Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form Type: 424B5
Source: 0001213900-25-118752
Chunk: 293

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-12-05
Form: 424B5
Chunk 293
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 MJ, Caraballo M, Suciu
D, Munro S, Kumar A, Anderson B. Detection of cancer with serum miRNAs on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One. 4, e6229 (2009).
PMID: 19597549.

Moldovan L, Batte KE, Trgovcich
J, Wisler J, Marsh CB, Piper M. Methodological challenges in utilizing miRNAs as circulating biomarkers. J Cell Mol Med. 18, 371-390
(2014) PMID: 24533657.

The advantages and disadvantages
of the second approach [Disease Specific Analysis] summarized in the table are reported in the following references:

Haider BA, Baras AS, McCall
MN, Hertel JA, Cornish TC, Halushka MK. A Critical Evaluation of microRNA Biomarkers in Non-Neoplastic Disease. PLoS One. 9, e89565
(2014). PMID: 24586876.

Boeri, M., Verri, C., Conte,
D., Roz, L., Modena, P., Facchinetti, F., Calabrò, E., Croce, C. M., Pastorino, U., and Sozzi, G. (2011). MicroRNA signatures
in tissues and plasma predict development and prognosis of computed tomography detected lung cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 3713-8.
PMID: 21300873.

Cuk, K., Zucknick, M., Heil,
J., Madhavan, D., Schott, S., Turchinovich, A., Arlt, D., Rath, M., Sohn, C., Benner, A., Junkermann, H., Schneeweiss, A., and Burwinkel,
B. (2013). Circulating microRNAs in plasma as early detection markers for breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 132, 1602-12. PMID:
22927033.

The third approach [Organ/cell specific analysis] has been developed by DiamiR; its advantages and disadvantages vs other approaches reflect the current opinion
of the management based on its experience with technology to date and data reported in peer reviewed DiamiR’s publications listed
elsewhere in this document.

Innovative technology developed
by DiamiR addresses some of the limitations of these approaches.