Company: EUDAW
Filing Date: 2025-04-29
Form Type: 20-F
Source: 0001641172-25-006627
Chunk: 120

Company: EUDA Health Holdings Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-04-29
Form: 20-F
Item: Item 19
Chunk 120
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 exchange differences are recorded
in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The
reporting currency of the Company is United States Dollars (“ US$”) and the accompanying financial statements have been expressed
in US$. The Company’s subsidiaries in Singapore and Malaysia conduct its businesses and maintain its books and records in the local
currency, Singapore Dollars (“ SGD”) and Malaysian Ringgits (“ MYR”), as their functional currency, respectively.

In
general, for consolidation purposes, assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries whose functional currency is not US$ are translated into
US$, in accordance with ASC Topic 830-30, “ Translation of Financial Statement”

Translation
of foreign currencies into US$1 have been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods:

Schedule
of foreign currency exchange rates

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  Period-end SGD: US$1 exchange rate          1.37      1.32      1.34  
  Period-average SGD: US$1 exchange rate      1.34      1.34      1.38  
  Period-end MYR: US$1 exchange rate          4.47      -         -     
  Period-end, exchange rate                   4.47      -         -     
  Period-average MYR: US$1 exchange rate      4.57      -         -     
  Period-average, exchange rate               4.57      -         -     

EUDA
HEALTH HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES
TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In
U. S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

Non-controlling
interests

For
the Company’s non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect portion of equity that is not
attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. The cumulative results of operations attributable to non-controlling interests
are also recorded as non-controlling interests in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations
and comprehensive income (loss). Cash flows related to transactions with non-controlling interests are presented under financing activities
in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Segment
reporting

The
Company uses the management approach in determining its operating segments. The management approach considers the internal reporting
used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“ CODM”). The Company’s CODM has been identified as the
CEO who reviews the financial information of separate operating segments when making