South Sudan (Nuer and Dinka) Parallel Translation Pairs
Collection
This dataset contains parallel sentence/phrase pairs in Nuer and Dinka, two major low-resource languages of South Sudan. • 6 items • Updated
Datasets:
english stringlengths 5 1.57k | nuer stringlengths 1 1.41k | dinka stringlengths 1 1.2k |
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Tuberculosis (TB) is often misdiagnosed due to its complex nature and the variety of symptoms it can present. | Tuberkulothith (TB) ɛ mi̱ la ŋa̱ckɛ ni̱ ciaaŋ kɛ duɔ̱ɔ̱p mi̱ jiääk kɛ kui̱ kä ɣöö tekɛ ta̱a̱dɛ mi̱ göl kɛnɛ nyuuthni̱ ti̱ gööl tin la nyoothɛ. | Tuɛnytuɛny ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m (TB) aye lac yök ke cie yic rin ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ku dhɔ̈l juëc ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m lëu bïk yök. |
A common misdiagnosis scenario usually involves mistaking TB for more common respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, especially in the early stages. | Ɛn mi̱thdiagnöthi̱th mi̱ ŋa̱ckɛ ni̱ ciaaŋ la matdɛ ni̱ ɣöö ba TB duer kɛ kui̱ kä tin la tuɔɔk rɛy yiëëkä, ce̱tkɛ mi̱ cie pnömonia kiɛ brönkai̱tith, ɛlɔ̱ŋ rɛy gua̱thni̱ tin nhiam. | Kë ye lac yök ke cïï thöŋ ee TB yök ke cï wuɔ̈ɔ̈c në kä juëc ke wëëi, cït mɛn de pneumonia wala bronchitis, në thɛɛr tueŋ yiic. |
The symptoms of TB, like coughing, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss, are also common signs of several other illnesses, leading to additional confusion. | Kä nyuuthni̱ TB, ce̱tkɛ ŋɛ̈th, ŋɛ̈th, ŋɛ̈th kɛ wäär, kɛnɛ ŋɛ̈th pua̱a̱ny, kɛn bä kɛ nyuuthni̱ jua̱thni̱ ti̱ ŋuan kɔ̱kiɛn, tin la nööŋkɛ ni̱ ɣöö bi̱ naath tekɛ ŋɛ̈th mi̱ dɔ̱ŋ. | Kä ye TB nyuɔɔth, cït mɛn de thɛ̈m, thɛ̈m, thɛ̈m ë thää, ku thɛ̈m de guɔ̈p, aye kä ye nyuɔɔth ëya dɛ̈t tënë tuanytuɛɛny juëc kɔ̈k, ku ye kɔc cɔk thɔ̈ɔ̈r ë nhom. |
As a result, medical professionals might start treatment for these more common conditions, thus delaying the correct diagnosis and treatment for TB. | Kɛ kɔrɛ, bi̱ ji̱ la̱t wal tok kɛ wal kɛ kui̱ kä ti̱ti̱ tin la tuɔɔk ni̱ ciaaŋ, kɛ kui̱c ɛmɔ bɛ cu jakä jäny ɛn ɣöö ba TB ŋa̱c kɛ gua̱a̱thdɛ kɛnɛ min ba jakä gɔaa. | Kë cï bɛ̈n bei thïn, kɔc ŋic wal aalë bïk töök jɔɔk tënë kä juëc tɔ̈u thïn, ku kën acï yök ë yic ku töök de TB gɔ̈ɔ̈u. |
Furthermore, a standard chest X-ray, which is commonly used in diagnosing respiratory diseases, can also lead to misdiagnosis as other conditions like lung cancer or sarcoidosis could show similar spots or lesions. | Ɛ wä nhiam, ɛn i̱thtandar thɛth X-rɛy, min la lät ni̱ ciaaŋ rɛy kä ɣöö ba jua̱th tin jiëkɛ rɛy yiëër ŋa̱c, jɛn bä bɛ cu nööŋni̱ ɣöö ba ŋa̱c ɛ jiäk cie ta̱a̱ kɔ̱kiɛn ce̱tkɛ ka̱nthɛr puɔ̱th kiɛ tharköidöthi̱th dɔ̱ŋ bɛ gua̱th ti̱ cäät nyoth kiɛ leciɔni̱. | Ku ŋoot ke lɔ tueŋ, X-ray de nhom, ye lac luɔ̈ɔ̈i në yök de tuanytuɛɛny ke wëëi, alëu bï ya yök ëyadɛ̈ në kë cenë tuanytuɛɛny kɔ̈k cïmën de tuanytuɛɛny ke nhom ka sarcoidosis ya nyuɔɔth në ɣän thöŋ ka ɣän cï riääk. |
Additionally, the tuberculin skin test, a diagnostic tool for TB, can deliver false positives in those who've had the BCG vaccine - a vaccine for TB - or false negatives in those with compromised immune systems. | Ɛ nyɔk bä, ɛn tuberkulin i̱thkin thëm, ɛ duŋ diagnostik kɛ kui̱ TB, bɛ cu nööŋni̱ puɔ̱thi̱tipni̱ ti̱ kac rɛy nɛɛni̱ tin ca BCG bakthi̱i̱n la̱th thi̱n - ɛ bakthi̱i̱n kɛ kui̱ TB - kiɛ negɛtipni̱ ti̱ kac rɛy nɛɛni̱ tin tekɛ thi̱thtɛm mi̱ gaŋkɛ pua̱nydiɛn mi̱ ci̱ ji̱ääk. | Ku ëya dɛ̈t, thëm de guɔ̈p de tuberculin, kën yenë tuaany de TB yök, alëu bï wël cie yith bɛ̈i tënë kɔc cï BCG gël - gël de TB - wala wël cie yith tënë kɔc nɔŋ gup ë gël ë guɔ̈p cï riääk. |
Consequently, relying solely on these tests without considering the patient's history and additional diagnostic tests can also contribute to misdiagnosis. | Kɛ kɔrɛ, mi̱ ci̱ rɔ gɛr kä thëm ti̱ti̱ kärɔa ɛ /thiɛlɛ mi̱ ca guic kä lɛ̈ɛ̈ŋ jua̱thni̱ kɛnɛ thëm daignöthtik mi̱ dɔ̱ŋ bɛ cu tekɛ luäk kɛ jak diagnostic kä jiäk. | Në këde, gɛɛr de rot në kee thëm käkë yiic ke yïn këc akököl de raan tuaany tïŋ ku thëm dɛ̈t de yök de tuaany alë bï yök ëya dɛ̈t rac. |
In many cases, only when the disease advances and presents more severe symptoms or complications, a more comprehensive examination is conducted and the true diagnosis of tuberculosis is reached. | Rɛy gua̱thni̱ ti̱ ŋuan, ɛ ni̱ mi̱ ci̱ juey wä nhiam kä cɛ nyuuthni̱ ti̱ bɛ̈c bɛ̈c nyoth kiɛ bɛ cu tekɛ rik ti̱ ŋuan, ba ɣɔ̱n mi̱ di̱i̱t ɛlɔ̱ŋ la̱t kä ba juey tuberkulothith ŋa̱c kɛ thuɔ̱k. | Në thɛɛ juëc yiic, ee të cenë tuany lɔ tueŋ ku ye kä juëc ë tuany nyuɔɔth ka kä ril yiic nyuɔɔth, ke thëm dït apɛi aye looi ku yök ë yic de tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m. |
However, the delay in diagnosis and proper treatment can significantly affect the disease progression and patient's overall health | Cieŋni̱ min, ɛn ɣöö ba juey ŋa̱c kɛ gua̱a̱thdɛ kɛnɛ min ba jakä gɔaa kɛ duɔ̱ɔ̱p in lot rɔdɛ derɛ juey ɛmɔ ya̱r ɛlɔ̱ŋ kɛnɛ puɔlä pua̱a̱ny ran kɛɛliw | Ku na yïn ya, ke gääu de yök de tuany ku töök path alëu bï tuanytuɛɛny ya riɔ̈ɔ̈k apɛi ku jɔl ya pial ë guöp de raan tuany ëbɛ̈n . |
Fungal Pneumonia: This version is caused by fungal infections and is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and those exposed to large amounts of certain kinds of fungi due to their occupation or location. | Pa̱ŋgai Pneumonia: Ɛn berciɔn ɛmɛ laa bëë kä pa̱ŋgai inpɛkciɔni̱ kä laa tuɔɔkɛ ɛlɔ̱ŋ kä nɛy tin tä kɛ jua̱th ti̱ ŋuan kiɛ tin ci̱ pua̱nykiɛn kuɛ̈ɛ̈, kɛnɛ nɛy tin ci̱ tha̱a̱ŋ pa̱ŋgai ti̱ ŋuan la̱th rɛydiɛn kɛ kui̱i̱ la̱tdiɛn kiɛ gua̱a̱th in tä kɛ thi̱n. | Fungal Pneumonia: Yen ë dhöl kënë ee yök në tuanytuɛɛny ke fungal ku ka ye lac yök tënë kɔc nɔŋ tuanytuɛɛny dït apɛi ka gupken cï riääk, ku kɔc cï yök ke nɔŋ tuanytuɛɛny juëc ke fungi në kë de luɔiden ka të tɔ̈ kek thïn. |
