Company: TELO
Filing Date: 2025-02-04
Form Type: 10-K
Source: 0001493152-25-004872
Chunk: 277

Company: Telomir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Filing Date: 2025-02-04
Form: 10-K
Item: Item 1
Chunk 277
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 iron and restoration of free iron levels in solution. This is evidenced by an increase in free iron concentration,
corresponding to the amount of copper added. In contrast, zinc does not induce an exchange effect on the binding of iron to
Telomir-1, indicating a lower affinity of Zinc to
Telomir-1.

6

Graphic
2: Ionic exchange between iron and copper or zinc

Wilson’s
disease 

Wilson’s
disease is a rare genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 30,000 individuals worldwide. It is caused by mutations in the ATP7B
gene, which disrupt the body’s ability to regulate copper metabolism. This results in toxic copper accumulation, particularly in
the liver and brain, leading to severe complications such as liver failure, neurological damage, and psychiatric disorders. Without treatment,
Wilson’s disease is fatal.

Current
treatments, including chelating agents (e.g., penicillamine and trientine) and zinc therapy, focus on reducing copper levels but have
notable limitations:

●Chelating
                                            agents can cause significant side effects, such as kidney damage, bone marrow suppression,
                                            and gastrointestinal issues, and require lifelong adherence, which can be burdensome for
                                            patients.

●Zinc
                                            therapy reduces copper absorption in the gut but may lead to side effects such as anemia,
                                            gastrointestinal discomfort, and diminished effectiveness over time.

These
challenges highlight the urgent need for novel therapies that address the root cause of Wilson’s disease while minimizing adverse
effects. Telomir-1, with its targeted copper-binding properties, has the potential to provide a safer, more effective treatment by directly
addressing the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Furthermore, Wilson’s disease qualifies as a candidate for orphan drug designation
due to its rarity and life-threatening nature, offering opportunities for accelerated development and additional regulatory and financial
incentives.

We
are actively investigating Telomir-1’s potential in treating Wilson’s disease by studying its effects on copper toxicity
through in vitro experiments and a mouse model of the disease. These studies are currently ongoing.

Type
2 Diabetic (NIDDM)

In
collaboration with the India-based research organization Pentagrit, in 2024 Telomir conducted preclinical studies evaluating two
forms of Telomir-1, administered orally at three different doses, in zebrafish models of Type 2 diabetes mellitus induced by a
high-calorie diet. The study assessed key