Company: JUNS
Filing Date: 2025-11-26
Form Type: S-1
Source: 0001493152-25-025204
Chunk: 157

Company: JUPITER NEUROSCIENCES, INC.
Filing Date: 2025-11-26
Form: S-1
Chunk 157
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 intellectual disability. MELAS is
caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Pre-clinical trials performed with mice at University of Miami showed that JOTROL™
increased mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver with 70% and in the brain with 30%, which is expected to lead to an increase in the mitochondria
levels in MELAS patients and thereby show positive patient outcomes.

While symptoms of MELAS syndrome
usually begin between the ages of two and fifteen years, delayed onset cases have also been reported in people aged fifteen to forty years
and older. In approximately 75 percent of cases, onset of the disorder occurs before the age of 20 years. Symptoms and physical findings
associated with MELAS syndrome vary greatly among affected individuals. The distinguishing feature in MELAS syndrome is the recurrence
of stroke-like episodes. It is currently thought that the deficiency of a compound called nitric oxide in the small blood vessels of the
brain may be responsible for the stroke-like episodes. Short stature and hearing loss may be present and fatigue and difficulty tolerating
exercise may be early symptoms.

MELAS syndrome is a rare disorder
that affects males and females in equal numbers. Although rare, MELAS syndrome is probably the most common type of mitochondrial myopathy
caused by mutations in mtDNA. Some researchers believe that mitochondrial myopathies may go unrecognized and underdiagnosed in the general
population, making it difficult to determine the true frequency of disorders like MELAS syndrome.

Opportunity for JNS107

The potential market for
JOTROL™ in the USA includes approximately 80,000 patients. With a projected treatment cost for MELAS syndrome of $75,000
per patient annually, treating 50,000 patients could generate around $3.75 billion per year. Furthermore, successful clinical trial results
may extend JOTROL™’s applicability to other mitochondrial diseases, potentially expanding its market impact.

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Competition

The following is an overview
of JNS’s competitors in the pharmaceutical industry. Many companies, including the largest pharma companies in the world, are competitors
in some of the disease areas for which we are developing treatments for through our various projects. We will compete with both small
and large companies in each indication we are pursuing.

There are a multiple of companies,
both smaller biotech’s as well as large pharmaceutical companies, that are working on solutions for the same indications that we
are pursuing. There is no assurance