Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 268

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 268
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., Dev. Dyn. 235, 2538–2548 (2006);
Bak, et al., RNA 14, 432-444 (2008); He, et al., Neuron 73, 35–48 (2012)). Some miRNAs, including those that are cell-specific,
are enriched in certain cellular compartments, particularly in axons, dendrites and synapses (Schratt, et al., Nature 439, 283-289 (2006);
Lugli, et al., J. Neurochem. 106, 650-661 (2008); Pichardo-Casas, et al., Brain Res. 1436, 20-33 (2012)).

Expression and levels of miRNAs are regulated
by various physiological and pathological signals. Changes in expression of some miRNAs were found in neurons of patients with Alzheimer’s
Disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases (Saba, et al., PLoS One 3, e3652 (2008); Cogswell, et al., J.
Alzheimers Dis. 14, 27-41 (2008); Schaefer, et al., Exp. Mol. Med. 42, 749-758 (2010); Lukiw, Neuroreport 18, 297-300 (2007); Hebert,
et al., J Alzheimers Dis. 35, 335-348 (2013); Lau, et al., EMBO Mol Med. 5, 1613-1634 (2013)).

Cellular pathophysiology selectively affects miRNA
secretion, thus making miRNAs potentially effective biomarkers of disease (Pigati, et al., PLoS One 5, e13515 (2010); Mori, et al., Cell
Metab. 30, 656-673 (2019); Gelbert, et. al, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 20, 21–37 (2019)). miRNAs can cross the blood-brain barrier and
are stable in the bloodstream and other bodily fluids (Russo, et al., PLoS One. 7, e47786 (2012)). miRNAs appear in circulation in complexes
with proteins, lipoproteins, and in microvesicles (Arroyo, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108