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<s>[INST] What role do influential accounts play in the spread of misinformation on social media platforms? [/INST] Influential accounts on social media play a significant role in amplifying misinformation due to their large following and ability to reach a wide audience. When influential accounts share or engage with ...
<s>[INST] How do "echo chambers" and "filter bubbles" contribute to the propagation of misinformation on social media platforms? [/INST] "Echo chambers" and "filter bubbles" are phenomena on social media platforms where users are exposed mainly to content that aligns with their existing beliefs and opinions. This can l...
<s>[INST] What impact do Twitter bots have on the dissemination of misinformation, and why is detecting them a challenge? [/INST] Twitter bots play a significant role in spreading fake news and misinformation, especially from low-credibility sources. They can amplify false information by interacting with COVID-19 conte...
<s>[INST] What are some common tactics used by conspiracy theorists to spread misinformation on social media platforms? [/INST] Conspiracy theorists often exploit the loose regulation of social media platforms and take advantage of algorithms to amplify the spread of their content. They may use bots to distribute consp...
<s>[INST] How have social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook attempted to combat the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories related to the COVID-19 pandemic? [/INST] Social media platforms have started moderating content more aggressively, suspending accounts that spread misinformation and shutting dow...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to evaluate the effectiveness of content bans on social media platforms in combating conspiracy theories around the COVID-19 pandemic? [/INST] Evaluating the effectiveness of content bans on social media platforms is crucial due to the potential negative impact that conspiracy theories can...
<s>[INST] How do conspiracy theories spread on social media platforms like Twitter, and what are some common characteristics of tweets containing misinformation? [/INST] Conspiracy theories spread rapidly on social media, especially during events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Tweets containing misinformation often includ...
<s>[INST] How does the use of bots and trolls impact the spread of conspiracy theories on social media platforms, and what challenges does this pose for content moderation? [/INST] Bots and trolls play a significant role in amplifying conspiracy theories on social media platforms like Twitter. The involvement of bots c...
<s>[INST] What policy adjustments has Twitter made to combat COVID-19-related misinformation, and how effective has their enforcement been in practice? [/INST] Twitter has adjusted its misleading information policy multiple times in 2020 and 2021 to address COVID-19-related misinformation. These changes include revised...
<s>[INST] How can unverified accounts on Twitter influence the spread of conspiracy theories? [/INST] Unverified accounts on Twitter can influence the spread of conspiracy theories by engaging in interactions such as retweets, mentions, and replies with other users. These accounts, which do not belong to well-known pub...
<s>[INST] How can network analysis on Twitter help identify influential accounts in spreading misinformation? [/INST] Network analysis on Twitter can help identify influential accounts in spreading misinformation by examining interactions between users, such as retweets, mentions, and replies. By mapping out the relati...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to focus on influential accounts with high betweenness centrality, indegree, and outdegree in combating disinformation on Twitter? [/INST] Focusing on influential accounts with high betweenness centrality, indegree, and outdegree is crucial in combating disinformation on Twitter because th...
<s>[INST] What are some common tactics used by malicious accounts on social media to spread disinformation? [/INST] Malicious accounts on social media often employ tactics such as mass retweeting, spamming of hashtags and mentions, and sharing false information through deceptive posts. These accounts may also create fa...
<s>[INST] How do hashtags play a role in spreading disinformation on social media platforms like Twitter? [/INST] Hashtags play a crucial role in spreading disinformation on social media by making specific topics more recognizable and easy to find. Malicious accounts strategically use trending hashtags to reach a wider...
<s>[INST] How can users identify and avoid falling for disinformation spread by bot accounts on social media platforms? [/INST] Users can identify and avoid falling for disinformation spread by bot accounts by being vigilant of suspicious behavior such as mass retweeting, spamming of hashtags, and automated responses. ...
<s>[INST] How do social media platforms like Twitter combat the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories?[/INST] Social media platforms like Twitter combat the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories through moderation policies and enforcement mechanisms. In the case of Twitter, there are guidelines in...
<s>[INST] Why is it important for social media platforms to actively monitor and regulate disinformation and conspiracy theories?[/INST] It is crucial for social media platforms to actively monitor and regulate disinformation and conspiracy theories to protect their users from harmful content that can lead to misinform...
