits a closer correspondence to the ground truth, although there are discrep... | The validation process is illustrated in Figure 6, where, with a threshold set at 1×10−31\times 10^{-3}, three feasible solutions were successfully obtained that meet both the solver’s constraints and the threshold criterion. We compared the cases with the maximum and minimum residuals, as shown in Figure 7. The compar... | Figure 9 illustrates the validation process using the solver. When the threshold was set to 1×10−31\times 10^{-3}, feasible solutions were rarely obtained. By relaxing the criterion to 1.2×10−31.2\times 10^{-3}, four feasible solutions are within the setting threshold. The observed discontinuities in the curve arise fr... | As illustrated in the Figure 3, it can be seen that three generations met the setting threshold of 1e−31e^{-3}, as indicated by the yellow circles. The 14th generation yielded the most accurate result, exhibiting a shape and position that was highly consistent with the ground truth. To further demonstrate the necessit... | B |
Together, these results demonstrate that CERA generalizes robustly across climates, effectively capturing the vertical and zonal structure of moist processes, although its performance degrades in the tropical boundary layer. The Baseline model shows a sharp decline in skill for +4K, particularly in the deep tropics, wh... | We propose CERA (Climate-invariant Encoding through Representation Alignment), a self-supervised model that learns climate-invariant structure directly from raw inputs, without any feature engineering or labels from warmer climates. | CERA demonstrates that combining autoencoding with latent space alignment offers a powerful and flexible approach for learning climate-invariant representations of subgrid processes. Unlike models that rely on hand-crafted input features, CERA learns directly from raw inputs, eliminating the need for manual feature eng... | A second stage of the model then learns to predict key atmospheric processes using only outputs from the control climate. CERA makes more accurate predictions under warming than models that rely on raw inputs or manually engineered physical features. | The results show that our method achieves comparable or better performance than approaches based on hand-crafted physical inputs, without requiring any outputs from warmer climate conditions. We do still need inputs from the warmer climate, and in practice these could be obtained from climate-model simulations or poten... | B |
A uniform pressure load of 10kPa10\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{kPa} is applied to the endocardial surface to simulate | This implementation enables seamless integration of the IB method within the FEniCS framework for FSI simulations, offering several notable advantages. | This study is based on the IB method derived by Boffi et al.[17], which is used to solve FSI systems. The method is mathematically described by the following system: | It enables seamless integration with FEniCS’s existing infrastructure and user-friendly Python interface. | Figure 7: Setup of the idealized left ventricle in the IB framework: the gray region represents the fixed computational domain Ω\Omega, while the | A |
The following section describes the methods used for the design and development of the architecture of the deep learning model. MedFormer is a Swin-UNet Transformer 3D tailored to the Mediterranean Sea basin, and trained to forecast the state of the ocean dynamics up to 9 days ahead with high accuracy. | The input to the MedFormer model is both the sea state and the atmospheric forcing at time t−3,t−2,t−1,tt-3,t-2,t-1,t, the atmospheric forecast at time t+1t+1 is also used as input to the decoder, whereas the Mediterranean Sea state at time t+1t+1 is predicted. | Figure 2: MedFormer and MedFS RMSD computed against the Mediterranean Sea Analysis for temperature, salinity, meridional and zonal velocities at the surface and SSH averaged across the 2022 year in the whole Mediterranean basin for all 9 forecast lead times. MedFormer errors are shown in blue, MedFS errors in orange, a... | Figure 4: RMSD along vertical levels for meridional and zonal velocities, averaged over one year across the entire Mediterranean basin, for all 9 forecast lead times. MedFormer error is shown in blue, MedFS error in orange, and the persistence is indicated by the dashed green line. | The Mediterranean Sea dynamics is characterized by four 3-dimensional sea state variables, namely salinity, temperature, meridional and zonal velocities at 18 depth levels (i.e., 1.02m, 3.17m, 5.46m, 7.92m, 10.54m, 19.40m, 29.89m, 51.38m, 72.62m, 97.93m, 153.43m, 203.17m, 249.92m, 303.56m, 398.54m, 556.41m, 756.20m, 97... | D |
Notably, the relative contribution of 229Th doped at site 1 in X2 is significantly smaller than that in C10 and C13. | The relative signal contributions from 229Th at the four identified sites are summarized in Table 1. | Two full spectra of the 229Th nuclear quadrupole structure in CaF2 are recorded for all three crystals. | Notably, the relative contribution of 229Th doped at site 1 in X2 is significantly smaller than that in C10 and C13. | Table 1: Relative contribution of microscopic sites to spectroscopy signal (%). Values in parentheses are differences of fitting results of the two spectra. | D |
As expected, Fo-o-pF_{\text{o-o-p}} decreases monotonically in time as the system evolves toward a lower-energy configuration (Fig. 3B). The steepest decline occurs during Stage 1, as large bubbles retract from narrow pore throats (Fig. 2C), leading to a rapid decline in gas–solid interfacial energy. This decline, howe... | where HH is Henry’s constant in volatility form (with units of pressure per molar fraction), RR is the universal gas constant, TT is the absolute temperature, ρ¯w\bar{\rho}_{w} is the molar density of the aqueous phase, DwD_{w} is the molecular diffusion coefficient of the gas in the aqueous phase, and τ\tau is the tor... | Crucially, we demonstrate for the first time that a continuum model incorporating microscale pore-geometry characteristics can accurately predict the evolution of gas saturation without the use of fitting parameters. When applied to representative sandstone formations, the model yields characteristic equilibration time... | We impose Dirichlet boundary conditions on the molar concentration at the left and right inlet channels of the domain, specified by Henry’s law as χ=(Pw+Pc−Pv)/H\chi=(P_{w}+P_{c}-P_{v})/H, where PwP_{w} is the water pressure (equal to atmospheric pressure in our experiments) and PvP_{v} is the saturated vapor pressure ... | Continuum Model of Ripening. To capture the macroscopic dynamics of Ostwald ripening in porous media with pore-scale heterogeneity, we develop a continuum model based on the pore-network formulation of Bueno et al. [27]. The model describes the spatiotemporal evolution of the molar fraction of dissolved gas in the aque... | D |
In this study, we have considered dissociative electron attachment to the HNC3. The approach combines the electron-scattering calculations and the O’Malley theory of dissociative attachment generalized to polyatomic targets. In HNC3+e−e^{-} collisions, there is a low-energy resonance, which has a repulsive character al... | To model the DEA process, we have modified the approach developed by Yuen et al. [29], which is based on the DEA theory for diatomic molecules [30]. The approach requires the knowledge of the HNC3 PES near its equilibrium position, the HNC3 vibrational modes, as well as the PES and autodetachment widths of the anion ne... | VK and JF acknowledge the support from the US National Science Foundation, grants 2409570 and 2303895 respectively. The study was also partially supported by the Transatlantic Mobility Program and Chateaubriand Fellowship of the Office for Science and Technology of the Embassy | Considering the HNC3+e−e^{-} system at the geometry of the HNC3 equilibrium, there is an electronic resonance of the A′A^{\prime} and of the A′′A^{\prime\prime} irreps at 0.142 eV and 1.064 eV (scattering energy), respectively. The lowest dissociation limit of the A′A^{\prime} resonant state corresponds to C3N-+H. Figu... | The lower panel of Fig. 3 shows the eigenphase sums for different displacements along mode 1 near the equilibrium geometry of HNC3. Similarly to Ref. [29], dimensionless normal mode coordinates are used, i.e. coordinates in units of the harmonic oscillator length ℏ/mω\sqrt{\hbar/m\omega}, where mm is the mass and ω\om... | B |
=u~1,i,jn+1−Δtρi,j+ρi,j−12pi,jn+1−pi,j−1n+1h\displaystyle=\tilde{u}_{1,i,j}^{n+1}-\frac{\Delta t}{\frac{\rho_{i,j}+\rho_{i,j-1}}{2}}\frac{p_{i,j}^{n+1}-p_{i,j-1}^{n+1}}{h} | The shear that develops along the flanks of spikes and bubbles generates counter-rotating vortices, which in turn intensify and promote the formation of a mixing zone where small-scale interpenetration of the fluids occurs Youngs (1984). | For the rising-bubble case, the simulations accurately reproduced the full sequence of dynamic behavior, from the initial spherical shape to progressive deformation under the competing influences of buoyancy, surface tension, and viscous drag. The formation and evolution of counter-rotating vortices in the wake, as wel... | Bottom row (v–viii): Velocity field and vorticity contours illustrating flow structures and counter-rotating vortices in the bubble wake. | The bottom row (v–viii) in Figure 5 presents velocity vectors overlaid on vorticity contours. Two symmetric counter-rotating vortices form in the bubble’s wake soon after motion begins. These vortices grow in size and intensity before stabilizing, generating a low-pressure zone behind the bubble. | C |
Figures 4 and 5 provide a detailed view into the internal mechanics of the Benders’ decomposition process for a representative instance. Figure 4 demonstrates the characteristic convergence pattern, where the lower bound (derived from the master problem’s relaxed solutions) monotonically increases while the upper bound... | While our LLM-driven conversion engine can process any suitable MILP, converting a large-scale problem into a single, monolithic QUBO often results in a model that is too large and complex to be solved effectively. This scalability challenge, which we demonstrate empirically in Section 4, motivates the use of a decompo... | A novel integration of AI, HPC and quantum. We demonstrate for the first time a seamless workflow that combines a generative AI compiler with a hybrid quantum decomposition solver, establishing a new paradigm for automated problem solving. | An LLM-driven compiler for end-to-end QUBO formulation. We propose and implement a novel framework that leverages an LLM to automate the transformation from a high-level problem description into a quantum-ready QUBO matrix, significantly lowering the barrier to entry for quantum optimization. | In this paper, we present a novel framework that leverages an LLM to automate the end-to-end pipeline from a standard MILP model to a QUBO formulation. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed LLM-driven conversion process is both stable and capable of producing high-quality QUBO models that are semantically equiv... | D |
