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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Invalid value. in row 0
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 324, in _generate_tables
df = pandas_read_json(f)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 38, in pandas_read_json
return pd.read_json(path_or_buf, **kwargs)
~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1014, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1040, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1176, in parse
self._parse()
~~~~~~~~~~~^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1392, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ValueError: Expected object or value
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1827, in _prepare_split_single
for key, table in generator:
^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 613, in wrapped
for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 327, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 290, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
io.BytesIO(batch), read_options=paj.ReadOptions(block_size=block_size)
)
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 342, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 155, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
return check_status(status)
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 92, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
raise convert_status(status)
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Invalid value. in row 0
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1694, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
):
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1880, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
chunk_id int64 | file string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|
0 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | THELIBRARYOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAPRESENTEDBYPROF.CHARLESA.KOFOIDANDMRS.PRUDENCEW.KOFOID HISTORYOFASTRONOMY APOPULARHISTORYOFASTRONOMYDURINGTHENINETEENTHCENTUEYBYAGNESM. JUPITER1879 SATURN1885 THIRDEDITIONLONDON:ADAM&CHARLESBLACK1893 CU PREFACETOTHETHIRDEDITION.THEintervalofsixyearssincethepublicationoftheSecondEdit... | |
1 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | anceofMr.Kanyard,especiallyfortheThird.TheiravailabilityisduetothecourtesyoftheCounciloftheEoyalAstronomicalSociety,ofProfessorGeorgeE.Hale,ofProfessor M368106 viPREFACETOTHETHIRDEDITION.Barnard,andofDr.andMrs.Huggins,toallofwhomthewriteroffersgratefulacknowledgments.Sheventurestohopethattheremodelledworkwillenjoynoles... | |
2 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ularinitsneeds,sinceitsprogressnowprimarilydependsupontheinterestin,andconsequenteffortstowardsitsadvancementofthegeneralpublic;morepopularinitsnature,becausethekindofknowledgeitnowchieflytendstoaccumulateismoreeasilyintelligiblelessremotefromordi- viiiPREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION.naryexperiencethanthatevolvedbytheaidofthe... | |
3 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | erbeignored.But,astheoutcomeoftheenormousdevelopmentgiventothepowersofthetelescopeinrecenttimes,togetherwiththeswiftadvanceofphysicalscience,andtheinclusion,bymeansofthespectroscope,oftheheavenlybodieswithinthedomainofitsinquiries,muchknowledgehasbeenacquiredregardingthenatureandconditionofthosebodies,forming,itmightbe... | |
4 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ddleofthepresentcentury.Herschel'sinquiriesintotheconstructionoftheheavensstrikethekeynoteofthefirstpart;thediscoveryofsun-spotandmagneticperiodicityandofspectrumanalysisdeterminethecharacterofthesecond.Wherethenatureofthesubjectrequiredit,however,thisarrangementhasbeendisregarded.Clearnessandconsist-encyshouldobviousl... | |
5 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | kindandmodeofthesurrenderineachseparatecasemustalwayspossessastronginterestwhetherforstudyorforexample.TheacknowledgmentsofthewriterareduetoProfessorEdwardS.Holden,directoroftheWashburnObservatory,Wisconsin,andtoDr.Copeland,chiefastronomerofLordCrawford'sObservatoryatDunecht,formanyvaluablecom-munications.LONDON,Septem... | |
6 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ningsHerschel'sTheory,ftheSolarConstitutionSirJohnHerschel'sTrade-WindHypothesisBaily'sBeadsTotalSolarEclipseof1842CoronaandProminencesEclipseof1851Page62CHAPTERIV.PLANETAEYDISCOVEEIES.Bode'sLawSearchforaMissingPlanetItsDiscoverybyPiazziFurtherDiscoveriesofMinorPlanetsUnexplainedDisturbanceofUranusDiscoveryofNeptuneIts... | |
7 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | CONTENTS.xiii CHAPTERII.SOLAROBSERVATIONSANDTHEORIES.BlackOpeningsinSpotsCarrington'sObservationsRotationoftheSunKirchhofE'sTheoryoftheSolarConstitutionFaye'sViewsSolarPhotographyKewObservationsSpectroscopicMethodCyclonicTheoryofSun-SpotsVolcanicHypothesisASolarOut-burstSun-SpotPeriodicityPlanetaryInfluenceNasmyth'sWi... | |
