Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form Type: S-4
Source: 0001213900-25-096656
Chunk: 353

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form: S-4
Chunk 353
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 Expression and levels of miRNAs are regulated by various physiological and pathological signals. Changes in expression of some miRNAs were found in neurons of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases (Saba, et al., PLoS One3, e3652 (2008); Cogswell, et al., J. Alzheimers Dis. 14, 27 -41(2008); Schaefer, et al., Exp. Mol. Med. 42, 749 -758(2010); Lukiw, Neuroreport 18, 297 -300(2007); Hebert, et al., J Alzheimers Dis. 35, 335 -348(2013); Lau, et al., EMBO Mol Med. 5, 1613 -1634(2013)). Cellular pathophysiology selectively affects miRNA secretion, thus making miRNAs potentially effective biomarkers of disease (Pigati, et al., PLoS One5, e13515 (2010); Mori, et al., Cell Metab. 30, 656 -673(2019); Gelbert, et. al, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.20, 21 – 37 (2019)). miRNAs can cross the blood -brainbarrier and are stable in the bloodstream and other bodily fluids (Russo, et al., PLoS One.7, e47786 (2012)). miRNAs appear in circulation in complexes with proteins, lipoproteins, and in microvesicles (Arroyo, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108, 5003 -5008(2011); Sun, et al., Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 50, 2121 -2126(2012)). In October 2024, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Dr. Victor Ambros and Dr. Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post -transcriptionalgene regulation. The press release regarding this award stated that the recipients “groundbreaking discovery revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation that turned out to be essential for multicellular organisms, including humans. It is now known that the human genome codes for over one thousand microRNAs. Their surprising discovery revealed an entirely new dimension to gene regulation. MicroRN