Company: CERO
Filing Date: 2025-01-21
Form Type: S-1/A
Source: 0001213900-25-004742
Chunk: 144

Company: CERO THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS, INC.
Filing Date: 2025-01-21
Form: S-1/A
Chunk 144
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 T cells, also referred to as cytotoxic lymphocytes (“CTLs”), eliminate cells which they encounter that are recognized as being infected with viruses or other pathogens or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional through a process referred to as cell lysis, which involves the release by these killer T cells of perforins and granzymes to compromise the integrity of the target cell’s membrane. Endogenous pathogens are broken down by mechanisms present in virtually all cells into smaller fragments and presented to CD8 T cells in combination with an MHC class I molecule. CD4 T cells, also referred to as T helper cells, have limited cytotoxic activity and typically do not kill infected or dysfunctional cells or eliminate pathogens directly. Instead, they participate in the immune response by providing signals which activate and orchestrate other types of immune cells to perform these tasks. Professional APCs, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, process exogenous pathogens and then present small fragments of the degraded pathogen to CD4 T cells in combination with an MHC class II molecule, through a phenomenon known as cross-presentation, while antigens of exogenous origin are coupled with an MHC Class I molecule to amplify CD8 T cell activity. Antigen cross presentation is of particular importance in the immune system’s response to cancer. 86 Genetically Engineered T Cells The ability to enhance the activity of T cells against human cancers through genetic engineering has been among the most significant advances in cancer therapy in the last decade. Advances in understanding T cells and their role in immunology, and an appreciation of their potential use to treat cancer, has increased interest in the clinical application of T cells in recent years, with the field of adoptive immunotherapy attaining increased prominence as a means of enhancing immune control over tumors. Modern molecular biological techniques allow scientists to introduce genes into human T cells that enhance T cell activity, expand their numbers and infuse them back into the patient from whom they were originally collected. We have developed a novel approach to T cell engineering which has enabled us to integrate certain desirable characteristics of both the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system into a single therapeutic construct intended to optimize cancer therapy. This novel cellular immunotherapy platform is designed to redirect T cells to eliminate tumors by building in engulfment pathways that employ phagocytic programs, creating our CER-T cell therapy. Phagocytosis is a vital cellular process by which a phagocytic cell engulfs and internalizes a target for elimination and is a major mechanism for the removal of pathogens and unwanted cells to