8 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | orp-tionbyourAirTheSunBlueTheSolarConstant. .Page268 xiv CONTENTS.CHAPTEEVI.THESUN'SDISTANCE.DifficultyoftheProblemOppositionsofMarsTransitsofVenusLunarDisturbanceVelocityofLightTransitof1874InconclusiveResultOppositionofMarsin1877MeasurementsofMinorPlanetsTransitof1882Newcomb'sDeterminationoftheVelocityofLightCombined... | |
9 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | OEIESOPPLANETAEYEVOLUTION.OriginoftheWorldaccordingtoKantLaplace'sNebularHypothesis-MaintenanceoftheSun'sHeatMeteoricHypothesisRadiationtheResultofContractionRegenerativeTheoryFaye'sSchemeofPlanetaryDevelopmentOriginoftheMoonEffectsofTidalFriction.'' . .pa(je374 CONTENTS.xvCHAPTERX.RECENTCOMETS.Donati'sCometTheEarthaga... | |
10 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | eiadesPhotographicStar-ChartingStellarParallaxDoubleStarsStellarPhotometryStatusofNebulasPhotographsandDrawingsoftheMilkyWayStarDrift Page450CHAPTERXIII.METHODSOFBESEAECH.DevelopmentofTelescopicPowerSilveredGlassReflectorsGiantRefractorsComparisonwithReflectorsTheLickTelescopeAtmo-sphericDisturbanceMechanicalDifficulti... | |
11 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | monioussystem,withoutasyetanyideaofacompellingcause.Theplanetsrevolvedincirclesbecauseitwastheirnaturetodoso,justaslaudanumsetstosleepbecauseitpossessesavirtusdormittta.Thisfirstandoldestbranchisknownas"observa-tional.^or"practicalastronomy."Itsbusinessistonotefactsasaccuratelyaspossible;anditisessentiallyunconcernedwi... | |
12 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | progressofscienceduringthenineteenthcenturyhasservedtoconfirmandrendermoreexclusive.Inquisitionsbegunwiththetelescopehavebeenextendedandmadeeffectiveinunhoped-fordirectionsbytheaidofthespectroscopeandphotographiccamera;andalargepartofourattentioninthepresentvolumewillbeoccupiedwiththebrilliantresultsthusachieved.Theune... | |
13 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | lainedtotheFrenchAcademy,November19,1787,thecauseofthemoon'sacceleratedmotion.Asameremachine,thesolarsystem,sofar INTRODUCTION.3asitwasthenknown,wasfoundtobecompleteandintelligibleinallitsparts;andintheMtfcaniqueCelesteitsmechanicalper-fectionsweredisplayedunderaformofmajesticunitywhichfitlycommemoratedthesuccessivetri... | |
14 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | indbeendestroyed,theGreenwichrecordsalonewouldsufficefortherestorationofastronomy;1andtheestablishmentwasindeedabsolutelywithoutarival.Systematicobservationsofsun,moon,stars,andplanetswereduringthewholeoftheeighteenthcenturymadeonlyatGreenwich.Herematerialswereaccumulatedforthesecurecorrectionoftheory,andhererefinement... | |
15 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | lpositionattheendofayear.Bradley'ssecondgreatdiscoverywasfinallyascertainedin1748.Nutationisareal"nodding"oftheterrestrialaxispro-ducedbythedraggingofthemoonattheterrestrialequatorialprotuberance.Fromitresultsanapparentdisplacementofthestars,eachofthemdescribingalittleellipseaboutitstrueor"mean"position,inaperiodofeigh... | |
16 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | tarivalintheconstructionofreflectors;thesectors,quadrants,andcirclesofGraham,Bird, INTRODUCTION.5Kamsden,andGarywereinimitablebyContinentalworkman-ship.ThuspracticalandtheoreticalastronomyadvancedonparallellinesinEnglandandFrancerespectively,theimprovementoftheirseveraltoolsthetelescopeandthequadrantontheoneside,andthe... | |
17 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | roftheirporten-touscharacter;itrankedthemasdenizensofthesolarsystem.Again,thetransitsofVenusin1761and1769werethefirstoccurrencesofthekindsincetheawakeningofsciencetotheirconsequence.Imposingpreparations,journeystoremoteandhardlyaccessibleregions,officialexpeditions,internationalcommunications,allforthepurposeofobservin... | |
18 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | implelanguageinwhichtheywereconveyedformedacombinationpowerfullyeffectivetothoseleastsuscep-tibleofnewimpressions.NorwastheevokedenthusiasmlimitedtotheBritishIsles.InGermany,SchroterfollowedlongointervalloinHerschel'strack.VonZachsetonfootfromGothathatgeneralcommunicationofideaswhichgiveslifetoaforwardmovement.Bodewrot... | |
19 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | totheshareofignorantorill-providedassiduity. INTRODUCTION.7Observers,accordingly,havemultiplied;observatorieshavebeenfoundedinallpartsoftheworld;associationshavebeenconstitutedformutualhelpandcounsel.Aformalastronomicalcongressmetin1789atGothathen,underDukeErnestII.andVonZach,thefocusofGermanastronomyandinstitutedacomb... | |
20 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | imatedbythesingleaimofcollecting"particulars"intheirspecialbranchforwhatBacontermedaHistoryofNature,eventuallytobeinterpretedaccordingtothesagaciousinsightofsomeoneamongthemgiftedabovehisfellows.ThefirstreallyeffectiveastronomicalperiodicalwastheMonatliclieCorrespondent,startedbyVonZachintheyear1800.Itwasfollowedin1822... | |
21 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | irredanimpressionableaudiencetothepitchofprovidinghimwiththemeansoferectingatCincinnatithefirstastronomicalestablish-mentworthythenameinthatgreatcountry.Onthe1stofJanuary1882nolessthanonehundredandforty-fourwereactivewithinitsboundaries.Theapparitionofthegreatcometof1843gaveanadditionalfilliptothemovement.Totheexciteme... | |
