Company: JUPGF
Filing Date: 2025-12-08
Form Type: F-1/A
Source: 0001493152-25-026653
Chunk: 69

Company: ATLAS CRITICAL MINERALS Corp
Filing Date: 2025-12-08
Form: F-1/A
Chunk 69
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China also implemented an outright ban on exporting germanium to the U.S. in December 2024. China produces approximately 60% of global germanium. China also implemented an outright ban on exporting gallium to the U.S. in December 2024. China produces approximately 98% of global gallium.

On April 4, 2025, China unveiled export controls on seven critical rare earth elements - samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium.

Through strategic investments and export controls,
China has cemented its influence over critical mineral supply chains, representing a significant challenge to the U.S. economy and security.

Rare Earths Elements

Overview

Rare earth elements, or simply “rare earths”,
are a group of 17 chemically similar elements that include the 15 lanthanides, along with scandium and yttrium. These elements are not
particularly rare in terms of abundance in the Earth’s crust; however, they are rarely found in economically exploitable concentrations.
Rare earths are crucial for a variety of modern technologies due to their unique properties, which allow them to enhance the performance
of materials and devices. They are used in the production of strong permanent magnets, phosphors for lighting and displays, catalysts
in petroleum refining, and in various electronic devices, including smartphones and electric vehicles.

China is the dominant player in the global rare earths
market, holding the largest reserves and controlling a significant portion of the processing capacity. According to the U.S. Geological
Survey, China possesses approximately 44 million metric tons of rare earth reserves, which accounts for a substantial share of the world’s
total. Other countries with notable reserves include Brazil, with 21 million metric tons; India, with 6.9 million metric tons; and Australia,
with 5.7 million metric tons. Despite these reserves, many countries struggle to compete with China’s established supply chain
and processing capabilities, which have been developed over decades. As a result, China has maintained a near-monopoly on the processing
of rare earths, representing over 90% of the global supply. Rare earths have been on the list of minerals considered critical to the
economic and national security of the United States since first published by the U.S. Department of the Interior on May 18, 2018.

The uses of rare earths are extensive and critical
to various industries. In the renewable energy sector,