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Fax (short for facsimile), or telecopying, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. |
The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which turns the contents (text or images) into a bitmap, then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy. |
Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods. Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. However, encryption (a secret coding s... |
"Poor martyr! I condole with you: and, to say truth, it was chiefly to warn you of Mademoiselle Caumartin's pertinacity that I call this evening." |
Here Savarin related the particulars of his rencontre with Julie, and concluded by saying: "I suppose I may take your word of honour that you will firmly resist all temptation to renew a connection which would be so incompatible with the respect due to your fiancee? Fatherless and protectorless as Isaura is, I feel bou... |
"There is no chance of so disagreeable a duty being incumbent on you, M. Savarin. Of course, what I myself have told you in confidence is sacred." |
Nut flavors include butter pecan, butter almond (both of which contain vanilla or caramel ice cream with nuts), pistachio, and peanut butter. |
There are many ice cream flavors that contain some mixture of chocolate, fudge, coffee, caramel, nuts, and marshmallows. The most common is Rocky Road (chocolate ice cream, nuts and marshmallows), but others include Mocha Almond Fudge (made with almond nuts, fudge, and coffee ice cream) and Tax Crunch (coffee, nuts, an... |
Some ice creams are a mixture of two or more ice creams. Neapolitan is a mixture of chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry; while spumoni is a mixture of chocolate and various fruit flavors. |
Fateh Singh accompanied Ranjit Singh on his first expedition to the Cis-Satluj region in 1806. The following year, Fateh Singh once again stood by Ranjit Singh's side during the second expedition. This time, Fateh Singh requested Ranjit Singh's assistance in reclaiming his territory of Naraingarh, which was under the c... |
Dewan Mokham Chand laid siege to the fort of Naraingarh, but Kanwar Kishan Singh put up a fierce resistance. Ranjit Singh personally oversaw the siege, demonstrating his commitment to Fateh Singh's cause. Unfortunately, the battle took a toll on Ranjit Singh's forces, claiming the life of notable commander Fateh Singh ... |
After three weeks of intense fighting, the fort finally fell, and Kanwar Kishan Singh escaped into the hills. The estate of Naraingarh yielded an annual income of Rs. 12,580, which was granted to Fatah Singh. Additionally, Ranjit Singh gifted Fateh Singh three villages belonging to Jitmal Singh of Raipur Rani, valued a... |
Instruments were also banned in church. The church leaders thought that they belonged to the devil. Only singing was allowed. Gradually, however, the organ started to be allowed in church. It helped people to sing. Some organs were very tiny. They were called portative organs. The large organs that were fixed in place ... |
Medieval music was based on plainsong. This was a melody which sounded quite free in rhythm. Composers started adding a second part to the melody as an accompaniment. This was called organum. Sometimes it just simply followed the main tune a fourth or fifth below. This was called "parallel organum". In the 12th and 13t... |
The type of plainchant that evolved was called Gregorian chant. By the 13th century all other types of chant had been forgotten in Western Europe. |
But to follow Gresson I must run risks and enter that country. His suspicions, if he had any, would be lulled if I left the boat at Oban, but it was up to me to follow overland to the north and hit the place where the Tobermory made a long stay. The confounded tub had no plans; she wandered about the West Highlands loo... |
Morning found us nosing between Jura and Islay, and about midday we touched at a little port, where we unloaded some cargo and took on a couple of shepherds who were going to Colonsay. The mellow afternoon and the good smell of salt and heather got rid of the dregs of my queasiness, and I spent a profitable hour on the... |
I was poring over Baddely when Gresson sat down beside me. He was in a good temper, and disposed to talk, and to my surprise his talk was all about the beauties of the countryside. There was a kind of apple-green light over everything; the steep heather hills cut into the sky like purple amethysts, while beyond the str... |
Job Johannes "Joop" Gouweleeuw (5 September 1940 – 29 January 2017) was a Dutch judoka. He competed in 93 kg event at the 1965 and 1966 European Judo Championships. He won a silver medal in 1965 and gold medal in 1966. He also competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. He was born in Delft, South Holland. |
Gouweleeuw died on 29 January 2017 in Delft, at the age of 76. |
"A maiden fair, with light of stars bedecked, Starts out of space at Jove's command; With visage wild, and long dishevelled hair, Speeds she along her starry course; The hosts of heaven regards she not,-- Fain would she scorn them all except her father Sol, Whose mighty influence her headlong course doth all control." |
The bi-lingual speech is the great educational difficulty of Wales. To get an entrance into literature and science requires a knowledge of English; or, if not of English, then of French or German. But the Welsh language stands in the way. Few literary or scientific works are translated into Welsh. Hence the great educa... |
"The night schools in the quarry districts have been doing a very great work; and, if the Committee will allow me, I will read an extract from a letter which I received from Mr. Bradley Jones, master of the Board Schools at Llanarmon, near Mold, Flintshire, who some years ago kept a very flourishing night school in the... |
Gerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. |
One day while meditating on the waywardness of fate, He felt the ache of lonely man to find a fitting mate; A petticoated pard to cheer his solitary life, A woman with soft, soothing ways, a confidant, a wife. And while he cooked his supper on his little Yukon stove, He wished that he had staked a claim in Love's rich ... |
