Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form Type: S-4
Source: 0001213900-25-096656
Chunk: 352

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-10-06
Form: S-4
Chunk 352
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 to proteins or their degradation (Huang, et al, J Physiol Biochem. 67, 129 -39(2011)). Frequently, one miRNA can target multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and one mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs targeting different regions of the 3’ UTR (untranslated region). 198 Once bound to an mRNA, miRNA can modulate protein production by affecting mRNA translation and stability, and thus have a significant impact on cell biology and disease pathology. (Griffiths -Joneset al., Nucleic Acids Res.34, Database issue: D140 – D144 (2006); Bartel, Cell 136, 215 -233(2009); Kim, Mol Cells19, 1 – 15 (2005); Ha, et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.15, 509 – 524 (2014); Roberts, Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 3:e188 (2014); Vishnoi, et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2595, 1 -12(2023)). Many miRNAs are specific to, or are over -expressed, in certain organs and tissues, including different brain regions (such as hippocampus, midbrain, frontal cortex, pituitary gland), and different cell types, such as neurons and glial cells (Landgraf, et al., Cell 129, 1401 -1414(2007); Liang, et al., BMC Genomics8, 166 (2007); Lee, et al., RNA 14, 35 -42(2008); Sempere, et al., Genome Biol.5, R13 (2004); Deo, et al., Dev. Dyn. 235, 2538 – 2548 (2006); Bak, et al., RNA 14, 432 -444(2008); He, et al., Neuron73, 35 – 48 (2012)). Some miRNAs, including those that are cell -specific, are enriched in certain cellular compartments, particularly in axons, dendrites and synapses (Schratt, et al., Nature 439, 283 -289(2006); Lugli, et al., J. Neurochem. 106, 650 -661(2008); Pichardo -Casas, et al., Brain Res. 1436, 20 -33(2012)).