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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: TypeError
Message: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<A: string, B: string, C: string, D: string, E: string, F: string, G: string, H: string, I: string, J: string>
to
{'A': Value('string'), 'B': Value('string'), 'C': Value('string'), 'D': Value('string')}
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1827, in _prepare_split_single
for key, table in generator:
^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 613, in wrapped
for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 343, in _generate_tables
self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2378, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2312, in cast_table_to_schema
cast_array_to_feature(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
table[name] if name in table_column_names else pa.array([None] * len(table), type=schema.field(name).type),
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
feature,
^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1861, in wrapper
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2158, in cast_array_to_feature
raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type\n{_short_str(array.type)}\nto\n{_short_str(feature)}")
TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<A: string, B: string, C: string, D: string, E: string, F: string, G: string, H: string, I: string, J: string>
to
{'A': Value('string'), 'B': Value('string'), 'C': Value('string'), 'D': Value('string')}
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1694, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
):
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1880, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id string | question string | options dict | answer_key string | source string | modified_question string | perturbation unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
033c3a87-ad70-4279-b6ab-993a4641f170 | An unidentified surgical specimen is received for histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The remainder is analyzed and is found to contains type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Which of the following structures is most likely the origin of this surgical s... | {
"A": "Blood vessel",
"B": "Pinna",
"C": "Lens",
"D": "Larynx"
} | D | MedQA | An unidentified surgical specimen is received for histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The remainder is analyzed and is found to contains type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Which of the following structures is most likely the origin of this surgical s... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "staining",
"class": "EQU"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
e41c939a-043a-42dd-a3cc-a20fe5791d55 | The Kozak sequence for the Beta-globin gene has a known mutation which decreases, though does not abolish, translation of the Beta-globin mRNA, leading to a phenotype of thalassemia intermedia. What would the blood smear be expected to show in a patient positive for this mutation? | {
"A": "Macrocytic red blood cells",
"B": "Hyperchromic red blood cells",
"C": "Microcytic red blood cells",
"D": "Bite cells"
} | C | MedQA | The Kozak sequence for the Beta-globin gene has a known mutation which decreases, though does not abolish, translation of the Beta-globin mRNA, leading to a phenotype of thalassemia intermedia. What would the blood smear be expected to show in a patient positive for this mutation? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "lead",
"class": "EQU"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
9de3b0b1-ccbf-4463-b6f3-1aeefa0d5198 | A 34-year-old male suffers from inherited hemophilia A. He and his wife have three unaffected daughters. What is the probability that the second daughter is a carrier of the disease? | {
"A": "0%",
"B": "25%",
"C": "50%",
"D": "100%"
} | D | MedQA | A 34-year-old male suffers from inherited hemophilia A. He and his wife have three unaffected daughters. What is the probability that the second daughter is a carrier of the disease? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "disease",
"class": "DIS"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
ea2cc762-668d-45e5-919a-c9103f563fb3 | In a study, 2 groups are placed on different statin medications, statin A and statin B. Baseline LDL levels are drawn for each group and are subsequently measured every 3 months for 1 year. Average baseline LDL levels for each group were identical. The group receiving statin A exhibited an 11 mg/dL greater reduction in... | {
"A": "If 100 similar experiments were conducted, 5.2 of them would show similar results",
"B": "There is a 5.2% chance that A is more effective than B is due to chance",
"C": "There is a 94.8% chance that the difference observed reflects a real difference",
"D": "This is a statistically significant result"
} | B | MedQA | In a study, 2 groups are placed on different statin medications, statin A and statin B. Baseline LDL levels are drawn for each group and are subsequently measured every 3 months for 1 year. Average baseline LDL levels for each group were identical. The group receiving statin A exhibited an 11 mg/dL greater reduction in... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
24e07084-4ae9-486d-a304-6b228a5d66f0 | A 19-year-old man in a 3-month relationship with a woman experiences frequent sexual fantasies about male coworkers. He lives in a conservative community and does not know any openly gay men. Two days ago, he joined a local group considered by many organizations to be a hate group. Together with the other members, he a... | {
"A": "Sublimation",
"B": "Reaction formation",
"C": "Intellectualization",
"D": "Projection"
} | B | MedQA | A 19-year-old man in a 3-month relationship with a woman experiences frequent sexual fantasies about male coworkers. He lives in a conservative community and does not know any openly gay men. Two days ago, he joined a local group considered by many organizations to be a hate group. Together with the other members, he a... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "psychological",
"class": "SYM"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
ff81815a-9e3b-41b9-aac5-70bdc50d49e9 | A patient is unresponsive in the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. The patient's written advance directive states that he does not wish to be resuscitated in the event of a cardiac arrest. The patient's wife arrives and demands that "everything" be done to keep him alive because she "can't go on ... | {
"A": "Respect the wife's wishes and resuscitate the patient",
"B": "Respect the patient's prior wishes and do not resuscitate",
"C": "Consult a judge for the final decision on whether or not to resuscitate",
"D": "Consult the hospital ethics committee"
} | B | MedQA | A patient is unresponsive in the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. The patient's written advance directive states that he does not wish to be resuscitated in the event of a cardiac arrest. The patient's wife arrives and demands that "everything" be done to keep him alive because she "can't go on ... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [],
"location": null,
"error": "no_entities_found"
} |
ff5b3225-cabd-4f91-8a8c-feffb59b5145 | Current recommendations state that a single hemoglobin A1c value of greater than 6.5% is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. If this 6.5% cut-off is to be increased to 7.0%, which of the following would be true? | {
"A": "Increase in false negative test results",
"B": "Increase in false positive test results",
"C": "Decrease in true negative test results",
"D": "Increase in true positive test results"
} | A | MedQA | Current recommendations state that a single hemoglobin A1c value of greater than 6.5% is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. If this 6.5% cut-off is to be increased to 7.0%, which of the following would be true? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "diabetes mellitus",
"class": "DIS"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
4efe0248-7561-4446-a93d-d13d3c54c3cd | A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up vaccination 1 week after being bitten by a rodent while camping. She received appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis in the emergency department and has already received 2 doses of the rabies vaccine. The same physician has been managing the post-exposure care r... | {
"A": "Inform the patient that romantic relationships with current patients are unethical.",
"B": "Inform the patient that he will go on a date with her because her case is uncomplicated and does not require decision-making on his part.",
"C": "Inform the patient that dating her will never be appropriate even on... | A | MedQA | A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up vaccination 1 week after being bitten by a rodent while camping. She received appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis in the emergency department and has already received 2 doses of the rabies vaccine. The same physician has been managing the post-exposure care r... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [],
"location": null,
"error": "no_entities_found"
} |
b4cfb0bf-558b-44af-9816-ffa85d41c15f | While in the ICU, a 62-year-old male undergoes placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter to evaluate his right heart pressures. All pressures are found to be within normal limits, and the cardiology fellow records a pulmonary wedge pressure of 10 mmHg. Which of the following are normal values for the pressures that will be obt... | {
"A": "25/10 mmHg",
"B": "25/5 mmHg",
"C": "10/0 mmHg",
