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bc5chem

@article{gu2021domain,
    title = {
        Domain-specific language model pretraining for biomedical natural
        language processing
    },
    author = {
        Gu, Yu and Tinn, Robert and Cheng, Hao and Lucas, Michael and
        Usuyama, Naoto and Liu, Xiaodong and Naumann, Tristan and Gao,
        Jianfeng and Poon, Hoifung
    },
    year = 2021,
    journal = {ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare (HEALTH)},
    publisher = {ACM New York, NY},
    volume = 3,
    number = 1,
    pages = {1--23}
}

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text stringlengths 190 1.52k	input stringlengths 190 1.52k	answer_choices sequencelengths 0 0	correct_output_index float64
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: On transthoracic echocardiogram, she had moderate left ventricular dysfunction with regional variability and moderate mitral regurgitation. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: On transthoracic echocardiogram, she had moderate left ventricular dysfunction with regional variability and moderate mitral regurgitation. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmia in myocyte cultures suggests that this effect is at least partly mediated at the myocyte level. Answer: bupivac...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmia in myocyte cultures suggests that this effect is at least partly mediated at the myocyte level. Answer: bupivac...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Estradiol treatment also increased the arrhythmogenicity of bupivacaine in myocyte cultures, but was only one fourth as potent as progesterone. Answer: bup...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Estradiol treatment also increased the arrhythmogenicity of bupivacaine in myocyte cultures, but was only one fourth as potent as progesterone. Answer: bup...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Under barbiturate anesthesia, virtually all of the myocardial contractile indices were depressed significantly in barium-exposed rats relative to the ...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Under barbiturate anesthesia, virtually all of the myocardial contractile indices were depressed significantly in barium-exposed rats relative to the ...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: In view of the increased use of hormone therapies in an adjuvant and preventative setting their impact on cognitive functioning should be investigat...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: In view of the increased use of hormone therapies in an adjuvant and preventative setting their impact on cognitive functioning should be investigat...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: Spinal cord ischemia was induced by aortic occlusion for 6 min with a balloon catheter. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: Spinal cord ischemia was induced by aortic occlusion for 6 min with a balloon catheter. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: She has been in complete remission under the combined medications for more than one year and maintains a fair role function. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: She has been in complete remission under the combined medications for more than one year and maintains a fair role function. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one), pregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one) and ganaxolone (a synthetic derivative of allop...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one), pregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one) and ganaxolone (a synthetic derivative of allop...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: BACKGROUND: In dogs, a large amount of intravenous cocaine causes a profound deterioration of left ventricular (LV) systolic function and an increase in ...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: BACKGROUND: In dogs, a large amount of intravenous cocaine causes a profound deterioration of left ventricular (LV) systolic function and an increase in ...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: An earlier suggestion of increased lung cancer risk at high levels of metolachlor use in this cohort was not confirmed in this update. Answer: metolachlor	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: An earlier suggestion of increased lung cancer risk at high levels of metolachlor use in this cohort was not confirmed in this update. Answer: metolachlor	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Given this life-threatening complication, appropriate prophylactic measures should be used in high-risk woman undergoing ovarian stimulation. Answer: n...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Given this life-threatening complication, appropriate prophylactic measures should be used in high-risk woman undergoing ovarian stimulation. Answer: n...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: This case study highlights the important contribution of nursing in obtaining an accurate health history. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: This case study highlights the important contribution of nursing in obtaining an accurate health history. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Also, there appears to be an adaptation by the rats to the chronic ingestion of aspirin. Answer: aspirin	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Also, there appears to be an adaptation by the rats to the chronic ingestion of aspirin. Answer: aspirin	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: Although the side-effect profile of erythromycin is established, including gastroenteritis and interactions with other drugs subject to hepatic mixed-fu...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: Although the side-effect profile of erythromycin is established, including gastroenteritis and interactions with other drugs subject to hepatic mixed-fu...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: Other known reasons for seizures were ruled out and the convulsions stopped a few hours after cessation of morphine and did not reoccur in the subsequent 8 months. A...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: Other known reasons for seizures were ruled out and the convulsions stopped a few hours after cessation of morphine and did not reoccur in the subsequent 8 months. A...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: OBJECTIVES: Posterior leukoencephalopathy due to calcineurin-inhibitor-related neurotoxicity is a rare but severe complication that results from treatment with immunosup...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: OBJECTIVES: Posterior leukoencephalopathy due to calcineurin-inhibitor-related neurotoxicity is a rare but severe complication that results from treatment with immunosup...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: We report a case of hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone in a 73-year-old patient wh...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: We report a case of hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone in a 73-year-old patient wh...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: The arrhythmia resolved after therapy with atenolol, but recurred a year later. Answer: atenolol	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: The arrhythmia resolved after therapy with atenolol, but recurred a year later. Answer: atenolol	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: There was also an excess of MB in warfarin users vs nonusers with ICH (OR, 2.7; 95 % CI, 1.6-4.4; P < 0.001) but none in warfarin users with IS/TIA (OR, 1.3; 95 % CI, 0.9-1....	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: There was also an excess of MB in warfarin users vs nonusers with ICH (OR, 2.7; 95 % CI, 1.6-4.4; P < 0.001) but none in warfarin users with IS/TIA (OR, 1.3; 95 % CI, 0.9-1....	