index int64 16 229k | q_id stringlengths 5 6 | question stringlengths 3 300 | best_answer stringlengths 14 26k | all_answers sequence | num_answers int64 1 258 | top_answers sequence | num_top_answers int64 0 109 | context stringlengths 1.7k 10.5k | orig stringlengths 1.73k 10.7k | target stringlengths 30 220k |
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52,540 | 709zkf | i always read about towns or outposts being "important strategic locations" in war histories. what exactly makes somewhere an important strategic location? | Location, location, location. Crossroads for easier troop/resource movement. Towns on major roads to prevent enemy movement and ambushes on friendly convoys. Towns with bridges (see all of France WWII). Areas with fertile and abundant farmlands for food, and access to freshwater.Any location can be "strategic," it just... | [
"There are way to much things, so I cant awnser what exactly makes something important.\n\nFood & Water supply for your armies: Somentimes an amry cant just walk past a city/fort/castle because they control the surrounding famrs etc and would harras your supply line.\n\nNaval stuff: So even if you have way more s... | 6 | [
"Location, location, location. Crossroads for easier troop/resource movement. Towns on major roads to prevent enemy movement and ambushes on friendly convoys. Towns with bridges (see all of France WWII). Areas with fertile and abundant farmlands for food, and access to freshwater.\n\nAny location can be \"strategic... | 2 | <P> In its past, it was a strategically important military site being the first "English bastide town"; it suffered various sieges during the Hundred Years' War and again in 1562 and 1572 during the Wars of Religion.
<P> Cities play a crucial strategic role in warfare due to their economic, demographic, symbolic, an... | question: i always read about towns or outposts being "important strategic locations" in war histories. what exactly makes somewhere an important strategic location? context: <P> In its past, it was a strategically important military site being the first "English bastide town"; it suffered various sieges during the Hu... | answer: <P> There are way to much things, so I cant awnser what exactly makes something important.Food & Water supply for your armies: Somentimes an amry cant just walk past a city/fort/castle because they control the surrounding famrs etc and would harras your supply line.Naval stuff: So even if you have way more s... |
168,128 | 2589l5 | What happened to the children of the aristocrats killed in the French Revolution? | It depended. It wasn't unheard of for adolescents and teenagers to go to the guillotine, and mob justice during the Revolution was absolutely indiscriminate - during the September Massacres, it is likely that aristocratic children were murdered alongside their parents (as well as common criminals, Priests, and [men in ... | [
"It depended. It wasn't unheard of for adolescents and teenagers to go to the guillotine, and mob justice during the Revolution was absolutely indiscriminate - during the September Massacres, it is likely that aristocratic children were murdered alongside their parents (as well as common criminals, Priests, and [me... | 1 | [
"It depended. It wasn't unheard of for adolescents and teenagers to go to the guillotine, and mob justice during the Revolution was absolutely indiscriminate - during the September Massacres, it is likely that aristocratic children were murdered alongside their parents (as well as common criminals, Priests, and [me... | 1 | <P> In 1789, during the French Revolution, the Ficquelmonts, as aristocrats, were targeted by the Revolution, and several members of the family were beheaded leaving the remaining ones no other choice than fleeing the country, joining fellow aristocrats as "émigrés".
