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40869857 | PMC12386250 | 10.3390/ijerph22081272 | Assessment of the Syndemic Relationship Between Individual, Social, and Structural Determinants of Tuberculosis Among People Living in Johannesburg, South Africa | 3. Results | **Research Question:** What are the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of tuberculosis patients in Johannesburg, South Africa, and how might these factors influence the prevalence and management of the disease?
** | ** The study on tuberculosis (TB) patients in Johannesburg revealed that the majority of participants were male (60.3%) and predominantly aged between 30-39 years (38.1%). Most participants identified as African (96.7%), with a significant number being married (64.9%) and a considerable portion unemployed (50.2%). Thes... |
40936501 | PMC12420909 | 10.12688/gatesopenres.16362.1 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth inhibition by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from household contacts is not affected by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection | Background | **Question:** How does previous SARS-CoV-2 infection affect the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from household contacts to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
** | ** Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection does not significantly affect the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from household contacts to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Despite concerns regarding the potential immunosuppressive effects of SARS-CoV-2 that could lead to progression of ... |
40588584 | 10727500 | 10.1038/s41579-025-01201-x | Estimating the contribution of subclinical tuberculosis disease to transmission: An individual patient data analysis from prevalence surveys | Estimating the relative infectiousness of subclinical TB | **Question:** How does the infectiousness of subclinical tuberculosis (TB) compare to that of clinical TB based on individual patient data from prevalence surveys?
** | ** The analysis of individual patient data from prevalence surveys indicates that the estimated infectiousness of subclinical TB, relative to clinical TB, is approximately 1.93 (with a 95% prediction interval of 0.62–6.18). This suggests that subclinical TB has a significant potential for transmission, although its inf... |
40591399 | PMC12236266 | 10.2196/66029 | Improving Tuberculosis Detection in Chest X-Ray Images Through Transfer Learning and Deep Learning: Comparative Study of Convolutional Neural Network Architectures | Transfer Learning | **Question:** How does transfer learning enhance the detection of tuberculosis in chest X-ray images compared to training convolutional neural networks from scratch?
** | ** Transfer learning significantly enhances the detection of tuberculosis in chest X-ray images by utilizing pretrained models that have already learned robust feature representations from large and diverse datasets, such as ImageNet. By leveraging these established patterns, the transfer learning approach allows for f... |
39810935 | PMC11732181 | 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103003 | Cost-effectiveness of targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) for detection of tuberculosis drug resistance in India, South Africa and Georgia: a modeling analysis | Declaration of interests | **Question:** What implications does the declaration of interests have on the perceived objectivity of the research findings regarding the cost-effectiveness of targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) for detecting tuberculosis drug resistance?
** | ** The declaration of interests is crucial for assessing the potential biases in the research findings. In this study, the lead author, CM, has reported receiving funding from USAID to support the Global TB Programme staff at the WHO. This funding could influence the research perspective, potentially favoring the adopt... |
40921613 | PMC12421150 | 10.1136/bmjgh-2025-019770 | Taxes for tuberculosis: could tobacco and sugar tax revenue fund tuberculosis control interventions? | Introduction | **Research Question:** How can revenue generated from tobacco and sugar taxes be effectively allocated to improve tuberculosis control interventions in populations heavily affected by the disease?
** | ** Revenue generated from tobacco and sugar taxes can be allocated to tuberculosis (TB) control interventions through a targeted funding strategy that addresses the socio-economic determinants of TB. This can include enhancing access to diagnostic services, treatment, and preventive measures such as vaccinations. Addit... |
40032816 | PMC11876447 | 10.1038/s41467-025-57174-1 | Multivariable regression models improve accuracy and sensitive grading of antibiotic resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis | MIC models | **Question:** How do multivariable regression models improve the accuracy and sensitivity of grading antibiotic resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to traditional binary models?
** | ** Multivariable regression models enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of grading antibiotic resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by incorporating multiple measurements of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and utilizing a more complex relationship between genotypic data and MIC values. In the stud... |
39965023 | PMC11856658 | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012823 | Estimating Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a South African clinic: Spatiotemporal model based on person movements | Methods | **Question:** How did the spatiotemporal model used in the study help in understanding the transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a primary care clinic in Cape Town, South Africa?
** | ** The spatiotemporal model developed in the study provided a comprehensive framework for estimating Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission by integrating environmental factors, clinical data, and real-time person movement patterns within the clinic setting. By collecting detailed data on indoor CO2 levels, TB status ... |
39879593 | PMC7617355 | 10.1056/NEJMoa2400327 | Oral regimens for rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible tuberculosis | Statistical Analysis | **Question:** How does the statistical analysis framework utilized in the study inform the interpretation of the efficacy of experimental oral regimens for rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible tuberculosis?