People with weakened immune systems, due to HIV or other diseases, are at increased risk as their bodies might not be able to combat the malarial infection effectively | Nɛy tin tekɛ buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny mi̱ kɔ̱c, kɛ kui̱ HIV kiɛ jua̱th kɔ̱kiɛn, kɛn tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t kɛ ɣöö pua̱nykiɛn dɔ̱ŋ /cɛ juey malaria luäŋ kɛ ga̱ŋ a gɔaa . | Kɔc nɔŋ gup ril yiic, në kë de HIV ka tuanytuɛɛny kɔ̈k, aye tɔ̈ në riääk yic apɛi në kë cenë guɔ̈pden lëu bïk tuany ë malaria gël apath . |
Plasmodium Ovale Malaria: This kind is rather similar to P. | Pla̱thmödiöm Öbal Malaria: Ɛn ta̱a̱ ɛmɛ cäätdɛ kɛ P. | Maalïria: Kënë athöŋ ke P. |
Vivax and can also lead to relapses after several months due to dormant parasites in the liver. | Bibax kɛnɛ ɣöö bɛ cu nööŋni̱ ɣöö bɛ rɔ nyɔk kɛ ben kɛ kɔr päthni̱ ti̱ ŋuan kɛ kui̱ parathaitni̱ tin te rɛy li̱ber. | Vivax ku ka lëu bïk ya dhukciɛ̈ɛ̈n ëyadɛ̈ në pɛ̈i juëc yiic në kë de käm tɔ̈ në liver yic. |
Ovale is relatively rare and primarily found in West Africa | Ovale ɛ mi̱ kuiy ɛlɔ̱ŋ kä cua jiek ɛlɔ̱ŋ rɛy Wɛth Apri̱ka | Ovale ee kë cie lac yök ku ka ye lac yök në Ciɛɛm de Apirïka . |
Similar to Bronchitis: Both pneumonia and bronchitis involve inflammation in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as persistent cough, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath | Cäätdɛ kɛ Bronchitis: Pneumonia kɛnɛ bronchitis kɛn da̱ŋ rɛw la kɛn puɔ̱th ɛ jakä bɛc, min la nööŋkɛ ni̱ nyuuthni̱ ti̱ ciee kɛ kɔ̱c mi̱ /ci̱ rɔ rep, /thiɛl mi̱ gɔaa rɛy lɔac, kɛnɛ /thiɛl yiëë | Cït mɛn de tuaany de nhom: Tuɛnytuɛny ke nhom ku tuaany de nhom aye naŋ tɔ̈ɔ̈k në yï nhom, ku ye kä ye nyuɔɔth bɛ̈i cït mɛn de ɣɔ̈ɔ̈l cie lac thök, tɔ̈ɔ̈k ë nhom, ku thök ë wëëi . |
Lifestyle Factors: Excessive alcohol consumption and drug misuse can also negatively affect the immune system and lung health | Ciaŋ teekä: Mi̱ ci̱ raan kɔaŋ math ɛlɔ̱ŋ kɛnɛ wal ti̱ jiäk derɛ puɔ̱ny ran ya̱r kɛnɛ puɔ̱ny ran | Käk Pïïr: Dek ë miääu ku gël de wal ëya dɛ̈t alëu bïk gël de guɔ̈p ku pial de guɔ̈p riɔ̈ɔ̈k ëya dɛ̈t . |
Primary Progressive Tuberculosis: This is a fast-acting, highly destructive type of TB, usually seen in people with weak immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS | Pri̱mari̱ Prögi̱rɛthib Tuberkulothith: Nɛmɛ ɛ TB mi̱ lät kɛ pɛ̈th, mi̱ bɛc ɛlɔ̱ŋ, la jɛ laa nɛnkɛ kä nɛy tin /thiɛl buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny, ciee kɛ nɛy tin tä kɛ HIV/AIDS | Tuɛnytuɛny ë TB ye lac lɔ tueŋ: Kënë ee tuäny ë TB ye lac luui, ku ye kɔc riɔ̈ɔ̈k apɛi, ku ye lac tïŋ tënë kɔc nɔŋ gup ril yiic, cïmën kɔc nɔŋ HIV/AIDS . |
Symptoms: They all present flu-like symptoms initially, which may include fever, aches, tiredness, and nausea. | Nyuuthdɛ: Kɛn diaal tekɛ nyuuthni ti cäät kɛ juey flu kɛ tukdɛ, min dɔ̱ŋ derɛ tekɛ lëth pua̱a̱ny, bɛc pua̱a̱ny, ŋɛ̈th, kɛnɛ ŋɛ̈th. | Käk ë tuany: Keek ëbɛ̈n aa tɔ̈u ke ye kä ye nyuɔɔth cït man de flu ë jɔ̈k, ku ka lëu bïk ya tɔ̈ ke ye tɔ̈ɔ̈k, tɔ̈ɔ̈k, tɔ̈ɔ̈k, ku tɔ̈ɔ̈k. |
These symptoms may be mild, making it hard to identify the specific disease based on symptoms alone | Nyuuthni̱ ti̱ti̱ dɔ̱ŋ bi̱kɛ kuɛ̈ɛ̈, min jak jɛ kä bum ɛn ɣöö ba juey ɛmɔ ŋa̱c kɛ nyuuthni̱kɛ kärɔ̱ | Kä ye tuaany nyuɔɔth käkë aalëu bïk ya lik, ku yeen ee yic riɛl ba tuany ŋic në kä ye tuaany nyuɔɔth yetök . |
Pulmonary Tuberculosis: This is the most common form of active TB. | Pulmɔnari Tuberkulothith: Nɛmɛ ɛ jɛn TB in laa tuɔɔk ɛlɔ̱ŋ. | Tuɛnytuɛny ë Pulmonary: Yen ee tuany ë TB ë tɔ̈ ke cë yök. |
It occurs in the lungs and can be transmitted from person to person via microscopic droplets released into the air through coughs or sneezes. | Jɛn la tuɔɔkɛ rɛy puɔ̱th kä bɛ cu jääny kä raan ɛ wä kä ram in dɔ̱ŋ kɛ rɛy mai̱kröthkɔɔpik mi̱ la jiɛn rɛy jiɔm kɛ rɛy kɔ̱c kiɛ ŋɛ̈th. | Ee rot looi në pɔ̈u yic ku ka lëu bï ya yök tënë raan dɛ̈t në kä thi kor ye kek tääu në aliiric në ɣɔ̈ɔ̈l ka ɣɔ̈ɔ̈l. |
People with HIV/AIDS are also at an increased risk, as their compromised immune systems have less capacity to fight off the malaria parasites. | Nɛy tin tekɛ HIV/AIDS bä tekɛ riɛk mi di̱i̱t, kɛ ɣöö pua̱nykiɛn tin gaŋkɛ pua̱nykiɛn tin ci̱ jiäk /thiɛlɛ kɛ lua̱ŋ mi̱ di̱i̱t kɛ ga̱ŋ jua̱thni̱ tin la nööŋkɛ ɛ malaria. | Kɔc nɔŋ HIV/AIDS aye tɔ̈ në riääk yic ëyadɛ̈, në kë cenë guɔ̈pden cë riääk yök ke nɔŋ riɛl dït bïk thɔ̈ɔ̈r kenë tuany ë malaria. |
Similarly, travelers from non-endemic regions who lack previous exposure to the disease and therefore lack immunity, are also at high risk. | Päärɛ, ja̱a̱l tin bä gua̱thni̱ tin /thiɛl juey thi̱n tin /thiɛl juey mi̱ ci̱ kɔn kɔn röm thi̱n ni̱ wal kä kɛ kui̱c ɛmɔ /thiɛlɛ kɛ buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny, kɛn bä tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t. | Cït mɛn de, kɔc cath në ɣän cïn tuany ë coronavirus thïn ku cïn kë cïk yök wënthɛɛr në tuany ku këya acïn gël de guɔ̈p, aye tɔ̈ në riääk dït yic ëya dɛ̈t. |
Pneumonia is an infectious disease that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid. | Pneumonia ɛ juey mi̱ la jiëkɛ kä jiɔm rɛy puɔ̱th kɛl kiɛ puɔ̱th da̱ŋ rɛw, min dɔ̱ŋ bɛ thia̱a̱ŋ kɛ pi̱w. | Pneumonia ee tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë aliir ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m tök wala thɛ̈mthɛ̈m kedhiɛ, ku lëu bïk pïu thiäŋ. |
Several risk factors contribute to the development of this condition. | Riɛk ti̱ ŋuan cukɛ luäk kɛ ben jua̱th ɛmɛ nhial. | Kä juëc ë rɛ̈ɛ̈c aye yïknhial de ye tuaany kënë cɔk loi rot. |
With the right combination, these measures can minimize the risk of malaria infection and contribute significantly to global malaria control efforts | Mi̱ ca mat kɛɛl kɛ gua̱a̱thdɛ, kɛn ca̱a̱p ti̱ti̱ bi̱ kɛn riɛk malaria jakä kuiy kɛnɛ ɣöö bi̱ kɛn luäk mi̱ di̱i̱t kɛ ga̱ŋ malaria wi̱i̱muɔ̱ɔ̱n kɛɛliw. | Na cï keek mat yiic apath, ke kä cï kek them käkë aalëu bïk tuanytuɛɛny ke malaria ya cɔk tɔ̈ piiny ku bïk ya kony apɛi në luɔɔi de gël de malaria në pinynhom . |