The unitary rotation shows that paraparticles do not simply swap like fermions or bosons, but their states transform non-trivially. | The partition function ZZ of the whole system of paraparticles is a product of single-mode partition functions zR(xk)z_{R}(x_{k}) wang2025particle . | The construction of the state space of the system containing multiple paraparticles is done by applying the creation operator on the vacuum (just like in the case of fermion Fock Space) wang2025particle . | The partition function ZZ encodes all the thermodynamic information. The trace is over the State space of paraparticles. In the case of free paraparticles, the Hamiltonian has been diagonalised into modes, and each mode contributes independently to the partition function ZZ. | Hamiltonian H^\hat{H} describes the total energy of the system of free (non-interacting) paraparticles wang2025particle : | D |
={μk(ek‖logU‖2−1)+λ2tan(logdetF)2if(logdetF)2<π2∞else.\displaystyle=\begin{cases}\frac{\mu}{k}\,\left(e^{k\,\|\!\log\,U\|^{2}}-1\right)+\frac{\lambda}{2}\,\tan(\log\det F)^{2}&\text{if}\quad(\log\det F)^{2}<\frac{\pi}{2}\\ | 2.33 The (strain-limiting) Benam energy for slightly compressible materials which does not explode [1] | 2.30 The (strain limiting) Gent energy [12] for slightly compressible materials and volumetric-isochoric split | 2.6 The slightly compressible Mooney-Rivlin energy incorporating a volumetric-isochoric split which does not explode | 2.2 The slightly compressible generalised Biot material incorporating a volumetric-isochoric split which does not explode | A |
We investigate the Bumblebee model, a widely studied framework of MTG in which a vector field—the Bumblebee field—acquires a nonzero vacuum expectation value, leading to spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking (LSB). This extension of GR provides a natural setting to explore the effects of Lorentz violation on gravitatio... | This paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the rotating black hole solution in Bumblebee gravity, highlighting its construction and key properties that distinguish it from the Kerr black hole. Section III is devoted to the analysis of strong gravitational lensing, where we derive the deflection angle, stud... | One of the most well-known predictions of general relativity (GR) is gravitational lensing, which is the deflection of light beams by a gravitational field [1]. With its deep insights into the geometry of spacetime, the nature of gravity, and the distribution of matter on different scales, it has become a potent astrop... | On the observational side, gravitational wave detections [104], the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87* and Sgr A* [7, 8], and enduring cosmological tensions [111, 112] have made tests of GR in the strong-field regime more significant. Through gravitational lensing and shadows, black holes offer natural labora... | In conclusion, the RBBH solution provides phenomenologically rich and observationally distinguishable deviations from the Kerr black hole in both strong and weak lensing regimes. Our findings confirm that gravitational lensing—particularly when used in conjunction with high-precision imaging using instruments like the ... | C |
In the upper panel of Figure 12, we show the fractions of FIREbox galaxies among selected PSBs and non-PSBs that experienced an interaction in the past Δtint=1Gyr\Delta t_{\rm int}=1~\text{Gyr}, for stellar masses Mstar<3×1010M⊙M_{\rm star}<3\times 10^{10}~\text{M}_{\odot} and Mstar>3×1010M⊙M_{\rm star}>3\times 10^... | Figure 1: Schematic summary of the fraction of z=0.7,1z=0.7,1 galaxies in FIREbox with stellar mass Mstar>5×109M⊙M_{\rm star}>5\times 10^{9}~\text{M}_{\odot}, that are selected as PSBs, after-starburst galaxies (ASBs), and (temporarily) quenched ASBs (q-ASBs). Left: Fraction of ASBs and q-ASBs, given that they are sel... | Similarly, in the bottom panel of Figure 12, we restrict the results of the upper panel of Figure 12 to ASBs. Specifically, we show the fractions of FIREbox galaxies among ASBs, that are either PSBs (photometry-selected; Kriek | In the upper panel of Figure 12, we show the fractions of FIREbox galaxies among selected PSBs and non-PSBs that experienced an interaction in the past Δtint=1Gyr\Delta t_{\rm int}=1~\text{Gyr}, for stellar masses Mstar<3×1010M⊙M_{\rm star}<3\times 10^{10}~\text{M}_{\odot} and Mstar>3×1010M⊙M_{\rm star}>3\times 10^... | PSBs in FIREbox are more likely affected by galaxy interactions and mergers than non-PSBs, especially for Mstar<3×1010M⊙M_{\rm star}<3\times 10^{10}~\text{M}_{\odot} (see the upper panel of Figure 12). ASBs that are also selected as PSBs in FIREbox are found in interacting systems in about 50per cent50~\text{per~cent... | B |
The physical fermionic operators and spin operators can be related through local mappings (homomorphism) that preserve commutation and anticommutation relations. Throughout this section, we use one such mapping in 2D with dfq=2d_{fq}=2 [12, 21], illustrated below, as an example. We note, however, that our method and r... | Figure 4: A mapping between 3D Pauli operators and the corresponding logical operators and stabilizers in the Majorana basis: (a) a physical occupation operator WvW_{v} defined on each vertex vv; (b) physical hopping operators TabT_{ab} hopping in the positive directions, where the +z+z direction is into the page; (c)... | Figure 3: Mapping of the generators of stabilizers and logical operators in their minimum-weight representation, which may not be unique, for our 2D fermion-to-qubit code. (a) Stabilizer generators of the code. We have: (i) GvG_{v} at all vertices vv, used for the mapping from qubits to physical fermions; (ii) padding ... | Figure 1: Overview of our 2D and 3D fermion-to-qubit codes. From the bottom of the figure to the top, we see that logical fermions on a lattice are built from physical fermions arranged into 2D fermionic color codes, and each “physical” fermion emerges from the excitations of topologically ordered systems based on qubi... | In this paper, qubits are placed on the edges of a square or cubic lattice, with red and blue edges corresponding to Pauli XX and ZZ operators acting on those qubits, respectively. The fermions are defined on the vertices. The mapping of the operators is as follows [12, 21]: The hopping-up operator (also called a “tran... | D |
In this section, we seek to contextualize the observed CO properties of the SQuIGGL→\vec{L}E post-starburst sample within the evolutionary trajectory that can transform star forming galaxies into red-and-dead quiescent galaxies. Doing so relies heavily on our understanding of the stellar populations of these galaxies.... | In this section, we seek to contextualize the observed CO properties of the SQuIGGL→\vec{L}E post-starburst sample within the evolutionary trajectory that can transform star forming galaxies into red-and-dead quiescent galaxies. Doing so relies heavily on our understanding of the stellar populations of these galaxies.... | First, we evaluate how our the molecular gas mass fraction of the SQuIGGL→\vec{L}E sample compares to the expectation for a population that has finished its primary epoch of star formation and is entering quiescence. To do so, in Figure 4 we compare our sample to scaling relations for the time evolution of the molecul... | Perhaps the most important physical pieces of the puzzle of rapid quenching is the state of the molecular gas that fuels star formation. Massive, evolved quiescent galaxies are predominantly gas poor, and have very low molecular gas fractions (Mgas/M⋆M_{\mathrm{gas}}/M_{\star}) relative to co-eval star forming systems,... | Figure 4: Redshift versus the molecular gas fraction for passive galaxies with log(M⊙/M⋆)>10.8\log(M_{\odot}/M_{\star})>10.8. We show the scaling relation for star forming galaxies with log(M⋆/M⊙)=11\log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot})=11 from Tacconi et al. (2018) in blue with the shaded region denoting 0.3 dex scatter. Low- (... | B |
ProMage is implemented in PyTorch (Paszke et al., 2019) as a feed-forward neural network with five hidden dense layers of [512,256,128,64,32][512,256,128,64,32] neurons. Inputs are 11-dimensional, scaled with a standard scaler, and mapped to a single magnitude output. The dataset is split into 80%80\% training, 10%10\%... | Figure 1: Figure showing the performance of ProMage in emulating galaxy magnitudes computed with ProSpect. The left panels refer to the gg-band, while the right panels to the ii-band, with upper and lower panels referring to observer (‘obs’) and rest-frame (‘rest’) magnitudes, respectively. We report both the histogram... | We adopt the activation function of Alsing et al. (2020), with γ\gamma and β\beta initialised to 1 and 0.1, respectively, and optimised during training. The loss function is the mean squared error, evaluated on the original magnitudes values rather than the scaled ones. Training uses the Adam optimiser with batch size ... | We train ProMage on observer- and rest-frame magnitudes generated with ProSpect in the g,r,i,z,yg,r,i,z,y HSC bands. HSC is an ideal test case, given its depth and galaxy density, making it a precursor to Stage IV surveys. Tests conducted on different neural network architectures show that prediction accuracy improves,... | We show in Fig. 1 results for the gg and ii observer- and rest-frame HSC bands, representative of the overall performance. The left panels display the prediction accuracies (difference between emulated and true magnitudes) for the observer and rest-frame gg-band, while the right panels for the ii-band. The results are ... | B |
Furthermore, retrieved absolute abundances rely on abundance constraints that are generally broad, with uncertainties of the order of 1 dex, and dependent on prior distributions (Gibson et al., 2022, see also Burningham et al. 2017). Namely, the spectra can be well-fitted by models with different parameters (e.g. refer... | Furthermore, retrieved absolute abundances rely on abundance constraints that are generally broad, with uncertainties of the order of 1 dex, and dependent on prior distributions (Gibson et al., 2022, see also Burningham et al. 2017). Namely, the spectra can be well-fitted by models with different parameters (e.g. refer... | We retrieve the best-fit abundances for the chemical species injected in our model (i.e. Fe, V, CO, H2O, OH, TiO, H-, and e-). However, retrieved absolute abundances are not informative of the underlying chemistry in a planet’s atmosphere, as they significantly rely on model assumptions and, thus, are model dependent. | We report the retrieved relative chemical abundances of key species, including Fe, V, CO, H2O, OH, TiO, H-, and e-. While absolute abundances remain highly model-dependent and less informative, abundance ratios offer a more robust window into the atmospheric processes and underlying chemistry. Our results indicate that... | Thus, this leads to strong correlations indicating that relative abundances of species are constrained more accurately than absolute abundances (Gibson et al., 2022, see their Section 5). | D |
For reference, we highlight with black squares systems whose final helium core masses and spins match the inferred total mass of GW231123’ progenitors, 238−49+28M⊙238^{+28}_{-49}\,M_{\odot}, and are consistent with either the primary or secondary black hole spins within a 90% credibility range. However, we remind the ... | Within our grid of models evolved until the end of helium burning, several models reproduce the properties of GW231123-like progenitors, forming systems with a total mass of 240−266M⊙240-266\,M_{\odot} and high individual spins of a=0.8−0.9a=0.8-0.9. | In Table 2 we show the properties of all the models from our grid that match the final black hole mass and individual spins of GW231123’s progenitors. | Figure 2: Dimensionless spin and final masses of our CHE progenitors, colorcoded by their final total hydrogen mass. The x-axis shows both the total mass of the binary system and the component masses assuming a mass ratio of q=1q=1. The background contours indicate 90 % credible intervals of the total BH masses and ind... | In Fig. 2, we compare the final total masses and the dimensionless spin of our progenitors with the inferred properties of GW231123’s progenitors (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration et al., 2025). We show the results from the RPhenomTPHM (TPHM), NRSur7dq4 (NRSur) and NRv5PHM (v5PHM) waveform models. The RPhenomXPHM and ... | D |
E0(4)(N)=E0(N+2)−4E0(N+1)+6E0(N)−4E0(N−1)+E0(N−2)\displaystyle\begin{split}E^{(4)}_{0}(N)=E_{0}(N+2)-4E_{0}(N+1)+6E_{0}(N)\\ | The apparent smoothness of the discrete second derivative of E0(N)E_{0}(N) in Fig. 1 suggests that E0(N)E_{0}(N) itself is a smooth function of NN. However, a more careful analysis reveals that E0(N)E_{0}(N) is in fact not smooth. There are tiny oscillations with the parity of NN, which may be anticipated given that... | Under periodic boundary conditions, the system favors the odd-parity ground state, regardless of the parity of NN, even though there are some oscillations as a function of NN, with the odd-parity state being somewhat more favored for odd NN relative to even NN. For antiperiodic boundary conditions, however, the favored... | Figure 13: The fourth discrete derivative of E0(N)E_{0}(N), E0(4)(N)E^{(4)}_{0}(N), plotted for N=12,…,20N=12,...,20 and L=4NL=4N. | (again evaluated at L=4NL=4N) reveals clear oscillations with NN (Fig. 13). The oscillations can be attributed to tiny oscillations in E0(N)E_{0}(N) originating from occupying and de-occupying the MZM as the parity of NN changes. | D |
Heavy-ion physics investigates the behavior of nuclear matter at extreme temperatures and densities where protons and neutrons dissolve into their constituent quarks and gluons, forming a state of matter known as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1, 2]. This deconfined state of matter is believed to have existed microsecon... | In recent years, the field has achieved remarkable progress in quantitatively characterizing QGP properties. The transport coefficients of QGP, including shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, and specific heat, have been determined with unprecedented precision through global Bayesian analysis of experimental data from RHIC ... | Figure 4 presents an analysis of research topics across Quark Matter conferences from 2011 to 2025. This tracks specific physics concepts over time, revealing clear temporal patterns in research focus. ”QGP” terms maintain a consistent presence throughout the period, confirming the central role of quark-gluon plasma st... | Heavy-ion physics investigates the behavior of nuclear matter at extreme temperatures and densities where protons and neutrons dissolve into their constituent quarks and gluons, forming a state of matter known as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1, 2]. This deconfined state of matter is believed to have existed microsecon... | The keyword analysis reveals how scientific focus has evolved over the past decade. We observe a transition from facility-focused research toward phenomenon-focused investigations, with increasing specialization and technical sophistication in later conferences. The emergence of new research directions—particularly inv... | A |
For this coloring, it is easy to satisfy the numbering constraints. This can be accomplished by tiling all particles uu with the number u1 mod 3u_{1}\text{ mod }3. This simultaneously tiles all 1D chains with the ordering 0,1,2,0,1,2,…0,1,2,0,1,2,\dots which eventually wraps around since nn is a multiple of 33. In ad... | For this coloring, it is easy to satisfy the numbering constraints. This can be accomplished by tiling all particles uu with the number u1 mod 3u_{1}\text{ mod }3. This simultaneously tiles all 1D chains with the ordering 0,1,2,0,1,2,…0,1,2,0,1,2,\dots which eventually wraps around since nn is a multiple of 33. In ad... | So far we have only considered the case where the Hamiltonian has periodic boundary conditions. It turns out that the same construction also works for open boundary conditions. Our method of embedding directed stripes still works in this case except now instead of closed loops the stripes form spin chains with open bou... | The EPR constraint can easily be satisfied since the particles have been tiled as disjoint 1D chains with the appropriate numbering. In addition, all chains are loops and so the constraint on having periodic boundary conditions is also satisfied. This ensures that only a penalty of nr(2r−2)=2nr(r−1)n^{r}(2r-2)=2n^{... | First, we must handle the case where cc and c′c^{\prime} both have 1D chains pointing in the same direction. This would incur a penalty of nrrn^{r}r from the hcopyh_{\text{copy}} term alone, which would clearly imply the desired lower bound. Next, we focus on the case where they point in different directions. We let t... | C |
The theoretical description of electrons and nuclei forms the cornerstone of understanding the physical and chemical properties of matter, yet it remains one of the most challenging frontiers of modern quantum mechanics. Electronic structure calculations, while offering a pathway to predict the ground and excited state... | The time evolution of a many-electron system is, in principle, governed by the time-dependent many-body Schrödinger equation for all electrons and nuclei. In practice, this is computationally intractable beyond hundreds of atoms, and for weakly correlated systems the adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation can be... | In fact, full configuration interaction (FCI), although providing the exact solution to the time-independent Schrödinger equation, scales as 𝒪(n!)\mathcal{O}(n!) with respect to the number of molecular orbitals and basis set size. Coupled-cluster theory, while mitigating this issue through an exponential ansatz, stil... | The state space of the classical atomistic system is determined by atomic positions and velocities. Similarly, in order to be complete, the state of the electron density should be at least described by both number density and its time derivative, as the time derivative of number density is linked to charge current dens... | Since ions move classically in the current problem setting, our current experiments can in fact be bootstrapped by running machine learning interatomic potential Batatia et al. (2023) and electron density prediction model in alternate steps. However, we see that our framework could be extended to even more challenging ... | B |
In Section IV.6, we discussed feasible solutions to the Graph Coupling Problem for specific families of graphs. We now consider the more general case and describe how to construct a feasible pair (𝐏,𝐖)(\mathbf{P},\mathbf{W}) for any unweighted graph. | Theorem 12 enables us to eliminate each double-star using only 5 additional rows, since the all-ones row is shared across all such structures. This reduces the row cost per star by approximately 12\frac{1}{2} compared to the Union of Stars algorithm, which uses 3 rows per star. | Rajakumar et al. [21] proposed an algorithm that decomposes any unweighted graph into a union of at most n−1n-1 edge-disjoint stars, where nn is the number of vertices. Their construction stacks the rows required for each star in the matrix 𝐏\mathbf{P}, resulting in an upper bound of 3n−23n-2 for gc(G)gc(G), since ... | In this work, we focused on the Graph Coupling problem for unweighted graphs. We improved the combinatorial construction of Rajakumar et al. [21], reducing the upper bound on the graph coupling number from 3n−23n-2 to 2.5n+22.5n+2 for any graph with nn vertices. Furthermore, we established the order-optimality of bot... | Each double-star uses 5 rows, with one shared all-ones row, giving 5x+15x+1 rows in total from the loop. The clique construction requires at most (n−2x)+1(n-2x)+1 additional rows (excluding the all-ones row). Thus, the total is: | B |
According to Lemma 22, we have c1(s)=𝒪(h(‖H0‖+‖H1‖))=𝒪(1)c_{1}(s)=\mathcal{O}(h(\|H_{0}\|+\|H_{1}\|))=\mathcal{O}(1), so we can choose a sufficiently large constant CC such that Td≥2πhΔ∗supc1(s)T_{d}\geq\frac{2\pi}{h\Delta_{*}}\sup c_{1}(s). | Using Lemma 7, the gap of W(s)W(s) is bounded from below by the gap of 12hΔ(s)\frac{1}{2}h\Delta(s), which has a further lower bound 12hΔ∗\frac{1}{2}h\Delta_{*}. | For the multistep gap, we can use Lemma 20, and we need to verify that TdT_{d} is sufficiently large. | Then Lemma 20 ensures that the multistep gap of W(s)W(s) is bounded from below by hΔ∗/4h\Delta_{*}/4. | Then Lemma 20 ensures that the multistep gap of W(s)W(s) is bounded from below by hΔ∗/2h\Delta_{*}/2. | D |
In conclusion, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of a filling technique that leverages laser-actuated break-seal gas reservoirs to microfabricate cells with a tunable He-Ne buffer gas mixture. The helium-to-neon pressure ratio in the cell’s science cavity can be precisely adjusted by tailoring the relative reservo... | This work was supported by the Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA) and by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) in the frame of the ASTRID project named PULSACION (Grant ANR-19-ASTR-0013-01), LabeX FIRST-TF (Grant ANR 10-LABX-48-01), EquipX Oscillator-IMP (Grant ANR 11-EQPX-0033) and EIPHI Graduate school (Gran... | In this work, we report on the design, development and characterization of Cs vapor microfabricated cells that can be filled with a tunable He-Ne buffer gas mixture. This tunability is achieved through the use of multiple gas reservoirs. Whereas the science and dispenser cavities are initially prefilled with a fixed pr... | To introduce helium into the science cavity, an initial set of two helium reservoirs, highlighted in green in the inset of Fig. 2(b), was opened. The presence of helium was confirmed by two observations, firstly, an increase in the absolute value of the clock frequency, indicating a rise in He buffer gas pressure (alth... | In conclusion, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of a filling technique that leverages laser-actuated break-seal gas reservoirs to microfabricate cells with a tunable He-Ne buffer gas mixture. The helium-to-neon pressure ratio in the cell’s science cavity can be precisely adjusted by tailoring the relative reservo... | A |
IPX-Clear is a new 2PP resin formulated by Nanoscribe specifically for micro-optics and optimized for usage with the Nanoscribe Quantum X printer, but compatible with the Photonic Professional as well. While the polymerized resin must be UV cured for optimal clarity, the transmittance from 350 nm to 1550 nm is >>95% an... | The nanofabrication facility in the Materials Research Institute at Pennsylvania State University has a Nanoscribe Photonic Professional printer, which uses a 780 nm femtosecond laser with a pulse duration of 80-100 fs and repetition rate of 80 MHz as the light source for triggering polymerization in resists. The laser... | Due to shrinkage in the printed material, which can vary depending on the laser dose delivered, the printed lenses do not perfectly match the design and this effect can be highly anisotropic. An iterative design process can be used to compensate for this change, but the shape deviations must be measured precisely. Whil... | The workflow for fabrication with the Photonic Professional follows a few key steps, with deviations made only in the selection of print parameters to ensure process control. The fused silica substrates are rinsed in acetone, then IPA for ∼\sim30 s and blown dry with nitrogen. The substrate is then plasma etched using ... | The Nanoscribe Photonic Professional has two methods of navigating the X-Y plane: moving the stage and moving the piezo. Moving with only the piezo ensures a precise step, with movement error <<10 nm, but the piezo has an extremely limited range and can only step 300 microns in X and Y before needing to be reset. In co... | C |
The standard Lorenz gauge corresponds to the choice f=0f=0. Substituting this generalized condition into the coupled equations for the potentials yields a decoupled system of inhomogeneous wave equations: | The second, and most crucial, point is that we can use this very gauge freedom to simplify our theory without any loss of physical content. Eq. (8) shows that, given any non-zero function ff resulting from an initial choice of potentials, we can always seek a gauge transformation function χ\chi that satisfies the inhom... | The argument presented clarifies the nature of gauge freedom: it is the liberty to redefine the potentials in a way that simplifies the mathematical description of a system. We have shown that for any set of potentials, a gauge transformation can always be found that enforces the Lorenz condition. The condition f=0f=0 ... | To understand the nature of the function ff, we must first recall that the physical fields 𝑬\bm{E} and 𝑩\bm{B} must remain invariant under any choice of gauge. We know that the potentials are not unique; a gauge transformation given by | The dynamics of the electromagnetic potentials, prior to the imposition of a gauge condition, are described by the coupled equations derived from the inhomogeneous Maxwell’s equations.[1] To explore the scope of gauge freedom explicitly, we posit a generalized gauge condition by defining an, in principle, arbitrary fun... | C |
The data in figure 3 that went into the interpolated objective function already had some noise in it (this is likely the reason for the other, nearby local minimum found in figure 4 (a,b)). | Specifically, we look at the outer divertor target in the ITER and leverage the axisymmetry of the tokamak configuration in order to reduce the number of free parameters (which is not to say that ITER is a toy or that tokamak divertors are trivial). | We introduce χ∥=κ∥/n\chi_{\parallel}\,=\,\kappa_{\parallel}/n for convenience in order to relate the impact of cross-field transport to transport along field lines. | In the following we will introduce artificial noise to the problem in order to analyze the performance of PSO. | The purpose of this simplification is to analyze the potential of PSO for divertor heat load control, which is covered in section 4. | C |
The filler program nature of J-VAR necessitates consideration of potential cloud cover during observations. J-VAR targets a limiting magnitude ∼\sim1 mag brighter than J-PLUS, conducted with identical instrumentation including telescope, camera and filters. | Non-photometric conditions cannot be modelled reliably, so bright time is used as the closest operational proxy in the exposure time calculator111https://www.cefca.es/jplusetc/ | Filter names, limiting magnitudes used to establish the exposure times and the corresponding exposures times, calculated using the exposure time calculator for bright nights. The ”1exp” and ”3exp” refer to the | exposure times for each band are shown in Table 1, together with actual average measures per filter from a sample of completed fields. As it can be seen, the individual exposures of J-VAR are between 0.40.4 (J0861J0861) and 1.41.4 (J0395J0395) magnitudes shallower than the stacked images of J-PLUS (in most of the cas... | J-VAR’s observations started in May 2017, shortly after the beginning of the scientific operation of the JAST80/T80Cam, as a filler program running on non-photometric nights, whenever J-PLUS or other competitive open time programs demanding photometric conditions could not be executed. From 2019 to the end of 2022, J-V... | A |
In the context of LSST, the ViT is part of TEGLIE (Grespan et al., 2024), a framework for strong gravitational lens detection that adopts fine-tuning on augmentations of real observations, to bridge the gap between simulated lenses and surveys. | With the advent of large-scale sky surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST)111https://www.lsst.org and the Euclid Space Telescope222https://sci.esa.int/web/euclid, the volume of imaging data has grown exponentially, requiring automated methods to identify strong lensing candidates. Traditional approac... | As reported in a recent study, there was a lens search in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) with Space Warps (Gonzalez et al., 2025) where the authors proposed a pre-trained ViT to classify and reduce 236 million objects in DES to 22,564 targets of interest, then inspected by citizen scientists, who ruled out 90%90\% as fal... | The lens classifier in J24 (Jaelani et al., 2024) uses a CNN inspired by the architecture used in Jacobs et al. (2017). It was trained on HSC images with gri bands, using data augmentation (random rotation, flipping, resizing and channel shift), and the Adam optimizer to minimize the cross-entropy loss with a learning ... | The transformer architecture originated in natural language processing (Vaswani et al., 2017), was adapted to computer vision in the Image Transformer (Parmar et al., 2018), and was later established for image classification with the Vision Transformer (ViT) (Dosovitskiy et al., 2021), depicted in Figure 6. | B |
For example, the turbulent state at S=0.1S=0.1 and ϵ=25\epsilon=25 initiated by the unstable S3T mode at these parameters equilibrates to a turbulent state. Upon removing the stochastic forcing by setting ϵ=0\epsilon=0, this tubulent state persists as verified by comparison between time series diagnostics of these turb... | This result is consistent with our analysis of the maintenance of the streak UstU_{st} and roll Ωr\Omega_{r}, which are indicative of the underlying mechanism sustaining Langmuir RSS turbulence being the same self-sustaining process (SSP) familiar in the context of the dynamics of wall-bounded shear flow turbulence, a... | ϵ=25\epsilon=25, both are sustained primarily by the same SSP as that sustaining wall-bounded shear flow turbulence. Greater TKE is expected in the case with parameterized stochastic forcing as ϵ\epsilon directly injects energy into the perturbation covariance ∑kCk\sum_{k}C_{k}. The increase in the roll and streak ener... | Time series of the components maintaining the streak and roll in Langmuir RSS turbulence are shown in Figure 6. The streak maintenance mechanism is similar to that in wall-bounded shear flow turbulence in which lift-up balances transfer of energy from the streak by the resolved perturbation Reynolds stresses, which are... | In the S3T SSD the dynamics of RSS equilibria is conveniently partitioned into physical mechanisms responsible for the statistical mean balance maintaining the streak, roll, and perturbation components. In the case of turbulent RSS equilibria the dominant balance maintaining the streak is between lift-up by the roll an... | B |
We recall our notation ord(λ0,f)\mathrm{ord}(\lambda_{0},f) for the multiplicity of the zero λ0\lambda_{0} of the holomorphic function ff defined in a neighborhood of λ0\lambda_{0} and ma(α,a)m_{\mathrm{a}}(\alpha,a) for the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue α\alpha of the matrix aa. | In the case of matrix valued potentials we choose to use the definition of multiplicity of resonances given in [G, GH], cf. (5.10) below. Our goal is to | So far we have reduced the computation of the multiplicity of resonances of the Schrödinger operator AA to the computation of the multiplicity of zeros of the Jost function. Next, we will look at a factorization of the Jost function, see Lemma 5.3 below, that will allow us to obtain an effective formula for the multipl... | An interesting question is if the definitions of algebraic multiplicities of resonances given in [G, GH] and [DZ] coincide also in the case of general matrix valued potentials, but we do not pursue this here. | As pointed out in (5.12), in the case of scalar potentials the definition of multiplicity of a non-zero resonance given in the current paper, cf. (5.10), coincides with that given in [DZ, Definition 2.3]. Hence, from [DZ, Theorem 2.16] (see also [Z2]), we obtain | A |
An important property of the Pearson correlation coefficient is |ρxv(t)|≤1|\rho_{xv}(t)|\leq 1. Moreover, if its absolute value is equal to one, |ρxv(t)|=1|\rho_{xv}(t)|=1, then there exist constants a and b such that v = ax + b with unit probability, i.e. v(t) depends linearly on x(t) [32]. | For a system with constant temperature, i.e., in thermal equilibrium, it is well known that ρxv(t)\rho_{xv}(t) is null. However, with a sinusoidal temperature protocol, i.e., modulation of noise, a residual periodic correlation appears, as can be seen in Fig. 1. | An important property of the Pearson correlation coefficient is |ρxv(t)|≤1|\rho_{xv}(t)|\leq 1. Moreover, if its absolute value is equal to one, |ρxv(t)|=1|\rho_{xv}(t)|=1, then there exist constants a and b such that v = ax + b with unit probability, i.e. v(t) depends linearly on x(t) [32]. | Motivated by these considerations, in this work we investigate how a temperature-time-dependent protocol affects the dynamics and thermodynamics of an underdamped Brownian particle in a harmonic potential. Specifically, we calculate analytical expressions for the system’s behavior under a generic thermal protocol and t... | As displayed in Fig. 2 the set of mass mm, effective spring constant kk, and friction coefficient γ\gamma has a substantial influence on the correlation ρxv(t)\rho_{xv}(t). | A |
First, predefined tile maps specify which tiles must be kept for a given exposure. These tile maps are compound of 1024 tiles, 64×\times64 pixels each. The tile maps will define three overlapping nearly circular concentric domains with different distances from the solar centre (Fig. 16). The use of tile maps with a red... | For the majority of the previous externally occulted coronagraphs, the whole field of view is partially vignetted by the external occulter, resulting in loss of optical throughput and degradation of spatial resolution. In ASPIICS, due to the large distance between the external occulter and the entrance pupil, the exter... | Second, tiles can be discarded depending on the quality flag. The quality flag is applied to each individual tile that is selected by the tile map in the previous step. It introduces no significant delay in the processing of the data, but does not accelerate this processing either (the transfer speed from the camera to... | The CEB controls the FPA by sending the required control signals, and receiving the analog images taken by the detector and digitizing them. Due to the high dynamic range of the corona and the essentially unvignetted field of view of ASPIICS, the full detector cannot be properly exposed, avoiding both saturation and un... | First, predefined tile maps specify which tiles must be kept for a given exposure. These tile maps are compound of 1024 tiles, 64×\times64 pixels each. The tile maps will define three overlapping nearly circular concentric domains with different distances from the solar centre (Fig. 16). The use of tile maps with a red... | B |