** | ** The statistical analysis framework outlined in the study employs a non-inferiority design with a sample size of 750 participants, providing 80% power to detect differences in treatment outcomes. This approach is crucial for assessing whether the experimental regimens can be considered comparable to the control treat... |
40202991 | PMC11981140 | 10.1371/journal.pgph.0004233 | Improving tuberculosis diagnosis in South Africa’s private sector: The results of a pilot public-private mix intervention in eThekwini health district | Methods | **Research Question:** How did the implementation of a public-private mix intervention, including virtual training for general practitioners (GPs) on sputum specimen collection and the use of a customized electronic referral application, affect tuberculosis diagnosis and management in the private healthcare sector of e... | ** The implementation of a public-private mix intervention in eThekwini health district significantly improved tuberculosis diagnosis and management in the private healthcare sector. By providing GPs with targeted training sessions on sputum specimen collection and the use of the Vula referral application, the study fa... |
40334156 | PMC12061034 | 10.1056/NEJMoa2412381 | BCG Revaccination for the Prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection | Supplementary Material | **Question:** What are the potential benefits and challenges of BCG revaccination as a strategy for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations?
** | ** The potential benefits of BCG revaccination for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection include enhancing immunity in individuals who may have waning protection from the initial vaccination, particularly in high-risk populations such as healthcare workers, individuals in endemic areas, and those with comprom... |
39975743 | PMC11833582 | 10.21037/jtd-24-1062 | A retrospective study exploring chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in post-tuberculosis lung disease patients | Study population | **Research Question:** What is the prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with post-tuberculosis lung disease as identified in a retrospective study conducted at a tertiary referral center in South Africa?
** | ** In the retrospective study conducted at Tygerberg Hospital, the prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients diagnosed with post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) was assessed through the examination of Aspergillus IgG serology in patients who attended the adult outpatient pulmonology service between Sep... |
40445886 | PMC12124562 | 10.1371/journal.pone.0323943 | Lessons from a systematic tracing process aimed to reduce initial loss to follow-up (ILTFU) among people diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in Cape Town, South Africa | Data analysis | **Research Question:** How effective was the systematic tracing process in reducing initial loss to follow-up (ILTFU) among individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis in Cape Town, and what demographic and clinical characteristics influenced linkage to care?
** | ** The systematic tracing process implemented in Cape Town significantly reduced initial loss to follow-up (ILTFU) among individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis. By employing descriptive statistics and a Pearson’s chi-squared test, the analysis revealed notable differences in demographic and clinical characteristics be... |
39998048 | PMC11860771 | 10.3390/tropicalmed10020044 | “Time to Change”: To What Extent Could Non-Sputum Sampling Accelerate the Fight Against Tuberculosis—A Qualitative Study Among End-Users | 3.2.3. Risk of Infection | **Research Question:** How do perceptions of the risk of infection differ among healthcare workers and patients when comparing non-sputum sampling methods (such as tongue swabs and urine samples) to traditional sputum sampling for tuberculosis diagnosis?
** | ** Perceptions of the risk of infection associated with tuberculosis sampling methods varied significantly between healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients. HCWs expressed greater concern regarding the risks linked to tongue swab sampling, noting that sneezing or coughing during the procedure could increase their exposur... |
39547244 | PMC12062341 | 10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100963 | Performance of stool-based molecular tests and processing methods for paediatric tuberculosis diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Results | **Question:** What is the overall impact of stool-based molecular tests on the diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis, as indicated by the systematic review and meta-analysis?
** | ** The systematic review and meta-analysis included a total of 39 studies, of which 35 were utilized for quantitative analysis using culture as the reference standard. The findings indicate that stool-based molecular tests demonstrate a promising performance in diagnosing pediatric tuberculosis. Specifically, these tes... |
40137822 | PMC11946463 | 10.3390/tropicalmed10030068 | Process Evaluation of Pragmatic Cluster-Randomized Trials of Digital Adherence Technologies for Tuberculosis Treatment Support: A Mixed-Method Study in Five Countries | 3.2. Intervention Fidelity | **Question:** How does the type of digital adherence technology (DAT) used impact the fidelity of SMS reminders sent to people with tuberculosis (PwTB) in different countries, and what factors influence the effectiveness of these reminders?
** | ** The type of digital adherence technology (DAT) significantly impacts the fidelity of SMS reminders sent to people with tuberculosis (PwTB), as evidenced by the higher percentages of same-day reminders received by participants using labels compared to pillboxes in Ethiopia (32% vs 23%), the Philippines (38% vs 18%), ... |
39774490 | PMC11706508 | 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003309 | Tuberculosis healthcare service disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, India and South Africa: A model-based analysis of country-level data | Study setting | **Question:** How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact tuberculosis (TB) healthcare services in Brazil, India, and South Africa, particularly in relation to the estimated incidence of TB cases in these countries?
