q_id stringlengths 12 27 | question stringlengths 92 3.53k | answer stringclasses 10
values | cot_ids listlengths 0 32 | cots listlengths 0 32 | parsed_answers listlengths 0 32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3054_mmlu_biology | Question: In general, animal cells differ from plant cells in that animal cells have
A. a cell wall made of cellulose
B. lysosomes
C. large vacuoles that store water
D. centrioles within centrosomes | D | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Plant cells are characterized by their rigid cell walls made of cellulose, which provides structural support.",
"Animal cells lack this rigid cell wall.",
"Animal cells, on the other hand, have lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down cellular waste and de... | [
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D"
] |
2957_mmlu_biology | Question: In humans, the disease known as hemophilia is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Sally and Sam, both of whom are normal, marry, and they have three children: (1) Saul, a hemophiliac, who marries a normal woman and has a daughter, Sarah, who is normal; (2) a normal daughter, Sheryl, who marries a normal... | D | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait, meaning the gene for hemophilia is located on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.",
"A female needs two copies of the recessive allele (h) to express hemophilia, while a male only needs one copy.",
"... | [
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"D",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C"
] |
3057_mmlu_biology | Question: In order for the Hardy-Weinberg law to operate with respect to a population of organisms, each of the following conditions must be met EXCEPT:
A. Genes are exchanged with other populations.
B. Population size is large.
C. Natural selection does not take place.
D. Matings are random. | A | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a theoretical state of genetic equilibrium within a population.",
"For this equilibrium to hold, several conditions must be met, including random mating, no migration, no mutations, no natural selection, and a large population size.",
"Option A, \"Genes are exch... | [
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A"
] |
3078_mmlu_biology | Question: What features enable the ferns to grow to a much largersize than the mosses?
A. Ferns grow larger because they can perform photosynthesis more efficiently than mosses
B. Ferns grow larger due to higher nutrient content
C. Ferns grow larger due to a stronger stem
D. Ferns grow larger due to their ability to mo... | G | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Mosses lack a vascular system, which is responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant.",
"Ferns, however, possess a well-developed vascular system comprising xylem and phloem.",
"This vascular system enables ferns to efficiently transport water and nutrients to all parts of th... | [
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G"
] |
2834_mmlu_biology | Question: Consider that in humans red-green colorblindness is controlled by a recessive X-linked gene, c. Assume that a normal-visioned woman, whose father was colorblind, marries a normal-visioned man. What is the probability that their first child will be colorblind?
A. 1/5
B. 2/3
C. 1/6
D. 3/4
E. 1/2
F. 1/3
G. 1/4
H... | G | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"The mother is a carrier for the recessive colorblindness gene because her father was colorblind.",
"Therefore, her genotype is Xc X.",
"The father has normal vision and is therefore XCY.",
"Let's construct a Punnett square to determine the probability of their offspring inheriting the colorblindn... | [
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"H",
"G",
"H",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"E",
"G",
"G"
] |
3002_mmlu_biology | Question: Whatfunctionsare served by sound communication in animals?
A. Mate attraction, species recognition, defense, and territorial claim
B. For heat regulation
C. For hunting
D. For navigation
E. For mineral absorption
F. For camouflage
G. For echolocation
H. For hibernation
I. For photosynthesis
J. For playing gam... | A | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Sound communication serves various functions in the animal kingdom.",
"Sound can be used to attract mates, signal danger, defend territories, and even recognize members of the same species.",
"The other options are not directly related to sound communication.",
"The answer is (A)."
],
[
"... | [
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A"
] |
3061_mmlu_biology | Question: All of the following environmental conditions increase the rate of transpiration from plants EXCEPT
A. high temperature
B. high relative humidity
C. low relative humidity
D. wind | B | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water vapor through their stomata.",
"A number of factors influence the rate of transpiration. High temperatures increase the rate of evaporation, increasing transpiration.",
"Lower relative humidity means a greater difference in water vapor concentra... | [
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B",
"B"
] |
3415_mmlu_biology | Question: All of the algae have the green pigment chlorophyll, yet the different phyla of algae show a great variety of colors. Explain.