Plasmodium knowlesi: Mostly common in Southeast Asia, it was known for causing malaria in monkeys but can also infect humans. | Pla̱thmödiöm knowlethi̱: Jɛn ga̱k ɛlɔ̱ŋ rɛy Thɔthëth Ëciaa, jɛn cua ŋa̱c i̱ no̱o̱ŋɛ malaria rɛy thɔ̱ɔ̱l duŋni̱ ɣöö bɛ naath moc juey bä. | Plasmodium knowlesi: Aye lac yök Panë Cuëëc Athia, aye nyic ke ye mayoŋ bɛ̈i tënë agök ku ka lëu bï kɔc dɔm eya. |
This type can rapidly progress from uncomplicated to severe malaria, so early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. | Ɛn ta̱a̱ ɛmɛ derɛ wɔ̱ nhiam kɛ pɛ̈th ɛ tuɔɔk ni̱ kä mi̱ /thiɛl riɛk ɛ wɔ̱ ni̱ kä malaria mi̱ di̱i̱t, kɛ kui̱c ɛmɔ ɛn ɣöö baa jɛ ŋa̱c kɛ gua̱a̱thdɛ kä baa jɛ jakä gɔaa ɛ mi̱ gɔaa ɛlɔ̱ŋ. | Yen dhöl kënë alëu bï lac lɔ tueŋ tënë tuany cie yic riɛl agut cï tuany dït apɛi, ku këya, yök de tuany ku töök de tuany ee kë thiekic apɛi. |
Malaria risk factors refer to the conditions that increase an individual's likelihood of contracting this mosquito-borne disease. | Malaria rithki̱ paktɔri̱ nyooth kɛn ta̱a̱ in jak raan kä bɛc kɛ juey ɛmɛ min nööŋkɛ ɛ nyi̱i̱th. | Kä rɛc ke malaria aye keek lueel në kä ye raan cɔk yök tuany ë thɔ̈ɔ̈r ë thɔ̈ɔ̈r. |
The highest risk is associated with traveling or living in tropical and subtropical regions where malaria is endemic, such as parts of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. | Kä riɛk in di̱tni̱ jɛn ɛ mi̱ thi̱ääk kɛ ja̱l kiɛ cieŋ rɛy tröpikal kɛnɛ tha̱btröpikal ri̱jini̱ gua̱th in te malaria thi̱n, ce̱tkɛ tha̱a̱ŋ Apri̱ka, Ëcia, Middle East, Däär kɛnɛ Thɔth Amëri̱ka, Ɣai̱ti, kɛnɛ Döminikan Ri̱pɔ̱bi̱lik. | Riɛc dïït athiääk athiääk kenë cäth ka ceŋ në ɣän tuc ku ɣän tuc wën yenë mayoŋ dït thïn, cïmën de ɣän ke Apirïka, Athia, Ciɛɛl de Amerïka, Ciɛɛl ku Paan Baŋ de Amerïka, Haiti, ku Dominican Republic. |
Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as HIV/AIDS patients and pregnant women, are notably vulnerable. | Nɛy tin tekɛ jua̱th tin gaŋkɛ pua̱nykiɛn, ciee kɛ nɛy tin tä kɛ HIV/AIDS kɛnɛ män tin ruët, kɛn kɛ nɛy tin laa bɛ̈c bɛ̈c. | Kɔc nɔŋ gup ë gël ë guɔ̈p cï riääk, cït mɛn ë kɔc tuany ë HIV/AIDS ku diäär ë tɔ̈c, aye ŋic lɔn ye kek gup riääk. |
Proximity to stagnant water bodies, which serve as breeding grounds for mosquitos, can also heighten the risk of malaria. | Ɛn ɣöö thia̱kɛ kɛ pi̱w ti̱ /thiɛl pi̱w, tin la gua̱a̱th in la nyi̱e̱e̱r laa dapkɛ thi̱n, derɛ juey malaria jakä di̱t bɔ̱. | Thiɔ̈k de pïu cë thök, ye luui ë ke ye ɣän ke dhiëth de thɔ̈ɔ̈r, alëu bë tuany ë malaria cɔk dït ëyadɛ̈. |
Lack of access to preventative measures and medical treatment, poverty, lack of awareness or knowledge about the disease, and certain genetic factors such as sickle cell disease can make a person more susceptible to the disease. | /Thiɛl dupni̱ tin dëë gaŋ ni̱ juey kɛnɛ wal tin dee naath jakä gɔw, can, /thiɛl ŋäcä ŋɔaani̱ kiɛ /thiɛl ŋäcä ŋɔaani̱ kɛ kui̱i̱ jua̱thni̱, kɛnɛ tha̱a̱ŋ ŋɔaani̱ tin laa nööŋkɛ ɛ naath ciee kɛ juey mi̱ cɔali̱ sickle cell derɛ raan jakä bɛc kɛ juey ɛmɔ. | Lëu bï raan ya yök në dhɔ̈l ke gël ku töök, ŋɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ, kuc ë ŋiɛ̈c tɔ̈c ka ŋic ë tuany, ku kä kɔ̈k ke gɛ̈th cït mɛn de tuany ë sickle cell alëu bïk raan ya cɔk yök tuany. |
Prolonged exposure to mosquito-infested environments without adequate protection also elevates an individual's risk of contracting malaria. | Mi̱ ci̱ raan te gua̱a̱th mi̱ bäär rɛy gua̱th mi̱ ci̱ nyi̱i̱th thia̱a̱ŋ thi̱n ɛ /thiɛlɛ mi̱ gaŋɛ jɛ bä bɛ cu jakä bɛc kɛ juey malaria. | Të cenë raan rëër në ɣän wën nɔŋ dhiëër yiic ke cïn kë ye yen tiit apath, ke ka ye raan cɔk yök tuany ë malaria. |
Transmission of pneumonia refers to the process by which the pneumonia-causing pathogens are passed from an infected individual to another person. | Tra̱ni̱thmi̱ciɔn duŋ pnömonia lotdɛ ni̱ ta̱a̱ in la pnömonia-in no̱o̱ŋ pa̱thöji̱ni̱ ɛ wä kä ram min tekɛ juey ɛ wä kä ram in dɔ̱ŋ. | Tɛ̈k-tɛ̈k de tuany ë nhom ee kë ye cɔl dhöl yenë tuany ë nhom bɛ̈i tënë raan cï tuany yök tënë raan dɛ̈t. |
It commonly occurs through respiratory droplets that are expelled when a person with pneumonia coughs, sneezes, or talks. | Jɛn la tuɔɔkɛ ni̱ ciaaŋ kɛ rɛy yiëëkä min la jiɛn raar mi̱ ci̱ raan mi̱ tekɛ pneumonia kööt, kööt, kiɛ ruac. | Ee rot lac looi në pïu ë wëëi yiic ye bɛ̈n bei të cï raan nɔŋ pneumonia thɛ̈m, thɛ̈m, ka jam. |
The droplets may then be inhaled by people nearby. | Kä tuɔ̱ŋ dɔ̱ŋ ba kɛ kulɛ yuɔr piny ɛ nɛy tin thia̱k kɛ jɛ. | Käk ë pïu ë pïu yiic alëu bïk kɔc thiääk kenë kek ya dɔm. |
Pneumonia can also be transmitted through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, followed by touching one's face. | Pneumonia derɛ rɔ rep bä mi̱ ci̱ raan rɔ thi̱ëëk kɛ gua̱a̱th mi̱ ci̱ jiäk kiɛ ŋɔak, kä bɛ guɔ̱ɔ̱r ni̱ mi̱ ci̱ raan nhiamdɛ thiap. | Pneumonia alëu bï ya yök ëyadɛ̈ të cenë raan yök ke nɔŋ kë cï riääk në ye guɔ̈p ka kä kɔ̈k yiic, ku jɔl ya yök në yök de raan nyin. |
The types of organisms involved in causing pneumonia include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. | Kä ta̱a̱ ɣɔrgani̱dhi̱ömni̱ tin te rɛy kä no̱o̱ŋ pnömonia cu määni̱ bai̱ra̱thni̱, baktëria, kɛnɛ pa̱ŋgai. | Käm ye tɔ̈ në tuanytuɛɛny ke nhom yiic aye ya bairäth, käm, ku jɔl ya käm. |
Certain groups of people such as the elderly, individuals with weakened immune systems, and young children, are at higher risk for contracting pneumonia. | Tha̱a̱ŋ buni̱ nath ce̱tkɛ nɛy tin ci dɔŋ, nɛy tin tekɛ buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny mi̱ kuiy, kɛnɛ gaat tin tɔatni̱, kɛn tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t kɛ juey pnömonia. | Akuut kɔ̈k ke kɔc cït mɛn de kɔc cï dhiɔp, kɔc nɔŋ guɔ̈p ril, ku mïth kor, aye tɔ̈ në riääk dït yic bïk tuaany de pneumonia yök. |
These populations are considered 'at-risk' because they have conditions or circumstances that increase their likelihood of being exposed to or being unable to fight off tuberculosis. | Puɔpulëcini̱ ti̱ti̱ cua kɛ guic i̱ kɛ 'tin-riɛk' kɛ ɣöö kɛn tekɛ ta̱a̱ kiɛ ta̱a̱ mi̱ ci̱ rɔ rep kɛ rëpdiɛn kɛ römdiɛn kiɛ /ci̱kɛ bi̱ luäŋ kɛ ko̱r kɛ tuberkulothith. | Ciin de kɔc käkë aye keek yök ke ye ‘at-risk’ në kë nɔŋ kek kä tɔ̈ kenë kek ka kä lëu bïk kek ya yök në tuanytuɛɛny ke TB yiic. |
Health prevention and intervention programs often focus on these groups to mitigate the spread and impact of the disease. | Prögi̱ra̱mni̱ ga̱ŋ puɔlä pua̱a̱ny kɛnɛ läthdiɛn lät ni̱ ciaaŋ la guickɛ ni̱ buɔ̱n ti̱ti̱ kɛ jak däkdɛ piny kɛnɛ min bɛ nööŋ ɛ juey. | Ajuɛɛr de gël de pialguɔ̈p ku gël de käŋ ee lac tɔ̈ në akuut käkë yiic agokë thiɛ̈i de tuanytuɛɛny ku gël de tuanytuɛɛny ya cɔk tɔ̈ piiny. |
It's crucial to consult with healthcare professionals if any of these symptoms occur over a significant period of time, as tuberculosis is a serious disease that can become deadly if left untreated | Ɛ mi̱ gɔaa ɛlɔ̱ŋ ɛn ɣöö deri̱ ruac kɛ ji̱ la̱t puɔlä pua̱a̱ny mi̱ ci̱ tekɛ nyuuthni̱ ti̱ti̱ ti̱ ci̱ tuɔɔk kɛ kɔr gua̱th mi̱ bäär, kɛ ɣöö tuberkulothith ɛ juey mi̱ bɛc bɛc mi̱ de raan näk mi̱ /ka̱n jɛ wä jakä gɔaa. | Athiekic ba yök tënë kɔc ŋic käŋ ë pial guöp të nɔŋ yen kë cë rɔt looi në thɛɛr juëc yiic, rin ë tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ee tuany dït apɛi lëu bï kɔc nɔ̈k të cïn yen töök . |
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): This type develops in patients who are already hospitalized for other conditions. | Ɣɔ̱thpi̱ti̱l-Akui̱red Pneumonia (HAP): Ɛn juey ɛmɛ laa tuɔɔkɛ kä jua̱th tin caa kɔn naŋ duelwa̱l kɛ kui̱i̱ jua̱thni̱ tin kɔ̱kiɛn. | Pneumonia ë yök ë ɣön laac/la ɣëëc (HAP): Kënë ee rot looi tënë kɔc tuany cï tɔ̈u ɣön laac/la ɣëëc ë thɛɛr ë tuany kɔ̈k. |
It's typically more serious as it may be caused by more resistant strains of bacteria | Jɛn ni̱ ciaaŋ bɛcɛ ɛlɔ̱ŋ cie jɛn dɔ̱ŋ bɛ nööŋ ɛ i̱thtrainni̱ ti̱ ŋuan ti̱ /caa luäŋ kɛ ga̱ŋ kä baktëria | Athiekic apɛi acän alë bï bɛ̈n në käm juëc ye käm gël |
Close Contact with Infected Individuals: Spending a lot of time around someone who has TB increases the risk of catching the airborne bacteria. | Ciaŋ mi thia̱k kɛ nɛy tin tekɛ juey: Mi ci raan te kɛ gua̱th mi bär mi tekɛ juey TB la jakɛ juey in te rɛy jiɔm kä jiäk. | Tɛ̈k-tɛ̈k ë kɔc cï tuany: Të nɔŋ yïn thää juëc ë raan nɔŋ TB, ka yïn alëu ba tuany ë nhom yök. |
Furthermore, people living in poor housing conditions or unhygienic environments that favor mosquito breeding, like stagnant water bodies, are predisposed to an increased risk. | Ɛ wä nhiam, nɛy tin cieŋ rɛy tiecni̱ ti̱ jiäk kiɛ gua̱th ti̱ /thiɛl pi̱w ti̱ gɔw ti̱ luäk ni̱ nyi̱e̱e̱r kɛ dapdiɛn, ce̱tkɛ pi̱w ti̱ ci̱ cuɔ̱ŋ, kɛn cukɛ tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t. | Ku në dɛ̈t mɛtë thïn, kɔc rɛ̈ɛ̈r në bɛ̈i rac yiic wala ɣän cïn pialguɔ̈p ye dhiëër de dhiëër cɔk dït, cït mɛn de pïu cï röt tääu piny, aye lac yök ke nɔŋ kä juëc rac. |
Pregnant women are another high risk group due to decreased immune responses during pregnancy | Män tin ruët kɛ buɔ̱n mi dɔ̱ŋ mi tekɛ riɛk mi di̱i̱t kɛ kui̱ kä ɣöö ci puɔ̱nydiɛn wä piny kɛ gua̱a̱th in ruët kɛ | Diäär liac aye akut dɛ̈t ë tɔ̈ në riääk yic në kë cenë guɔ̈p thök në thɛɛr ke liac . |
Treatment: Antibiotics are crucial for both tuberculosis and pneumonia treatment, while COPD treatments mainly revolve around medications and lifestyle changes. | La̱tdɛ: Anti̱baötikni̱ gɔwkɛ ɛlɔ̱ŋ kɛ kui̱ jua̱thni̱ tuberkulothith kɛnɛ pnömonia, niɛ gua̱a̱ mɔ la COPD ɛ jakä gɔaa ɛlɔ̱ŋ kɛ kui̱ wal kɛnɛ gër ciɛŋä teekä. | Tɛ̈k-tɛ̈k: Wal ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ku thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m, ku thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë COPD ee rot gɛɛi në wal ku pïïr ë raan. |
Lung cancer often requires more severe treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery | Kä ka̱nthɛr puɔ̱th ni̱ ciaaŋ la go̱o̱rɛ ɣöö ba jɛ jakä gɔaa ɛlɔ̱ŋ, ce̱tkɛ mi̱ cie kimötherapi̱, radiacin, kɛnɛ thɛrgi̱ri̱. | Tuɛnytuɛny de puɔ̈u ee lac wïc bï ya töök apɛi, cïmën de töök de kɔ̈u, mɛ̈c de pïu, ku jɔl ya töök. |
Confusion or changes in mental function: In older adults or people with some preexisting conditions, confusion or a change in mental awareness might be the first notable sign of pneumonia | Nyuɔɔn kiɛ gër rɛy läätdä ŋithä: Rɛy nɛɛni̱ tin ci̱ dɔŋ kiɛ nɛy tin tekɛ tha̱a̱ŋ jua̱thni̱ ti̱ ci̱ kɔn te thi̱n ni̱ wal, nyuɔɔn kiɛ gër rɛy ŋäcä ŋithä dɔ̱ŋ bɛ cua nyuuth in nhiam mi̱ ŋa̱ckɛ i̱ tekɛ pneumonia | Kuɔ̈c nhom ka gɛ̈ɛ̈r de luɔɔi de nhom: Tënë kɔcdït cï ŋuɛ̈ɛ̈n ka kɔc nɔŋ tuanytuɛɛny thɛɛr, kuɔ̈c nhom ka gɛ̈ɛ̈r de nhom alëu bï ya kë tueeŋ ye nyuɔɔth ke tuany ë pneumonia |
Substance Abuse: Regular use of alcohol and illicit substances like drugs can also weaken the immune system and make an individual more susceptible to TB. | Tha̱bi̱thtan Abuɔth: La̱t kɔaŋ ni ciaŋ kɛnɛ tha̱bi̱thtanni̱ tin /ca nhɔk ce̱tkɛ wal bä derɛ puɔ̱ny jakä kuiy kä derɛ raan jakä bɛc kɛ juey TB. | Luɔɔi de Käk: Luɔɔi de miääu ku kä rɛc cït mɛn de wal ëya dɛ̈t alëu bï guɔ̈p cɔk ril ku bï raan ya yök ke nɔŋ tuany ë TB. |
Each type of tuberculosis has different implications for the affected individual's health, indicating the need for various forms of treatment and management. | Kä tuberkulothith kɛl kɛɛli̱ tëkɛ ti̱ gööl ti̱ la nööŋkɛ kä puɔlä pua̱a̱ny ran min ca ya̱r, min nyoth ɣöö go̱o̱rɛ wal ti̱ gööl kɛnɛ tietdɛ. | Tɛ̈k-tɛ̈k de tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m anɔŋ kä wääc ke pial guöp de raan cï yök, ye nyuɔɔth lɔn wïc yen dhɔ̈l juëc ke töök ku gël. |
The transmission of tuberculosis generally occurs when a person with active pulmonary or laryngeal TB disease expels droplet nuclei containing the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, into the air. | Kä ja̱l tuberkulothith ni̱ ciaaŋ la tuɔɔkɛ mi̱ ci̱ raan tekɛ juey pulmönari kiɛ lari̱njial TB mi̱ ci̱ droplet ni̱kli̱öth min tekɛ baktëriöm, Mai̱köbaktëriöm tuberkulothith, woc rɛy jiɔm. | Tɛ̈n yenë tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m yök thïn ee rot lac looi të cï raan nɔŋ tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë nhom wala thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë Mycobacterium, ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m. |