** | ** The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted tuberculosis healthcare services in Brazil, India, and South Africa, which are among the countries with the highest TB burden globally. The pandemic led to healthcare resource reallocation, reduced patient access to TB diagnosis and treatment, and increased stigma and fe... |
40059193 | PMC11892131 | 10.1186/s12866-025-03816-9 | Prevalence of katG and inhA mutations associated with isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Cameroon | Data analysis | **Question:** What statistical methods were employed to analyze the prevalence of katG and inhA mutations associated with isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, and how was statistical significance determined in the study conducted in Cameroon?
** | ** The study utilized frequency analysis to characterize clinical and sociodemographic traits, as well as the mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. The Chi-square test was employed to compare the prevalence of mutations in the katG and inhA genes across different sex, age gro... |
40443956 | PMC12120838 | 10.3389/frabi.2025.1574688 | Quantification of bactericidal activity using the PATHFAST TB LAM Ag assay during the first 14 days of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment | Comparison between the PATHFAST-LAM and culture methods | **Question:** How does the PATHFAST TB LAM Ag assay compare to traditional culture methods in quantifying bactericidal activity during the initial treatment phase of pulmonary tuberculosis, based on the correlation of LAM concentrations in sputum with CFU counts?
** | ** The study demonstrates that the PATHFAST TB LAM Ag assay shows a strong correlation with traditional culture methods for assessing bactericidal activity in patients undergoing treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Specifically, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients between LAM concentrations in raw sputum and CFU ... |
39953433 | PMC11829483 | 10.1186/s12889-024-20868-0 | A systematic review exploring the role of tuberculosis stigma on test and treatment uptake for tuberculosis infection | Eligibility criteria | **Question:** How does tuberculosis (TB) stigma impact the uptake of testing and treatment among individuals at risk for tuberculosis infection (TBI) based on the systematic review's eligibility criteria?
** | ** The systematic review indicates that tuberculosis stigma significantly affects the willingness of at-risk individuals to seek testing and treatment for tuberculosis infection. Individuals who experience stigma related to TB, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds such as the homeless, substance users, or i... |
39733063 | PMC11802714 | 10.1007/s40265-024-02131-3 | Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment in High TB-Burden Settings: A State-of-the-Art Review | Drug–Drug Interactions Between Rifamycins and Antiretrovirals | **Question:** How do drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between rifamycins and antiretrovirals impact the efficacy of tuberculosis preventive treatment in individuals co-infected with HIV in high TB-burden settings?
** | ** Drug-drug interactions between rifamycins, such as rifampicin and rifapentine, and antiretroviral therapies can significantly affect the efficacy of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) in individuals co-infected with HIV, particularly in high TB-burden settings. The most commonly used antiretroviral therapy (ART... |
40943450 | PMC12429392 | 10.3390/ijms26178531 | Structure–Function Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Target Cytochrome P450 125 (CYP125) Enzyme Family | 2. Results and Discussion | **Research Question:** How do the conformational dynamics of the active site in Cytochrome P450 125 (CYP125) influence its potential as a drug target in the treatment of tuberculosis?
** | ** The conformational dynamics of the active site in CYP125 play a crucial role in its potential as a drug target for tuberculosis treatment. The analysis of crystal structures of CYP125A members indicates that a significant majority (71%) are in a closed conformation, which is favorable for ligand binding, suggesting ... |
39810936 | PMC11731502 | 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103010 | The effectiveness of community-wide screening for pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review | Comparison two: community-wide symptom screening compared to community-wide health promotion for pulmonary TB | **Question:** How does community-wide symptom screening compare to community-wide health promotion in terms of its effectiveness on the case notification rate (CNR) for pulmonary tuberculosis, and what are the implications of the findings?
** | ** Community-wide symptom screening appears to increase the case notification rate (CNR) at the completion of the intervention, with a rate ratio of 1.55 (95% CI: 1.10–2.18) based on one randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 58,857 participants, indicating that symptom screening can be more effective than health ... |
40295169 | PMC12349950 | 10.1093/infdis/jiaf178 | Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Adults With Tuberculosis Meningitis | METHODS | **Question:** How does the dosage form and method of administration of rifampicin affect its pharmacokinetics in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in adults with HIV-associated tuberculosis meningitis?
** | ** The study investigates the population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin by comparing different dosing regimens, specifically assessing the impact of high-dose oral (35 mg/kg) versus intravenous (IV; 20 mg/kg) administration on rifampicin levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) among adults with HIV-associated tu... |
39922239 | PMC12107617 | 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107460 | Development and validation of a time-varying correction factor for QT interval assessment in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients | Conclusion | **Research Question:** How does the implementation of a time-varying correction factor for QT interval assessment affect treatment outcomes in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients receiving QT-prolonging medications?
** | ** The implementation of a time-varying correction factor (CF) for QT interval assessment significantly enhances the accuracy of monitoring QT prolongation in drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) patients undergoing treatment with QT-prolonging drugs. By adapting to heart rate (HR) changes over time, this novel approach mi... |
39995313 | PMC11915374 | 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00713 | Immunomodulatory
Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy in
Macrophages and Reduce Mycobacterium tuberculosis Burden in the Lungs of Mice | Quantification of Cytokines and Chemokines | **Question:** How do immunomodulatory nanoparticles affect the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice?
** | ** Immunomodulatory nanoparticles have been shown to induce autophagy in macrophages, which plays a crucial role in enhancing the host's immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The quantification of cytokines and chemokines from lung and spleen homogenates using a customized Marked Mouse Cytokine and Chemok... |
40894162 | PMC12393624 | 10.1101/2025.08.20.25334077 | Effect of smoking on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes and exploring potential pathways: A multicountry cohort study | Setting and participants | **Question:** How does smoking impact the treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) in patients enrolled in the endTB Observational Study?
** | ** The endTB Observational Study, which included participants from 17 countries treated for MDR/RR-TB with longer regimens containing bedaquiline and/or delamanid, provides invaluable insights into the effects of smoking on treatment outcomes. Smoking is known to adversely affect lung health, and in the context of MDR/... |
40892766 | PMC12404479 | 10.1371/journal.pone.0331035 | Burden of tuberculosis in Eastern Africa region from 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study | Discussion | **Question:** What factors contribute to the persistent high burden of tuberculosis in Eastern Africa despite the region's observed reductions in incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates?
** | ** The persistent high burden of tuberculosis (TB) in Eastern Africa can be attributed to several interrelated factors. Firstly, although there has been a noticeable percentage reduction in TB metrics over time, the rapid population growth in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania means that the absolute ... |
40893408 | PMC12396584 | 10.1016/j.tcsw.2025.100150 | Innate immune recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: receptor engagement and inflammatory outcomes at the site of infection | Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process | **Research Question:** How does the engagement of innate immune receptors by Mycobacterium tuberculosis influence the inflammatory response at the site of infection?
** | ** The engagement of innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) plays a crucial role in modulating the inflammatory response during tuberculosis infection. When Mtb is recognized by these receptors, it triggers a cascade of signaling pa... |
40840972 | PMC12374641 | 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-018131 | Using sputum and tongue swab specimens for in-home point-of-care targeted universal testing for tuberculosis of household contacts: an acceptability and feasibility analysis | HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY | **Research Question:** How does the acceptability of in-home targeted universal tuberculosis testing using sputum and tongue swab specimens influence early case detection and subsequent public health outcomes among household contacts?
** | ** The study highlights that household contacts find in-home targeted universal tuberculosis (TB) testing, particularly using both sputum and tongue swabs, to be highly acceptable. This high level of acceptability suggests that individuals are more likely to participate in testing if it is conducted in a familiar and c... |
39829327 | PMC11993289 | 10.1002/cpt.3557 | Characterization of NAT, GST, and CYP2E1 Genetic Variation in Sub‐Saharan African Populations: Implications for Treatment of Tuberculosis and Other Diseases | NAT1 and NAT2 phenotype predictions | **Question:** How does the distribution of NAT1 and NAT2 acetylator phenotypes in Sub-Saharan African populations compare to those in other global populations, and what implications might these differences have for tuberculosis treatment?
** | ** In Sub-Saharan African populations, the NAT1 intermediate acetylator phenotype is the most prevalent, accounting for 50.6% of individuals. This distribution shows significant variation across different Sub-Saharan populations, with the NAT1 slow acetylator phenotype occurring less frequently (20.8%) compared to popu... |
40080768 | PMC12213226 | 10.1164/rccm.202407-1354OC | Efficacy and Safety of Higher Doses of Levofloxacin for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase II Clinical Trial | Results | **Research Question:** What demographic and clinical characteristics were observed among participants with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the study evaluating higher doses of levofloxacin?
** | ** In the study evaluating the efficacy and safety of higher doses of levofloxacin for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the enrolled participants had the following demographic and clinical characteristics: a total of 111 participants were randomized, with a median age of 26.0 years and a median body mass index of 20.4... |
40941444 | PMC12428479 | 10.3390/healthcare13172093 | Strengthening Clinical Governance and Public Health Interventions to Improve Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Outcomes in Rural South Africa | 2.6. Statistical Analysis | **Question:** How does the statistical analysis methodology employed in the study enhance the understanding of predictors for unfavorable outcomes in drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in rural South Africa?
** | ** The statistical analysis methodology outlined in the study employs several robust techniques to enhance the understanding of predictors for unfavorable outcomes in drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) treatment. By using descriptive statistics, the researchers effectively summarize baseline characteristics and treatment... |
40034451 | PMC11875286 | 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5386988/v2 | A new rapid lipoarabinomannan urine assay for tuberculosis: a two-centre diagnostic accuracy evaluation in outpatients with and without HIV | Study design and participant eligibility | **Research Question:** How does the diagnostic accuracy of the new lipoarabinomannan urine assay for tuberculosis compare between HIV-positive and HIV-negative outpatients presenting with symptoms suggestive of TB in Cape Town and Kampala?
** | ** The study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of a new rapid lipoarabinomannan urine assay in adults presenting with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis (TB) at outpatient clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, and Kampala, Uganda. Participants included those with at least one symptom (for people living with HIV) or two ... |
39836471 | PMC11957701 | 10.1172/JCI188016 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis resisters despite HIV exhibit activated T cells and macrophages in their pulmonary alveoli | Statistics. | **Question:** How do the statistical methods employed in the study contribute to the understanding of the differences in immune responses between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and tuberculosis resisters in the context of HIV co-infection?
** | ** The study utilized unpaired 2-tailed t-tests and Wilcoxon’s tests to compare clinical features and cell population proportions between LTBI individuals and tuberculosis resisters, which allows for a robust analysis of differences in immune responses. The Bonferroni’s multiple test correction applied helps to mitigat... |
39612928 | PMC11946933 | 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00601-7 | Safety, pharmacokinetics, and early bactericidal activity of quabodepistat in combination with delamanid, bedaquiline, or both in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised, active-controlled, open-label trial | Discussion | **Question:** What were the main findings regarding the safety and early bactericidal activity of quabodepistat in combination with delamanid and bedaquiline in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis?
** | ** The trial demonstrated that the combination of quabodepistat with delamanid and bedaquiline was safe and generally well tolerated by participants over the 14-day study period. The safety outcomes were comparable to those observed with quabodepistat monotherapy and standard anti-tuberculosis therapies (rifampicin, is... |
40137831 | PMC11946329 | 10.3390/tropicalmed10030078 | Treatment Adherence and Outcomes in Patients with Tuberculosis Treated with Telemedicine: A Scoping Review | 5. Conclusions | **Question:** What are the key benefits of utilizing telemedicine interventions in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), as highlighted in recent studies?
** | ** Recent studies synthesized in a scoping review underscore several key benefits of utilizing telemedicine interventions in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). These benefits include improved treatment adherence, as methods such as video directly observed therapy (VDOT) and text message reminders (TMRs) hav... |
40683862 | PMC12276249 | 10.1038/s41467-025-61515-5 | Plasma proteomics for biomarker discovery in childhood tuberculosis | Machine learning based identification of a TB biosignature | **Question:** How can machine learning techniques enhance the identification of a biosignature for childhood tuberculosis using plasma proteomics?
** | ** Machine learning techniques, such as the LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) model, can significantly enhance the identification of a biosignature for childhood tuberculosis (TB) by analyzing protein-level intensities from plasma samples. In the study, a robust dataset comprising confirmed TB and... |
40008038 | PMC11855114 | 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1535160 | Whole genomic analysis uncovers high genetic diversity of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Botswana | 2.4 Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses | **Question:** How does whole genome sequencing contribute to the understanding of genetic diversity in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, particularly in the context of Botswana?
** | ** Whole genome sequencing (WGS) plays a critical role in elucidating the genetic diversity of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by providing comprehensive insights into the genomic variations present within these bacterial populations. In the context of Botswana, the use of high-quality genomic D... |
40284559 | PMC12029526 | 10.3390/microorganisms13040722 | Innovative Strategies for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems and Treatment | Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI) | **Research Question:** How do advancements in dry powder inhaler (DPI) technology and formulation impact the treatment efficacy of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Sub-Saharan Africa?
** | ** Advancements in dry powder inhaler (DPI) technology have significantly improved the treatment efficacy of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The propellant-free design of DPIs enhances patient adherence due to their ease of use and portability, which is critical in resourc... |
40910864 | PMC12416019 | 10.1080/16549716.2025.2547150 | A discourse analysis of social inequities, gender, and stigma in tuberculosis policies of seven countries from Africa, Asia, Europe and South America | Gender | **Research Question:** How do tuberculosis (TB) policies across different countries address gender disparities in TB incidence, and what implications does this have for the effectiveness of these policies?