"D": "100/70 mmHg"
} | B | MedQA | While in the ICU, a 62-year-old male undergoes placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter to evaluate his right heart pressures. All pressures are found to be within normal limits, and the cardiology fellow records a pulmonary wedge pressure of 10 mmHg. Which of the following are normal values for the pressures that will be obt... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "catheter",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
6be44b72-4cc9-4e7c-85a4-b6c8139f8149 | A prominent male politician has secret homosexual desires. However, rather than engaging in homosexual behavior, he holds rallies against gay rights and regularly criticizes gay people. The politician is displaying which of the following defense mechanisms? | {
"A": "Repression",
"B": "Reaction formation",
"C": "Denial",
"D": "Displacement"
} | B | MedQA | A prominent male politician has secret homosexual desires. However, rather than engaging in homosexual behavior, he holds rallies against gay rights and regularly criticizes gay people. The politician is displaying which of the following defense mechanisms? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "desire",
"class": "SYM"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
c0f823aa-50c5-483f-9624-08c300dc0fe3 | A healthy 21-year-old man undergoes physical fitness testing prior to long-term submarine deployment. To evaluate his pulmonary function, lung and thoracic compliance are measured at different system pressures. A graph of the relationship between his lung volume and transpulmonary pressure is shown. The dotted line in ... | {
"A": "Inspiratory capacity",
"B": "Tidal volume",
"C": "Functional residual capacity",
"D": "Total lung capacity"
} | C | MedQA | A healthy 21-year-old man undergoes physical fitness testing prior to long-term submarine deployment. To evaluate his pulmonary function, lung and thoracic compliance are measured at different system pressures. A graph of the relationship between his lung volume and transpulmonary pressure is shown. The dotted line in ... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [],
"location": null,
"error": "no_entities_found"
} |
19e11fd0-977c-4897-aeca-e3a62a4b9ceb | A gunshot victim is brought to the Emergency Department and appears to be in shock. You note a penetrating wound at the level of L3. Assuming the bullet remained at this level, which vascular structure might have been injured? | {
"A": "Inferior vena cava",
"B": "Internal iliac vein",
"C": "Renal artery",
"D": "Portal vein"
} | A | MedQA | A gunshot victim is brought to the Emergency Department and appears to be in shock. You note a penetrating wound at the level of L3. Assuming the bullet remained at this level, which vascular structure might have been injured? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "penetrating",
"class": "ITV"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
bba5562e-37ea-461c-b534-2abd8bb94844 | A 3rd year resident in good standing with his residency training program would like to work more hours outside his residency obligations to gain more experience and pay for his medical school loans. He currently works and trains 60 hours per week as a resident and has a 10-hour shift external to his residency program o... | {
"A": "He is already overcommitting and must reduce the number of hours",
"B": "He is not allowed to work outside the scope of his residency training",
"C": "He may work longer shifts",
"D": "He may work up to 20 more hours"
} | C | MedQA | A 3rd year resident in good standing with his residency training program would like to work more hours outside his residency obligations to gain more experience and pay for his medical school loans. He currently works and trains 60 hours per week as a resident and has a 10-hour shift external to his residency program o... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
4d9b4a13-af5b-43c0-a8fa-b4a9f8477f12 | A multi-specialty physician practice is meeting to determine which compensation scheme would best serve the practice and its patient population. Which of the following are true in regards to physician compensation? | {
"A": "Capitation poses the least financial risk to physicians",
"B": "Fee-for-service pays physicians a set amount of money per unit time for every patient under their care",
"C": "Fee-for-service may incentivize physicians to increase healthcare utilization irrespective of quality",
"D": "Fee-for-service pos... | C | MedQA | A multi-specialty physician practice is meeting to determine which compensation scheme would best serve the practice and its patient population. Which of the following are true in regards to physician compensation? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [],
"location": null,
"error": "no_entities_found"
} |
a6cc458c-6e86-4f6a-8692-b493e81ac2f0 | The ribosome is an essential organelle that plays an important role in the synthesis of new proteins. The location of the ribosome within the cell can vary and provides a clue to the function of the particular cell. What ribosome location is essential for protein-secreting cells? | {
"A": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum",
"B": "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum",
"C": "Cytosol",
"D": "Nucleus"
} | A | MedQA | The ribosome is an essential organelle that plays an important role in the synthesis of new proteins. The location of the ribosome within the cell can vary and provides a clue to the function of the particular cell. What ribosome location is essential for protein-secreting cells? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "proteins",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
cc74649e-102f-4bb8-ac7f-424b917b35ee | An academic obstetrician is conducting a retrospective cohort study that evaluates the risk of placenta accreta at all statewide medical centers. Per chart review he finds that a prior cesarian birth is associated with a statistically significant increased risk of placenta accreta. The relative risk associated with thi... | {
"A": "The 99% confidence interval includes the null hypothesis.",
"B": "The chance of bias in favor of the alternative hypothesis is 3%.",
"C": "The p-value represents the likelihood of seeing an increased risk of placenta accreta in women with prior cesarian birth, assuming the alternative hypothesis is true."... | A | MedQA | An academic obstetrician is conducting a retrospective cohort study that evaluates the risk of placenta accreta at all statewide medical centers. Per chart review he finds that a prior cesarian birth is associated with a statistically significant increased risk of placenta accreta. The relative risk associated with thi... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
8e514123-4b42-4c6c-8a7e-3e2daad2a294 | A scientist observes a myocyte beating in cell culture. Which step is the most direct necessary component of relaxation for this cell? | {
"A": "Influx of sodium ions",
"B": "Influx of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum",
"C": "Influx of calcium ions from outside the myocyte",
"D": "Efflux of calcium ions"
} | D | MedQA | A scientist observes a myocyte beating in cell culture. Which step is the most direct necessary component of relaxation for this cell? | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [],
"location": null,
"error": "no_entities_found"
} |
ac9820e5-b4ce-46f9-b2a3-5b5170e4824b | An investigator is studying cellular regeneration of epithelial cells. She has obtained a tissue sample from a normal thyroid gland for histopathologic examination. It shows follicles lined by a single layer of cube-like cells with large central nuclei. Which of the following parts of the female reproductive tract is a... | {
"A": "Ovaries",
"B": "Vagina",
"C": "Fallopian tubes",
"D": "Vulva"
} | A | MedQA | An investigator is studying cellular regeneration of epithelial cells. She has obtained a tissue sample from a normal thyroid gland for histopathologic examination. It shows follicles lined by a single layer of cube-like cells with large central nuclei. Which of the following parts of the female reproductive tract is a... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "examination",
"class": "EQU"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
94968e91-b8be-49f8-a345-ce9d65d80309 | A 28-year-old man reports to his physician that he is having second thoughts about his long-term compatibility with his wife ever since they relocated to a new city. He admits that he has noticed himself flirting with some of the female co-workers at his new workplace. When he goes on a dinner date with his wife after ... | {
"A": "Displacement",
"B": "Dissociation",
"C": "Projection",
"D": "Repression"
} | C | MedQA | A 28-year-old man reports to his physician that he is having second thoughts about his long-term compatibility with his wife ever since they relocated to a new city. He admits that he has noticed himself flirting with some of the female co-workers at his new workplace. When he goes on a dinner date with his wife after ... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "psychological",
"class": "SYM"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
f2f82811-adee-4095-9b06-17ee53f5f888 | A researcher hypothesizes that low birth weight is related to obesity later in life. He conducts a study with a 95% confidence interval with a p-value of 0.049 to disprove his null hypothesis. He rejects his null hypothesis and concludes that low birth weight is associated with obesity. Which of the following statement... | {
"A": "Confidence interval should have been 90%.",
"B": "A type 2 error is not possible in this case.",
"C": "A type 2 error has been made.",
"D": "A type 1 error has been made."
