Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 201

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 201
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 Rescue. Retrieved from 
 https://www.pharmoutsourcing.com/Featured-Articles/345076-Accelerating-Drug-Development-Through-Repurposing-Repositioning-and-Rescue/)   |

| ● | Cost-saving: Along with time-saving, money-saving is also a key benefit. The cost to relaunch a repositioned drug averages $8.4 million, whereas to relaunch a new formulation of an existing drug in its original indication costs an average $41.3 million. Given that the average cost of launching a new chemical entity (NCE) is more than $1.3 billion, successfully bringing a repositioned drug to market seems to cost approximately 160 times less than the current standard of NCE development. Even if this differential is off by a hundred times or more, from the purely financial perspective, repositioning is in a completely different league of investment needed to create a new drug product in the market. (https://www.ddw-online.com/the-benefits-of-drug-repositioning-1779-201104/) |

| ● | Potential for out-licensing: Pharmaceutical companies are said to be exploring new models to out-license some of their clinical drug candidates that may have been shelved for pure business reasons unrelated to safety or efficacy, even though they have met their endpoints and have proven themselves to be safe. If such drugs were to be repositioned, the pharmaceutical company increases the attractiveness of these drugs and gives itself more options to find interested buyers. (https://www.ddw-online.com/the-benefits-of-drug-repositioning-1779-201104/) |

| ● | Lower failure rate: According to BCC Research, approval rates for repurposed drugs are close to 30%, which is greater than the approval rate for new drug applications. (Front Oncol. 2017; 7: 273) |

One of the major limitations
of the current drug repurposing and repositioning practice is that there is a lack of a systematic way to identify and reinvestigate drugs
that are approved and/or have failed approval.

SACT-1 is the first repurposed drug candidate to be developed under
the Smart-ACT drug discovery platform. SCAT-1 is one of the Company’s proprietary technologies. Our first targeted
indication is neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is a rare form of cancer, and classified as an orphan disease, that forms in certain types
of nerve tissue and most