** | ** Analyzing TB policies from Belarus, Indonesia, Portugal, Romania, Brazil, Mozambique, and the Netherlands reveals a significant gap in how gender disparities are addressed. Most countries frame TB incidence primarily through biological sex, noting higher rates among men without sufficiently considering the social id... |
40630583 | PMC12236871 | 10.1101/2025.07.04.25330895 | Preferences for Tongue Swab versus Sputum Collection for Tuberculosis Testing: A Multi-Country Survey | FullBody | **Question:** What are the potential benefits of tongue swab-based molecular testing for tuberculosis compared to traditional sputum collection methods, particularly for vulnerable populations?
** | ** Tongue swab-based molecular testing for tuberculosis (TB) offers several advantages over traditional sputum collection methods, especially for vulnerable populations such as children, people living with HIV (PLHIV), and those who are severely ill. Firstly, tongue swabs are non-invasive and can significantly reduce t... |
40420159 | PMC12107840 | 10.1186/s12974-025-03467-7 | Effects of M. tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection on in vitro blood-brain barrier function | Conclusions | **Research Question:** How does co-infection with HIV-1 influence the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the translocation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in central nervous system (CNS) cells?
** | ** Co-infection with HIV-1 significantly increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, facilitating the entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into CNS cells. The study indicates that HIV-1 enhances the infection rate and growth of Mtb in specific cell types such as astrocytes and pericytes. This increased permea... |
40201557 | PMC11973691 | 10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100587 | Inequities underlie the alarming resurgence of Tuberculosis as the world's top cause of death from an Infectious Disease - Breaking the silence and addressing the underlying root causes | Inequities in Healthcare | **Research Question:** How do healthcare inequities, particularly in rural and marginalized populations, impact TB diagnosis and treatment outcomes in high-burden countries?
** | ** Healthcare inequities significantly hinder TB diagnosis and treatment outcomes in high-burden countries, particularly for rural and marginalized populations. The lack of access to rapid molecular tests means that only 48% of TB patients globally receive timely diagnoses, leading to prolonged infectious periods and i... |
39923785 | PMC12176662 | 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00816-8 | Effects of conditional cash transfers and pre-test and post-test tuberculosis counselling on patient outcomes and loss to follow-up across the continuum of care in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial | Contributors | **Question:** How do conditional cash transfers and tuberculosis counselling impact patient adherence and outcomes in South Africa's continuum of care for tuberculosis treatment?
** | ** The study investigates the effects of conditional cash transfers and structured counselling on patient adherence to tuberculosis treatment in South Africa. By providing financial incentives linked to treatment milestones, and offering pre-test and post-test counselling, the trial aims to reduce loss to follow-up and... |
40860431 | PMC12371273 | 10.1002/imt2.70054 | Gut microbiota and tuberculosis | Decrease in SCFA‐producing bacteria and mutualistic populations and TB progression | **Question:** How does the reduction of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria in tuberculosis (TB) patients influence disease progression and immune response?
** | ** The reduction of SCFA-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Eubacterium, in tuberculosis (TB) patients plays a significant role in disease progression and immune response. These bacteria are crucial for the production of SCFAs like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are known to enhance ... |
40855227 | 5976762 | 10.1038/s41559-025-02837-x | Signatures of balancing selection in toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes – novel insights from a free-living rodent | Results | **Question:** How do genetic polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, particularly TLR4 and TLR5, influence the immune response to tuberculosis in the studied free-living rodent population?
** | ** The study of genetic polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes reveals significant insights into the immune response to tuberculosis (TB) in free-living rodent populations. Specifically, the identified three-nucleotide deletion in TLR4 and the two-nucleotide deletion in TLR5 suggest that these genetic variatio... |
40127942 | PMC11934364 | 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017828 | The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis care and infection control measures in anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics in low- and middle-income countries: a multiregional site survey in Asia and Africa | Discussion | **Question:** How did the COVID-19 pandemic influence the delivery of tuberculosis (TB) services in HIV care clinics across low- and middle-income countries, and what adaptations were made to sustain TB care post-pandemic?
** | ** The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the delivery of tuberculosis (TB) services in HIV care clinics across low- and middle-income countries, as evidenced by a survey conducted in clinics in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. During the pandemic, nearly three-quarters of the surveyed clinics reported disrupt... |
39677468 | PMC11643232 | 10.1101/2024.12.05.24318340 | Plasma proteomics for novel biomarker discovery in childhood tuberculosis | Data acquisition for abundance proteomics | **Research Question:** How does the use of DIA-PASEF mode in plasma proteomics enhance the identification of potential biomarkers for childhood tuberculosis?