<P> Shortly afterwards, Louis Henri began a publ... | question: What happened to the children of the aristocrats killed in the French Revolution? context: <P> In 1789, during the French Revolution, the Ficquelmonts, as aristocrats, were targeted by the Revolution, and several members of the family were beheaded leaving the remaining ones no other choice than fleeing the... | answer: <P> It depended. It wasn't unheard of for adolescents and teenagers to go to the guillotine, and mob justice during the Revolution was absolutely indiscriminate - during the September Massacres, it is likely that aristocratic children were murdered alongside their parents (as well as common criminals, Priests,... |
222,150 | 1rr7jz | "There may only be one electron in the whole Universe"? | It was casually suggested by John Wheeler in 1940. You shouldn't think of it as a serious idea. The idea is that there's one single electron moving back and forth in time. The positron is when the electron is moving backwards in time. In fact, a positron does look like an electron in the opposite direction of time. How... | [
"It was casually suggested by John Wheeler in 1940. You shouldn't think of it as a serious idea. \n\nThe idea is that there's one single electron moving back and forth in time. The positron is when the electron is moving backwards in time. In fact, a positron does look like an electron in the opposite direction of ... | 1 | [
"It was casually suggested by John Wheeler in 1940. You shouldn't think of it as a serious idea. \n\nThe idea is that there's one single electron moving back and forth in time. The positron is when the electron is moving backwards in time. In fact, a positron does look like an electron in the opposite direction of ... | 1 | <P> The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that... | question: "There may only be one electron in the whole Universe"? context: <P> The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because ... | answer: <P> It was casually suggested by John Wheeler in 1940. You shouldn't think of it as a serious idea. The idea is that there's one single electron moving back and forth in time. The positron is when the electron is moving backwards in time. In fact, a positron does look like an electron in the opposite direction... |
210,198 | 95l6b7 | What effects would the most commonly used antipsychotics have on someone not suffering from Psychosis? | One effect that is well documented even in people with psychosis is drug induced Parkinson's disease. For example, Abilify is a partial agonist for the dopamine receptor 2, so it blocks normal activation of that receptor by normal levels of dopamine in the brain. In Parkinson's disease, the dopaminergic neurons are gra... | [
"One effect that is well documented even in people with psychosis is drug induced Parkinson's disease. For example, Abilify is a partial agonist for the dopamine receptor 2, so it blocks normal activation of that receptor by normal levels of dopamine in the brain. In Parkinson's disease, the dopaminergic neurons ar... | 2 | [
"One effect that is well documented even in people with psychosis is drug induced Parkinson's disease. For example, Abilify is a partial agonist for the dopamine receptor 2, so it blocks normal activation of that receptor by normal levels of dopamine in the brain. In Parkinson's disease, the dopaminergic neurons ar... | 1 | <P> Much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics (for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette's) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and ga... | question: What effects would the most commonly used antipsychotics have on someone not suffering from Psychosis? context: <P> Much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics (for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette's) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use... | answer: <P> One effect that is well documented even in people with psychosis is drug induced Parkinson's disease. For example, Abilify is a partial agonist for the dopamine receptor 2, so it blocks normal activation of that receptor by normal levels of dopamine in the brain. In Parkinson's disease, the dopaminergic ne... |
11,350 | 1k5lgl | How do historians view archeologists, and vice versa? | First off, yes, misspelled. Well, according to many. According to some you spelled it correctly. I think that most archaeologists would use the ae form. Except the new archeologists. Who are now quite old. I'll stop referring in abstract to archaeological theories.Basically, there's no one answer for your question; arc... | [
"First off, yes, misspelled. Well, according to many. According to some you spelled it correctly. I think that most archaeologists would use the ae form. Except the new archeologists. Who are now quite old. I'll stop referring in abstract to archaeological theories.\n\nBasically, there's no one answer for your ques... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> Although closely related and often grouped with archaeology, anthropologists and archaeologists perform differing roles, though archeology is considered a sub-discipline of anthropology. While both professions focus on the study of human culture from past to present, archaeologists focus specifically on analyzing ... | question: How do historians view archeologists, and vice versa? context: <P> Although closely related and often grouped with archaeology, anthropologists and archaeologists perform differing roles, though archeology is considered a sub-discipline of anthropology. While both professions focus on the study of human cult... | answer: <P> First off, yes, misspelled. Well, according to many. According to some you spelled it correctly. I think that most archaeologists would use the ae form. Except the new archeologists. Who are now quite old. I'll stop referring in abstract to archaeological theories.Basically, there's no one answer for your ... |
