Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-11-17
Form Type: F-1
Source: 0001213900-25-111548
Chunk: 275

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-11-17
Form: F-1
Chunk 275
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 Advantages and disadvantages of “Organ/Cell Specific Analysis” developed by DiamiR vs.other approaches to identifying miRNA biomarkers are summarized in the table above. In summary, miRNAs are powerful biomarkers, because:

| ● | certain miRNAs are enriched in |

| ● | specific organs in the body (e.g. brain) |

| ● | organ regions or tissues in an organ (e.g. hippocampus) |

| ● | cell types (e.g. neurons) |

| ● | cellular compartments within a cell (e.g. neurites, synapses) |

| ● | miRNAs appear in blood because they |

| ● | are secreted/excreted into extracellular space in normal cellular 
 processes                                                         |

| ● | can cross the blood-brain barrier |

| ● | are stable in circulation |

| ● | Mature technologies are available for miRNA detection |

| ● | miRNAs are reflective of the biology of the disease at the 
 time of biological samples are collected                   |

| ● | miRNAs are stable analytes and can be handled in the lab without 
 degradation concerns                                             |

Thus, miRNAs from the brain can be interrogated using a routine blood sample. Early, Specific Detection of MCI and AD MCI and AD Both the number of AD patients and the number of people at risk for developing AD are growing rapidly, especially in the developed countries, in part due to increased lifespan. Early diagnosis and intervention are keys to developing more effective treatment, or potentially prevention, of AD. Alzheimer’s Association Report: 2025 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures ( https://www.alz.org/media/documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf) provides the following statistics:

| ● | An estimated 7.2 million Americans age 65 and older are                    
 living with Alzheimer’s in 2025. Seventy-four percent are age 75 or older. |

| ● | About 1 in 9 people age 65 and older (11%) has Alzheimer’s. |

| ● | Almost two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer’s are 
 women.                                              |

| ● | Older Black Americans are about twice as likely to have Alzheimer’s 
 or other dementias as older Whites.                                 |

| ● | Older Hispanics are about one and one-half times as likely 
 to have Alzheimer’s or other dementias as older Whites.    |

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| ● | People younger than 65 can also develop Alzheimer’s                                                                             
 dementia. Although prevalence studies