Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 215

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 215
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by the FDA at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance, and may be imposed on all products within
a certain class of products. The FDA also can impose partial clinical holds, for example, prohibiting the initiation of clinical trials
for certain duration or for certain doses.

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All clinical trials must be
conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with cGCP regulations. These regulations include
the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent in writing before their participation in any clinical trial. Further,
an IRB representing each institution participating in a clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before
it commences at that institution, and the IRB must conduct continuing review and reapprove the study at least annually. An IRB is responsible
for protecting the rights of clinical trial subjects and considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating
in the clinical trial are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the information regarding
the clinical trial and the consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must
monitor the clinical trial until completed. Each new clinical protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA
for review, and to the IRBs for approval. Protocol detail, among other things, includes the objectives of the clinical trial, testing
procedures, sublease selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety.

Human clinical trials are
typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

| ● | Phase 1. Phase 1 includes the initial introduction of an investigational new drug into humans. These studies are closely monitored and may be conducted in patients, but are usually conducted in healthy volunteer subjects. These studies are designed to determine the metabolic and pharmacologic actions of the drug in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence on effectiveness. During Phase 1, sufficient information about the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects should be obtained to permit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, Phase 2 studies. Phase 1 studies also evaluate drug metabolism, structure-activity relationships, and the mechanism of action in humans. These studies also determine which investigational drugs are used as research tools to explore biological phenomena or disease processes. The total number of subjects included in Phase 1 studies varies with the