Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 272

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 272
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 of the pair as a biomarker. This finding
significantly improves the selection of optimal miRNA pairs. Advantages and disadvantages of “Organ/Cell Specific Analysis”
developed by DiamiR vs. other approaches to identifying miRNA biomarkers are summarized in the table above.

In summary, miRNAs are powerful biomarkers, because:

| ● | Certain miRNAs are enriched in |

| ○ | specific organs in the body (e.g. brain)                      |
| ○ | organ regions or tissues in an organ (e.g. hippocampus)       |
| ○ | cell types (e.g. neurons)                                     |
| ○ | cellular compartments within a cell (e.g. neurites, synapses) |

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| ● | miRNAs appear in blood because they |

| ○ | are secreted /excreted into extracellular space in normal cellular processes |
| ○ | can cross the blood-brain barrier                                            |
| ○ | are stable in circulation                                                    |

| ● | Mature technologies are available for miRNA detection |

| ○ | miRNAs are reflective of the biology of the disease at the time of biological samples are collected |

| ● | miRNAs are stable analytes and can be handled in the lab without degradation concerns |

Thus, miRNAs from the brain can be interrogated using a routine blood
sample.

Early, Specific Detection of MCI and AD

MCI and AD

Both the number of AD patients
and the number of people at risk for developing AD are growing rapidly, especially in the developed countries, in part due to increased
lifespan.

Early diagnosis and
intervention are keys to developing more effective treatment, or potentially prevention, of AD. Alzheimer’s Association
Report: 2025 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures (https://www.alz.org/media/documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf)
provides the following statistics:

| ● | An estimated 7.2 million Americans age 65 and older are living      
 with Alzheimer’s in 2025. Seventy-four percent are age 75 or older. |

| ● | About 1 in 9 people age 65 and older (11%) has Alzheimer’s. |

| ● | Almost two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer’s are women. |

| ● | Older Black Americans are about twice as likely to have Alzheimer’s or other dementias as older Whites. |

| ● | Older