This can happen during activities like coughing, sneezing, talking or singing. | Nɛmɛ derɛ tuɔɔk kɛ gua̱th lätni ti cät kɛ thɔ̱l, thɔ̱l, ruac kiɛ diit. | Kënë alëu bï rot looi në thɛɛr ke luɔi cït mɛn de thɛ̈m, thɛ̈m, jam ka diɛt. |
These aerosolized bacteria can remain suspended in the air for several hours, and people sharing the same air space may inhale these particles. | Baktëria ti̱ti̱ tin la aeröthölaidhed bi̱ kɛ cu te thi̱n rɛy jiɔm kɛ thaakni̱ ti̱ ŋuan, kɛnɛ ɣöö nɛy tin nyuak gua̱a̱th mi̱ cäät rɛy jiɔm dɔ̱ŋ bi̱ kɛn ti̱ti̱ kulɛ yuɔr rɛy jiɔm. | Käm cï röt tääu në aliiric yiic käkë aalëu bïk rëër ke cï röt tääu nhial në thɛɛ juëc yiic, ku kɔc tɔ̈ në aliiric tökic alëu bïk kee käm käkë ya dɔm. |
When these airborne particles are breathed in, they can settle in the lungs, begin to grow, and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. | Mi ci jiɔm ɛmɛ yiëë, de kɛ wä nyuur rɛy puɔ̱th, de kɛn rɔ̱ tok kɛ pieth, kä de kɛn rɔ̱ rep gua̱thni tin kɔ̱ŋ pua̱ny kɛ rɛy riɛm. | Të wëëi kä kä pïr ë aliiric këk, kë alë bï nyuc pɔ̈u yic, ku jɔk bïk cil, ku rët tɛkpiny tën ɣän kɔ̈k guäp tën riɛm. |
This form of transmission is most likely to occur in closed environments, among individuals who live or work closely with a TB patient | Ɛn duɔ̱ɔ̱p ɛmɛ laa tuɔɔkɛ rɛy gua̱thni̱ tin caa gäk, rɛy nɛɛni̱ tin cieŋ kiɛ lät thi̱ääkä kɛ ram mi̱ tä kɛ juey TB | Yen dhöl de gɛ̈th kënë ee rot lac looi në ɣän cï thiöök yiic, tënë kɔc rɛ̈ɛ̈r wala luui thiääk kenë raan tuany TB . |
The latent stage of tuberculosis, where a person can be infected but not show symptoms or spread the disease, is also seen in diseases like herpes and hepatitis C | Kä latent stage duŋ tuberculosis, min la raan ɛ tekɛ juey duŋni̱ ɣöö /cɛ nyuuthdɛ nyoth kiɛ /cɛ juey ɛmɔ däk piny, jɛn bä la nɛnkɛ jɛ rɛy jua̱thni̱ ce̱tkɛ ɣerpi̱th kɛnɛ ɣe̱pai̱taith C . | Tɛ̈ yenë raan tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m yök thïn, të lëu bï raan ya yök thïn ku ka cïï käŋ ye nyuɔɔth ka bï tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ya tɛkpiny, aye tïŋ ëyadɛ̈ në tuanytuɛɛny cït man de herpes ku hepatitis C . |
Exposure to Certain Chemicals or Pollutants: Working in or being exposed to locations with a lot of air pollution, dust, or certain chemicals can increase one's risk. | Kä ɣöö bi raan te kɛ tha̱a̱ŋ kemi̱kali̱ kiɛ ti̱ jiäk: Lät rɛy kiɛ mi̱ ci̱ raan te gua̱a̱th mi̱ tekɛ jiɔm mi̱ jiääk ɛlɔ̱ŋ, tɔ̱ɔ̱c, kiɛ tha̱a̱ŋ kemi̱kali̱ derɛ raan jakä bɛc puɔ̱nydɛ. | Të tɔ̈u yïn thïn tënë Käk Kɔ̈k wala Käk ë Pïr: Luɔi wala të tɔ̈u yïn thïn tën nɔŋ pïu juëc ë aliir, pïu ë pïu, wala kä kɔ̈k ë pïu ë pïu yiic alëu bïk rɛ̈ɛ̈c ë raan juak. |
General weakness, fatigue, and body ache are often reported. | Kä buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny kɛɛliw, ŋɛ̈th, kɛnɛ bɛc pua̱a̱ny kɛn ni̱ ciaaŋ la kɛn ɛ lat. | Niɔ̈p ëbɛ̈n, dhäär, ku tɔ̈ɔ̈k de guɔ̈p aye keek lueel. |
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur as well as loss of appetite. | Nausea, vomiting, kɛnɛ diarrhea de kɛn tuɔɔk bä ɛ päär bä kɛ min /ci̱ mi̱eth go̱o̱r. | Kuɛ̈ny ë nhom, thɛ̈m, ku thɛ̈m ë nhom alëu bïk röt looi ëya dɛ̈t ku jɔl ya thök ë mïïth. |
Some patients experience headaches and dry cough. | Tha̱a̱ŋ jua̱thni̱ la jiëkɛ wi̱cdiɛn kɛnɛ jicdiɛn mi̱ ci̱ kööt. | Kɔc kɔ̈k tuany aye nhom yök ku thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m. |
Mild symptoms can become severe within a few hours or over the course of weeks | Nyuuth jua̱thni̱ tin kuiy dee kɛ ben ɛ la ti̱ bɛ̈c bɛ̈c kɛ kɔr thaakni̱ ti̱ tɔt kiɛ kɛ kɔr juɔkni̱ ti̱ ŋuan | Kä thiik ye tuaany nyuɔɔth alëu bïk ya dït apɛi në thɛɛr lik yiic ka në wiik yiic |
Close Contact with Infected Individuals: TB is highly contagious and can easily spread through air droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. | Ciaŋ mi thiäk kɛ nɛy tin tekɛ juey: TB ɛ juey mi bɛc bɛc kä derɛ rɔ rep kɛ pɛ̈th kɛ rɛy jiɔm mi bä raar mi ci ram min tekɛ juey ɛmɔ kööt, kööt kiɛ ruac. | Tɛ̈ thiääk ke kɔc cï tuany: TB ee tuany dït apɛi dɔm ku alëu bï rot lac tɛkpiny në pïu ë aliir ë jäl të cï raan cï tuany thök, thök ë thök wala jam. |
People who live or work in close contact with someone with TB are at higher risk. | Nɛy tin cieŋ kiɛ lät kɛɛl kɛ ram mi tekɛ juey TB kɛn tekɛ riɛk mi di̱i̱t. | Kɔc rɛ̈ɛ̈r wala kɔc lui thiääk ke raan nɔŋ TB aye tɔ̈ në riääk dït yic. |
This variation in risk results primarily from the strength of the immune response and the opportunity for exposure to the bacteria. | Ɛn dääk ɛmɛ rɛy rikä laa bëë kɛ buɔ̱m in laa gaŋkɛ pua̱ny nath kɛnɛ gua̱a̱th in dee naath ku lɛ wɔ̱ kɛɛl kɛ baktëria. | Wuɔ̈ɔ̈c de kä dhal kɔc käkë ee bɛ̈nbei në riɛl de guöp yic ku jɔl ya tɛ̈n lëu benë kek ya yök në käm yiic. |
Understanding these risk groups can aid in early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention efforts. | Ŋäc buni̱ tin tekɛ riɛk ti̱ti̱ derɛ naath luäk kɛ pɛ̈th kɛ pɛ̈th, kɛ jakdiɛn kä gɔaa, kɛnɛ ga̱ŋdiɛn kɛ juey. | Dɛ̈t de yic de akuut ke rɛ̈ɛ̈c käkë alëu bï kɔc kuɔny në yök de tuanytuɛɛny, töök, ku gël de tuanytuɛɛny. |
Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are at a higher risk for severe illnesses as they have less capability to combat the infection. | Nɛy tin tekɛ buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny mi dak, cät kɛ nɛy tin tekɛ HIV/AIDS, kɛn tekɛ riɛk mi di̱i̱t kɛ jua̱th ti bɛc bɛc kɛ ɣöö thiɛlɛ kɛ lua̱ŋ mi di̱i̱t mi de kɛn juey ɛmɔ gaŋ. | Kɔc nɔŋ gup ë gël ë guɔ̈p cï riääk, cït mɛn de kɔc nɔŋ HIV/AIDS, aye tɔ̈ në riääk dït yic në tuanytuɛɛny dït yiic rin cïn kek riɛl ë gël ë tuany. |
Furthermore, travelers from non-endemic areas or regions without malaria are also at a higher risk because they lack any immunity to the disease. | Ɛ wä nhiam, nɛy tin bëë gua̱thni̱ tin /thiɛl juey thi̱n kiɛ wi̱i̱ tin thiɛl juey ɛmɔ kɛn bä tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t kɛ ɣöö /thiɛlɛ kɛ buɔ̱m mi̱ gaŋkɛ juey ɛmɔ. | Ku ŋoot ke lɔ tueŋ, kɔc cath në ɣän cïï tuany ë malaria yök thïn ka ɣän cïn tuany ë malaria thïn aye tɔ̈ ëya në riääk yic në kë cïn kek dhöl ë gël ë tuany. |
