Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-11-17
Form Type: F-1
Source: 0001213900-25-111548
Chunk: 270

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-11-17
Form: F-1
Chunk 270
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2023, 85 peer-reviewed papers published on the utility of miRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease in 2013 has increased to 310 by 2022. Evidence of the role of miRNAs in AD biology and their utility as diagnostic targets has been published by labs in both industry and academic settings. The graph below captures the number of peer-reviewed papers listed on pubmed.ncbi.nih.gov on the role of miRNAs in AD by year, increasing from 46 publications in 2012 to over 300 in 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=alzhemiers+microRNA Biology of miRNAs miRNAs are a class of non-coding, approximately 22 nucleotide long, functional RNA molecules. They play important role in the regulation of gene expression by binding to complementary regions of messenger RNA transcripts, the type that encode proteins, to regulate their translation to proteins or their degradation (Huang, et al, J Physiol Biochem. 67, 129-39 (2011)). Frequently, one miRNA can target multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and one mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs targeting different regions of the 3’ UTR (untranslated region). Once bound to an mRNA, miRNA can modulate protein production by affecting mRNA translation and stability, and thus have a significant impact on cell biology and disease pathology. (Griffiths-Jones et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 34, Database issue: D140 – D144 (2006); Bartel, Cell 136, 215-233 (2009); Kim, Mol Cells 19, 1 – 15 (2005); Ha, et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15, 509 – 524 (2014); Roberts, Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 3:e188 (2014); Vishnoi, et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2595, 1-12 (2023)). Many miRNAs are specific to, or are over-expressed, in certain organs and tissues, including different brain regions (such as hippocampus, midbrain, frontal cortex, pituitary gland), and different cell types, such as neurons and glial cells (Landgraf, et al., Cell 129, 1401-1414 (2007); Liang, et al., BMC Genomics 8, 166 (2007); Lee, et al.,