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**COMMENTARY**
## **Post-Growth, Degrowth, the Doughnut, and Circular Economy: A Short Guide for Policymakers**
## **Federico Savini,** _University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands_
**ABSTRACT:** Cities are searching for policy strategies able to meet climate and social targets while reducing their mate... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The commentary argues that post-growth is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, and degrowth generates one answerable question, an answer, and an exact supporting quote.",
"evidence_quote": "It argues that post-growth is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, degrowth generate one answerable question, ans... |
the use of these terms in policy. It compares the terms of post-growth, degrowth, circular economy, and Doughnut Economics. It argues that post-growth is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, degrowth is an agenda, and circular economy is a business model. The article concludes with a manifesto for a post-growth city, a... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The article argues that post-growth is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, degrowth is an agenda, and the circular economy is a business model.",
"evidence_quote": "It argues that post-growth is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, degrowth is an agenda, and circular economy is a business model.",
"... |
ategies and identify targets of reduction and social equality.
© University of Toronto Press, 2023 _Journal of City Climate Policy and Economy,_ 2.2, 2024
DOI:10.3138/jccpe-2023-0004
F Savini
- A degrowth agenda proposes to reduce excess consumption and production, and to redistribute wealth to meet social univ... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "A degrowth agenda proposes to reduce excess consumption and production, and to redistribute wealth to meet social universal needs.",
"evidence_quote": "- A degrowth agenda proposes to reduce excess consumption and production, and to redistribute wealth to meet social universal needs.",
"question": "W... |
did the same. Barcelona adopted a municipal agenda oriented to sustaining public services, reducing evictions and promoting cooperatives in housing and productive sectors, which has not been without its challenges (Degen & García, 2012). Other cities have not explicitly used the doughnut post-growth tool but have inste... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "City administrations recognize that to meet climate targets, efficiency gains and infrastructural adaptation are not enough, and it is necessary to move toward an economic organization that values well-being instead of material consumption in order to reduce environmental harm caused by the expansion of ... |
toward an economic organization that values well-being instead of material consumption and, in so doing, pursues a reduction of the environmental harm caused by the expansion of the urban economy.
Despite these new policy trends, however, hardly any public administration has engaged explicitly with the notion of degr... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The goal is to pursue a reduction of the environmental harm caused by the expansion of the urban economy.",
"evidence_quote": "toward an economic organization that values well-being instead of material consumption and, in so doing, pursues a reduction of the environmental harm caused by the expansion o... |
. As a consequence, the conversation ofen gets stuck on the terminology itself, rather than on the actual solutions needed to address the socio-environmental problem at hand (such as CO2 reduction or social inequality). Participants use the terms that resonate the most with their background. In my practice, as an actio... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The circular economy is highly appreciated as a term for sustainability among engineers, economists, and utility firms.",
"evidence_quote": "I notice that _circular economy_ is highly appreciated as a term for sustainability among engineers, economists, and utility frms.",
"question": "Which term is ... |
xperts that want to stress the need to move away from an extractivist economy. T e _doughnut framework_ is becoming popular among radical environmental economists, even if it is not yet mainstream.
Because these terms are all very important to position urban policymaking in the current climate and biodiversity crisis... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Post-growth is an approach that shifts the focus from economic output to social change.",
"evidence_quote": "post-growth is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, degrowth is an agenda, and circular economy is a (business) model.",
"question": "What is the main shift in focus that the term 'post-growth... |
h is an approach, the doughnut is a tool, degrowth is an agenda, and circular economy is a (business) model.
## **Post-Growth: A Term That Shifts the Focus from Economic Output to Social Change**
The term _post-growth_ defines an approach to the study and intervention of socio-ecological problems that is essentiall... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Post-growth defines an approach opposite to green growth.",
"evidence_quote": "The term _post-growth_ defines an approach to the study and intervention of socio-ecological problems that is essentially opposite to that of green growth.",
"question": "What is the relationship between the term 'post-gro... |
tions but overlooks the quality of these transactions and their actual value for well-being. Post-growth rejects the belief that the increase in GDP is necessary to meet social and climate targets.
Post-growth thinking builds on the evidence that society has not reached any absolute decoupling globally, which means d... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Post-growth thinking builds on the evidence that society has not reached any absolute decoupling globally, meaning GDP increase can no longer be delinked from environmental degradation in terms of emissions and material footprint.",
"evidence_quote": "Post-growth thinking builds on the evidence that so... |
on as one accepts that there are planetary boundaries that cannot be respected if industrialized societies double their economic output every 23 years or so (assuming a growth rate of 3% per year).
Accordingly, post-growth is a useful concept to stimulate a discussion, but it is hardly useful to defne a concrete urba... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The 'Doughnut' is a tool to map environmental overshoot and social needs.",
"evidence_quote": "The Doughnut: A Tool to Map Environmental Overshoot and Social Needs",
"question": "What is the utility of the 'Doughnut' concept?"
} |
f environmentally harmful activities, and to tackle the climate crisis at its root. It’s an approach without a toolkit.
## **The Doughnut: A Tool to Map Environmental Overshoot and Social Needs**
Te doughnut framework is very useful to f ll this gap in the toolbox of city ofcials. Te doughnut is, frst of all, a mod... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The Doughnut framework is a model that provides policy content to a post-growth approach by bringing to the centre of economy theory the notion of an ecological ceiling and problematizing overshoot.",
"evidence_quote": "Te doughnut framework is very useful to fill this gap in the toolbox of city ofcial... |
**Figure 1:** The doughnut economics conceptual model, _Source: Wikimedia Commons ._
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As with any analytical framework, a doughnut is a tool that allows policymakers to do two important things: frst, to map... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "A doughnut is a tool that allows policymakers to map and survey sectors that are overshooting planetary boundaries and to identify sectors of society that are not meeting minimum standards.",
"evidence_quote": "As with any analytical framework, a doughnut is a tool that allows policymakers to do two im... |
en used in Amsterdam, where the city has engaged in several workshops and research to establish key sectors to reduce at the municipal level and to list key indicators of well-being to be achieved.
Te limit of the doughnut lies in the fact that, as with any other tool, its ef ectiveness and potential consequences ful... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The effectiveness and potential consequences of the doughnut depend entirely on the actors using it, the data they gather, and the policy response (regulations, incentives, divestments). It provides a map of a problem but offers no specific direction on how to approach the problem in practice.",
"evide... |
a broader scale. In sum, the adoption of the doughnut does not protect against the risk of greenwashing in so far as it is not a sufcient condition to enact socially redistributive policies by public administrations.
