Company: RVRC
Filing Date: 2025-12-12
Form Type: S-1/A
Source: 0001213900-25-121070
Chunk: 108

Company: Revium Rx.
Filing Date: 2025-12-12
Form: S-1/A
Chunk 108
---
V encloses RNA, DNA, and the viral vector platforms and also each of them contributes peculiar advantages and disadvantages.

DNA vaccines, which are generally made up of
a plasmid vector that encodes a target vaccine molecule and can elicit longer period of cellular and humoral immunity, can be mass-produced
in large quantities. This type of vaccine does not require the use of live viruses and may be freeze-dried and stored for a long time
even though in underdeveloped countries, a major issue like power outages can be faced where some vaccine batches become inoperable.
Through DNA vaccines, immune responses are prompted against recombinant antigens encoded by genetically engineered DNA plasmids.

The immune system is able to recognize these
foreign antigens generated by the host, resulting in a complete and adequate immunization. RNA-based vaccines invigorates the immunogen
production via induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses. These vaccines also act on DNA based vaccine’s principle
with an exception that there is no need of translocation to the nucleus for RNA transcription.

The display of viral proteins, such as the SARS-CoV-2
coat Spike protein, triggers humoral (neutralizing antibodies) and cellular responses that protect the recipient from the viral infection
as well as from future infections. Thus, this approach requires both efficient mRNA delivery into target cells and the identification
of suitable nucleic acid molecules that would trigger effective anti-viral immune response. BNT162b1, a lipid-soluble nanoparticles-based
formulation containing mRNA encoding the S protein RBD trimer, was produced by Pfizer and BioNTech.

Viral vector vaccines often consist of attenuated
recombinant virus, designed to encode sequence of an antigen for host cell delivery for high level endogenous production of that antigen
and thus induces elevated levels of cellular and humoral immune responses. These vaccines grant increased capabilities of gene transduction
because of the natural host cell infection ability of the viruses and these are of replicating or non-replicating. They are constructed
to transmit one or many antigens, as well as the capacity to load a big genome suggest that a wider range of vaccines might be developed.

Whole virus and protein vaccines are well-established
platforms. Examples of whole virus, live attenuated vaccines are measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and rotavirus vaccine; inactivated vaccines:
hepatitis A and rabies; and protein vaccines: hepatitis B and acellular pertussis. Viral