Company: JUNS
Filing Date: 2025-11-26
Form Type: S-1
Source: 0001493152-25-025204
Chunk: 124

Company: JUPITER NEUROSCIENCES, INC.
Filing Date: 2025-11-26
Form: S-1
Chunk 124
---
 to accelerate development and distribution efforts in Asia and program-level activities such as procurement of clinical trial supplies. We expense research and development expenses as incurred, and certain multi-period service arrangements are recognized ratably over their terms, which can create period-to-period variability as new agreements commence or milestones occur.

| 68 |

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expense comprises corporate overhead necessary to operate as a public company and to support our dual focus on pharmaceuticals and premium nutritional supplements. Major components include personnel-related costs, professional fees (legal, accounting, regulatory, commercialization support), facilities and insurance, and other public-company compliance costs. Fluctuations versus prior periods primarily reflect changes in staffing, stock-based compensation, external advisory needs, and launch-readiness activities for the consumer health business.

Interest Income

Interest income is generated from cash and cash equivalents, with period-to-period changes driven by average cash balances and prevailing short-term yields. The timing of capital raises, and operating cash usage can influence both the absolute level of interest income and its variability across reporting periods. Our policy treats highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as cash equivalents.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily arises from financing arrangements recorded on our balance sheet (including notes payable), and will vary based on outstanding principal, effective interest rates, and any amortization of related financing costs. Changes in borrowings or the terms of such obligations can therefore impact period-over-period comparability.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

The period-to-period comparisons of our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, have been derived from the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

|                                                      |     | For the Three Months Ended | September 30,  2025 |   |     |   | September 30,  2024 |   |     | Variance | September 30,  2025 |   |     |     | September 30,  2024 |   |
|:-----------------------------------------------------|:----|:---------------------------|--------------------:|:--|:----|:--|--------------------:|:--|:----|:---------|--------------------:|:--|:----|:----|--------------------:|:--