22 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | utureconquest.Theirgradualappropriationhasabsorbed, INTRODUCTION.9andwilllongcontinuetoabsorb,thepowerswliicliithasservedtodevelop.Butthisisnottheonlydirectioninwhichastronomyhasenlarged,orratherhaslevelled,itsboundaries.Theunificationofthephysicalsciencesisperhapsthegreatestintellectualfeatofrecenttimes.Theprocesshasi... | |
23 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | hemutualrevolutionsofthestellarmultitudeduringtractsoftimewhichseemtolengthenouttoeternityasthemindattemptstotraversethem,shedoesnotadmittobebeyondherken;norissheindifferenttothecon-stitutionoftheminutestatomofmatterthatthrillstheetherintolight.Howsheentereduponthisvastlyexpandedinherit-ance,andhow,sofar,shehasdealtwit... | |
24 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | dwithimprovedappliancestheenumerationwasrenderedmoreandmoreaccurateandcomplete;butthesecretsofthestellarsphereremainedinviolate.Inaqualified,thoughveryrealsense,SirWilliamHerschelmaybecalledtheFounderofSiderealAstronomy.Beforehistimesomecuriousfactshadbeennoted,andsomeingenious CHAP.i. SIDEREALASTRONOMY.uspeculationsha... | |
25 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | fthesun,"3toaccountforcertainsuspectedchangesinstellarpositions;Bradleyin1748,andLambertin1761,pointedoutthatsuchapparentdisplacements(bythattimewellascertained)wereinallprobabilityacombinedeffectofmotionsbothofsunandstars;andMayeractuallyattemptedtheanalysis,butwithoutresult.Onthe13thofAugust1596,DavidFabricius,anunpr... | |
26 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | AlgolinPerseussharedthesamepeculiaritytoamarkeddegree.Altogethertheclassembracedin1782half-a-dozenmembers.Whenitisaddedthatafewstar-coupleshadbeennotedinsingu-larly,butitwassupposedaccidentally,closejuxtaposition,andthatthefailureofrepeatedattemptstofindanannualparallaxpointedtodistancesforthestarsatleast400,000timesth... | |
27 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | astrouscampaignof1757,hisparentsremovedhimfromtheregiment,thereisreasontobelieve,inasomewhatunceremoniousmanner.Technically,indeed,hein-curredthepenaltiesofdesertion,remittedaccordingtotheDukeofSussex'sstatementtoSirGeorgeAirybyaformalpardonhandedtohimpersonallybyGeorgeIII.onhispresenta-1BradleytoHalley,Phil.Trans.,vol... | |
28 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | mountingtothirty-fiveoreventhirty-eightlessonsaweek.Heinfactpersonifiedthemusicalactivityofaplacetheneminentlyandenergeticallymusical.Butthesemultifariousavocationsdidnottakeupthewholeofhisthoughts.Hiseducation,notwithstandingthepovertyofhisfamily,hadnotbeenneglected,andhehadalwaysgreedilyassimilatedeverykindofknowledg... | |
29 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | cametohisaid.HavingpurchasedtheapparatusofaQuakeroptician,hesetaboutthemanu-factureofspeculawithazeal^whichseemedtoanticipatethewonderstheyweretodisclosetohim.Itwasnotuntilfifteenyearslaterthathisgrindingandpolishingmachineswereinvented,sotheworkhadatthattimetobeentirelydonebyhand.Duringthistediousandlaboriousprocess(w... | |
30 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ."3Henowrapidlyincreasedthepowerandperfectionofhistelescopes.Mirrorsofseven,ten,eventwentyfeetfocallength,weresuccessivelycompleted,andunprecedentedmagnifyingpowersemployed.Hisenergywasunceasing,hisperseveranceindomitable.Inthecourseoftwenty-oneyearsnolessthan430parabolicspeculalefthis1CarolineLucretiaHerschel,bornatHa... | |
31 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ecureaccuracyinhisobservations;yetinonenighthewouldexamine,singlyandattentively,upto400separateobjects.ThediscoveryofUranuswasamereincidentoftheschemehehadmarkedoutforhimselfafruit,gatheredasitwerebytheway.Itformed,nevertheless,theturning-pointinhiscareer.Fromastar-gazingmusicianhewasatoncetrans-formedintoaneminentastr... | |
32 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | erianGuelphicOrderin1816,andin1821hebecamethefirstPresidentoftheEoyalAstronomicalSociety,hissonbeingitsfirstForeignSecretary.Bjuthishealthhadnowforsomeyearsbeenfailing,andonAugust25,1822,hediedatSlough,intheeighty-fourthyearofhisage,andwasburiedinUptonchurchyard.Hisepitaphclaimsforhimtheloftypraiseofhaving"burstthebarr... | |
33 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | e,risingtothrongsofsunswithinthecircuitoftheMilkyWaythe"eclipticofthestars,"ashephraseditexpandingtoincludegroupsofmanyMilkyWays;theseagaincombiningtoformtheunitofahigherorderofassemblage,andsoonwardsandupwardsuntilthemindreelsandsinksbeforetheimmensityofthecontemplatedcreations.1AnOriginalTheoryorNewHypothesisoftheUni... | |
34 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | pbehindoftreesinaforesttotheeyeofanadvancingspectator;2buttheappearanceswhichhethuscorrectlydescribedhewasunabletodetect.Byamoresearchinganalysisofasmallercollectionofpropermotions,HerschelsucceededinrenderingapparenttheveryconsequencesforeseenbyMayer.Heshowed,forexample,thatArcturusandVegadid,infact,appeartorecedefrom... | |