Follow-up medical care is essential to ensure adequate treatment of the disease and to prevent its spread to other individuals. | Guɔ̱r kɛ juey ɛmɔ ɛ mi gɔaa ɛlɔ̱ŋ kɛ ɣöö ba juey ɛmɔ jakä gɔaa a gɔaa kä ba jɛ gaŋ kä ɣöö /cɛ bi lɛ räth kä nɛy tin kɔ̱ŋ. | Tɛ̈k-tɛ̈k de pial guöp ee kë thiekic apɛi ago tuany ya gël ku bï ya gël bï ya thiɛ̈i tënë kɔc kɔ̈k. |
Those diagnosed with tuberculosis should continue medication until the full course is done to avoid multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. | Nɛy tin ca jiek i̱ tekɛ juey ɛ la tuberkulothith bi̱ kɛn wä nhiam kɛ wal amäni mi̱ ci̱ ŋi̱i̱cdɛ thuɔ̱k kɛ ɣöö bi̱kɛ juey ɛ la tuberkulothith mi̱ /caa dee luäŋ kɛ wuɔ̱c kɛ wal ti̱ ŋuan woc. | Kɔc cï yök ke nɔŋ tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m akɔɔr bïk ŋoot ë ke nɔŋ wal agut cï bïk thök ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m thök ago tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë wal juëc gël. |
In summary, the vulnerability of these at-risk populations is typically due an interplay of socio-economic factors, healthcare access, personal health conditions and professional exposure. | Kɛ thuɔ̱kdɛ, ɛn riɛk nɛɛni̱ tin tä rɛy rikä ɛ jɛn in laa tuɔɔk kɛ kui̱i̱ yupä kuakni̱, ta̱a̱ in tä kɛ naath kɛ kui̱i̱ puɔlä pua̱a̱ny, ta̱a̱ puɔlä pua̱a̱ny ran kɛnɛ ta̱a̱ in lät kɛ naath. | Në wël lik yiic, ke riääk de kɔc tɔ̈ në riääk yic ee rot looi në kë de käke ciɛɛŋ ku wëu, yök de pial de guɔ̈p, käke pial de raan yetök ku jɔl ya yök de kɔc nyic käŋ. |
When the infected mosquito subsequently feeds on another human, it injects the sporozoites into the person's bloodstream. | Mi̱ ci̱ nyi̱i̱th in tekɛ juey ɛmɔ wä mi̱th kä raan dɔ̱diɛn, jɛn bɛ i̱thpörödhɔi̱teth la̱th rɛy riɛm ran. | Na cï thɔ̈ɔ̈r cï tuany yök ke cï raan dɛ̈t cam, ka ye thɔ̈ɔ̈r ë thɔ̈ɔ̈r ë thɔ̈ɔ̈r tääu në rim ke raan yic. |
These sporozoites then travel to the liver where they mature into schizonts and multiply in the host's red blood cells. | I̱thpɔrödhɔɔteth ti̱ti̱ kɛ kɔrɛ bi̱ kɛ wä kä li̱ber gua̱a̱th in bi̱ kɛn piith ɛ la i̱thki̱dhɔntni̱ kɛnɛ ɣöö bi̱ kɛ rɔ̱ re̱p rɛy thëlli̱ riɛm tin lual kä ɣɔ̱th. | Käm käkë aye cath në liver yic të ye kek dït thïn ku bïk röt juak në rim thith ke raan tɔ̈ thïn. |
Over time, the red blood cells rupture, releasing the parasites into the bloodstream and causing malaria symptoms such as fever, headache, and vomiting | Kɛ kɔr gua̱th mi̱ bäär, bi̱ thëlli̱ riɛm tin bo̱o̱r rɔ̱ moc kɛ pɛ̈th, bi̱ kɛn parathaitni̱ jakä wä rɛy riɛm kä bi̱kɛ juey malaria nööŋ ce̱tkɛ lëth pua̱a̱ny, bɛc wec, kɛnɛ pɛ̈th | Në thɛɛr juëc yiic, ke riɛm thith aye röt tɛk, ku pɛ̈l käm në riɛm yic ku ye tuanytuɛɛny ke malaria bɛ̈i cïmën de atuɔ̈c, nhom ë nhom, ku ŋök . |
Practicing Good Hygiene: Covering the mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing can reduce the spread of TB bacteria | La̱tdɛ kɛ kui̱ puɔlä pua̱a̱ny mi̱ gɔaa: Kuum thok kɛnɛ thok mi̱ ci̱ kɔ̱c kiɛ mi̱ ci̱ kɔ̱c derɛ däk TB baktëria jakä kuiy | Luɔɔi de Pial de Guɔ̈p: Kuum yïthok ku wum të nɔŋ yïn ɣɔ̈ɔ̈l ka ɣɔ̈ɔ̈l ë nhom alëu bï thiɛ̈i de tuany ë TB cɔk tɔ̈ piiny |
Individuals with Chronic Conditions: People with chronic diseases like asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), diabetes, or heart disease tend to have weaker immune systems and hence, face a higher risk of contracting pneumonia. | Nɛy tin tekɛ juey mi̱ ci̱ jääny: Nɛy tin tekɛ jua̱th ti̱ ci̱ jääny ciee kɛɛ athma, COPD (juey mi̱ ci̱ rɔal mi̱ /ci̱ rɔ lot), juey thukëër, kiɛ juey lɔac la kɛn pua̱nykiɛn ɛ /thiɛl buɔ̱m kä kɛ kui̱c ɛmɔ, laa kɛ laa jiëkɛ ni̱ juey mi̱ cɔali̱ pneumonia. | Kɔc nɔŋ tuanytuɛɛny dït apɛi: Kɔc nɔŋ tuanytuɛny dït apɛi cït mɛn de thɛ̈mthɛ̈m, COPD (tuɛnytuɛny dït ë nhom), tuanytuɛɛny ke thukar, wala tuanytuɛɛny ke puɔ̈u aye naŋ gupken ril yiic ku këya, aye naŋ tuanytuɛɛny dït apɛi bïk tuany ë nhom yök. |
Malaria is a parasite-caused illness that primarily affects tropical and subtropical regions. | Malaria ɛ juey mi̱ nööŋkɛ ɛ parathait mi̱ la bɛ̈c ɛlɔ̱ŋ rɛy tröpikal kɛnɛ tha̱btröpikal ri̱jini̱. | Malaria ee tuany ye bɛ̈n në käm yiic ku ye ɣän tɔ̈ në tuɛnytuɛny yiic ku ɣän tɔ̈ tuɛnytuɛny yiic dɔm. |
It shares similarities with other diseases like Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya, and Typhoid Fever | Jɛn nyuakɛ ti̱ cäät kɛ jua̱th kɔ̱kiɛn ce̱tkɛ Dengue Pi̱ber, Yellow Pi̱ber, Chikungunya, kɛnɛ Tai̱pöid Pi̱ber | Yën acï kä thɔ̈ŋ kek tuanytuɛɛny kɔ̈k cïmën de Tuɛnytuɛny, Tuɛnytuɛny Math, Tuɛnytuɛny, ku Tuɛnytuɛny Tïphoid |
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: This type can develop in any organ outside of the lungs, including the lymph nodes, kidneys, and bones. | Ɛktrapulmönari Tuberkulothith: Ɛn juey ɛmɛ derɛ tuɔɔk rɛy pua̱a̱ny ran raar rɛy puɔ̱th, amäni̱ li̱mp nɔdni̱, kidni̱, kɛnɛ cɔ̱w. | Tuɛnytuɛny ë nhom: Tuɛnytuɛny kënë alëu bï rot looi në gɛɛr de guɔ̈p tɔ̈ aɣeer në nhom yic, agut cï nhom ë nhom, nhom, ku yuɔɔm. |
The symptoms and severity may vary based on the infected area | Kä nyuuthni̱ kɛnɛ bɛcdɛ dɔ̱ŋ bɛ tekɛ dääk kɛ gua̱a̱th in ca juey ɛmɔ jiek thi̱n | Kä ye tuaany nyuɔɔth ku riɛl de tuaany aalëu bïk wuɔ̈c cït mɛn de të cïnë tuaany yök thïn . |
Poor Living Conditions: Substandard housing or living in rural or underdeveloped areas can increase exposure to malaria-carrying mosquitoes due to lack of protective measures such as screens or air conditioning. | Ciaŋ Cieŋ mi Jiäk: Duël tin /ci gɔw kiɛ cieŋ rɛy ciëŋ kiɛ gua̱th tin /ka̱n cop thi̱n derɛ naath jakä bɛc kɛ juey malaria kɛ ɣöö thiɛlɛ kuak ti gaŋkɛ naath ce̱tkɛ i̱thkri̱i̱ni̱ kiɛ air kɔndi̱ciɔn. | Tɛ̈ rac ë pïïr: Ɣööt cie piath ka rëër në bɛ̈i thii kɔ̈k yiic ka ɣän këc yïk yiic alëu bïk pïïr de kɔc ya juak në tuany ë malaria yic në kë cïn yen dhɔ̈l ke gël cït mɛn de screens ka air conditioning. |