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Information regarding midazolam use is reviewed to provide recommendation for safe administration. Answer: midazolam	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Information regarding midazolam use is reviewed to provide recommendation for safe administration. Answer: midazolam	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: Discontinuance of effective chemotherapy in this patient during partial remission resulted in fatal disease progression. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: Discontinuance of effective chemotherapy in this patient during partial remission resulted in fatal disease progression. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: RESULTS: The most common pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: RESULTS: The most common pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Of these, 137 acquired HIV infection during follow-up. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Of these, 137 acquired HIV infection during follow-up. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of persistent hiccups associated by azithromycin therapy. Answer: azithromycin	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of persistent hiccups associated by azithromycin therapy. Answer: azithromycin	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Cells were pretreated with maltolyl p-coumarate, before exposed to amyloid beta peptide (1-42), glutamate or H2O2. Answer: H2O2, amyloid beta peptide (1-42), ...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: Cells were pretreated with maltolyl p-coumarate, before exposed to amyloid beta peptide (1-42), glutamate or H2O2. Answer: H2O2, amyloid beta peptide (1-42), ...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: However, no significant effects were found with other visual analog scales reflecting subjective sedation and clear-headedness. Answer: no ma...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: However, no significant effects were found with other visual analog scales reflecting subjective sedation and clear-headedness. Answer: no ma...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Tiapride, a substituted benzamide derivative closely related to metoclopramide, reduced levodopa-induced peak dose involuntary movements in 16 patients with idi...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: Tiapride, a substituted benzamide derivative closely related to metoclopramide, reduced levodopa-induced peak dose involuntary movements in 16 patients with idi...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: The serum vecuronium level measured in 1 patient 14 days after the drug had been discontinued was 172 ng/mL. Answer: vecuronium	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: The serum vecuronium level measured in 1 patient 14 days after the drug had been discontinued was 172 ng/mL. Answer: vecuronium	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: RA alone did not induce hyperplastic changes in the forestomach. Answer: RA	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: RA alone did not induce hyperplastic changes in the forestomach. Answer: RA	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: An unusual toxic reaction to axillary block by mepivacaine with adrenaline. Answer: mepivacaine and adrenaline	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: An unusual toxic reaction to axillary block by mepivacaine with adrenaline. Answer: mepivacaine and adrenaline	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: The risk of serious thrombotic events was also similar for each valdecoxib dose. Answer: valdecoxib	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: The risk of serious thrombotic events was also similar for each valdecoxib dose. Answer: valdecoxib	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: The busulfan dose in children and infants undergoing bone marrow transplantation should be reconsidered on the basis of pharmacokinetic studies. Answer: busulfan	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: The busulfan dose in children and infants undergoing bone marrow transplantation should be reconsidered on the basis of pharmacokinetic studies. Answer: busulfan	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: Simultaneous administration of morphine with metamizol resulted in a markedly antinociceptive potentiation and an increasing of the duration of actio...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: Simultaneous administration of morphine with metamizol resulted in a markedly antinociceptive potentiation and an increasing of the duration of actio...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: During the follow-up of our patient, penicillamine was interrupted after the appearance of a lichenoid dermatitis, and zinc acetate permitted to continue t...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Sentence: During the follow-up of our patient, penicillamine was interrupted after the appearance of a lichenoid dermatitis, and zinc acetate permitted to continue t...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: There was a significant difference among groups in glucose effectiveness (F (30) = 4.18; P =. 02) (clozapine < olanzapine < risperidone) with significant d...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: There was a significant difference among groups in glucose effectiveness (F (30) = 4.18; P =. 02) (clozapine < olanzapine < risperidone) with significant d...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: However, further investigations are warranted in a model of chronic heart failure. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Description: However, further investigations are warranted in a model of chronic heart failure. Answer: no match	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: While powerful antiparkinsonian effects had been observed as early as 1951, the potential of treating fluctuating Parkinson's disease by subcutaneous a...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical compounds in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching words. If there is no matching entity, return `no match`. Description: While powerful antiparkinsonian effects had been observed as early as 1951, the potential of treating fluctuating Parkinson's disease by subcutaneous a...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: RESULTS: Methadone dose was associated with longer QT interval of 0.140 ms/mg (p = 0.002). Answer: Methadone	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent sentence. Return the matching entities. If there is no match, return `no match`. Sentence: RESULTS: Methadone dose was associated with longer QT interval of 0.140 ms/mg (p = 0.002). Answer: Methadone	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: When participants were stratified by antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, the association between alcohol and CD4+ T-cell did not reach statistical sig...	Task: Find all the mentions of chemical substances in the subsequent text. Return the matching words. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Description: When participants were stratified by antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, the association between alcohol and CD4+ T-cell did not reach statistical sig...	[]	null
Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: Thus prior dosing with H1-and H2-antagonists provides only partial protection. Answer: no match	Task: Find all the mentions of chemicals in the following text. Return the matching entities. If there is no mention of a chemical, return `no match`. Sentence: Thus prior dosing with H1-and H2-antagonists provides only partial protection. Answer: no match	[]	null