35 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ananalyticalinquiryin1789.4Phil.Trans.,vol.xcv.,p.233.5Ibid.,vol.xcvi.,p.205. i8 HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTI.liemadeapreliminaryattempttoascertainthespeedofthesun'sjourney,whichhenodoubtgreatlyunder-estimatedinfixingitataboutthreemilesasecond.Yetthevalidityofhisgeneralconclusionastothelineofsolartravel,thoughlongdoubted,h... | |
36 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | selfmadetheattempt;butwithhis"Trique-trum,"ajointedwoodenrulewiththedivisionsmarkedinink,constructedbyhimself,hewashardlyabletomeasureanglesoftenminutes,farlessfractionsofasecond.Galileo,amoreimpassioneddefenderofthesystem,strainedhisears,asitwere,fromArcetri,inhisblindandsorrowfuloldage,fornewsofadiscoverywhichtwomore... | |
37 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | educedtooneofsimplemicrometricalmeasurement.The"double-starmethod"wasalsosuggestedbyJamesGregoryin1675,andagainbyWallisini693;2Huygensfirst,andafterwardsDr.LongofCambridge(about1750),madefutileexperimentswithit;anditeventuallyled,inthehandsofBessel,tothesuccessfuldeter-minationoftheparallaxof61Cygni.Itsadvantageswereno... | |
38 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | NOMY.PARTI.afterthreeyears,byanadditionallistof434.Inboththesecollectionsthedistancesseparatingtheindividualsofeachpairwerecarefullymeasured,and(withafewexceptions)thedirec-tionswithreferencetoacelestialmeridian,ofthelinesjoiningtheircentres(technicallycalled"anglesofposition")weredeterminedwiththeaidofa"revolving-wire... | |
39 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ewyearsmayinformusthatsomeofthegreatnumberofdouble,triplestars,&c.,whichhavebeenobservedbyMr.Herschel,aresystemsofbodiesrevolvingabouteachother."ThisremarkablespeculativeanticipationhadapracticalcounterpartinGermany.FatherChristia.nMayer,aJesuitastronomeratMannheim,sethimself,inJanuary1776,tocol-lectexamplesofstellarpa... | |
40 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | eintheyearfollowing,3heremarkedthattheidentical,propermotionsofthetwostarsforming,tothenakedeye,thesinglebrightorbofCastorcouldonlybeexplainedasbothequallyduetothe"systematicparallax"causedbythesun'smovementinspace.Plainlyshowingthatthenotionofaphysicaltie,compellingthetwobodiestotraveltogether,hadnotasyetenteredintohi... | |
41 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ,p.162.3Ibid.,vol.Ixxiii.,p.272.4Phil.Trans.,vol.xciii.,p340. 22HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTi. gBootis,1681years;cLyraewasnotedasa"double-double-star,"achangeofrelativesituationhavingbeendetectedineachofthetwopairscomposingthegroup;andtheoccultationofonestarbyanotherinthecourseoftheirmutualrevolutions,wasdescribedashavingbe... | |
42 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | MilkyWay,todelineateitsform,measureitsdimensions,andsearchouttheintricaciesofitsconstruction,wastheprimarytaskofhislife,whichheneverlostsightof,andtowhichallhisotherinvestigationsweresubordinate.Hewasabsolutelyaloneinthisboldendeavour.Unaided,hehadtodevisemethods,accumulatematerials,andsiftoutresults.Yetitmaysafelybeas... | |
43 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | oeveryreaderofanastronomicaltext-book.Widely-varyingevidencewas,asmighthavebeenexpected,derivedfromanexaminationofdifferentportionsofthesky.Somefieldsofviewwerealmostblank,whileothers,inorneartheMilkyWay,blazedwiththeradianceofmanyhundredstarscompressedintoanareaaboutone-fourththatofthefull-moon.Inthemostcrowdedparts11... | |
44 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | hil.Trans.,vol.Ixxv.,p.255. 24HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTI.itsneighboursaswidelyasthesunfromSirius."Itappears."hewrotein1789,'''thattheheavensconsistofregionswheresunsaregatheredintoseparatesystems";andincertainassemblageshewasabletotrace"acourseortideofstarssettingtowardsacentre,"denoting,notdoubtfully,thepresenceofattrac... | |
45 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ecannotbesurprisedthatmanythingsformerlytakenforgrantedshouldonexaminationprovetobedifferentfromwhattheyweregenerallybutincautiouslysupposedtobe.Forinstance,anequalscatteringofthestarsmaybeadmittedincertaincalculations;butwhenweexaminetheMilkyWay,orthecloselycompressedclustersofstarsofwhichmycatalogueshaverecordedsoman... | |
46 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ncy,inthesunsofourfirmament,conclusionsdrawnfromsuchacomparisonareentirelyworthless.Inanotherbranchofsiderealsciencebesidesthatofstellaraggregation,Herschelmayjustlybestyledapioneer.Hewasthefirsttobestowseriousstudyontheenigmaticalobjectsknownas"nebulae."Thehistoryoftheacquaintanceofourracewiththemiscomparativelyshort.... | |
47 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ebula,WashingtonObservations,vol.xxv.,1878(pub.1882).sMathemataAstronomica,p.75. 26HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTI.aglimpseofamoreluminousregionbeyond."*Halleyin1716knewofsixnebulae,whichhebelievedtobecomposedofa"lucidmedium"diffusedthroughtheetherofspace.2Heappears,however,tohavebeenunacquaintedwithsomepreviouslynoticedbyHev... | |