** | ** The use of DIA-PASEF (Data-Independent Acquisition with Parallel Accumulation and Serial Fragmentation) mode in plasma proteomics significantly enhances the identification of potential biomarkers for childhood tuberculosis by allowing for comprehensive and high-resolution analysis of complex peptide mixtures. This m... |
40869795 | PMC12386246 | 10.3390/ijerph22081209 | Determinants of Non-Adherence to Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment in a Public Primary Healthcare Clinic in South Africa: Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care | 2.4.3. Data Management | **Question:** How did the data management practices in the study on non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment ensure the integrity and reliability of the findings?
** | ** The data management practices employed in the study were crucial in ensuring the integrity and reliability of the findings. Key practices included thorough data cleaning procedures where duplicates were identified and removed to prevent skewed results, and incomplete questionnaires were deleted to maintain consisten... |
40437078 | PMC12119724 | 10.1007/s00203-025-04352-w | Mycobacterium tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) and heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) facilitate regulation of central carbon metabolism, enhancement of ATP synthesis and cell wall biosynthesis | The role of MTP and HBHA in transport across the cell wall and cell membrane | **Research Question:** How do the mycobacterial adhesins MTP and HBHA influence the expression of cell wall transport proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and what implications does this have for its metabolic regulation and virulence?
** | ** The mycobacterial adhesins MTP (Mycobacterium tuberculosis curli pili) and HBHA (heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin) play a crucial role in regulating the expression of cell wall transport proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RNA sequencing analysis in studies has shown that in the absence of MTP and HBHA, the... |
39964366 | PMC12064618 | 10.1007/s11136-025-03902-5 | The effects of stigma and social support on the health-related quality of life of people with drug resistance tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria | Measurement of HRQoL | **Question:** How does the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-TB (FACIT) scale contribute to understanding the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among individuals with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria?
** | ** The FACIT scale is a comprehensive tool that measures health-related quality of life (HRQoL) across multiple dimensions relevant to chronic illnesses, including drug-resistant tuberculosis. In the context of this study, the FACIT scale's five subscales—physical, social, emotional, functional, and spiritual—provide a... |
40238330 | PMC11942355 | 10.3390/ijerph22030320 | Knowledge and Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Feasibility and Pilot Study in a Primary Healthcare Setting in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa | 4. Discussion | **Question:** How do demographic factors such as gender, HIV status, and comorbidities influence the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in a rural primary healthcare setting in Eastern Cape, South Africa?
** | ** In the study conducted in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa, the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was found to vary significantly across different demographic factors, including gender, HIV status, and the presence of comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Higher LTBI positivity rates were... |
40877844 | PMC12392611 | 10.1186/s12879-025-11497-y | Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections among pulmonary tuberculosis suspected and confirmed patients in Ethiopia - A systematic review and meta analyses | Introduction | **Research Question:**
What is the prevalence and clinical significance of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections among patients suspected or confirmed to have pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia?
** | **
The prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections among patients suspected or confirmed to have pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia is an emerging area of concern, especially given the complex interplay between these infections and the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). NTM, which are enviro... |
39745422 | PMC11837540 | 10.1128/jcm.01140-24 | High-sensitivity detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in tongue swab samples | DISCUSSION | **Question:** How does the sensitivity of tongue swab testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA compare to traditional sputum testing, and what implications does this have for future point-of-care (POC) diagnostics?
** | ** The sensitivity of tongue swab testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA has shown promising results, with some studies reporting sensitivities greater than 90% when compared to traditional sputum testing methods. This suggests that tongue swabs could serve as a highly accurate alternative for MTB detection, ... |
40238299 | PMC11942264 | 10.3390/ijerph22030319 | Outcomes of Treating Tuberculosis Patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Nutritional Status: The Combined Impact of Triple Challenges in Rural Eastern Cape | 1. Introduction | **Question:** How do drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and nutritional status collectively affect treatment outcomes for tuberculosis patients in rural Eastern Cape?
** | ** The combined impact of drug-resistant tuberculosis, HIV co-infection, and poor nutritional status significantly complicates treatment outcomes for tuberculosis patients in rural Eastern Cape. Research indicates that patients facing these triple challenges experience lower treatment success rates due to several inter... |
39936893 | PMC11898686 | 10.1128/jcm.01390-24 | Field evaluation of nanopore targeted next-generation sequencing to predict drug-resistant tuberculosis from native sputum in South Africa and Zambia | RESULTS | **Question:** How effective is nanopore targeted next-generation sequencing in predicting drug resistance in tuberculosis from both unprocessed and decontaminated sputum samples in South Africa and Zambia?
** | ** The study demonstrated that nanopore targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a promising tool for predicting drug resistance in tuberculosis (TB) from sputum samples. Among the 236 participants tested, the sequencing results highlighted significant differences in the detection of spoligotypes between unprocesse... |
40896248 | PMC12396590 | 10.1093/ofid/ofaf474 | Performance of Tongue Swabs for Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Hospitalized Children Under 5 Years of Age | Tongue Swab Sample Acquisition and Processing | **Research Question:** How does the timing and method of tongue swab sample acquisition impact the yield and diagnostic accuracy for tuberculosis in hospitalized children under 5 years of age?
