Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form Type: S-4
Source: 0001213900-25-096656
Chunk: 362

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form: S-4
Chunk 362
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 consistently detected in plasma samples (Kunwar et al. (2023) Diagnostics 13:2170). In 2H 2023 DiamiR introduced machine learning with AI analytics into its laboratory to optimize the panel, and, if feasible, reduce the number of miRNAs in CogniMIR ®to improve COGS and laboratory workflow without sacrificing performance. 205

Brain-enriched miRNAs detectable in blood plasma hold strong potential as peripheral biomarkers of AD and AD related dementias The data generated by DiamiR over the last fourteen years provide strong support for the use of circulating brain -enrichedand inflammation -associatedmiRNAs as biomarkers for detecting and assessing the course of neurodegenerative diseases at early, including preclinical, and later stages. Most notable findings include: DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MCI AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROL

| In studies conducted with plasma samples collected at Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, miR-132 and miR-134 biomarker families detecting clinically diagnosed MCI with up to 0.95 accuracy (n=60) were identified. The data were replicated in an independent cohort of samples (n=100). Progression from a normal cognitive state to MCI was predicted with 0.84 accuracy 1 – 5 years prior to clinical diagnosis (n=19). 
 (Aging, 2012, 4:590; Aging, 2013, 5:925)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |

DIFFERENTIATION OF AD FROM OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

| In a study conducted with samples collected at the University of Pennsylvania, miRNA pairs and classifiers differentiated AD/PD/FTD/ALS from controls (n=250) with accuracies of 0.89/0.90/0.88/0.83 (AUCs: 0.96/0.96/0.94/0.93); and NDs from each other with accuracy/AUC ranging from 0.77/0.87 for AD vs. FTD to 0.93/0.98 for AD vs. ALS. The data indicated sex-related effects of some miRNA markers; the average increase in accuracy in distinguishing ND from control for all and male/female groups was .06. 
 (Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 2017, 9:89)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |

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