Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-04-30
Form Type: 20-F
Source: 0001213900-25-037669
Chunk: 26

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-04-30
Form: 20-F
Item: Item 3
Chunk 26
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, which could make it difficult in those jurisdictions for
us to stop the infringement or misappropriation of our patents or other IP rights, or the marketing of competing drugs in violation of
our proprietary rights generally.

To date, we have not sought
to enforce any issued patents in any jurisdictions. Proceedings to enforce our patent and other IP rights in any jurisdictions could result
in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

Furthermore, such proceedings
could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications at
risk of not issuing, and could provoke other parties to assert claims of infringement or misappropriation against us. We may not prevail
in any lawsuits that we initiate in jurisdictions where opposition proceedings are available and the damages or other remedies awarded,
if any, may not be commercially meaningful. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing
countries. Certain countries in Europe, the PRC, and developing countries including India, have compulsory licensing laws under which
a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to other parties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies
if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to another party, which could materially diminish
the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our IP rights around
the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the IP that we develop.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect
or enforce our IP, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful. Our patent rights relating to our drug and diagnostics technology
candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before the USPTO or comparable non-U. S. authority.

Competitors may infringe our
patent rights or misappropriate or otherwise violate our IP rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, litigation may be necessary
in the future to enforce or defend our IP rights, to protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of our own IP rights
or the proprietary rights of others. This can be expensive and time-consuming. Any claim that we assert against perceived infringers could
also provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their IP rights. Many of our current and potential
competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce and/or defend their IP rights than we can. Accordingly