Company: HURA
Filing Date: 2025-05-23
Form Type: 424B3
Source: 0001193125-25-125499
Chunk: 416

Company: TuHURA Biosciences, Inc./NV
Filing Date: 2025-05-23
Form: 424B3
Chunk 416
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000 to hundreds of thousands of DNA base
pairs. Plasmids often carry genes that can benefit the survival of an organism, such as antibiotic resistance. When a bacterium divides, all of the plasmids in the call are copied, so each daughter cell

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receives a copy of each plasmid. Plasmids can also be transmitted horizontally to other bacteria in some cases. Scientists have taken advantage of plasmids to use them as tools to clone,
transfer, and manipulate genes.

Other Types of Cancer Immunotherapies

To date, most cancer immunotherapies, such as those described below, have utilized a number of different approaches to initiate an innate
immune response to generate tumor specific activated T cells.

Oncolytic Virus Vaccines. Oncolytic virus vaccines are designed to
preferentially induce viral replication-dependent oncolysis (viral induced killing) in tumors in an effort to stimulate antitumor immune responses. Intratumoral injection is thought to trigger both local and systemic immunological responses leading
to tumor cell lysis, the release of tumor-associated antigens into the tumor microenvironment where they need to be recognized by antigen presenting cells leading to subsequent activation of innate and adaptive immune systems to induce tumor
antigen-specific effector T-cell antitumor immunity.

Tumor-associated antigen vaccines.
Another approach is to utilize Tumor-Associated Antigens (“TAAs”), some of which may also be similar to self-antigens, although preferentially overexpressed on tumor cells. However, these TAAs may also be displayed by normal healthy cells
or cancer testis antigens that are only expressed by tumor cells and adult reproductive tissues. T and B cells with high affinity toward these TAAs also target self-antigens leading to the removal of these T and B cells from the immune repertoire by
central and peripheral tolerance. Thus, a potent vaccine must break tolerance for them to work. To date, this approach has had limited success.

Individual Neoantigen Therapy. Tumor-Specific Antigens (“TSAs”) differ from tumor-associated antigens since they are not
shared with similar self-antigens. They are typically de novo epitopes expressed by cancer-causing viruses (or oncoviruses) or private neoantigens encoded by somatic mutations. TSAs are truly tumor specific with no central tolerance. Deciding which
TSAs to select and how to configure such multivalent vaccines is itself a daunting challenge. It may be insufficient