<s>[INST] What are some strategies that social media platforms can employ to enhance their efforts in combating the spread of misinformation?[/INST] Social media platforms can enhance their efforts in combating the spread of misinformation by implementing more proactive measures to identify and remove harmful content. ...
<s>[INST] How can artificial intelligence contribute to the spread of disinformation in the news media industry? [/INST] Artificial intelligence can contribute to the spread of disinformation in the news media industry by generating false information that appears credible to consumers. As AI technology advances, it bec...
<s>[INST] What role does trust play in combating the impact of AI-generated disinformation in journalism? [/INST] Trust plays a crucial role in combating the impact of AI-generated disinformation in journalism. Consumers who have high trust in media organizations are more likely to critically evaluate information they ...
<s>[INST] How can the integration of fake news in research on consumer perception of AI-generated content help combat disinformation online? [/INST] The integration of fake news in research on consumer perception of AI-generated content provides a valuable benchmark for evaluating the credibility of information sources...
<s>[INST] How can manual inspection and coding help reduce the risk of misclassification with bot detection on social media platforms? [/INST] Manual inspection and coding, in conjunction with tools like Botometer, play a crucial role in validating the likelihood of an account being a bot on social media platforms. By ...
<s>[INST] What are some common labels used to categorize accounts engaging in misinformation campaigns on social media platforms? [/INST] Accounts engaging in misinformation campaigns on social media platforms can be labeled as conspiracy theorists, spammers, antivaxxers, celebrities, and non-believers. Conspiracy theo...
<s>[INST] How can influential nodes in social media networks impact the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories? [/INST] Influential nodes in social media networks play a significant role in amplifying the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories. By being centrally located within account-interaction n...
<s>[INST] What are some common characteristics of fake news? [/INST] Fake news refers to information that is objectively false or misleading, designed to deceive the audience. It often appears journalistic in nature but lacks credibility and accuracy. Fake news is created to manipulate perceptions and spread disinforma...
<s>[INST] How can consumers identify fake news? [/INST] Consumers can identify fake news by examining the credibility of the source, verifying the information with multiple reliable sources, and checking for any biased or manipulative language. They should also look out for sensationalized headlines, lack of author att...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to combat fake news and disinformation? [/INST] Combatting fake news and disinformation is crucial to maintaining the integrity of information and preserving trust in the media. When false information is spread intentionally, it can manipulate public opinion, sow division, and undermine de...
<s>[INST] How does the spread of disinformation impact consumer trust in media? [/INST] The spread of disinformation can severely impact consumer trust in media. When false information is deliberately spread to deceive people, it can create confusion and doubt among consumers, leading them to question the credibility o...
<s>[INST] What role does AI play in the dissemination of disinformation? [/INST] AI technology can be both a tool for combating disinformation and a vehicle for its spread. On one hand, AI can be used to detect and flag false information online through algorithms that analyze patterns and sources of content. However, m...
<s>[INST] How can consumers distinguish between legitimate news and disinformation in an era of AI-generated content? [/INST] In an era where AI-generated content is becoming increasingly prevalent, consumers must be vigilant in discerning between legitimate news sources and disinformation. Fact-checking websites, veri...
<s>[INST] What are some common tactics used in spreading disinformation? [/INST] Common tactics used in spreading disinformation include creating fake news stories, spreading misleading information through social media platforms, manipulating images and videos to deceive audiences, and using bots or fake accounts to am...
<s>[INST] How can individuals identify and combat disinformation? [/INST] Individuals can identify disinformation by fact-checking information from multiple reliable sources, being cautious of sensational headlines or images, and verifying the credibility of the author or website. Critical thinking skills play a crucia...
<s>[INST] What are the potential consequences of consuming disinformation? [/INST] Consuming disinformation can lead to a distorted view of reality, misinformation spreading to others, and increased polarization within society. Individuals may make ill-informed decisions based on false information, potentially leading ...
<s>[INST] Why is credibility an essential factor in determining the quality of news content? [/INST] Credibility plays a crucial role in news content as it influences the trustworthiness of the information being conveyed. Consumers rely on credible sources for accurate and reliable information, especially in today's ag...