You know these Yukon eggs of ours--some pink, some green, some blue-- A dollar per, assorted tints, assorted flavors too. The supercilious cheechako might designate them high, But one acquires a taste for them and likes them by-and-by. Well, Hard-Luck Henry took this egg and held it to the light, And there was more fai... |
That night he got to thinking of this far-off, unknown fair; It seemed so sort of opportune, an answer to his prayer. She flitted sweetly through his dreams, she haunted him by day, She smiled through clouds of nicotine, she cheered his weary way. At last he yielded to the spell; his course of love he set-- Wisconsin h... |
Masafumi Makiyama is a Japanese archer. He was born on 24 December 1979. Makiyama competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics. |
Now Matai Shang was close to the gunwale. A long, claw-like hand was reaching up to grasp the metal rail. |
Suddenly a raised dagger gleamed in the upflung hand of the black. Down it drove toward the white face of the Father of Therns. With a loud shriek of fear the Holy Hekkador grasped frantically at that menacing arm. |
I was almost to the trailing rope by now. The craft was still rising slowly, the while it drifted from me. Then I stumbled on the icy way, striking my head upon a rock as I fell sprawling but an arm's length from the rope, the end of which was now just leaving the ground. |
The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. It is a historic city of Hinduism. The city was believed to be the capital city of King Janak, the father in law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The name of this zone is related to the historic King Janak and his capital Ja... |
Other cities within Janakpur Zone were Kamalamai (in Inner Terai) and Bhimeshwor and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai). |
Alutor or Alyutor is a Chukotko-Kamchatkan language spoken in Northeastern Russia. It is an endangered language, with only 25 native speakers according to the 2010 census. This language is taught in the Vyvenka villiage school, located in the Olyutorsky District, Koryak Okrug, Kamchatka Krai, Russia. The dialects of th... |
"Und dish ish de test of your power:- Vhile ve shtand ourselfs round in a row, You moost roll from de dop of dis tower, Down shdairs to de valley pelow. Id ish rough and shteep ash my virtue:" (Mit schwanenshweet accents she sang:) "Tont try if you dinks id vill hurt you, Mine goot liddle Ritter von Slang." |
An Moormoor arosed mong de beoples; In fain tid she doorn in her shkorn, Der vatchman on dop of de shdeeples Plowed a sorryfool doon on his horn. Ash dey look down de dousand-foot treppe, Dey schveared dey vouldt pass on de ding, Und not roll down de firstest tam steppe For a hoondred like Fraulein von Sling. |
Und ash he vent musin und shbeakin, He se, shoost ahead in his vay, In sinkular manner a streakin, A strange liddle bein, in cray, Who toorned on him quick mit a holler, Und cuttin a dwo bigeon ving, Cried, "Say, can you change me a thaler, Oh, guest of de Lady von Sling?" |
The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, they return to their natural color of the mottled brown. |
The alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions. They are mostly absent in forest-poor areas. They often occur in thick deciduous forests, as well as parland and natural gardens. Outside the spawning season, the Alpine Newt is a land animal. During the day it stays i... |
The spread of the alpine newt is constricted to Central Europe and parts of mountainous Southern Europe as well as an isolated area on the Iberian Peninsula. |
Game Maker has an internet community and website. There, people who use Game Maker can put their games up for others to play. People can also get help on using Game Maker from other people. |
Game Maker started as an animation program called Animo. Each new version of Game Maker added new features. Starting with version 7.0, Game Maker was published by the YoYo Games company. |
In May 22, 2012, YoYo Games released GM:Studio. After that GM:HTML5 is no longer supported.GM:Studio allows users to publish their games to Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, Linux Ubuntu and HTML5. |
In folklore, the witching hour is the period associated with witches, ghosts, demons, hauntings and macabre/supernatural moments, from AM to AM. |
The connection of hags with midnight is grounded in legendary convictions that paranormal occurrences are most widespread at specific periods of the day and year. Similar to periodic milestones, such as the solstices and equinoxes, midnight was thought to summon enchantment, permitting erratic and potentially wicked in... |
Certain notions establish the witching hour's limits: From midnight to AM. From AM to AM. |
This was all there was of the family now, but there used to be more—three sons; they got killed; and Emmeline that died. |
The old gentleman owned a lot of farms and over a hundred niggers. Sometimes a stack of people would come there, horseback, from ten or fifteen mile around, and stay five or six days, and have such junketings round about and on the river, and dances and picnics in the woods daytimes, and balls at the house nights. Thes... |
There was another clan of aristocracy around there—five or six families—mostly of the name of Shepherdson. They was as high-toned and well born and rich and grand as the tribe of Grangerfords. The Shepherdsons and Grangerfords used the same steamboat landing, which was about two mile above our house; so sometimes when ... |
For a summary of the superstitions which arose under the theological doctrine of signatures, see Dr. Eccles's admirable little tract on the Evolution of Medical Science, p. 140; see also Scoffern, Science and Folk Lore, p. 76. |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Concordance-EN
A dense vocabulary-coverage corpus of clean English prose: 225 MB / ~40.6M words, assembled so that as many distinct English words as possible appear in at least one piece of genuine running prose.
