Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form Type: S-4
Source: 0001213900-25-096656
Chunk: 361

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form: S-4
Chunk 361
---
 who do convert to dementia, are diagnosed with vascular, Lewy body, Huntington, Parkinson, and other non -ADdementias; and finally (4) disease progression varies for AD patients from slow to intermediate to rapid. New research consortiums such as the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuro -imagingInitiative (ADNI) in the US ( http://www.adni -info .org/) and similar projects in other countries have contributed to significant progress in early detection of AD with high sensitivity and specificity by imaging techniques and analysis of protein biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid. However, the high cost, around $3,000, and invasiveness of these methods make their application to primary screening of large populations impractical. Thus, there is a great need for an accurate and cost -effectiveblood -basedtest for early detection of AD. (Cost -effectivenessof using amyloid positron emission tomography in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Lee et. al., Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation volume 19, Article number: 50 (2021)). A recent article “The Financial Consequences of Undiagnosed Memory Disorders” published in May 2024 (Gresenz, et al., Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 1106; 2024)) examined the effects of pre -symptomaticand early symptomatic brain health conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, on credit outcomes using national credit and Medicare databases. The authors reported weaken credit scores and payment delinquency, particularly for mortgage and credit cards, “years prior to eventual diagnosis.” DiamiR believes these data on financial impact of neurodegenerative diseases, such as MCI and AD, on patients and their families further supports the importance of developing and making available minimally invasive biomarkers, such as CogniMIR ®panel, for early detection, including at pre -symptomaticstages, for broader use. 204 COGNIMIR ® PANEL OF miRNA BIOMARKERS for MCI and AD RISK ASSESSMENT The table below presents the CogniMIR ®panel of miRNA biomarkers in its current form. The miRNAs listed below are detectable in blood plasma and include miRNAs which are enriched in specific brain regions and present in synapses and those associated with inflammation. In 2023 DiamiR performed analytical validation of the technology, demonstrating that all CogniMIR ®panel miRNAs can be reliably and