134,960 | 1ait50 | How did post-occupation Japan view Hirohito and were there large groups still loyal to him? | From recent research, I can somewhat answer this. Since I'm on my phone, though, I'll have to edit in sources later.While Hirohito most likely awaited war trials, MacArthur's approach to democratization made the emperor an essential character. MacArthur gave Hirohito an ultimatum, and that was to either support the All... | [
"From recent research, I can somewhat answer this. Since I'm on my phone, though, I'll have to edit in sources later.\n\nWhile Hirohito most likely awaited war trials, MacArthur's approach to democratization made the emperor an essential character. MacArthur gave Hirohito an ultimatum, and that was to either suppor... | 5 | [
"From recent research, I can somewhat answer this. Since I'm on my phone, though, I'll have to edit in sources later.\n\nWhile Hirohito most likely awaited war trials, MacArthur's approach to democratization made the emperor an essential character. MacArthur gave Hirohito an ultimatum, and that was to either suppor... | 4 | <P> The view promoted by both the Japanese Imperial Palace and the American occupation forces immediately after World War II portrayed Emperor Hirohito as a powerless figurehead behaving strictly according to protocol while remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. This view was endorsed by Prime Min... | question: How did post-occupation Japan view Hirohito and were there large groups still loyal to him? context: <P> The view promoted by both the Japanese Imperial Palace and the American occupation forces immediately after World War II portrayed Emperor Hirohito as a powerless figurehead behaving strictly according to... | answer: <P> From recent research, I can somewhat answer this. Since I'm on my phone, though, I'll have to edit in sources later.While Hirohito most likely awaited war trials, MacArthur's approach to democratization made the emperor an essential character. MacArthur gave Hirohito an ultimatum, and that was to either su... |
196,116 | 7kinbm | In the very earliest decades of the telephone, how did people pay for calls? Did the receiver pay? Were people sent bills to rural farms? Did operators refuse to connect them if they didn't pay? Was it expensive? | I guess the first thing to note is that in the early days of the industry, there were many hundreds of small, local telephone companies. Many, many of these quickly became part of the Bell System or competitors like General Telephone, but others stayed independent into the 1970s or later. So I’ll be speaking about ge... | [
"I guess the first thing to note is that in the early days of the industry, there were many hundreds of small, local telephone companies. Many, many of these quickly became part of the Bell System or competitors like General Telephone, but others stayed independent into the 1970s or later. So I’ll be speaking abo... | 1 | [
"I guess the first thing to note is that in the early days of the industry, there were many hundreds of small, local telephone companies. Many, many of these quickly became part of the Bell System or competitors like General Telephone, but others stayed independent into the 1970s or later. So I’ll be speaking abo... | 1 | <P> Financing for the company was always difficult, as the large rural population meant the construction and maintenance of many miles of poles and wire for each rural subscriber. In the early years, subscribers who could not pay rentals had their phone removed at their expense; however, by the time of the depression ... | question: In the very earliest decades of the telephone, how did people pay for calls? Did the receiver pay? Were people sent bills to rural farms? Did operators refuse to connect them if they didn't pay? Was it expensive? context: <P> Financing for the company was always difficult, as the large rural population meant... | answer: <P> I guess the first thing to note is that in the early days of the industry, there were many hundreds of small, local telephone companies. Many, many of these quickly became part of the Bell System or competitors like General Telephone, but others stayed independent into the 1970s or later. So I’ll be spea... |
38,840 | ap18gz | why can't the complex numbers be extended into three dimensions? | The quaternions would break, since ij = k. If you try to ignore anything with a non-zero k, you have to also limit many multiplication operations.This is very general - there is no structure that obeys similar rules to addition/multiplication in the complex numbers and has two roots of -1. If you try to create it, you ... | [
"The quaternions would break, since ij = k. If you try to ignore anything with a non-zero k, you have to also limit many multiplication operations.\n\nThis is very general - there is no structure that obeys similar rules to addition/multiplication in the complex numbers and has two roots of -1. If you try to create... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> The extended complex numbers are useful in complex analysis because they allow for division by zero in some circumstances, in a way that makes expressions such as formula_1 well-behaved. For example, any rational function on the complex plane can be extended to a holomorphic function on the Riemann sphere, with th... | question: why can't the complex numbers be extended into three dimensions? context: <P> The extended complex numbers are useful in complex analysis because they allow for division by zero in some circumstances, in a way that makes expressions such as formula_1 well-behaved. For example, any rational function on the co... | answer: <P> The quaternions would break, since ij = k. If you try to ignore anything with a non-zero k, you have to also limit many multiplication operations.This is very general - there is no structure that obeys similar rules to addition/multiplication in the complex numbers and has two roots of -1. If you try to cr... |
