Company: EUO
Filing Date: 2025-03-18
Form Type: S-3/A
Source: 0001193125-25-056731
Chunk: 97

Company: ProShares Trust II
Filing Date: 2025-03-18
Form: S-3/A
Chunk 97
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 Exchanges Derivatives exchanges, including swap execution facilities that are required under the Dodd-Frank Act, provide centralized market facilities for trading derivatives in which multiple persons have the ability to execute or trade contracts by accepting bids and offers from multiple participants. Members of, and trades executed on, a particular exchange are subject to the rules of that exchange. Among the principal exchanges in the United States are those operated by the Cboe Group (which includes the Cboe Futures Exchange (the “CFE”)), those operated by the CME Group (which includes, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”), and the New York Mercantile Exchange ( the “NYMEX”)) and the Intercontinental Exchange (“ICE”) (which includes ICE Futures U.S.).

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Each derivatives exchange in the United States has an associated “clearinghouse.” Clearinghouses provide services designed to transfer credit risk and ensure the integrity of trades. Once trades between members of an exchange have been confirmed and/or cleared, the clearinghouse becomes substituted for each buyer and each seller of contracts traded on the exchange and, in effect, becomes the other party to each trader’s open position in the market. Thereafter, each party to a trade looks only to the clearinghouse for performance. The clearinghouse generally establishes some sort of security or guarantee fund to which all clearing members of the exchange must contribute. This fund acts as an emergency buffer which is intended to enable the clearinghouse to meet its obligations with regard to the other side of an insolvent clearing member’s contracts. Furthermore, clearinghouses require margin deposits and continuously mark positions to market to provide some assurance that their members will be able to fulfill their contractual obligations. Thus, customers effecting derivatives transactions on an organized exchange or clearing an OTC derivatives transaction through a clearinghouse do not bear the risk of the insolvency of the party on the opposite side of the trade; their credit risk is limited to the respective solvencies of their commodity broker and the clearinghouse. The clearinghouse “guarantee” of performance on open positions does not run to customers of a clearinghouse firm. If a member firm goes bankrupt, customers could lose money. If a Fund decides to execute derivatives transactions through such derivatives exchanges–and especially if it decides to become a direct member of one or more exchanges or swap execution facilities–a Fund would be subject to the rules of the exchange or swap executive facility, which would bring additional risks and liabilities, and potential additional regulatory requirements.