Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-04-30
Form Type: 20-F
Source: 0001213900-25-037669
Chunk: 24

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-04-30
Form: 20-F
Item: Item 3
Chunk 24
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. Our and our licensors’ pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued
which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies
and products.

We may not be able to protect and enforce
our IP rights throughout the world.

Our commercial success will
depend, in part, on our ability to maintain IP protection for our drug candidates in which we seek to develop and commercialize. While
we rely primarily upon a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other contractual obligations to protect the IP related
to our brands, products and other proprietary technologies, these legal means may afford only limited protection.

Filing and prosecuting patents
on drug candidates and defending the validity of the same (if challenged) in all countries throughout the world could be prohibitively
expensive for us, and our IP rights in countries outside the Major Patent Jurisdictions can be less extensive than those in the Major
Patent Jurisdictions. In addition, the laws of some countries in the rest of the world such as India do not protect IP rights to the same
extent as laws in the Major Patent Jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent other parties from practicing our inventions
in the rest of the world, despite our continued efforts in enforcing our IP rights through legal means. Competitors may use our technology
in jurisdictions where we have not or not yet obtained patent protection to develop their own drugs and further, may export otherwise
infringing drugs to non-U. S. jurisdictions where we have patent protection.

Our, our licensors’
or collaboration partners’ patent applications cannot be enforced against other parties practicing the technology claimed in such
applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology.
In addition, patents and other IP rights also will not protect our technology, drug candidates if another party, including our competitors,
design around our protected technology, drug candidates without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our patents or other
IP rights.

Moreover, currently and as
our R& D continues to progress, some of our patents and patent applications are or may be co-owned with another party. Some of our
licenses already provide that future-developed technologies (and any resulting patents) will be co-owned with the licensors and other
patents for technologies we may acquire or develop with other parties may also be jointly owned. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive
license to