It is not a general web dump. For each word in a 593,704-word target vocabulary, the builder searches real documents for a paragraph containing that word and extracts a context window (the trigger paragraph plus one neighbour on each side). Words already covered stop triggering new windows. The result is far smaller than a full-text dump while touching far more of the vocabulary — hence concordance.
Built for training a GPT-2-class model from scratch in the
alpha2 framework (--domain=concordance).
No LLM was used at any stage. Sources are public dumps; every transformation is deterministic (regex, depth-counting parsers, character/word statistics, seeded shuffle). Zero inference cost, fully reproducible.
At a glance
| File | concordance-v10.txt |
| Size | 235,877,568 bytes (225 MB) |
| Words | 40,551,288 |
| Paragraphs | 497,737 |
| Est. tokens | ~54M (at ~0.75 words/token) |
| Target vocabulary | 593,704 words (SCOWL + SimpleWiki titles) |
| Vocabulary covered | 308,956 (52.0%) |
| SHA-256 | 8b54bb7fa519941f2d085352cff0c4c6655c2117eb27fadca44b521bc03e230b |
| Language | English only |
Format
Plain UTF-8 text. Paragraphs are separated by a blank line; a context window is a run of
1–3 consecutive paragraphs. Windows are shuffled deterministically (SeededRng(42)), so the
file has no document ordering and can be read start-to-finish as a training stream.
text = open("concordance-v10.txt", encoding="utf-8").read()
paragraphs = [p for p in text.split("\n\n") if p.strip()]
Note: this is a raw text file, so the HF dataset viewer will not render it as a table.
Sources
| Source | Contribution to coverage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Simple English Wikipedia (simplewiki-latest-pages-articles, retrieved 2026-08-07) |
211,332 words | article namespace (ns=0) only |
| Project Gutenberg (9,459 books, retrieved 2026-08-07) | +97,624 words | 1,051 rejected as reference works |
| SCOWL 2020.12.07 | — | supplies the target vocabulary, not text |
Cleaning pipeline
Two deliberately separated layers. Full source:
packages/datagen/src/clean.ts in alpha2.
Layer 1 — structural
Wikitext and MediaWiki XML are specified grammars, so they are parsed exactly rather than approximated:
- Decode XML entities first, then strip tags. Order is load-bearing. MediaWiki dumps
escape their content — a SimpleWiki slice contains 5,349 occurrences of
<refand zero of literal<ref>— so stripping tags before decoding is a no-op and every reference body survives inline as visible text. - Depth-counting matchers for
{{…}},[[…]],{|…|}, which nest and span lines. A flat regex leaves orphan]]tails behind. - Headings are dropped, not unwrapped, and leave a paragraph break. Unwrapping them to
bare text fused them onto the following paragraph (
"Usefulness Chemistry is very useful…"). - Namespace filter (
ns=0). Dumps carry every namespace — Talk, Template, Help, project pages, the GFDL licence text. Only article prose is kept. - Dangling-punctuation repair, NFKC normalization, quote/ellipsis normalization, Gutenberg
boilerplate and
_emphasis_removal, verse-reference stripping (leading and mid-paragraph, since verse-structured books run several verses into one paragraph).
Layer 2 — prose quality, by measurement
Whether a paragraph reads as an English sentence is a judgement, so it is scored with measurements that generalize, not a hand-maintained list of bad strings: symbol-to-word ratio, alphabetic ratio, script ratio, digit ratio, mean word length, punctuation density, length bounds, and function-word ratio.