A. Different algae phyla contain a variety of pigments, including accessory pigments, in varying concentrations resulting in different colors. These pigments absorb different light wa... | A | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Algae, like plants, use chlorophyll for photosynthesis, which is why they often appear green.",
"However, they also possess accessory pigments that absorb different wavelengths of light.",
"These accessory pigments can mask the green color or add other hues, leading to a variety of colors in differen... | [
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A"
] |
3022_mmlu_biology | Question: What characteristics of arthropods have been of primary importance in their evolutionary success?
A. Development of a chitinous exoskeleton, well-developed organ systems and complex organization of the nervous tissues.
B. Adoption of aquatic respiration across all species
C. Development of a large number of n... | A | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Arthropods are the most diverse animal phylum, indicating their evolutionary success.",
"A chitinous exoskeleton provides protection and support, while well-developed organ systems and complex nervous tissues allow for efficient internal functions and coordination.",
"Options (B), (C), (D), (E), (F)... | [
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A"
] |
3277_mmlu_biology | Question: Describe the sequence of succession leading to a climax communityfrom a bare rock surface.
A. The sequence starts with ferns, followed by lichens, then grasses and finally shrubs and trees.
B. The sequence begins with aquatic plants, followed by mosses, then lichens, and finally terrestrial trees and shrubs.
... | C | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Primary succession is the process of ecological succession that occurs in an environment where there is no pre-existing soil or vegetation.",
"It begins with the colonization of bare rock by pioneer species, such as lichens.",
"Lichens are able to break down rock, creating a thin layer of soil that c... | [
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C"
] |
3220_mmlu_biology | Question: Keystone species are thought to have profound effects on the structure and composition of ecological communities because they
A. are more abundant than most other species in their communities
B. tend to reduce diversity by eliminating food resources for other species
C. are the largest species in their commun... | I | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Keystone species are those whose presence has a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems relative to their abundance. This impact often involves regulating populations of other species, preventing any one species from becoming dominant and altering the overall structure of the ecosystem.",
"Th... | [
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I"
] |
2825_mmlu_biology | Question: The frequency of the gene for sickle-cell anemia in African-Americans is less than that found in the people living in their ancestral home in Africa. What factors might account for this difference?
A. Sickle-cell disease is more deadly in America
B. Sickle-cell disease has been completely eradicated in Americ... | G | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"The sickle-cell trait confers some resistance to malaria.",
"In regions where malaria is prevalent, individuals heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele (carrying one normal allele and one sickle-cell allele) have a survival advantage.",
"Thus, the sickle-cell allele is more common in these population... | [
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G",
"G"
] |
3052_mmlu_biology | Question: Which of the following are traits that are affected by more than one gene?
A. Heterozygous traits
B. Mendelian traits
C. Multiple alleles traits
D. Polygenic traits
E. Pleiotropic traits
F. Sex-linked traits
G. Incomplete dominance traits
H. Autosomal traits
I. Codominant traits
J. Blended alleles | D | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Polygenic traits are traits that are influenced by multiple genes.",
"These traits often show a wide range of phenotypes (observable characteristics) because the combined effects of many genes create a spectrum of possibilities.",
"The answer is (D)."
],
[
"Polygenic traits are those controll... | [
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D"
] |
3349_mmlu_biology | Question: A homozygous tall pea plant was crossed with a homozygous dwarf pea plant. The gene for tall is dominant to its allele for dwarf. What will be the expected phenotypic and genotypic results in the F_1 and F_2 generations?
A. F_1 Generation: Genotypic results - (3/4) DD, (1/4) Dd, Phenotypic results - All tall.... | C | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"A homozygous tall plant has the genotype DD, and a homozygous dwarf plant has the genotype dd.",
"The F1 generation will all be heterozygous (Dd) because they inherit a D allele from the tall parent and a d allele from the dwarf parent.",
"Therefore, the F1 generation will be genotypically (1/1) Dd a... | [
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C"
] |
3312_mmlu_biology | Question: Describe the various land biomes that are usually encounteredby a traveler going from the equator to the arcticpolar ice cap.