On the other hand, severe bacterial pneumonia causes high fever, excessive sweating, rapid breathing, increased pulse rate, chest pain, confusion (in elderly), and a cough that produces phlegm. | Kɛ kui̱c in dɔ̱ŋ, baktërial pnömonia mi̱ bɛc bɛc la no̱o̱ŋɛ lëth mi̱ di̱i̱t, ŋɛ̈th mi̱ di̱i̱t, yiëë mi̱ pɛ̈th, rëp pulthni̱, bɛc lɔac, ŋɛ̈th (kä nɛy tin ci dɔŋ), kɛnɛ ŋɛ̈th mi̱ no̱o̱ŋ ŋɛ̈th. | Në baŋ dɛ̈t, tuany dït apɛi de bacteria ee tɔ̈ɔ̈k dït bɛ̈i, tɔ̈ɔ̈k dït apɛi, wëëi ë lac, tɔ̈ɔ̈k ë puɔ̈u juak, tɔ̈ɔ̈k ë nhom, tɔ̈ɔ̈k ë nhom (në kɔc cï dhiɔp yiic), ku tɔ̈ɔ̈k ë nhom ye tɔ̈ɔ̈k ë nhom bɛ̈i. |
In this case, hospitalization, and in extreme cases intensive care, may be required due to the potential for respiratory failure, sepsis, or organ failure | Rɛy kä nɛmɛ, ba naŋ duelwa̱l, kɛnɛ rɛy gua̱thni̱ tin bɛc bɛc ɛlɔ̱ŋ ba yiɛn ɛ bum, dɔ̱ŋ ba go̱r kɛ kui̱ kä ɣöö dɔ̱ŋ bɛ tekɛ mi̱ bɛc kɛ yiëë, thɛpthith, kiɛ /thiɛl kuak pua̱a̱ny | Në ye mɛn, ke tɔ̈c në paanakïm yic, ku në thɛɛr ril yiic ke töök dït apɛi, alëu bï ya wïc në kë lëu bï ya tɔ̈c në wëëi, sepsis, ka tɔ̈c de kä ke guɔ̈p . |
Substance Abuse: The use of tobacco or illicit drugs, especially intravenous and crack cocaine, can weaken your immune system and raise the risk of TB | Kä min ca la̱th rɛy riɛm: La̱t wal tin ca la̱th rɛy riɛm kɛnɛ wal tin ca la̱th rɛy riɛm kɛnɛ crack cocaine, derɛ puɔ̱nydu jakä kuiy kä derɛ juey TB jakä di̱t | Luɔɔi de Käk ë Luɔɔi: Luɔɔi de tɔ̈c ka wal ë lööŋ, cïmën de wal ë pïu ë nhom ku crack cocaine, alëu bï guɔ̈pdu cɔk niɔ̈ɔ̈p ku lëu bï tuany ë TB juak . |
COVID-19: This novel virus affected the respiratory system and its severe cases often developed into pneumonia. | COVID-19: Ɛn nöbɛl bai̱ra̱th ɛmɛ cɛ puɔ̱ny ran ya̱r kä bɛcdɛ ɛlɔ̱ŋ la bëë ɛ la pneumonia. | COVID-19: Tuäny jöm kënë acï ajuɛɛr de wëëi riɔ̈ɔ̈k ku kä ril yiic apɛi aye röt lac looi bïk ya tuaany de nhom. |
The two share many symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever | Kä kɛn da̱ŋ rɛw nyuuthkɛ nyuuthni̱ ti̱ ŋuan ce̱tkɛ kɔ̱c, bɛc yiëë, kɛnɛ lëth pua̱a̱ny | Keek kaa rou aye kä juëc ke tuaany rɔm cït mɛn de ɣɔ̈ɔ̈l, riɛl de wëëi, ku atuɔ̈c |
Protective Measures: This includes wearing masks, particularly in crowded places, and installing effective ventilation in homes and workplaces. | Dup Ga̱ŋ: Nɛmɛ matɛ ni̱ ɣöö bi raan rɔ moc kɛ bi̱i̱, ɛlɔ̱ŋ gua̱th tin ci̱ naath thia̱a̱ŋ thi̱n, kɛnɛ läth jiɔm mi̱ gɔaa rɛy ciëŋ kɛnɛ gua̱th lätni̱. | Käk ë gël: Kënë anɔŋic ceŋ ë masks, ëya dɛ̈t të nɔŋ kɔc juëc, ku tääu ë dhöl ë gël ë pïu ë ɣööt ku ɣän ke luɔi. |
Regular health screenings for those at high risk, such as healthcare workers, people living with HIV, and those in close contact with TB patients, can also prove beneficial. | Guäc puɔlä pua̱a̱ny ni ciaŋ kɛ kui̱ nɛɛni̱ tin tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t, ce̱tkɛ la̱a̱t puɔlä pua̱a̱ny, nɛy tin tekɛ juey HIV, kɛnɛ nɛy tin thia̱k kɛ jua̱th TB, derɛ naath luäk bä. | Tɛ̈k-tɛ̈k ë pial guöp ë thää ëbɛ̈n tënë kɔc tɔ̈u ë riääk dït yic, cït mɛn kɔc lui ë pial guöp, kɔc tɔ̈u ke nɔŋ HIV, ku kɔc tɔ̈u thiääk ke kɔc tuany TB, alëu bïk ya piath aya. |
Overall, malaria shares many similarities in transmission, symptoms, prevention, and geographical risk with other mosquito-borne diseases like Dengue, Yellow Fever, and Zika Virus. | Kɛliwdɛ, malaria nyuak kɛn ti̱ ŋuan ti̱ cäät rɛy ja̱lɛ, nyuuthni̱kɛ, ga̱ŋdɛ, kɛnɛ riɛk gua̱th in te thi̱n kɛ jua̱th kɔ̱kiɛn tin nööŋkɛ ɛ nyi̱e̱e̱r ce̱tkɛ Dengue, Yellow Pi̱ber, kɛnɛ Dhi̱ka Bai̱ra̱th. | Në ye mɛn, ke tuanytuɛɛny ke malaria aye naŋ käjuëc thöŋ në tɛ̈n yenë yen yök thïn, kä ye yen nyuɔɔth, gëlden, ku jɔl ya ɣän tɔ̈ kek thïn kenë tuanytuɛɛny kɔ̈k ye bɛ̈n në dhiëër yiic cïmën de Dengue, Tuɛnytuɛny, ku jɔl ya tuanytuɛɛny ke Zika. |
Understanding these at-risk populations helps in formulating targeted preventative strategies that can contribute to the decrease in pneumonia-related mortality and morbidity. | Ŋäc puɔ̱pulëcini̱ ti̱ti̱ tin tekɛ riɛk bɛ luäk rɛy riali̱ ca̱a̱pni̱ ti̱ görkɛ ga̱ŋdiɛn i̱kä min bi̱ luäk kɛ jak li̱a̱a̱ kɛnɛ jua̱th tin thi̱ääk kɛ pnömonia kä kuiy. | Dɛ̈të yic de kɔc tɔ̈ në riääk yic ee kɔc kuɔny në luɔɔi de dhɔ̈l ke gël de tuanytuɛɛny lëu bïk thon de kɔc thiääk kenë tuanytuɛɛny ke pneumonia ku tuanytuɛɛny ya cɔk lɔ piny. |
By understanding these at-risk populations, public health officials can devise targeted strategies to control and prevent the spread of tuberculosis | Mi̱ ca nɛy ti̱ti̱ tin tekɛ riɛk ŋa̱c, bi̱ ji̱ la̱t puɔblik ɣe̱lth ca̱p mi̱ görkɛ riali̱kä kɛ ga̱ŋ kɛnɛ ga̱ŋ däkdɛ piny tuberkulothith | Na ŋic ë kɔc tɔ̈ në riääk yic, ke kɔc lui në pialguöp de kɔc yiic alëu bïk dhɔ̈l ëke bï kek ya mac ya looi agonë tuany ë TB ya gël ku bïk ya thiäi piny. |
Viral Pneumonia: Caused by different types of viruses, like influenza. | Bai̱ral Pneumonia: La tuɔɔkɛ ɛ bai̱ra̱thni̱ ti̱ gööl, ciee kɛ inpluɛntha. | Pneumonia: Ee bɛ̈n në käm juëc wääc yiic, cïmën de thɛ̈mthɛ̈m. |
While less severe than bacterial pneumonia, it can still be quite dangerous, especially for individuals in high-risk groups. | Niɛ gua̱a̱ mɔ kuiy bɛcdɛ mi̱ läny baktërial pnömonia, jɛn ŋotdɛ bɛcɛ ɛlɔ̱ŋ, ɛlɔ̱ŋ kä nɛy tin te rɛy buni̱ tin tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t. | Ke cie dït apɛi cït mɛn de tuaany de nhom, ka ŋot ke ye kë rac apɛi, ëya dɛ̈t tënë kɔc tɔ̈ në akuut dït yiic. |
Latent Tuberculosis is one type of tuberculosis (TB) that's characterized by the presence of the TB bacteria in a person's body, but in a dormant state. | Latent Tuberkulothith ɛ kɛl kä tuberkulothith (TB) min la ŋa̱ckɛ i̱ te TB baktëria rɛy pua̱a̱ny ran, duŋni̱ ɣöö te rɛy gua̱th mi̱ /thiɛl lät. | Latent Tuberculosis ee töŋ de tuany ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m (TB) ye yök në tɔ̈u de thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë raan guɔ̈p, ku ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m ë thɛ̈mthɛ̈m. |