} | B | MedQA | A researcher hypothesizes that low birth weight is related to obesity later in life. He conducts a study with a 95% confidence interval with a p-value of 0.049 to disprove his null hypothesis. He rejects his null hypothesis and concludes that low birth weight is associated with obesity. Which of the following statement... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "low birth weight",
"class": "DIS"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
92194800-3937-4b01-9045-280939416834 | An investigator is studying the frequency of polycythemia in a population of a remote, mountainous region. A representative sample of 100 men shows a normal distribution of hemoglobin concentration with a mean concentration of 17 g/dL and a standard error of 0.1 g/dL. Which of the following best represents the probabil... | {
"A": "30%",
"B": "15%",
"C": "95%",
"D": "99%"
} | B | MedQA | An investigator is studying the frequency of polycythemia in a population of a remote, mountainous region. A representative sample of 100 men shows a normal distribution of hemoglobin concentration with a mean concentration of 17 g/dL and a standard error of 0.1 g/dL. Which of the following best represents the probabil... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "concentration",
"class": "SYM"
}
],
"location": null,
"error": "no_intersection_found"
} |
937c04e2-1ab3-4599-96c5-5b6f4b1952cb | A researcher evaluates healthy breast tissue from 100 women, 50 women that were pregnant at the time of the study and 50 age-matched non-pregnant women. The breast tissue in pregnant women contained an increased number of acinar glands with epithelial proliferation compared to the non-pregnant women. Which process caus... | {
"A": "Hyperplasia",
"B": "Hypertrophy",
"C": "Atrophy",
"D": "Metaplasia"
} | A | MedQA | A researcher evaluates healthy breast tissue from 100 women, 50 women that were pregnant at the time of the study and 50 age-matched non-pregnant women. The breast tissue in pregnant women contained an increased number of acinar glands with epithelial proliferation compared to the non-pregnant women. Which process caus... | {
"method": null,
"type": null,
"k": null,
"n": null,
"all_entities": [],
"location": null,
"error": "no_entities_found"
} |
7c935763-6195-4d87-8f6e-901a2202f058 | A 39-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of progressively worsening chest pain and nausea that started at a local bar 30 minutes prior. The pain radiates to the epigastric area. He has a 5-year history of untreated hypertension. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 5 years and sta... | {
"A": "Diltiazem",
"B": "Labetalol",
"C": "Propranolol",
"D": "Reassurance and continuous monitoring"
} | D | MedQA | A 39-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of progressively worsening chest pain and nausea that started at a local bar 30 minutes prior. The pain radiates to the epigastric area. He has a 5-year history of untreated hypertension. Hypertension often necessitates careful management of stoma care due ... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "hypertension",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "packing",... |
248ec4d4-f0a8-4dea-a192-044d7572c5ef | A 67-year-old man with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of ringing sensation in his ear. He received this first course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy 1 week ago. Pure tone audiometry shows a sensorineural hearing loss of 45 dB. The expected beneficial effect of t... | {
"A": "Inhibition of proteasome",
"B": "Hyperstabilization of microtubules",
"C": "Generation of free radicals",
"D": "Cross-linking of DNA"
} | D | MedQA | A 67-year-old man with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of ringing sensation in his ear. He received this first course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy 1 week ago. Pure tone audiometry shows a sensorineural hearing loss of 45 dB. The therapeutic benefit of the medi... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "cell carcinoma",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "sensations",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "chemotherapy",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "... |
d4290264-c2e9-4fe0-8366-0440fde274c5 | A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because she is embarrassed about the appearance of her nails. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She appears well. A photograph of the nails is shown. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient? | {
"A": "Silvery plaques on extensor surfaces",
"B": "Flesh-colored papules in the lumbosacral region",
"C": "Erosions of the dental enamel",
"D": "Holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border"
} | A | MedQA | A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because she is embarrassed about the appearance of her nails. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Therapeutic use of certain medications can lead to penetrating injury of the gastrointestinal mucosa in susceptible individuals. She appears well. A ph... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "ill",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"secondary_entities": [
{
"entity": "plaque",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
... |
7e9df40c-a5f2-4f75-b0e6-b7867302ce09 | A 59-year-old overweight woman presents to the urgent care clinic with the complaint of severe abdominal pain for the past 2 hours. She also complains of a dull pain in her back with nausea and vomiting several times. Her pain has no relation with food. Her past medical history is significant for recurrent abdominal pa... | {
"A": "Acute cholecystitis",
"B": "Gallbladder cancer",
"C": "Choledocholithiasis",
"D": "Pancreatitis"
} | B | MedQA | A 59-year-old overweight woman presents to the urgent care clinic with the complaint of severe abdominal pain for the past 2 hours. She also complains of a dull pain in her back with nausea and vomiting several times. Her pain has no relation with food. Her past medical history is significant for recurrent abdominal pa... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "abdominal pain",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "vomit",... |
bf50fb73-483c-42ed-9f6d-d76ea8bbf356 | A 47-year-old executive schedules an appointment his physician for a routine medical check-up. He currently has no complaints and claims to be “as fit as a fiddle.” The physical examination findings are unremarkable, except for a mid-systolic murmur heard in the 2nd left intercostal space that radiates to the carotids ... | {
"A": "An increase in right atrial pressure",
"B": "An increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure",
"C": "A reduction in the slope of the pacemaker potential",
"D": "A reduction in diastolic filling time"
} | D | MedQA | A 47-year-old executive schedules an appointment his physician for a routine medical check-up. He currently has no complaints and claims to be “as fit as a fiddle.” The physical examination findings are unremarkable, except for a mid-systolic murmur heard in the 2nd left intercostal space that radiates to the carotids ... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "executive",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "physical examination",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity... |
5e6ac665-df6c-4f18-a9da-a2da14c074e5 | A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of itchy, watery eyes for the past week. He has also been sneezing multiple times a day during this period. He had a similar episode 1 year ago around springtime. He has iron deficiency anemia and ankylosing spondylitis. Current medications include ferrous sulfate, artif... | {
"A": "Erythromycin ointment",
"B": "Ketotifen eye drops",
"C": "Warm compresses",
"D": "Fluorometholone eye drops"
} | B | MedQA | A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of itchy, watery eyes for the past week. He has also been sneezing multiple times a day during this period. He had a similar episode 1 year ago around springtime. He has iron deficiency anemia and ankylosing spondylitis. Current medications include ferrous sulfate, artif... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "sneeze",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "iron",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "drop",
"c... |
a760bdd6-11e6-415e-97ef-17efbb53ece1 | A 20-year-old man comes to the physician because of worsening gait unsteadiness and bilateral hearing loss for 1 month. He has had intermittent tingling sensations on both cheeks over this time period. He has no history of serious medical illness and takes no medications. Audiometry shows bilateral sensorineural hearin... | {
"A": "Renal cell carcinoma",
"B": "Meningioma",
"C": "Astrocytoma",
"D": "Vascular malformations"
} | B | MedQA | A 20-year-old man comes to the physician because of worsening gait unsteadiness and bilateral hearing loss for 1 month. In the setting of a cystic disease, sensorineural hearing loss consistently arises from compression of neural structures. He has had intermittent tingling sensations on both cheeks over this time peri... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "gait",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "hearing loss",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "tingling",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sensations",... |
9cee7247-3969-4d30-87ca-a3a281b0c342 | Two weeks after undergoing an emergency cardiac catherization with stenting for unstable angina pectoris, a 61-year-old man has decreased urinary output and malaise. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis of the hips. Prior to admission, his medications were insulin and naproxen. He was also started on aspi... | {
"A": "Renal papillary necrosis",
"B": "Cholesterol embolization",
"C": "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis",
"D": "Polyarteritis nodosa"
} | B | MedQA | Two weeks after undergoing an emergency cardiac catherization with stenting for unstable angina pectoris, a 61-year-old man has decreased urinary output and malaise. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis of the hips. Prior to admission, his medications were insulin and naproxen. In the setting of a medicat... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "stent",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "unstable",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "angina",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "pectoris",