An example of this phenomenon is _cost-shif ing_ (Conde et al., 2022), which may take place in the el... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The adoption of the doughnut does not protect against the risk of greenwashing in so far as it is not a sufficient condition to enact socially redistributive policies by public administrations.",
"evidence_quote": "In sum, the adoption of the doughnut does not protect against the risk of greenwashing i... |
e economy that hardly change the way wealth, consumption, and production are organized in cities, and the way environmental damages are distributed.
## **Degrowth: An Agenda That Reduces Excess**
Degrowth addresses this limit. It ofers an agenda of action that makes it possible to reach the targets defned through a... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "It is necessary to actively reduce all economic activities—production and consumption—that generate environmental damage and that concentrate wealth in the hands of a few.",
"evidence_quote": "It recognizes that to remain within planetary boundaries (i.e., the external border of the doughnut), it is ne... |
2020). At the same time, degrowth demands distributional justice. It requires recognition by policymakers of the fact that overconsumption by the wealthy is
DOI: jccpe-2023-0004
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F Savini
damaging the urban and planetary commons for all. At the same time, it draws attention to the fact that those who do not ... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Degrowth demands that policymakers recognize that overconsumption by the wealthy is damaging the urban and planetary commons for all.",
"evidence_quote": "It requires recognition by policymakers of the fact that overconsumption by the wealthy is damaging the urban and planetary commons for all.",
"qu... |
ing productive capacity from less necessary and environmentally destructive productions (e.g., SUVs) to those that deliver collective well-being. Degrowth is the opposite of trickle-down economics.
Tis is an agenda of socio-ecological redistribution. As such, this agenda opens several related issues: the democratic d... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The agenda suggests prioritizing sectors such as health care, education, social relations, family and friendship, cultural development, tradition, and heritage to improve the well-being of cities.",
"evidence_quote": "Yet it also gives a clear indication of which sectors need to be prioritized to impro... |
hile boosting economic performance, also improve well-being: public transport, pedestrian zones, city markets, cycling infrastructures, polycentric land use, and urban biodiversity (Savini, 2021a).
Degrowth is therefore a useful concept to build an agenda for thriving cities. Yet public of cials ofen dismiss it as u... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The real estate industry challenges public opinion from a degrowth perspective because housing is a critical long-term asset for households, and this sector is the primary source of investment by ultra-wealthy groups and pension funds, consuming a significant amount of materials and producing solid waste... |
c opinion when dealt with from a degrowth perspective, with housing being a critical long-term asset for households. Other examples are the shareholders of the aviation industry and of urban airports holdings, harbour operators, cargo industries, fossil fuel distributors, f nancial and insurance elites (who mostly live... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The circular economy offers a possible solution to the conundrum arising from the discussion on the reduction of urban infrastructures stimulated by degrowth, which requires policymakers to design strategies that allow for increasing well-being where necessary.",
"evidence_quote": "Te circular economy ... |
ic production and consumption that strives to maximise the productivity of materials
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Post-Growth, Degrowth, the Doughnut, and Circular Economy
and in so doing reduces waste and raw materials intake (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017; Kirchherr et al., 2017). Accordingly,... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The concept of the circular economy alone offers little for dealing with socio-ecological problems because it does not demand the reduction of consumption and production.",
"evidence_quote": "Te concept of the circular economy alone ofers little for dealing with socio-ecological problems because it doe... |
on. If combined with degrowth, however, the circular economy concept can ofer a powerful trajectory for material reduction. It can target planned obsolescence, penalize waste producers, and promote a decentralized, democratic economy of material reuse. Furthermore, if framed within a post-growth perspective, the circul... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The circular economy concept can offer a powerful trajectory for material reduction, targeting planned obsolescence, penalizing waste producers, and promoting a decentralized, democratic economy of material reuse.",
"evidence_quote": "If combined with degrowth, however, the circular economy concept can... |
de the fashion industry, the aviation industry with short-haul fights, and the meat and fast-food industry as well as the abuse of electronic appliances.
## **A Post-Growth Manifesto for Cities**
Both public ofcials and green-economic actors recognize that post-growth approaches are necessary to meet climate target... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The fashion industry, the aviation industry with short-haul flights, the meat and fast-food industry, and the abuse of electronic appliances are mentioned as examples.",
"evidence_quote": "de the fashion industry, the aviation industry with short-haul fights, and the meat and fast-food industry as well... |
however, city ofcials need to engage with a degrowth agenda that actively pursues reduction in key unsustainable sectors and is not afraid to give clear directions to redistribute wealth and space.
Space is the most wanted currency for many of the most innovative circular economy projects that foster the reduction of... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Space is the most wanted currency for many of the most innovative circular economy projects that foster the reduction of consumption.",
"evidence_quote": "Space is the most wanted currency for many of the most innovative circular economy projects that foster the reduction of consumption",
"question":... |
lots; and circular housing at afordable prices needs the space that is today allocated for vacant ofce spaces, underused land, or mass-produced real estate.
DOI: jccpe-2023-0004
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Without a degrowth agenda, a post-growth approach will remain wishful thinking, the doughnut will remain a tool without p... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The text mentions that a collective of writers has identified dwelling as a key sector where a post-growth approach for cities can be applied.",
"evidence_quote": "a collective of writers has identifed key sectors in which a post-growth approach for cities can be applied: dwelling, mobility, governance... |
th agenda for cities. According to this manifesto, with their eyes set on a post-growth world, planners and policymakers, people, and organizations will promote the following:
## **For Dwelling**
- approaches to dwelling that cease being environmentally destructive and sources of lifelong fnancial debt for isolated... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The manifesto promotes approaches to dwelling that cease being environmentally destructive and sources of lifelong financial debt for isolated individuals and fragmented communities.",
"evidence_quote": "approaches to dwelling that cease being environmentally destructive and sources of lifelong fnancia... |
h;
- patterns of land use and activity that allow people to access healthy food, care, meaningful social engagement, and work in their vicinity, thereby reducing their dependence on mobility; and
- transport systems that prioritize ecological and social sustainability, as well as slow mobility and physically active... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Planning regulations should cease to facilitate land development and ever-increasing land values as the key solutions to urban problems.",
"evidence_quote": "planning regulations that cease to facilitate land development and ever-increasing land values as the key solutions to urban problems;",
"quest... |
the Doughnut, and Circular Economy
## **For Regulating**
- planning regulations that cease to facilitate land development and ever-increasing land values as the key solutions to urban problems;
- planning regulations that set constitutional limits to the ecological impacts of human activities and promote ecologic... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "Planning regulations that cease to facilitate land development and ever-increasing land values are key solutions to urban problems.",
"evidence_quote": "planning regulations that cease to facilitate land development and ever-increasing land values as the key solutions to urban problems;",
"question":... |
an health and ecological regeneration, while doing as much as possible to engage local communities in the design, governance, and maintenance of their own biophysical sustenance.
