Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 277

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 277
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 cost, around $3,000, and invasiveness of these methods make their application to primary screening of large populations
impractical. Thus, there is a great need for an accurate and cost-effective blood-based test for early detection of AD. (Cost-effectiveness
of using amyloid positron emission tomography in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Lee et. al., Cost Effectiveness and Resource
Allocation volume 19, Article number: 50 (2021)).

A recent article
“The Financial Consequences of Undiagnosed Memory Disorders” published in May 2024 (Gresenz, et al., Federal Reserve
Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 1106; 2024)) examined the effects of pre-symptomatic and early symptomatic brain health
conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, on credit outcomes using national credit and Medicare databases. The authors
reported weaken credit scores and payment delinquency, particularly for mortgage and credit cards, “years prior to eventual
diagnosis.” DiamiR believes these data on financial impact of neurodegenerative diseases, such as MCI and AD, on patients and
their families further supports the importance of developing and making available minimally invasive biomarkers, such as
CogniMIR panel, for early detection, including at pre-symptomatic stages, for broader use.

COGNIMIR ®PANEL OF miRNA BIOMARKERS for MCI and AD RISK ASSESSMENT

The table below presents the CogniMIR
panel of miRNA biomarkers in its current form. The miRNAs listed below are detectable in blood plasma and include miRNAs which are enriched
in specific brain regions and present in synapses and those associated with inflammation. In 2023 DiamiR performed analytical validation
of the technology, demonstrating that all CogniMIR panel miRNAs can be reliably and consistently detected in plasma samples
(Kunwar et al. (2023) Diagnostics 13:2170). In 2H 2023 DiamiR introduced machine learning with AI analytics into its laboratory to optimize
the panel, and, if feasible, reduce the number of miRNAs in CogniMIR to improve COGS and laboratory workflow without sacrificing
performance.

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Brain-enriched miRNAs detectable in blood plasma hold strong potential as peripheral biomarkers of AD and AD related d