dΓℓℓ¯dωd3𝒌\displaystyle\frac{{\rm d}\Gamma_{\ell\bar{\ell}}}{{\rm d}\omega{\rm d}^{3}{\text{\boldmath$k$}}} | ρV(ω,𝒌)=(ω2−k 2ω2+D 2k 4+2)χqDω\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize V}}(\omega,\text{\boldmath$k$}\,)\;=\;\big{(}\tfrac{\omega^{2}-k^{\,2}}{\omega^{2}+{D}^{\,2}k^{\,4}}+2\big{)}\ \chi_{\mbox{\scriptsize q}}\,D\,\omega, where DD is the electrical diffusion coefficient and | αem∑iQi 22π2knB(k)ρV(ω,𝒌)|ω=k+𝒪(αem2),\displaystyle\frac{\alpha_{\mbox{\scriptsize em}}\sum_{i}Q^{\,2}_{i}}{2\pi^{2}\,k}n_{\mbox{\scriptsize B}}(k\,)\,{{\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize V}}\,(\omega,\text{\boldmath$k$})\big{|}_{\omega=k}}}\,+\,{\cal O}(\alpha_{\mbox{\scriptsize em}}^{2})\,, | λθHX≃(ρT−ρL)/(ρT+ρL)\lambda^{\mbox{\scriptsize HX}}_{\theta}\simeq(\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize T}}-\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize L}})/(\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize T}}+\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize L}})\, | αem 2∑iQi 23π 3M 2nB(ω)ρV(ω,𝒌)+𝒪(αem3),whereρV≡ρμμ.\displaystyle\frac{\alpha_{\mbox{\scriptsize em}}^{\,2}\sum_{i}Q^{\,2}_{i}}{3\pi^{\,3}M^{\,2}}n_{\mbox{\scriptsize B}}(\omega)\,{{\rho_{\mbox{\scriptsize V}}\,(\omega,\text{\boldmath$k$})}}\,+\,{\cal O}(\alpha_{\mbox{\scriptsize em}}^{3})\,,\hskip 22.76228pt\... | D |
It has long been proposed that the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) is responsible for the synthesis of a significant fraction of the elements heavier than iron (see e.g., E. M. Burbidge et al. (1957) , A. Arcones & F.-K. Thielemann (2023)). | We use the tabulated β\beta-decay spectra from M. Mumpower et al. (2025b), which provides the electron, γ\gamma-ray, neutrino, and neutron spectra for neutron-rich nuclei with A >> 8. The emission spectra are calculated using a statistical, multi-phase approach. First, the Quasi-particle Random Phase Approximation (e.g... | The r-process occurs in astrophysical environments with large numbers of free neutrons, and proposed sites include supernovae (see e.g. S. E. Woosley et al. 1994; Y. Z. Qian & S. E. Woosley 1996; S. Wanajo et al. 2001; C. L. Fryer et al. 2006; C. Winteler et al. 2012; N. Nishimura et al. 2015; D. M. Siegel et al. 2019;... | In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the use of astrophysical observations to provide constraints on the astrophysical location of the rr-process. The landmark multi-messenger observations of GW170817 (see B. P. Abbott et al. (2017)) have given credence to NSMs as being a site of robust r-process nucle... | Although kilonova are of great interest and importance to the astrophysical community, the necessary multi-physics involved makes the modeling challenging. The numerous poorly constrained parameters in kilonova models can lead to degenerate light curves, obscuring the physical interpretation of these events (see e.g., ... | B |
Table 2: Comparison of hrssh_{\rm rss} values obtained at 50% detection efficiency for burstegard and DAT+KDTree algorithms for different waveforms. Detection efficiency is estimated for a false alarm rate of 1/20yr1/20yr. The ratio is defined as the hrssh_{\rm rss} of burstegard divided by the hrssh_{\rm rss} of DAT... | To further investigate the properties of the DAT+KDTree algorithm, we now compare the capability of each algorithm, burstegard and DAT+KDTree, to reconstruct a long-duration gravitational-wave signal. | The clustering radius of the burstegard algorithm is set to 2 s in time and 2 Hz in frequency. This corresponds to a setting used in the most recent search for long-duration transient gravitational-wave sources in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data [16, 37]. We also empirically set the KDtree radius to 22. We require a minimum clus... | Because optimization is highly dependent on the targeted gravitational-wave signal and the properties of the data noise, we have not tried to optimize all parameters altogether. In the following, we provide indications about the range of values of the parameters that optimize the algorithm performance for a wide variet... | Furthermore, the large glitch that almost coincides with the end of the gravitational-wave signal is less prominent in the DAT+KDTree result compared to burstegard. This improved discrimination against the glitch likely results from the combined effect of the DAT stage (reducing noise content before clustering) and the... | A |
=A(s2+A2+ϵ2)3/2(A+s2+A2+ϵ2)2.\displaystyle=\frac{A}{(s^{2}+A^{2}+\epsilon^{2})^{3/2}(A+\sqrt{s^{2}+A^{2}{+}\epsilon^{2}})^{2}}. | The limit ϵ→0\epsilon\rightarrow 0 of the first term on the RHS of (A1) is manifestly finite, and so the first term on the RHS of (21) is accounted for immediately. | Here, the limit ϵ→0\epsilon\rightarrow 0 of the 2nd term on the RHS vanishes since the integral it involves converges to a finite value when f(s)f(s) is a well-behaved test function. | only when a(z−b)a(z-b) is negative. Unfortunately, this result cannot be established independently of the validity of (2) and (4) by a calculation of the inverse Laplacian of the RHS of (19) | where Jm(⋅)J_{m}(\cdot) are the Bessel functions of the first kind of order mm and z>z_{>} (z<z_{<}) is the greater (lesser) of the zz-coordinates of the vectors r\bi r and r′{\bi r}^{\prime}. | A |
PLs are known to be sensitive to aberrations due to pupil plane phase discontinuities such as the low-wind effect [5], making them a potentially suitable choice for correcting aberrations due to misalignments in the primary mirrors of segmented telescopes. Additionally, PLs can be used to build science instruments like... | We characterize the lantern’s sensitivity to segment-level aberrations through both simulation and laboratory experiments. In this work, we develop simulations to quantify the lantern response to segment piston errors, and conduct laboratory experiments of segment piston reconstruction using a near-infrared testbed wit... | We perform laboratory experiments using the muirSEAL testbed (described in detail by Sengupta et al. in these proceedings[13]) as part of the SEAL high-contrast imaging testbed in the UC Santa Cruz Laboratory for Adaptive Optics[14, 15]. The testbed consists of an IrisAO segmented deformable mirror and a 19-port photon... | The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses simulations of aberrated segmented mirrors and the use of a PL to detect and correct these aberrations. In Section 3 we show laboratory experiments of the photonic lantern and assess the performance of real-life PLs for linear reconstruction. Fin... | We present results from PL wavefront reconstruction methods both in simulation and in the laboratory. We simulate a segmented primary mirror and a photonic lantern and demonstrate linear reconstruction. We then extend our work to neural networks to address cross-talk between segments. Lastly, we demonstrate linear reco... | A |
An alternative equivalant formalism to GR is the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR), which features a Lagrangian that is equal to that of TEGR, minus a boundary term [23, 24], as a result, it generates identical dynamical equations to GR. In GR to describe gravitation, the Levi-Civita connection is co... | The work is presented in the sequence which start with the detail representation of the TG formalism in Sec. II. The concept of co-moving radius is presented in the support of the bouncing solutions in Sec. III. The bouncing cosmology for considered two interacting scalar tensor models is presented, in details in subse... | The bouncing models play a vital role in solving the singularity problem and are analyzed in the modified GR formalism. However, such models have not been explored much in the TG formalism, especially in the presence of a scalar field. This study addresses two well-motivated coupling models Q=βHϕ˙2Q=\beta H\dot{\phi}... | To ensure the stability of the model, it is essential to examine the validity of the standard energy conditions. It is observed from Fig. 6 that the NEC and the SEC are violated in the vicinity of the bounce epoch, while the DEC remains satisfied throughout the entire cosmic evolution. Furthermore, away from the bounce... | An alternative equivalant formalism to GR is the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR), which features a Lagrangian that is equal to that of TEGR, minus a boundary term [23, 24], as a result, it generates identical dynamical equations to GR. In GR to describe gravitation, the Levi-Civita connection is co... | A |
The outer loop checks convergence based on the supremum norm difference in the nonlocal stretch field, requiring |(λ¯b)j−(λ¯b)j−1|∞<2×10−3|\left(\bar{\lambda}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)_{j}-\left(\bar{\lambda}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)_{j-1}|_{\infty}<2\times 10^{-3}. Upon convergence, the simulation proceeds to the next load step,... | The energy release rate is computed using a domain-based J-integral formulation [102]. This approach has previously been developed and applied by the authors in the context of large-deformation poroelasticity in elastomers [6], and more recently for validating fracture energy predictions in phase-field models [37]. In ... | Next, to evaluate the model in a different setting, we solve the second boundary value problem shown in Fig. 3(b). In this case, two discrete notches are introduced in the domain, and a uniform loading is applied, resulting in rapid crack propagation. The simulation results are compared against those obtained using a p... | In this section, we analyze the first boundary value problem depicted in Fig. 3(a), corresponding to Mode I loading. As previously mentioned, the initial damage is introduced in a diffuse manner. Simulation results at three representative load steps are shown in Fig. 5, illustrating both the undeformed and deformed con... | In this work, we incorporated the Helmholtz free energy density derived from a monodisperse elastomer network into a stretch-based gradient-enhanced damage (GED) framework to simulate crack propagation in near-incompressible elastomers. This approach allowed us to embed statistical mechanics insights of polymer chains ... | A |
Finding the α\alpha-cluster parameters by controlling the radial one-nucleon density and incorporating nucleon-nucleon correlations at short-distances (inside a given cluster) and long-distances (between two clusters) Mehrabpour (2025). | We find that M=ΔrbiggestM=\Delta r_{\text{biggest}} can satisfy the inequality of g(Δr)≤M⋅g′(Δr)g(\Delta r)\leq M\cdot g^{\prime}(\Delta r). After generating nucleon configurations staring from the 3pF density, we generate a sample Δr′\Delta r^{\prime} from the proposal distribution g′(Δr)g^{\prime}(\Delta r) a... | where R0R_{0} denotes the half-width radius, ww measures central density depletion, and a0a_{0} characterizes the surface diffuseness. For 16O, we parameterize the 3pF density distribution using R0=2.608R_{0}=2.608 fm, a0=0.513a_{0}=0.513 fm, and w=−0.051w=-0.051 Angeli and Marinova (2013). This allows us to determine ... | Generating samples of nucleons based on a fixed charge density function ρ(r)\rho(r) and the constraints derived directly from the density function g(Δr)g(\Delta r) of nucleus, which accounts for the separation of nucleon pairs Δr\Delta r. | where 𝐫\mathbf{r} is the relative distance vector. The function g(Δr)g(\Delta r) represents the density distribution of nucleon pairs within the same nucleus (correlated two-body densities), which illustrates the correlation effects. In contrast, the g′(Δr)g^{\prime}(\Delta r) is obtained by selecting nucleon pair... | C |