... |
11798523-ae15-4a7d-8e75-5281282aeadf | A junior orthopaedic surgery resident is completing a carpal tunnel repair with the department chairman as the attending physician. During the case, the resident inadvertently cuts a flexor tendon. The tendon is repaired without complication. The attending tells the resident that the patient will do fine, and there is ... | {
"A": "Disclose the error to the patient and put it in the operative report",
"B": "Tell the attending that he cannot fail to disclose this mistake",
"C": "Report the physician to the ethics committee",
"D": "Refuse to dictate the operative report"
} | B | MedQA | A junior orthopaedic surgery resident is completing a carpal tunnel repair with the department chairman as the attending physician. In the setting of a major limb malformation, surgery consistently involves specialized perioperative planning for musculoskeletal structures. During the case, the resident inadvertently cu... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "orthopaedic",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity": "surgery",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "tendonitis",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "complica... |
5998c4de-1d9b-4f45-8c34-a62536e9fe4b | A 24-year-old G2P1 woman at 39 weeks’ gestation presents to the emergency department complaining of painful contractions occurring every 10 minutes for the past 2 hours, consistent with latent labor. She says she has not experienced vaginal discharge, bleeding, or fluid leakage, and is currently taking no medications. ... | {
"A": "It is a Southwestern blot, identifying the presence of DNA-binding proteins",
"B": "It is a Northern blot, identifying the presence of RNA",
"C": "It is a Northern blot, identifying the presence of DNA",
"D": "It is an HIV-1/HIV2 antibody differentiation immunoassay"
} | D | MedQA | A 24-year-old G2P1 woman at 39 weeks’ gestation presents to the emergency department complaining of painful contractions occurring every 10 minutes for the past 2 hours, consistent with latent labor. She says she has not experienced vaginal discharge, bleeding, or fluid leakage, and is currently taking no medications. ... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "contractions",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "bleeding"... |
c384840e-3adb-4a38-8ca8-6c216d77c0fa | A 3-month-old boy is brought the emergency department by his parents after an episode of cyanosis and muscle hypotonia that resolved after 2 minutes. Diagnostic evaluation fails to discover an exact etiology of the boy's symptoms and the episode is classified as a brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE). The risk profi... | {
"A": "Blinding",
"B": "Restriction",
"C": "Randomization",
"D": "Matching"
} | D | MedQA | A 3-month-old boy is brought the emergency department by his parents after an episode of cyanosis and muscle hypotonia that resolved after 2 minutes. Diagnostic evaluation fails to discover an exact etiology of the boy's symptoms and the episode is classified as a brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE). The risk profi... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "hypotonia",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "symptoms",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "ill",
... |
35364bfb-187e-4be0-b8d2-55003927dc4c | A 68-year-old male comes to the physician for evaluation of right flank pain. He has a history of diabetes and peripheral artery disease. His blood pressure is 160/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows abdominal tenderness and right flank tenderness. An ultrasound shows dilation of the right ureter and renal pelvis. Whi... | {
"A": "Renal artery stenosis",
"B": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia",
"C": "Common iliac artery aneurysm",
"D": "Urethral stricture"
} | C | MedQA | A 68-year-old male comes to the physician for evaluation of right flank pain. He has a history of diabetes and peripheral artery disease. In the setting of a diabetic condition, hyperglycemia consistently promotes the development of mesangial sclerosis. His blood pressure is 160/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows abd... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "flank pain",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "diabetes",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "disease",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "physical ex... |
b6db6af8-0047-41c9-85ef-7250c8f49197 | A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the onset of acute chest pain. He has hypertension and asthma. Current medications include atorvastatin, lisinopril, and an albuterol inhaler. He appears pale and diaphoretic. His pulse is 114/min and blood pressure is 130/88 mm Hg. An ECG shows ... | {
"A": "Nifedipine",
"B": "Enoxaparin",
"C": "Clopidogrel",
"D": "Spironolactone"
} | C | MedQA | A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the onset of acute chest pain. He has hypertension and asthma. In the setting of a hypertensive condition, gamma release assay activity is consistently modified by the underlying vascular inflammatory state. Current medications include atorvastat... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "onset",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "hypertension",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
... |
2b4d5437-3aa5-4582-8637-6aac32f197c0 | A 77-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with the complaints of fever, malaise, and night sweats. She recently observed an enlargement of her axillary lymph nodes, which she examines on a weekly basis. She has a remote history of breast cancer in her 60s that was treated with radiation and chemotherapy. She a... | {
"A": "Travel to Africa",
"B": "Axillary lymph node involvement",
"C": "Previous radiation therapy",
"D": "Previous breast cancer"
} | C | MedQA | A 77-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with the complaints of fever, malaise, and night sweats. She recently observed an enlargement of her axillary lymph nodes, which she examines on a weekly basis. She has a remote history of breast cancer in her 60s that was treated with radiation and chemotherapy. She a... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "fever",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sweating",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "enlargement",... |
31fa2f2b-ece6-4cb9-bae9-ce3b5674c3d7 | A 39-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of fevers, chills, and left lower quadrant pain. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F), pulse is 126/min, respirations are 28/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. There is blood oozing around the site of a peripheral intravenous line. Pelvic examinatio... | {
"A": "Coagulase-positive, gram-positive cocci forming mauve-colored colonies on methicillin-containing agar",
"B": "Encapsulated, gram-negative coccobacilli forming grey-colored colonies on charcoal blood agar",
"C": "Spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli forming yellow colonies on casein agar",
"D": "Lactose-... | D | MedQA | A 39-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of fevers, chills, and left lower quadrant pain. In the setting of a congenital lactase condition, fever consistently arises from gastrointestinal inflammation and malabsorption. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F), pulse is 126/min, respirations are 28... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "fever",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "quadrantic",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "intravenous",
... |
6f71d4a7-86f7-4a4e-9066-3ecb8c2dab11 | A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue and worsening abdominal pain. During this period, he also has excessive night sweats and shortness of breath on exertion. Over the past 3 months, he has had a 5.6-kg (12-lb) weight loss. He had a myocardial infarction 3 years ago. He has h... | {
"A": "Cladribine",
"B": "Prednisone",
"C": "Imatinib",
"D": "Ruxolitinib"
} | D | MedQA | A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue and worsening abdominal pain. In the setting of a myeloproliferative condition, abdominal pain is consistently associated with splenic enlargement due to the detection of aberrant cellular antigens. During this period, he also has excessiv... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "abdominal pain",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sweating",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "breathing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "weigh... |
e18c905c-70f2-4a44-8517-a16063c55aaa | A 37-year-old-woman presents to her primary care physician requesting a new form of birth control. She has been utilizing oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) for the past 8 years, but asks to switch to an intrauterine device (IUD). Her vital signs are: blood pressure 118/78 mm Hg, pulse 73/min and respiratory rate 16/min. ... | {
"A": "A history of stroke or venous thromboembolism",
"B": "Active or recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)",
"C": "Past medical history of breast cancer",
"D": "Known liver neoplasm"
} | B | MedQA | A 37-year-old-woman presents to her primary care physician requesting a new form of birth control. She has been utilizing oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) for the past 8 years, but asks to switch to an intrauterine device (IUD). Her vital signs are: blood pressure 118/78 mm Hg, pulse 73/min and respiratory rate 16/min. ... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "contraceptive",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "device",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity": "vitalit... |
944a343c-194e-489a-adaf-ae5eb79d6bf7 | A 29-year-old man presents to the emergency department due to central chest pain over the past 3 days which is constant and unrelated to exertion. The pain is sharp, severe, increases when lying down, and improves with leaning forward. The pain also radiates to his shoulders and neck. The patient has no past medical hi... | {
"A": "Indomethacin +/- omeprazole",
