Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form Type: 424B5
Source: 0001213900-25-118752
Chunk: 291

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form: 424B5
Chunk 291
---
, 749-758 (2010); Lukiw, Neuroreport
18, 297-300 (2007); Hebert, et al., J Alzheimers Dis. 35, 335-348 (2013); Lau, et al., EMBO Mol Med. 5, 1613-1634 (2013)).

Cellular pathophysiology selectively
affects miRNA secretion, thus making miRNAs potentially effective biomarkers of disease (Pigati, et al., PLoS One 5, e13515 (2010); Mori,
et al., Cell Metab. 30, 656-673 (2019); Gelbert, et. al, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 20, 21 – 37 (2019)). miRNAs can cross
the blood-brain barrier and are stable in the bloodstream and other bodily fluids (Russo, et al., PLoS One. 7, e47786 (2012)). miRNAs
appear in circulation in complexes with proteins, lipoproteins, and in microvesicles (Arroyo, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108, 5003-5008
(2011); Sun, et al., Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 50, 2121-2126 (2012)).

In October 2024, the Nobel
Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Dr. Victor Ambros and Dr. Gary
Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. The press release regarding this award stated
that the recipients “groundbreaking discovery revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation that turned out to be essential
for multicellular organisms, including humans. It is now known that the human genome codes for over one thousand microRNAs. Their surprising
discovery revealed an entirely new dimension to gene regulation. MicroRNAs are proving to be fundamentally important for how organisms
develop and function.” (The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 — NobelPrize.org). Although Dr. Ambros
and Dr. Ruvkun are not associated with DiamiR, their discovery laid the foundation for the diagnostic approach developed by DiamiR
team.

In vitro analysis of miRNAs as potential biomarkers

Investigators typically use
one of two methods to discover whether