Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form Type: 424B5
Source: 0001213900-25-118752
Chunk: 290

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form: 424B5
Chunk 290
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 Database issue: D140 – D144 (2006); Bartel, Cell 136, 215-233 (2009); Kim, Mol Cells 19,
1 – 15 (2005); Ha, et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15, 509 – 524 (2014); Roberts, Mol Ther Nucleic Acids
3:e188 (2014); Vishnoi, et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2595, 1-12 (2023)).

Many miRNAs are specific to,
or are over-expressed, in certain organs and tissues, including different brain regions (such as hippocampus, midbrain, frontal cortex,
pituitary gland), and different cell types, such as neurons and glial cells (Landgraf, et al., Cell 129, 1401-1414 (2007); Liang,
et al., BMC Genomics 8, 166 (2007); Lee, et al., RNA 14, 35-42 (2008); Sempere, et al., Genome Biol. 5, R13 (2004); Deo, et al.,
Dev. Dyn. 235, 2538 – 2548 (2006); Bak, et al., RNA 14, 432-444 (2008); He, et al., Neuron 73, 35 – 48
(2012)). Some miRNAs, including those that are cell-specific, are enriched in certain cellular compartments, particularly in axons, dendrites
and synapses (Schratt, et al., Nature 439, 283-289 (2006); Lugli, et al., J. Neurochem. 106, 650-661 (2008); Pichardo-Casas,
et al., Brain Res. 1436, 20-33 (2012)).

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Expression and levels of miRNAs
are regulated by various physiological and pathological signals. Changes in expression of some miRNAs were found in neurons of patients
with Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases (Saba, et al., PLoS One 3, e3652 (2008);
Cogswell, et al., J. Alzheimers Dis. 14, 27-41 (2008); Schaefer, et al., Exp. Mol. Med. 42