Company: APM
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form Type: DRS
Source: 0001213900-25-063899
Chunk: 278

Company: Aptorum Group Ltd
Filing Date: 2025-07-15
Form: DRS
Chunk 278
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ementias

The data generated by DiamiR over the last fourteen
years provide strong support for the use of circulating brain-enriched and inflammation-associated miRNAs as biomarkers for detecting
and assessing the course of neurodegenerative diseases at early, including preclinical, and later stages. Most notable findings include:

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MCI AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROL

| In studies conducted with plasma samples collected                                                                                      
 at Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, miR-132 and miR-134 biomarker families detecting clinically diagnosed MCI with up to 0.95 accuracy  
 (n=60) were identified. The data were replicated in an independent cohort of samples (n=100). Progression from a normal cognitive state 
 to MCI was predicted with 0.84 accuracy 1–5 years prior to clinical diagnosis (n=19).                                                   
 (Aging, 2012, 4:590; Aging, 2013, 5:925)                                                                                                |

DIFFERENTIATION OF AD FROM OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

| In a study conducted with samples collected at                                                                                                        
 the University of Pennsylvania, miRNA pairs and classifiers differentiated AD/PD/FTD/ALS from controls (n=250) with accuracies of 0.89/0.90/0.88/0.83 
 (AUCs: 0.96/0.96/0.94/0.93); and NDs from each other with accuracy/AUC ranging from 0.77/0.87 for AD vs. FTD to 0.93/0.98 for AD vs. ALS.             
 The data indicated sex-related effects of some miRNA markers; the average increase in accuracy in distinguishing ND from control for all              
 and male/female groups was .06.                                                                                                                       
 (Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 2017, 9:89)                                                                                                          |

PREDICTION OF PROGRESSION IN SEX-STRATIFIED GROUPS

| In a study conducted with plasma samples collected                                                                                              
 at Washington University, St Louis, MO, miRNA pairs differentiated asymptomatic study participants, with CDR 0 at the time of blood collection, 
 who would progress to MCI (“progressors”, n=42, on average 6 years) from those who would remain cognitively normal (“non-progressors”,          
 n=42) with an accuracy