Company: CMND
Filing Date: 2025-01-22
Form Type: 20-F
Source: 0001213900-25-005490
Chunk: 116

Company: Clearmind Medicine Inc.
Filing Date: 2025-01-22
Form: 20-F
Item: Item 4
Chunk 116
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 available
to treat AUD. Below are the main treatments available today for AUD:

Antabuse (disulfiram) was the first medicine approved
by the FDA for the treatment of alcohol use and alcohol dependence. It works by causing a severe adverse reaction when someone taking
the medication consumes alcohol. Most people who take it will vomit after a drink of alcohol. This, in turn, is thought to create a deterrent
to drinking.

Disulfiram was first developed in the 1920s for
use in manufacturing processes. The alcohol-aversive effects of Antabuse were first recorded in the 1930s. Workers in the vulcanized rubber
industry who were exposed to tetraethylthiuram disulfide became ill after drinking alcohol.

In 1948, Danish researchers trying to find treatments
for parasitic stomach infections discovered the alcohol-related effects of disulfiram when they too became ill after drinking alcohol.
The researchers began a new set of studies on using disulfiram to treat alcohol dependence.

Shortly thereafter, the FDA approved disulfiram
to treat alcoholism. It was first manufactured by Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories under the brand name Antabuse.

Initially, disulfiram was given in larger dosages
to produce aversion conditioning to alcohol by making the patients very sick if they drank. Later, after many reported severe reactions
(including some deaths), Antabuse was administered in smaller dosages to support alcohol abstinence.

In addition to disulfiram, other drugs have been
used to try to curb alcoholism, such as naltrexone, naloxone and nalmefene.

Naltrexone is sold under the brand names Revia
and Depade. An extended-release, monthly injectable form of naltrexone is marketed under the trade name Vivitrol. It works in the brain
by blocking the high that people experience when they drink alcohol or take opioids like heroin.

Naltrexone was first developed in 1963 to treat
addiction to opioids. In 1984, it was approved by the FDA for the treatment of use of drugs such as heroin, morphine, and oxycodone. At
the time, it was marketed by DuPont under the brand name Trexan.

In the 1980s, animal studies discovered that naltrexone
also reduced alcohol consumption. Human clinical trials followed in the late 80s and early 90s. These showed that when combined with