48 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ostimperceptibledegreesfromevidentclusters,suchasthePleiades,tospotswithoutatraceofstellarformation,thegradationsbeingsowellconnectedastoleavenodoubtthatallthesephenomenawereequallystellar.Thesingularvarietyoftheirappearancewasthusdescribedbyhim:"Ihaveseen,"hesays"doubleandtreblenebulaevariouslyarranged;largeoneswithsm... | |
49 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | itsorigintomanyremarkablylargeaswellasprettycloselyscatteredsmallstars,thatmayhavedrawntogethertherest."3Butthecontinuedactionofthissame"clusteringpower"would,hesupposed,eventuallyleadtothebreakingupoftheoriginalmajesticGalaxyintotwoorthreehundredseparategroups,alreadyvisiblygathering.Suchminornebulas,duetothe"decay"of... | |
50 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | bid.,vol.Ixxix.,p.213.3Ibid.,vol.Ixxv.,p.254.*Ibid.,vol.Ixxix.,p.225. 28HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTr.resemblealuxuriantgardenwhichcontainsthegreatestvarietyofproductionsindifferentnourishingbeds;andoneadvantagewemayatleastreapfromitis,thatwecan,asitwere,extendtherangeofourexperiencetoanimmenseduration.For,tocontinuethesimi... | |
51 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | tvanishesbeforehim.Inthesamemannerwepassthroughgentlestepsfromacoarseclusterofstars,suchasthePleiades...tillwefindourselvesbroughttoanobjectsuchasthenebulainOrion,wherewearestillinclinedtoremainintheonceadoptedideaofstarsexceed-inglyremoteandinconceivablycrowded,asbeingtheoccasionofthatremarkableappearance.Itseems,ther... | |
52 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | veahintofthedirectioninwhichhismindwasmov-ingbytheremarkthatthisself-luminousmatterseemed"morefittoproduceastarbyitscondensation,thantodependonthestarforitsexistence."2Thiswasnotanovelidea.TychoBrahehadtriedtoexplaintheblazeofthestarof1572asduetoasuddenconcentrationofnebulousmaterialintheMilkyWay,evenpointingoutthespac... | |
53 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | 277. 30HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTI.phaseofcondensation.Thevalidityofhisreasoning,however,wasevidentlyimpairedbyhisconfessedinabilitytodistinguishbetweenthedimraysofremoteclustersandthemilkylightoftruegaseousnebulae.., Itmaybesaidthatsuchspeculationsarefutileinthemselves,andnecessarilybarrenofresults.Buttheygratifyaninhere... | |
54 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | -dour,andsometimesbrilliantlycontrastedincolour,wereseentobeheldtogetherinsystems,consistingoftwo,three,four,evensixmembers,whoserevolutionsexhibitedawiderangeofvarietybothinperiodandinorbitalform.Anewdepartmentofphysicalastronomywasthuscreated,1andrigidcalculationforthefirsttimemadepossiblewithintheastralregion.Thevas... | |
55 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | desandstreamsofsunstobesettingtowardspowerfulcentresofattraction;newsystemstobeinprocessofformation,whileeffeteoneshastenedtodecayorregenerationwhenthecourseappointedforthembyInfiniteWisdomwasrun.Andthus,toquotethewordsoftheobserverwho"hadlookedfartherintospacethaneverhumanbeingdidbeforehim,"1"thestateintowhichtheinces... | |
56 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | encefindsitsadvantage,asinmanycasesithastakenitsorigin,incondescensiontopracticalclaims.Indeed,tobringsuchknowledgeasnearaspossibletoabsoluteprecisionhasbeendennedbynomeanauthority1asthetrueendofastronomy.Severalcausesconcurredaboutthebeginningofthepresentcenturytogiveafreshandpowerfulimpulsetoinvestigationshavingthise... | |
57 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ulandprolongedseriesofobservationsexecutedbyhimformedthebasisoftheimprovedtheories,andcorrectedtablesofthecelestialmovements,whichwererapidlybeingbroughttocompletionabroad.Hiscatalogueofthirty-six"fundamental"starswasbesidesexcellentinitsway,andmostserviceable.YethewasdevoidofBradley'sinstinctfordiviningtheneedsofthefu... | |
58 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | rs,Schroter,andVonZach,justandelevatedideasonthesubjectwerepropagated,intelligencewasdiffused,andafirmgroundpreparedforcommonactioninmutualsympathyanddisinterestedzeal.Theywerepowerfullysecondedbythe1Fittedtotheoldtransitinstrument,July11,1772.3 34HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTI.foundation,in1804,byayoungartilleryofficernamed... | |
59 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | her'schoicetowardsamercantilecareer.Inhisfifteenthyear,accordingly,heenteredthehouseofKuhlenkamp&Sons,inBremen,asanapprenticedclerk.Hewasnowthrowncompletelyuponhisownresources.Fromhisfather,astrugglingGovernmentofficial,heavilyweightedwithalargefamily,hewaswellawarethathehadnothingtoexpect;hisdormantfacultieswereroused... | |
60 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | observationwasmadewithasextant,rudelyconstructedunderhisowndirections,andacommonclock.ItsobjectwasthedeterminationofthelongitudeofBremen,anditssuccess,hetellsushimself,1filledhimwitharaptureofdelight,which,byconfirminghistastes,decidedhisdestiny.HenoweagerlystudiedBode'sJahrbuchandVonZach'sMonatliclieCorrespondents,ove... | |