<s>[INST] How does the concept of trust impact the consumption of news media? [/INST] Trust is integral to the consumption of news media as it dictates whether consumers are willing to rely on the information provided by a specific source. In the current landscape of disinformation and manipulation, trust in the media ...
<s>[INST] In what ways does fake news impact consumer trust in news media? [/INST] Fake news significantly impacts consumer trust in news media by eroding confidence in the reliability and accuracy of information sources. The proliferation of fake news has made it challenging for consumers to discern between fact and f...
<s>[INST] What is the impact of fake news on society? [/INST] Fake news can have significant negative effects on society by spreading misinformation, influencing public opinions and decisions, and undermining trust in the media and institutions. It can lead to confusion, division, and even violence. As an assistant edu...
<s>[INST] How can individuals identify fake news or disinformation? [/INST] Individuals can identify fake news or disinformation by checking the credibility of the source, verifying the information with multiple reliable sources, looking out for sensationalist or inflammatory language, and being critical of information...
<s>[INST] What role does media literacy play in combating disinformation? [/INST] Media literacy plays a crucial role in combating disinformation by equipping individuals with the skills to critically analyze and evaluate information they encounter. It enables people to discern between credible sources and misinformati...
<s>[INST] What are some of the main approaches to detecting fake news? [/INST] There are two main approaches to detecting fake news: content-based and context-based. Content-based approaches focus on linguistic features and content-specific characteristics of the news articles. On the other hand, context-based approach...
<s>[INST] How can fake news be spread through social media platforms? [/INST] Fake news is often spread through social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter. Misinformation or disinformation, which can be considered fake news, is typically disseminated through posts linking to fake articles or decontextualized news...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to have high-quality datasets for training machine learning models to detect fake news? [/INST] High-quality datasets are essential for training machine learning models to detect fake news because the task is highly subjective and context-dependent. Detecting fake news requires understandi...
<s>[INST] What are some potential challenges in detecting fake news and rumors? [/INST] Detecting fake news and rumors can be challenging due to the diversity of sources and the constant evolution of techniques used to spread disinformation. The sparsity of relevant data on social media and news websites, as well as re...
<s>[INST] How can language models be optimized for detecting fake news and disinformation? [/INST] Language models can be fine-tuned on specific topics or events related to fake news to improve their detection capabilities. By training models on focused and possibly smaller datasets that contain highly informative feat...
<s>[INST] What role does annotation quality play in improving the detection of fake news and disinformation? [/INST] The quality of annotation plays a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of fake news detection models. While speed is important in creating labeled datasets, the trade-off between speed and quality must...
<s>[INST] How does trust in media affect the perception of AI-generated texts in comparison to fake news? [/INST] Trust in media plays a significant role in how individuals perceive AI-generated texts compared to fake news. For participants with high trust in media, labeling a text as AI-generated led to a perception o...
<s>[INST] What insights does the study provide regarding the believability of AI-generated texts compared to journalistic texts and fake news? [/INST] The study reveals that AI-generated texts are perceived as similar in terms of credibility to journalistic texts, but significantly worse in readability. Interestingly, ...
<s>[INST] How does trust in media influence individuals' perceptions of AI-generated texts labeled as such? [/INST] Trust in media significantly impacts how individuals perceive AI-generated texts when they are labeled as such. Participants with high trust in media rated AI-generated texts as less readable, less credib...
<s>[INST] What are some strategies used to identify fake news and misinformation online? [/INST] Some strategies to identify fake news and misinformation online include fact-checking websites like Snopes, using multiple sources to verify information, checking for bias in the source, examining the credibility of the aut...
<s>[INST] How can social media platforms like Twitter be used to spread false information? [/INST] Social media platforms like Twitter can be used to spread false information through the rapid dissemination of unverified content, the use of fake accounts to amplify certain messages, the manipulation of trending topics ...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to integrate contextual knowledge in the labelling of datasets related to fake news and disinformation? [/INST] It is crucial to integrate contextual knowledge in the labelling of datasets related to fake news and disinformation because it helps to approximate expert human annotation and i...
