Company: CERO
Filing Date: 2025-02-07
Form Type: 424B3
Source: 0001213900-25-011071
Chunk: 155

Company: CERO THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS, INC.
Filing Date: 2025-02-07
Form: 424B3
Chunk 155
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 cells have the ability to target tumor-transformed or virus
infected cells, as well as help coordinate the activity of other immune cells.

T cells are differentiated
by the expression of protein markers on their surface. The two most prominent types of T cells are those that express CD8 molecules
and are known as CD8 T cells, and those that express CD4 molecules and are known as CD4 T cells. CD8 T cells, also referred to as cytotoxic
lymphocytes (“CTLs”), eliminate cells which they encounter that are recognized as being infected with viruses or other pathogens
or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional through a process referred to as cell lysis, which involves the release by these killer T cells
of perforins and granzymes to compromise the integrity of the target cell’s membrane. Endogenous pathogens are broken down by mechanisms
present in virtually all cells into smaller fragments and presented to CD8 T cells in combination with an MHC class I molecule.
CD4 T cells, also referred to as T helper cells, have limited cytotoxic activity and typically do not kill infected or dysfunctional
cells or eliminate pathogens directly. Instead, they participate in the immune response by providing signals which activate and orchestrate
other types of immune cells to perform these tasks. Professional APCs, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, process exogenous pathogens
and then present small fragments of the degraded pathogen to CD4 T cells in combination with an MHC class II molecule, through a
phenomenon known as cross-presentation, while antigens of exogenous origin are coupled with an MHC Class I molecule to amplify CD8
T cell activity. Antigen cross presentation is of particular importance in the immune system’s response to cancer.

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Genetically Engineered T Cells

The ability to enhance the
activity of T cells against human cancers through genetic engineering has been among the most significant advances in cancer therapy
in the last decade. Advances in understanding T cells and their role in immunology, and an appreciation of their potential use to treat
cancer, has increased interest in the clinical application of T cells in recent years, with the field of adoptive immunotherapy
attaining increased prominence as a means of enhancing immune control over tumors. Modern molecular biological techniques allow scientists
to introduce genes into human T cells that enhance T cell activity, expand their numbers and infuse them back into the patient from whom
they were originally collected. We have developed a novel approach to