Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063906
Chunk: 318

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 318
---
RNAs are a class of non -coding, approximately 22 nucleotide long, functional RNA molecules. They play important role in the regulation of gene expression by binding to complementary regions of messenger RNA transcripts, the type that encode proteins, to regulate their translation to proteins or their degradation (Huang, et al, J Physiol Biochem. 67, 129 -39(2011)). Frequently, one miRNA can target multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and one mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs targeting different regions of the 3’ UTR (untranslated region). 187 Once bound to an mRNA, miRNA can modulate protein production by affecting mRNA translation and stability, and thus have a significant impact on cell biology and disease pathology. (Griffiths -Joneset al., Nucleic Acids Res.34, Database issue: D140 – D144 (2006); Bartel, Cell 136, 215 -233(2009); Kim, Mol Cells19, 1 – 15 (2005); Ha, et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.15, 509 – 524 (2014); Roberts, Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 3:e188 (2014); Vishnoi, et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2595, 1 -12(2023)). Many miRNAs are specific to, or are over -expressed, in certain organs and tissues, including different brain regions (such as hippocampus, midbrain, frontal cortex, pituitary gland), and different cell types, such as neurons and glial cells (Landgraf, et al., Cell 129, 1401 -1414(2007); Liang, et al., BMC Genomics8, 166 (2007); Lee, et al., RNA 14, 35 -42(2008); Sempere, et al., Genome Biol.5, R13 (2004); Deo, et al., Dev. Dyn. 235, 2538 – 2548 (2006); Bak, et al., RNA 14, 432 -444(2008); He, et al., Neuron73, 35 – 48 (2012)). Some miRNAs, including those that are cell -specific, are enriched in certain cellular compartments, particularly in axons, dendrites and synapses (Schratt, et al., Nature 439, 283 -289