"B": "Ibuprofen + colchicine +/- omeprazole",
"C": "Pericardiocentesis",
"D": "Pericardiectomy"
} | B | MedQA | A 29-year-old man presents to the emergency department due to central chest pain over the past 3 days which is constant and unrelated to exertion. The pain is sharp, severe, increases when lying down, and improves with leaning forward. The pain also radiates to his shoulders and neck. The patient has no past medical hi... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sharp",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
... |
aa92e2ff-006c-45c7-be69-172a27a116b9 | A microbiologist is studying the emergence of a virulent strain of the virus. After a detailed study of the virus and its life cycle, he proposes a theory: Initially, a host cell is co-infected with 2 viruses from the same virus family. Within the host cell, concomitant production of various genome segments from both v... | {
"A": "Epstein-Barr virus",
"B": "Human immunodeficiency virus",
"C": "Rotavirus",
"D": "Vaccinia virus"
} | C | MedQA | A microbiologist is studying the emergence of a virulent strain of the virus. The emergence of a virulent virus strain is a recognized driver in the pathogenesis of certain lymphomas, including primary mediastinal large b-cell lymphoma. After a detailed study of the virus and its life cycle, he proposes a theory: Initi... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "straining",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "virus",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "cycling",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "co-infection",
... |
2eae6c34-8f63-45f3-9829-22bc618f4c15 | A 7-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician’s office for a follow-up visit. He was diagnosed with asthma when he was 3 years old and has since been on treatment for the condition. He is currently on a β-agonist inhaler because of exacerbation of his symptoms. He has observed that his symptoms are more prominent in ... | {
"A": "IL-2",
"B": "IL-10",
"C": "IL-13",
"D": "IL-4"
} | D | MedQA | A 7-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician’s office for a follow-up visit. He was diagnosed with asthma when he was 3 years old and has since been on treatment for the condition. In the setting of an allergic airway condition, standard treatment regimens consistently involve the use of beta-agonists to manage bron... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "treatment",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "inhalants",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "exacerbation",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sympto... |
000a354e-18b3-4039-9901-1e5b281d397c | A 46-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for evaluation of altered mental status. He was found on the floor in front of his apartment. He is somnolent but responsive when aroused. His pulse is 64/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. On physical examination, an alcoholic s... | {
"A": "Hypoglycemia",
"B": "Ethanol intoxication",
"C": "Cannabis intoxication",
"D": "Benzodiazepine intoxication\n\""
} | D | MedQA | A 46-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for evaluation of altered mental status. Altered mental status is frequently observed in a substantial proportion of cases involving synthetic cathinone intoxication. He was found on the floor in front of his apartment. He is somnolent but responsive when aroused... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "mental",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "status",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "response",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "arousal",
... |
904ecfaf-fbd7-4404-bb73-7dc932686311 | A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for worsening wheezing and shortness of breath over the past day. He has not had a fever, cough, vomiting, or diarrhea. He has asthma and eczema. He uses a glucocorticoid inhaler and an albuterol inhaler but has missed his medications for the past we... | {
"A": "Intubate with mechanical ventilation",
"B": "Perform needle thoracostomy at the 2nd intercostal space",
"C": "Perform bronchoscopy",
"D": "Provide additional dose of methylprednisolone"
} | A | MedQA | A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for worsening wheezing and shortness of breath over the past day. He has not had a fever, cough, vomiting, or diarrhea. He has asthma and eczema. He uses a glucocorticoid inhaler and an albuterol inhaler but has missed his medications for the past we... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "breathing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "fever",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "coughing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "vomit",
... |
ff75f366-4f43-4b11-b219-83ed9e00f309 | A 5-year-old female suffers from recurrent infections by Aspergillus species, Pseudomonas species, and Staphylococcus aureus. The patient's neutrophils are examined in the laboratory and they fail to react during the nitroblue tetrazolium test. Which of the following is most likely dysfunctional in this patient? | {
"A": "Immunoglobulin class switching",
"B": "Superoxide dismutase",
"C": "Myeloperoxidase",
"D": "Respiratory burst"
} | D | MedQA | A 5-year-old female suffers from recurrent infections by Aspergillus species, Pseudomonas species, and Staphylococcus aureus. In the setting of a condition characterized by recurrent infections, heavy chain deposition consistently demonstrates a pathophysiological association with impaired immune function. The patient'... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "recurrent",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "infections",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "pseudomonas",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "staphy... |
e28acef5-99c4-4d4f-8e57-e926d8492b13 | A 22-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of fever, intermittent rigors, and night sweats. She also has a 1-month history of progressive fatigue. Five weeks ago, she was hospitalized and received intravenous antibiotics for treatment of bacterial meningitis while visiting rel... | {
"A": "Doxycycline",
"B": "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole",
"C": "Linezolid",
"D": "Chloramphenicol"
} | D | MedQA | A 22-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of fever, intermittent rigors, and night sweats. She also has a 1-month history of progressive fatigue. Five weeks ago, she was hospitalized and received intravenous antibiotics for treatment of bacterial meningitis while visiting rel... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "fever",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sweating",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "intravenous",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "antibiotic",... |
50a43211-dc6e-4072-8ca0-9e08ac96c1bf | A 3-month-old infant is brought to her pediatrician because she coughs and seems to have difficulty breathing while feeding. In addition, she seems to have less energy compared to other babies and appears listless throughout the day. She was born by cesarean section to a G1P1 woman with no prior medical history and had... | {
"A": "22q11 deletion",
"B": "Deletion of genes on chromosome 7",
"C": "Lithium exposure in utero",
"D": "Maternal alcohol consumption"
} | A | MedQA | A 3-month-old infant is brought to her pediatrician because she coughs and seems to have difficulty breathing while feeding. Difficulty breathing in infants is frequently observed in a substantial proportion of cases with nervous system anomalies. In addition, she seems to have less energy compared to other babies and ... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "coughing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "breathing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "feeding",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "medications"... |
09709063-f2c1-42c4-b92b-3ad1d05d0389 | A 3-week-old male newborn is brought to the physician because of an inward turning of his left forefoot. He was born at 38 weeks' gestation by cesarean section because of breech presentation. The pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios. Examination shows concavity of the medial border of the left foot with a skin ... | {
"A": "Foot abduction brace",
"B": "Arthrodesis of the forefoot",
"C": "Reassurance",
"D": "Tarsometatarsal capsulotomy"
} | C | MedQA | A 3-week-old male newborn is brought to the physician because of an inward turning of his left forefoot. He was born at 38 weeks' gestation by cesarean section because of breech presentation. The pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios. Examination shows concavity of the medial border of the left foot with a skin ... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "breech presentation",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pregnancy",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "complications",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entit... |
c075b5d6-94f2-47b4-af04-b305095d6b5d | An otherwise healthy 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of increasingly frequent episodes of upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He has had a 3.2-kg (7-lb) weight loss during this time. Physical examination shows bilateral pitting pedal edema. An endoscopy shows promin... | {
"A": "Serotonin-secreting gastric tumor",
"B": "Proliferation of gastric mucus-producing cells",
"C": "Excessive somatostatin secretion",
"D": "Ectopic secretion of gastrin"
} | B | MedQA | An otherwise healthy 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of increasingly frequent episodes of upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He has had a 3.2-kg (7-lb) weight loss during this time. Physical examination shows bilateral pitting pedal edema. An endoscopy shows promin... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "abdominal pain",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "vomit",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "diarrhea",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "weight lo... |
