Company: JUNS
Filing Date: 2025-11-26
Form Type: S-1
Source: 0001493152-25-025204
Chunk: 158

Company: JUPITER NEUROSCIENCES, INC.
Filing Date: 2025-11-26
Form: S-1
Chunk 158
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 that we will be able to compete with these companies even if our product is approved in an indication.

Parkinson’s Disease

Despite the availability of
FDA-approved treatments for Parkinson’s Disease, no breakthrough therapies have emerged recently to halt disease progression. The
most commonly prescribed treatment is levodopa/carbidopa, which has been used since the late 1960s. Levodopa is absorbed in the intestine
and converted to dopamine in the brain, addressing the dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s patients. Carbidopa prevents premature
conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain, reducing side effects like nausea. This combination is available in various forms,
including pills, dissolvable tablets, and a gel infused directly into the intestine.

Levodopa/carbidopa significantly
improves motor symptoms in most patients, especially those with mild symptoms, and remains effective over time. However, as Parkinson’s
progresses, dosage adjustments may be necessary. Initial side effects can include nausea and vomiting, which can be mitigated by taking
the medication with a small snack or adding extra carbidopa. Other side effects may include drowsiness, low blood pressure, and hallucinations.
Despite these challenges, levodopa/carbidopa remains a cornerstone in managing Parkinson’s symptoms.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Several companies are actively
developing treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, each with unique approaches and challenges. Biogen’s Aduhelm, an IV infusion
targeting amyloid-beta plaques, has faced reimbursement issues despite FDA approval, leading to low market penetration. Eli Lilly’s
donanemab, targeting a modified form of beta amyloid, recently received FDA approval and is priced at $32,000 annually. It has shown promise
in early Alzheimer’s patients and is undergoing further trials. Cognition Therapeutics is developing CT1812, an orally dosed molecule
in Phase II, supported by significant NIA grants.

Anavex Life Sciences is advancing
Anavex 2-73, a Phase III candidate from their SIGMACEPTOR™ platform, targeting CNS conditions with genomic precision. Eisai and
Biogen’s Leqembi, approved by a panel of experts, is expected to receive traditional FDA approval, potentially expanding Medicare
coverage. Priced at $26,000 per year, Leqembi has shown benefits for early-stage Alzheimer’s patients. Despite these advancements,
the competitive landscape remains dynamic, with the possibility of other companies emerging with successful treatment

Rare Diseases

There are