<s>[INST] What are some common strategies used to detect fake news and disinformation on social media platforms? [/INST] Detecting fake news and disinformation on social media involves various strategies, including automated fact-checking, analyzing user behavior such as likes and comments, and collecting large-scale d...
<s>[INST] How do researchers collect and label datasets for studying fake news and disinformation on social media platforms? [/INST] Researchers collect datasets by focusing on public profiles, hyper-partisan publishers, and pseudo-scientific publishers on platforms like Facebook. On Twitter, efforts are made to collec...
<s>[INST] How have advancements in machine learning technology impacted the detection of fake news and disinformation on social media platforms? [/INST] Machine learning technology has significantly influenced the detection of fake news by enabling the development of advanced models based on deep neural networks archit...
<s>[INST] What are some common methods used to spread disinformation? [/INST] Disinformation can be spread in various ways, including through social media platforms, websites, online forums, and even traditional media outlets. Some common tactics used to spread disinformation include creating fake news stories, manipul...
<s>[INST] How can individuals identify and combat disinformation? [/INST] One way to identify disinformation is to evaluate the credibility of the source, check for multiple sources reporting the same information, and fact-check the claims being made. By being critical of the information we encounter and verifying its ...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to fact-check information before sharing it? [/INST] Fact-checking information before sharing it is crucial in combating the spread of disinformation. By verifying the accuracy of the information we come across, we can prevent the dissemination of false or misleading content that can harm ...
<s>[INST] How can contextual information help in identifying fake news? [/INST] Contextual information plays a crucial role in identifying fake news as it provides additional background knowledge to annotators. By giving annotators specific details about known false news related to a topic, such as misleading informati...
<s>[INST] How does manual fact-checking contribute to the assessment of fake news? [/INST] Manual fact-checking is a crucial component in assessing the truthfulness of information, especially when dealing with fake news. By thoroughly examining the content and comparing it against known fake news and other reliable sou...
<s>[INST] What role do different data labeling approaches play in understanding the complexity of fake news? [/INST] Different data labeling approaches, such as In-Context (IC) annotation, Out-of-Context (OOC) annotation, and Manual Fact-Checking (MFC) annotation, offer unique insights into the various levels of comple...
<s>[INST] How does the IC annotation method improve fake news identification compared to the OOC method? [/INST] The IC annotation method improves fake news identification by requiring less training data to achieve better performances than the OOC method. This improvement is especially notable in Recall and F-Score met...
<s>[INST] Can the IC method be applied to other datasets besides the Notre-Dame Fire dataset? [/INST] Yes, the IC method can be applied to other datasets to test its effectiveness in different contexts and events. In a simulation on the PHEME dataset, which contains rumours related to real-world events like the Charlie...
<s>[INST] How does the use of a bertbase-uncased pre-trained model contribute to fine-tuning in fake news identification tasks? [/INST] The bertbase-uncased pre-trained model serves as a strong foundation for fine-tuning in fake news identification tasks. By starting with this model and adapting it to the specific task...
<s>[INST] How does the presence of contextual fake news impact the performance of classifiers trained on the OOC and IC datasets? [/INST] The presence of contextual fake news in the training data has different effects on classifiers trained with OOC and IC datasets. While adding contextual fake news improves the perfor...
<s>[INST] How were the datasets for the experiments on the NDF and PHEME datasets prepared in terms of annotation and class distribution? [/INST] The datasets for the experiments on the NDF and PHEME datasets were prepared by applying the IC annotation method to approximate a manually fact-checked approach. The annotat...
<s>[INST] How were the performances of BERT classifiers trained on OOC and IC datasets evaluated in terms of recognizing fake news? [/INST] The performances of BERT classifiers trained on OOC and IC datasets were evaluated in terms of recognizing fake news by measuring their ability to predict the labels provided by ma...
<s>[INST] What are some common tactics used to spread disinformation? [/INST] Some common tactics used to spread disinformation include creating fake news stories, spreading misleading information through social media, manipulating images and videos, and using bots or fake accounts to amplify false narratives. Disinfor...
<s>[INST] How can individuals detect and combat disinformation? [/INST] Individuals can combat disinformation by verifying information from multiple reliable sources, checking the credibility of the sources, fact-checking information before sharing it, and being skeptical of sensational or inflammatory content. Critica...