a878a7cb-bd24-4cf6-8f7e-907a6ccfe20d | A 62-year-old patient has been hospitalized for a week due to a stroke. One week into the hospitalization, he develops a fever and purulent cough. His vitals include: heart rate 88/min, respiratory rate 20/min, temperature 38.4°C (101.1°F), and blood pressure 110/85 mm Hg. On physical examination, he has basal crackles... | {
"A": "Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"B": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis",
"C": "Haemophilus influenzae",
"D": "Staphylococcus aureus"
} | D | MedQA | A 62-year-old patient has been hospitalized for a week due to a stroke. One week into the hospitalization, he develops a fever and purulent cough. In the setting of a neonatal condition, fever is a consistently documented systemic sign of infection. His vitals include: heart rate 88/min, respiratory rate 20/min, temper... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "stroke",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "fever",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "coughing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "vitality",
... |
495f34fd-ad54-4e98-8a3c-cb06132ab162 | A 30-year-old African American woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of a dry cough and chest discomfort for the past 3 days. During this period, the patient has had headaches, muscle aches, joint pain, fever, and chills. Ten days ago, she was hiking with her family in Mississippi. The patient has asthma that... | {
"A": "Legionella pneumophila infection",
"B": "Pneumocystis pneumonia",
"C": "Histoplasma capsulatum infection",
"D": "Blastomyces dermatitidis infection"
} | C | MedQA | A 30-year-old African American woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of a dry cough and chest discomfort for the past 3 days. During this period, the patient has had headaches, muscle aches, joint pain, fever, and chills. In the setting of a pulmonary fungal infection, fever consistently occurs as part of the... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "coughing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "discomfort",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "ache",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "joint pain",
... |
7aecc2ef-23fc-4713-af15-215c6940c345 | A 3-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a ‘cough-like-a-seal bark’ and a high-pitched inspiratory noise that is audible without a stethoscope. His mother reports that his cough has worsened over the last few hours. The patient's blood pressure is 118/78 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, respiratory rate is 35/... | {
"A": "Increased interstitial markings",
"B": "Lobar consolidation in the lingual",
"C": "Thumbprint sign on the lateral image",
"D": "Steeple sign"
} | D | MedQA | A 3-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a ‘cough-like-a-seal bark’ and a high-pitched inspiratory noise that is audible without a stethoscope. His mother reports that his cough has worsened over the last few hours. The patient's blood pressure is 118/78 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, respiratory rate is 35/... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "coughing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "physical examination",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity":... |
f2e59396-7b56-4dcb-afbb-f69178589013 | A 4-year-old previously healthy boy presents with 4 days of intermittent vomiting and 5-6 daily loose stools. His mother noted bloody stools and decreased oral intake of food and water over the last 24 hours. He is normally in daycare; however, he has been home for the past 3 days. On physical exam his temperature is 1... | {
"A": "Gram stain positive CSF",
"B": "Peripheral eosinophilia",
"C": "Xanthochromia on cerebrospinal fluid analysis",
"D": "Increased cerebrospinal fluid protein with normal cell count"
} | D | MedQA | A 4-year-old previously healthy boy presents with 4 days of intermittent vomiting and 5-6 daily loose stools. His mother noted bloody stools and decreased oral intake of food and water over the last 24 hours. He is normally in daycare; however, he has been home for the past 3 days. On physical exam his temperature is 1... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "vomit",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "diffuse",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "tenderness",
... |
81d384f1-f030-4e38-8bfd-4cea9e34c746 | A 42-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of right upper abdominal pain and nausea. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 91 kg (200 lb); her BMI is 34 kg/m2. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Physical examination shows a distended abdomen and right upper quadrant tendernes... | {
"A": "Autodigestion of pancreatic parenchyma",
"B": "Fistula between the gallbladder and small intestine",
"C": "Infection with a hepatotropic virus",
"D": "Obstruction of the cystic duct"
} | D | MedQA | A 42-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of right upper abdominal pain and nausea. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 91 kg (200 lb); her BMI is 34 kg/m2. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Physical examination shows a distended abdomen and right upper quadrant tendernes... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "abdominal pain",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "physical examination",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity": "quadrantic",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"en... |
83f083f7-efd0-4830-aa97-d527bc327a51 | A 72-year-old woman is admitted to the intensive care unit for shortness of breath and palpitations. A cardiac catheterization is performed and measurements of the left ventricular volume and pressure at different points in the cardiac cycle are obtained. The patient's pressure-volume loop (gray) is shown with a normal... | {
"A": "Mitral valve regurgitation",
"B": "Increased systemic vascular resistance",
"C": "Increased ventricular wall stiffness",
"D": "Impaired left ventricular contractility"
} | C | MedQA | A 72-year-old woman is admitted to the intensive care unit for shortness of breath and palpitations. In the setting of a sympathetic nervous system condition, palpitation is consistently associated with an increased perception of voluntary movement. A cardiac catheterization is performed and measurements of the left ve... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "breathing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "palpitation",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "cycling",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "symptoms"... |
a4225cb4-27d0-4489-99ab-53ae165f6663 | A 27-year-old woman presents to the office with concerns about her long struggle with her physical appearance since adolescence. She says she has always been "large" and was constantly targeted by her classmates and coworkers for being so. Her main concern at the moment is her acne and unwanted facial hair on her upper... | {
"A": "Hypothyroidism",
"B": "Idiopathic hirsutism",
"C": "Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)",
"D": "Ovarian hyperthecosis"
} | C | MedQA | A 27-year-old woman presents to the office with concerns about her long struggle with her physical appearance since adolescence. She says she has always been "large" and was constantly targeted by her classmates and coworkers for being so. Her main concern at the moment is her acne and unwanted facial hair on her upper... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "type 2 diabetes",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "physical examination",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"e... |
a43e32f2-3dd1-46a3-ba10-de73421f6cc7 | A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department. He was brought in by staff from the homeless shelter when they found him unresponsive. The patient is a known IV drug abuser but otherwise has an unknown past medical history. He currently attends a methadone clinic. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood press... | {
"A": "Insulin, potassium, IV fluids, and glucose",
"B": "IV fluids only",
"C": "Oral rehydration",
"D": "Supportive therapy and close monitoring"
} | A | MedQA | A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department. He was brought in by staff from the homeless shelter when they found him unresponsive. The patient is a known IV drug abuser but otherwise has an unknown past medical history. He currently attends a methadone clinic. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood press... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "drug",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "oxygen",
... |
44acb95f-8589-474b-b0b4-94b8cca205f2 | А 43-уеаr-old mаn рrеѕеntѕ wіth tіnglіng аnd numbnеѕѕ of the lowеr lіmbѕ for 2 wееkѕ. Не also сomрlаіnѕ of реrѕіѕtеnt раіn in his legs whісh is not relieved by over-the-counter analgesics. Past medical history is significant for type 2 dіаbеtes mellitus for 2 уеаrѕ, inconsistently managed with mеtformіn аnd glіmеріrіdе... | {
"A": "Use of atorvastatin",
"B": "Femoro-Ileal artery bypass",
"C": "Strict blood glucose control",
"D": "Lower limb amputation"
} | C | MedQA | А 43-уеаr-old mаn рrеѕеntѕ wіth tіnglіng аnd numbnеѕѕ of the lowеr lіmbѕ for 2 wееkѕ. Не also сomрlаіnѕ of реrѕіѕtеnt раіn in his legs whісh is not relieved by over-the-counter analgesics. Past medical history is significant for type 2 dіаbеtes mellitus for 2 уеаrѕ, inconsistently managed with mеtformіn аnd glіmеріrіdе... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "symptoms",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "presenting",... |
98ee6130-820a-4c05-b8e0-427a1214d8f0 | A 26-year-old woman presents to a gynecologist after a missed period. After performing a complete physical examination and a screening test for pregnancy, her gynecologist informs her that she is pregnant. She is very surprised as she has been taking oral contraceptives regularly. When the gynecologist asks her about t... | {
"A": "Induction of CYP3A4 by rifampin leading to decreased serum levels of ethinylestradiol and progesterone",
"B": "Induction of CYP2A6 by rifampin leading to increased inactivation of ethinylestradiol",
"C": "Interference with the intestinal absorption of the oral contraceptive by pyrazinamide",