61 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | hoursdevotedtostudy.ThepaperwasimmediatelysenttoVonZachforpublication,withanotefromOlbersexplainingthecircumstancesofitsauthor,andthenameofBesselbecamethecommonpropertyoflearnedEurope.Hehad,however,asyetnointentionofadoptingastronomy1BrieficechselmitOlbers,p.xvi. 36HISTORYOFASTRONOMY.PARTi.ashisprofession.Fortwoyearsli... | |
62 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | fthattimethePrussianGovernmentchosehimtosuperintendtheerectionofanewobservatoryatKonigsberg.whichaftermanyvexatiousdelayscausedbytheprostrateconditionofthecountry,wasfinishedtowardstheendof1813.KonigsbergwasthefirstreallyefficientGermanobservatory.Itbecame,moreover,acentreofimprovement,notforGermanyalone,butforthewhole... | |
63 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | nderthemavailableforexactpurposes.Piazzisetanexampleofimprovedmethodsofobservation,resultinginthepublication,in1803and1814,oftwocataloguesofabout7600starsthesecondbeingarevisionandenlargementofthefirstwhichfortheirtimeweremodelsofwhatsuchworksshouldbe.StephenGroombridgeatBlackheathwassimilarlyandmostbeneficiallyactive.... | |
64 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | eearthinitsorbit,causesaminutedisplacementknownasaberration.Nowitiseasytoseethatanyuncertaintyintheapplicationofthesecorrectionssapstheveryfoundationsofexactastronomy.Extremelyminutequantities,itistrue,areconcerned;butthelifeandprogressofmoderncelestialsciencedependsuponthe ]Bessel,Pop.Vorl.,p.440. 38HISTORYOFASTRONOMY... | |
65 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | errorsofeachofBradley'sinstruments,andadifficultanddelicateinquiryintothetruevalueofeachcorrectiontobeappliedbeforetheentriesintheGreenwichjournalscouldbedevelopedintoafinishedandauthenticcatalogue.Althoughcompletedin1813,itwasnotuntilfiveyearslaterthattheresultsappearedwiththeproud,butnotinappropriatetitleofFundamenta... | |
66 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | tsdrawnfromtheBradleyandPiazzicatalogues,athirdtermofcomparisonwaswanted,andthisBesselundertooktosupply.Byacourseof75,011observations,executedduringtheyears182133,withtheutmostnicetyofcare,thenumberofaccuratelyknownstarswasbroughtuptoabove$0,000,andanamplestoreoftrust-worthyfactslaidupfortheuseoffutureastronomers.Inthi... | |
67 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | assimilarlyde-luded.ThecelebratedcontroversybetweentheAstronomerRoyalandDr.Brinkley,directoroftheDublinCollegeObservatory,turnedonthesamesubject.Brinkley,whowasinpossessionofafirst-ratemeridiancircle,believedhimselftohavediscoveredrela-tivelylargeparallaxesforfourofthebrighteststars;Pond,rely-1Durege,HesseVsLebenundWir... | |
68 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | nJosephwaswitnessofthescene,becameinterestedinthesurvivor,andconsoledhismisfortunewithapresentofeighteenducats.Seldomwasmoneybetterbestowed.Partofitwenttobuybooksandaglass-polishingmachine,withthehelpofwhichyoungFraunhoferstudiedmathematicsandoptics,andsecretlyexercisedhimselfintheshapingandfinishingoflenses;theremaind... | |
69 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | tstilloccupies.Byingeniousimprovementsinmountingandfitting,itwasadaptedtothefinestmicrometricalwork,andthusofferedunprecedentedfacilitiesbothfortlieexaminationofdoublestars(inwhichStruvechieflyemployedit),andforsuchsubtlemeasurementsasmightservetorevealordisprovetheexistenceofasensiblestellarparallax.Fraunhofer,moreove... | |
70 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ditatedimprove-mentsinreflectorsasimportantasthosehehadalreadyeffectedinrefractors;andwasbesideseagerlyoccupiedwithinvestiga-tionsintothenatureoflight,themomentouscharacterof 1Theheadsofthescrewsappliedtomovethehalvesoftheobject-glassintheKonigsbergheliometerareofsoconsiderableasizethatathousandthpartofarevolution,equi... | |
71 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | adifferentcriterionofdistance.Itisimpossibletoescapefromtheconclusionthattheapparentlyswiftest-movingstarsare,onthewhole,alsothenearesttous,howevernumeroustheindividualexceptionstotherule.Now,asearlyasI792,1Piazzihadnoted,asanindicationofrelativevicinitytotheearth,theunusuallylargepropermotion(5.2"annually)ofadoublesta... | |
72 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ru-mentsandthevicinitytotheirselectedstarsofminute,physi-callydetachedcompanionsofferedspecialfacilities.Inthelastmonthof1838Besselmadeknowntheresultofoneyear'sobservations,showingfor61Cygniaparallaxofaboutathirdofasecond(O.3I36").1Hethenhadhisheliometertakendownandrepaired,afterwhichheresumedtheinquiry,andfinallytermi... | |
73 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | inhisnativetownofDundee,hadbecomeknownforhisastronomicalattainments,andwasappointedin1831todirect 1AstronomischeNachricJiten,Nos.365-366.Itshouldbeexplainedthatwhichiscalledthe"annualparallax"ofastarisonlyhalfitsapparentdis-placement.Inotherwords,itistheanglesubtendedatthedistanceofthatparticularstarbytheradiusoftheear... | |