## **For Being**
- a societal ethic no longer dominated by competitive collaboration and individualism, extractivism, and anthropocentris... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The regeneration and protection of ecosystems.",
"evidence_quote": "a professional ethic of mutual understanding, trust, and compassion, which places the regeneration and protection of ecosystems at the centre of a new generation of professional deontologies",
"question": "What is the focus of a new ... |
ful mentalities so that graduated professionals are prepared to truly engage with all people and communities that are afected by planning and urban management decisions.
## **Author Information**
**Federico Savini** is Associate Professor in Environmental Planning, Institutions and Politics at the University of Ams... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The goal is to prepare graduated professionals to truly engage with all people and communities that are affected by planning and urban management decisions.",
"evidence_quote": "ful mentalities so that graduated professionals are prepared to truly engage with all people and communities that are afected... |
ulova , F. ( 2022 ). When greening is not degrowth: Cost-shif ing insights . In _Post-growth planning: Cities beyond the market economy_ (pp. 19 – 31 ). Routledge .
DOI: jccpe-2023-0004
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D’Alisa , G. , Demaria , F. , & Cattaneo , C. ( 2013 ). Civil and uncivil actors for a degrowth society .... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "jccpe-2023-0004",
"evidence_quote": "DOI: jccpe-2023-0004",
"question": "What is the DOI for the work by Ulova, F. (2022)?"
} |
1 ). Emerging functions of the wellbeing concept in regional development scholarship: A review. _Environmental Science & Policy_ , _115_ , 143 – 150 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.10.005
Geissdoerfer , M. , Savaget , P. , Bocken , N. M. P. , & Hultink , E. J. ( 2017 ). Te circular economy—A new sust... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The article by Geissdoerfer et al. (2017) discusses the circular economy as a new sustainability paradigm.",
"evidence_quote": "Geissdoerfer , M. , Savaget , P. , Bocken , N. M. P. , & Hultink , E. J. ( 2017 ). Te circular economy—A new sustainability paradigm? _Journal of Cleaner Production_ , _143_ ,... |
s_ . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 00420980231162234
Kallis , G. , Paulson , S. , D’Alisa , G. , & Demaria , F. ( 2020 ). _Te case for degrowth_ . John Wiley & Sons .
Kirchherr , J. , Reike , D. , & Hekkert , M. ( 2017 ). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 def... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "The DOI for the article by Kirchherr, Reike, and Hekkert is 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005.",
"evidence_quote": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005",
"question": "What is the DOI for the article by Kirchherr, Reike, and Hekkert?"
} |
Te circular economy of waste: recovery, incineration and urban reuse. _Journal of Environmental Planning and Management_ , _64_ ( 12 ), 2114 – 2132 . https://doi.org/1 0.1080/09640568.2020.1857226
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Savini ... | savini-2024-post-growth-degrowth-the-doughnut-and-circular-economy-a-short-guide-for-policymakers.pdf | {
"answer": "10.1080/09640568.2020.1857226",
"evidence_quote": "https://doi.org/1 0.1080/09640568.2020.1857226",
"question": "What is the DOI for the article related to the circular economy of waste?"
} |
Article
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## Strategic planning for degrowth: What, who, how
Planning Theory 2025, Vol. 24(2) 141–162 © The Author(s) 2024 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/14730952241258693... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Depth, agency, and trajectory.",
"evidence_quote": "I argue that a degrowth transition needs to address three strategic issues: depth, agency, and trajectory.",
"question": "What are the three strategic issues that a degrowth transition needs to address?"
} |
for satiation, the satisfaction of all essential needs in a particular society. To do so, they rely on diffused societal power, raising from existing practices of reduction. Strategies also follow a nonlinear trajectory that seeks to prefigure satiation, popularize it among the masses, and then pressure existing instit... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Satiation is defined as the satisfaction of all essential needs in a particular society.",
"evidence_quote": "for satiation, the satisfaction of all essential needs in a particular society.",
"question": "What is satiation?"
} |
earch in planning theory. These two emerging fields, I argue, can benefit from each other in identifying strategies for dealing with contemporary socio-ecological urgencies.
Corresponding author:
Federico Savini, Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Plant... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "A transition to this new economy, degrowth advocates argue, could be achieved through democratic processes that are autonomous from the socio-cultural and political institutions.",
"evidence_quote": "A transition to this new economy, degrowth advocates argue, could be achieved through democratic proces... |
tion (Jackson, 2009). A transition to this new economy, degrowth advocates argue, could be achieved through democratic processes that are autonomous from the socio-cultural and political institutions that sustain the growth imperative (Asara et al., 2013).
Despite increasing interest, degrowth ‘has neither support fr... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Some cities have generated a degrowth agenda.",
"evidence_quote": "Although no country has yet adopted something approximating a degrowth agenda (Fanning et al., 2022), some cities have generate one",
"question": "What answerable question, answer, and exact supporting quote can be generated from the ... |
tro Mazarro et al., 2023; Ke˛błowski, 2023; Xue & Ke˛błowski, 2022, more later). Although no country has yet adopted something approximating a degrowth agenda (Fanning et al., 2022), some cities have begun questioning how growth contributes to sustainability and collective wellbeing and they have undertaken some key de... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Strategic indeterminacy, which is defined as the avoidance of a unitary strategy or political direction, is considered both a barrier to degrowth and a source of its potential.",
"evidence_quote": "In this debate, strategic indeterminacy – the avoidance of a unitary strategy or political direction – is... |
al, 2013:207). In this debate, strategic indeterminacy – the avoidance of a unitary strategy or political direction – is considered both a barrier to degrowth and a source of its potential (Escobar, 2018). At one level, the degrowth community tries to include any initiative that downscales the demand for materials and ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The strategic challenge for degrowth today is to establish whether and how popular consensus can be built around a multitude of actions aiming to downscale economies' material throughput.",
"evidence_quote": "Overall, today’s strategic challenge for degrowth is to establish whether and how popular cons... |
depth, agency, and trajectory respectively. My argument is that a strategic process for a degrowth agenda is organized around satiation as a driving principle; it caters to a diffuse
Savini
143
agency; and it follows a nonlinear path that combines prefiguration, popularization, and pressure.