"D": "Incre... | A | MedQA | A 26-year-old woman presents to a gynecologist after a missed period. After performing a complete physical examination and a screening test for pregnancy, her gynecologist informs her that she is pregnant. She is very surprised as she has been taking oral contraceptives regularly. When the gynecologist asks her about t... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "physical examination",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity": "screening",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity"... |
fd44f546-3d88-43ba-b888-12d4631ca40e | A healthy 23-year-old male is undergoing an exercise stress test as part of his physiology class. If blood were to be sampled at different locations before and after the stress test, which area of the body would contain the lowest oxygen content at both time points? | {
"A": "Inferior vena cava",
"B": "Coronary sinus",
"C": "Pulmonary artery",
"D": "Pulmonary vein"
} | B | MedQA | A healthy 23-year-old male is undergoing an exercise stress test as part of his physiology class. The physiological assessment of exertion includes the measurement of respiration to quantify metabolic demand. If blood were to be sampled at different locations before and after the stress test, which area of the body wou... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "stress",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "physiological",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "oxygen",
"class": "DRG"
}
],
"secondary_entities": [],
... |
a0ca113e-1557-4ad1-9fa9-e7c27254b349 | A 67-year-old man who was diagnosed with arthritis 16 years ago presents with right knee swelling and pain. His left knee was swollen a few weeks ago, but now with both joints affected, he has difficulty walking and feels frustrated. He also has back pain which makes it extremely difficult to move around and be active ... | {
"A": "Psoriatic arthritis",
"B": "Arthritis mutilans",
"C": "Rheumatoid arthritis",
"D": "Mixed connective tissue disease"
} | A | MedQA | A 67-year-old man who was diagnosed with arthritis 16 years ago presents with right knee swelling and pain. In the setting of an arthritis condition, primary psychotic manifestations are a well-documented neuropsychiatric complication. His left knee was swollen a few weeks ago, but now with both joints affected, he has... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "arthritis",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "walking",
... |
11b768c9-cbae-4cd5-9162-70985262ab79 | A 65-year-old woman schedules an appointment with her physician for evaluation of weight loss and weakness. The weakness is more noticeable when climbing stairs and combing hair. The weakness improves after brief exercise. She also has bladder incontinence for the past 4 weeks and was given an anticholinesterase agent ... | {
"A": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy",
"B": "Hypothyroidism",
"C": "Myasthenia gravis",
"D": "Paraneoplastic syndrome from small cell carcinoma of the lung"
} | D | MedQA | A 65-year-old woman schedules an appointment with her physician for evaluation of weight loss and weakness. Weakness in integumentary disorders is frequently exacerbated by physical exertion due to underlying neuromuscular compromise. The weakness is more noticeable when climbing stairs and combing hair. The weakness i... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "weight loss",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "weakness",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "incontinence",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "sympt... |
fdb546f9-c945-41f9-97d6-b8ffe0c9ef5f | A 53-year-old man with recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma is enrolled in a clinical trial for a novel chemotherapeutic agent that his physician believes may be beneficial to his condition. The novel drug was previously tested in a small population and is now undergoing a larger phase 3 trial in preparation for FDA app... | {
"A": "0.375",
"B": "0.5",
"C": "2.5",
"D": "2.67"
} | D | MedQA | A 53-year-old man with recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma is enrolled in a clinical trial for a novel chemotherapeutic agent that his physician believes may be beneficial to his condition. In the setting of an adenocarcinoma condition, factor Xa inhibitors consistently target thrombin generation pathways to mitigate a... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "recurrent",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pancreatitis",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "adenocarcinoma",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "d... |
1f813367-168a-421c-98c0-a8201920fc27 | A 3-month-old boy presents to his pediatrician with persistent diarrhea, oral candidiasis, and signs and symptoms suggestive of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia. His weight is in the 10th percentile. He is being evaluated for an immunodeficiency disease. Laboratory results for the HIV are negative by PCR. Wh... | {
"A": "Defective T cell function",
"B": "Grossly reduced levels of B cells",
"C": "Defective isotype switching",
"D": "Selective IgA deficiency"
} | A | MedQA | A 3-month-old boy presents to his pediatrician with persistent diarrhea, oral candidiasis, and signs and symptoms suggestive of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia. In the setting of a chronic enteritis condition, persistent diarrhea symptoms are consistently a prominent clinical feature. His weight is in the 1... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "diarrhea",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "signs",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "symptoms",
... |
6ce435cf-04bb-4a98-8d5d-db217c02b41b | A 65-year-old male is treated for anal carcinoma with therapy including external beam radiation. How does radiation affect cancer cells? | {
"A": "Induces the formation of thymidine dimers",
"B": "Induces the formation of disulfide bonds",
"C": "Induces deamination of cytosine",
"D": "Induces breaks in double-stranded DNA"
} | D | MedQA | A 65-year-old male is treated for anal carcinoma with therapy including external beam radiation. The therapeutic effect of radiation is mediated by inducing DNA damage, which disrupts cellular replication in rapidly dividing neoplastic tissue. How does radiation affect cancer cells? | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "carcinoma",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "therapy",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "cancer",
"class": "DIS"
}
],
"secondary_entities": [],
"an... |
7f050265-f103-434e-b896-7756d54be7f5 | A 67-year-old male is seen by neurology after he was noticed to be speaking strangely by his family. After acute treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the patient is able to recover most of his speech. Subsequent neurologic exam finds that the patient is fluent while speaking and is able to comprehend both... | {
"A": "Arcuate fasciculus",
"B": "Superior temporal gyrus",
"C": "Inferior frontal gyrus + superior temporal gyrus",
"D": "Arcuate fasciculus + inferior frontal gyrus + superior temporal gyrus"
} | A | MedQA | A 67-year-old male is seen by neurology after he was noticed to be speaking strangely by his family. After acute treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the patient is able to recover most of his speech. Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is initiated in the setting of an acute ischemic stroke... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "treatment",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "plasminogen activator",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "speech",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "... |
eab9f382-edb6-4abd-a10c-ec461f34785b | A one-day-old male is evaluated in the hospital nursery for bilious vomiting. The patient has urinated multiple times since birth but has not yet passed meconium. He was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 36-year-old gravida 3 via vaginal delivery. The pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes. The patient’s mothe... | {
"A": "Duodenal atresia",
"B": "Meconium ileus",
"C": "Necrotizing enterocolitis",
"D": "Pyloric stenosis"
} | A | MedQA | A one-day-old male is evaluated in the hospital nursery for bilious vomiting. The patient has urinated multiple times since birth but has not yet passed meconium. He was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 36-year-old gravida 3 via vaginal delivery. The pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes. The patient’s mothe... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "vomit",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "passing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "meconium",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pregnancy",
... |
314d4559-64fa-408a-9c69-41e4c8ac8f32 | A 45-year-old G5P4105 presents to her gynecologist’s office with six months of increasingly heavy periods. She now soaks one super absorbent tampon every two hours for five days each cycle. Her cycles have also become irregular, with intermenstrual bleeding for the last two months. She now experiences significant dysme... | {
"A": "Globular 10-week sized uterus",
"B": "Adnexal mass",
"C": "Irregular 14-week sized uterus",
"D": "No remarkable physical exam finding"
} | A | MedQA | A 45-year-old G5P4105 presents to her gynecologist’s office with six months of increasingly heavy periods. She now soaks one super absorbent tampon every two hours for five days each cycle. Her cycles have also become irregular, with intermenstrual bleeding for the last two months. She now experiences significant dysme... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "cycling",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "irregular",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "bleeding",... |
7c4d52c6-967c-4536-9c24-14157a328a9c | A medical research study is evaluating an investigational novel drug (medication 1) compared with standard therapy (medication 2) in patients presenting to the emergency department with myocardial infarction (MI). The study enrolled a total of 3,000 subjects, 1,500 in each study arm. Follow-up was conducted at 45 days ... | {
"A": "5",
"B": "16",
"C": "20",
"D": "50"