In Row 4 of Fig. 3, two distinct mobilities of interfacial oxygen species (blue trajectories) can be identified: | The first peak of the Co∗–Ow RDF (Fig. 4a), located at ≈\approx2 Å, coincides with the equilibrium Co–O distance in bulk Co3O4 and can thus be attributed to oxygens of chemisorbed species coordinated to surface Co3+ ions on the B-termination. | (i) oxygens located directly on top of surface Co atoms (purple) show reduced lateral motion, whereas | The main difference between the A- and B-terminated surfaces is that, in the A-termination, the tetrahedral Co2+ (green) are located at the surface and directly exposed to the interfacial layer, whereas in the B-termination, the octahedral Co3+ (purple) occupy the surface and directly interact with the interfacial wate... | Row 3 shows top views of the same first-layer region. Row 4 overlays the trajectories of the first-layer surface Co atoms and the interfacial oxygen species (similar to Row 3 but from the top view) to highlight their in-plane mobility. | B |
Under operation, the divertor will be inevitably exposed to hydrogen isotopes (H/D/T) from the plasma, resulting in the penetration of H atoms inside the material and interactions with its internal microstructure. In particular, grain boundaries are known to trap H ions with energies ranging between 0.8 and 1.2 eV [36,... | Figure 5 shows depth profiles for the deuterium concentration and the temperature of the outer divertor target after exposure to 10 cycles of 900 s plasma with a 60-s break, as calculated by Xolotl for the location of peak plasma and heat fluxes at several locations near the strike point. | Still, characterization of internal H concentration profiles during H-plasma expoure is exceedingly challenging, and the quantitative correlation between H-isotope concentration and grain growth remains to be established. | Under operation, the divertor will be inevitably exposed to hydrogen isotopes (H/D/T) from the plasma, resulting in the penetration of H atoms inside the material and interactions with its internal microstructure. In particular, grain boundaries are known to trap H ions with energies ranging between 0.8 and 1.2 eV [36,... | The presence of grain boundaries is known to alter impurity concentration profiles relative to those in a homogeneous (e.g., single crystal) environment. Studies have revealed discontinuous segregation patterns across twin boundaries [61], thin films [62], and grain boundary complexions [63]. When the solute concentrat... | B |
If Λ\LambdaCDM is indeed breaking down, the first and most persistent fracture is the Hubble tension — a decade-long, ≥5σ\geq 5\sigma discrepancy between the locally measured value of the Hubble constant and the value predicted by Λ\LambdaCDM when anchored to CMB observations [8]. Recent results from high angular reso... | Although potential resolutions may lie within modifications to the dark sector, the precise nature of such new physics remains unclear. | Has Astronomy’s gamble with dark energy paid off? Have Stage-IV surveys finally started to find evidence of w≠−1w\neq-1? While it is still too early to tell for certain, it looks like the Λ\LambdaCDM model is beginning to show cracks at the seams. How would our community digest the possibility of a 5σ\sigma definitive ... | Around this time, an ongoing debate in the Astronomy and High-Energy physics communities centered around the question of whether or not to invest significant resources in Astronomy experiments to probe dark energy. On one side of the argument was the notion that the pursuit of Λ\Lambda might not pay off and that decade... | The Λ\LambdaCDM model fits a Universe with 70% of its energy density today in the form of vacuum-energy, represented by the cosmological constant Λ\Lambda, 25% in the form of Cold Dark Matter (CDM), with the remaining 5% being in the form of regular matter (“baryons”). Both dark matter and dark energy point to physics ... | A |
The off-diagonal element ψ\psi describes the characteristic angular velocity of rigid rotation about the axis 𝒆3\bm{e}_{3}. | the NND framework introduces a new set of six rotational invariants (χ,λr,α,β,γ,ψ)(\chi,\lambda_{r},\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\psi) for generic compressible flows. In regions where Δ>0\Delta>0, since (γ,ψ)(\gamma,\psi) are functionally dependent on (λci,ω3)(\lambda_{\rm ci},\omega_{3}) (see §9.5), an equivalent invariant set... | From (81a), the sum and difference of the stretching rates (χ(𝒕),χ(𝒏))(\chi(\bm{t}),\chi(\bm{n})) are given by | Additionally, when analyzed through (10) while neglecting the axial stretching and shrinking motions, the three orthogonal material line elements, instantaneously aligned with the principal axes of the strain-rate tensor 𝑫\bm{D}, exhibit identical rigid rotation characterized by the same angular velocity 12𝝎\frac{1}... | The diagonal elements of 𝑵\bm{N}, (χ,λr)(\chi,\lambda_{r}), describe the relative stretching/shrinking rates of material line elements along the axes of NND triad. | D |
Illustration of the new spin effect induced by interactions. The orange arrow represents the effective field caused by ∇α0\nabla\alpha_{0}. The blue arrows indicate the direction of the particles’ momentum p⟂p_{\perp}, which is perpendicular to the effective field. The JSJ_{S} denotes the direction of polarization, cor... | There have been significant advancements in both microscopic and macroscopic approaches. Within the framework of quantum kinetic theory, various interaction corrections have been computed, contributing to local spin polarization. On the other hand, in spin hydrodynamics, although substantial progress has been made, the... | Though several puzzles regarding the local spin polarization of Λ\Lambda hyperons remain, significant efforts have been made in recent years to investigate off-equilibrium and interaction modifications based on quantum kinetic theory (QKT). QKT provides a systematic framework that incorporates particle and spin transpo... | Subsequently, the polarization along the beam direction as a function of the azimuthal angle ϕ\phi, referred to as the local polarization of Λ\Lambda hyperons, has also been measured STAR:2019erd . It was found that the polarization induced by the shear viscous tensor plays a crucial role in understanding the local pol... | The second approach coarse-grains QKT into relativistic spin hydrodynamics, where the interaction information is encoded in transport coefficients, such as the spin relaxation time. In this method, off-equilibrium corrections to spin-dependent distribution functions are obtained by solving the spin hydrodynamic equatio... | B |
Academy of Sciences (CAS) under Grants No. YSBR-088 and by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 12075235, | Academy of Sciences (CAS) under Grants No. YSBR-088 and by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 12075235, | To better capture the bulk properties of different collision systems, we adopt AMPT and Trento-3D initial conditions for sNN=200\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200 GeV Au+Au and sNN=8.16\sqrt{s_{NN}}=8.16 TeV p+Pb collisions, respectively. We then employ the (3+1)-D hydrodynamic model CLVisc (Pang:2012he, ; Wu:2021fjf, ) to simulate t... | In this work, we have employed the relativistic hydrodynamic model CLVisc to investigate the second Fourier coefficient of the beam-direction spin polarization of Λ\Lambda hyperons in both Au+Au and p+Pb collisions. We found that the shear-induced polarization consistently provides a positive contribution to ⟨Pzsin(2... | 11861131009 and 11890714. X-Y.W was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [SAPIN-2020-00048 and SAPIN-2024-00026], and in part by US National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant number OAC-2004571. J.Z. was supported in part by China Scholarship Council (CSC) unde... | D |
𝐌C±→=0→,with 𝐌=(R0Q1±Q0±P1),C±→=(C0±C1±).\mathbf{M}\vec{C^{\pm}}=\vec{0},\quad\text{with }\mathbf{M}=\begin{pmatrix}R_{0}&Q^{\pm}_{1}\\ | This system has a non-trivial solution if and only if 𝐌\mathbf{M} is non-invertible, i.e., its determinant vanishes: | In the literature, Equation (15) is commonly referred to as the biconfluent Heun differential equation[20, 21], thus, f±(z)=HeunB(α¯,β¯,γ¯,δ¯±;z)f^{\pm}(z)=\text{HeunB}(\bar{\alpha},\bar{\beta},\bar{\gamma},\bar{\delta}^{\pm};z). However, since the function ψ±\psi^{\pm} must be square integrable, it is essential that... | In this way, we observe that the value of NN must be either 1 or −n-n. Although both options lead to the same result, the calculation with N=−nN=-n is more complicated, as it requires summing over non-positive integers, and the number of terms to be summed is not fixed but depends on the order of the polynomial in ques... | Once again, to avoid the trivial solution, it is necessary that det(𝐌)=R0P1−Q1±Q0±=0\det(\mathbf{M})=R_{0}P_{1}-Q^{\pm}_{1}Q^{\pm}_{0}=0, which can be easily verified by a direct substitution of the parameters involved. In this way, C1±C^{\pm}_{1} and C0±C^{\pm}_{0} are not linearly independent and satisfy the follo... | A |
Antolin et al., (2021) demonstrated that the nanojet is a consequence of the slingshot effect from the magnetically tensed, curved misaligned magnetic field lines reconnecting at small angles in numerical experiment and observation. However, they did not observe the significant two-sided-loop jet due to the reconnectio... | Figure 5: Analysis for the trigger of reconnection. Panels (a) and (b) show the location of P1 at two different moments (06:10:09 UT and 06:59:39 UT, respectively), indicated by red shielded regions. For the comparison, the location of P1 at 06:10:09 UT is contoured into panel (b) with the gray shielded regions. Panel ... | Figure 2: The four columns of 2 are NVST Hα\alpha images, AIA 171 Å images, composite images of Hα\alpha and the Doppler images composed of Hα\alpha-wing observation, composite images of AIA 171 Å and 304 Å respectively. The time range is from 06:10 UT to 06:18 UT. Panels (a)-(d) show the alignment of the two crossing... | To rule out the possibility of the magnetic emergence or cancellation mechanism, we conducted coordinated observations using HMI. 5 (a) and (b) are two HMI snapshots at two different moments, while (c) is the time-distance stack plots. Here, 5 (c) was made by composing the time sequence of the intensity profiles of HMI... | 2 displays the evolution process of the two threads within the filament through the further magnified NVST Hα\alpha line center images, raw AIA 171 Å images, composite Hα\alpha line center images and Hα\alpha line-wing observations, composite images of Hα\alpha, AIA 171 Å and 304 Å. As shown in 2 (a)-(d), we can observ... | C |
Chirality, a quality of asymmetry resulting from the absence of inversion, mirror or roto-inversion symmetries, is one of the pivotal concepts in various fields, including physics, chemistry, and biology [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. In solid-state physics, chirality usually refers to two main categories: static and dynamic. | on the electronic states [42, 43], which, however, is missing on the other surfaces or in the bulk. The orientation of the CDW phase can be tuned by the chirality of the Fermi arcs, i.e., by the structural chirality [42, 43], and is closely related to the van Hove singularities [34], the latter possibly inducing SC as ... | Due to the structural chirality in real space, chiral crystals also exhibit chirality in momentum space. This leads to | Chirality, a quality of asymmetry resulting from the absence of inversion, mirror or roto-inversion symmetries, is one of the pivotal concepts in various fields, including physics, chemistry, and biology [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. In solid-state physics, chirality usually refers to two main categories: static and dynamic. | Static chirality pertains to the geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice, specifically structural chirality, while dynamic chirality is related to the spin or electronic properties [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Electronic chirality is usually associated with the spin-momentum locking of particles or quasiparticles... | D |
