Company: RVRC
Filing Date: 2025-08-13
Form Type: S-1/A
Source: 0001213900-25-075747
Chunk: 98

Company: Revium Rx.
Filing Date: 2025-08-13
Form: S-1/A
Chunk 98
---
2024 to 2033”. The Brainy Insights, January 2024                            |

<div align='center'>Liposomal Protein-Loaded Technology: Scientific Background Overview</div>

There are four (4) different platforms that are used to develop viral
vaccines:

| ● | Whole virus |

| ● | Protein-based |

| ● | Viral vector |

| ● | Nucleic acid |

Virus based vaccines can be live attenuated and
inactivated.

The live attenuated vaccine (LAV) requires
genetic manipulation to develop low-replication variants of the virus that cannot cause disease but can elicit a similar immune response
to that seen in natural infections. It has been linked to genetic instability and the presence of residual virulence. Inactivated vaccines
are part of the standard viral vaccination technique. Because these vaccines contain many antigenic components, they have the ability
to elicit a wide range of immune responses. In compared to live-attenuated vaccinations, they are said to have less reactogenicity and
are associated with lesser immune responses. For inactivated vaccines to be effective, multiple inoculations and powerful combination
therapies may be required.

Protein-based vaccines

Subunit vaccines implement purified immunogenic
proteins or peptides. For example, the majority of Coronavirus (CoV) subunit vaccines target the Spike protein, particularly its receptor
binding domain (RBD) which is highly immunogenic. Vaccination targets include viral structural proteins such as small envelope protein
E, envelope spike protein S, nucleocapsid protein N, and matrix protein M. Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS-CoV RBD antibodies cross-react
with the respective protein, and the resultant antisera neutralises the virus, shows that a vaccination targeting the S protein domain
could be successful in preventing Coronavirus. The S protein of full-length i.e., S1, S2 subunit and RBD, proteins were identified as
critical epitopes for generating neutralising antibodies as per computational analyses and studies on the viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV). Antibodies against the RBD domain have early been shown protection against SARS and MERS-CoV
infections, and the S1 epitope, containing both the RBD as well as N-terminal binding domain, NTD, has also been used to develop vaccines.
A cluster of T cell epitope was discovered in the transmembrane part of the M