7,768,002 paragraphs kept, 2,802,460 dropped (73.5% kept). Rejections by signal:
| Signal | Dropped |
|---|---|
too_few_words |
905,137 |
punctuation_density |
636,950 |
no_terminal_punctuation |
586,982 |
not_english |
207,735 |
shouting_or_heading |
156,281 |
no_initial_capital |
111,104 |
too_many_words |
83,467 |
low_alpha_ratio |
73,928 |
markup_symbols |
39,154 |
| others | < 1,700 |
The English test
English running text is ~30–50% function words; a French or German sentence is near 0% regardless of script, which a Latin-script check cannot see. Using a function-word ratio rather than an absolute count is what lets an English sentence carrying a foreign word or two through while rejecting a foreign sentence that quotes English words. Verified:
| Kept | Dropped |
|---|---|
| plain English | French, German, Italian, Spanish, Japanese |
| "…is 第九版 (Seventh Edition) 1910." | "Le weekend le manager a organisé un meeting pour discuter le marketing…" |
| "…a casual bonjour mon ami before…" | |
| "…the concept of schadenfreude…" | |
| "…the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur…" |
That last dropped example is the point: four English loanwords, still rejected, because the measurement is grammatical structure rather than vocabulary.
Reference works are excluded whole
Dictionaries and glossaries would reintroduce definition fragments instead of prose, so documents are judged as documents. Two orthogonal tests, because neither suffices:
- Prose rate — the share of a document's paragraphs that pass Layer 2. Catches censuses,
CIA factbooks, tariff schedules,
Pi to 1,000,000 places, and (usefully) non-English books. - Entry structure — prose rate cannot catch dictionaries: measured, Webster's Unabridged sections score 0.32–0.44, interleaved with Gibbon's Decline and Fall (0.36) and Prescott's Conquest of Peru (0.36). No threshold separates them. What does: Webster's carries 13,000–30,000 paragraphs at a median of 11–20 words, while real books pair long paragraphs with modest counts (Gibbon: 43 words, 2,567 paragraphs).
Together these rejected 1,051 of 9,459 Gutenberg books (11%) — including all 11 Webster's sections, Roget's Thesaurus, and ~30 bilingual German–English dictionaries — while keeping Gibbon, Prescott, the Dante translations, and Lucasta.
Wiktionary is excluded as a source for the same reason: its article namespace is dictionary glosses and etymologies by construction.
Verified output quality
Measured on the shipped file (497,737 paragraphs), against the same measurements taken on the pre-cleaning pipeline:
| Defect | Before | After |
|---|---|---|
| HTML entities | 35.6% | 0.00% |
└ escaped <ref> surviving as text |
23.5% | 0.00% |
| No sentence-ending punctuation | 47.3% | 0.54% |
| Very short (<40 chars) | 17.4% | 0.49% |
Orphan ]] / [[ |
5.4% | 0.00% |
| Starts lowercase (glued fragment) | 2.2% | 0.00% |
| Heading markup, template braces, pipe residue | — | 0.00% |
| Raw HTML tag | — | 0.03% |
| CJK / Cyrillic / Greek present | — | 0.36% |
Limitations
- Coverage is 52%, not 100%. 284,748 target words never appear. SCOWL contains a long tail of very rare and inflected forms that simply do not occur in ~9,500 books plus SimpleWiki. Excluding Wiktionary cost ~118K words of coverage that earlier builds had — a deliberate trade of coverage for prose quality. More Gutenberg books, or adding full English Wikipedia, is the way to buy it back.
- Simple English Wikipedia, not full Wikipedia — simplified syntax and a smaller lexicon.
- Poetry is present and rendered as prose lines (Milton, Dante translations). It is English and passes the quality gate, but is stylistically distinct.
- 0.03% residual
<I>,<e'>,<Greek>tokens — Project Gutenberg transcriber notations for italics and accented characters, not HTML. - Windows are shuffled, so no document-level context survives beyond a 1–3 paragraph window.
- Text reflects its sources: SimpleWiki as of 2026-08-07, and a Gutenberg collection weighted toward pre-1929 public-domain works, with the period attitudes that implies.
Reproduction
git clone https://github.com/thomasdavis/alpha2 && cd alpha2
npm install && npm run build
node apps/cli/dist/main.js datagen \
--mode=concordance \
--sources=simplewiki,gutenberg \
--out=concordance-v10.txt \
--gutenbergBooks=5000 \
--contextsPerWord=1
Downloads are cached and incremental. Output is deterministic for a given set of source dumps;
because latest dumps move, pin the dump files to reproduce this exact artifact.
Licensing
- Simple English Wikipedia content is CC BY-SA 4.0. Its share-alike terms propagate, so the corpus as a whole is released under CC BY-SA 4.0.
- Project Gutenberg texts are works in the public domain in the United States. Gutenberg's own header/footer boilerplate and trademark notices are stripped during processing; the Project Gutenberg trademark is not licensed with this dataset. Public-domain status is US-specific — check your own jurisdiction.
- SCOWL (used only to derive the target word list, contributing no text) is distributed under a permissive MIT-like licence.
Attribution for the Wikipedia portion is to Simple English Wikipedia contributors.
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