<s>[INST] Why is it important to distinguish between real and fake news? [/INST] It is important to distinguish between real and fake news because misinformation can have serious consequences on society, public opinion, and democracy. Fake news can manipulate public perceptions, influence elections, incite violence, an...
<s>[INST] How does providing contextual information to annotators impact the quality of labelled datasets in detecting fake news? [/INST] Providing contextual information to annotators can significantly impact the quality of labelled datasets in detecting fake news. This is evident from the experiments discussed in the...
<s>[INST] What role does bias play in improving the performance of classifiers trained on annotated datasets with contextual information? [/INST] Bias plays a significant role in improving the performance of classifiers trained on annotated datasets with contextual information. Annotators may be biased to label data as...
<s>[INST] How does the presence of data imbalance impact the training of classifiers on annotated datasets in detecting fake news? [/INST] The presence of data imbalance can impact the training of classifiers on annotated datasets in detecting fake news. In datasets like PHEME, where fake and real news are perfectly ba...
<s>[INST] How can contextual data improve the quality of labeled data in disinformation detection? [/INST] Contextual data can significantly enhance the quality of labeled data in disinformation detection by providing additional information that aids in understanding the nuances and subtleties of fake news. By incorpor...
<s>[INST] What challenges are associated with using standard crowdsourcing methods to collect data on subjective tasks like fake news detection? [/INST] Standard crowdsourcing methods pose several challenges when collecting data on subjective tasks such as fake news detection. One major issue is the lack of contextual ...
<s>[INST] How can the IC method improve the accuracy of classifiers in detecting fake news compared to traditional crowdsourcing methods? [/INST] The IC method can significantly enhance the accuracy of classifiers in detecting fake news by providing raters with contextual data consisting of already known fake news abou...
<s>[INST] How can classifiers trained on crowdsourcing data help in detecting fake news? [/INST] Classifiers trained on crowdsourcing data can be beneficial in distinguishing fake from real news by utilizing a large pool of labeled data from various sources. By analyzing linguistic cues and content-based aspects, these...
<s>[INST] What challenges do classifiers face when predicting the veracity of complex pieces of text? [/INST] Classifiers encounter significant challenges when trying to determine the truthfulness of complex news articles due to their intricate linguistic and semantic features. These complexities can make it difficult ...
<s>[INST] How does the in-context annotation method contribute to the effectiveness of classifiers in detecting fake news? [/INST] The in-context annotation method plays a crucial role in improving the performance of classifiers in identifying fake news by providing relevant context and additional instances for trainin...
<s>[INST] What are some common motivators that drive people to share unverified information on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic? [/INST] During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals driven by self-promotion and entertainment are more likely to share unverified information on social media. Additionally, those with...
<s>[INST] How does social media contribute to the spread of misinformation and fake news during global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic? [/INST] Social media platforms amplify the dissemination of news and information, leading to the rapid spread of misinformation during global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Us...
<s>[INST] What are some potential consequences of sharing unverified information on social media platforms during a global crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic? [/INST] Sharing unverified information on social media platforms during a global crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to detrimental consequences such as mi...
<s>[INST] How does confirmation bias impact the spread of fake news? [/INST] Confirmation bias plays a significant role in the spread of fake news as individuals tend to believe information that aligns with their pre-existing views, regardless of its reliability. This bias leads people to share misinformation that conf...
<s>[INST] What are some intrinsic predictors for sharing fake news on social media? [/INST] Intrinsic predictors for sharing fake news on social media include factors such as social media fatigue, fear of missing out (FoMO), lack of internet experience, poor information verification skills, and online trust. These pred...
<s>[INST] How does social media contribute to the dissemination of fake news? [/INST] Social media platforms serve as amplifiers for both real and fake news, with a significant portion of users relying on them as primary news sources. The ease of sharing information on social media enables fake news to spread rapidly a...
<s>[INST] How can the spread of fake news be mitigated according to recent academic literature? [/INST] Recent suggestions in academia include ensuring accurate and well-structured information availability, directing individuals towards trustworthy sources, nudging people to pay attention to news sources, and utilizing...
