Company: FRHC
Filing Date: 2025-07-29
Form Type: ARS
Source: 0000924805-25-000027
Chunk: 65

Company: Freedom Holding Corp.
Filing Date: 2025-07-29
Form: ARS
Chunk 65
---
 we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality and non-compete arrangements with our employees, to protect our proprietary rights. However, the measures we implement to safeguard these rights may not be adequate to fully prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating, or otherwise violating our intellectual property, or from improperly disclosing or using our trade secrets and other confidential information. We make strategic decisions regarding when to pursue trademark or copyright registration or initiate other intellectual property protections, and when to rely on trade secret safeguard measures, but these decisions may ultimately prove insufficient. Additionally, we cannot protect our intellectual property if we are unable to detect unauthorized use or infringement. See also "Intellectual Property" in Part I Item 1 "Business" of this annual report. Our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated despite the steps we take to protect them. For example, third parties might copy, acquire, or use our intellectual property, including trade secrets, without authorization. Additionally, the use of trademarks or service names similar to ours could harm our brand identity and cause customer confusion. Similarly, confidentiality and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties or our employees under our standard employment contracts, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. We cannot be certain that all persons and entities contributing to our intellectual property have validly assigned to us all applicable intellectual property rights they may have, or that we will be able to enforce our rights under any such agreements. Furthermore, we cannot guarantee that confidentiality agreements are in place with every party that currently has, or previously had, access to our proprietary information, trade secrets, or know- how. Even where such agreements exist, they may not effectively prevent unauthorized access, use, disclosure, misappropriation, or reverse engineering of our intellectual property and proprietary information. We also might fail to maintain or be unable to obtain adequate protections for some of our intellectual property rights as such rights might not receive the same degree of protection in various jurisdictions because of the differences in patent, trademark, copyright, and other laws concerning intellectual property and proprietary rights. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property and proprietary information is difficult and costly and the measures we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation, infringement, or other violations of our intellectual property and proprietary information. In some cases, we may have to rely on litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or Table