74 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | rom1834untilhisprematuredeathin1844.Theresultjustifiedhisexpectations.FromthedeclinationmeasurementsmadeattheCapeanddulyreduced,aparallaxofaboutonesecondofarcclearlyemerged(diminishedbyGill'sandElkin'sobservations,1882-1883,to0.75"),but,byperhapsanexcessofcaution,waswithheldfrompublicationuntilfullercertaintywasafforde... | |
75 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | vol.xi.,p.61. CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.45GreatBear;lyetthevicinityofthisminuteobjectissomuchgreaterthanthatofthebrilliantVega,thatthelattertrans-portedtoitsplacewouldincreaseinlustrethirtytimes.Moreover,manyofthebrighteststarsarefoundtohavenosensibleparallax,whilethemajorityofthoseascertainedtobenearesttotheearthareof... | |
76 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | fspecialarrangementsinthemselveshighlyimprobable,and,wemayconfidentlysay,non-existent.Thedistancesevenofthefewstarsfoundtohavemeasurableparallaxesareonascaleentirelybeyondthepowersofthehumanmindtoconceive.Intheattemptbothtorealisethemdistinctly,andtoexpressthemconveniently,anewunitoflength,itselfofbewilderingmagnitude,... | |
77 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | iodtoenableus,byaneasysuminproportion,tofindtheircombinedmassintermsofthatofthesun.Thus,sinceaccordingtoDr.Doberck'selementsthetwostarsformingaCentaurirevolveroundtheircommoncentreofgravityatameandistancenearly25timestheradiusoftheearth'sorbit,inaperiodof88years,theattractiveforceofthetwotogethermustbejusttwicethesolar... | |
78 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | RONOMY.47entiresiderealsystemtocontrol;andToucangepossesses,accordingtoDr.Gill,nearlyhalfthatamazingvelocitybesideswhatevermovementeachmayhavetowardsorfromtheearth,ofwhichthespectroscopemayeventuallygiveanaccount.Herschel'sconclusionastothemovementofthesunamongthestarswasnotadmittedasvalidbythemosteminentofhissuccessor... | |
79 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | terminedbyMr.Main,reachedconclusionscloselysimilartothatindicatednearlyeightyyearspreviouslybythefirstgreatsiderealastronomer;whichMr.Plummer'sreinvesti-gationofthesubjectini8835servedbutslightlytomodify.Yetastronomerswerenotsatisfied.Dr.AuwersofBerlinfinishedin1886asplendidpieceofwork,6forwhichhereceivedin1888theGoldM... | |
80 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | whichthemoreeasterlypositionofthesolarapexwasfullyconfirmed.ThebrilliantVegamayindeedbesaidtomarkacentreroundwhichnewlydeterminedapexestendlooselytogroupthemselves.4Thegeneraldirec-tionofthesolarmovementmayneverthelessberegardedasfairlywellknown;butastoitsrate,thegroundsofinferencelongremainedunsatisfactory.OttoStruve'... | |
81 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | tices+vol.li.,p.243;Nature,vol.xliv.,p.572. CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.49HerschelthrewoutthehintthatthegreatclusterinHercules(estimatedtoinclude14,000stars)mightprovetobethesupremeseatofattractiveforce-1ArgelanderplacedhiscentralbodyintheconstellationPerseus;2Fomalhaut,thebrilliantoftheSouthernFish,wassetinthepostofhono... | |
82 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ointwas,byanavowedlyconjecturalmethod,fixedat18,200,000years,implying,ontheextremelyhazardoussuppositionthatthedistanceofAlcyoneisthirty-fourmilliontimesthatoftheearthfromthesun,avelocityforoursystemofaboutthirtymilesasecond.TheschemeofsiderealgovernmentframedbytheDorpatastronomerwas,itmaybeobserved,ofthemostapprovedco... | |
83 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | rdingtheplanetNeptunedoesnotbelongtothepresentdivisionofoursubject;astrictlyanalogousdiscoveryinthesiderealsystemwas,however,alsoveryclearlyforeshadowedbyhim.Hisearliestsuspicionsofnon-uniformityinthepropermotionofSiriusdatedfrom1834;theyextendedtoProcyonin1840;andafteraseriesofrefinedmeasurementswiththenewRepsoldcircl... | |
84 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | inWestmnann'sJahrbuch,1867,p.615.~LetterfromBesseltoSirJ.Herschel,Month.Xot.,vol.vi.,p.139.3Wolf,Gesch.d,Astr.p.743,note.4Astr.Nach.,Nos.745-748. -CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.51companionintheprecisepositionrequiredbytheory.Ithasnowbeenwatchedthroughthree-fifthsofarevolution(period49.4years),andprovestobeveryslightlylumin... | |
85 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | hichheleftvacantwasnotoneeasytofill.Hislife'sworkmightbetrulydescribedas''epoch-making."Rarelyindeedshallwefindonewhoreconciledwiththesamesuccesstheclaimsoftheoreticalandpracticalastronomy,orsurveyedthesciencewhichhehadmadehisownwithaglanceequallycomprehensive,practical,andprofound.ThecareerofFriedrichGeorgWilhelmStruv... | |
86 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ationaffordedbytheFraun-hoferachromaticencouragedhimtoundertake,February11,1825,areviewoftheentireheavensdownto15southofthecelestialequator,whichoccupiedmorethantwoyears,andyielded,fromanexaminationofaboveI2O.OOOstars,aharvestofabout2200previouslyunnoticedcompositeobjects.Theensuingtenyearsweredevotedtodelicateandpatie... | |
87 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | hastodemonstratetheirphysicalconnection,evenifnootherproofwereforthcoming.Manystarspreviouslybelievedtobesingledividedunderthe1UeberdieDoppelsterne,Bericftt.1827,p.22. CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.53scrutinyoftheDorpatrefractor;whileinsomecases,onememberofa(supposed)binarysystemrevealeditselfasdouble,thusplacingthesurpris... | |
88 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | onclusionthatsingledonotoutnumberconjoinedstarsmorethantwiceorthrice.5In1835StruvewassummonedbytheEmperorNicholastosuperintendtheerectionofanewobservatoryatPulkowa,nearSt.Petersburg,destinedforthespecialcultivationofsiderealastronomy.Boundlessresourceswereplacedathisdisposal,andtheinstitutioncreatedbyhimwasacknowledged... | |
89 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | maintheinferencesarrivedatbyHerschelastotheconstructionoftheheavens.Accordingtohisview,theappearanceknownastheMilkyWayisproducedbyacollectionof(forthemostpart)irregularlycondensedstar-clusters,withinwhichthesunissomewhateccentricallyplaced.Thenebulousringwhichthusintegratesthelightofcountlessworldswassupposedbyhimtobem... | |
90 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | otthustobefulfilled.TheacquaintanceofDr.Wollastondecidedhisscientificvocation-Already,in1816,wefindhimreviewingsomeofhisfather's1Etudesd"AstronomicStellaire,1847,p.82.-Ibid.,p.86.sSeeEncke's-criticisminAstr.Nach.,No.622. CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.55doublestars;andhecompletedin1820the18-inchspeculumwhichwastobethechiefi... | |
91 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | onalprincipleswithaperiodof58Jyears.EiickefollowedatBerlinwithastillmoreelegantmethod;andSirJohnHerschel,pointingouttheuselessnessofanalyticalrefinementswherethedatawerenecessarilysoimperfect,describedin1831agraphicalprocessbywhich"theaidoftheeyeandhand"wasbroughtin"toguidethejudgmentinacasewherejudgmentonly,andnotcalc... | |
92 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ,landedatCapeTownonthei6thofJanuary1834.ChoosingasthesceneofhisobservationsaruralspotundertheshelterofTableMountain,hebeganregular"sweeping"onthe5thofMarch.Thesiteofhisgreatreflectorisnowmarkedwithanobelisk,andthenameofFeldhausenhasbecomememorableinthehistoryofscience;forthefouryears'workdonetheremaytrulybesaidtoopenth... | |
93 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | dvarietyoftheircontentsbeingsuchthatalifetimemightwithgreatprofitbedevotedtotheirstudy.IntheGreaterNubecula,withinacompassofforty-twosquaredegrees,1Phil.Trans.,vol.cxxiii.,andResults,(Oc.,Introd.-.ResultsofAstro-nomicalObservationsmadeduringtheyears1834-8attfieCapeofGoodHope. CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.57Herschelreckone... | |
94 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | atreflectorsacrowdoftheseobjectsintostars.Hisformersomewhathesitatingbeliefintheexistenceofphos-phorescentmatter,"disseminatedthroughextensiveregionsofspaceinthemannerofacloudorfog,"3waschangedintoaconvictionthatnovaliddistinctioncouldbeestablishedbetweenthefaintestwispofcosmicalvapourjustdiscerniblewithapowerfultelesc... | |
95 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | herexamplesofalikeimportmightbequoted.Theremarkablyfrequentoccurrenceofoneormoreminutestarsintheclosevicinityof"planetary"nebulgeledhimtoinfertheirdependentcondition;andheadvisedthemaintenanceofastrictwatchforevidencesofcirculatorymovements,notonlyoverthesesupposedstellarsatellites,butalsooverthenumerous"doublenebulae,... | |
96 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ominatedrjArgus.WhenHalleyvisitedSt.Helenain1677.itseemedofthefourthmagnitude;butLacailleinthemiddleofthefollowingcentury,andothersafterhim,classeditasofthesecond.In1827thetravellerBurchell,beingthenatSt.Paul,nearRioJaneiro,remarked1Phil.Trans.,vol.cxxiii.,p.503.-Itesults,&c.,p.136. CHAP.ii.SIDEREALASTRONOMY.59thatitha... | |
97 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | butwasnotcarriedveryfar;andthestarnowshinessteadilyasoftheseventhmagnitude,itsreddishlightcontrastingeffectivelywiththesilveryraysofthesurroundingnebula.Anattempttoincludeitsfluctuationswithinacycleofseventyyearslhassignallyfailed;theextentandcharacterofthevicissitudestowhichitissubjectstampingitratherasaspeciesofconne... | |
98 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | 000),itbecamepossibletocomparestellarwithsolarradiance.Hencewasderived,inthecaseofthefewstarsatascertaineddistances,aknowledgeofreallustre.AlphaCentauri,forexample,emitsaboutfourtimes,Capella250timesasmuchlightasoursun;whileArcturus,judgingfromitsindefinitedistance,mustdisplaythesplendourofacoupleofthousandsuchluminari... | |
99 | history_of_astronomy_A_Popular_History_of_Astronomy_During_the_Nineteenth_Centur.txt | ials.3HediedatCollingwoodinKent,MayII,1871,in1Phil.Trans.,vol.cxix..p.27.2Dr.Dreyer'sNewGeneralCatalogue,publishedin1888asvol.xlix.oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety'sMemoirs,isanenlargementofHerschel'swork.Itincludes7,840entries.3Alistof10.320compositestarswasdrawnoutbyhiminorderofrightascension,andhasbeenpublishedinvol.xl... |
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