In the second part ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Satiation is the guiding principle for a strategic vision of reduction of both unnecessary consumption and production in a degrowth agenda.",
"evidence_quote": "Yet, to embrace degrowth it must take satiation as a guiding principle for a strategic vision of reduction of both unnecessary consumption and... |
on of reduction of both unnecessary consumption and production. I then define two processes that a degrowth strategic planning needs to consider to achieve these goals: synergy and regionalization.
I will illustrate these two processes by looking at the making of the (so-called) Municipality of Amsterdam’s ‘doughnut ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Depth, agency, and trajectory generate one answerable question.",
"evidence_quote": "Challenges to a degrowth strategy: Depth, agency, and trajectory generate one answerable question",
"question": "What question is generated by the concept of 'Depth, agency, and trajectory' in relation to challenges ... |
lusions, I will reflect on the limits of this practice from a degrowth perspective and on the role of planners in this process.
## Challenges to a degrowth strategy: Depth, agency, and trajectory
Degrowth incites politics to imagine the socio-political transformation that would reduce and slow down the social metab... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The (scarce) degrowth scholarship directly concerned with planning currently overlooks the strategic challenge of generate one answerable question, answer, and exact supporting quote.",
"evidence_quote": "The (scarce) degrowth scholarship directly concerned with planning currently overlooks the strateg... |
ng trajectory and which actors should drive it (see for example Durand et al., 2024). The (scarce) degrowth scholarship directly concerned with planning currently overlooks the strategic challenge of fostering widespread public support, a prerequisite for pursuing planned degrowth as a mainstream political agenda.
To... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Degrowth is commonly understood as a radical project of socio-cultural transformation.",
"evidence_quote": "Degrowth is commonly understood as a radical project of socio-cultural transformation.",
"question": "What is the depth of degrowth as commonly understood?"
} |
a radical project of socio-cultural transformation. To question the degrowth transition’s depth is to identify the social norms targeted by degrowth strategic action.
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Planning Theory 24(2)
Degrowth has been largely (even if not always explicitly) associated with post- or anticapitalism. The growth economy is ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Schmidt argues that postgrowth must target institutions that keep individuals and organizations dependent on competition, profit, and financial transactions.",
"evidence_quote": "Schmidt, for example, argues that postgrowth must target institutions that keep individuals and organizations dependent on c... |
use it unmakes capitalist institutions (Feola, 2019). Others identify private property (van Griethuysen, 2010) or the exploitation of socially reproductive labor (Barca, 2019) as the key institution. Anarchist approaches to degrowth focus instead on hierarchy and the state (Trainer, 2019).
The first strategic challen... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Saito echoes that ecosocialism does not exclude the possibility of pursuing further sustainable economic growth once capitalist production is overcome.",
"evidence_quote": "As Saito echoed, ecosocialism ‘does not exclude the possibility of pursuing further sustainable economic growth once capitalist pr... |
choed, ecosocialism ‘does not exclude the possibility of pursuing further sustainable economic growth once capitalist production is overcome’ (Saito, 2023: 209) and he advances the notion of degrowth communism. In sum, the recognition of the environmental limits to growth is distinctive trait of a postgrowth alternativ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Satiation refers to a society meeting all its essential needs.",
"evidence_quote": "Satiation, a core principle of degrowth, refers to a society meeting all its essential needs.",
"question": "What is the core principle of degrowth that refers to a society meeting all its essential needs?"
} |
nvironment, replacing competition and exploitation with symbiosis, acceptance, and stability (Rosa, 2019; Buch-Hansen & Nesterova, 2023). By prioritizing satiation as a political goal, degrowth seeks liberation from the compulsion to consume unnecessarily. This pursuit opens pathways for different socio-political struc... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Satiation can affect social relations only insofar as individuals see it as legitimate.",
"evidence_quote": "As a social norm, satiation can affect social relations only insofar as individuals see it as legitimate (Goldmann, 2005).",
"question": "How can satiation affect social relations as a social ... |
t nurture degrowth values (Trainer, 2019). As Soper puts it (2023), degrowth is primarily a transition towards an ‘alternative hedonism’: a form of self-fulfillment that rejects pure
Savini
145
utilitarianism in which voluntary limitation and simplicity are motivated by immaterial pleasure, happiness, and satisfa... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The text discusses concepts and values, but does not explicitly name a specific 'who' generating diffuse agency in the context of an answerable question.",
"evidence_quote": "",
"question": "Who generates diffuse agency in this text?"
} |
assets, housing, etc.) can be identified as ‘unacceptable’ or ‘immoral’ against the backdrop of human consumption transgressing planetary boundaries (Gough, 2017).
## Agency (who): Diffuse agency
The second strategic problem for degrowth is that of agency. Degrowth advocates generally agree that degrowth is grounde... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Contemporary degrowth advocacy suffers from a tension between viewing the state as incapable of initiating transformational change and making a political appeal to it to do precisely this.",
"evidence_quote": "‘Contemporary degrowth advocacy hence suffers from a “tension” between viewing the state as i... |
ical agency, proponents of degrowth suggest that degrowth needs a new social movement, one that bridges economic and ecological concerns, building an ‘ecological class consciousness’ (Barca, 2019).
Within degrowth research, this understanding of agency is rooted in Gramsci’s critique of the state. The state is not re... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Proponents of degrowth suggest that a new social movement is needed that bridges economic and ecological concerns by building an ‘ecological class consciousness.’",
"evidence_quote": "proponents of degrowth suggest that degrowth needs a new social movement, one that bridges economic and ecological conc... |
. This is particularly important for planners, many of whom see urban development – often through permissive real-estate investment strategies – as a precondition for urban equality (Gunder, 2010).
From this perspective, a degrowth transition may rather require a partnership between political organizations, civic org... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "A degrowth transition may rather require a partnership between political organizations, civic organizations and grassroots movements that prefigure degrowth futures.",
"evidence_quote": "From this perspective, a degrowth transition may rather require a partnership between political organizations, civic... |
his framework, agency is diffused (or distributed) because it is practiced in everyday choices to repair, share, divest, gift, and regenerate peoples and nature. These
146
Planning Theory 24(2)
everyday practices of prefiguration, which exist in the current economy’s interstices, are the pillars upon which a degr... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Everyday practices of prefiguration, which exist in the current economy’s interstices, are the pillars upon which a degrowth strategy can be built.",
"evidence_quote": "everyday practices of prefiguration, which exist in the current economy’s interstices, are the pillars upon which a degrowth strategy ... |
ity to decouple GDP from environmental degradation (Haberl et al., 2020); consciousness of eco-efficiency’s rebound effects of (Robra et al., 2020); liberation from housing debt (Bohnenberger, 2021); and pleasure in walking and cycling.
