Company: GCTS
Filing Date: 2025-03-25
Form Type: 10-K
Source: 0000950170-25-044438
Chunk: 71

Company: GCT Semiconductor Holding, Inc.
Filing Date: 2025-03-25
Form: 10-K
Item: Item 1
Chunk 71
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 5G-based IoT standard (e.g., RedCap). Our current chipset products are used in a wide variety of applications, including fixed wireless subscriber terminals (e.g., CPE), mobile wireless routers (e.g., Mobile Router/MiFi), various communication modules and devices, and industrial products.

Evolution of Wireless Technologies

As the demand for mobile communication has evolved from voice-centric to data-centric, technology has continuously evolved. The 1st generation (“1G”) analog cellular system introduced the concept of the cell to facilitate frequency reuse. Due to the limitations of analog 

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Table of Contents

technology, the rapidly growing demand for mobile phones led to the transition to 2nd generation (“2G”) digital communication systems. Notable 2G digital mobile phone systems include Global System for Mobile Communication (“GSM”) using Time Division Multiple Access (“TDMA”) and Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”). GSM was adopted in Europe, while CDMA was adopted in the United States, Korea, and other regions.

2G had limitations due to the broad mixture of technologies and differences in frequency bands, making international roaming difficult and providing limited multimedia services due to low transmission speeds. The need to unify wireless transmission technologies for international roaming services and more led to the development of 3rd generation (“3G”) mobile communication, such as IMT-2000, W-CDMA, and CDMA2000. 3G not only provided voice and low-speed data like 2G but also supported multimedia services, including video. Up until the adoption of 3G, there was significant demand for circuit-switched services, but as the internet became widespread, the demand for packet services also grew. This led to technological advancements with 3G, resulting in technologies like Evolution-Data Only (“EV-DO”) and High Speed Packet Access (“HSPA”).

    Generation
        
    System
        
    Multiple access technology
        
    Peak user data rate

    1G
    ​
    AMPS
    ​
    FDMA
    ​
    —

    2G
    ​
    IS-95
    ​
    CDMA
    ​
    9600bps

    ​
    GSM
    ​
    TDMA
    ​
    0.104Mbps

    3G
    ​
    W-CDMA
    ​
    W-CDMA
    ​
    0.384Mbps

    ​
    CDMA