<s>[INST] What role do social media platforms play in influencing people's news sharing behavior? [/INST] Social media platforms can influence individuals' news sharing behavior by nudging them to pay attention to news sources, thereby increasing their criticality towards information and reducing the likelihood of shar...
<s>[INST] How can individuals combat social media fatigue in the age of overwhelming information? [/INST] Individuals can combat social media fatigue by being mindful of their social media use patterns and actively managing their online activities. Factors contributing to social media fatigue include information overlo...
<s>[INST] How can the concept of information overload contribute to the spread of disinformation on social media? [/INST] Information overload can play a significant role in the dissemination of disinformation on social media platforms. When individuals are bombarded with excessive amounts of information, they may stru...
<s>[INST] How does the human need for approval and recognition contribute to the spread of disinformation on social media? [/INST] The desire for approval and recognition on social media can incentivize individuals to share information, even if it is false or misleading, to garner positive feedback and engagement from ...
<s>[INST] In what ways can factors such as fear of missing out and privacy concerns influence individuals' susceptibility to disinformation on social media? [/INST] Factors such as fear of missing out and privacy concerns can significantly impact individuals' susceptibility to disinformation on social media platforms. ...
<s>[INST] What role does social media play in the spread of disinformation? [/INST] Social media platforms play a significant role in the spread of disinformation. With the rise of social media networks, false information can be disseminated quickly and reach a large audience within seconds. The ease of sharing and the...
<s>[INST] How can cognitive load theory help in understanding and combating disinformation? [/INST] Cognitive load theory (CLT) can provide insights into how individuals process and comprehend information, which is essential in combating disinformation. By understanding the limitations of the human working memory and h...
<s>[INST] What affordances can be leveraged to mitigate the spread of disinformation on social media? [/INST] Affordances on social media platforms can be leveraged to mitigate the spread of disinformation by enhancing user interactions and promoting critical thinking. Technical affordances, such as fact-checking tools...
<s>[INST] What role does self-promotion on social media play in the spread of disinformation? [/INST] Self-promotion on social media can inadvertently contribute to the spread of disinformation by creating a platform where individuals may prioritize presenting a positive image of themselves over verifying the accuracy ...
<s>[INST] How does the desire for entertainment on social media impact the spread of disinformation? [/INST] The desire for entertainment on social media can play a role in the spread of disinformation by creating a space where individuals prioritize amusement over the accuracy of the information they share. When indiv...
<s>[INST] How does the COVID-19 pandemic impact individuals' likelihood to share misinformation on social media? [/INST] The COVID-19 pandemic has created a unique challenge for individuals on social media platforms, as the abundance of information and the rapid spread of news related to the pandemic can make it diffic...
<s>[INST] How does the spread of unverified information contribute to the dissemination of disinformation?[/INST] The sharing of unverified information, especially on social media platforms, can contribute to the dissemination of disinformation by creating a fertile ground for false narratives to spread rapidly and wid...
<s>[INST] What role does cognitive load play in the consumption and propagation of disinformation online?[/INST] Cognitive load plays a significant role in the consumption and propagation of disinformation online. When individuals are faced with high cognitive load, such as during times of stress or information overloa...
<s>[INST] How can the exploration of novel information online be leveraged to combat the spread of disinformation?[/INST] The exploration of novel information online can be leveraged to combat the spread of disinformation by encouraging individuals to seek out diverse sources, verify the accuracy of information, and cr...
<s>[INST] What is the impact of deficient self-regulation on sharing unverified information on social media? [/INST] Deficient self-regulation can increase the likelihood of sharing unverified information on social media. When individuals lack self-regulation, they may be more prone to impulsively share information wit...
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EDMO Disinformation Question-and-answer Dataset

We present a question-and-answer dataset based on the research available at EDMO related to disinformation.

The dataset was generated using ChatGPT, which was provided with sections of the above research and tasked with generated questions related to disinformation and the section of text provided.

Almost 240 PDF documents were used to generate this data, resulting in a total of 5,991 questions.

The data is in the format required to finetune models such as Llama 2 and Mistral.

This activity has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program for the ARTCAST4D project under grant agreement number 101061163. This communication reflects only the author's view and the Commission is not for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

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