## Trajectory (how): Prefiguration, popularization, and pressure
Degrowth liter... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Degrowth research has attended closely to 'prefiguration,' which is the act of performing in the present what the future society can be. The pitfall is that the considerable attention given to prefiguration too readily equates the challenge of leading a transition with that of practicing the future, as t... |
eadily equates the challenge of leading a transition with that of practicing the future. These are different and require different skills and tactics. Prefiguration alone traps strategic debates over degrowth in localism (Xue, 2014). In fact, prefigurative practices constantly risk being marginalized, ridiculed, isolat... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Popularization involves establishing synergies and linkages among degrowth practices and other practices that may not (yet) identify with that term. It entails inducing increasing numbers of people to accept degrowth by ‘mobilizing existing cultural practices and identities for a degrowth transition’.",
... |
rocess that involves framing existing practices using degrowth vocabulary and building what Mouffe terms ‘left populism’ (Mouffe, 2018). Pressure is the creation of degrowth movements that can tackle existing institutions by interrupting perpetual growth. It involves ‘a practice of resistance to a given process or stat... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Pressure is the creation of degrowth movements that can tackle existing institutions by interrupting perpetual growth. It involves ‘a practice of resistance to a given process or status quo (e.g., deforestation or highway expansion). This resistance can consist of blocking a process (e.g., by climbing a ... |
sts, progressive public employees, the self-employed, and civic organizations whose daily work adheres to degrowth principles. Degrowth practices thrive on synergies among one another. This increases degrowth’s popular legitimacy, building a political movement that pushes for regulatory change. And that change enables ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "An emergent strategy is built up of critical connections rather than critical mass, which are the synergies that connect flocks of birds, networks of mushrooms, and swarms of bees and other insects.",
"evidence_quote": "An emergent strategy is not planned from the top but resembles the synergies that c... |
, these units create ‘critical connections rather than critical mass’ (maree brown, 2017). A strategy emerging from prefiguration is built up of such connections, like a mosaic (Treu et al., 2020).
This understanding makes it possible to overcome the divides between those advocating grassroots movements and those pro... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Strategic reflection would foster multiple trajectories, enacted in synergy to achieve social change.",
"evidence_quote": "In short, strategic reflection would foster multiple trajectories, enacted in synergy to achieve social change.",
"question": "What is one answerable question, answer, and exact ... |
rpret existing rules and practices in an ecological fashion, much as housing cooperatives do when tweaking social housing regulations, for example.[2]
## A degrowth critique of strategic planning
My review of the literature on strategy and degrowth has advanced three key arguments. First, a degrowth transition aims... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The distance between strategic planning scholarship and degrowth research on strategy is not as large as it might seem because strategic planning was originally devised as a practice to build legitimacy around new social norms and generate one answerable question, answer, and exact supporting quote.",
... |
t seem. As it will be elaborated below, the reason is that strategic planning was – in its original and most radical conception – devised as a practice to build legitimacy around new social norms and institutions, to support diffuse agency, and to trigger nonlinear pathways to transformation.
148
Planning Theory 24... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The 'void' was not a lack of plans, but rather a lack of vision of the long-term transformation of a territory, and the lack of an agreed understanding among urban actors of the social, ecological, and economic impact of spatial transformations in city-regional spaces.",
"evidence_quote": "This ‘void’ ... |
transformations in city-regional spaces (Healey, 2004). At a historical moment when public agencies were becoming more fragmented across governance networks, strategic planners were preoccupied with finding ways to direct socio-spatial transformation without a unitary plan of socio-spatial change (Healey, 1998, 2007). ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Strategic planners were preoccupied with finding ways to direct socio-spatial transformation without a unitary plan of socio-spatial change.",
"evidence_quote": "strategic planners were preoccupied with finding ways to direct socio-spatial transformation without a unitary plan of socio-spatial change (... |
multiply possibilities for socio-spatial change by creating complementarity between levels of planning action, from the everyday practices of spatial use to governmental policymaking (Hillier, 2011). Strategic planning sought to liberate planning from the technical prescriptions underpinning developmentalist, linear, a... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Radical strategic planning aimed to tackle problems, raise awareness, meet challenges, and broaden the scope of the possible, while also encouraging hopes and dreams, appealing to values like equity and social justice, providing a frame for decisions, and challenging existing knowledge, conventional wisd... |
13). It aimed to encourage ‘hopes and dreams, appeal to values (equity, social justice), provide a frame for decisions, and challenge existing knowledge, conventional wisdom, and practices’ (idem).
Despite its different realizations worldwide, strategic planning thought was built on the evidence that strategies where... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Strategic planning aimed to encourage 'hopes and dreams, appeal to values (equity, social justice), provide a frame for decisions, and challenge existing knowledge, conventional wisdom, and practices'.",
"evidence_quote": "It aimed to encourage ‘hopes and dreams, appeal to values (equity, social justic... |
ideologies (Metzger et al, 2021). In so doing, we could argue, it ended to be strategic, and planners lost their role of orchestrators of visionary processes (see for example Harrison et al, 2021).
These problems of contemporary strategic spatial planning may require a new visionary impulse, one that is suitable to d... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The regulatory conditions under which socio-spatial change occurs should generate one answerable question, answer, and exact supporting quote.",
"evidence_quote": "They urge that the regulatory conditions under which socio-spatial change occurs should be generate one answerable question, answer, and ex... |
admonition to reject dominant growth imperatives in planning in view of current socioecological challenges. They urge that the regulatory conditions under which socio-spatial change occurs should be adapted to meet the challenge of planetary overshoot and socioecological injustice. These voices propose redesigning plan... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "They urge that the regulatory conditions under which socio-spatial change occurs should be adapted to meet the challenge of planetary overshoot and socioecological injustice.",
"evidence_quote": "They urge that the regulatory conditions under which socio-spatial change occurs should be adapted to meet ... |
vision should be prefigurative, not instrumental: the performance of the future through planning practices that ‘negate’ prevailing growth assumptions (Davoudi, 2023). Like degrowthers, planners have started recognizing that change requires prefiguration. Yet planning also needs to define strategies for reproducing the... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The lacuna results from planning’s historical concern with economic redistribution rather than ecological stability.",
"evidence_quote": "As I have argued elsewhere, this lacuna results from planning’s historical concern with economic redistribution rather than ecological stability (Savini, 2021).",
... |
is lacuna results from planning’s historical concern with economic redistribution rather than ecological stability (Savini, 2021). Strategic planning sought, and is still searching for, inclusive and green growth. It sees itself as a balancing – not proactive – force that addresses the side effects of unregulated econo... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Lacuna results from planning's historical concern with economic redistribution rather than ecological stability.",
"evidence_quote": "is lacuna results from planning’s historical concern with economic redistribution rather than ecological stability (Savini, 2021).",
"question": "What is the historica... |
ssroots initiatives. Yet it neither coalesced into a program of reduction and satiation nor theorized the processes that leads to popularization and pressure for political and institutional change.
