Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-11-17
Form Type: F-1
Source: 0001213900-25-111548
Chunk: 264

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-11-17
Form: F-1
Chunk 264
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As are quantified by SYBR Green- based real-time PCR using target-specific primers designed to detect         
 targeted miRNAs in DiamiR’s panel.                                                                                                           |

| ● | DiamiR currently employs “biomarker pair” approach                                                                                       
 to adjust for effects not related to the disease, typically by measuring a miRNA from the region of an organ where the disease processes 
 are most profound and comparing it to a miRNA from a part of the organ that is thought to be relatively stable throughout the disease.   
 Thus, DiamiR normalizes for differences in miRNA transport to the blood, stability of miRNA, our laboratory procedures, etc. DiamiR has  
 developed a proprietary custom software and is currently developing a second-generation software to support its LDTs in development.     
 In July 2023, DiamiR announced entering into a service agreement with JADBio — Gnosis DA S.A (“JADBio”),                                 
 a leading machine learning and AI tools provider, to use their machine learning based platform for analysis of our data and generation   
 of additional algorithms, which are owned by DiamiR.                                                                                     |

| ● | DiamiR has completed several proof-of-principle studies and                                                                                            
 established the 24-miRNA panel of brain-enriched and inflammation-associated miRNAs detectable in plasma as promising biomarkers of neurodegeneration. |

| ● | DiamiR plans on initiating a clinical validation study to                                                                              
 demonstrate the diagnostic performance of its assay using large cohorts of well-characterized clinical samples to satisfy CLIA and CAP 
 requirements.                                                                                                                          |

Many of its plasma samples are stored in -80°C freezers located at DiamiR laboratory and will be available to DiamiR when its clinical validation work begins. These freezers have temperature control monitors and automated alarms capable of informing, including remotely, DiamiR lab personnel of any malfunctions and temperature drops. DiamiR has multiple freezers available to it and can move samples if any freezer goes offline. Plasma samples stored at -80°C remain stable and usable for years. 158 Offer well characterized protein biomarker tests.Over the past 15 years, significant progress has been made in the development of blood protein markers as valid diagnostic markers for MCI and AD, and recently as surrogate markers for disease monitoring and therapeutic response measurements. These biomarkers play critical roles in AD pathology and as such are useful diagnostic targets: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloidβ (A