Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form Type: 424B5
Source: 0001213900-25-118752
Chunk: 289

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form: 424B5
Chunk 289
---
’s pipeline
products DiamiR plans on utilizing the LDT path to market.

DiamiR previously published
proof-of-concept data for the Pulmonary and GI panels (“Analysis of organ-enriched microRNAs in plasma as an approach to development
of Universal Screening Test: feasibility study”, by Sheinerman KS et al. J Transl Med 11:304 2013, PMID: 24330742).

<div align='center'>162</div>

miRNAs are Powerful and Patient-Friendly Biomarkers

DiamiR is an active participant
in the burgeoning field of microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers. miRNA biomarkers have already been used in clinical assays in the oncology, and
evidence of their utility in brain health and Alzheimer’s space has been growing every year since 2010. According to data compiled
from pubmed.gov in 1Q2023, 85 peer-reviewed papers published on the utility of miRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease in 2013 has increased
to 310 by 2022. Evidence of the role of miRNAs in AD biology and their utility as diagnostic targets has been published by labs in both
industry and academic settings. The graph below captures the number of peer-reviewed papers listed on pubmed.ncbi.nih.gov on the role
of miRNAs in AD by year, increasing from 46 publications in 2012 to over 300 in 2022.

<div align='center'>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=alzhemiers+microRNA</div>

Biology of miRNAs

miRNAs are a class of non-coding,
approximately 22 nucleotide long, functional RNA molecules. They play important role in the regulation of gene expression by binding to
complementary regions of messenger RNA transcripts, the type that encode proteins, to regulate their translation to proteins or their
degradation (Huang, et al, J Physiol Biochem. 67, 129-39 (2011)). Frequently, one miRNA can target multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs)
and one mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs targeting different regions of the 3’ UTR (untranslated region).

Once bound to an mRNA, miRNA can modulate protein
production by affecting mRNA translation and stability, and thus have a significant impact on cell biology and disease pathology. (Griffiths-Jones
et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 34,