A. The land biomes include savannas, temperate grasslands, and polar ice caps without intermediate biomes.
B. The land biomes include chaparral, wetlands, temperate rainforests, and ta... | E | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"A traveler going from the equator to the Arctic would pass through a variety of biomes, representing a gradual shift in climate and vegetation.",
"Starting from the tropics, we would encounter tropical rainforests, savannas, and grasslands.",
"As we move towards higher latitudes, we would transition ... | [
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"C",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E"
] |
2851_mmlu_biology | Question: Occasionally a boy is born withundescendedtestes (cryptorchidism), and he will be sterile unless they are surgically caused to descend into the scrotum. Explain the reason for this.
A. Human sperm cannot develop at the high temperature found within the body cavity.
B. The testes require the lower pressure env... | A | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"The scrotum acts as a thermoregulator, keeping the testes at a slightly cooler temperature than the rest of the body.",
"This cooler temperature is essential for optimal sperm production.",
"The answer is (A)."
],
[
"The testes are situated outside the body cavity (in the scrotum) to maintai... | [
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A",
"A"
] |
3357_mmlu_biology | Question: What is anoncogene?
A. Oncogenes are found only in viruses
B. Oncogenes prevent cancer cells
C. Oncogenes are a type of immune cell
D. Oncogenes detoxify harmful substances in the cell
E. Oncogenes slow down cell division
F. Oncogenes are produced exclusively by healthy cells
G. Oncogenes are inactive segment... | I | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer.",
"They are typically derived from proto-oncogenes, which are normal genes involved in cell growth and division.",
"Mutations or other alterations in proto-oncogenes can convert them into oncogenes.",
"Activated oncogenes can promote un... | [
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I",
"I"
] |
2805_mmlu_biology | Question: The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with which of the following?
A. CO2 released by the light-dependent reactions provides the raw material for the Calvin cycle.
B. The light reactions provide oxygen for the light-independent reactions.
C. Water entering the plant through the roots p... | D | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.",
"This chemical energy then powers the Calvin cycle, which uses carbon dioxide to build sugar molecules.",
"The answer is (D)."
],
[
"The light reactions of photosynthesis convert light ener... | [
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D"
] |
3440_mmlu_biology | Question: A researcher grows a population of ferns in her laboratory. She notices, after a few generations, a new variant that has a distinct phenotype. When she tries to breed the original phenotype with the new one, no offspring are produced. When she breeds the new variants, however, offspring that look like the new... | D | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"The scenario describes a situation where a new variant arises, and this variant can only reproduce with itself, not with the original type.",
"This strongly suggests a situation of reproductive isolation, which is a key factor in speciation.",
"The most likely explanation is that the new variant has ... | [
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"K",
"D",
"D",
"E",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D",
"D"
] |
3075_mmlu_biology | Question: Why are the stem reptiles especially important in evolution?
A. They exclusively evolved into modern reptiles without any other descendants
B. They were the first reptiles to return to an aquatic lifestyle
C. They gave rise to only the dinosaurs
D. They were the only reptiles to develop flight
E. They existed... | J | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"Stem reptiles are a crucial link in the evolutionary chain because they gave rise to three major lineages: archosaurs (which include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodilians), lepidosaurs (which include lizards, snakes, and tuataras), and turtles.",
"This means they are the ancestors of a diverse range of... | [
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J",
"J"
] |
2911_mmlu_biology | Question: Discuss the role of a stimulus that elicits a behavior pattern.
A. Stimuli can only elicit a response if they are intense
B. Stimuli intensity directly affects the animal's motivation
C. Stimuli have no influence on an animal's behavior
D. Stimuli serve as a universal language, eliciting the same behavior pat... | E | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"A stimulus is a detectable change in the environment that can elicit a response from an organism.",
"Different stimuli can trigger different behavioral patterns.",
"The effectiveness of a stimulus depends on the animal's motivation to perform the associated behavior.",
"The answer is (E)."
],
... | [
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E",
"E"
] |
3018_mmlu_biology | Question: High levels of progesterone are essential for the maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy. But high levels of progesterone exerts a negative feedback action on LH secretion, with a consequent decrease in LH secretion and eventual atrophy of the corpus luteum. Atrophy of the corpus luteum cuts the p... | C | [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
] | [
[
"We know that high progesterone levels suppress LH production, which would normally cause the corpus luteum to degenerate.",
"We also know that the corpus luteum is essential in early pregnancy for maintaining progesterone levels.",
"The only answer that explains how the corpus luteum is sustained aft... | [
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C",
"C"
] |
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