} | C | MedQA | A medical research study is evaluating an investigational novel drug (medication 1) compared with standard therapy (medication 2) in patients presenting to the emergency department with myocardial infarction (MI). In the setting of an acute coronary syndrome, presenting with chest pain is consistently associated with t... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "drug",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "therapy",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "presenting",
... |
5b8f9117-e235-4312-aa99-e12423a876fb | An otherwise healthy 26-year-old man comes to the physician for medication counseling after recently being diagnosed with schizophrenia. Risperidone therapy is initiated. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following adverse effects? | {
"A": "Agranulocytosis",
"B": "Shortened QT interval",
"C": "Gynecomastia",
"D": "Weight loss"
} | C | MedQA | An otherwise healthy 26-year-old man comes to the physician for medication counseling after recently being diagnosed with schizophrenia. Risperidone therapy is initiated. The use of certain medications in a psychiatric condition consistently modifies gastrointestinal motility and immune function. This patient is at inc... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "medications",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "therapy",
"class": "ITV"
}
],
"secondary_entities": [
{
"entity": "weight loss",
"class": "SYM"
}
... |
2dbf4754-a455-4cde-a886-4e4315707a20 | A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-week history of tingling pain in the sole of his right foot when he raises it above chest level during exercises. He reports that he started exercising regularly 2 months ago and that his right calf cramps when he uses the incline feature on the treadmill, forcing... | {
"A": "Femoropopliteal artery stenosis",
"B": "Acute thrombosis of right popliteal vein",
"C": "Lumbar spinal stenosis",
"D": "Aortoiliac artery stenosis\n\""
} | A | MedQA | A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-week history of tingling pain in the sole of his right foot when he raises it above chest level during exercises. He reports that he started exercising regularly 2 months ago and that his right calf cramps when he uses the incline feature on the treadmill, forcing... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "tingling",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "cramps",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "type 2 diabetes",... |
09afde96-95bb-47d1-b5b3-ec8d0ff3dfb7 | A man is brought into the emergency department by the police department. The officer state that the man has been arrested multiple times for public alcohol intoxication, but recently became homeless. On exam, the man is behaving erratically. His vitals are all within normal limits. He appears confused and has a slurred... | {
"A": "Ethanol",
"B": "Naltrexone",
"C": "Naloxone",
"D": "Fomepizole"
} | D | MedQA | A man is brought into the emergency department by the police department. The officer state that the man has been arrested multiple times for public alcohol intoxication, but recently became homeless. On exam, the man is behaving erratically. His vitals are all within normal limits. He appears confused and has a slurred... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "alcoholic intoxication",
"class": "DRG"
},
{
"entity": "vitality",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "confused",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity":... |
a93f3c2e-43ba-4777-a73e-4e2f1ab5d6b8 | A 67-year-old man is hospitalized after several days of fever and increasing shortness of breath. Respiratory viral panel returns positive for influenza A and the patient is started on a standard five day course of oseltamivir. Despite therapy, his shortness of breath continues to worsen and his oxygen saturation decre... | {
"A": "Sweeping of debris out of the alveoli by ciliated cells",
"B": "Excess mucus production by goblet cells",
"C": "Proliferation of surfactant-secreting cells",
"D": "Proliferation of club cells"
} | C | MedQA | A 67-year-old man is hospitalized after several days of fever and increasing shortness of breath. Fever in systemic inflammatory conditions consistently alters surfactant metabolism, contributing to impaired alveolar function. Respiratory viral panel returns positive for influenza A and the patient is started on a stan... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "fever",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "breathing",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "influenza",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "therapy",
... |
e66ad242-3d1b-47e7-933f-4c8987a070ac | A 56-year-old man with a history of hypertension presents to his physician with progressive fatigue and new onset muscle cramps. He has had no recent changes to his medication regimen, which includes hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, and amlodipine. His temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 174/111 mmHg, pul... | {
"A": "Aldosterone excess",
"B": "Catecholamine-secreting mass",
"C": "Cortisol excess",
"D": "Impaired kidney perfusion"
} | A | MedQA | A 56-year-old man with a history of hypertension presents to his physician with progressive fatigue and new onset muscle cramps. In the setting of a hypertensive condition, new symptom onset consistently signals the emergence of bodily distress. He has had no recent changes to his medication regimen, which includes hyd... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "hypertension",
"class": "DIS"
},
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "onset",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "muscle cr... |
8207150b-7db1-4040-a614-9289702db274 | A 72-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter because of a 6-month history of worsening short-term memory deficits and social withdrawal. Treatment with galantamine is initiated. Two weeks later, the patient develops vomiting, mild crampy abdominal pain, and watery, nonbloody diarrhea. Which of the fo... | {
"A": "Bethanechol",
"B": "Metoclopramide",
"C": "Atropine",
"D": "Oxybutynin"
} | C | MedQA | A 72-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter because of a 6-month history of worsening short-term memory deficits and social withdrawal. Social withdrawal in cognitive disorders often precedes the dysentery risk associated with anticholinesterase therapy. Treatment with galantamine is initiated. In t... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "withdrawal",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "treatment",
"class": "ITV"
},
{
"entity": "vomit",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "abdominal pa... |
c13b2c29-0dcb-406b-9073-f80483de5bd1 | A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of yellowish discoloration of his skin and generalized pruritus. Examination shows jaundice of the skin and scleral icterus. Urinalysis shows an elevated concentration of bilirubin and a low concentration of urobilinogen. Which of the following is the... | {
"A": "Absent UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity",
"B": "Increased hemoglobin breakdown",
"C": "Increased intestinal bilirubin reabsorption",
"D": "Defective hepatic bile excretion"
} | D | MedQA | A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of yellowish discoloration of his skin and generalized pruritus. Examination shows jaundice of the skin and scleral icterus. In the setting of a viral hepatic condition, examination findings of jaundice and icterus are consistently associated with con... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "examination",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity": "jaundice",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "urinalysis",
"class": "EQU"
},
{
"entity": "elevati... |
7e9a24c0-6b04-4d8e-aeae-fa5b672486d8 | A 22-year-old female college student is treated with metronidazole after presenting to student health services with itching, discharge, and pain in her vagina. At a party shortly afterward she experiences facial flushing, nausea, tachycardia, dyspnea, headache, and abdominal cramps after consuming alcohol. Serum levels... | {
"A": "Acetaldehyde",
"B": "Uric acid",
"C": "Cytochrome P-450 enzymes",
"D": "Amylase"
} | A | MedQA | A 22-year-old female college student is treated with metronidazole after presenting to student health services with itching, discharge, and pain in her vagina. At a party shortly afterward she experiences facial flushing, nausea, tachycardia, dyspnea, headache, and abdominal cramps after consuming alcohol. In the setti... | {
"method": "core_intersection",
"type": "insertion",
"k": 20,
"n": 2,
"all_entities": [
{
"entity": "presenting",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "health",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "itch",
"class": "SYM"
},
{
"entity": "pains",
"c... |
End of preview.
CORE-MedQA
CORE-MedQA: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Medical Question Answering with Co-Occurrence Information (under review).
CORE-MedQA evaluates the robustness of LLMs to medically related but non-decisive context. For each question we extract medical entities, mine co-occurring entity triplets from a PPMI matrix (11,493 ICHI/ICD-11 entities × 12,820 PubMed papers), and let an LLM rewrite the top-2 triplets into factual context sentences that are inserted into the question without changing the answer. Across six general-purpose and medical LLMs, this context lowers accuracy by 3.1% on average.
Data
Data/
├── datasets/
│ ├── MedQA/CORE.jsonl # 1,273 records (MedQA-USMLE test)
│ └── MedXpertQA/CORE.jsonl # 2,450 records (MedXpertQA-Text test)
├── entities/
│ └── entities_classified.csv # 11,493 entities: Code, Name, Class (DIS/BOD/SYM/EQU/DRG/ITV)
└── co-occurrence-mat/
└── all_pmi.npz # 11,493 × 11,493 sparse PPMI matrix (scipy CSR)
Quick start
import json, pandas as pd, scipy.sparse as sp
rows = [json.loads(l) for l in open("Data/datasets/MedQA/CORE.jsonl", encoding="utf-8")]
entities = pd.read_csv("Data/entities/entities_classified.csv") # row i ↔ matrix index i
pmi = sp.load_npz("Data/co-occurrence-mat/all_pmi.npz") # pmi[i, j] = PPMI(entity_i, entity_j)
Or via datasets:
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("YOUR_HF_ID/CORE-MedQA", data_files={"MedQA": "datasets/MedQA/CORE.jsonl",
"MedXpertQA": "datasets/MedXpertQA/CORE.jsonl"})
Original questions are from MedQA-USMLE and MedXpertQA; please follow their licenses.
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