This implies that the bacteria are not actively growing and spreading, hence, the person does not display any associated symptoms. | Nɛmɛ lotdɛ ni̱ ɣöö baktëria /ci̱kɛ piith ɛ bum kɛnɛ däkdiɛn piny, kɛ kui̱c ɛmɔ, ɛn raan /cɛ nyuuthni̱ ti̱ thi̱ääk kɛ juey ɛmɔ nyoth. | Kënë ee ye nyuɔɔth lɔn ye käm cie cil ku yekë röt tɛkpiny, ku na yïn ya, ke raan acie kä thiääk kenë yen ye nyuɔɔth. |
As a result, individuals with latent TB are neither sick nor are they capable of transmitting the disease. | Kɛ kɔrɛ, nɛy tin tekɛ TB mi̱ ca tɛ̱̈ɛ̱̈ /ci̱kɛ jua̱th kiɛ /ci̱kɛ luäŋ kɛ no̱o̱ŋ jua̱thni̱. | Kë cï bɛ̈n bei thïn, kɔc nɔŋ TB cï thiaan (latent TB) acie tuany ku acie lëu bïk tuany ë thɛ̈m ë thɛ̈m ë thɛ̈m. |
It should be noted that latent TB has the potential to turn into active TB, which is a more severe form, hence, treatment is recommended to prevent this progression. | Jɛn ba ŋa̱c ɛn ɣöö latent TB tëkɛ lua̱ŋ mi̱ bɛ rɔ ri̱t ɛ la TB mi̱ lät, min la ta̱a̱ mi̱ bɛc ɛlɔ̱ŋ, kɛ kui̱c ɛmɔ, ba wal la̱th lät kɛ ɣöö /cɛ bi̱ lɛ wɔ̱ nhiam. | Alëu bï ya ŋic lɔn ye TB cï thiaan anɔŋ riɛl bï rot wel bï ya TB ë tɔ̈u, yen ee dhöl dït apɛi, këya, töök ee thɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ bï thök ë thök kënë gël. |
Regardless of its non-infectious nature, the severity of latent TB lies in its capability to transform into an active disease state, often triggered by weakened immunity, and cause serious complications thereafter. | Ɛ cieŋni̱ min /cɛ tekɛ juey, ɛn bɛcdɛ ɛn TB min ca tɛ̱̈ɛ̱̈ tëkä lua̱ŋdɛ min bɛ rɔ ri̱t ɛ la juey mi̱ lät, ni̱ ciaaŋ la tuɔɔkɛ ɛ mi̱ ci̱ puɔ̱nydɛ kuɛ̈ɛ̈, kɛnɛ ɣöö bɛ cu nööŋni̱ rik ti̱ di̱t kɛ kɔrɛ. | Ke cïï thöŋ kenë tändeen cie tuany, riɛl de TB cï thiaan ee tɔ̈ në riɛlde yic bï rot waar bï ya tuany tɔ̈ ke tɔ̈, ye lac bɛ̈n në thök de tuanytuɛɛny, ku ye kärac dït apɛi bɛ̈i në thɛɛr kɔ̈k yiic. |
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English–Nuer–Dinka Health Translation Dataset
Dataset Summary
This dataset contains parallel sentence triples in English, Nuer (nus), and Dinka (din), covering health and medical topics such as disease prevention, symptoms, and treatment guidance. It was built by machine-translating the English portion of the DigitalUmuganda/NMT_Health_parallel_data_en_kin dataset into Nuer and Dinka.
The dataset contains approximately 68,500 rows, each with an English source sentence and its corresponding Nuer and Dinka translations.
Dataset Structure
Data Fields
Each row is a JSON object with the following fields:
english(string): the source sentence in Englishnuer(string): the machine-translated sentence in Nuerdinka(string): the machine-translated sentence in Dinka
Data Example
{
"english": "Certain groups of people such as the elderly, individuals with weakened immune systems, and young children, are at higher risk for contracting pneumonia.",
"nuer": "Tha̱a̱ŋ buni̱ nath ce̱tkɛ nɛy tin ci dɔŋ, nɛy tin tekɛ buɔ̱m pua̱a̱ny mi̱ kuiy, kɛnɛ gaat tin tɔatni̱, kɛn tekɛ riɛk mi̱ di̱i̱t kɛ juey pnömonia.",
"dinka": "Akuut kɔ̈k ke kɔc cït mɛn de kɔc cï dhiɔp, kɔc nɔŋ guɔ̈p ril, ku mïth kor, aye tɔ̈ në riääk dït yic bïk tuaany de pneumonia yök."
}
Data Splits
The dataset is provided as a single unsplit collection of translation pairs.
Dataset Creation
Source Data
The English sentences are drawn from the DigitalUmuganda/NMT_Health_parallel_data_en_kin dataset (only the English column, eng, was used — the original Kinyarwanda column was not used).
Translation Process
Translations were generated automatically using Google Translate's public web interfaces (mobile and API endpoints), with the following pipeline:
- English sentences were deduplicated to avoid redundant translation work.
- Each sentence was translated into Nuer (
nus) and Dinka (din), with retry/backoff logic on failures. - Rows were kept only if both the Nuer and Dinka translations succeeded; rows where either translation failed were dropped.
- Processing was run in parallel batches on Modal, with progress checkpointed to persistent storage to support resuming interrupted runs.
Annotations
There are no formal human annotations. All Nuer and Dinka translations are machine-generated. A light skim-level review by native speakers was done as a spot-check; translations generally looked reasonable with only minor issues, but this was not a systematic or exhaustive verification.
Considerations for Using the Data
Quality and Limitations
- Machine translation only: Nuer and Dinka are low-resource languages, and machine translation quality for these languages is generally much lower than for high-resource language pairs. A native-speaker skim review found the translations generally reasonable with only minor issues, but this was a spot-check, not exhaustive verification.
- Not a health resource: Although the source sentences are drawn from health-topic text, this dataset is not intended for any health-related use — it is not medical guidance, patient education material, or a source of health information in Nuer or Dinka. The health domain is simply the source text's subject matter, used here as training/evaluation data for translation models.
- Not suitable for clinical use: Do not use this dataset, or any content derived from it, to inform medical decisions.
Intended Use
This dataset is intended solely for machine translation research — training or evaluating MT models for the low-resource language pair English↔Nuer/Dinka. It is not intended for downstream health, medical, or clinical applications of any kind.
Licensing and Attribution
- This dataset is released under the MIT License.
- Source English text originates from the DigitalUmuganda health parallel corpus; please review that dataset's license/terms before redistribution.
- Translations were produced via Google Translate; usage should comply with Google Translate's terms of service.
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the original source dataset:
DigitalUmuganda/NMT_Health_parallel_data_en_kin
and note that the Nuer and Dinka translations in this derived dataset are machine-generated.
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