=h𝐪s(τ)+i∫τiτdτ′[Hint,I(τ′),h𝐪s(τ)]−∫τiτdτ′∫τiτ′dτ′′[Hint,I(τ′′),[Hint,I(τ′),h𝐪s]]\displaystyle=h_{\mathbf{q}}^{s}(\tau)+\mathrm{i}\int_{\tau_{i}}^{\tau}\mathrm{d}\tau^{\prime}\left[H_{\mathrm{int},{\rm I}}\left(\tau^{\prime}\right),h_{\mathbf{q}}^{s}(\tau)\right]-\int_{\tau_{i}}^{\tau}\mathrm{d}\tau^{\prim... | The category here is done with respect to the number of interaction picture operators in each term, for example, i∫τiτdτ′[HI(4)(τ′),h𝐪s(τ)]\mathrm{i}\int_{\tau_{i}}^{\tau}\mathrm{d}\tau^{\prime}\left[H^{(4)}_{{\rm I}}\left(\tau^{\prime}\right),h_{\mathbf{q}}^{s}(\tau)\right] includes terms like hδϕ2h\delta\phi^{... | With this formula we expand the Heisenberg picture operators h𝐪,Hs(τ)h_{\mathbf{q},\rm H}^{s}(\tau) into a polynomial consisting of interaction picture operators. Then, we categorize the terms according to the power of the operators in this polynomial | With quadratic action ShS_{h} and SδϕS_{\delta\phi}, we can first solve out the evolution of field operators in the interaction picture | where h𝐪,Hs(τ)h_{\mathbf{q},\rm H}^{s}(\tau) is an operator in the Heisenberg picture. A Heisenberg picture operator can always be expanded by free operators through the Dyson series | B |
The significance of the PC theorem goes beyond the EDM tensor-network formalism, because the theorem guarantees the existence of an efficient solution of the OQS problem regardless of the complexity of the quantum many-body bath. The question is how to find an explicit algorithm. | The significance of the PC theorem goes beyond the EDM tensor-network formalism, because the theorem guarantees the existence of an efficient solution of the OQS problem regardless of the complexity of the quantum many-body bath. The question is how to find an explicit algorithm. | In the EDM formalism, the noise cumulants are needed, but the computation of the noise correlations in quantum many-body baths is in general a difficult problem [59]. | In conclusion, the problem of non-Markovian dynamics of OQS’s in general is not computationally hard according to the polynomial complexity theorem. Furthermore, the problem can be formulated in terms of extended density matrix tensor networks. Guaranteed by the linearly increasing bond dimension theorem, the computati... | The solution of the dynamics of an OQS in general is believed to be a computationally hard problem (time consumption and/or memory demand increasing at least exponentially with the evolution time and the bath size), since it is assumed to be equivalent to solving the dynamics of the quantum many-body system including t... | B |
HCO: We obtained a BE value of 2705±8232705\pm 823 K for formyl radical, which is in reasonable agreement with the estimates by Wakelam et al. (2017) (2400±7202400\pm 720 K) and (Enrique-Romero et al., 2022) (24662466 K on \ce[H2O]18) and the distribution closer to \ce[H2O]33 value (35363536 K). Our result is signific... | CH3OH: Methanol is the first candidate in the list of monohydric alcohols. We obtained a BE value of 5178±13435178\pm 1343 K, which is in correspondence with the experimental value of 54105410 K reported by Bahr et al. (2008); UMIST database value of 49304930 K and the OSU database value of 55345534 K and 5000±15005000... | H2CS: For thioformaldehyde, we obtained a BE value of 3307±7403307\pm 740 K, which aligns well with the estimated 31103110 K reported by Das et al. (2018). However, our result is higher than the values reported by Penteado et al. (2017), the UMIST and OSU database, which estimate the BE at 2025±5002025\pm 500 K and 270... | H2CO: We obtained a BE value of 3696±6633696\pm 663 K for formaldehyde, which is in good agreement with the estimates by Penteado et al. (2017) (3260±603260\pm 60 K), Das et al. (2018) (32423242 K), and the experimental value reported by Noble et al. (2012b) (3259±603259\pm 60 K). However, our result is significantly h... | HCO: We obtained a BE value of 2705±8232705\pm 823 K for formyl radical, which is in reasonable agreement with the estimates by Wakelam et al. (2017) (2400±7202400\pm 720 K) and (Enrique-Romero et al., 2022) (24662466 K on \ce[H2O]18) and the distribution closer to \ce[H2O]33 value (35363536 K). Our result is signific... | C |
Similar to the scaling case, here ∂a𝒜a∼O(δ)\partial_{a}\mathcal{A}^{a}\sim O(\delta) and VT∼O(δ)V_{T}\sim O(\delta). The covariant derivative remains Ds=∂s−iτL^/ℏD_{s}=\partial_{s}-i\tau\hat{L}/\hbar, and and the resulting term VHV_{H} is given by | Performing the integral within the subspace of degenerate states for the circular and square cross section cases yields VHll′=0V_{H}^{ll^{\prime}}=0 and | This paper is structured as follows. Section II builds the relationship between a general linear transformation matrix to the system Hamiltonian. Section III applies the condition of slight transformation and presents the explicit form of the effective Hamiltonian for rotation, scaling, and shearing of the cross sectio... | In the following, we derive the explicit forms of this effective Hamiltonian for the cases in which the tube cross section undergoes rotation, scaling, and shear transformations, respectively. | Thus, the effective Hamiltonians for the circular and square cross-sections in this case are respectively | A |
The atomic flakes of WS2\mathrm{WS_{2}}, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and few-layer graphene were first exfoliated on Si wafers with 300 nm of SiO2\mathrm{SiO_{2}} and inspected under an optical microscope. To make high quality 1L-WS2\mathrm{WS_{2}} heterostructures, we annealed hBN in an O2\mathrm{O_{2}}/Ar atmosphe... | To achieve high sample quality and narrow optical spectral features, both critical for probing intrinsic exciton properties, we encapsulate monolayer WS2\mathrm{WS_{2}} between hBN layers. Figure 1a illustrates the CL measurement setup and device structure, featuring hBN dielectric layers and a few-layer graphene back ... | Figure 3: (a) Schematic of the hBN/WS2\mathrm{WS_{2}}/hBN heterostructure with and without back-gate graphene, defining three regions: (I) ungated, (II) gated, and (III) fringing-field region. (b) Contour plots of the measured CL as a function of position across regions I–III at gate voltages of +20 V (top) and –20 V (... | Figure 4: (a) Electron-beam–induced doping under gate bias fields (top: V>0\mathrm{V>0}, bottom: V<0\mathrm{V<0}). Hot electron–hole pairs generated by the electron beam drift across the hBN dielectric under the applied gate bias. The resulting charge trapping in the hBN modifies the electrostatic doping of the monolay... | The heterostructure morphology was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The top hBN layer is approximately 160 nm thick, while the bottom hBN layer is about 23 nm thick. Few layer graphene, serving as the backgate, is estimated to be 2-3 nm (≈\approx 5–10 layers) thick based on the optical contrast. | D |
Because of their large mass, heavy quarks (i.e., charm and beauty) are exclusively produced in processes with large transferred momentum, and hence their production can be computed with pQCD calculations. The measurement of the production of heavy-flavour hadrons in pp collisions is therefore an excellent test of pQCD ... | The bb¯\mathrm{b\overline{b}} production cross section at midrapidity (|y|<0.5|y|<0.5) can be estimated starting from the total B0\mathrm{B^{0}} production cross section and the fragmentation fractions measured in pp¯\mathrm{p\overline{p}} collisions HFLAV:2019otj . The B0\mathrm{B^{0}} production cross section can i... | Figure 2: Ratios of pTp_{\mathrm{T}}-differential production cross sections per unit of rapidity of B0\mathrm{B^{0}} mesons at midrapidity in pp collisions at s=13.6TeV\sqrt{s}=13.6\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV} to those measured by the LHCb Collaboration LHCb:2017vec for B+\mathrm{B^{+}} mesons in pp collisions a... | 2 Measurement of the production cross section of 𝐁𝟎\mathrm{\mathbf{B^{0}}} mesons in pp collisions at 𝐬=𝟏𝟑\mathbf{\sqrt{s}=13} TeV | The rapidity dependence of the B0\mathrm{B^{0}} meson production cross section is also studied by considering the ratio between the B0\mathrm{B^{0}} meson production cross section measured at midrapidity by the ALICE Collaboration and the one measured for the B+\mathrm{B^{+}} meson at forward rapidity by the LHCb Colla... | C |
These codes differ in implementation details and numerical representations of the KS wave functions. | It may be desirable for some users to employ one code, due to its numerical implementation details, while using the analysis capabilities of another. | Without modular libraries, the only solution to this problem is for the developer to either port the analysis capabilities or the numerical implementation to the other code. | Due to the symmetry of the NP, its response is isotropic, and one polarization direction is enough to probe the entire response. | These codes differ in implementation details and numerical representations of the KS wave functions. | A |
In Section 6, at the end of the paper, we will comment on similarities and dissimilarities with some previous works. We claim that, to the best of our knowledge, our results are not included in the statements of other works in the literature. | by infinite-dimensional real commutative C*-algebras of the form 𝒞(ΩA;ℝ)\mathcal{C}(\Omega_{A};\mathbb{R}), and positive | The analysis of the case when 𝒜\mathcal{A} has infinite dimension introduces several technical difficulties and will be left for future work. | In most of our examples, ξ=\xi= trace will help to define the eigenstate; but, for instance, when 𝒜=ℂd\mathcal{A}=\mathbb{C}^{d}, this is not exactly the case. | we will introduce a noncommutative analogue of the Ruelle operator, which will be denoted by LφL_{\varphi}; we will demonstrate, in a noncommutative setting, the existence of the analog of Hölder Gibbs states, and these will be denoted generically by linear operators η\eta, which will be called eigenstates. In some exa... | B |
For most of these models, the predictive base is identical, differing only in details in the quantitative description of effects, however, in some cases, extremely non-trivial properties of the theory are possible. | For example, in the "quadratic" model of electrodynamics [7], regularization is manifested only partially: the electrostatic field strength | Nevertheless, some of them lead to extremely unusual singular solutions. For example, for the model of <<logarithmic>> electrodynamics minimally related to GR, in [19] a solution was obtained for the field of a point charge called the <<black point>>. For this solution, for a certain set of parameters, the event horizo... | A special place is occupied by the model of Aýon-Beato and García [23], the authors of which were the first to obtain a solution for a regular black hole, in the limit of a weak field, which passes to the corresponding solution in Maxwell’s electrodynamics. | possessing the property of regularization of the energy of the electrostatic field of a point charge in pseudo-Euclidean space-time. In all expressions, the original designations of the authors are preserved: ℱ=1/4FikFik{\cal F}=1/4F_{ik}F^{ik} – is a scalar and 𝒢=1/4FikFik∗{\cal G}=1/4F_{ik}{}^{\ast}F^{ik} – ... | A |