** | ** The timing and method of tongue swab sample acquisition are critical factors that can significantly influence the yield and diagnostic accuracy for tuberculosis in young children. Swabs collected before or more than 24 hours after gastric aspirate sampling may provide insights into the presence of Mycobacterium tube... |
40341387 | PMC12119186 | 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaf219 | Pitfalls of bacterial pan-genome analysis approaches: a case study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and two less clonal bacterial species | 2.13 Overview of the panqc pipeline | **Question:** How does the panqc pipeline improve the accuracy of pan-genome analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, particularly in identifying discrepancies between coding sequence (CDS) annotations and nucleotide sequences?
** | ** The panqc pipeline enhances the accuracy of pan-genome analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by implementing a two-step process to address CDS annotation discrepancies and nucleotide redundancy. In the first step, the pipeline uses minimap2 to align genes that are absent at the CDS level to their corresponding nuc... |
40126327 | PMC11932228 | 10.3390/idr17020021 | Endothelial Dysfunction Markers Correlate with the Time Since Completion of Tuberculosis Treatment and the Number of Previous Tuberculosis Episodes | 2.1. Phlebotomy and Serum Collection | **Question:** How does the collection and processing of serum samples affect the assessment of endothelial dysfunction markers in patients who have completed tuberculosis treatment?
** | ** The collection and processing of serum samples are critical in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of endothelial dysfunction marker assessments in patients post-tuberculosis treatment. The use of serum collection tubes coated with a clot activator promotes effective clot formation and subsequent serum separation,... |
39939674 | PMC11821842 | 10.1038/s41598-025-89178-8 | New volatile organic compounds from the exhaled breath of active tuberculosis patients | Discussions | **Question:** What implications do the newly identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs), o-cymene and benzene-1-methyl-4-(1-propynyl), have for the detection and diagnosis of active tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis?
** | ** The identification of the VOCs o-cymene and benzene-1-methyl-4-(1-propynyl) in the breath of active tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients suggests a potential advancement in non-invasive diagnostic methods for these diseases. The strong match factors against the NIST library indicate that th... |
40474267 | PMC12142910 | 10.1186/s44263-025-00166-6 | Social isolation, social exclusion, and access to mental and tangible resources: mapping the gendered impact of tuberculosis-related stigma among men and women living with tuberculosis in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa | Participant characteristics | **Question:** How do gender differences in employment and living arrangements among individuals with tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, influence their experience of social isolation and stigma?
** | ** The study indicates significant gender differences in employment and living arrangements among individuals with tuberculosis (TB) in the Eastern Cape Province. Men reported higher unemployment rates (72.1% compared to 58.9% for women) and were more likely to live alone (29.0% of men versus 16.1% of women). These fac... |
39887565 | PMC11872285 | 10.1111/resp.14887 | Tuberculosis: An Update for the Clinician | Drug‐Resistant TB | **Research Question:** How does the introduction of the BPaLM regimen impact the treatment outcomes and safety profiles of patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) compared to traditional treatment regimens?
** | ** The introduction of the BPaLM regimen, which combines bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin, represents a significant advancement in treating MDR/RR-TB. According to the TB-PRACTECAL trial, BPaLM demonstrated non-inferiority to the WHO standard of care in terms of treatment outcomes while providing a ... |
40170127 | PMC11963285 | 10.1186/s42522-024-00130-8 | Meta-analysis of the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle and zoonotic tuberculosis in humans in sub-Saharan Africa | Characteristics of studies | **Question:** What are the regional variations in the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle and zoonotic tuberculosis in humans in sub-Saharan Africa, based on the characteristics of the studies conducted?
** | ** The meta-analysis indicates significant regional variations in the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle and zoonotic tuberculosis in humans across sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of studies on TB in cattle were concentrated in East Africa (51 studies), followed by West Africa (32 studies), Southern Africa (20 studi... |
40874184 | PMC12378377 | 10.1093/ofid/ofaf425 | Factors Predictive of Early Discontinuation of Preventive Treatment in Children With Household Exposure to Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis | RESULTS | **Question:** What demographic and clinical characteristics were observed among children enrolled in the TB-CHAMP study, and how might these factors influence the early discontinuation of preventive treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis?
** | ** In the TB-CHAMP study, a total of 911 children were analyzed, with a median age of 2.8 years (interquartile range 1.4–4.2 years), highlighting that 90% of the participants were younger than 5 years. Gender distribution was relatively balanced with 51% of the children being female. The study also noted a low HIV prev... |
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