Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 271

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 271
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 M., Pastorino, U., and Sozzi, G. (2011). MicroRNA signatures in
tissues and plasma predict development and prognosis of computed tomography detected lung cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 3713-8.
PMID: 21300873.

Cuk, K., Zucknick, M., Heil, J., Madhavan, D.,
Schott, S., Turchinovich, A., Arlt, D., Rath, M., Sohn, C., Benner, A., Junkermann, H., Schneeweiss, A., and Burwinkel, B. (2013). Circulating
microRNAs in plasma as early detection markers for breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 132, 1602-12. PMID: 22927033.

The third approach [Organ/cell specific analysis]
has been developed by DiamiR; its advantages and disadvantages vs other approaches reflect the current opinion of the management based
on its experience with technology to date and data reported in peer reviewed DiamiR’s publications listed elsewhere in this document.

Innovative technology developed by DiamiR addresses
some of the limitations of these approaches. DiamiR hypothesizes that changes in plasma levels of circulating miRNAs known to be enriched
in specific regions of the brain involved in a disease pathology are more likely to reflect associated pathologic processes than changes
in levels of ubiquitous miRNAs or other brain-enriched miRNAs. DiamiR analyzed expression and secretion of neurite / synapse specific
miRNAs, which could be affected by neurite / synapse dysfunction and destruction characteristic of early stages of neurodegeneration.
Since these cellular neurodegenerative processes occur 10+ years prior to any manifestation of dementia and Alzheimer’s symptoms,
a miRNA testing platform has the potential to identify at-risk subject years before symptoms arise.

To compensate for processes unrelated directly
to a disease pathology, e.g. changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, DiamiR employed the “biomarker pair” approach normalizing
levels of miRNAs enriched in neurons of affected brain areas by levels of other brain-enriched miRNAs expressed in brain areas or cell
types not involved in early stages of disease pathology. DiamiR has also found that high correlation of plasma concentrations of miRNAs
in a candidate biomarker miRNA pair is critical for achieving high sensitivity and specificity