210,334 | 2zlhfm | why denying the holocaust is not protected under the freedom of expression? and why denying other genocides/mass killings is not criminalized in any countries? | In the US, denying the Holocaust IS protected under freedom of expression. In some other countries, even those with fairly liberal free speech policies, there is not the same blanket free speech protections as in the US, and specific forms of expression (like hate speech) can still be forbidden. | [
"Not all countries have the same level of freedom of speech as the US. Many qualify hate speech as being illegal and some of those classify denying the Holocaust as being hate speech. ",
"If you are in America you are very much allowed to deny the holocaust all you want. ",
"becouse you are asuming other countr... | 10 | [
"Not all countries have the same level of freedom of speech as the US. Many qualify hate speech as being illegal and some of those classify denying the Holocaust as being hate speech. ",
"If you are in America you are very much allowed to deny the holocaust all you want. ",
"becouse you are asuming other countr... | 7 | <P> Scholars have pointed out that countries that specifically ban Holocaust denial generally have legal systems that limit speech in other ways, such as banning "hate speech". According to D. D. Guttenplan, this is a split between the ""common law countries" of the United States, Ireland and many British Commonwealth... | question: why denying the holocaust is not protected under the freedom of expression? and why denying other genocides/mass killings is not criminalized in any countries? context: <P> Scholars have pointed out that countries that specifically ban Holocaust denial generally have legal systems that limit speech in other ... | answer: <P> Not all countries have the same level of freedom of speech as the US. Many qualify hate speech as being illegal and some of those classify denying the Holocaust as being hate speech. <P> If you are in America you are very much allowed to deny the holocaust all you want. <P> becouse you are asuming othe... |
104,844 | 27aqyq | When did militaries move away from AT guns to AT missiles/rockets? | At the end of WWII, the caliber needed for effective AT guns had gone up from easily handled guns in 37-40mm range at the start of the war, to monstrosities like the PaK 43 88mm. Such large weapons were extremely difficult to maneuver by hand, needing around a dozen men to move it short distances under ideal conditions... | [
"At the end of WWII, the caliber needed for effective AT guns had gone up from easily handled guns in 37-40mm range at the start of the war, to monstrosities like the PaK 43 88mm. Such large weapons were extremely difficult to maneuver by hand, needing around a dozen men to move it short distances under ideal condi... | 1 | [
"At the end of WWII, the caliber needed for effective AT guns had gone up from easily handled guns in 37-40mm range at the start of the war, to monstrosities like the PaK 43 88mm. Such large weapons were extremely difficult to maneuver by hand, needing around a dozen men to move it short distances under ideal condi... | 1 | <P> Air-to-air rockets were utilized in World War II to engage bombers because cannon fire proved ineffective at high closing speeds. On top of that, getting in the range to fire one's guns also meant getting in the range of the bomber's tail gun. The German R4M was the first practical rocket. It was highly successful... | question: When did militaries move away from AT guns to AT missiles/rockets? context: <P> Air-to-air rockets were utilized in World War II to engage bombers because cannon fire proved ineffective at high closing speeds. On top of that, getting in the range to fire one's guns also meant getting in the range of the bomb... | answer: <P> At the end of WWII, the caliber needed for effective AT guns had gone up from easily handled guns in 37-40mm range at the start of the war, to monstrosities like the PaK 43 88mm. Such large weapons were extremely difficult to maneuver by hand, needing around a dozen men to move it short distances under ide... |
117,010 | 22691l | the mathematical constant e (euler's number) | **e**e (2.71828...) is a number like pi (3.14159...) because they are both exact fixed quantities, but the process of calculating that quantity goes on forever.e represents a special type of "doubling"!Take $1 and put it in a bank at 100% simple annual interest. After a year, if the bank calculates the interest *only o... | [
"**e**\n\ne (2.71828...) is a number like pi (3.14159...) because they are both exact fixed quantities, but the process of calculating that quantity goes on forever.\n\ne represents a special type of \"doubling\"!\n\nTake $1 and put it in a bank at 100% simple annual interest. After a year, if the bank calculates t... | 1 | [
"**e**\n\ne (2.71828...) is a number like pi (3.14159...) because they are both exact fixed quantities, but the process of calculating that quantity goes on forever.\n\ne represents a special type of \"doubling\"!\n\nTake $1 and put it in a bank at 100% simple annual interest. After a year, if the bank calculates t... | 1 | <P> Euler introduced much of the mathematical notation in use today, such as the notation "f"("x") to describe a function and the modern notation for the trigonometric functions. He was the first to use the letter "e" for the base of the natural logarithm, now also known as Euler's number. The use of the Greek letter ... | question: the mathematical constant e (euler's number) context: <P> Euler introduced much of the mathematical notation in use today, such as the notation "f"("x") to describe a function and the modern notation for the trigonometric functions. He was the first to use the letter "e" for the base of the natural logarithm... | answer: <P> **e**e (2.71828...) is a number like pi (3.14159...) because they are both exact fixed quantities, but the process of calculating that quantity goes on forever.e represents a special type of "doubling"!Take $1 and put it in a bank at 100% simple annual interest. After a year, if the bank calculates the int... |
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