Conversely, strategic planning theories concerned with ecology have adapted to mainstream sustainability policies that p... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Strategic planning theories concerned with ecology have adapted to mainstream sustainability policies that pursue efficiency and greening of existing economies.",
"evidence_quote": "Conversely, strategic planning theories concerned with ecology have adapted to mainstream sustainability policies that pu... |
y of growth has been shielded from questioning by planners’ drive to negotiate various interests (or simply modesty). This hinders the emergence of new imaginaries (see also Shepherd et al., 2020).
Orienting strategic planning toward degrowth may help address this lack of imagination. On one side, the literature ment... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The synergy and regionalization of strategic planning for degrowth generate one answerable question, answer, and exact supporting quote.",
"evidence_quote": "Synergy and regionalization: The foundation of strategic planning for degrowth generate one answerable question, answer, and exact supporting quo... |
: 12). In what follows, I will conceptualize two processes of strategic planning that can address this challenge.
## Synergy and regionalization: The foundation of strategic planning for degrowth
If agency is diffuse, if the strategic target is a long-term vision of reduction, and if the trajectory of change is eme... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "A degrowth strategy inevitably should begin by identifying the political subjects and its boundaries of action.",
"evidence_quote": "then a degrowth strategy inevitably should begin by identifying the political subjects and its boundaries of action.",
"question": "What should a degrowth strategy inev... |
ning a geopolitical imaginary for a degrowth polity able to create institutions that counteract the global growth imperative. The role of spatial planners is essential to reach this strategic goal.
A polity is ‘a metaphorical space that demarcates the ‘political sphere’ from other spheres’ (Palonen, 2003: 179). It is... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Low-income groups in the Netherlands have a bigger environmental footprint than waste pickers in India, but their footprint is five times lower than that of the top 10% of earners in Europe.",
"evidence_quote": "Low-income groups in the Netherlands, for example, certainly have a bigger environmental fo... |
Netherlands, for example, certainly have a bigger environmental footprint than waste pickers in India. Yet their footprint is five times lower than the top 10% of earners in Europe (Chancel, 2022).
Although environmental economists attempt to address these questions (MillwardHopkins et al., 2020), they overlook how s... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Degrowth has largely contested extractivism and advocated for social equality, progressive taxation, moratoria, and divestments from fossil fuels at the global or national scales.",
"evidence_quote": "In addressing this limitation, degrowth has largely contested extractivism and advocated for social eq... |
obal or national scales. Recently, they have targeted the European polity (Mastini et al., 2021; Otchere-Darko, 2023). These attempts have not translated into territorially bound strategic visions.
The tradition of strategic planning, by contrast, shows how the production of geographical boundaries is a precondition ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Geographical boundaries are produced when actors question and coproduce collective social norms.",
"evidence_quote": "these boundaries are produced when actors question and coproduce collective social norms (Kiser & Ostrom, 2000; see also Savini, 2018).",
"question": "According to Ostrom's theory of ... |
about what it means to be a member of a political community, to have a public voice, acknowledge differences and to work out what they might value ‘in common’ about their surroundings’ (2018: 66).
Under the hegemony of a growth ideology in planning, it is certainly hard to imagine the spontaneous emergence of a plann... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "generate one answerable question",
"evidence_quote": "strategic planning begins by generate one answerable question",
"question": "What is the first question strategic planning should begin by generating in a condition of diffuse agency for a deep shift in values?"
} |
cess to succeed, governments need to value these alternative practices as drivers of transformation. In sum, in a condition of diffuse agency, for a deep shift in values, strategic planning begins by recognizing that a multitude of prefigurative practices of reduction are legitimate makers of the future that need to co... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The synergy among degrowth practices thrives in spaces where satiation, voluntary simplicity, interruption, and commoning are performed, which are the spaces where social norms are contested and negotiated through the routinized performance of social norms in a region.",
"evidence_quote": "The synergy ... |
ocial norms are contested and negotiated (Urry, 2014). The synergy among degrowth practices thus thrives in spaces where satiation voluntary simplicity, interruption, and commoning are performed. For degrowth, regions are strategic because practices are densest at this scale (Giddens, 2013: 122). Further, they provide ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The reduction of something (e.g., aviation) means the increase of something else (e.g., clean air, high-quality housing, health, recreation spaces).",
"evidence_quote": "Planners can do so by recognizing that the reduction of something (e.g., aviation) means the increase of something else (e.g., clean ... |
the increase of something else (e.g., clean air, high-quality housing, health, recreation spaces). As I will show in the example below, synergy and regionalization occur when public planners and the agents of prefiguration start recognizing their complementarities and interdependencies, and do so while defining their c... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Clean air, high-quality housing, health, or recreation spaces.",
"evidence_quote": "the increase of something else (e.g., clean air, high-quality housing, health, recreation spaces).",
"question": "What is one of the things whose increase is discussed in relation to synergy and regionalization?"
} |
e, no planning strategy has unequivocally embraced such a narrative, although there are many degrowth-inspired social practices that contest the current system of compulsive consumption and profit.
The following example shows an attempt to popularize an agenda of reduction, building on prefiguration and diffuse agenc... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The conditions necessary for humanity’s survival on the planet are enclosed by an ecological ceiling.",
"evidence_quote": "the economy is enclosed by an ecological ceiling – the conditions necessary for humanity’s survival on the planet",
"question": "What is the answerable question, answer, and exac... |
jects the possibility of infinite growth. According to this framework, the economy is enclosed by an ecological ceiling – the conditions necessary for humanity’s survival on the planet – and a social foundation – the minimum living standards required for a thriving human life. When applied to policy making, the doughnu... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The doughnut model suggests that governments need to reduce the forms of consumption and production that favor ecological overshoot (i.e., fossil fuels) and, on the other, increase the provision of services to those social groups that do not meet basic living standards (i.e. health care or access to educ... |
o combine the goals of sustainability and social justice in one urban strategy.[5] Although this strategy has not reduced flows of materials (Municipality of Amsterdam, 2020),[6] the
Savini
153
doughnut metaphor triggered synergetic and regionalizing processes that permeate the city’s political discussions on sus... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Amsterdam set the objective of halving its consumption of primary abiotic materials by 2030.",
"evidence_quote": "Amsterdam set the objective of halving its consumption of primary abiotic materials by 2030",
"question": "What did Amsterdam set as its objective regarding primary abiotic materials?"