It is evident from the literature that the non-equipartition of energy in a granular system depends on a variety of aspects, including the particle properties, the dissipation mechanism, and the number density. | The objective of the present work is to systematically investigate the effect of the friction coefficient and the ratio of the tangential to the normal stiffness coefficients on the partition of fluctuating kinetic energy between the translational and rotational modes of vibro-fluidized particles using the Discrete Ele... | An assembly of rough, inelastic spherical particles subject to vertical vibration was simulated using the open-source code LAMMPS. The linear spring dashpot model is used to determine the normal and tangential forces between the particles at contact. The normal spring constant is selected such that the collisions are p... | In an assembly of realistic granular particles, the partitioning of energy between the translational and rotational modes depends on the surface roughness ([14] and references therein). In the limit of the nearly smooth particles, the rotational and translational kinetic energies are independently balanced, and the kin... | Though non-equipartition of kinetic energy in granular systems is largely observed, Nichol and Daniels [17] reported nearly equipartition of energy between the translational and the rotational modes for a dense bi-disperse mixture subject to periodic excitement on an air table. Potiguar [18] performed numerical simulat... | A |
=(1+a2Q2u2)[1+a2Q2u4b2−u2g00(u)]=Ψ(u).\displaystyle=(1+a^{2}Q^{2}u^{2})\Big{[}\frac{1+a^{2}Q^{2}u^{4}}{b^{2}}-u^{2}g_{00}(u)\Big{]}=\Psi(u). | For the Reissner-Nordström black hole in Einstein-Maxwell theory, the radius of the photon sphere decreases monotonically with increasing black hole charge and | However, at a black hole mass smaller than M≈467M⊙M\approx 467M\odot the shadow radius increases with charge. | The number of horizons for the metric (1) depends on the mass-to-charge ratio of the black hole [9]. Of considerable interest is the possibility of the existence of | In the Einstein-Born-Infeld model, the maximum allowable charge for a given mass is slightly larger, but this is impossible to compare to the Reissner-Nordström solution. | A |
At low temperature (Fig. 9(a), T/Tc=0.2T/T_{c}=0.2), the specular contribution dominates near normal incidence (α≈0\alpha\!\approx\!0), showing a pronounced peak and mild oscillations. The retro branch is comparatively suppressed around α=0\alpha\!=\!0 and contributes more strongly at oblique angles. | At intermediate temperature (T=0.5TcT=0.5T_{c}), shown in Fig. 3(b), the reduced superconducting gap brings the maxima of the two contributions closer together and shifts their crossing toward smaller angles. Both curves exhibit the characteristic form of partition noise: vanishing at normal and grazing incidence, pea... | At low temperature (T=0.2TcT=0.2T_{c}), shown in Fig. 3(a), the system lies deep in the subgap regime. The retro branch grows rapidly at small incidence angles, reaching its maximum at a relatively low α\alpha, while the specular branch peaks later and at higher amplitude. The two curves intersect once, marking the tr... | At low temperature (Fig. 9(a), T/Tc=0.2T/T_{c}=0.2), the specular contribution dominates near normal incidence (α≈0\alpha\!\approx\!0), showing a pronounced peak and mild oscillations. The retro branch is comparatively suppressed around α=0\alpha\!=\!0 and contributes more strongly at oblique angles. | At intermediate temperature (Fig. 9(b), T/Tc=0.5T/T_{c}=0.5), the specular peak is reduced and the oscillations are smooth, while the retro curve gains relative weight at larger |α||\alpha|. The crossing between the two traces shifts towards larger α\alpha, indicating a progressive rebalancing between specular and retr... | D |
G.T. acknowledges support from Bolsa de produtividade CNPQ 305731/2023-8, Bolsa de pesquisa FAPESP 2023/06278-2. | Because the ring observable in Eq. (1) is driven by the transverse distribution of longitudinal velocity and density gradients, it is expected to be sensitive to the value of parameter ff in the initial-state model. | where the parameter f∈[0,1]f\in[0,1] controls the portion of the initial net longitudinal momentum that is attributed to the flow velocity. Numerical simulations are carried out using the iEBE-MUSIC framework. The details of the hydrodynamic modeling are discussed in Ref. DobrigkeitChinellato:2024xph . | This work is in part supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under award numbers DE-SC0021969 and DE-SC0020651. | This research was done using resources provided by the Open Science Grid (OSG), which is supported by the National Science Foundation awards #2030508 and #1836650. | D |
Figure S3: Comparison between the experimental data peaks and the error obtained from the Gaussian fits of the Q cuts as shown in Fig.S2 and the calculated best fitted linear spin wave models for different J combinations as shown in the figures. | The calculated HQ and LQ χ′′(Q,ω)\chi^{\prime\prime}(Q,\omega) were obtained from modeling the magnon dispersions using linear spin wave theory and the powder-averaged to yield the magnon DOS. The interaction pairs used for the exchange model are shown in Fig. 5(c). The Hamiltonian for the linear spin wave calculation... | Table 1: Exchange interaction constants and anisotropy value used in the Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian for NiTiO3, with the corresponding distances between Ni atoms (d) corresponding to the Js depicted in Fig. 5(a) and the number of bonds corresponding to the each exchange interaction (n) for an atom. | In this analysis, the experimental data were fitted using linear spin wave theory, starting with a single J-value and progressively adding up to six J-values. Using the model and the data, R-values were calculated for each model. The corresponding R-values were calculated and are presented in Table I. The lower R-value... | In this section, calculations were performed to assess the quality of the different J models with different J combinations. Fig. S2 shows the fitting of the Q-cut data using Gaussian fits, and Fig. S3 presents the extracted peak centers along with their corresponding experimental errors and the calculated dispersions f... | C |
Also, all data have been scaled to the apparent wavelength of the in-plane helical domain in zero field λ0=59.46±0.12\lambda_{0}=59.46\pm 0.12 nm. | a) The helical and the canted conical state can be clearly seen. At the low field end of the canted conical state the apparent wavelength increases due to the rotation of the helix into the out-of-plane direction. | Coming from the field saturated state the canted conical state appears with λ′=3⋅λ0\lambda^{\prime}=3\cdot\lambda_{0}. | In summary, the initial magnetization curve starts in the helical phase, passing through the conical state into the canted conical state and ends in the field saturated state. | While in the helical state always the [100] domain is populated, in the canted conical state the (major) canted conical domain always nucleates at an angle around φ≈−15\varphi\approx-15°, when the canted conical state is reached from high fields. | B |
Chemical reactions rarely occur in isolation but are subject to dissipative interactions with environments such as solvents or interfaces. Environmental dissipation can strongly alter the | Exploring how the environment influce nonadiabatic dynamics near CIs is important for understanding reactions in complex envrionments. | Figure 2: Schematic illustration of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics near CI with vibrational bath coupling and electronic bath coupling | We employ the influence functional to develop an intuitive picture of how a dissipative environment can influence the conical intersection dynamics. | The most widely used framework for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics is based on the Born-Huang expansion, | A |
On the other hand, in LNMNO and LVMNO, the A′-Mn and A′-Ni coupling strengths are the critical factors that determine their TCT_{C}. | As discussed in section B, the nominal charge state of B′-site Ni is 2+, the three-fold degenerate lower energy t2gt_{2g} level is fully occupied (t2g6t_{2g}^{6}), and the two-fold degenerate higher energy ege_{g} level is half-filled (eg2e_{g}^{2}), with a total of eight dd-electrons. | For the A′(Ni)-Ni coupling, the B′-site Ni atom consists of eight dd-electrons in an octahedral environment, a fully occupied t2gt_{2g} level and a half-filled ege_{g} level is established (t2g6eg2t_{2g}^{6}e_{g}^{2}). The energy-favorable AFM hopping happened between the majority spins from the two half-filled stat... | In the Ni-substituted compound, the nominal state of Ni3+ in the tetragonal environment gives it a fully occupied ege_{g} state and a half-filled t2gt_{2g} state (eg4t2g3e_{g}^{4}t_{2g}^{3}). | With an AFM A′(Co)-Mn coupling, the t2gt_{2g} electron on the Mn site can easily hop to either ege_{g} or t2gt_{2g} level on the Co site, resulting in a negative ege_{g}-t2gt_{2g} (yellow) and t2gt_{2g}-t2gt_{2g} (blue) contribution. | C |
ϕ𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙(x→,t+Δt)=ϕ(x→,t)+qμ,ϕ𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙(x→+μ^,t+Δt)=ϕ(x→+μ^,t)−qμ,qμ=2ΓT(Δt)ξ,\displaystyle\begin{array}[]{rcl}\phi^{\it trial}(\vec{x},t+\Delta t)&=&\phi(\vec{x},t)+q_{\mu}\,,\\ | \phi^{\it trial}(\vec{x}+\hat{\mu},t+\Delta t)&=&\phi(\vec{x}+\hat{\mu},t)-q_{\mu}\,,\end{array}\hskip 28.45274ptq_{\mu}=\sqrt{2\Gamma T(\Delta t)}\,\xi\,, | =Γ∇2(δℋδϕ)−(∇iϕ)δℋδπiT+ζ,\displaystyle=\Gamma\,\nabla^{2}\left(\frac{\delta{\cal H}}{\delta\phi}\right)-\left(\nabla_{i}\phi\right)\frac{\delta{\cal H}}{\delta\pi_{i}^{T}}+\zeta, | ϕ𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙(x→,t+Δt)=ϕ(x→,t)+qμ,ϕ𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙(x→+μ^,t+Δt)=ϕ(x→+μ^,t)−qμ,qμ=2ΓT(Δt)ξ,\displaystyle\begin{array}[]{rcl}\phi^{\it trial}(\vec{x},t+\Delta t)&=&\phi(\vec{x},t)+q_{\mu}\,,\\ | =−2TΓ∇2δ(x→−x→′)δ(t−t′),\displaystyle=-2T\,\Gamma\,\nabla^{2}\delta(\vec{x}-\vec{x}^{\prime})\delta(t-t^{\prime})\,, | A |
System (18) is said to be of universality class UU, if for all τ>0\tau>0, the characteristic equation (19) has at least one root μ\mu with a positive real part ℜ(μ)>0\Re(\mu)>0 (unstable) and no roots occur with ℜ(μ)=0\Re(\mu)=0 (hyperbolic). | Finally, for the system to be of universality class U, we require that the strongly unstable spectrum is not empty (unstable), i.e., | According to [59], the criterion for a linear DDE system to be of class UU is: ACS of type 0 and unstable AA. In this case, the system remains unstable and hyperbolic for all positive τ\tau. | Hence, there are two stability scenarios of class I DDEs: (i) stability for 0≤τ<τ00\leq\tau<\tau_{0} and instability for τ>τ0\tau>\tau_{0} if A+BA+B is stable; and (ii) instability for all τ≥0\tau\geq 0 if A+BA+B is unstable. Note that in case (ii) the DDE is also unstable for all positive time delays. | System (18) is said to be of universality class UU, if for all τ>0\tau>0, the characteristic equation (19) has at least one root μ\mu with a positive real part ℜ(μ)>0\Re(\mu)>0 (unstable) and no roots occur with ℜ(μ)=0\Re(\mu)=0 (hyperbolic). | B |
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