} |
the idea of reduction and reportedly created the conditions to pressure the municipality to reach reduction targets. This process can be traced by looking at three key processes that underpinned the ‘doughnut strategy’ between 2018 and 2019.
Amsterdam’s spatial planning department and a consultancy firm (Circle Econo... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Improvements in the city’s economic indicators between 2012 and 2018 came at the cost of worsening social-psychological indicators.",
"evidence_quote": "It also revealed that improvements in the city’s economic indicators between 2012 and 2018 (e.g. employment) came at the cost of worsening social-psyc... |
r success. It also revealed that improvements in the city’s economic indicators between 2012 and 2018 (e.g. employment) came at the cost of worsening social-psychological indicators (e.g. loneliness) (Municipality of Amsterdam, 2020).
The legacy of Amsterdam’s doughnut strategy includes self-organized processes of sy... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The 'Donut deals' were intended to create synergies among municipal offices, civic organizations, and businesses to help poorer social groups while simultaneously developing ways of reusing and reducing materials.",
"evidence_quote": "These were intended to create synergies among municipal offices, civ... |
and citizens learning how to install thermal insulation to their homes. Nine deals have been signed to date. They combine social and ecological targets, even if they do not identify with degrowth.
The doughnut metaphor stimulated the emergence of the so-called ‘doughnut coalition (Donut Coalitie), a synergy among 400... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The 'doughnut coalition (Donut Coalition)', which is a synergy among 400 projects that share a common understanding of sustainability as reducing ecological overshoot and increasing wellbeing.",
"evidence_quote": "The doughnut metaphor stimulated the emergence of the so-called ‘doughnut coalition (Donu... |
in the city’s Comprehensive Vision Amsterdam 2050 (Omgevingsvisie, 2050; City of Amsterdam, 2022). In seeking to orient Amsterdam’s future development, this strategic
154
Planning Theory 24(2)
document encompasses transportation, green space, health, housing, renewable energy, and water, among other things. Its f... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Regionalization",
"evidence_quote": "This process was possible, however, by taking the city-region as the boundary of interaction and coproduction, what I understand as regionalization.",
"question": "What concept did the planners use to define the boundary of interaction and coproduction?"
} |
doughnut metaphor popular in the public debate. This process was possible, however, by taking the city-region as the boundary of interaction and coproduction, what I understand as regionalization.
It is important to stress that these processes have clear limitations. Many of the projects touched on above overlook the... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The processes mentioned have clear limitations because many overlook the relations between consumption and growth, power, and techno-fixes, and the initiatives described scarcely question major polluters, developers’ profit-seeking strategies, or spatial concentrations of excessive wealth. Furthermore, t... |
a dialog with especially radical socio-ecological grassroots movements. These are major shortcomings in terms of socio-ecological justice, which might compromise this policy’s long-term viability.
Here, I did not intend to celebrate the initiative undertaken in Amsterdam but to unpack how synergy and regionalization ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "There is one answerable question.",
"evidence_quote": "A degrowth turn in strategic spatial planning generate one answerable question",
"question": "What is the one answerable question generated by a degrowth turn in strategic spatial planning?"
} |
ing will inevitably empty degrowth of its radical potential and make it ineffective in achieving either social or ecological targets.
## Conclusions: A degrowth turn in strategic spatial planning
Degrowth research lacks a strategic planning theory. To address this limitation, this paper unpacked the strategic probl... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Ing will inevitably empty the radical potential of degrowth and make it ineffective in achieving either social or ecological targets.",
"evidence_quote": "ing will inevitably empty degrowth of its radical potential and make it ineffective in achieving either social or ecological targets.",
"question"... |
s. In this article, I have tried to complement these two fields of research and practice. In so doing, I have aimed to advance a scholarship in degrowth planning that has only just begun to emerge.
To address the strategic challenge of degrowth, I first identified the depth, agency, and trajectory of a degrowth trans... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The peculiarity of a degrowth transition is that it is premised on social norms of satiation, which call unnecessary production and consumption into question.",
"evidence_quote": "In sum, the peculiarity of a degrowth transition is that it is premised on social norms of satiation, which call unnecessar... |
ion. Through nonlinear trajectories, degrowth strives to be popularized and then channeled into pressure exerted on existing institutions that favor growth over ecological regeneration and justice.
Planners faced similar conditions in the early 1990s, the heyday of strategic planning practice. Radical strategic plann... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Degrowth strives to be popularized and then channeled into pressure exerted on existing institutions that favor growth over ecological regeneration and justice.",
"evidence_quote": "Through nonlinear trajectories, degrowth strives to be popularized and then channeled into pressure exerted on existing i... |
ergy occurs when complementarity and embeddedness among prefigurative practices are recognized. Regionalization localizes that synergy into spaces that become reference points for strategic action.
The concepts of synergy and regionalization are already familiar in strategic planning theory. They stress that, to trig... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Ergy occurs when complementarity and embeddedness among prefigurative practices are recognized.",
"evidence_quote": "ergy occurs when complementarity and embeddedness among prefigurative practices are recognized",
"question": "What occurs when complementarity and embeddedness among prefigurative prac... |
singly common. Examples include housing cooperatives, ecological social housing, squats, community agriculture, food sovereignty, collective voluntary simplicity, and networks of care, education, and health.
The article has illustrated how these processes in the making of the so-called Amsterdam Doughnut strategy. Th... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The building of synergies and regionalization from a myriad of prefigurative practices within the city constituted the first step towards an agenda that recognized limits to economic growth and placed satiation at its core.",
"evidence_quote": "The building of synergies and regionalization from a myria... |
lar within urban policy arenas, which in turn facilitated the creation of networks supporting new prefigurative practices; this process was eventually oriented towards a city-wide spatial strategy.
Synergy and regionalization do not happen in a vacuum but need to be actively pursued by degrowth-minded spatial planner... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Synergy among practices that pursue the reduction of production and consumption is a precondition to avoid this risk.",
"evidence_quote": "Synergy among practices that pursue the reduction of production and consumption is a precondition to avoid this risk.",
"question": "What is the precondition for ... |
nalized into spaces that respond to both ecological and social imperatives. In so doing, the city-region can find a new centrality as a space for degrowth.
## Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/ or publication ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The city-region can find a new centrality as a space for degrowth.",
"evidence_quote": "In so doing, the city-region can find a new centrality as a space for degrowth.",
"question": "How can the city-region find a new centrality?"
} |
tion, tackles excess, and promotes sufficiency to downscale the economy in a socially just way.
2. These trajectories are taken from Mahoney and Thelen’s framework of institutional change (2010).
3. Evans does not use the term prefiguration, but that of civic practices.
4. Giddens also stresses the importance of ... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The process aims to downscale the economy in a socially just way by tackling excess and promoting sufficiency.",
"evidence_quote": "tion, tackles excess, and promotes sufficiency to downscale the economy in a socially just way.",
"question": "What does the process described in the text aim to do to t... |
g in an era of stagnation, surplus humanity, and environmental breakdown. Geoforum 1: 103691.
- Albrechts L (2004) Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B 31: 743–758.
- Albrechts L (2015) Ingredients for a More Radical Strategic Spatial Planning. Environment and Planning B: Planning and... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "An era of stagnation, surplus humanity, and environmental breakdown.",
"evidence_quote": "g in an era of stagnation, surplus humanity, and environmental breakdown.",
"question": "What era is characterized by stagnation, surplus humanity, and environmental breakdown according to the text?"
} |
arry J (2019) Planning in and for a post-growth and post-carbon economy. In: Davoudi S, Cowell R, White I and Blanco H (ed) The Routledge Companion to Environmental Planning. Routledge, pp.120–129.
Bilancini E and D’Alessandro S (2012) Long-run welfare under externalities in consumption, leisure, and production: A ca... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "Arry J's work focuses on planning in and for a post-growth and post-carbon economy.",
"evidence_quote": "arry J (2019) Planning in and for a post-growth and post-carbon economy. In: Davoudi S, Cowell R, White I and Blanco H (ed) The Routledge Companion to Environmental Planning. Routledge, pp.120–129."... |
re: Conceptualising degrowth transformations. Ecological Economics 205: 107731.
Büchs M and Koch M (2019) Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing. Futures 105: 155–165.
Calisto Friant M, Reid K, Boesler P, Vermeulen WJ and Salomone R (2023) Sustainable circular cities? Analysing urban cir... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The article focuses on conceptualising degrowth transformations.",
"evidence_quote": "re: Conceptualising degrowth transformations.",
"question": "What is the focus of the article 're: Conceptualising degrowth transformations'?"
} |
attaneo C (2013) Civil and Uncivil Actors for a Degrowth Society. Journal of Civil Society 9(2): 212–224.
D’Alisa G, Demaria F and Kallis G (2014) Degrowth: A vocabulary for a new era. Routledge.
D’Alisa G and Kallis G (2020) Degrowth and the State. Ecological Economics 169: 106486.
Davoudi S (2023) Prefigurative... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The book is about 'Degrowth: A vocabulary for a new era'.",
"evidence_quote": "D’Alisa G, Demaria F and Kallis G (2014) Degrowth: A vocabulary for a new era. Routledge.",
"question": "What is the book about?"
} |
Nature and Space 2(3): 431–450.
Demaria F, Schneider F, Sekulova F and Martinez-Alier J (2013) What is degrowth? From an activist slogan to a social movement. Environmental Values 22(2): 191–215.
Durand C, Hofferberth E and Schmelzer M (2024) Planning beyond growth: The case for economic democracy within ecological... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The provided text only lists the citation, not the content of the article, so the specific topic cannot be determined.",
"evidence_quote": "Nature and Space 2(3): 431–450",
"question": "What is the topic discussed in 'Nature and Space 2(3): 431–450'?"
} |
ecological overshoot of nations. Nature Sustainability 5(1): 26-36.
Feola G (2019) Degrowth and the Unmaking of Capitalism. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 18(4): 977–997.
Feola G (2020) Capitalism in sustainability transitions research: Time for a critical turn? Environmental Innovation and... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The article discusses the ecological overshoot of nations in relation to nature sustainability.",
"evidence_quote": "ecological overshoot of nations. Nature Sustainability 5(1): 26-36.",
"question": "What is the topic of the article 'ecological overshoot of nations'?"
} |
at: https://monthlyreview.org/2011/01/01/capitalism-and-degrowth-animpossibility-theorem/
Giddens A (2013) The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. John Wiley & Sons.
Goldmann K (2005) Appropriateness and consequences: The logic of neo-institutionalism. Governance 18(1): 35–52.
Gough I... | savini-2024-strategic-planning-for-degrowth-what-who-how.pdf | {
"answer": "The article discusses the impossibility theorem related to capitalism and degrowth.",
"evidence_quote": "at: https://monthlyreview.org/2011/01/01/capitalism-and-degrowth-animpossibility-theorem/",
"question": "What is the core theme explored in the article linked?"
} |
Sprint2
Made with ❤️ using 🦥 Unsloth StudioSprint2 was generated with Unsloth Recipe Studio. It contains 100 generated records.
🚀 Quick Start
from datasets import load_dataset
# Load the main dataset
dataset = load_dataset("dtorette/sprint2", "data", split="train")
df = dataset.to_pandas()
📊 Dataset Summary
- 📈 Records: 100
- 📋 Columns: 3
📋 Schema & Statistics
| Column | Type | Column Type | Unique (%) | Null (%) | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
llm_structured_1 |
dict |
llm-structured | 100 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | Tokens: 98 out / 372 in |
⚙️ Generation Details
Generated with 3 column configuration(s):
llm-structured: 1 column(s)
seed-dataset: 2 column(s)
📄 Full configuration available in builder_config.json and detailed metadata in metadata.json.
📚 Citation
If you use Data Designer in your work, please cite the project as follows:
@misc{nemo-data-designer,
author = {The NeMo Data Designer Team, NVIDIA},
title = {NeMo Data Designer: A framework for generating synthetic data from scratch or based on your own seed data},
howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/NVIDIA-NeMo/DataDesigner}},
year = 2026,
note = {GitHub Repository},
}
💡 About NeMo Data Designer
NeMo Data Designer is a general framework for generating high-quality synthetic data that goes beyond simple LLM prompting. It provides:
- Diverse data generation using statistical samplers, LLMs, or existing seed datasets
- Relationship control between fields with dependency-aware generation
- Quality validation with built-in Python, SQL, and custom local and remote validators
- LLM-as-a-judge scoring for quality assessment
- Fast iteration with preview mode before full-scale generation
For more information, visit: https://github.com/NVIDIA-NeMo/DataDesigner (pip install data-designer)
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